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THE LIBRARY 




THE UNIVERSITY OF 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 



THE 

AUTOBIOQRAPHy 

or 

nurS5HI ABDULLAH. 



Translated from the Malay 

bij the 

Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, D.D. 



Singapore : 

Printed at the Methodist Publishing House, 

1918. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 

in 2010 with funding from 

University of British Columbia Library 



http://www.archive.org/details/autobiographyofmOOabdu 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . Y 

1. Abdullah's Forefathers . . . . . . . . 1 

2. The Birth of Abdullah . . . . . . . . f> 

3. Beginning to Learn to Eead . . . . . . 11 

4. The Destruction of the Malacca Fort . . . . 32 

5. The Story of Mr. Farquhar and an Elephant Drive . . 40 
G. Mr. Rafales Comes to Malacca . . . . . . 50 

:. The Arrival of Lord Minto . . . . . . 67 

8. The Treachery of Tengku Penglima Besar . . . . 73 

9. The Anglo-Chinese College is Founded at Malacca by 

Mr. Milne . . . . . . . . . . 81 

10. Col. Farquhar's Search for a Stragetic Position . . 113 

11. The Founding of Singapore . . . . . . 117 

12. Dutch Eules in Malacca . . . . . . . . 126 

13. The Storv of Tengku Lono- . . , . . . 132 



Introduction. 

In the year 1246 of the ]\Iohammedan era, on the Soth day of 
the month Shaabau, being the 23nd of Octoljer, 1840. a friend of 
mine, an Englishman whom I loved, begged me to tell him abo;u 
my ancestry and the story of m}- life, and asked me to write a Iwok 
in the Malay language. As I sat thinking alx)nt the request of my 
friend, I felt troubled about all this, and oppressed in spirit, for all 
the circumstances whicili he referred to were tilings of the past. 

]\Ioreover what made me sad in my own heart was that I am 
an ignorant man, with very little command of language, and not 
skilled in the art of composition. And then again I am occui^ied 
more or less with the work of my profession. So because of all 
these things I felt worried. 

Another thing which made me doubtful about m^^self was 
that, from what I see and hear, with few exceptions, most people 
now profess to be clever, and talk excessively, so that others may 
think they are wise, but it is mere empty talk, and when anyone 
asks them to do some work, either to write something, or to ex- 
plain the meaning of a sentence, they are found to be empt}', be- 
cause all their talk and their cleverness is not the result of their 
being educated, but is only what they have heard along the journey 
of life, and so they are unable to make either head or tail of any- 
thing. And most stupid people, who have no touch-stone in their 
hands to enable them to tell the false from the true, when they 
hear people saying one thing and another, act like a drowsy man 
who has a pillow put under his head, he simply goes fast asleej) — 
that is to say he accepts what they say without testing whether it 
is so or not. For instance, if sudh a one saw a bambgo growing, 
he might think, ''This is a fine straight pole without a l^end in 



vi INTRODUCTION. 

it, the heart-wood will certainly be hard." But if he were a wide- 
awake man he would surely tirst sjalit it open and look inside, and 
would find it empty. As the proverb says, "■ It is the jeweller who 
knows the je^^•el.'' J]specially at the present time, since the found- 
ing of Singapore, grassihoppers have become eagles, and bedbugs 
are tortoises, and earthworms are dragons. Xow all these wonders 
have come to pass through the influence of money. For though a 
man be of liumble rank and ignorant as well, yet as long as he has 
money he will be clever and held in high esteem ; bnt if he should 
he really clever and eminent, but have no money, he would be looked 
down upon. 

Xow I apply all these examples and illustrations to my own 
case; in the first place, I am in a humble position; secondly, I am 
a poor man; thirdly, my knowledge and education are deficient; 
and fourthly, I am not competent to write a l^ook. Apart from 
<Jod I have no alnlity or a]>titude for the task, and I feel at all 
times my w-eakness and insufficiency. 

After 1 had been thinking thus, suddenly I was aroused, as if 
I had been startled out of my sleep by someone saying to me, " If 
you are humble, ask of Him who is glorious; if you are poor, ask of 
Him who is rich; and if you lack knowledge, ask of God, who has 
promised that whoever asks shall receive." Xow if such is the 
bounty of God, l)y the grace of the Most High I will ask help wath 
all my heart from Him who has spread out so great a firmament 
Avithout a prop, in order that the desire of my friend may be ful- 
filled. And though I am not adequate to the task, I shall trust 
that He will he with me while writing this little book. 



The Autobiography of Munshi Abdullah. 



Chapter 1. 
ABDULLAH'S FOREFATHERS. 

Xow listen, my friend ! I am about to write a story of my life^ 
and I will call it "The Autobiography of Abdullah" (Hikayat 
Abdullah). Therein I shall narrate from the days of my ancestors 
lip to the time when my mother bare me in the town of Malacca 
(may G-od preserve her from all harm and danger), and further 
all that I have seen and heard during my life, both in Malacca and 
in Singapore, even up to the date when the book is finished, will be 
dealt vrith in this my story. In all of this I am quite sure that 
there will be many mistakes, both actual errors and things which I 
•have forgotten, mistakes in language and in the narratives, gram- 
matical blunders and awkward phrases. Xow in regard to all these 
I bow my head in the presence of all those both high and low who 
condescend to read my stor}% and who find such mistakes. With 
a sincere heart and a glad countenance I beg pardon for all my 
ignorance ; for in the introduction to this book I have confessed that 
I am far from having any reputation for being clever, and I am 
certainly at all times full of stupidity and errors. 

My paternal great-grandfather was an Arab, from the land of 
Yemen, of the tribe of Othman, and his name was Sheikli Abdul 
Kadir ; and he <vas employed as a teacher of religion and languages. 
He came from Yemen to the East, and stayed in India, at the city 
of Xagur, and taught people there for some time : and meanwhile, 
he was married. As the result of this marriage he had four sons : 
Mohammed Ibrahim, INIohammed Desa, Xur Mohammed, and Zainu 
I'Abidin. .After the birth of these sons, he died there. 

After his death, his sons came East again to these part of the 
world. Mohamoned Ibrahim came to Malacca, and married my 
jjaternal grandmother, Pri Achi by name, who was the daughter of 
Sheikh ]\Iira Lebai. My father was born to them, and they gave 
him the name of Sheikh Abdul Kadir, after his grandfather. 



2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

The other three sous all went in the direction of Jara : Moham- 
med Desa went to Amboina. and married and had children there ; 
Xur Mohammed went to Sadayu, wliere he had children and grand- 
children; and Zainu ^1-Abidin went to Semarang, and remained 
there with his family nntil his death. 

Now my father grew up in Malacca. When he had completed 
the reading of tlie Koran, he Avas taught languages and arithmetic; 
having linished his education in these things, he took merchandise 
with him and went to trade in the interior of Malacca Territory. 
He Avas there for some time, engaged part of the tione in business, 
and part ot the time in teaching the people up country the ordin- 
ances of the Mohammedan religion, the reading of the Koran, 
I^rayers, and so forth. While so employed, all the people there 
loved him, and persuaded him to get married; and they made him 
the preacher at the mosque m a village called Lohok Kepong. He 
stayed there a little while, and then they moved to Sungei Bharu; 
and he remained there as preacher. After that he had a son, 
whom he named Mohammed Ali, and a daughter called Sharif ah. 

Xow my father was Avell acquainted with the Hindu language, 
that is the Tamil, and could read and write and keep accounts in 
that language ; but he was still better versed in the Malay language, 
as regards hand-writing, and compositaon, and writing letters to 
Malay princes ; it was in all these ways that he earned his living at 
that time. Moreover he taught an English gentleman, named 
Mr. Marsden, the Malay language, and this gentleman gave him a 
lettea* to show that he had been his teacher. I found this letter m 
my father's writing case, and showed it to the Eev. Mr. Thomsen, 
for at that time I could not speak a word of English, much less 
oould I read it. A\'hen Mr. Thomsen saw the letter, he said, " This 
letter is called in English a " character,' and it was given to your 
father hy Mr. Marsden, who wrote tdie Malay-English dictionary. 
Your father taught him for a year and eight months in the town 
of Malacca." 

After my father had lived for some time at Sungei Bharu, all 
liis brothers and sisters in Malacca were very anxious to get him 
married in Malacca. Meanwhile my father became very ill at 
.Sun"-ei Bliaru. and his brothers and sisters went from Malacca to 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 3 

fetch him. and brought hiiii there. So he divorced his wife at 
Sungei Bharii, and returned to Malacca. Some time later he wa& 
married to my mother at Malacca, which was in the year 1:<}00 A.H. 
Xow as to my mother's family — her grandfather was a Hindu and 
lived in Kedah; and they came to Malacca and became MoslemS;, 
and my mother was born in Malacca, and was named Salamah. 

At that time my father was in the employ oC the Dutch 
harbour-master, for that was the time when the Dutch were in 
Malacca. My father was then just like a rat that has got into a 
rice barn, living at his ease, and taking no account of his expen- 
diture; with calls from right and left. The dollars ran like water 
when you wasih your hands, so that one forgets that in this world 
things are liable to change. 

Now my mother bore my eldest brother, but he died when he 
was four months old. Four sons older than mysplf died in the 
same way. 

Then the English came and took Malacca away from the 
Dutch. The English Eesident who came was Major Cook, and 
his Engineer officer was called Mr. Farquhar. But it was not long 
before Major Cook went away, and Mr. Farquhar succeeded him as 
Eesident of Malacca. At that time my father was trading, sailing 
between Malacca and Siak with merchandise, for at that time Siak 
was a populous place and wealth}', and every year many hundred- 
weights of gold came from there to Malacca. j\Ioreover Malacca 
was a great sea-port and had a fine trade, and merchandise was 
collected there from all directions, the town of Penang not ha\'ing 
been founded at that time, so that the harbour of Malacca was full 
of traders of every race, and they came right up into the river. 
Tlhat was the time when most people became rich in Malacca. 

Then after a short time my father began to work for Mr. 
Adrian Koek, who was the assistant Eesident in Malacca. A few 
days later he appointed my father as Captain of a very large vessel^ 
the name of wdiich was " Layar Seret,'" which was sailing between 
Malacca and Kedah, for Mr. Koek was friendly with the princes in 
Kedah. It was at that time that my father brought an elephant 
from Kedah to Malacca, as a present from Tengku Aaud, the king 
of Kedah, to Mr. Koek ; and it was then that the people of Malacca 



4 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

saw a live elepliant for the first time. It was also my father's 
business to go as an envoy to various Malay kingdoms, such as 
Lingga, Eiau, Pahang, Terangganu, Kĕlantau, Pĕlembang, and as 
far as Java and other plaees, being sent by the Eesident of Malacca 
and the assistant Kesident. In that way my father became ac- 
quainted with all the pri^iees in the countries which I have named. 

A little later there came an order from Batavia, from the 
secretary of the (loverimient, ordering my father to go to Eiau, 
Lingga, Pahang, Terangganu, and Kĕlantan, to search for books in 
the Malay laug-uage, and to be an en\x)y to the Malay princes, and 
to take letters from Timmerman Thyssen, the Eesident of Malacca ; 
and the assistant Eesident gave him five hundred dollars to take 
with him in a cruiser sailing under the Dutch flag. Mv father 
"went to all the countries which I have mentioned. In some places 
the books could be bought, in others they were given to him gratui- 
tously by the princes, and in some cases m}'' father paid for having 
the books copied; thus he obtained about sisity or seventy volumes 
wdth various names and on various subjects. 

When he ceased the work of going as an envoy, there came 
further orders from Batavia to send my father to Eiau as a toll-, 
that is to say an interpreter and Malay writer. My father went 
to Eiau, and was there until the time when Holland was at war 
with the Bugis and the Malays, and he was there for three years 
until the war was over, and then returned to Malacca. 

About that time a great event occurred, for by the decree of 
God which He brings to pass upon His servants, in the year 
1231 of the Mohammedan era, my mother returned to the mercy of 
(rod. After that, by the will of the Most High, also in the year 
1231 of the Moliammedan era, my father died too, leaving this 
mortal world and returning to the land which is eternal. At that 
time I was at Singapore teaching the English merchants. 

]^ow the place where I Avas Ijoru was the town of ^lalacca, 
which may God preserve from all calamities and oppression ; and 
at that time the English were ruling in Malacca. Xow the English 
fought twice in ]\Ialacca. The first time is said to have been about 
ninety or a hundred years ago, that is at the time when the Dutch 
were ruling there. Suddenly one morning there ajjpeared two 



THE ArTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 5 

ships and a cutter sailing ot? Malacca; wlieu they reached the 
anchorage they sailed right on, nearly up to the shore, and when 
the}' came near the Dutch ships which were anchored there, they 
fired at them several times with cannon balls; then they turned 
their ships around, pointing out to sea, and sailed away; in a short 
time they had disappeared. All the Dutch in Malacca and the 
native people also were in a state of excitement; and then they 
found out for the first time that those were English ships. There 
was then still further excitement, and. watching in every direction, 
for fear that they might return. Then after that the same English 
ships came again, and took the town of Malacca, without any 
fighting or trouble, on account of the treachery of Adrian Koek, 
'who allowed the English to land by way of his garden at Bandar 
Hilir, for he had conspired with the English. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 



Chapter 2. 

THE BIETH OF ABDULLAH. 

In the year 1211, on the seventh day of the month Safar. 
during daylight on the first day of the week, after a period of eigiit 
months, tlie English took Malacca from the hands oi the Dutch. 
The name of the English Eesident was Major Cook, and the name- 
of his Engineer Officer was Farquiiar. 

The village where I was born is called Ivampong Pali, the 
latter being a Tamil word meaning " Mosqne.'" My brothers, born 
of the same father and mother, were four in number, all of them 
older than myself, and I was the youngest child. Xow these- 
brothers all died in infancy, one died when he was six months old, 
one was a year old, one two years, and one three years ; such being 
the case, my mother was like a crazy woman on account of the 
death of her children, and lived in a constant state of weeping and 
sorrow. 

After she had been like that for some time, there came to- 
Malacca an Arab, a Sayid named Haliil) Abdullah, of the tribe of 
Haddad. He was a man of God, and much revered in Malacca: 
and many men and women went to study the Mohammedan religion 
under his teaching. My mother was one who did not go, for she 
was always sitting weqDing, thinking about her children who had 
died. Now my home was just opj)Osite the house where this Arab- 
gentleanan lived, and every day he could hear my mother weeping; 
so he sent for my father, and inquired why my mother sat there 
weeping. My father told him alvout his children having all died; 
and he replied, " Very well ; go and tell your wife not to cry, for, 
if God will, Sihe shall be given a son; and when the child is born, 
call him by my name." My father went home and told my mother 
all that the Sayid had said ; so my mother ceased from her weeping 
and her grief. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. V 

Some time after that, l)y the decree ot the most High Giod, who 
1>rin»-s Hi? will to pass on his servants, I was conceived by my 
jnotlier. May God forgive all her sins, and may God grant her a 
blessed abode, because of all the pain and suifering which my 
mother endured while she bore me — the lack of food and the loss 
of sleep, and especially at the time when I was born, her life hang- 
ing by a thread, 1)et\veen lifi' and (h^ath. her spirit going and coming 
l)eii)g in a state of perturbation, and the drops of perspiration 
running from her like pearls from their setting; and many a time 
slie fainted, and then returiied to consciousness. When the time 
was acconiplished, on the date mentioned above, I was born. More- 
over she had great trouble in rearing me from my infancy; if for 
instance anything should touch my foot, it was the same to her as 
if it were her own eye, such is the love of a mother for her child. 
If I should live to be a hundred years old and should continue to 
show my loyalty to my mother, even that would not be enough 
recompense for the pain which she endured in carrying me. While 
I was a baby, if I should cry while she slept, she would awake 
hurriedly from her sleep, and with a happy face soothe me and com- 
fort me in all sorts of waj's, and would sing to me until she lost 
.all thought of sleep. Xight after night she would hold me in her 
lap, till she was nodding and dozing again, and then giving me her 
breast she fed me. Moreover my motber was so poor that she had 
no servant, and I had no brothers or sisters who could . help her, 
but owing to her love for me she kept holding me, and would not 
.entrust me to anyone else for fear anything should happen to me. 
If I think alx)ut my mother's love, it is a burden upon me as lieaA*}' 
.as the earth and sk}', for a parent's love cannot be repaid : but every 
day I pray for her that God will give her an abode in Hea\en 
together with all those on whom the Lord has had -pity for ever. 
Amen, Amen, Amen. 

floral. Lis>ten, all a^ou children who are wise and happy ! 
since the kindness of parents to their children is .«o great, ought we 
to rebel against them and refuse to obey their authority, and thus 
break their hearts, and make them shed tears? In these days 
there are many children wliom I have seen rebelling against their 
parents, and there are some who .strike and abuse their parents. 



8 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

May God keep me far away from such children of hell. I will not" 
say more about this, for it is not my purpose to write about sucb 
things: and if I should write about tke love of parents for their 
children, I could make a much more valuable book for all wise 
people than this lx)ok of mine. 

Xow then my mother had been safely delivered from all the 
dangers of child birth, I was then named by my parents x4.1)dullah, 
after the name of my mother's teacher, who was called Habil) Al)- 
dullali Haddad. For a period of four montbs from the time I was 
born. I was a healthy child, and could enjoy my bath; but after 
that I was not Avell, and every day suffered from some sickness or 
another. My parents spent a lot of mone\' on medicine, which they 
bought from Tamils and Malays and Cbinese. For two or three 
days I would be well, and then four or five days sick. My mother 
was always in trouble about me. and tired out. AVherever there 
was anyone who understood medicine, she would take me there. 
This being the case, everybody said, " If this child is always sick 
like this, perhaps his parents are not the right people to take care 
of him: he had better be sold to some one who has a number of 
children." For that was the way the old people used to do. 

Moral. Kow this is /a stupid custom of our ancestors, who did 
not know God. Can a child's life be prolonged by its being sold? 
And if a child is brought up by its parents, will it live a shorter 
time, or die? Let us not believe any such thing. But this cus- 
tom of selling a child is not like selling a slave : it is only nominal, 
for two or three cents : and the parents take the money, and buy 
cakes or some other food, which they eat, and after that they them- 
selves continue to take care of the child, but it is called the child of 
so-and-so, and not their own child. And there are some people who 
believe that because the child's name is too big, that is the cause 
of its sickness or death. This is all a lie and a stupid custom, 
which does not come from God and the prophet. But as for 
parents, their love for their children is so great that they will be 
thankful if only the child lives, so they will let anything be done. 

Xow I was sold by my mother to six or seven people; and I 
was nursed by about fifteen or sixteen Avomen, some for six or seven 
days, some for a month, and some for two months, because my 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHf ABDULLAH. 9 

mother could not nurse me. Such trouble did my parents have to- 
rear me. like starting a fire in tlie water. But i)eeau8e it was the 
will of God that J should li\e. I was in that condition until I 
was four or five years old; but through my motlier's watchful care 
I became strong, nntil I was able to use baby tallc and ask for 
things. My mother was delighted to see that T was able to talk 
a little, and her lo\e for me continually increased, and she cared' 
for nic like carrying oii ouc's hand a vessel full of oil ; and on wO' 
account Avould she trust anyone else to give me my food or to bathe 
me or put me to sleep, it must all be done by hei- own hands. Such 
is the love of parents for their children. May (iod send down the 
rain of His mercy and pardon upon her tomb, and include her in 
the number of those who obtain mercy. Amen. 

At that time in the town of Malacca my paternal grandmother^ 
was the chief teacher at Kampong Pali, and had about two hundred 
boys and girls as pupils reading the Koran. All sorts of people 
were learning from her ; some were writing, some were learning the 
Malay language and how to write it, just as they wished. Almost 
everybody's children from all over Malacca came to learn from her. 
Kow my mother was living with my grandmother in the same house, 
because at that time my father had gone to trade at Siak, for trade 
had increased in Siak or Pekan Baharu, until many hundredweights 
of gold came from there every year to Malacca. I was with all that 
crowd of children, Init I was not yet studying and could not pro- 
nounce a word except in bal:)y language ; and at that time my 
grandmother spoiled me, and always had me near her while she 
Avas teaching. And whatever she taught the children I would fol- 
low it all, for that was my amusement ; from the time I got up in 
the morning until six o'clock in the afternoon I heard no other 
sound but the din of studying and reading, and for that reason 1 
got so that I could repeat various things from memory without 
knowing my letters. 

That went on until I was six years old, and then I was ill for 
some time with dysentery. So my mother had troulile again, and 
could not have regular sleep, because I called her to attend to me ; 
and she went everpvhere in search of all kinds of medicine, some 
to drink, some to rub on my stomach, and some for fomentations, 



10 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

•etc. This went on for a whole 3'ear, and many times my mother 
wept for me, thinking I Avas dead. May thousands of mercies des- 
•cend upon her for all the troubles which she endured in bringing 
jne up. With the help of God this sickness also was cured, and I 
became as well as I was before. For my amusement my grand- 
mother gave me a reed pen, and a tablet and a little rice ink, saying, 
'" You can jjlay with this every day, but if you j^lay in the dirt, or 
^0 and play in the sun, I will beat you."' So I was afraid to go 
away an where, but sat daubing m}' tablet with the pen and ink; 
and when the tablet was covered with ink, she would tell one of 
the boys to wash it and dry it in the sun ; when it was dry, I would 
■daub it again: that was what rax grandmother made me do every 
•day, before I was able to study or knew the shape of the letters. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHT ABDULLAH. 11 



Chai'-j-ki: 3. 

BEGIXXIXG TO LEAIJX TO L'EAD. 

For a long time I was doiiiii" wliat I have mentioned above, so- 
that my hand became accustomed to hold a pen, and I could follow 
the shape of the letters a little, but ver}- roughly. One day when 
my grandmother saw that my daubs looked something like letters, 
she began to write copies for me on a little tablet, and. told me to- 
read : when I liked I would read, and if not I would go and play. 
Thus I reached the age of seven, and had not yet learned one- 
section (of the Koran) because my grandmother spoiled me too- 
much, and never beat me or was angry with me; so it happened 
that I paid no attention to my studies, but wasted m}- time in play 
every day. 

Then my father returned from rSiak ; and when he arrived he 
asked his mother about me. He always called his mother Achi, a 
Tamil word, which in Malay means •'■ elder sister."' He called her 
that because my grandmother was only thirteen years old when my 
father was born, so they looked like brother and sister; that was 
why my father from his childhood always called his mother Achi, 
means elder sister. So my father asked, '" What about Abdullah's 
studies? How many sections has he read, and what does he 
know ? " My grandmother said, " Don't you trouble about that, 
because he is sick all the time ; and if he "«ere threatened or beaten, 
who can tell whether it ^ould not make him sick ? '" 

Some time later my father moved to another house, not far 
from Kampong Pali. Every morning I Avent to school to study, 
and at night my father taught me at home. Many blows and slaps- 
did I get, and many tablets were broken by being dashed on my 
head by my teacher, and many a rattan was broken on my body^ 
and many a time did my mother weep for me because I was beaten 
so much; and perhaps my fingers would even be swollen from the 



12 THE ArTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

blows they received for mistakes in writinof. But you must knosr 
that such is the difficulty of acquiring knowledge and understanding 
-and an education and good teaching. But at that time my heart 
was full of hatred and anger and spite against the man who taught 
me, and many times did I pray that he might soon die, in order 
that 1 might not have the trouble of learning, but could go and play 
wherever I liked ; for at that time it was my delight to play kites, 
and on that account I was often beaten, and my father would hang 
kites around my neck and tell me to study. And when my teacher 
liappened to 1)e a little sick and could not teach me, that caused niti 
^reat jo}-, in order that I might go and play. And if at study time 
my teacher or anyone else should send me anywhere, even to a 
dangerous place, I should have been glad to go in order to avoid 
studying; and if I did not feel quite well, I intentionally made my- 
self out to be very ill, so that I need not study; in fact I would 
rather see a tiger face to face than see my teacher. That is how it 
always is, if a garden is growing Avell l)ut has no fence ar^ound it, 
animals or something else will get in and destroy it. 

!Moral, Xow knowledge and education are ladders to the at- 
tainment of riches, and riches lead to eminence. Everything that 
God has created in this world has some value which mankind can 
estimate; it is knowledge alone of which man cannot estimate the 
value. Moreover property and wealth and rank are treacherous, 
like a bad woman, they will transfer their affections to whomsoever 
they desire ; but knowledge is not like that, but is faithful and true, 
with a bright countenance, and is the best friend of Anse men : it 
will never |)art from them until the soul parts from the body. And 
again it is the most wonderful thing which God has created; mag- 
gots cannot eat it, and it is not ruined Ijy rain or heat, thieves 
cannot take it away, and it gives us no trouble, nor does it burden 
lis to carry it ; moreover it takes u]) no space, and does not require 
food or drink, Init Avhenever needed it is ready. Therefore the 
proverb says, " When you get money, buy gold ; then sell your gold 
and l)uy diamonds ; sell your diamonds and buy rubies : but sell your 
rubies and buy knowledge ; " so glorious it is, and faithful and true 
to him who obtains it. It may be likened to a pillar of stone, 
however much weight is laid upon it it will bear; but if the weight 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 13 

.«liould be altogether too iiiiieh, it will break and be crushed to 
pieces ; it t'annot be made to bend or curve like wooden posts and 
such like things. 

When 1 tliink of all the blows and cuts and slaps and abuse, 
and the number of tal)lets broken on my head, and the surliness 
and crossness and the reproofs of all my teachers, every scar of the 
rattan on my body while I was studying seems to me now like a 
torch, and every slap is now to me like spectacles to my eyes. If 
I did not have that torch in my hand, and did not wear those 
glasses, many times I should certainly have sunk in the ditches and 
cess-pools to be found all over exerj road and path; Just as the 
majority of people on the other hand who do not carry such a 
torch sink in here and there, falling and rising again, bedaubed 
with dirt and mud and soot, and with legs and arms fractured be- 
fore my eyes. So I entreat that God will grant thousands of mer- 
cies and safety and l^lessings upon my teachers, who aroused me 
to the danger of such falls, and who put a touchstone in my hands 
so that I might not be deceived by false gold or counterfeit silver, 
and might not imagine that diamonds were mere gravel. But most 
people who have not that touchstone are deceived by such things, 
having not witness to indicate to them what is good or evil and 
what is false or true. Xow for the first time I could taste the 
honey which gushed out of the bee's nest, which I had been 
diligently watching from my infancy, getting stung all over my 
body and with my face swollen up ; but now I realize its sweetness, 
sweeter than all sweet things. But most people who do not dare 
to go near the bee's nest for fear of being stung, imagine it is very 
<1angerous, but they do not know the benefits of the honey which is 
made by the bees. 

Moral. Xow this is my advice which I leave to all those 
children whose mental vision God has opened. Even if you should 
live for a thousand years, do not fear to spend all your time in 
seeking knowledge; for certainly all God's creatures in this world 
desire eminence and honor and riches, and there is no one who 
hates such things. If that be so, then knowledge is the ladder by 
v\'hich you may climb to them ; and if you have knowledge, you will 
certainly not be neglected, and people will not despise you, but will 



14 THE AUTOBIOGKAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

respect you ; moreover it is knowledge which will be vour helper in 
this world nntil jou reach the world which is to come. 

As I sat diligently studying, by Good's help, and since it fell 
to my lot to do so, I succeeded in reading and writing my tasks 
without any assistance; for I was not like the other children who- 
had their tal)lets written by the teacher. At that time no attention 
Avas paid to writing, but if one could read the Koran it was suffi- 
cient; and since they were not practised in writing from childhood, 
how could they write correctly if they did not try to do so until 
they were old? Men are just like twigs — when they are still young 
we can bend them as we please, and they A\dll give, because the}' 
are still soft; but when they are old, they are dry, and if we bend 
them only a little they will certainly break. My father and grand- 
mother taught me diligently for some time, as did also my two 
uncles, one of whom was named Ismail Lebai, and the other Mo- 
hammed Latif, both of whom were brotliers of my father by the 
same mother; and I looked upon them just like tigers. The one 
of whom I was most afraid was my uncle Mohammed Latif, be- 
cause he was the one who beat me a great deal during lessons, that 
is when I was reading and writing. Xow when they began to teach 
me to write, they only scratched on the taljlet witliout ink, and J 
traced over that with ink, in order that my hand might become 
accustomed ; then afterwards I was able to join the letters properly, 
and my handwriting improved a little. 

When my grandmother saw that I could read and write, she 
made me her proxy for all the children of the same age as myself, 
to hear them read, and to teach them, and write their tablets. And 
so every day I did not cease studying day and night, and whatever 
words people used, I could spell and write them. Xow all the 
children who had me write their tablets had to pay me for it in the 
school; some gave me a duit, and others cakes or fruit, and other 
things ; so at that time I got some profit and returns from what I 
had learned. Moreover none of them dared to disregard anything 
that I said in the school, because I was their teacher, to instruct 
them in reading and writing. But everything which was read and 
written was in the Arabic language, for from the days of our fore- 
fathers no one had ever heard of having a school for learn ijig tlie 
Malav language. 



THE AT'TOBIO(iEAPITY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 15 

Xcnv thore werv ready for use in the school all sorts of instru- 
ments of punishment and torture, of various kinds, to punish for 
various offences. First of all there was the rattan, and their the 
Cliincse ])ress ((ipit China), which Avas made with four pieces of 
smooth rattan, each of them about a span long, threaded at one 
.end and knotted, the other ends being threaded with a long string, 
iis sliown in the picture. The punishment was to squeeze the 
iingers, and it was used to punish hoys who stole things or beat 
their fellow-students. 

The nevt. was called Knjin Palat, and was a round piece of 
wood, the length of which was about half the width of one's chest, 
and it had three lioles, with a rope through the centre hole, and 
the two erids knotted iji the holes on the right and left. This 
was used to punish ))oys who played truant, or climbed trees, or 
looked at other children ; botli feet were put in the two loops and 
the rope was judled up and the soles of the feet w'ere beaten, as 
.shown in the picture. 

Then there was an iron chain, about six feet long or more, 
which was nailed to a log, the other end having a padlock ; this was 
.a pimishment for Ijovs who are always running away, and always 
lighting, or who will not obey their parents, and learn slowly: the 
chain is padlocked around the waist, and the boy is told to carry 
the log around the school, and sometimes they are left with these 
■cliains on, and not allowed to go home, their food being sent there. 

Then there is the punishment of " Squatting,'' which is for 
boys who are l)ad and contentious; they had to hold the right ear 
with the left hand, and the left ear with the right hand, and then 
squat dowji and stand up again without stopping, as in the picture. 

There is another jmnishment for boys who are lazy at their 
studies and so forth ; a great deal of smoke is produced from a dry 
■cocoanut husk, and then the boy is hung head downwards over the 
smoke; in some cases dry Chinese pepper is put on the fire, and 
then the smoke smarts terribly, so that one's eyes and nose Avater 
very much. 

Then there is a punishment for boys who commit any offense 
in school, there is twisted rope tied around the child's waist and 
iastened to a post, and he is told to read his tablet till he knows it. 



16 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 




Scngkang. 



Di-gantong tiaclo. hcrjejah kaki 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 17 

.and is not set free until he does know it, and his parents send his 
food to him tliere. 

And tliere is a punishment for boys who are very bad, and re- 
sist their teacher, and those who run away and steal ; they are hung 
up by l)oth hands so that their feet do not touch the ground. An- 
other punishment for l)oys who are very bad and run away, is that 
they are laid down on their faces and beaten. And another punish- 
luent is that if boys tell a great many lies and use bad language, 
Chinese pepper is rul)bed on their mouths. 

All these punishments mentioned above can be used by the 
teachers in school; even if they are the children of princes or of 
rich people it does not matter, their teachers may beat them in 
school, even till they bleed, and they cannot be taken to task for it, 
for they are teaching them well. 

The custom is when anyone allows his children to go to school, 
the mother or father of the child first goes to pay respect to the 
teacher, taking a vessel with materials for chewing sireh and a tray 
full of cakes, with the child that is to go to school ; and the parent 
saySj '• Sir, I ask for only two things : first, that you will spare the 
child's eyes, and secondly, that you will not break his arms or legs ; 
«verything else may be just as you jjlease." The child is then told 
to prostrate himself at the feet of the teacher, after which the 
teacher repeats the prayer of blessing, and the cakes are distributed 
iimongst all the pupils, the teacher takes the money, and all the 
sandalwood flowers are distributed, I will not say anything more 
abbut the customs in schools, for intelligent people do not like long 
descriptions, but just sufficient to illustrate one's meaning. 

For about eight or nine months I was studiously reading and 
writing, until I was pretty well up in my reading, and the methods 
of reading opened up to me more and more. In the middle of the 
day when we came out of school I made little kites of the midribs 
of cocoanut leaves, and sold them to the boys for a diiit; that was 
how I got my money for buying cakes and fruit. From making 
these kites I learned how to draw pictures and designs, for it was 
at that time that I practised drawing ; I took notice wherever I saw 
the Chinese making pictures and designs, and drew similar ones 
on the kites. There w^ere other people also making kites and selling 



IS THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHT ABDULLAH. 

them, but the boys did not care to buy them, because their designs^ 
were on red, green or black paper, and pasted on; whereas I made 
them all on white paper, but used inks of various colors. If a l)oy 
came to bu\ one, I would ask, " "WTiat design do j'-ou want ? " and 
he would say, " I want an elephant ; " another would say, '' I want 
a bird."* and another, " I want a fish : '' so I drew whatever they 
wished, and that was why the boys liked to buy from me. That was 
how I got my cake money: besides which I was paid by the boy& 
for writing their tablets. Thus I finished the reading of the Koran, 
but after a few days my father made me read it over and over 
again, until I had completed it about twent}' times ; in fact so often 
did I read it that I almost knew the Koran by heart. After that 
my father gave me orders, saying, '' You must go every day after 
evening prayer and "read the Koran in the mosque ; for in the mosque 
there are hundreds of men going in and out, and whoever hears 
you read anything wrong will correct you.*" So I did what my 
father told me for some time. 

After several months, my parents cousidted Avith all their 
relatives to have me complete the reading of the Koran and be 
circumcised. When this was decided upon, my parents invited all 
their relatives in Malacca, male and female, and they all assembled 
in a great company. I was dressed in fine clothes, gold and silver ; 
after that I was brought before the company, and told to read the 
Koran wherever the people wished, and my teacher was also present. 
At the same time some clever people asked me several questions con- 
cerning the reading of the Koran, and the sound, and so forth : 
when I had answered, the priest or preacher repeated the prayer oi" 
blessing, after which I was told to salute my teacher, and then my 
parents. That was when my parents gave a change of raiment to 
mv teacher, placing on a tray a suit and a handkerchief and a pair 
of shoes, and an appropriate sum of money. Avhich in some cases 
might be ten or twenty dollars, ^'ow all these clothes were laid 
before the teacher, and he was saluted and asked to pass me in my 
studies ; besides which there were many other customs which I will 
not mention in this story of mine. That evening henna was put 
on my fingers, as in a marriage ceremony, for my parents were 
very happy, because they only had one child living. Then the next 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 19 

•day hundreds of people were invited, and were given something to 
eat and drink, and in the evening 1 was taken in procession in a 
•i-arriage, accompanied by hundreds of people with music all round 
the town, after which we i-eturned home. The following day all 
these people were invited and feasted again ; and wdien the prayer 
■ot blessing had been repeated, the man who performs circumcision 
was ready. After I had been circumcised, it was seven days before 
1 could bathe, after wliich I was al)le to walk. A change of raiment 
Avas then given to the man who circumcised me, with three or four 
dollars in money, and he kept coming again and again until I was 
■<{uite healed. 

It was about a mojith l)efore I was completely cured after the 
I'ircumcision, and then my father handed me over to a teacher to 
learn the Tamil language and character, that is to say the Hindu 
language, for from the davs of our forefathers it was the custom in 
Alalacca for all the children of good families and of rich people to 
learn that language. The object of it was to know how to keep 
accounts, and to reckon, and speak the language, for at that time 
Malacca was full of Tamil merchants; and a great many of them 
became rich by trading in Malacca, for which reason the Tamils in 
Malacca became famous, and every one had their children learn the 
Tamil language. 

At that time there were at Malacca four men called "•'Captains," 
and every nationality had its Captain. That had been the custom 
from the time of the Dutcli ; there was a Tamil Captain, and a 
Malay Captain, and a Chinese Captain, and a Portuguese Captain ; 
and every one went to his own Captain wdth any complaints; and 
;iiiyt])ing that could not be settled by the Captains had to go before 
the Fiskaal and then before the Feitor, and finally it would go to 
the Justisa. For this reason in tlie town of Malacca the people of 
one nationality were respectfid to those of another, and they were 
afraid of one another. For instance, if a Malay boy did something 
wrong and was seen by a Chinese boy or one of any other race, he 
could reprove him and chastise him, and the parents of any boy 
would praise him for that. Petty cases could be settled by the head- 
men of the villages; for in every village there was a head-man 
appointed by the Captain. So if there was any disturbance, it was 
first reported to the head-man of the village. 



20 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

For two years and a half I studied the Tamil languao-e and 
Iheir written character, and in that I endured no little trouble, and 
received manv slaps and much abuse, and the end of my forefinger 
was worn out by writing in the sand. For they dared not change 
their old customs, but used the forefingers as a pen : if they used a 
stick or anything else it w^ould certainly be very wrong ; they 
thought it was better that the finger should be w'orn to the bone 
rather than change the customs of their forefathers the least little 
bit. Ciod helped me to get some little knowledge of the language : 
and then my teacher was given a change of raiment and a present 
of money. But though I was learning the Tamil language, my 
father ordered me that I was on no account to absent myself from 
any of the five hours of prayer at the Mosque, and if he did not 
see me go there even once, I should certainly get the rattan. At 
that time I felt in my heart that it was better for me to meet a 
tiger than to meet my father ; for years I did not dare to speak to 
my father, and whatever he wanted, or what he wished me to do, he 
told my mother, and my mother told me. But I was very much 
spoiled by my mother, and could sit and talk and play and any- 
thing like that; but at the time for meals I had to eat with my 
father, and if I was not there, he hunted for me until he found me, 
and until then he would not eat. 

Under these circumstances, one day I was ordered by my 
father, saying, " Take a piece of paper and pen and ink, and go and 
sit every day in the Mosque, and write down the names of all who 
go in and out of the Mosque, and in the evening show it to me." 
When my mother told me this, I was amazed, and thought, " What 
is the use of writing people's names for nothing?" My mother 
answered, " I don't know your father's orders ; do what he says, for 
it is for some good purpose, or he would not order it." I thought 
to myself, " This is a great nuisance, every day there is work and 
I have no peace;" and so I cried. My mother said, "You silly 
child, is it not better to be learning than to go about to no pur- 
pose?" 'So that was my work, every night to go and show him the 
names of the people; and when I did so, I got many a slap and 
much abuse, and any names which were not properly written, he 
hung around my neck so that I might he ashamed. 'Jliis went on 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHV OF MUXyHl ABDULLAH. 21 

for about a month, and after that tho names were written correctly. 

One day my father himself said to me, " ilo and get pen and 
ink and a ])iece of ]'»aper, and bring tlicni here." When 1 brouglit 
them he said, ''Write what 1 say." WhiMi L heard that, my heart 
beat, for I had never done such a thing: l»ut willy-nilly I sat down 
and wrote whatever words came out of bis mouth. Wlien I had 
written for about two hours, he asked for the paper, and looked. at 
it with a surly face, " I will let you off to-day, but to-morrow if 
you continue to write mistakes like tbis, for each mistake you will 
get a cut with the rattan." Jle marked whatever was wrong, or 
letters misplaced, or words improperly joined, and the punctuation. 
When he had done, he said, " Every tbiy at tliis time you will come- 
here and ^^-rite." Then my heart was very sad, l)ecause I could not 
go and play. The next day it was just the same, and the words, 
which he had spoken j'esterday he did not use again, but other 
words which I had never heard, and all of them unusual expres- 
sions, and strange na^mes which he told me to write; this went 
on every day, he was angry and threatened me, and called me 
*' dog '' and " monkey," but I did not get the rattan. Every day I 
found it easier; and after I had done this about two months, I 
made no more mistakes. After that I learned the meanings of 
words, and how to use words, and how they had different meanings 
in different connections. 

I will not lengthen the story of the things which I suffered 
while getting my education, which was hard to acquire, like pulling 
a bamboo the wrong way, my body getting thin and my cheeks- 
sunken because I was worrying and troubled because I had not yet 
taken it in, and from shame that my father was angry with me. 
Therefore as I bought it dear, so I will sell it dear; if I picked it. 
up on the road, merely by copying and hearing others, then people 
would not need to buy it from me, if they merely asked me for it 
I would give it to them for nothing. But, you gentlemen, who' 
read this story of mine, know very well that everything which can 
be obtained cheaply is sure to have its defects ; and everything 
which is dear will have its good points. Is not the diamond just a 
mere stone ? Why do all men consider it most valuable ? Is it not 
because of its lustre? 



■2-2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

One (lay my father said, ** Xow do not go anwhere just for 
iiothing; T have Ixnight some paper, you can sit and write the 
Koran at home.'' Then he showed me how to tie the strings of the 
rulino- Iward, after which I sat down and wrote. This also brought 
2ne many rewards and praises and perfumes; but the rewards were 
the rattan, and the praises were abuses and perfumes were scowls 
iind grumbling every day. For about six or seven months I con- 
tinued to do this work, and lie showed me whatever was wrong; 
then I could write the Koran or religious books correctly. When 
he saw that I could write the Koran, my father said, " There is a 
book in the Malay and Arabic languages which is very fine; you 
must copy it." '^o I copied that too, and after mme time it was 
fuiished. When other people saAv the -wTiting of that book, they all 
said it was good, but my father alone abused me iucessantly, and 
said, "• Look at your writing, it is like the scratching of a fowl, 
simply wasting the paper; a little child could write like that," 
He found fault with everything, and nothing was right. But now 
at last I understand my father's plan, that he did not want to 
praise what I did well, or my writing, because he was afraid of my 
getting puffed up and proud on account of my attainments and 
knowledge. 

At that time all the English soldiers at Malacca Avere sepoys, 
either from Bengal or other parts of India; and three-fourths of 
Them were Mohammedans, and one-fourth were Hindoos. All the 
Mohammedans read the Koran and prayed. They came to my 
grandmother's house to get my uncle to vrrite the Koran, and I also 
helped him to write, and received a great deal of pay. I was very 
much pleased to earn that money, and became more and more dili- 
gent in writing, and did not stop day and night. WTien my father 
.saw that, he was angry, and said, "' Do not get into the habit of 
writing at night, for your eyes will soon be spoiled; and even in 
the day time do not work too hard, for you are only a lad and will 
get sick." So I was angry al)0ut that too, because my father pre- 
vented me from writing, for if I made slow progress with writing, 
the money came slowly; so just the same I wrote secretly behind my 
father's back, because I was anxious to earn money. 

One difficulty tliat 1 liiid was tliat 1 could not speak the Hindu- 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY' OF .MIJXSHI ABDULLAH. 23- 

stani language, but if I wanted to speak with tlicm I had to use 
signs like a dumb person. Moreover at that time anyone who knew 
that language had to l)c paid a lot of money, and therefore I was- 
very anxious to learn it. and told one of their officers I should very 
much like to learn. He replied, " Come to my house in the Fort, 
I will give you your l)oard, and will have you taught the language 
by my teacher, and you can be the teacher for all of us, and can 
write the Koran for us, and we will buy tliem."" I told my mother 
what the Sepoy officer had said, and my mother told my father, w^ho 
replied, '''All right, let him learn the Hindustani language, so that 
afterwards it ma}^ be an accomplishment for him." 

So I went and lived in the Fort, for my uncle was also there 
wdth me, and I went back and forth every two or three da3-s, getting 
my board, and writing, and learning the language. They gave me 
money, and also ghee and rice, and I became intimate with the 
Sepoys, and got to know them all, for there w^ere a great many of 
them, both men and women. For about three or four years I re- 
mained with them, and God helped me to get the language; everv 
day I spoke w4th them in the Hindustani language. It was from 
that time that they began to call me '"' Munshi," which means 
teacher or instructor in languages, and from that time the name 
stuck to me until now. 

After that had gone on for some time, my father ordered me 
to return home, saying, " Every day sit here and read those books, 
all of tliem are in the Malay language; and every three days I will 
examine 3'ou as to the meanings of the words, and how they ougjit 
to be used." Then that was my work eyery day, without being able 
to move or go anywhere and play. From that time I made a great 
deal of progress in my knowledge and religion, and also in the 
idioms of the language, and tlie meanings and force of words. 
Every three days my father came to tlie place where I was studying, 
and catechised me about anything that he liked, both in regard to 
religion and the idioms of the language; and I answered whatever 
I knew, and what I did not know he told me. 

So it happened at times that the thought came all at once to- 
me, " What is the good of my living ? Every day I have no peace,. 
simply sitting studying, and cannot go anywhere to play, and can- 



•24 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

not associate with my friends."' With these thoughts I wept, and 
was sad and looked grumpy. My mother came into the room, and 
saw me like that, and said, " Why are you crjdng for nothing^ " [ 
answered " It is better to die than to live like this ; I am different 
from other people's children." My mother answered, " Why ? Don't 
you get j'our food and clothing ? If not as the child of rich people, 
at least your father cares for you like the child of poor people ; why 
are you crying for nothing ? " I replied, " Mother, if you should 
give me gold to eat every day it w'ould be no use if my heart is not 
happy." My mother said, '" What are you troubled about, " I an- 
swered, " Look at father ! every day he tells me to study, if it is not 
■one thing it is another, so I have no peace; and he does not let me 
associate with my friends; so I am working night and day, like a 
l^erson living in the grave." When my mother heard my words, 
she put her arms around my neck and kissed my face, saying, 
■" Child, why are you so foolish ? You are still inexperienced, for 
you are only a child, and do not yet know the value of an edu- 
cation; afterwards you will know its value, and the love of parents 
for their children. Are you not my only child? If you did not 
know how to read and write like all children of good families, you 
would certainly afterwards be very sorry, and your j)arents would 
1)6 responsil^le for not having taught you properly. At the present 
time it seems to you more bitter than gall, but aftenvards you will 
know that it is sweeter than honey, and then you will praise the 
kindness of your parents, ^loreover, if your father and I should 
leave you a great deal of property, if you did not have very good 
fortune, it would soon disappear; but knowledge and a good edu- 
cation are not like that, for until the soul leaves the body it will 
not leave you." The words of my mother were very, very true ; now 
at last I experience the sweetness of education, for it is sweeter than 
honey. 

While I was in the midst of speaking to my mother, my father 
came in, and the conversation ceased. Xow it was my father's 
habit that whenever he looked at me it was never with a pleasant 
face, but he looked surly; and as for the way he treated me, 
whatever I did, whether writing or reading, he never approved of it, 
but found one fault or another; so I was always in the wrong. 



THE ArT<)H10(;HA]>ITV OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. '25 

rlioiigli otluT people praised me; but when he lieard them, he for- 
l)a(le it. and said, " They will spoil my chikl.'' 

One day a sea captain came to the house to look for my father. 
He wanted him to make a promissory note, for he owed a Chinese 
mercliant in Malacca three hundred dollars. My father was very 
busy that day at the house of Mr. Adrian Koek, and the captain sat 
in my home waiting for him till mid-day, and then went home for 
dinner: afterwards he returned, and waited until the afternoon. I 
then went out and asked the captain, " Captain where do you come 
from, and what do you want 'i "' He replied, " I want your father." 
1 answered, " To-day my father is very busy at ^Ir. Adrian Koek's 
house." He said, " Whatever shall 1 do ; I arranged with your 
father that he should write a paper for me, because I have to sail 
now."' I said to him, " Captain, if you like, I will try and write it; 
and I ran in for a minute to my writing room, and wrote it. I 
asked him, '' What is your name. Captain ? " His friend replied 
that his name was Captain Ahmed, for he himself would not men- 
tion his owm name; similarly the name of the Chinaman to whom 
he owed the money. Yv'hen it was finished, I brought it out and 
showed it to him ; and when he had read it, he nodded his head, and 
-said, " That is quite right, but let me sign it in your presence."' So 
he added his signature, and took his leave. As he was going out, 
he put a dollar in my hand, and saluted me, saying, "' Take this and 
buy some cakes." I received it with much pleasure at getting a 
■dollar so quickly, and he said, '"' I have given you trouble."" I 
replied, " Thank you. Captain."' 

Suddenly at that very moment my father came in. When he 
saw the captain, he said. '' How do you do. Captain; when did you 
c-ome here?'" When 1 jioticed my father, I ran into my room and 
kept quiet, and was very sorry that I had written the note. The 
captain answered, "" I have been waiting for you a long time, ever 
since this morning, this is what your son Abdullah was written." 
When I heard him mention my name, my heart beat, for fear the 
note miglit be wrong, for I had never written such a document; 
moreover, I liad had nothing to copy from, but had dared to write 
it according to my own ideas. When my father saw the note, he 
smiled, and said. "' Xaughty boy, he is just making himself out to 



26 THE AUTOBHKiHAPHV OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

be clever. But this uote will do, Captain ; take it to your creditor.'* 
The Captain went home, and my father went in with a smiling face, 
and my mother asked him, '"What are you smiling- about?" M}" 
father answered. " To-day if 1 had received a thousand dollars I 
should not be so pleased as I am that my son can now help me ; *" 
and he told my mother about it. Finally both of them laughed» 
and he said, " May Cod increase his good sense and judgment.'' 
Further my father said, "' To-day for the first time I have got a 
son, just as if you had borne liini this very day; but if he could 
neither read nor write, and remain ignorant, I should consider him 
just as if he were dead."" I heard all that my father and mothei- 
said from my room, and then for the first time understood the love 
of my parents for me, and realized the value of an education and 
of the knowledge which they had imparted to me. From that time 
I was firmly convinced in my heart that all the instructions of my 
parents were right and proper and perfectly good. 

After that my father came with a surly face into the room 
where I studied and said. " What have you done to-day. I was not 
at home, so you paid no attention to yoar studies and writing; 
owing to your laziness you know nothing about writing, and so you 
made a great many mistakes in the letter of Captain Ahmed of 
Siak ; I had to correct it."' I thought to myself, " I know all about 
that, and my father will never say that I know anything, or praise 
me. for fear I shall be puffed up."' 

From that time, if anyone came to my father, asking him 
to write a letter or a promissory note, or a power of attorney, or a 
will, or anything of that kind, he always told me to write it. At 
first he told me the circumstances are so and so, and such and such 
sums of money, and the agreement is for so long, and told me tO' 
compose it myself. Once or twice I made a few mistalvcs, but the 
third time it was all right. After that my fatlier turned over to 
me all his instruments and his writing case. 

At that time in the town of Malacca anyone who knew how to 
write and compose anything had to be well paid, for there were 
only four or five men who could be employed in that work: first, 
Khoja Mohammed, a Tamil Iwrn in Malacca, who was the govern- 
ment interpreter; secondly Jamal Mohammed bin Xur Mohammed 



THK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. -27 

8iirati : and niv father, Abdul Kadir l)iii Moliamincd Ibrahim ; and 
Mahid l)iii Ahmed Lĕbai. Among the Malays whom I knew were 
YahA'a bin Abdul Wahid, and Ismael bin Mohammed Arif Surati. 
All of those whom I have mentioned were celebrated men, for they 
were very diligent in studying and gaining knowledge, so that they 
had lieeome very clever. In every business transaction one of these 
men whom I have mentioned would be employed, and they were 
respected in any company of people. Moreover, they earned their 
living in this way, and had no other employment. As the town 
of Malacca was very populous at that lime, these men had no 
leisure, but every day there was profitable employment for them of 
.>nme kind or another, and their names were honored in other 
countries; they were employed by Europeans, and were honored in 
great assemblies. 

Among the younger generation, however, at that time, there 
was no one who had any ambition to learn the work of writing and 
reading Malay letters, because it was the Malay language. I, a 
man of humble position and poor and ignorant, was the only one. 
If I had wanted to engage in business, my jiarents were poor and 
had no capital, therefore I strove earnestly until I received the 
legacy and inherited the pen and ink of the gentlemen whose names 
I have just mentioned. But in this respect, good gracious ! let 
those who read this book not imagine that I am praising myself; 
for please consider that if such seed as that should be thrown away 
iin3-where it would certainly grow at such a time as this. For 
everyljody thought that the Malay language oug-ht not to be studied, 
because it is our own language; and from the time of our fore- 
fathers no one ever estal:)lished a school for the Malay language, 
but only for reading the Koran; and they thought that the Arabic 
language ought to be studied, because it is the one which is useful 
for religion, and also in the world to come, and that is the only 
language which is most honorable among Mohammedans. 

It was from the men whom I have mentioned that I received 
instruction, and I asked them the mysteries of the Malay language, 
iind received many examiples, and rules, and models; and I also ob- 
tained from them a number of Malay words, and unusual names, 
and proverbs, and analogies, and illustrations, and combinations of 



28 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

words which are charming and felicitous, and many other thing? 
of the same kind; all of this was due to my diligence in asking- 
questions and reading ancient histories, and the ^vo^ks of our fore- 
fathers. In these treasuries which I have mentioned I obtained 
very many combinations of sentences, and compound words, and 
abbreviations, and paraphrases, and strong expressions, and euplie- 
misms, and derivations, and combinations, and the meanings of 
words, and sarcastic expressions, and clouhJe entendres, and cryptic 
expressions, and so forth. Moreover, I saw that there are many 
grammatical rules h'ing hidden in the Mala\' language. Whenever 
I came across a new word in religious works or stories or poetry. 
I immediately went to see one of those men, and with much respect 
and humility asked them the meaning of the word, and its use and 
derivation, and how to employ it. Sometimes I made them laugh, 
because on account of one word I would go such a distance as from 
my home to theirs, and they would say, "* You will soon acquire 
this knowledge, because of your zeal and diligence." 

Xow there were also many words which I found in religious 
books and histories which they had never heard, and did not know 
their meaning, and they showed me where I could inquire, namely 
from Datok Sulaiman, a Malay of good birth, who lived in Kam- 
pong Hulu, and from him I learned the roots and origins of the 
Malay language. At the time when I used to go to him, Datok 
Sulaiman's age was about eighty or ninety years; he was a man of 
pure Malay origin, and was a man of education and good family. 
Then there was another man, named Datok Astur, who was the 
same age ; neither of them was willing to abandon the original 
Malay costumes, even until the day of their death, for they wore the 
turban, and the coat called talnva, and the skirt without trousers. 
The men whom I have mentioned alx)ve used to learn from these 
two old men, and asked them questions al:)out the language and 
eurious names which they found in histories and religious books. 

Xow all of these men were my teachers, and explained to me 
all the mysteries of the Malay language, and it was they Avho told 
me that the Malay language has its own grammar and declensions 
and parsing; and also that there are many marks for punctuation 
and the beginnings of sentences, and vowel signs above and below; 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHT ABDULLAH. 29 

and also tliere are some words whicli when pronounced emplia- 
tieally have one meaning, but have another meaning when pro- 
nounced without emphasis; and also there are various oruamentfi 
of speech, each in its proper place, all of which are quite complete 
in the Malay language and sound nicely. But they said, '" There 
is no expert, that is, no skilful person, who could arrange and 
determine the rules of the Malay language.'' It was there that I 
obtained all final decisions in regard to words. 

For a long time I went there over and over again, to learn 
al)out the things which I have mentioned. I was about a year and 
nine months, and then my teacher returned to the mercy of God. 
As a result, my studies ceased, since at that time it was impossible 
to find in Malacca anyone who knew more than he did about tlie 
Malay language: and for that reason I felt disheartened about 
learning from any one else, but merely asked questions of the other 
men whom I have mentioned, for they knew and heard and saw 
more than I did; and if they were to tie knots with their feet, I 
could not undo them with my hands; moreover I knew that there 
is a great difference between a man -rIio has a teacher and one who 
is a mere imitator. 

A few days after the death of my teacher who had taught me 
the Malay language, I was sitting and just doing my writing in my 
grief without doing any study, when by the help of God there came 
an Arab from the district of Yemen, a Sheikh ; this man was expert 
in reading the Koran, and his name was Muallim Muhai'd-din. 
When the people of Malacca heard him read the Koran, they wero 
all amazed, as if they had heard the music of heaven, for he read 
according to the rules of rhythm, the long and short sounds just as 
if they were measured ; so everyone was eager to go and learn from 
him. He replied, '' I am going to sail to Java, so I cannot teach 
anyone here."' Then a nuonber of old men went and requested him 
that he would stay a year at Malacca, because a number of people 
wished to read with him. He replied, " If I can get any profit 
here, I will remain; for I have a family at Acheen, and for that 
reason I have come here to earn a living for them." The\- all con- 
suited together, and made an agreement that whoever should read 
for a year should pay five dollars each, and they were all willing to 



30 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

pay ; and so I and forty or fifty others all read the Koran with him. 
Xow our former method of reading was all reconstructed from the 
beginning, and he gave us rules for reading; so by the mercy of 
God and the blessing of my teacher, I continued for a year diligent- 
ly reading the Koran, and succeeded in acquiring what he taught. 
Then for the first time the reading of Malacca people became 
famous, but before that time they were not renowned, for they did 
not know the rules, neither the long and short sounds, nor the 
stress, nor the pause, nor the quaver, and so forth. After that a 
great many presents were made to him, and he received more than 
the gifts mentioned above; he was quite pleased, and ^nth many 
prayers for us he sailed back again to Acheen. 

When I had finished learning to read the Koran, a few days 
later there came a learned man, an Arab, who was a saiyid, named 
Saiyid Shaikh Inn AhW, of the tribe Bafakih; he was a great 
scholar in the Malay language, but more particularly in Arabic. 
When he arrived in Malacca, everyone was amazed to hear all the 
prol)lems which he explained, and the number of questions he asked 
which nobody could answer. But he was a poor man. ^^^len the 
people of Malacca saw that, they were all eager to learn, so in his 
case also the old men made a plan, providing that everyone who 
wished to learn would pay him five dollars a year each. I was the 
first man who put my signature to his written agreement, and I 
Tead with him : there were fifty or sixty others who read with me. 
The first book which we studied was an original wor]v called Ummu 
^1-Barahin explaining the essence of God and the attributes of God, 
and His riches, and the glory of God, and how we ought to act 
towards Him, and bow we may know our unworthiness and weak- 
ness, and so on. After reading for a few days, we finished the 
book ; and then we began to read a book on Fakih, that is Moham- 
medan law, and hoAv to worship, and so forth; after that we learned 
all sorts of sciences, and useful narratives, and such as teach good 
ideas and intelligence: now all these books were in the Malay 
language. By the grace of God and through the help of my teacher 
I got to understand more or less of all the things which I h^ve 
mentioned; and I continued to study all that for about a year or 
more. Coramencinij from that time the eyes of the people of 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY' OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 31 

Malacca begun to be opened; previous to that there ^vas not one 
man in a hundred wlio kjiew all that, for they paid no attention to 
such things. And while that Arab was at Malacca, all the other 
scholars shut u]) their books, for they did not dare to ask questions 
or reply to him. When the agreement had expired, he sailed for 
Java; and he is still living at the present time in the town of 
Sumenap. greatly beloved, and he is teacher to the Sultan of 
Sumenap. 

Moral. There is one remarkable thing, moreover I am amazed 
to see and consider the condition of our Malay peoj)le, that they 
are not aware of their own condition, and remain in ignorance, 
because they will not study their own language, and do not want 
to establish schools to teach it; this is beyond my comprehension, 
for how can those who do not study it become proficient themselves Y 
Do not all other races in the world study their own languages, 
except only the Malays? Moreover they say, '" What is the good of 
studying it, for that is our own language; and it is only useful in 
this world. It is better to study the Arabic language, which is 
useful in this world and the next."" That no doubt is ti'ue; but I 
wonder how one can know the language of other people l^efore one 
knows one's own language. And }et they converse in the Malay 
language, they buy and sell, and send letters, and write their replies 
in the Malay language too ; never did I see either Malays or Babas 
or people of any other race using the Arabic language in their 
business, either in trade, or keeping accounts or in correspondence, 
but they all use their own languages, except in their worship and 
their prayers. 



32 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDIT^LAH. 



Chapter 4. 

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MALACCA FOET. 

From this time I had no other occupation except reading and 
writing. After a little while^ the news suddenl}- spread in Malacca 
that the English were going to destroy the Malacca Fort. But 
people of all the different races in Malacca did not believe it pos- 
sible that the Fort could easily be destroyed; and one man said, 
'•' It will not be finislied in tlie life time of this Resident."' The 
reason why they thought this, \ras the strength of the Fort, and its 
construction, and the hardness of the stone of Avhich it was built; 
for all these reasons it did not enter into their heads that it could 
bo quickly destroyed. People had all sorts of ideas; some said, 
"' This time all the poor in Malacca can get rich from the wages 
they will get for demolishing the Fort." Others said, '' If they 
meddle with this Fort at all a great many people will die, because 
there are plenty of evil spirits and devils in the Fort." And some 
people said, '"' It is because the English are very shrewd, that is 
why they are going to destroy the Fort; for if the Fort should get 
into the hands of any other nation, they might fight for a long 
time and could not take it. for the Fort is so strong and cleverly 
built." 

Xov/ the following is the descriptiun of the Malacca Fort as I 
saw it l)y walking over it and going down into the earth : it was 
made of granite stones of a purple color, some of which were six 
feet long, and some three feet : and these stones were very smooth 
and flat, as if they had Ijeen planed. From what I heard, the 
stones all came from Batu Pahat. where they were hewn out by 
Chinese workmen, under the orders of the Portuguese, and that is 
why tliat place is called Batu Pahat up to the present time. 

The Fort lies sloping inwards a little, and the wall has a round 
cornice all along it. The Fort is square, but it has eight bastions. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 33 

and the width of each bastion is either ix;n or twelve or thirteen 
fathoms (60-78 feet), and in them the cannon are arranged all 
around, and for the whole length of the Fort the thickness is two 
and a half fathoms (15'). In each bastion there is a casemate 
below the ground, fitted up complete with a well and stables; and 
from inside the wall of the Fort, there is a road by which one can 
walk around, and at the l)asbions there are gates by which one can 
go out. The height of the wall of the Fort is about ten fathoms 
(60') that can be seen above the ground, and it is said that the wall 
goes dowTi into the earth as far as its height. At the time when 
they were going to pull it down, they dug down, and I saw it was 
seven or eight fathoms deej). but they had not yet reached the 
bottom. 

The Fort had four gates : one of these was the big gate, at the 
side of the big bridge, and in the big gate there was also a little gate 
by which people went in and out after eight o'clock at night. 
About ten or fifteen fathoms (60'-90') to the right, there was 
another gate, where goods were taken in and out, and horses and 
carriages all went that way. At both of these two gates there were 
sepoy sentries on guard. Then on the side towards Bukit China 
there was a small gate, and on the side towards Bandar Hilir there 
was a gate, almost exactly like the big gate. 

There were also three bridges; first the big bridge on the way 
towards the town of Malacca; secondly, a bridge called the small 
bridge, on the road to Bukit China ; and thirdly, the bridge towards 
Bandar Hilir. The bridges which I have mentioned, were all so 
constructed that they could be lifted up on both sides; and at night 
the bridges were lifted; also if there should be any disturbance, or 
war, or such like, they lifted up the bridges. And if large vessels 
wanted to enter the river, they had to pay duty, and similarly when 
they went out. 

All around the Fort there was made a breastw'ork of earth, 
with a thickness of two fathoms (13') ; and at the foot of the 
breastw^ork there were placed iron spikes sticking up, and on the 
other side of the spikes there was a ditch about five fathoms (30') 
wide, and the same depth ; and the water could be let in or out, the 
sluice gate being at the small bridge tow^ards Bukit China, and the 



34 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MFNSHI ABDULLAH. 

water was let out into the sea from the Hilir bridge. On the edge 
of the bridge all round there were planted angsana trees; and in 
the ditch there were many crocodiles, and siakap and jiwipul fish, 
and lobsters. 

On the top of the Fort, at intervals of about two fathoms 
(13'), the cannon were placed, and sentry boxes for the sepoys on 
guard; it was like that all around the Fort. After six o'clock in 
the evening, no one was allowed to enter the Fort any more, but 
they could only go out ; and when the clock struck eight, a gun was 
iired and the drawbridge was lifted up. If one went without carry- 
ing a light, one was arrested ; and if any one did not answer when 
called out, they fired from the top of the Fort. The width of the 
road around the Fort was ten or twelve fathoms (60'-T2') to the 
bank of the river; and on the bank of the river piles were driven 
everywhere, and angsana trees were planted about every six or seven 
fathoms (o6'-43'), as far as the small bridge. 

Inside of the Malacca Fort there was a hill, and this hill was 
of medium height, neither very high nor very low; and on the top 
of that hill there was the Dutch Church. This church was origin- 
ally the church of the Portuguese, but when the Dutch took Malacca 
they made it their church, and just below the church was the place 
where the Dutch buried their dead. The Malacca Fort was orgin- 
ally built by the Portuguese. The reason why I know that, is 
because the statue of the man who built the fort is in front of the 
gate of the Fort; and I see that he looks like a Portuguese. That 
statue is of cement, and is in relief, and stands as high as a child; 
and the statue of which I speak still exists on the Bandar Hilir gate, 
but the gate towards Malacca was demolished by Mr. Farquhar. 
The name of the church on the hill was called in the Portuguese 
language San Paulo. 

At the side of the church there is a government garden, in 
which beautiful things are planted ; fruit trees, and flowers, and all 
kinds of vegetables. In that garden there is a well, I don't know 
how many hundred fathoms deep, it is so deep that you cannot see 
the water ; but if you throw a stone down, it is not until after an 
interval that you hear the sound. Outside the garden there is 
another well, which is just as deep. On the side of the hill is the 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OP MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 35 

Resident's house, a very beautiful building; to reach tlie Resident's 
house you can go under ground under the hill, and also there is a 
gate from there by which you can go through as far as the river. 

At the back of the government garden is the place where Raja 
Haji was buried ; he was a powerful Malay prince, originally of 
Bugis descent, and his wife was named Ratu Mas; and it was this 
prince who came and attacked Malacca in the time of the Dutch. 
That was about sixty years ago or more. He very nearly took the 
town of Malacca; the district around Malacca and all the villages 
fell into his hands, and it was only just the town of Malacca itself 
that he did not take. At that time people of all nationalities in 
Malacca fought to help the Dutch, Malays, Tamils, Chinese, and 
Portuguese, all fought under their own Captains and leaders. 
They fought for some years, and the Raja Haji was. killed by a 
bullet at a place called Tanjong Palas; afterwards the Dutch took 
his body, and buried it behind the garden which I have mentioned, 
and I have heard it said that the place was a pig stye. Then about 
twenty or thirty years afterwards, the descendants of Raja Haji 
came from Lingga and Riau to Malacca, and asked permission of 
the English Resident to remove his tomb to Riau; permission was 
given, and they took him away. The war of Raja Haji is a very 
long story, and if I should tell it, my work would be delayed, so we 
will just reserve that. 

On the side of the hill is the place where the prison was, which 
the Malays call Miskurdi; this is the Portuguese word Misericordia^ 
and means " pity ; " and there was another called Trongko, which 
means the place of the stocks, and is also Portuguese. Inside that 
there was another place called Trongko Glap, the dark prison, in 
wliich those who had committed great crimes were incarcerated^ 
and there day and night were just alike. Alongside of that there 
was a house in Avhich were kept the instruments for killing and 
torturing people, and that place was called Tratu; they were laid 
face down on a bench, and all their joints hammered until they 
were broken, and afterwards they were hung at Pulau Jawa, There 
were also the instruments for branding, which were heated red hot, 
the iron being a little larger than a dollar, and they were branded 
between the shoulder blades, and the smoke came out in clouds,. 



;^G THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

with a smell of l)uniiiig; and after that the chaius were put on. 
Then there was the place for strangling: and there was the barrel 
in which people were rolled. Xow the barrel had nails driven in 
all around, the points of the nails being inside, and whoever com- 
mitted an unnatural crime was put in the barrel and rolled around 
the town until his flesh was torn to pieces; but I never saw this 
•done, and have only heard the story from old people. The instru- 
ment, however, was really there, for I saw the barrel full of nails. 
In that place there were all sorts of instruments and punishments, 
all of which were the things used by the Dutch for torturing and 
punishing people. All these implements and the stocks, etc. have 
heen throAvn away and burned up, and the dark dungeon destroyed ; 
for at the time of the war at Batavia, when Lord Minto came to 
Malacca, he abolished those wicked and cruel customs, and had 
everything thrown into the sea. 

I will now go back to tell how the Resident, Mr. Farquhar, 
undertook to destroy the Fort of Malacca. He engaged coolies in 
Malacca, of ail nationalities, and ordered them to demolish the 
Fort, beginning towards Bukit China. Hundreds of coolies tried 
to break one piece of stone, but could not do so in two or three 
days; for all the workmen were afraid, because they imagined and 
really believed that there were many ghosts and devils in the Fort, 
and because of those ideas many of them had all sorts of dreams, 
and some of them are said to have been slapped by the devils, and to 
have vomited blood and died, and had all sorts of illness; so the 
workmen were more and more afraid, and had to be paid more and 
more. Xow all of that is quite false, but because they firmly 
believed it and were afraid, they brought this trouble on them- 
selves. The mortar which adhered to the stones appeared and 
smelt as if it had been just put on. Then the Eesident saw that 
it was very difficult to break the stones, he had them dig under the 
foundations of the Fort, and they dug down very deep but could not 
find them; if you measured down below the earth equal to the 
height of the wall, even then you would not come to the foundations. 
After that they stopped the work of searching for the foundations 
of the Fort. He then ordered them to demolish on the sea side, 
and a great many hoes and spades and crowbars and other imple- 



THK AUTOBIOORAIMiY OF :\rUXSHI ABDULLAH. r,7 

inonts were broken : ami this work ontitiled a great deal of sickness, 
mi(] many men were afraid to work because many were sick and 
died. So the wages had still to be increased, and those who had 
been j^aid half a rupee received a rupee, and even that they would 
not take ; it was very ditlicnlt w^ork to demolish tlie Fort. At that 
time most of the people of Malacca thouglit that the English would 
not sncceed in destroying the Fort on account of its strength, and 
iilso because there M-ere so many ghosts and devils. 

After about three months had passed with all this sickness and 
trouble, and many people d}-ing, and falling down and breaking 
their legs and arms, suddenly the news came that the Eesident had 
•ordered a hole to be dug in the bastion on the sea side, in order to 
])ut in boxes of gunpowder and fired them. Everyone was sur- 
])rised, and said, " We don't know how it will l)e done." Hundreds 
of people wejit to see it, and I also intruded, and went to see. I 
-saw they had actually sunk a shaft about six feet square, and very 
deep. When they had reached the proper depth, they dug out a 
niche at the side of the hole for about six feet; then they put in 
boxes of • gunpowder, and inserted a fuse under ground, the length 
of the fuse being more than ten fathoms (GO') ; this was made with 
cloth, with gunpowder inside, and was as thick as one's big toe. 
Afterwards the hole was filled in, and rammed tight with stones 
and earth. The work of digging this one hole took ten or twenty 
men five or six days. After that a gong was beaten to warn people 
that the next day at eight o'clock in the morning no one could go 
.across the river, and those who had houses near there were told to 
removed to houses further off. On the next day Mr, Farquhar 
came on horse back, holding a slow-match in his hand, and he told 
people to go up on the Fort and drive people away on the other 
side, and the people ran helter-skelter. Immediately after that he 
lit the fuse and then spurred his horse. After about ten minutes, 
the guni30wder exploded with a sound like thunder, and the stones 
of the Fort w'ere thrown up as big as houses, and some as big as 
elephants, flying up into the sea ; and some of the stones flew right 
across the river and struck the houses. Everyone was startled to 
hear the sound, and greatly amazed, for in all their lives they had 
iiever heard such a noise, and also to see the tremendous power of 



38 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

the gunpowder, so that it could raise stones as big as a house. 
Then for the first time they all believed that the Fort could be 
destroyed by the English; and they shook their heads and said, 
" These white men are certainly very clever and skilful : but it is a 
great pity that such a beautiful fort as this should be destroyed 
in a moment ; if they wanted to repair it, it is impossible to say how 
many years it will take to make it like that agaJ.n." Now the Fort 
was the glory of the town of Malacca, and when the Fort was des- 
troyed the town of Malacca lost its glory, like a woman whose 
husband is dead, her face has no longer its glory. But this happen- 
ed by the decree of God, which is a sign that this world is not 
eternal; the things which exist are brought to naught, and the 
things which are not are created, and everything changes. !N'ow 
when the Fort was demolished the stones were taken ever^-^vhere ; 
some were used for building houses in Malacca, and some were 
taken to Batavia when the Dutch were here recently, and feonie were 
taken to Eiau, and the English took some on board ship for bal- 
last, and half of them were sunk in the river, and some remained 
piled up in heaps, and are still there, and are being taken away by 
people every day. 

Six or seven days later they were going to bloAv up the bastion 
on the side towards the town (Kampong Kling), and the gong was 
beaten to tell everybody to go back far away from their houses. On 
the other side of the river was the house of Khatib Musa, more than 
twenty fathoms (120') beyond the river. Everybody had gone 
away except his servant, named Basir, and a man named Mebarak, 
and his son named Ibrahim, All of them were concealed on the 
staging in order to see the sight. Then they set fire to the fuse, 
and everybody ran away. In a moment the gunpowder exploded 
with a great noise, and the stones came flying in lumps as big as 
elqDhants, and struck the staging. The staging fell down, and the 
men who were concealed there were all overwhelmed by the stones 
and covered with sand. Immediately there was a loud cry, saying, 
" There was four or five persons killed, crushed by the stones of the 
Fort." Everybody ran, and I also ran to see, though at that time 
my mother had told me to go half a mile away. When I reached 
the place, I found in the middle of the house a man eating, named 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 3?) 

-Vhiliil Satar, a IT'lekat man, and a splinter of stone i'rom tlie Fort 
had come and struck his forehead, and wounded him. I went 
inside and found the hoy Basir; only Ins foot could he seen, 
<uul on his hody 1 saw the stones from the Fort were piled up, some 
of them a fathom in length and some two or three cubits, some 
-t'ip'ht or nine stones lay on him. A numljer of people got him out, 
<ind it was found that he still had life in him, about as much as a 
lish. Tambi Ibrahim was found with three stones on his leg, each 
■of them a fathom long, and covered with earth : the stones and 
I'arth were taken away, and it was found that one leg was broken 
into three pieces and was dangling down; he was carried away on 
a man's back to Kampong Pali. His friend Mebarak was also 
covered with earth and stones, and they got him out, but the bones 
■f)f his leg were crushed and dangding down; so they took him to the 
house of the English Doctor. Basir died immediately, but Tambi 
Ibrahim and Mebarak were treated, and God has spared their lives 
until the present time, but both of them are lame. What could be 
done? For they had got into danger by their own carelessness, 
but everyone felt sorry for them. When the people of Malacca saw 
Avhat had happened they were all afraid, and when next the Fort 
Avas to be blown up, they all left their houses and ran away, and 
iill the children were driven far awa\'. 

. In this way !Mr. Farquhar easily demolished the Fort, and all 
the people who did not believe that the Fort of Malacca could be 
destroyed had their mouths closed, and could say nothing more. 
And all the ghosts and devils Avhich were in the brains of those 
people flew awa}', and returned to the place whence they C;nne, 
being afraid of the smoke of the gunpowder. Thus the beautiful 
Fort of Malacca was entirely destroyed, being all blown up by 
gunpoAvder ; but if it had been demolished one stone at a time, the 
work Avould not have been finished yet. 



40 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 



Chapter 5. 
THE STOEY OF MTJ. FAEQUHAE AXD AX ELEPHAXT 

DEIVE. 

The people of Malacca, of all the four races, -were very fond 
of Mr. Farquhar. and all were glad to have him as Eesident. At 
that time the town of Malacca was in j^eace, and a great many 
people from other countries came and went, coming from all direc- 
tions to trade at Malacca, and even the poor got a good living, but 
especially the rich. At that time one had to pay very high wages 
to Malacca men for sailing to other countries or to work there, but 
many people from other countries came to Malacca to earn a living, 
and had their families tliere; for which reason many children were 
boru in Malacca. The laws and customs were good; every nation- 
ality had their own Captain, and each Captain had headmen under 
him, who settled all complaints and disturbances, but if they could 
not settle anything, it was then taken to the law courts. Though 
the town was under British rule, the laws and customs were l.ike 
those of Holland, and the customs in regard to trials, and the 
names of officials were all according to the Dutcli language. 

Some time after that, the Eesident, Mr. Farquhar. received 
the title of Colonel, and after he was styled Colonel, a European 
sentry was on guard under his house, whereas formerly there was a 
Sepoy. One day Col. Farquhar was going out for a ride in his 
carriage in the afternoon; and after his meal he went down the 
stairs of his house. The European sentry under his house had 
evidently prepared by loading his musket with two balls, and as the 
Colonel came down, he fired at him. When the musket went off, 
one bullet went to the left and the other passed to the right; and 
he was startled. But since it was not yet his time to die, he was 
not killed. The distance from the man when he fired was only 
about eight fathoms (48'). All Malacca was excited, saying, " The 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHr OF MT'NSHT ABDULLAH. 41 

Resident has been shot, under such and such circimistances." The 
European soldier was arrested, and put in prison; and after a few 
days, he was sent to Bengal, and I never heard what was done to- 
liini. 

I will now describe how the Eesident, Mr. Farquhar, had some 
elephants caught. i\.t that time a man came to Malacca from 
Tĕrangganu, who was called The Elephant Magician ; he was origin- 
ally a Kĕdah man, and knew about elephants and all sorts of magic. 
He came to Malacca to look for that kind of work. After he had 
Ijeon at Malacca a few da}'^, the name of The Elephant Magician 
became well known as being skilled in magic, and every day lit was 
wandering about in the forests. One day he came to the house of 
Enchek Sulong, who at that time was foreman to Mr. Farquhar, 
and if Mr. Farquhar had any work to do, he employed him as 
headman, for he had known him from the time when the Fort was 
demolished. The Elephant Magician spoke to Enchek Sulong say- 
ing, " There are a great many elephants in the forests of Malacca, 
and if the Eesident, will give me an order to catch elephants, I can 
capture as many as he wants." When he heard this, he went and 
told Mr. Farquhar that The Elephant Magician professed to be able 
to catch elephants, and the Eesident said, " If he really professes to- 
do so, I will allow him, and he can go and catch them." Enchek 
Sulong went back and told the Elephant Magician what the Eesi- 
dent had said, and he was delighted. So Enchek Sulong brought 
him to the Eesident, and he agreed to do it, and said, " Sir, I wall 
go into the jungle, and wherever I meet a herd of elephants, if I 
come and ask for men, you must give me some sixty or seventy men 
to help nie. And if I get the elephants, how much will you promise 
to give me?" The Eesident replied, "Very well, if you get the 
elephants, and bring them alive into Malacca, I will pay you a 
hundred dollars each." The Elephant Magician replied, "All 
right, sir ; but all the expenses of the work you must pay ; and now 
please give me a little money, for I want to go into the jungle." 
The Eesident answered, " Enchek Sulong will pay you." Then the 
Magician returned; and when he was ready, he started out with 
two friends, so the three of them went into the jungle. 



42 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

After lie had been eleven days in the jungle, he came out and 
went to Enchek Sulong, saying, " I have met with a herd of 
Elephants, sixty in the herd; and now give me the men, for I want 
to make the inclosiire." When tliis information reached the Resi- 
dent, he ordered Enchek Sulong to send tlie Malays who lived in 
those places, and to ])ay them for their lal)or. Now the name of 
the place -where he wanted to construct the inclosure was Sa-batu, 
Avhich was two days' journey from Malacca towards the East. 
Then Enchek Suloiig gave him sixty or seventy men to accompany 
him in relays, changing the men every two or three days. 

The news soon spread in ]\Ialacca that the Resident had given 
orders to catch elephants, and that an inclosure was now being 
made at Sa-batu, and everybody itched to go and see how it was 
made, for Malacca people had never in their lives seen such a thing ; 
not to mention what I felt like at that time, for if I had been like 
a bird which is provided with a pair of wings, I felt that at that 
moment I would fly away and see it. 

Xow I must describe the construction of the inclosure. All 
the men went out to cut poles in the jungle, as thick as a man's 
thigh, and 12 cubits long (18'), When the poles had been col- 
lected, they were planted in the ground close together, only two or 
"three inches apart. The inclosure was square, each side being 
twenty fathoms (120'). Then they were pressed firmly together, 
and a staging was made on the fence of the inclosure, as a place 
Avhere men could sit ; but the construction was all very strong, and 
the poles were very big. When the inclosure had been completed, 
its appearance was like that of a fishing stake, the poles being plant- 
ed right and left close together for a distance of a hundred fathoms 
right and left, spreading out more the further it went. All along 
this fence bananas and sugar canes were planted right up to and 
inside the inclosure. When all this was completed, the news caused 
still greater excitement in Malacca, and all the Europeans and the 
people of the four races went out to see it, on foot and in carriages 
and on horseback; and I also went with them. After travelling for 
two days, I reached Sa-batu, and saw that the inclosure for the 
■elephants had been very cleverly made. Many people said, " This 
Elephant Magician understands charms and magic, and he is 
possessed by a spirit," all of which is untrue and very stupid. 



THE AUTOBIOCiRAPHV OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. i3 

That ver}' afternoon the l'^le])hant Magician with hundreds 
of men entered tlie jungle to go and drive the elei:)hants. When 
they met with the herd of elepliants tliey drove them from a dis- 
tance, and for about six or seven days he w-as driving them, until 
they reached the fence where the bananas and sugar canes were 
l^lanted, and when the elepliants came to the food, they did not fail 
to go straight ahead. The men who were driving them came nearer 
and nearer, firing guns and yelling right and left. The elephants 
noticed the road getting narrower, but went right into the inclosure, 
paying no attention, because they were eating the bananas and 
sugar cane, and the drivers came nearer and nearer. At the gate 
of the inclosure there were men ready watching and holding the 
ropes of the gate, and when all the elephants had gone in, they let 
go the mechanism, and the gate was shut. I counted the elephants, 
large and small, male and female, and there were in all sixty-two. 
up on the inclosure, with spears and sticks all around, and when- 
ever the elephants took hold of the inclosure to pull it down, they 
stabbed their trunks with tlie sticks, and then they let go ; this was 
done all around the inclosure, stabbing there and beating here. 
Then I climbed up on the inclosure to see, but I was forbidden; 
they would not allow anj^one else to climb up, for they said, " It 
would spoil the charm." So I went quietly to the Magician, and 
offered him a rupee, and when he felt it in his hand, he said, " Hey, 
let this man get up quickly." I smiled and said to myself, " Which 
has most power, the charms, or this rupee ? " So they helped me 
up on to the inclosure, and put a stick in my hand, saying, " When 
the elephant catches hold, strike him quickly ; " and I did so. The 
way the elephants acted in the inclosure was like a great fight, and 
the noise was like incessant thunder. They behaved in different 
w^ays, — some pawned the ground, and some threw sand in the air, 
and some hurled logs and earth in the air, roaring, and stabbing 
the inclosure with their tusks. But I noticed that they put all 
their young ones in the middle, and the big ones were all around. 
The floor of the whole inclosure became liquid mud, two or three 
cubits deep, because the elephants kept treading it down. 

Men were sent in haste to Malacca to inform the Eesident, and 
the next day he came with Dr. Chalmers and all the Europeans in 



41 THE AUTOBIOC.EAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

carriages. When they arrived, they all climbed up on the inclosure 
to see the elephants continually going round and round the in- 
closure, looking for a place to get out ; and wherever they took hold 
they were beaten. 

This went on for six or seven days, and they were given nothing 
to eat, but when they were very much inclined to break down the 
inclosure the Magician took a little of the stem of a banana, and I 
saw that he repeated something, and then threw it into the in- 
closure, and the elephants stopped to seize the food. For this 
reason I heard many ]>eople say. "• Tliis Magician is very clever; be- 
cause he repeats charms, these elephants are afraid of him." This 
is untrue, and very stupid ; it is not so at all, for the animals have 
been starved for several days, it is a shame, and when they get a 
little food they became quiet; a baby could realize that. 

The elephants were in the inclosure for about ten days, and 
had become weak from having nothing to eat or drink. Then the 
men made nooses of thick rattan rope, and pushed them through 
into the inclosure, throwing a little banana stem into the noose ; so 
an elephant would come and get into the noose, and then they 
would jerk it and catch his neck, and the rope would be fastened to 
a tree. Afterwards the Magician went in and put on the hobbles, 
tightening them right and left ; in that way he brought them out of 
the inclosure one by one, and hobbled them; and he continued this 
until all the elephants had been brought out of the inclosure, with- 
out giving them anything to eat or drink, for fear they should get 
strong and break the inclosure and the hobbles. Even though they 
did things that way, I noticed that several times an elephant would 
hurl a log at the men on the inclosure, and roar; and if they had 
hit any one, it would have broken his head. And a great many 
times they tried to pull down the inclosure, twisting their trunks 
around the posts of the inclosure, and shaking it so that the whole 
inclosure swayed; and if they were not quickly beaten off with a 
stick, it Avould have all fallen down. 

Most of the Malays and Chinese and others believed in the 
Magician, saying, " He is very clever in the elephant magic, and 
repeats a great many prayers, so that all the elephants in the jungle 
are afraid of him, and men too, much more." For this reason 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF .MUXSHF AHDULLAH. ^5 

people ol' all iiatioiinlities asked liiin for charms and spells and 
amulets. According to niv way of thinking, this is all false, and 
the people w'ho helieve in it are stupid ; for he does all these things 
simply by using his brains, and not by charms or spells or prayers. 

After that I was sorry to hear that all the elephants kept 
gradually dying, until there were only six or sexen left that could 
be brought to Malacca, and of tliose only one really lived. Mr. 
Farquhar and Dr. Chabners paid the Magician as they had 
promised ; and all the bones of the dead elephants were taken by 
the Eesident and Dr. Chalmers, and sent to England. 

At Mr. Farquhar's house there was kept a very big tiger. 
This tiger was originally caught in the jungle at Naning in the fork 
of a tree, when it was only as large as a cat, and it was brought to 
Malacca and presented to Mr. Farquhar. Afterwards it was kept 
at his house in the Fort, in a big cage made of nihong palm, and 
every day it was given buffalo meat; but the meat Avas not given 
raw, for fear it should smell the blood and become savage, so they 
boiled it first and then gave it to him. In that way it grew to be 
biff and fat, and was as big as a calf. Everv dav both men and 
A\omen came to see it, and when they came near the cage it would 
not keep quiet, but keep going round and round in the cage; and 
sometimes it would growl and roar, and people were startled to 
hear the sound of its voice. One day the tiger's cage was out of 
repair, and a Chinese carpenter was called to repair it. The car- 
penter came and peered in through the bars of the cage, when 
suddenly it gave the Chinaman's face just one slap, so that it took 
out one eye, wounded one side of his face. The Chinaman fell, 
fainting, as if he were dead, and people ran and told the Eesident. 
When the Eesident saw that, he was very angry, and ordered a 
Sepoy to shoot the tiger with a bullet, and the tiger was killed in- 
stantly. Then he had it skinned and stuffed with cotton, and it 
was sewn up, and appeared just like a live tiger. 

I noticed that Mr. Farquhar kept all sorts of animals at his 
house: there was a panther, and a wildcat, and a wild dog, and a 
porcupine, and a cassowary, besides all kinds of monkej^s, such as 
the Wah Wah, Siamang and Broh, and all kinds of birds, each in 
its OA\m cage or pen, or with a chain; and some were free. And 



46 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

there were two men to take care of all these animals ; but the tiger 
had a different man to look after it, an old Malay man, and when 
he came near, the tiger was qniet, and did not do anything to him. 

A few days later an accident happened to the Eesident, from 
which, however, God delivered him. This was how it happened — it 
was Col. Farquhar's habit to go out for an airing, eitlier riding or 
driving, every day after his mid-day meal, going round the hill, 
and as far as the villages near Malacca. One day he was riding 
in the afternoon, near the hour of evening prayer, and was canter- 
ing his horse as far as the hill called Bukit Serindit. There was a 
little under-growth there, and apparently a tiger was waiting by 
the side of the road in the under-growth. Wlieii the Eesidenfs 
horse came near, it smelt the tiger, and snorted and would not go 
on, but the Eesident urged it with his whip, and the horse sprang 
forward. When it came to the place where the tiger was, the tiger 
sprang out to seize the Eesident, but as the horse was running very 
quickly, it only caught the Eesidenfs hat, and ran away with it, 
and the Eesident arrived in safety at Malacca without his hat. 
Then all the people of Malacca said, '• Our Eesident is certainly a, 
lucky man: twice he has been killed and came to life again. He 
will certainly be a still greater man." 

Now as to Mr. Farquhar's character, he was a quiet man, and 
very patient with people's faults ; moreover rich and poor were just 
the same to him, he paid no more attention to one than the other. 
If even a poor and humble man wished to come and make a com- 
plaint, he would see him immediately, and hear his complaint, and 
give him advice and instruction, until the man calmed down, and 
went home happy. And if he went out, either in his carriage or 
on horseback, both rich and poor, and even the children who met 
him would salute him, and he would quickly acknowledge their 
salutes. Moreover, he was open-handed to all God's creatures. 

All these things which I have mentioned bind the hearts of 
men to anyone, and are like the dew which falls during one-third of 
the night, so that all the flowers open up in the Garden of Love, 
and their odor spreads around this world, and all the wild bees in 
tlie jungle come out and assemble in that Garden to sip the honey 
of these fragrant flowers. Oh, men of wisdom, please receive this 



THE AUTOBrOGRAPllY OF AH^NSlir ABDULLAH. 47 

illustration from the analogies which 1 scatter like pearls scattered 
i'rom a necklace, with their brilliant luster, that is to say if good is 
spoken by a goodman, however long ago, and though he should die, 
his name would continue to live. xVnd if a man of position, or one 
who is rich or noble, should pay respect to the poor and humble, 
will he lose his rank? Or will his honor be tarnished? As the 
proverb says, " If a snake should crawl along a vine, would it 
lose its venom?" And since an elephant, which is so big and has 
four feet, will sometimes stumble and occasionally fall on his knees, 
and eveii the birds which fly in the air sometimes fall to the earth, 
Jiow much more we men, whose nature is weak and frail, and whose 
ancestors were mortal, surely we cannot be always without change, 
but must vary from time to time. For in this world position and 
honor must fluctuate at last, and are not permanent to anyone; but 
a good name or a l)ad one is what people will speak of in tlie end. 

While Col. Farquhar was Kesident at Malacca, there came 
within a short time two officers from England or Bengal, in com- 
mand of the Bengal Sejioys in Malacca; and they lived at Trang- 
kerah Gate, in a house where the Anglo-Chinese College was built. 
After this officer, who was called Mr. Bean, lived there, he ordered 
two Sepoys to guard his door; he was very mischievous and extra- 
ordinarily cruel by nature. If boys of any nationality passed by 
on that road, he had them caught and brought inside his fence and 
the door shut. Some boys he could not catch, because they ran 
away quickly, but lie had two dogs chase them, and they would fall 
and get up again, and the boys were caught and put into his in- 
closure. When a number of boys had been caught, he picked out 
boys two by two and made them fight ; and any who were unwilling 
to do so, he liad them beaten with a rattan, so out of fear they would 
both fight. This was a great delight to him, and he would laugh 
and laugh, and jump around. The boys wlio fought would have 
their faces and noses bruised, and he would see any that were 
bleeding, and give them more money, and those who were not bleed- 
ing he gave a little less, and then let them out; after that he made 
others fight. This was his occupation every day, to see people's 
blood flow\ Xow all the bad boys, and those who ran away from 
school, all went there to fight, because they wanted the money ; and 



48 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

SO that place became a regular ring for fighting. IST obody dared to 
prevent him, but all respectable people hated and feared him, and 
dared not allow their children to go along that road. After a 
few days of this, he did not want any more boys, but wanted grown 
men, and made them fight; and so he made work for any poor 
people to go there and fight, in order that they might get a living, 
and every day dozens of people were fighting there. 

At that time there were not yet many English in tlie town of 
Malacca, and to see an Englishman was like seeing a tiger, because 
they were so mischievous and \'iolent. If one or two English ships 
called in at Malacca, all the Malacca people would keep the doors 
of their houses shut, for all around the streets there would be a lot 
of drunken sailors, some of whom would break in the doors of 
people's houses, and some would chase the women on the streets, 
and others would fight amongst themselves, and cut one another's 
heads open, so that there was a great disturbance ; and if people ran 
away they would chase them, and they would seize the goods which 
men were selling in the bazaar. Moreover a great many were killed 
through falling into the river, oAving to their being drunk; and all 
this made people afraid. At that time I never met an Englishman 
who had a white face, for all of them had " mounted the green 
horse," that is to say, were drunk. So much so that when children 
cried, their mothers would say, " Be quiet, the drunken Englishman 
is coming," and the children would be scared, and keep quiet. Any- 
where if people met an Englishman, they would keep far away. 
"Wlien there was an English ship in the roadstead, not a single 
woman could walk on the streets ; not merely the respectable people, 
but even slaves were not to be seen, because they would do them 
violence. Because of all these things which 1 have mentioned, 
people became frightened, and they were still more terrified on 
account of what the officer did whom I have mentioned above. 

I will now return to the story of the cruel officer who made 
men fight. After some months he stopped getting people to fight, 
and he looked for fighting-cocks, and engaged in cock-fighting with 
other people. So crowds of people engaged in cock-fighting there, 
and brought their fighting-cocks from up country and all along 
the coast; in one day dozens of cocks would be killed, and many 



THK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MT^NSHI ABDULT.ATT. 49 

people in;i(le a lot of money. After a few days lie stopped cock- 
tiii'litinfj, and bought dozens of ducks, and let them go in the sea in 
front of his house, after which he set free two or three of his dogs, 
wliich were very fierce on the chain, and liad them catch the ducks. 
That also was a great delight to him, and many people crowded to 
.see it; he himself held a gun, and shot any duck which the dogs 
failed to catch, so that all the ducks were killed, some being torn 
by the dogs and others shot; and this gentleman jumped about 
with joy. A few days later, he bought wild pigeons in cages, and 
.stood with his gun, and had his men let them out one at a time; 
then he shot, and some of them fell dead, but others iiew away. 
After that he l)Ought a number of monkeys, and set them free on 
the angsana trees in front of his house; then he fired, and they fell 
dead. Such was the behaviour of this officer every day, some cruel 
and mischievous and improper business or another, causing destruc- 
tion to the lives of animals, and injury to the bodies of men. Be- 
sides which I don't know how much money was thrown away for 
nothing. As long as he lived in that house, no woman dared to 
walk on those streets, because they were afraid that he would do 
them some mischief. 

In view of the fact that Mr. Far(juhar Avas IJesident of Malacca 
at that time, I was surprised that he paid no attention to all that 
this officer did. Because of all the things which I have mentioned, 
the English were despised by other races, for they thought that all 
Englishmen behaved like that : whereas there are good ones, as 
the Malay proverb says : " If one bulf alo is covered with mud, all 
the buffaloes will be smeared with it." Such doings and such be- 
haviour stick in peoples minds for a long time, for one tells another, 
and the story goes from one country to another until it is rooted in 
peoples' minds. 



50 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHT ABDULLAH. 



Chapter G. 
MR. BAFFLES COMES TO MALACCA. 

A few days after that, the news reached Malacca that the 
English were going to Java to fight. Al)out two or three months 
after we heard that news, suddenly Mr. Eaffles came to Malacca 
with his wife, and with an English secretary, named Mr. Merlin, 
and also a Malay Secretary named Ibrahim, born of Tamil blood at 
Penang. Mr. Eaffles remained at Malacca, living at the village of 
Bandar Hilir, on the plantation of the son of the Captain China, 
named Baba Cheng Lan. He brought with him many beautiful 
things of European manufacture, such as many kinds of boxes, and 
pistols, and expensive satin cloth, and muslins with gold embroi- 
dery, and many kinds of implements which people had never seen, 
and fine broadcloth of many kinds, and beautiful clocks, and paper 
for letters to the Malay princes, ornamented with gold and silver^ 
and besides that many things for presents to the Malay princes. 

One day his secretary, named Ibrahim, came to my house, and 
sat talking, saying that Mr. Eaffles wanted a Malay writer who had 
good handwriting, and also that he wanted to buy Malay books and 
histories of olden times, and anyone who had such could bring them 
to his plantation at Bandar Hilir. I had an uncle, named Ismail 
Lebai, whose handwriting was very good^, and also his younger 
brother named Mohammed Latif; these two men* he engaged as 
writers. The next day he came again to ask for a specimen of my 
writing, and when I had written it, he took it to Mr. Eaffles, and 
that very afternoon one of his policemen came to call me. So I 
went : and he said, '' Write these letters into the book." A Malacca 
man named Tambi Ahmad bin Nina Merikan was working with 
me. We had to write all kinds of things, copying histories, writing 
lettei-s, and writing about Malay idioms, and poetry, etc. ; and each 
of us had his own work. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 51 

Mr. Eaffles' appearance was as follows : I noticed he was of 
medium heiglit, neither tall nor short, and neither fat nor thin ; he 
liad a broad forehead, a sign of high purpose; his head was round, 
prominent in front, a sign of intelligence; liis hair was brown, a 
sign of courage; he had big ears, a sign of close attention; he had 
thick eyebrows, and his left eye had a slight squint; his nose was 
prominent, and his cheeks somewhat hollow; his lips were thin, a 
sign of eloquence; and he spoke gently; his mouth was wide, his 
neck long, and the colour of his skin was not quite white ; he had 
a broad chest, a slender waist, and his feet were of medium size; 
and when he walked he stooped slightly. 

As to his character; he seemed to me to be always in thought. 
He paid people a great deal of respect, and had a pleasant face; 
and he used polite forms of address, calling people "" Sir," and 
" Mister." He treated people very kindly, and he was open-handed 
to the poor ; but he knew very well how to put people to silence. 
AVhenever he spoke he always smiled, and he had a great aptitude 
for inquiring into things of the past. And if he had heard about 
anything, he was not satisfied witli a little, but must know the whole 
matter. And he always liked to live in a quiet place, and had no 
other employment but writing and reading books. When he was 
studying or in conversation, no matter who came to the house, he 
would not meet him until he had finished; and I saw that each 
thing tliat he did was done at the proper time, so he did not con- 
fuse one thing with another. And I noticed that at night, after he 
had had tea with his friends, there were ready on his big table pen 
and ink and paper, and two candles lit ; and when he had walked up 
and down to his heart's content, he would lie down on the top of 
the table on his back, with his eyes closed like a man sleeping, and I 
think two or three times he did sleep ; after being like that for a 
time, he would suddenly get up in haste and write; and after that 
he would lie down again. 

He would act like that until eleven or twelve o'clock before he 
Avould go to bed; and this happened every da}', except sometimes 
when his friends came. When he arose in the morning, he took the 
things which he had written the night before, and read them whilst 
walking up and down ; out of ten sheets he would read perhaps three 



52 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

or four, and gi\'o them to his secretary, telling him to copy them 
in a book, and the remainder he would tear up and throw' away; 
this was the way he did every day. 

Then there were lour men whom he employed at different 
occupations : one he sent into the jungle to look for various herbs 
and flowers and fungus and mosses, and anything that showed 
diversity of form; and another man he sent to look for grubs and 
grasshoppers and .various butterflies and beetles, and all kinds of 
insects, and cicadas and centipedes and scorpions, etc.; and ho 
gave him pins, and told him to pin these creatures. Another man 
he sent to look for things on the reefs, such as various kinds of 
whelks and mussels and cockles and oysters, etc., which he brought 
in a basket, with various kinds of fish. Then another man went 
to look for wild animals and birds, jungle fowl, and all kinds of 
deer, etc. He had a large book made of thick paper, and he used 
to put in it all kinds of leaves and flowers, etc. And if there was 
anything which he could not put in it, he had a Chinaman, a Can- 
tonese, who was very clever at drawing pictures of either fruits or 
flowers, which he painted like life, and he told him to paint all 
these things. Besides all this, he had a barrel which was full of 
either arrack or brandy, I dont know which, into Avhich he put 
such creatures as snakes and centipedes and scorpions ; he put them 
in alive, and after two days he took them out, and put them in 
bottles, where they looked as if they were alive. The people of 
Malacca were astonished to see all this. At this time many people 
in Malacca earned money hunting for various creatures in the air, 
on the earth, or in the sea, in the country or in the town, or in the 
forest, flying things and creeping things, and things which grow 
and spring from the ground ; all the things which I have mentioned 
meant money. Then other ]ieoi)le brought Malay books and his- 
tories, I dont remember how many hundreds of them; almost all 
the Malay writings of ages past the property of our forefathers were 
sold, and people brought them from various places, because they 
fetched a good price; they were all sold, because people did n<;t 
realize that afterwards they would liecome ignorant, not having a 
single book to read in their own language. For those books were 
all manuscripts: if they had l)een printed books it would not have 



THE AUTUBlOUEAPHr OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 53 

mattered, but now there are no copies left to be reproduced. Of 
these books there were in all about three hundred and sixt}', besides 
various poems, and verses, and occasional pieces, etc. Moreover 
there were others which he borrowed and had them copied, for he 
had four or live writers who were regularly employed in cop3dng- 
tlu-m. 

Every day people brought various kinds of animals and iusec-ts 
wliich I had ne\er seen in my life before. And there came, as a 
present from the King of Sambas, two monkeys called niawas, 
Avhich the European call Orang-I'tang, and there also came young 
tigers and l)ears and various animals from every country. Xow 
the Orang-Vtang which came from Sambas was very tame, and Mr. 
Eaffles had it dressed in a coat and trousers and hat, it looked 
like a child, and was allowed to walk about freely; I noticed that it 
Ijchaved very much like a man, the only difference being that it 
could not speak. When it wanted to ease itself, it would run to the 
place, and it Avonld come to the place where I was writing quietly 
close to the table, without being miscliievous like other monkeys. 
It would take up a pen gently and look at it, and when I said, 
" Put it down quickly,'' he would put it down immediately. The 
animal had a big stomach', and at times while it was sitting it 
would moan like a sick person, and when I asked, '' Wliat is the 
matter ? " it would hold its stomach ; it would seem just as if it 
understood our language, but that is impossible. Xow there was a 
pair of them, male and female, and when they had been four or five 
months at Malacca, one night the female died; and I noticed that 
from that time the male acted like a person in grief; the food which 
was given to it remained uneaten, and after being like that for six 
or seven days, the male also died. It made me sympathetic -to see 
that, for if even animals have such affection for their mates, how 
much more should we human beings follow the example of these 
creatures. There were many other animals and birds at Mr. 
liaffles' house, all in their own places and cages and pens. 

He was naturally very fond of inquiring into the early history 
of countries and the customs of former times, and looking for and 
inquiring about strange things; moreover he was verv diligent in 
studying the Malay language with great nicety, and he liked to 



54 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

follow the idioms used by the Malays; and every now and then he 
would ask, " How do the Malays use this word ? " And when we 
told him, he would sa}', " The English do not use it like that, but 
like this." Every day he had letters written to be sent to all the 
Malay countries, and what he said in them was merely to make 
them friendly with the English, and to Avin their affections. Every 
letter which he sent was accomi^anied with presents and kind words, 
and therefore all the princes loved him, and sent letters in reply 
with much respect and affection, and many thanks, and accom- 
panied by presents; and a number of books and histories in the 
Malay language came from all these countries. 

It was not Mr. Eaffles' nature to care for money ; if he wanted 
things or wished for work to be done, no matter what the price or 
cost, he w'ould pay it, if only he could get what he wanted. For 
this reason he very quickly got whatever he desired, for there were 
always people waiting at his house, and they would be willing to 
look for anything or buy it or be sent for it in order to get some 
■profit. I dont know how much money went out of his boxes every 
day to l)uy things and to pay wages. And I always heard him say- 
ing, '•' I hate the way these Dutchmen behave who live at Malacca, 
for they all despise the Malays, and cannot associate with them." 
Tliat was just what jVIr. EafHes liked, to be always familiar w^ith the 
Malays; even the poor people could converse with him. Now all 
the officials in Malacca, both Europeans and Malays, came every day 
to see him. But though this was so, no one knew why he had come 
to Malacca, or what was his purpose, or what his duties were at that 
time. But from what I saw of what he did and said, and his ap- 
pearance, and his courtesy, if I am not much mistaken, this is 
€ertai]dy a great and clever man, and with high ambitions. 

One day Mr. Eaffles was talking with his secretary about wish- 
ing to reply to a letter from the King of Sambas, when all of a 
sudden a !Malay came bringing six d'lrians, thinking that Mr. 
Eaffles would want to buy them, so he hi ought them into the house 
and stood at tlie door. Mr. Eaffles noticed the smell of durians, 
and immediately held his nose and ran upstairs. Everyone was 
astonished to see him run, not knowing that he could not bear the 
smell of durians. A moment later he called the Sepoy, who was 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 55 

guarding the door, and said. ''Who brought durians here?" He 
pointed to the Malay, and Mr. Eaflles told him to get out quickly, 
and told the Sepoy, " Dont let anyone bring durians through this 
door." From that day no one dared to bring any more durians. 
Then for the first time I knew that Mr. Eaffles did not eat durians, 
and not merely eating them, he could not even bear the smell. 
Shortly after that, he went down stairs, saying, " I've got a head- 
ache from the smell of those durians; they are very bad to eat." 
We all smiled to hear him say that, for he was different in that 
respect from other people: a thing which other people liked he 
hated. Therefore if any one brought durians, the Sepoy drove 
them away. 

One afternoon when I was about to go home, Mr. Raffles called 
me, saying, " Let us go out for a while ; I want to see a Mala;y 
school." I then got into the carriage with him, and we went to 
Terangkera. When we reached the house of Lebai Abdul Eazak, 
Mr. Eaffles went in with me, and we saw three boys being punished ; 
one was chained by the waist, the other end of the chain being- 
nailed to a log which he had to carry; another was merely chained, 
and told to read; and another was tied to a post. Mr. Eaffles said. 
•'' Why are these boys chained like this ? This is a bad custom : 
please ask the teacher." I inquired of him, and he answered, 
" This boy, sir, ran away, and it is now eight days and we have just 
caught him ; he was brought from a place called Kendur, a day's 
journey from here; his parents paid the man a dollar; that is why 
I punish him like this. Then this boy ran away for two days, and 
climbed a tree in the jungle; so I am punishing him. And this 
boy forgets every single thing which he has read, and so I am mak- 
ing him read." Mr. Eaffles said, " If so, it is quite right." Then 
he said, " Why do you not teach the Malay language ? " The 
teacher answered, " The parents of these boys tell me to teach the 
Koran first, and when they have learned the Koran, then they can 
learn the Malay language ; that is the custom with all of us. More- 
over in this country it is not customary to have schools to teach the 
Malay language." Mr. I.affles said, " Ver}'' well, teacher, I only 
wanted to know, do not be vexed; goodbye, teacher." So we went 
out ; and as we walked, fie said to me, " Is it true that that is the 



56 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Malay custom ? "' I replied, -' Yes sir." He smiled and said, 
" Very well, if T live long enough, I want to establish schools for 
learning the Malay language; I feel very sorry for that, because 
the Malay language has a beautiful sound, and is very useful." We 
then got into the carriage, and went home. 

I noticed that it was Mr. Baffles' great delight to inquire into 
the affairs of various countries, and about their laws and their 
officials, and how they ruled; moreover he wanted to know what 
the Malays liked, and their customs, and the names of the moun- 
tains in Malacca, and names of places, and all the people's occu- 
pat'ions. and what products were exported, and also what the 
Malacca people thought as to which ruk: was better, I'Jutch or 
English. About all the things which I have mentioned he made 
diligent inquiries. 

Furthermore in regard to the conduct of his wife, I noticed 
that she was no ordinary woman. Every day she worked just like 
lier husl)and, and did everything in an ordinary and modest way, 
and with a pleasant face; and she spoke respectfully to the poor 
just the same as to the rich ; and she always liked to study the 
Malay language, inquiring diligently what the Malays said for this 
and that ; and she wrote down whatever she saw. And I saw that 
when her husband was going to do anything or buy something, he 
spoke first to his wife about ever^-thing, and if she approved, it was 
done. And I noticed that she was very active in all her ways and 
in whatever she did, and would not sit quiet for a moment doirig 
notliing, Imt every day was doing some work or other. 

This way of doing is the great difference which 1 notice he- 
tween the Malays an.d tlie Europeans. The Malay custom is tiiat 
if a woman becomes the wife of a great man, she becomes increas- 
ingly proud and lazy, and her behaviour is the more haughty, and 
everything that she says is to magnify herself. Moreover she would 
think it humiliating to work either much or little, or to do any- 
thing which would make her tired, but she merely sits, or lies 
around sleeping, or is dressing up, and fixing her hair smoothly, 
or sitting giving orders to her slaves; all she knows about is the 
rice served on her knees, getting up in the morning at ten or eleven 
o'clock, eating and drinking, sitting down for awhile, then sleeping 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 57 

iigiiiii until the afternoon, sitting in front of the receptacle for the 
materials for chewing sireh (betel mit) — that is what is called a 
lucky woman, who has married a great man. But I noticed that 
both the hands and feet of Mr. Eaffles' wife were active, like a 
ooek-roach, doing one task after another, after housework, sewing, 
iif ter sewing, writing ; may I be blind if I ever saw her sleeping in 
the middle of the day, or lying down taking her ease; On the con- 
trary, every day she was diligently at work, God knows. From 
"what I have seen, I am very much mistaken if this is not an in- 
dication that a woman like her is verj' intelligent and clever, and 
capable of doing important Avork. From her behaviour and her 
diligence it seemed to me just as if it were she that was responsible 
for the work of her husband, and as if she were her husband's 
helper. God has joined them together, and they are suitable for 
one another, like a king and his counsellor, like a ring and its set- 
ting, and like sugar and milk. This ought to be an example for 
the people of all subsequent ages to follow. Xow in regard to 
character and behaviour sucli as that, I have written the following 

stanzas: — n • ., 

Puyu-puyu is its name; 

In the ponds its usual place. 

Kind anil courteous and polite. 

Sweet and lovely are their ways. 

In the ponds its usual place; 

Crushed by Laksamana's foot. 

Sweet and lovely are their ways, 

AVise and generous to boot. 

For I noticed that with the majority of husbands and wives, 
if the husband wants to go upstream, the wife wants to go down; 
and if the husband says white, the w^fe says black; and for this 
reason they are wrestling every day', fighting and kicking, like cat 
and dog. And some women, because they are prett}', tread their 
husbands under foot; may God keep me far from the behaviour of 
such a woman as that I Xot merely is she unworthy to be a wife, 
I would not have her for a friend; such a one will bring disaster, 
and break the heart, and make many enemies, and at last she will 
bring calamity on her own soul. Here are the verses which I have 
"written about it: 

*3 



58 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Lovely cloth ^nll not avail. 

If there's no embroider}'. 

A pretty face will not avail. 

If wives lack in courtesy. 

If there's no emhroidery, 

Clothes from Java in their home. 

If wives lack in courtesy. 

Keep away from such a one. 
Mr. liaflles lived at Malacca about -three or four montlis, and sent 
letters to every one of the Malay princes both East and West, and 
also presents. After that, in the course of one of two months, 
there came Tĕngku Pĕngeran the King of Siak, whose title was- 
Tengku Penglima Besar. and his name was Saiyid Zin. I did not 
find out about his coming to Malacca ; whether he M'as invited 1)y 
]\Ir. Kaffles, or whether he came of his own accord to see him, I 
do not know. He came to Malacca, and brought with him two 
sons. When he arrived, Mr. Baffles received him with a great deal 
of honor and respect ; and then he gave him a house to live in at 
Bandar Hilir with a garden, and he gave him men to look after 
the garden, and also money for his expenses. Every day he went 
out in his carriage, and never went on foot ; day and night he used 
his carriage. Every two or three days he came to see Mr. Iiaflles, 
and talked with him. and afterwards returned to his home. 

While this was happening, a great many English ships came 
on their way to watch the island of Java, and any vessels, eitlier 
ciittcrs or ships, flying the Dutch flag were captured ])y them and 
brought to Malacca. Then for the first time the people of Malacca 
felt sure that the English were certainly at war with the Dutch, 
and therefore were going to fight them. Also there were one or 
two English ships which had come to Malacca bringing war-like 
materials, namely hundreds of. tents, and wagons and artillery 
equipment, and muskets, and gunpowder, etc. 

One day Tengku Penglima Bĕsar came, and sat talking with 
~Sh-. Paffles. Mr. EafHes began to talk aliout the English intending 
to go and fight in the island of Java, and spoke of the difficulties. 
'' For we cannot get a man to go to Java and take my letter to the 
Susunan at Bantaram. in order that I mav get reliable intelligence 



THE AITTOBTOORAPIIY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 59 

as to conditions there, and as to wlicther ho intends to side with the 
Dutch or not. If T can (jet a trustworthy man who can keep a 
secret, to take my letter to .lava. T shall be very much pleased." 
When Teng-ku Penglima Besar heard what Mr. Baffles said, he 
stood u]) and unsheathed his kris, and said angrily. ''What is the 
good of tliis kris? (he called liis kris " Si-hijau ") as long as I 
have " Si-hijau," v/here^er you go, Sir, I will be in front of you ; 
iind I must die first before you can be killed. Write your letter, 
i^ir, and I will take it to the Susunan of Bantaram." When Mr. 
J {allies heard what the Tĕngku Pĕnglima Bĕsar undertook to do, 
his face lighted up, and he smiled and said, " Many thanks, 
Teng'ku ; the English East India Compan}^ will repay your kindness 
to the full, and whatever assistance you require, the Company Avill 
])rovide." Mr. Baffles rose aaid shook hands with him, and he made 
ii definite promise to take the letter. 

Xow at that time there was living at Malacca, at the village 
<-alled Hujong I'asir, the son of a Javanese chief, whose name was 
Pĕngeran : and he was also friendly with Mr. Baffles. Mr. Baffles 
sent for him, and he came immediately. Then they consulted to- 
i>'ether as to the way to send a letter to the Susunan at Bantaram. 
He replied, " Sir, I will undertake to lead the way to the Susunan, 
hut at the present time the seas are full of English ships watching 
the island of Java, and no native vessel or ship or cutter is able to 
arrive or leave ; moreover the Dutch are keeping a very strict 
wateli, and are very suspicious. If they should fiml this letter, 
they would certaiiily hang the man who was taking it, without any 
further inquiry."' Mr. Bafiles answered, *'" Dont you trouble about 
that ; 1 will g-ive you a letter, and if you should meet with any 
English ship at sea, merely show this letter, and they will help you. 
And your duty would only Ije to point out the place to laiid, after 
that Tĕngku Penglima Besar will take the letter." When Pengeran 
heard what Mr. Baffles said, he replied, " In that case I will under- 
take it sir." Mr. Baffl.es said, " Com.e here this evening, and we 
will write the letter which is to be sent, for this must be done 
quickly, and cannot be delayed. In four or five days a great many 
ships will arrive here, and in ten days or a fortnight I expect the 
ship of General Lord Minto, and the General from Madras." Pen- 



60 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

geran replied, '" All right, sir ; " and went home to Hujong Pasir. 
Then Mr. Eaflfles said to Tengku Pĕnglima Bĕsar, " Pack iip» 
Tengku ; perhaps in two days you must sail in my cutter."' He 
replied, '" Very well, sir,'" and he also went home. 

In the evening Mr. EatTles sent for Pĕngeran. and wlien lie had 
come, Mr. Eaffles told liim to write the letter which was to l)e sent 
to tlie Susunan of Bantaram in the .T'avanese language. Pĕngeran 
wrote the letter, and it was not until al)out midnight that it was- 
finished ; then Mr. Eaffles sealed it, and enclosed various presents to 
the value of ahout two or three hundred dollars. Pengeran then 
went home. The next day early, Tengku Penglima Bĕsar was sent 
for, and when he came, Mr. Eaffles gave him four hundred dollars 
in casii for lus expenses and for the expenses of his men. Also the 
cutter w\as ready to sail, and he took with him all the Malays whom 
he liad hrought from Siak, and his two sons. On the day when he 
was to sail, Mr. Eaffles gave him two boxes of opium, and two- 
hundred dollars in cash. 

Mr. Eaffles sent for Tengku Penglima Besar and Pengeran to 
come to his house, and told them all that they were to do, giving 
them a letter in English, saying, '' Whenever you meet any English 
ship or cutter, show them this letter and they will give you what- 
ever you want, either food or anything of the kind. Xow Tengku 
Penglima Besar is the Captain of this cutter, and Pengeran must 
obey his orders ; and you two must take good counsel together alwut 
ever3^thing. I want to got tliis information quickly, before all 
these ships sail to Java, because I want to give the information t& 
Lord Minto: so get back quickly, and do not delay your voyage; 
and do not call in anywhere." All the supplies for the voyage were 
ready, and the next morning at six o'clock the cutter sailed. Mr. 
Eaffles and Mr. Farquhar went to see Tengku Penglima Besar and 
Pengeran off. and they went down to the shore, and lioth of those 
gentleanen shook hands with them, and said, " A safe journey tc^ 
you, Tengku ; " so they all went on board and sailed. 

I will now leave the story of the voyage of Tengku Penglima 
Besar and Pengeran, and will tell about the English ships which 
came and assembled at Malacca to go and fight in Java. Four 
or live davs after the cutter had sailed, the ships l)egan to come to 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 61 

Malacca every day, three or four or one; then the next day there 
would come six or seven, and so it was every day. Xow all these 
ships were full of lasears and sepoys from Bengal, whose officers 
were all English, a great numher of them. They all lived in tents^. 
at a place called Limhongan, and they reached all the way from 
Linibongan to Tanjong Kĕliiig, all of various regiments and with 
dilfcrent niiiforms. Amongst them there were many races, Hindus 
and Mohammedans. I noticed that some of the Hindus ate like 
dogs, that is to say lapping. If anyone saw them while they were 
eating, some of them would throw awH\' their rice, and would 
chase the person who saw them, as if tliey wanted to kill him, for 
they were so angry. .Some of them cooked their own food in the 
heat of the sun. and ate it there also, their bodies being ])athed in 
perspiration : and when they had finished eating, they buried in 
the sand the rice and curry which was left over. Some of them 
tied three pieces of thread around their stomach before eating, 
and did not stop eating until the thread broke. And I noticed that 
some of them took white and red earth, and smeared it on their 
breasts and arms, and on their foreheads with three converging 
lines, and they bowed in worship to the front and left and right 
and behind them, after which they ran down to the sea into the 
water uj) to their waists, and worshiped the sun for some time, 
slapping their faces right and left, after which they went on shore 
and ate, screening themselves with white cloth, so that they could 
not be seen while eating; if they should chance to be seen, they 
would throw away their rice, and break their pots and pans; and 
when they wanted to cook again they would have to Ijuy new ones. 
Then there was another nationality who could be seen while eat- 
ing, but could not speak, but they repeated something with their 
lips moving, and their hands counting while they ate, but they 
could not move from the place where they were sitting. I saw all 
sorts of foolish customs. And there were some who could not eat 
fish or flesh or anything that had blood, but only vegetables. 

At that time I saw a great many different kinds of people, and 
all sorts of clothing, such as I had never seen in my life before. 
And I noticed that the Englishmen who were their officers wore 
various kinds of clothing, some had ti^er skins as clothes, some 



62 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

wore the feathers of cocks dyed red, white and black, all around 
their hats, some had' their trousers made of the skins of animals, 
and others had clothes striped like tiger. I then saw for the first 
time all sorts of tents, some shaped just like real houses, with beds 
and rooms, and tables and chairs, and doors and windows, and 
bath rooms and privies, all of which were of cloth ; and some of the 
tents were all of red cloth; and some were white outside, but iii- 
side were of prints of various patterns. 

Every day they were at work, drilling morning and evening, 
some regiments being taught to shoot their cannons, and others to 
shoot with muskets, and there were bulls to haul their cajinons. all 
of them very big. I was amazed to see that when they fired such 
l)ig cannons close to the ears of the bulls they wcr.- not startled, 
nor did they move from where they stood; and when the o.ificers 
shouted orders for the sepoys to run, the bulls also ran with them; 
and when they said, " Halt,'' the bulls stopped too ; and if the 
sepoys marched obliquely, the bulls did the same; I was surprised 
to see them act just like men. So I thought to myself, since 
animals which are withont intellectual faculties can l)e taught l)y 
men, Jiow mnch more we men who have intelligence and know 
good and evil, and yet live in idleness, not wanting to learn any- 
thing which would be of benefit or advantage to ourselves. 

A few days later tliere came a very large ship, bringing sepoys 
who were called "" Troop,'' three hundred men ; all of wliom were 
Mohammedans, with three EngMsh Officers. They came ashore, 
and were kept sejiarate, 1)eing quartered at Bandar Hilir, in the 
plantation of Mr. Adrian Koek. A great many Malacca people 
went to see them, and I also went with them. I found that while 
their officers were training them on the parade ground, they were 
all mounted, and their liorses were all Aral)s, ])ig horses, all of the 
same colour and very beautiful. And I noticed tliat the men were 
all fine big fellows, and all of them wore whiskers. Their uniforms 
consisted of grey coats and trousers, and grey caps, and every man 
had a pair of pistols, jind a sword, and a musket slung on his back, 
a fiask of gunpowder hung on his left side, and a water bottle on 
the right, with a haversack for his food over the shoulder; two 
leatJu'r straps were attached to tlie saddle with buckles, and when 



TiiR ArToi',i()(;[:APi[v ok Mrxsm ARDrU.AH. 63- 

they were on liorse back the two ends of the straps were buckled to 
their waists, so that they might not fall off, for none of them lield 
their horses' reins; they were so clover at riding- their horses, it 
seemed like flying; they did not even move, let alone fall, wliile 
they loaded and fired their muskets and slashed with their swords. 
When their officer drilled them, he did not speak with his mouth,, 
but had a trumpet in liis hand, and whatever he desired lie l)lew on 
the trumpet, and all the horses raai at the same moment, as quick as 
lightning; then he blew again, and all of them stopped at once, not 
one after another, but all the liorses feet together, then he ble\r 
again, and the horses formed a square like a fort; then again he 
l)lew, and all the men fired their muskets together, like one sound ; 
he blew again, and every one of them loaded his musket ; he blew 
again, and each man slung his musket Ijehind him, and drew his 
sword: once more he lilew, and all of them ran at once uj) round the 
hill, and formed up like a fort. Suddenly there came sailors to cut 
the brushwood, who had ropes ready at their waists, and they tied up 
the brushwood in piles as they cut it down, each man a l)undle : in 
a moment the fort was cleared ; then he blew the trumpet again,, 
and they all ran down, with a sound like thunder, and all of them 
drew up in order before the officer. Xow the officer whom I have 
mentioned was also mounted on horseback while commanding the 
sepoys. 

I was even more astonished to see the cleverness of the horses 
than I had been to see the cleverness of the bulls while hauling the 
cannons, for all the horses understood the sounds of the trumpet as 
if it were a man speaking, and not a single horse made a mistake ; 
and also because their riders did not hold the reins, but just through 
the cleverness of the horses they took them anywhere. The officer's 
horse was bigger than those of the se^Doys, and when the officer had 
finished drilling them and was going home, he would not take his 
horse in through the gate of the fence, but jumped his horse over 
the fence; and the height of the fence where he jumped it was 
more than seven cubits (ten feet). This went on every day, and' 
hundreds of the people of Malacca of all races came daily to see the 
sight, being much amazed to see the cleverness of the horses, acting 
just like men, and understanding all the sounds of the trumpet; 



64 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

and also to see what the officer did, jumping his horse every day 
over the fence as he went in and out. One man said, " He is not a 
man: " and another said, " This Englishman is really a jinn, that 
is why he is able to do a thing like that." 

Now the sepoys could read the Koran, and knew the Arabic 
language, and of course Hindustani; and many of them had Arab 
blood in them, and were Saiyids ; and they were very polite and 
respectful, and pleasant in appearance. I asked them, " Where 
did the English bring you all from?'" and they answered, "Our 
city is Delhi, and we are all the Xabab's people; the English went 
there and asked for men, so the !Nlabab gave three hundred men. 
There are still there some thousands of our companions, all of 
them cavalry like us." I then asked again, '' How much a month 
is your pay ? " They answered, *' The Nabab pays us three hundred 
sicca rupees, and the English pay us the same; moreover they have 
promised us that if they take the island of Java, they will give us 
a present besides the pay which we have mentioned." 

After three days there came six big ships, amongst which was 
a ship which brought the General from Madras. When that ship 
arrived, it was received with a salute from the cannon of the 
Malacca Fort. Immediately after, there was a parade of about a 
thousand sepoys from Limbongan as far as Liri, all of them came 
into Malacca, with their fifes and drums, and all kinds of music. 
When the troops arrived, they were drawn up by their officers three 
deep, on both sides of the street, from the seashore as far as the 
Resident's house ; and a moment later the General came ashore. 
I saw tliat he was tall and stout, his face was oval, his body of 
medium l)uil(l. and he wore a long black coat, with a star hanging 
on liis breast. Four or five men were in attendance on him. Mr. 
Raffles and Mr. Farquhar and the Malacca officials came and shook 
hands witli him, and saluted him with respect. As his feet stepped 
on shore, a great many guns were lired, and all the troops lowered 
their muskets in his honor, and the fifes and drums sounded; and 
so lie walked up to the Resident's house. When he looked right 
and left and saw a great many people saluting him, he also saluted 
right and left, and kept bowing his head until he reached the 
Resident's house: and as he put his foot on the stairs, all the troops 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 65 

fired three times in succession: it sounded as if tlie territ^>rv of 
Malacca ^vo^dd be overturned. After that all of them retarned 
home. 

After five or six days, tliere came four great ships, and people 
said that the Bomba}' General was on board there ; and these ships 
also Avere received with a salute of guns from Malacca. When he 
came on shore, he was received by the troops with a parade such 
as I have described above: but it seemed to me that there was a 
little less respect than had been paid to the Madras General. I saw 
that he was a short man, with a round face and white hair, he 
was of medium size, and his face was pale because of seeing so 
many people ; and he also was received by the same gentlemen, and 
taken to the Eesident's house. As he mounted the stairs, the troops 
fired over and over again, and after that they all returned home. 

In that way there were always ships arriving every day, one 
day four or five, or perhaps one, until the roadstead at Malacca was 
full of ships at anchor, the masts of the ships appearing in rows 
like the posts of a fence. At that time all kinds of food were dear 
at Malacca, eggs being three for five cents, and a fowl for a sicca 
rupee, and vegetables and fish, don't mention it: so that even the 
hediiJcang fish in the river, which are foul feeders, were all turned 
into sicca rupees. All the people of Malacca of every race had a 
great opportunity to earn a living at their various occupations, rich 
and poor according to their station. And at that time no woman 
dared to move out of her house, for the English and the sepoys 
were drunk and sprawling all along the streets, and some of them 
fighting and making a great disturbance; and the watchmen and 
police inspectors were constantly arresting drunken men and send- 
ing them to their own places. At that time nobody used the words 
mata-mata or "police" or "court," but piang, and merinyu and 
fiscaal and justisa. Moreover dollars and other money were never 
then seen at Malacca, but only sicca rupees, and all of them newly 
minted. 

A great many of the Hindu sepoys died every day, for it was 
said that at sea they had not eaten boiled rice, but only crushed 
rice and cocoanut and sugar: but when they came on shore they 
ate boiled rice, and had stomach trouble, so that everv dav thev 



66 THE AFTOBJOdRAPHV OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

were dyii)g; besides which it was their eustom to bathe first before 
<niting. Among those who survived many were sick and pale and 
bloated. 



THE AUT0BI0C4EAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 67 



Chapter T. 

THE AERIVAL OF LORD MIXTO. 

Two or three days later there appeared oue nioriuiig a very 
fast ship, painted black, and lying low in the water; and she was 
flying a flag at the mast head. When she w^as seen from the other 
ships, all of them hoisted their flags, and a flag was hoisted on the 
Fort hill. There was excitement in Malacca, and people said, 
" Lord Minto's ship has come." and in a few moments the ship 
appeared flying a long pennant. In the town of Malacca the 
order was given that everyone should sweep in front of his house, 
and in all the streets and markets decorations were ordered, and 
thousands of people of all races assembled on the shore, desiring to 
see what he looked like, and the clothes he wore, because he was 
such a celebrated person. A moment later there was heard a great 
sound of music, and a parade of all the troops at Limbougan and 
Klebang Kĕchil and Klebang Besar, and Batang Tiga, and Liri, 
and Tan jong Kling, coming to Malacca all at once ; and the sounds 
of the fifes and drums and bands, and all the music was like the 
day of resurrection, and the sounds of men's feet like a great storm. 
All the sepoys and their ofiioers were wearing new clothes, and 
their weapons glittered, reflecting the light of the sun. So long 
was the line of troops that it took about an hour as they marched 
by without ceasing, although they were drawn up two deep and 
four deep, and Malacca was quite full of troops; besides which 
there were all the people of Malacca who came to see the sight, so 
that nothing could be seen except men everywhere. Now all the 
troops were drawn up three deep, from the edge of the sea as far 
as the Resident's house. A moment later, the sound of a trumpet 
was heard coming from Bandar Hilir, and the parade of three 
hundred horses with their officers coming with a roaring sound; 
and when they arrived the cavalry were drawn up all around out- 



68 THE AUTOBKHiRAPKV OF MUN8HI ABDULLAH. 

sid'i the infantrv. Xctw there was at Malacca a large cutter belong- 
ing to tlie Company, which had been decorated, and there was an 
English Hag hoisted at the bow; and the men who rowed it were 
all wearing red clothes, their coats and turbans being red. When 
all was ready, they went with Mr, EafTles, Mr. Farquhar and all the 
•officials to receive Lord Minto. After about an hour, he came 
ashore from the anchorage, and when he landed the ships fired a 
salute. When this was heard, it was answered from the shore, and 
then all the, ships in the roadstead fired their guns, with a sound 
like popping corn. For two or three hours the sound of the cannon 
did not cease, and the sea was obscured with the smoke of the gun- 
powder. After a while the cutter reached the shore, and all the 
•officers and the troops on parade were ready waiting, and when 
Lord Minto set his foot on shore, the cannon on the hill sounded. 

When I saw the appearance and form of Lord Minto, I was 
very much amazed, for I had been imagining what he would look 
like, and how handsome he would be, and big and tall, and about 
his clothes : and 1 remembered the Malay proverlj which says, " The 
fame is greater than the reality," and so I bit my forefinger. As 
to his appearance, as I saw him. he was past middle age, his body 
Avas thin, and his actions gentle, and his face pleasant; it seemed 
to me that he could hardly lift a twenty-five pound weight, so 
feeble did he appear to be. I noticed that he was wearing a black 
coat of broad-clotli and black trousers, and there was nothing else 
that I could mention. All the officials who were going to receive 
him kept for away from liim. and no one dared to olfer their hands 
to him, but they all took oif their hats and folded their arms ; and 
the officers of the sepoys shouted, and ordered all of them to lower 
their muskets, as a sign of respect. As he came ashore he looked 
right and left, and bowed right and left, and then walked slowly 
all through the ranks, while the cannons were sounding all the time; 
and his hand did not cease saluting with a polite and respectful 
manner. I did not see the slightest sign of haughtiness or raising 
his head, but he merely bowed with a pleasant face. All the people 
that were there saluted him, and he stopped there a moment, and 
lifted his hand to return the salute of the poor people, Chinese, 
Malays, Tamils, and Portuguese, smiling as he returned their greet- 



THE AUTOBKHiRAl'HY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 69 

iii^-s. How {]](' iK'iU'ts of all God's creatures opened to liiin. with 
iiiaiiy ]irayers, seein^r Ids kindness and the way in wliidi lie knew 
liow to win men's hearts! 

At that moment I was deep in thouuht, remembering the truth 
<j1' the Malay ])roverb, which says, '' If a suake creeps along a root, 
it will not lose its venom ; " and still more the Chinese proverb 
which says. " Will the water shake in a full l)arrel? Imt in a barrel 
half full the water will shake." At the present time the officials 
for tlie most part are like those who lay a gentleman's table, they 
liave no standing, Init their pride rises to the sky; and if poor 
])eople like myself sliould greet tiiem three or four times, they 
would pretend not to see it ; and if they were in a carriage, they 
Avould be still more important. The way they got their position 
was as the children say, " If a monkey gets a flower, does he know 
what nse it is? On the contrar}', he tears it np and throws it on 
the ground."' And again, as the Malays say, " However high the 
.stork may fly. at last it will perch on the buffalo's back." This is 
an illustration to show that however important a person may be, 
at last he will be below the sod. But I beg a thousand pardons of 
the officials mentioned above, if they should read my story, for I 
do not say all this because of envy, nor in order to humiliate any 
•one. But in this world our life is only' for a day or two ; and if 
■we do well, we shall be Avell spoken of, and similarly if we do evil. 
As the Malays say. "■ When a tiger dies, he leaves behind him his 
«tripes; and when an elephant dies, he leaves his bones." Thus 
those who die leave their reputation to those Avho survive them. 

I will now return to my story concerning Lord Minto. After 
a moment he ceased greeting the people, and Avalked slowly on with 
his head bent, and reached the Eesident's house, and Avent upstairs. 
All the officials in Malacca, and the officers who had Just come, 
went up there to meet him. I noticed that amongst all the numer- 
ous officials Mr. Eaffies was the only one who dared to approach 
him, and the others sat far off; and when they had met with him 
a moment, they all returned home. All the troops fired three times 
in succession, and then they all went home. 

The next day Lord Minto went first of all to see the jail, where 
criminals and debtors were imprisoned; some of them had been 



70 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

there three or four years, and others six or seven months. Wlieii 
he got there, as the door opened, all the people in the prison came 
running; some of them fell on their faces at his feet, and others- 
wept, each of them making his complaint. The Warden, that is 
the man in charge of the jail, forbade them; but Lord Minto said^ 
" Xever mind.'' ^Yhen he saw the condition of affairs, his eyes 
filled with tears, and he said in the Hindustani language, " Don't 
you worry, in a moment everyone will be set free." When they 
heard that they all rejoiced, and knelt at his feet, each of them 
feeling as if he were a king. So Lord Minto returned to the 
Eesident's house. Shortly after, the Eesident, Mr. Farquhar, came 
with the man in charge of the prison, and with a number of police 
and inspectors, bringing keys to open the doors of the prison, and 
they cried saying, " Come out everyone, Lord Minto says to let you 
go." I cannot describe the joy of all these men ; there was a 
regular hubbub as they all went out, expressing their thanks, and 
praying for Lord Minto that God Avould give him long life and 
victory over his enemies. I pray to God that thus He may pardon 
our sins, and set us free from the punishment of hell fire. Amen, 
Amen, Amen. 

The next day he went to see the Tron<jko (Jlap, which is a very 
dark dungeon. When he got there, he saw all the implements of 
various kinds for torturing people; the place for branding; the 
place called Trafu where people's joints were hammered, after which 
they were hung ; and the place where people were put in the stocks ; 
and the place where people were hung. All these implements had 
been used at the time of the Dutch. When Lord Minto saw all 
these appliances, he looked very cross, and he spat several times,, 
and said to the man in charge of the implements, " Take these- 
down below and burn them; don't let one of them remain." Im- 
mediately convicts were called to come and take all the implements- 
down to the foot of the hill, and burn them. After that he went 
up again to see the dark dungeon, and when he got there, there 
were two or three men being punished there who had committed 
great crimes, but he set them all free, and gave orders to demolish 
the dungeon, and to make a beautiful new one, as it is at the present 
time. The difference between the former prison and the present 



THE AUTOBTOGKAPHT OF .AIUNSHf AHlVf'LLAH. 71 

one is as great as tlie differeiiee between the earth and the heavens, 
I'or the Trongko or dark dungeon which used to be there had no 
windows at all, and no ])laee to sit or sleep, l)ut the earth was the 
only place to slec}). and (hiy and night were just the same, and 
there they jjcrt'ornied their natural functions; whoever got into that 
<lungeon.was like a person who had entered Hell. But the present 
prison has dozens of windows, and the bars are all of iron, and 
inside it is paved witli stones, and there are rooms like those in a 
liouse; besides which there are beds, and at night several lamps are 
lit; the only punishment consists in their not being able to go out 
any where, and even a man's wife and children can come and see 
him there; for this reason most people say that the prison is beauti- 
ful, and people like to be there, and they are not afraid of it, 
i)e(ause they do not suffer anything. The people who talk like that 
nw thoughtless, as it appears to me, for they imagine that people 
can be frightened by being made to suffer like that; but it seems 
to me to be cruelty, and to show a lack of pity for one's fellow- 
creatures. It is enough to pnt them in there, without making 
tliem suffer in that way; for does not everybody know tliat the 
place is called a jail, so it is certainly disgraceful, and what is the 
good of making God's creatures suffer like that? If tlieir crime 
is worthy of death, let them be killed at once. 

One afternoon Lord Minto came to the plantation where Mr. 
Eaffles lived, as he was going round to see the villages. When he 
arrived, Mr. Eaflfles went hurriedly downstairs to receive him. As 
he came into the room where we were all writing, we rose to greet 
him; and as he was looking aronnd the place, he came to where I 
was writing, and I stepped back, for I wafe the youngest of all the 
writers. He shook my hand, and said in the Hindustani language, 
■" How do you do?" I showed him due respect. The skin of his 
liand felt to me as soft as the hand of a baby. He came to see how 
the Malays write, and the appearance of their writing; and he told 
me to write for a moment, and watched my hand, smiling and say- 
ing, " How can you write so fast, since it is from right to left." 
He also said, " You had better learn the English language, and to 
read English," I replied, " I should very much like to learn, sir." 
After that he went into Mr. Raffles's house, and after seeing Mrs. 



72 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHr OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Baffles for a moment, he returned home. Everv day, however. 
Mr. Eaffles went to see him at his house. 

From the time when he arrived at Malacca, he went out driv- 
ing every evening. One day he would go to see a mosque, another 
day to see a Chinese Temple, and another day he went to see the 
temples of the Hindoos and of the Portuguese ; he went all around 
the town of Malacca. Wherever people met his carriage, both rich 
and poor and lowly stopped to salute him, and he immediately re- 
turned their greeting; at times when many people saluted him all 
along the street, he would merely hold his hat, without putting it 
on his head, but just weaving his hat with a pleasant countenance 
and a polite manner. I saw that he did not in the least exaggerate 
his own importance, either in his manner or his clothes, while the 
servants in his employ wore livery like officials, with silk umbrellas 
and watches and beautiful clothes; and they made no little distur- 
bance and trouble for the people in the bazaar and in the shops; 
everyone was afraid of them, because they were the servants of a 
high official ; for they thought it was like the customs of Malay 
princes and Chinese officials, that if their servants do anything to 
the people of the town they cannot do anything to them, and if 
one of them is killed, seven men will be killed in revenge. None 
of them knew the good customs of the English ; not merely the 
servants oi a high official, but even if the official himself were to 
do anything which he ought not, he could be brought to trial ; and 
if for instance he had killed a man, he would certainly suffer the 
death penalty; for the English law will never permit anyone to do 
wrong to another, either great or small, prince or peasant, all are 
exactly the same in the sight of the law. Yet it is right to give 
honor to an official on account of his position, and not because he 
does violence or takes other people's property or does anything which 
is improper. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 



Chapter 8. 
THE TEEACHEKY OF TĔNGKU PEXGLIMA BĔSAK. 

We now eonie to tlic story of Tĕngku Pĕngliina Bĕsar, who- 
had been sent by Mr. Kaflfles to take a letter to Java, together with 
Pengeran, the son of a Javanese official; and they had been gone 
nearly three months. After they went, .all the ships assembled at 
Malacca, nntil the Malacca roadstead was full. I counted all the 
ships reaching from Tanjong Kĕling as far as Pulau Panjang, and 
there were in all a hundred ships, large and small, besides dozens 
of ships whicli had passed by. to go and wait all along the sea as 
far as Java. 

One day there came a signaller from the signal station on the 
hill, and told Mr. Eaffles, saying, " Sir, your cutter has returned 
which Tĕngku Pĕnglima Bĕsar went in." Mr. Eaffles was very glad 
to liear the news, for only a week later all the ships were to sail, 
and they had made ready all their equipment, and the food for 
the voyage was also ready. Shortly after the cutter anchored, and 
Tĕngku Pĕnglima Bĕsar and Pengeran came ashore. As soon as 
they arrived, they both came to Mr. Eaffles' house, bringing a letter 
wrapped in yellow cloth. Mr. Eaffles was ready waiting, and when 
he met them, he shook hands with both of them, and showed them: 
honour, and Mr. Eaffles said, " What is the news, Tĕngku, are yon 
well ? " He replied, " Quite well, sir ; I was very nearly killed by 
being stabbed; but only two of my men were killed, being stabbed 
as they went ashore to take the letter." He told Mr. Eaffles all 
that happened when the letter was taken, and Mr. Eaffles replied, 
" Don't you worry, Tengku ; the English Company will adequately 
reward all your labour. If we succeed in taking the island of Java, 
I will ask Lord Minto to let you govern a Province, whichever one 
you like. Xow what about the letter ? " He immediately produced 
the letter, with its yellow wrapping. Mr. Eaffles said, " Did yoir 



74 THE AUTOBTOGRAPHV OF MUNSH! ABDIT^LAH. 

yourself nicft The Su.-unaii ? " He replied. "I did sir. at uiylit; 
and he told me that wlienever the Eiiiilish wished to come and take 
the island of .Ja\a. he was ready to come and. help on shore. More- 
over I had not time to talk, sir. for I M-as afraid that- there Avere 
people belonging to the Dutch watching. When I got the letter, 
I wanted to go on board, but some Javanese employed by the Dutch 
came to arrest all of us. We fought with our krises, and two of 
my men were killed; and how many of their people were killed T 
do not know, for it was very dark.'' While he was speaking, the 
Pengeran was also there listening, and he confirmed what was said, 
Mr, Eaffles answered, '' The company is very mnch obliged to you." 
When Mr. Raffles had received the letter. Tengku Penglima Besar 
took leave to go home, and afterwards Pengeran also went home. 
Mr, EatTles shook hands with them, and showed them honour, and 
each of them went to his own house. 

In tlie afternoon Mr. Eaffles sent for Pengeran, as he wanted 
him to read tlie letter, because he understood the Javanese language. 
He came immediately, and when he came up. Mr. Eaffles told him 
to open the letter, and he read it. After the compliments to the 
English Company, there were respects and greetings to Mr. Eaffles, 
and tlien it said. " The letter and the things sent we have received^, 
and as for our friend's recpaest to us, we are ready waiting, and 
Avheuever our friend comes to Java, we will come to his assistance 
on shore." When Mr. Eaffles heard the word» of the letter he gazed 
for some time in deep thouglit. The Pengeran had returned home 
after reading the letter. 

T noticed liow Mr. Eaffles acted, for from the time when he 
heard the coiitents of the letter until the afternoon he seemed un- 
settled; every now and then he would take the letter, and look at 
it, and afterwards he woidd put it down : this was how he behaved. 
His custom was to drive out in the afternoon, but that day the 
carriage remained at the door until night, for he did not want to 
leave the house, and all night long he was like that. In the morn- 
ing at nine o'clock I came, as my custom was every day, and I saw 
that Mr. Eaffles was leaning back in his chair, and holding the letter 
in his hand. After eating breakfast, he went downstairs to see the 
people who were packing up his goods, but tlie letter, I Jioticed, was 
«till in his hand; after which he again went upstairs. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 75- 

After a time I .^aw liini go down hurrit'dly, and ho said. '' Ibra- 
him, l)riiig- 1110 four or five sheets of tlie paper that is in the cup- 
hoarcL" Jhrahiiii took the paper upstairs, and a niomeut later he 
brouglit (h)\vii the k'ttcr together with that paper, and showed them 
to his secretary and to all of us. saying, *' Is the number of this 
l)aper on whicli tliis letter is Avritten the same as this paper or 
not?'' We answered. "Exactly the same; there is no difference, 
exc('[)t that it is a little crumpled by the hand which wrote it." 
Immediately he sent a policeman to call Pĕngeran, and he came at 
once. I noticed that the colour of Peugeran's face had changed, 
and that he was pale. 

At the moment wlien he arrived, Mr. I'aftles was still holding- 
the letter, and walking up and down on his verandah; and Pengeran 
came u]). When Mr. Eaffles saw him out of the corner of his eye. 
he did not address him : and he stood near the wall. After he had 
Avalked up and down ten or twenty times, he sprang at Pengeran ; 
I thought he was going to strike him. for at that moment I w^as 
peeping through a cliink in the door. When he sj^rang at him, I 
saw that Pengeran Mas taken aljack. Without calling him by name, 
Mr. Paffles said, '" Did the Susunan of Bantaram really give this 
letter ? " At that moment I saw that the Pengeran's face was like 
the face of a corpse, and absolutely bloodless. He was silent, and 
did not reply to what Mr. Eaffles said. Then Mr. Raffles said, 
"Don't you hear what I ask? If you don't tell the truth, I will 
have 3'on hung this moment.'" When the Pengeran heard Mr. 
Raffles say that in a furious rage, his feet and hands shook as he 
stood. I never saw Mr. Raffles's face such a colour, almost blueish, 
and his hands trembled because he was so angry ; and he said, " You 
won't tell the truth ? " Pengeran answered, " Sir, what can I do? " 
He was silent a moment; and then Mr. Raffles said, '^AAliat is that? 
Tell the truth." Pengeran answered, " Sir, I was a subordinate 
under the orders of Tĕngkn Pĕnglima Bĕsar, and I obeyed what- 
ever he ordered : if I liad not obeyed he would have killed me." Mr. 
Raffles said, " What is that ; how did it begin ? Tell the truth ; if 
not, it will be the worse for 3-ou." Pengeran said, " How can I 
tell it, for I have sworn on the Koran not to reveal this secret.'*^ 
Mr, Raffles said, " That is no use, yon must tell it." 



76 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Peiigeran answered, '' Very well, sir, it is not my fault; when 
we first sailed from here, in twelve days we reached the mouth of 
the Pelembaug river, and there came a strong- head wind against 
us from the southeast. Then Tĕngku Pĕnglima Bĕsar said, " Let 
us call in at Jambi, for this wind is very strong." I replied, '' Mr. 
Raffles told us not to call in anywhere." Tengku Penglima Besar 
said, "How is that? if that is so, let us die; but rather than die 
at sea, let us die in some foreign land." He was angry when he 
said this, and I replied, " Do what you think best, Tengku." iSo 
the cutter was sailed in the direction of the Jambi river, and after 
two days sail, we reached the mouth of the river. When we arrived, 
lie put on shore the opium and all the good things, and he and his 
sons and four or five men went ashore, while I and the sailors re- 
mained on the cutter. We waited a day, and he did not come; then 
a second day, and still he did not come; and on the sixth day his 
men came on board and asked for the remaining things; and I did 
not dare to refuse him, for I was only one, and Avas afraid he might 
stab me. When he had taken the things away, he remained about 
fifteen da3's on shore, and then at last he came on board, with a 
surly face and very angry. He came on Ijoard the cutter, and went 
into the cabin and slept, and all his men sat down and cooked their 
food. This went on for five or six days, after which he went ashore 
again, and said to me, '* In this season the wind is very strong, 
wait a few days longer, and we can sail." I replied, " A^'ery well, 
Tengku." He remained on sliore for six or seven days, and then 
came on board; and when lie arrived, he ordered the anchor to be 
Aveighed, and we sailed. He sailed the cutter into the creeks of 
the river, and then ordered us to anchor, and we remained there 
another six or seven days. A small vessel came and Avislied to pass 
that way, and he fired at it, but the men in that vessel returned 
our fire, and tAvo men in the cutter Avere killed; Ave continued the 
fight until the sun Avent doAvn, and then the Avind fell, and that 
vessel sailed aAvay, and Avhere it Avent Ave could not see. x\fter that 
he plundered tliree other vessels, and their crcAvs all jumped into 
the Avater, and he took their property. This Avent on for about a 
fortnight, and one morning he called me, and said. '' Xow what 
<lo vou advise? for Ave cannot take tliat letter to the Susunan of 



THE AUTORIOGRAPHY OF MIWSHI ABDULLAH. 77 

liaiitarain, because the wiml is too strong.'' I replied, " Whv coukl 
we not get there, if Ave sailed with determination? for this is not 
the season of storms." "When he heard me sav that, he Avas angry, 
i\ud l)ad a surly look, so 1 kept (piiet for fear he might stal) me. 
■' 1 have a plan now," he said; "will you all obey":'" I and tlie 
sailors all said. " What is it. Tengku ? " He said, " If yon are real- 
ly willing. I will have you all swear that you will never reveal this 
see-ret ; and if anyone Avill not do so, let him say.'' We all ansAvered, 
"■ We Avill do Avhatever you say." He brought out the Koran, and 
called me first, and told me to sAvear ; and I was startled to see him 
so very angry, as if he Avas going to kill someone; so I thought, if 
I do not do Avhat he Avishes, he will certainly kill me. so then T 
.swore that I Avould not reveal the secret; after Avhich all the sailors 
swore. When that had been done, he said, '■ Let us Avrite a letter, 
and say that it is a letter from the Snsunan of Bantaram in reply 
to Mr. Eaffles's letter, and say that he received the letter we brought, 
and is ready Avaiting : and Avhenever Mr. Kaffles comes to attack the 
island of Java, he Avill assist on shore." After tliat I Avrote the 
letter, and Avhen it Avas done, he Avrapped it Avitli yelloAV cloth; after 
Avliich Ave promised faithfully that we Avould not reveal the secret. 
When the AA'ork of preparing that letter Avas completed, the cutter 
.sailed to Malacca. These, sir, are the circumstances from begin- 
ning to end." 

When Mr. Eaffles heard all that had occurred, lie bit his finger, 
and stamped Avith his foot, and his face Avas very red; and he said, 
'■ You go down stairs." I saAv that at that time Mr. Raffles acted 
like a man in great trouble, sighing from time to time, for that 
Avas the day Avhen he Avas to send his things on board ship. The 
other ships all sailed that day, and the Malacca roadstead Avas dark 
Avith the number of ships that Avere sailing. In the town of Malacca 
also there Avas a great stir that day, for thirty or forty ships were 
all sailing at once, and there only remained about fifty or sixty 
ships. 

At three o'clock in the afternoon the carriages of various 
officials came to Mr. Eaffles's house, for they had heard that he had 
received a letter from Java. Then Mr. Eaffles suffered great humi- 
liation, because every one of those gentlemen wanted to hear the 



78 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

contents of that letter. A moment later Lord Minto himself came 
to Mr. Eaffles's Jionse, and when his carriage arrived, Mr. Eaffles 
went down to receive Lord Minto with a pale face. AVhen all of 
them had assembled, Mr. Eaflfles said, " Go and call Tĕngku Pĕng- 
lima Bĕsar ; " and he told the sepoy who was on guard at the gate^ 
that when he came he should not allow his men to enter, but he 
alone could go in. Every day when Mr. Eaffles sent for him, he 
came immediately; but that day as many as three policemen went 
to call him, and even then he had not yet come, for he was packing 
up his things to run away. A moment later he came, and his men 
came with him, about ten or twelve of them, each wearing his kris: 
and both his sons were with him, and each of them had two krises. 
When they reached the gate of the enclosure, the sepoy would not 
allow any of them to come in. except Tengku Pĕnglima Bĕsar, and 
the others all remained outside. As there was nothing else for him 
to do, Tengku Penglima Besar walked in slowly ; and wlien he came 
to the house, he wanted to go upstairs, but the man who was guard- 
ing the stairs would not let him, but went and told Mr. Eaffles. 
After a time Mr. Eaffles came down ; and as soon as he saw Mr. 
Eaffles' face he saluted him, but Mr. Eaffles did not return his 
salute, because he was too angry ; and he said, " You are a liar, 
and I will have you put at the mouth of a cannon ; go away ! don't 
stand here ! This afternoon that little ship will sail ; go on board 
quickly, for at four o'clock she will sail; when we get to sea, I 
will place you in front of the cannon's mouth. But what can I dc». 
now, as I am going to sail tomorrow morning; if it were not for 
that, ypu ought to Ije hung. Go aM^ay ! Don't stand in front of 
me any longer ! I do not want to see the face of a liar and a 
pirate."' x\t that time I saw that the face of Tengku Penglima 
Besar was like the face of a corpse, and he could not answer a 
word; if a stone could speak, then he could: because he had been 
found out. At that time Mr. Eaffles was greatly humiliated in 
the presence of Lord Minto, for he had guaranteed that Tengku 
Penglima Besar was a good man. If at that time he had lost say 
ten thousand dollars, it would not have been so much trouble to 
him, because he was humiliated before the officials. I suppose it 
was because of this humiliation that he intentionallv told Tengku 



THK AUTUHIOCJKAI'UV OF MrXSTIl Al^DCLLAII. 79 

l*oii«;liiua. Bfsar to run away: if ho had nut, at that moment he 
<-oul(l have done to him anythinir that he liked. And in order that 
!u' nn'uiit not Ite seen hy those ,<;-entlemen, Ten<>ku Penglima Bĕsar 
j-eturned to his house. There was a great eomniotion at Mr. Raffles' 
honse, hecause lie was ahout to sail, and amongst all the people who 
were bustling al)out. Tĕngku Penglima Besar escaped that night in 
a. small boat (sampan), and it is said that he went to Siak. 

Moral: Oil my wise friends! it is right that you sliould take 
warning from all tlie terrible things whieli I have mentioned. It 
^houhl. lu' a reminder to all who would look for a trustworthy man, 
and OIK' in whom one (ould i)laee confidenee and reliance, that such 
a. thing is dear to l)uy and liard to iind at the present time, and if 
one does not examine and investigate sutficiently, in the end one 
will surely regret it, as Mr. Kaffles did ; hut what is the good of 
that? As the Malays say: "To regret beforehand is some gain, 
hut to regret afterwards is useless." As the wise men say, " A 
drop of indigo will s])oil a whole pan of milk." In Mr. Raffles' 
case, because lie made insufficient investigation in regard to that 
impoi'tant affair, he afterAvards repented without avail, for he knew 
that tlie character of a l)ad man is very difficult to reform, unless 
one receives an indication from (iod. As the wise men say, "Even 
though the crow be bathed with rose water, and given ambei" and 
musk to eat, its black feathers will not become white." 

That very niglit one of the ships anchored off Klehang Bĕsar 
was burned. Tlie tire w'as caused by a man who was smoking on 
the slii]), and threw down the end of his cigar inside the vessel, 
and the cordage caught fire, and so the sliip w^as liurned. It caught 
tire in the middle of the night, and the next day about eleven 
o'clock the tire reached the magazine, and the ship blew up with a 
sound like thunder; one could feel the town of Malacca shake, and 
the ship sank. The captain of the ship was staying on shore. Im- 
mediately all the ships anchored in the roadstead weighed their 
anchors and sailed, for fear they should catch fire. Two days after 
the ship Avas burned, many people in Malacca picked up the equip- 
ment of the sliip and various things which Avere floating all along 
the shore. 

On that dav Mr. Raffles Avas iroin^^ to sail, and he Avn'shed to 



80 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

take me with him. l)ut my mother would not allow it, and she cried 
and said, " I have not two sons nor three, onh- one, and he is like 
my own eye."' Mr. Eaffles replied, "Are you afraid he will die?" 
My mother answered, "' Xo sir, not because of his dying ; but he is 
still a lad, and not accustomed to be separated from his parents; 
besides which I hear that at Batavia there is a great deal of sick- 
ness, and therefore I cannot bring myself to let my boy go." Mr. 
Eaffles replied, " Very Avell, if my life is spared I will return here, 
and will employ Abdullah again." He called me into his study, 
and wrote a letter ; after which he opened a box, and took out thirty 
dollars, and gave me the letter with the money, saying, " If any 
Englishmen send for you to work for them, or to teach the Malay 
language, show them this letter, and you will get work." I received 
it with thanks ; and then he said, " Go and say goodbye to my 
wife ; " so I went and said goodbye to Mrs. Eaffles, and she gave me 
ten dollars, and some muslin with gold embroidery, half a piece, 
and said, " Make this into a coat." I then went home with a very 
sad heart, because I was very fond of Mr. and Mrs. Eaffles, and 
they seemed like my father and mother. If it had not been that I 
was afraid of my parents, m}' own desire at that time would have 
been to run away and follow him wherever he went, for he was very 
kind and courteous in the way he spoke to us : May God reward his 
kindness in this world with increasing honour and glory, and give 
him health and comfort, with peace of mind. That very day he 
made another plan, and took with him my uncle, whose name was 
Ismael Lĕbai, and he sailed in Lord Minto's ship. All the other 
ships sailed also, and the roadstead of Malacca Avas deserted. 

A month later the English took the island of Java, and there 
came a letter to my grandmother at Malacca, saying that my uncle 
Ismael Lebai, who went with Mr. Eaffles, had died at Batavia. His 
wife and children were sad. and his mother also grieved very much 
for the death of her son. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 81 



C I r AFTER 9. 

THP] AXULO-CHIXESE COLLEGE IS FOUXDED AT 
MALACCA BY MR. MTLXE. 

Ill the year 1238 of the flight of the Prophet, that is the year 
1<S23 after Christ, the first English c-lergyiiiaii came to Malacca, 
a man and his wife and a little daughter, and two sons who were 
twins. The name of the clergyman was Mr. Milne, his daughters 
name was Celia, and the names of the twins were William and 
liohert. When this gentleman first came, he lived in the Fort, and 
established a school for children to learn the English language. 
After he had been teaching al)out ten days or a fortnight, I first 
heard people saying, " An English clergyman has just come, and is 
teaching children for nothing, taking nothing for pay or expenses, 
and supplying everything such as paper, pen and ink, etc." When 
I heard that, I was very glad, remembering what Lord Minto and 
Mr. Raffles had told me to do, saying, " If you learn the English 
language it will be a great benefit to you." Since they had said 
tliat, their words had been rivetted, as it were, in my memory. It 
was exceedinly difficult at that time to learn, the English language 
at Malacca, for as yet there was no school; if the children of the 
rich wished to learn; they had a teacher come to their house, and 
paid him high wages; and he would not be a clever teacher, and not 
a real Englishman, most of them being Roman Catliolics who had 
come from Madras or Holland, and had learned a little English ; 
sncli were all those who taught at Malacca, and they required a 
big salary. At that time no one at Malacca of any other nation- 
alities could read or speak English properly, for no one was learning. 

One day I went to make the acquaintance of Mr. Milne, and to 
see what an English clergyman was like, for I had never seen nor 
heard of one, though I had seen the Roman Catholic priests ; more- 
over I wished to see how he taught tlie children. It was about 



82 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ML'NSHI ABDULLAH. 

eleven o'clock in the morning; and wlien ] reached his house, I 
kept peeping in at the window from outside hecause I did not dare 
to go in. I saw that he was teaching two boys, and 1 noticed that 
his appearance and liis clothes were just like those of ordinary 
Englishmen. When he noticed me, I greeted him saying, (in 
English), " (iood morning, sir;" for that was all the English T 
knew at that time, and T had learned it from Mr. IJaffles' secretary. 
AVhen he heard that, lie made a simihir reply, and came up to me. 
and brought me into the school room, thinking that I was proficient 
in the English language; and he said to me in English, '"Where- 
did you K'ai'n tlie English language V "' 1 could not answer him. 
for I did not uiidei'stand. but there was a Eurasian lad there who- 
explained to me. Tiien he said, " Can you read the Malay charac- 
ter?" ] rejdied, "Yes, sir, a little." He then went in, and 
brought out two or three Gospels, which had l)een printed in the 
Malay language. AVhen I saw the writing in those books I was- 
mucli amazed, for T had never yet seen any Malay characters in 
print, I)ut T looked at tlieni closely, and could recognize all the 
letters, only the dots being different. Tor in our Malay writings- 
there are not so mnn\' dots. I felt troubled in my mind, thinking 
how many difl'erent kinds of Malay writing are there in the world? 
and 1 kept this in mind. Then I asked him, '* Sir, where was this 
book made?" lie answered. "The Dnteh made it, they translated 
it into Malay." T asked, "What book is this?" And he replied, 
" The Gospel," and then he said, " Take one, and read it." T took 
it and thanked him; and then said, " Sir, I should very much like 
to learn to read English." He replied, " Very well, I Avill teach 
you, but you must teach me to read Malay." I replied, " Very 
Avell, sir, T will come tomorrow." I said goodbye, and went home 
happy; in the first place T was happy at getting that book for 
nothing; and secondly, I was glad to find out about Mr. Milne, 
that he Avas very kind and courteous, and spoke respectfully; and 
thirdly, I was glad because he had promised to teach me the English 
language. For another thing I wanted to know about the contents 
of that book, and what the story was, for I imagined it was just a 
history ; for at that time I was very fond of reading histories, be- 
cause T derixed main' adxantasfes from readinu' them, and it was in. 



THK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAli. 83 

them tliat 1 caine arross many i)i' the mysteries uf the Malay Jaii^^ii- 
jiije ; so wluTever there miyht he ])eople who liad histories which I 
had never heard of. if it was at all ])ossihle I ^^ot the loan of them 
or hired them nntil T could finish readin<>: them, after which I re- 
turned them. ]t was in sui-h l)ooks that I used to do my reading, 
and thus 1 got to know ahout pum-tuation, and accentuation, and 
so forth. If (iod will, 1 will mention all these things later on. 

For this reason I advise all my friends who read this story of 
mine, if they wish to hecome ijroficieut in the Malay language, to 
l)ecome familiar with the histories in the Malay language, for in 
them there lie hidden many splendid things, the value of which you 
<-annot know all at once, hut afterwards they will be of great use 
when you want to write anything, or when people ask you, " Wliat 
is the meaning of this word, and how is it used?" At that time 
vou will certaiidy remember, " I met with this word in such and 
such a book, or sucli and such a history, and it was used in such 
and such a way. and with such a meaning." In regard to this 
matter do not misunderstand me, I am very well aware thai in 
those histories there is much more of what is false than of what is 
true : but although that is so, I am not telling you to believe the 
stories in those histories. But however much there may be in them 
that is false, let tliat stay where it is, and pay no attention to it; 
l)ut you ought to know that the authors were clever men, and not 
.such as you and I, and for this reason we will make use of their 
ability. When we get to know all their secrets, afterwards we shall 
i)e able to write whatever we like of true histories and beautiful 
narratives, and more particularly we shall have known all their 
meanings, and so our composition will be more and more beautiful. 
■" Xot only light, but also carrying a torch.'" 

For with few exceptions, not one in ten. I notice that the 
majority of those Avho are proficient in reading Malay writings and 
histories, are dumbfounded if we ask them the meaning of the 
words which they are reading, and cannot answer, because they^ have 
not studied, and do not know tlie derivations or the force of the 
words, but merely copy others. Such are the meii who just know 
how to read, but it is of no use to them, and tliey cannot write 
anvthincf themselves, liecause thev do not understand : as for in- 



84 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

stance, if a niaii should have a complete set of tools, but di.'l not 
know their use or how to employ them, could he be an artisan? 
But if he should be compelled to do the work of an artisan, the tools, 
would certainly be spoiled, and the thing to l)e made would be 
destroyed, and sooner or later all his tools would get rusty. It is. 
just so with the art of composition, if words are used in their proper 
places they will sound right, and in accordance with their meaning; 
but if they are used out of place they are very awkward, and it is 
like ]jicking a thorn out of your hand with a pestle. 

I will now return to the story of my getting a book from Mr. 
Milne. When T reached my home, I sat down and read the l)0ok, 
and carefully noticed all the dots : when I had read one page of 
the book, T was able to read cpiickly, and I read it almost the whole 
night and nearly finished the book. The words were Malay, and 
their meanings were Malav, but the idiom of the language of that 
book was not Malay idiom; moreover words were used in improper 
places, and were connected improperly, for these reasons it was 
quite impossible for me to get the clue to the meaning of that l)Ook. 
and it all read very awkwardly to my ear. I felt like saying, " This 
is a European book, and I do not know the language of the Euro- 
peans." For this reason I marvelled as I sat thinking about this 
book, for I had been very anxious to see how the book was made, 
and the shape of the letters was beautiful, but the sentences Avere 
inexplical)le, neither Malay nor English, so I could not describe 
them. I thought to myself, '' It 'Nyas useless for them to make this 
l)Ook ; who can tell how much toil and money they expended ! Ijut 
the words are useless." The next day I showed it to all my friends 
near there, and each of them read it, some of them could not read 
it at all, others read at a snail's pace ; but not one of them could 
tell what it meant. Each of them however warned me, saying, 
" Do not read this book, throw it away ; for this is the Europeans^ 
book, and our faith will be destroyed." I answered them, " How 
can you tell that this is the Europeans' l)ook? is not this the Malay 
language? and can this destroy our faith? What is the meaning 
of faith ? As far as I know, faith means to believe ; and if I should 
read a thousand books of other religions, if I did not believe them, 
how could they destroy my faith ? I do not want to hear such 
stupid words." So they were silent. 



THP: autobiography of ML'NSHI ABDULLAH. 8& 

It way then ten o'cldck. and so I went to see ^Ir. Milne. When 
I arrived. 1 greeted him. and he asked lue to come into his room, 
and said, "Did you read tliat hook last night?" I replied. "I 
did, sir." He said, " is the Malay idiom really like that?" T 
answered, '" No sir." He said, " If it is not Malay idiom, what is- 
it?" 1 replied, "M do not understand it, sir; whoever made the 
hook knows what language it is." When this had heen explained 
to him hy the interjireter, he laughed. After that he went in, and 
brought out a dictionary of the Malay and English languages, and 
inquired about some fifty or sixty words, such as, patek, and .sitigga- 
sana, and sa-svuggoli-iii/d. and shigmra, etc. I replied as far as T 
knew, and he looked them all up in the hook, and compared them 
one by one, aud said, " C*orrect." All the words which I heard were 
correct Malay, such as is used in Malacca and in all Malay l)ooks 
and writings; so I asked, ''Who made this hook?" He answered. 
'"A very learned Englishman, named Mr. Marsden." I said, "All 
of this is really the Malay language, but the hook which you gave 
me yesterday is not correct Malay." He smiled, and then brought 
another hook, a Malay grammar, made by the same gentleman, and 
showed it to me. and told me to read some letters which it contain- 
ed. When I liad read the letters, he said, '' Is that correct Malay ? "' 
I reulied. '' This is really Malay composition, sir." He smiled, and 
after tliiid<ing a moment, he said, " Please write something your- 
self ; I want to show it to a gentleman wdio knows the Malay langu- 
age." I replied, " Very well, sir." Then he gave me a pen and 
ink and paper, aud I wrote as follows. " Whoever desires to learn 
the language of other races, should first know his own language, in 
order that the language which he wishes to learn may be of some 
benefit to him." AVhen I had written that, he took it and said. 
" Come here tomorrow without fail." 

The next day at ten o'clock I went there, and when I reached 
the door he greeted me, and told me to come in, saying, "Your name 
is Abdullah ? " T replied, " Yes sir." He then said, " Did you 
work for Mr. Eaffles?" I replied. "I did. sir." He kept laugh- 
ing as he said, "You can be my teacher; the Europeans tell. me 
you can teach the ]\Ialay language." I answered. " Sir, I am an 
ignorant person, only a lad without any education ; how can I be 



«6 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

your t^'acluT? For to be a teacher is no easy tliiii,u'. and siu h a 
man requires five things: firstly, lie must have knowledge; seeondly, 
he must not overestimate himself because of his knowledge; thirdly^ 
he must be patient with the mistakes and the ignorance of others, 
and must jjut up with difficulties; fourthly, he must know every 
word that he teaches, its derivation, and how to use it; fifthlj, he 
must be hard-workiiig and diligent. If he has not these qualifica- 
tions he cannot be a teacher."' He replied. " A'ery well, for I have 
been looking for a teacher for a long time, as I Avant to study the 
Malay language; and three Malays came liere to be my teacher, 
•and asked for employment ; so I asked them several Malay words 
from this book, and they replied, ' This is not the Malay language, 
it is the language of the Europeans.' The next day another man 
<:-ame, who also wanted to be my teacher, and I asked him, ' Have 
you studied tlie Malay language?' He replied, 'Why should I 
study it, sir, for it is my own language ; this is the first time T 
ever heard of studying tlie Malay language.' So I replied, ' If you 
have not studied, how can you teach others?' He made no reply, 
but went out, and did not even say. ' Good-bye.' being angry be- 
cause I said that. Then yesterday another man came to be my 
• teacher, an old man, saying that he had been a teacher for dozens 
•of years; so I asked him. " Teacher, how many sounds are there in 
the Malay language?' He answered. "Who could count them? 
there are tens of thousands.' I laughed to hear such a foolish 
answer, and said. ' How can you be a teacher, not knowing the 
•sounds in the Malay language?' Then lie was angry, and said, 
' My hair is white, but I never heard anyone ask about the sounds 
of the Malay language;' so he went home. So now I want to ask 
you how many sounds there are in the ^lalay language?" I re- 
]died, " Sir. you have asked such an old man. and he could not 
answer; T am only a lad. and how could T kiu>w?" He said, "Try 
and tliink." 1 answered. " I suppose there are only three sounds 
in the ^Malay language, sir." He said. " wliat ai'e they?" I re- 
]>lied. ■■ Above, below and in front." He asked, " what does that 
mean?" I replied, '"Those are the names of the vowel points in 
the Arabic language, or in the Koran; Fathah is the stroke above, 
Kasrali is tlie stroke below, and Dlutmmah is Tlie stroke in front. 



Till-: AL'TOBIOCHAPHY OF MUXSHT ABDULLAH. 87 

Since the jVIakvs do not use tlie Arabic signs, they j)ut Alif instead 
of Faihah, and Ya instead of Kasrali, and IIV/» instead of Dham- 
iiudi. giving the sounds a. i. and u." He said, "That is correct." 
That very day he made an agreement, saying, "" Come here every 
day and teach me, l)egi lining at ten o'clock, and at one o'ch>ck you 
can go home: and dui'ing that time 1 will read Engiisli witli you 
and teach you the language, and I will ])ay you ten dollars." J 
rei)lied. " Very well, sir." Moreover he said, " After a while many 
of my companions will come, and they will all study the Malay 
language; and 1 shall he very glad when you know English, so that 
we can easily study jMalay. and can hecome proficient at the same 
time." 

That very day I wnjte the Malay alphabet, and began to teach 
him, and he gave me a book called " Spelling book." in which he 
taught me the English letters and their sounds. So every day T 
went and taught him. and afterwards he taught me. This con- 
tinued for about three or four months, and he then knew the charac- 
ters and could read a little, but he could not yet read fluently; 
similarly I was able to spell two or three words. Then Mr. Milne 
began to learn the Cantonese dialect of Chinese, and a Chinese 
teacher called Li Sien Sing began to come; and he also became 
friendly with me. Pie was very anxious to learn Malay, and T 
wanted to learn Chinese, and so every day he taught me, and T 
taught him; as tlie ]\Ialay |)roverb says; "" Drinking while driving;" 
for it sei'Uied to me I)etter to know than to be ignorant. Many 
people told me not to do so, saying, "What is the good of learning 
the language of those infidels?" I paid no attention to all that, 
for I knew they were foolish; if I did not learn while I was young., 
what should I lie like when 1 was old ? I should certainly regret it, 

I noticed that Mr. Milne had those qualities and actions which 
indicate a man of wisdom ; everything that he said was spoken 
gently and with a pleasant face ; even if he was angry, he was still 
])leasant ; also he was nat\irally very diligent in all his studies, and 
very carefid ; if we taught him anything this month and asked him 
next month, lie would answer correctly. 

Whilst 1 was thus teaching and studying, the Eeverend Mr. 
Thomsen came from Batavia to IMalacca. bringin2" his wife with 



88 THE AUTOBIOGEAl'UY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

him ; and he lived behind the house in which Mr. Milne lived. One 
day Mr. Milne said to me, "' A new clergyman has come, and wants 
to study the Malay language : I have told him I have a teacher who 
•can instruct him. Go and see him now at four o'clock; he wants 
to meet you.'' I replied, '" Very well, sir." At four o'clock I went, 
-and he told me to come in and sit down, saying, " You are Mr. 
Milne's teacher?" I answered. "Yes, sir." He said, "If you 
will teach me, I want to learn." I replied, " I do not know how, 
sir; but if you wish to learn, I will teach you." He laughed and 
said, " 1 have heard your name, there was a gentleman at Batavia 
who told me ; your name is Abdullah." I answered. " Yes, sir." 
" I)n] you work for Mr. Eaffles ? " he incjuired. '' Yes, sir," I 
replied. "Did he give you a letter?" "Yes, sir, he did." Then 
Jie said, " Tomorrow morning please bring that letter, I should like 
to see it." I told him I would, and then said goodbye, and went 
back to Mr. Milne. As I went I thought to myself after hearing 
Mr. Thomsen speaking that his pronunciation Avas like that of a 
Dutclnnan, and whatever he said sounded in his throat; so I 
thouglit, if this gentleman wants to learn the Malay language, it 
Avill be very difficult to correct his pronunciation, and he Avill ac- 
quire it slowly, because it is difficult for him to pronounce the words. 
I kept all tliis to myself, but it seemed to me that he was not an 
Englishman. When I came to Mr. Milne, he said. " Did you sec 
him?" I replied, "Yes, sir." He asked, -What did he say?" 
I told him all that Mr. Thomsen had said, and Mr. Milne said, 
" Very well, tomorrow you can go to him." I then said, " Sir, 
what luitionality is he? " He replied, "' English ; why do you ask? " 
I said, " I do not think he is English." He said, " How can you 
tell ? " 1 answered, " Because I recognize his pronunciation as not 
being English." Then he laughed, and said, " Even the Malays are 
(piick to distinguish the English from other races; you are right, 
lie is not Phiglish ; he is a German." I Avas surprised to hear that, 
for in all my life I had never heard that there Avas a nationality 
•called German; so I said, "Are they Eurasians, sir?" He said, 
*" Xb, the Europeans are all alike, but each race has a different 
name." I said, " Sir. it Avill be very difficult for that man to learn 
the Malav language, for his tongue has a difficulty in pronouncing 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 80 

aiiv of our woixls." He replit'd. " Never mind, evervone is like 
that at first." 

At ten o'clock the next day I brought to Mr. Tliomsen the 
letter which Mr. Kaflfles had given me, and -when he had read it, 
lie showed it to his wife, and his wife smiled as she read it. He 
then said, '" You can be my teacher, for Mr. Milne is now learning 
the Chinese language, and he does not want to study Malay; but 
I want to learn Malay only, and to attain proficiency." I smiled 
wlien I heard him talk like that. Besides which lie said. '' This 
Malay language is very easy to learn, in two years one can be quite 
proficient." When lie was saying this, he used only one word of 
^lalay to ten words of English, and his servant explained it to me. 
I thought to myself, this is a ({ueer way to think, everything easy I 
and it does not occur to him that merely to correct this pronuncia- 
tion two years will not be sufficient. But I answered, '" If you can 
be proficient in three months I shall be very glad, for I shall get a 
good reputation : but I will tell ]\Ir. ^lilne. and I will do what he 
savs." I said goodbye, and returned to Mr. Milne, telling him all 
that had transpired, and he said. " Very well, now come and teach 
me every day, perhaps one or two hours, and afterwards go and teach 
him, and he will teach you English, because he wants to study 
Malay; I am learning Chinese, and therefore I have no time to 
study the Malay language; he will pay yon fifteen dollars, and I 
will pay five." I replied, " Very well, sir." So every day I went 
and taught Mr. Thomsen and Mr. Milne. 

T noticed that there was a great difference between ^Ir. Milne's 
disposition and that of Mr. Thomsen. for Mr. Milne would do what 
I said in correcting his words or spellings or expressions or his 
reading, and the way of using words; but Mr. Thomsen would not, 
but would argue, saying, " That is not right, this is right ; " and 
]ierhaps he would go as far as to get angry. He acted as the Malays 
say, " The rain returning to the sky: " just as if he wanted to teach 
me. I was astonished to see this disposition in a man. to claim 
that he alone is clever. He would even say that the dictionary was 
wrong; and that was because he was determined to use the three 
letters alif, wau and ya, and insisted on putting those three letters 
in everv word without fail. .saving, that all the Malays were wrong 



90 THE Al'TOBTOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

becaii'se they left out so many ol' those three letters; for instance, 
he insisted on putting" the letter ija in jikalau, and alif in dĕngan. 
etc.. etc. Bnt he did not know the force of those three letters, or 
the rules for using them in the Arabic language. They are called 
huruf iiKuJd. meaning. " long letters." If they Avere spelt as he 
wished, all such words in the Malay language ought to have the 
sign niadd, for that is the rule in orthography. Moreover where 
words ought to he joined he separated them, and where they ought 
to be separated he joined them ; so it seemed to me that this man 
did not want to learn the Malay language, but to destroy it. He 
told me to write in that way, bnt I would not do so, for that was 
contrary to what I had learned and knew. \\'hen he wanted to 
comitel me to do so, I replied, '' Sir that is not correct, and I will 
not write it ; you must look for someone else.'' So he became more 
and more angry, and said, " How can you take my pay if you will 
not do what I tell you : " I replied, " Sir, I do not take your pav 
for doing things wrong; afterwards people will see it, and of course 
they will say that I am an ignorant teacher arid do not understand 
anytlung: therefore I should be ashamed to get a bad name. You: 
must look for someone else." So I said goodbye, and went home. 
After T had gone home he went to tell ]\[r. Milne, saying, " I 
told Abdullah to write, and he Aveiit away and left it, and would not 
do so." The next day when I went to teach Mr. Milne, he said. 
"' Why did you not want to do what Mr. Thomsen told you yester- 
day? You left his work." AVhen I heard what Mr. Milne said, T 
felt vexed, and said, " As long as I have taught you, sir, was there 
ever any argument, or have T refused to do Avhat you told me? It 
was because Mr. Thomsen wanted to be the teacher of the Malay 
language, and wished to make new customs, and throw away all 
that the Malays write, and make a different system of spelling with 
his own ingeiuiity." Mr. Milne said, ''Did not I tell you that you 
must have a little patience?" I replied, "How can I do what he 
says ? He wants to change the whole Malay system of Avriting. 
Please go and compare my writing with that of the dictionary, is 
it the same or different? " Mr. Milne went to Mr. Thomsen's house 
and compared the Avriti ng, and a minute later Mr. Milne came back 
smiling, and said, "' This writing of yours is the same, in his writ- 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 91 

ing there are additions; and ]\Ir. Tliumsen says the dictionary is 
wrong, for it foUows the ^lahiy cnstom of spelling iucorrectly ! " 
1 replied, " Mr. Marsden is well known at the present time as an 
expert, and so lie made the dictionary, which is being used in all 
Mahi\- coiintiies: now if lie says tlie dictionary is wrong, much more 
1 myself I ci'rtainly 1 am wrong; and if so, let him look for some 
clever fellow who will teacli him." Mr. Milne said. "■ Let him try 
.and look for someone else; l)y and l)y he will come to liis senses.'' 
So for six days 1 did not go to him, and four or five men went to 
])e his teacliers, and lie «piestioned them and showed them my writ- 
ing, and told tlieni to read it to liim. and asked them, '" Are these 
words and spellings and combinations correct':'" All of them said 
that they were correct. He tlien showed them what he had done 
himself, and not one of them conld read it, and they all asked, 
"From wliat country is this writing?" He replied, "This is the 
-correct spelling, and the other is wrong." Some of them sta3'ed a 
week, and some half a month, and then all of them left him. 

The Rev. Mr. ^Vliliie had acquired a piece of land and a house, 
located just outside the Tĕrangkera gate. This place was originally 
owned liy the former harliour-master at Malacca, named Mr. Alam, 
and when he went a'rt'ay he left as his agent Tambi Ahmad Sab, 
who was a well-known Tamil man at Malacca. This is the place 
where the Anglo-Chinese College now is at Malacca. Mr. Milne 
made the following plan, he bought land at Hujong Pasir, and ex- . 
changed it for the piece of laud wliich I have mentioned. The 
width of this land was about thirty or forty fathoms (180-2-iO'), 
and in length it extended as far as the river. I do not know how 
many thonsands of fathoms ; but the house was an old one. Mr. 
Milne removed from the Fort to that |)lace. At that time his twins, 
named William and Eobert, were very bright, and with his daughter 
named Celia there were three children. I continued going there 
■every day to teach him. and I made great friends with his two 
little lioys. and took them every day to my liome, and often they 
-would eat and drink at my house; in that way botli of them l)ecame 
Very fond of me. and T also was \ery fond of them. 

Mr. Milne's wife was a fine woman, and knew liow to win 
people's hearts, and she was courteous, and had a pleasant face, 



92 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAPI. 

and was iienerous to all the poor. Slie had a Chinese woman as a 
serxant to sew her clothes and those of her children. One day this- 
Chinese woman came to Mr. Milne's wife, and said, "Last night 
my child at home was possessed by evil spirits (puntiannl- Jati 
poloHfi). and nearly died.*' Mrs. Milne did not understand the 
words ixnilldiiid- and iioloiijj. and thongli the Chinese woman tried 
to explain in varions ways with lier hands and mouth, still she did 
not understand; so they both came to the room where I was writing-, 
and said, "What is the meaning of puntianak and polong?" I 
laughed and ex[)lained clearly to Mr. Milne all the names of ghosts 
and devils which the Chinese and Malays believe in, a foolish and 
senseless belief, handed down from their forefathers of olden times, 
which still remains until now : I do not know how many of them 
there are, and can neither count them nor explain their meanings, 
but I will briefly mention them: Jtatitu. sJiaifan, polong. piintianal', 
pnianf/f/alan . jin. peJhii, mainhang, liantu pĕntbuni. hantu riinha^ 
jadi-jadian. haiilu bvngkus, bofa, gergasi. raksasa, netiek kĕbaipiu, 
hembasan. sairan. lianfti mail di-biinoli. bajang, kHeguran, sampok- 
ktni. pupokknn. afril. jniibnhing , Icrkena ubat giuia : besides which 
there are many kinds of magic which I cannot remember, such as: 
gagali. phiuridok. phigaseJi, kĕbal. kesaktian, iuju, alimun, pĕudĕras. 
pĕrapoli. chuclia. prJalai, pcmiif/sang. etc.. and 1 do not know how 
many more. People believe in all those which I have mentioned, 
and some have their teachers and schools, and others their doctors 
wlio know certain kinds of sickness and the appropriate medicine. 
Now each of tiiese is supposed to be the source of some peril to 
mankind. 

A\'hen Mr. Milne lieard that, he was amazed, and said, " Do you 
know the history of all those?" I replied, "Sir, if I were to ex- 
plain all of these things it would nuike a great hook, and the book 
would contain nothing but foolish and senseless things which are of 
no a(^lvantag'e, and which men of intelligence do not like to hear, 
and only laugh at." He said. " All right, please tell just the story 
of tlie pcnaiiggalaii ; I want to hear it, and I will write it in English. 
in order that Europeans may know how foolish the people are who 
believe in such things." I then drew the picture of a woman, the 
head onlv as far as the neck, with the entrails dangling down. Mr. 



THE AUTORrOCJRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 1^ 

Millie had a C'liiiu'st' man inake a cut of that picture in Mood,'and 
])rinted the story in a niagazine called "Anglo-Chinese Cfleaner." 
1 said to him, '" Xow sir. listen to the story of the Penan ggalan: 
It was ori^iinally a woman, who used the devils" arts, which she 
l)elieved in and i)racticetl (hiy and night, until the time agreed upon; 
with her teacher that she should fly, and her neck came off, and 
hung with the entrails (hmgling down, and the hody remained in 
its |)lace. >»'ow wherever there are peojile whom she wishes to 
molest, her head with the entrails flies away, and goes to suck 
people's hlood : and the ])eoplc die who are thus sucked. Xow if 
the hlootl and water which drip from her entrails strike anyone^ 
serious sickness is caused, so that the hody breaks out. The pĕnang- 
galan likes to drink the hlood of women in child-birth, and for this 
reason the custom is in any house when a woman gives birth to a 
child to hang the leaves of the jĕrujii plant on the doors and 
windows of the house, or to put thorns in the vessel wliere there is 
blood, for fear the 1)lood should he sucked by the pĕnanggaJan, for 
it is said that the pcnanggahfn is very much afraid of thorns, for 
fear the\ might catch on her entrails. For there is a story that 
the pĕnanggalan came to a person's house in the middle of the night 
to suck blood, and its entrails caught on the thorns of this ])erson"s 
fence, so that it remained there until daylight, when people saw- 
it and kiilled it. X^ow in the house of a person who is a penang- 
galun, vinegar is kept in some vessel or jar, for the purpose of 
soaking the entrails in the vinegar, because when the entrails come 
out of the body they swell up and cannot get in again, but when 
soaked in vinegar the entrails shrink and will theii go in. X'ow the 
majority of people who have i^e<s\\ the pĕnanggalan flying with its 
entrails dangling state that the entrails shine at night like fire-flies. 
This is the story of the penanggalan as I have heard it told by old 
people. Init I do not in the least believe it, God forbid. 

*• The polong is said to originate by taking the blood of a mnr- 
dered person, and putting it in a bottle, and then worshipping and 
repeating some charm that one has learned. Some people say the 
worship must be continued seven days, and others say twice seven 
days, until there is a sound in the bottle like the sound of young 
birds; then the person's finger must be cut and put in the bottle^ 



94 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

and the poloncj will suck it. Xow the man who keeps it is its 
father, and if it is a woman who keeps it, she is its mother. Every 
day they give it their blood to suck, and the object of doing this is 
to attain some purpose, as for instance, if they are angry with any- 
one, they tell the polong to go and attack that person, that is to 
make the person sick. Or if some one else has a grudge against 
anyone, he will go quietly to the person who keeps the polong and 
give so much money, telling him to send the polong to the person 
against whom he has a grudge; that is the purpose that they have. 
Xow the person who is attacked by the polong, wliether it be a 
girl, or somebody's wife, or a man, he will crv out witliout knowing 
Avliat he is do-ing, tearing and throwing away his clothes, and mad- 
ly l)iting and striking people, and sometimes doing all sorts of 
things. Then someone who is expert in curing such things is call- 
ed, and that person comes and repeats charms over the person's 
rtead, or pinches the thumb, applying medicine, and if it is the 
})roper medicine, the sick ^^erson will cry out saying, " Let me go, 
I want to go home;"' and the ■doctor will answer, "■'I will not let 
V'ou go unless you tell me who sent you here, and why you came, 
and who is your mother, and who is your father." Sometimes it 
will be silent, being unwilling to confess or say who is its father 
and mother. l)ut at other times it will confess, saying, '' Let me go ; 
my father is so and so, who lives at such and such a village; and 
my mother's name is so and so; and the reason Avhy I came is 
l)ecause so and so came to, my parents asking for help, and gave 
them so much money, l)ecause they had a grudge against this per- 
son ; " or it may give some other reason. Occasionally it tells a 
lie, and mentions someone who does not exist, wishing to conceal 
the name of its fatlier and mother. When they know the name of 
the person wlio sent it. and tlie reason, tliey let it g6, and imme- 
diately the sick person l)ecomes conscious and is well again, but 
complains of feeling ill and weak. In some cases when the polong 
has attacked a person, he will not confess, but the person attacked 
ories out in pain, and after a day or two like tliat will die. And 
■when he dies, the blood will come out of his moutli in floods, and 
the whole body will be dark l)lue." 

Mr. Milne said, " I will translate this story of the pĕnanggalan 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. <).> 

into Englisli, ami then 1 will j)riiit it in the " (ileaner." And he 
laughed and said, "The ])eo{)le who helieve such things as that 
are very stupid indeed."" 

Most of the ])eople here of ditl'ereiit races helieve all sorts of 
things which do not exist, and tliev waste a great deal of money to 
pay people who do false and senseless things, with various objects,, 
some in order that })eople may love them, others desire that people 
will do whatever they say, others tlesire some woman, and some want 
to kill their enemies, etc. Formerly I also believed all these things^, 
and was afraid, because from my childhood I had heard of such 
things, and [)eople had frightened me. Now all this comes from 
our forefathers. But since 1 have ohtained some little education 
and intelligence, and have read hooks, and especially have associat- 
ed with intelligent people, that is with Europeans, I now know that 
all of that is false and a great swindle. 

Moral: T am an ignorant and uneducated person, but it seems 
to me tliat people ought 2iot to believe in the polong and phiang- 
galan and all the things Avhich T have mentioned, for all these 
affairs originated in the minds of people who had no faith in God 
or the Prophet, and moreover did not know God's ways, that He 
alone has power over everything which can bring good or evil. If 
we should believe that there is anyone else who can bring anything 
to pass, then there must be someone besides God; all of that is false 
and a lie. For this reason such peo])le are feeling their way here 
and there, and believe this and that, like a Ijlind man who has lost 
his stick. For some time })ast I have tried several times, and have 
spent a good deal of my money, and have taken some pains to find 
ont the truth alx)ut the various kinds of magic which I have men- 
tioned, and have gone so far as to be intimate with the jjeople who' 
do these things, but I swear by God that I was unable to discover 
the truth or ])roof of these magic arts, or any place to which I 
could pin my faith : but in a thousand times, only once would it 
happen, and though it did happen, it was not by the power of thl 
devils, but because of the convictions and faith of the person wlio 
prayed, God opened the way for what they desired. I found in- 
deed that to do such things is just the same as when people worship 
idols, and we know for certain that idols are earth and stone, or 



96 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHl ABDULLAH. 

^voo(l, or «old and silver, Avhicli have no power to do good or evil 
to mankind ; Init ])ecanse of the convictions and faith of those who 
worship them, (iod opens the way for that they desire, and those 
stupid people imagine that the idol did it. So it is with all the 
ghosts and devils which I have mentioned, I find in them lies and 
deceit and tricks and slight of hand, and therefore I dare to swear 
hy the name of God, and say that these things are not right, and 
there is nothing but evil in them in this world and the next. Xow 
those who Ijelieve and those who do and those who approve such 
things incur tlic same penalty for duplicating God: for there is 
certainly none other besides God who can cause good or evil, and 
can kill and make alive, and can bring any danger or joy to His 
servants ; and if there were anyone else wdio had power besides Him, 
this world would immediately perish with all that is therein. 

I will now return to my story concerning Mr. Milne. A few 
days after he removed to his new house, Mr. Thomsen also moved 
and came there ; but he liad no teacher, for no one dared to go near 
him, for they knew his disposition. So he came to Mr, Milne, re- 
questing him to ask me to teach him. When Mr. Thomsen came 
downstairs, he met me on the stairs and greeted me. I immediate- 
ly replied .to his greeting, and he said, "Are you angry with me? " 
I replied, " Xo sir, are you Avelll " " Quite well," he said. When 
I met Mr. Milne, he said, '' Mr. Thomsen has just gone down, he 
asked me to get you to teach him again."' I replied, "Sir, has he 
finished sending for all the clever men in this townf and now why 
does he send for me ? I beg that you will excuse me, for I am 
very much afraid that there will be arguments every day.'' Mr. 
Milne answered, " I told him so, but he .said that he now under- 
stands his mistake, and will do as you say.*' I answered, " Sir, get 
him to promise faithfully that he will not be the judge of my langu- 
age, l)ut let him follow what I teach; if I teach him wrong, 1 will 
accept tlie l)lame." Mr. Milne wrote all tliat I said in a letter and 
said, " Take this letter to Mr. Thomsen's room." So I took the 
letter to Mr. Thomsen, and when he read it, he said, '' Teach me 
once more, and I will follow what you think is correct." I replied, 
" A'ery well, as long as you do not make trouble with me as you did 
before; I cannot stand that."' He replied, "Very well." 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 97 

That very day I began to teach Mr. Thonisen again, and con- 
tinued for a long time, about six or seven years. I noticed that his 
disposition was very much changed from what it was before, but 
thougli this change had taken place, it took him a long time to 
understand the Malay idiom, and his original pronunciation still 
remained a little. Whatever he wanted to translate from English 
into Malay, his tendency was to follow exactly the English idiom, 
simply exchanging Malay words for the English ones, and. such 
work is very awkward in the Malay language. That being the case, 
many times did I argue with him to prevent his doing so, but he 
did not learn the way. This was the only work I had, every day 
translating from English into Malay, and from Malay into English, 
and correcting Mr. Thomsen's mistakes in conversation and in 
composition. When he saw that his composition had a great many 
mistakes, he just told me the meaning, and I wrote it in the Malay 
language. 

One day he said, '' Please make a collection of words in the 
^lalay language, and I will write the Engflish words, so that we can 
make a book of the Malay and English languages, so that it will be 
easy for Englishmen who wish to learn Malay, and for ^Malays to 
learn English."* I replied, " Very well, sir ; " and then I diligently 
sought out the words and arranged them by subjects, such as, 
heaven, earth, the moon, the sun, and so forth, until after about a 
month I had got all the words, about two thousand, all under their 
heads and subjects, and showed them to him. He was much 
pleased, and said, '*' This is what I want ; '"' and then he put in the 
English. The reason why I took so much trouble to make such a 
book, was that I wanted to learn the English. This lx)ok was 
called in English " Vocabulary,"'" and at first it was only in manu- 
script, and had not yet been printed, for at that time the type had 
not yet cotne to Malacca, and I had not yet seen what it looked 
like.^ 

A short time aft-er Mr. Milne had moved to that house, Dr. 
Morrison came to Malacca, and lived with Mr. Milne. 'Mr. Mor- 
rison was engaged in studying and writing the Chinese language 
day and night incessantly ; and he wrote it with a Chinese pen. I 
believe that at that time there was no European more proficient 



98 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

than Mr. Morrison in the Chinese language and writing; even Mr. 
Milne learnerl from him. TJio only sliglit rliflforenee was that he 
■wore Englisli dothes: if he had dressed in Chinese style, no one 
would have known tliat he was a European. The reason wliy I say 
tliis is that his way of acting and speaking and his manner and all 
the things in his house were just like the Chinese. I was surprised 
to see how we human heings can acquire whatever we accus:tom our- 
.selves to : for tiiis reason it is fitting that all wise men should ac- 
custom tliemselves to good tilings, and then they will acquire what 
is good, and may hope to continue therein. Mr. Morrison appeared 
to me like a man of "wisdom, and very skilful in winning people's 
affections: when he sj^oke. it \\as with gentleness, and he gave much 
good advice. From liiin T ohtained much instruction in the 
English language, and iji the art of translating from one language 
into another; and I studied with liini the Gospel of Matthew in 
tlic Knglisli language with a commentary. He told me that 
originally the Cospel was in the HehrcAv language, and after some 
time it was translated into the English langnage, and much of the 
meaning is lacking in the English, liecause the English language is 
not so rich as the Hehrew, for this reason he said that whoever 
wishes to translate tliat hook into any language ought to know the 
original language, and if not he is sure to have a great deal of 
trouble and arguments with the teachers of that language. More- 
over he explained to me the meaning of a number of unusual 
English words which I iound in those books. 

A few days after that, another clergyman came, named Mr. 
Slater, who had white hair; and after that there came another one, 
named Mr. Ince, who was a young man and good looking and very 
well educated. The latter In'ought a kind of apparatus made by 
clever people in Europe, and which had a great deal of mechanism; 
there was a wheel of glass, and if some medicine is put on the 
wheel and it is then made to revolve quickly, if we put our hands 
near it while it is revolving, lire will come out of our hands. 
He also attached to it two hrass chains connected with the wheel, 
and then he told me and the Chinese teacher, named Li Sin Sing, 
both of us to hold the brass chains; we did iiot know what was 
going to ]iai)pen. tliinking that he merely asked us to lielp him. A 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 99 

moment later 1 was suddenly alarmed. I'eeling as if I should become 
unconscious, and wry much afraid: so much so that owing to a 
feeling of weakness in my limbs I sat clwvn in great amazement, 
thinking that I \\'bs dead. If I had known that this was liow it 
was. even if he had given me a hundred dollars I would not have 
hold- the chains. The Chinese teacher's condition cannot be des- 
cribed, he nearly fainted, and could not speak, his face being as 
pale as that of a corpse. Mr. Milne and Mr. Ince roared M'ith 
laughter to see the condition we were in, and said, " Don't be 
afraid, it is nothing; this is only a kind of medicine." Xow the 
name of the power in this machine is in the English language 
" electricity." 

It was Mr. Ince also who brought some small stones of a white 
colour, the size of gravel, and these stones he melted in a flame 
using a strong blast, so that it became liquid like gruel, then he 
poured it into any shape he desired, and it became glass. By Mr. 
Milne's orders Mr. Ince was employed as a teacher to instruct the 
boys in speaking and reading and writing the English language, 
and it was with him that I read English grammar. 

A few days later Mr. Medhurst came, bringing his wife and a 
step-son named George. HLs wife was not born in Europe, but was 
born of English parentage in Bengal or in South India: I know 
that Ijecause she spoke the Tamil language well ; and it appeared to 
me if I am not mistaken that the wife was older than her husband. 
Mr. Medhurst was exceedingly diligent in applying himself to his 
studies, and was skilled in the art of printing, and so forth. When 
he first came to Malacca, Mr. Milne told me to instruct him in the 
Malay language and in reading, and after he had learned for a 
short time, he was able to read and speak a little. Wliile he was 
doing this, he also began to study the Chinese language. I saw 
that he had a very clever mind and a good head, so that he rapidly 
acquired whatever he studied. After that Mr. Beighton came to 
Malacca, and 'Mr. Milne told me to teach him also the Malay 
language: but after he had studied for a short time he sailed for 
Penang. That same month there arrived the appliances for print- 
ing, and a press, and printers ; the foreman was named Mr. Hutt- 
man, and there were six Bengalee men -v^ith him who worked as 



100 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Ijrinters; the name of one of the compositors, a middle aged man, 
was Addington, and there was a young man named Wangh. There 
was Malay type wliich came at the same time, and that was the 
first time in my life that I saw what type was like, and the appli- 
ances, and the press ; so that wheal I saw these things, T was gTeatly 
amazed in my mind to see the skill and cleverness of human beings 
in making all these things so accurately ; and I praised (lod, saying, 
■" If the creatures are so clever, how much more the Creator I "' 

Wlien tlie l)ox containing the type arrived, Mr. Milne told me 
to })ick out all the letters, and separate them from one another. 
'J'lieu he told me to make a plan, showing how to make the divisions 
of the type cases ; so I drew the plan as well as I could for tjie 
Chinese carpenter. After that it was Mr. Medhurst first of all 
who taught me how to set the tvpe, and how to hold the composing 
:stick, and 'how to impose the type on the stone, in order that after 
printing the paper could ))e folded without mistake, one page follow- 
ing another correctly. For three or four months I learned all tliat 
work, and was then able to do it myself without any further assis- 
tance; and as I went on I understood more and more of all the 
■anysteries of the work, both in regard to the mistakes that could 
he made in the press work, or in com]5osing type, or in the quantity 
of ink used. 

That whioh Mr. Milne told me to print first in the Malay 
language was the Ten C^ommandments given by God to the prophet 
Moses on Mount Sinai : when that was fiiiished, then we printed the 
two thousand words in the ]\Ialay and Englis'h languages, called 
A'ocabulary ; and when that also was done, Mr. Thomsen said, " Let 
us try and make an arithmetic l>ook in the English language, and 
we will translate it into Malay, in order that the lx)ys in school may 
•easily study it." I replied, '' Very well, sir, for there is no arith- 
metic l)()ok in the Malay language, ami I should be very glad if 
there was one." That very day I l)egan to translate the book called 
■*'• Aritlimetic " into the Malay language. I worked alternate days, 
one day I went to translate it into Malay, and the next I went to 
set it up iu tlie printing office; in this way the l)ook was finished, 
but there Avere not enough figures, for a great many Englis'h 
iio-ures had to be used. After tliat Mr. Thomsen taught me how 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 101 

to make' Ictlcrs or figures, namely, hv lilin;^- the steel ]>niich to the 
4le>ire(l sha])e : and whiMi it has hecii made as we desire, tlien it 
must he tempereiK and after tliat hi^ateii into copper, and tliat 
copper is then i)ut into the niouhl for easting type, and Ave can 
cast as many as we want, afterwards cutting the feet of the type 
Avitli the pro|)i'r instrmment so tliat they may he level, and Jiot high 
<ind low. Now the metal of which the type is made is not ordinary 
tin ; it is zinc, and is mixed with other things in order that it may 
he hrittle. Xow all the work which 1 have mentioned I was ahle 
to do hy myself hy the mercy of (iod; and it was I who made all 
the iigures and letters which were deficient at that time. After 
that a great many books were printed in Malay characters, such as 
ii book of conversations with a washerman, and a shoemaker, and 
so forth, in English and ]M;day: also a l)ook called *" Hustan 
Arifin," in English "Magazine;"" also several other hooks for tb.e 
use of the children in school, and stories translated from the 
English into the Malay language: 1 will not give the names of 
these books, because it would lengthen my task. .Vt that time l)0th 
inv hands were full of work, in teaching those gentlemen the Malay 
language, and in casting the type, and setting it up. So I asked 
Mr. Thomsen for another man to whom I could teach this work, 
because I mv'self did not have time; and he replied. '" Very well, 
von can teach a Portuguese boy, named Michael." \\"ith a great 
<leal of trouble, I taught him,, because he was dull, and he did not 
know the letters; however, after six or seven months lie under- 
stood a little, and was ahle to set type in a desultory way, hut it 
was a great trouble to do the jiroofreading. 

While this was going on, Mr. Milne received orders from his 
society to erect a building for the College, as it now stands at 
Malacca. It was very difficult to erect a building, liecause the 
compound was full of cocoanut trees, all of which were cut down, 
.several hundreds of them: and a great many workmen were em- 
])loyed. 

Most of the wood which was used in the building wa^ merbau. 
When all the materials were ready, one morning at six o'clock Mr. 
Milne invited all the officials at Malacca and all the Europeans, 
about fifty or sixty in all; A\'heu they were assembled, each of them 



102 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

])iit a dollar under the door, al)0\it seventy or eighty dollars, in a 
stone with a hole in it. All these o-entlenien set up the door, and 
Mr. Milne came and slapped the door, erying out the name of the 
Iniilding, "' Anglo-C'liinese College,'" and that is the name of the 
huilding for ever. After that was done they all went home. Tt 
took ahont a year or more to eom])lete the Imilding. and I do not 
kjiow how many tens of thousands of dollars were spent. Mr. 
Milne then removed to the ne^v house, and the old house was pulled 
down, and the ])]ac-e was levelled as a court yard for the new 
huilding. 

At that time there were a .gi'eat many Chinese aiul Portuguese 
and Malay children studying in the College, and about as many 
as ten children had become proficient in reading and writing the 
English language. It was then for the first time that a number 
of people at ilalacca learned to speak the English language. All 
the ]:)eople in ^lalacca of Dutch descent changed their customs and 
their language, and both in dress and in speech the men and women 
all followed the English customs. 

Dozens of times those gentlemen told me to look for Malay 
children, and call them so that they might come and study, and 
miglit knew how to read and write l)Oth Malay and English, bur 
they Avould ]iot come, because they were so stu^iid as to think that 
they would l>e made Christians, for they had the idea that they 
could be taken by force and made Christians. A great many times 
I tried to persuade them, telling them, " The English have no 
desire to drive anyone into their religion if that person himself does 
not wi.?h : but tlieir desire is that you may learn and know your 
own language and the English language, and afterwards it will be 
very useful, and if you become proficient you can. all easily earn 
your living ; moreover you can learn arithmetic, and would not that 
l)e useful to all of youf If you do not know arithmetic, how can 
you do business or Iniy and sell? I gave them much other advice, 
b\it they paid no attention: and the more I spoke to them, the 
more suspicious they became of me. thinking that I wished to 
injure them, until they became envious of me in their hearts, and 
they went quietly and stirred uj:» my father, telling him to warn me 
not to go and learn the English language, saying, " He will follow 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 103 

The Ki\i;"lisli ciistoins ami lu' will lose liis rcli,ii"ioii."" So my father 
was aiigTv with nie. and forhade nie. sayin<i\ *• I do not like your 
ji-<)in_u- to learn the Kniilish laniiuaiie and their writiny-s. For there 
are no Mohainmedans who learn that: and a ureat many people say 
tlnit it is not g'ood employment, and is destnu-tive to relij;"ion." 
When J heard him say that. I l)owed my head and my tears eanie. 
•■iiid 1 thouj^iit. ■* \\'hei-e does tlii> ti'ouhle eome frcnn. It is very 
stupid. For such a Ioul; tinu' my father has wanted me to be 
flever, and ]io\v lie is aiiiii'y with nie because I want to learu "What 
is ,i>"ood." So 1 answered, " Father, why do you forbid my study- 
in li?" Ih' said. " Jiecause a ^reat many people tell me that you 
will i)e ruined by learnint>- Kn_i«lisli and following the teaching- of 
the Europeans." I answered, " Oaiglit avb not to follow good 
<-ustoms, and abandon evil ones? il' from being ignorant we Itecome 
i-lever, can that be t-alled ruin? Please do ]iot listen to what 
those stupid people say. for they are all envious of me because I 
urge that their children should studv: would it not be better to 
study than to sit idly without gaining any advantage?'" My 
father answered, " You are now so clever at talking that 1 cannot 
compete witli you: formerly when you were little I could teach 3^011, 
but now you want to teat-h me. You think I am afraid of you." 
I replied, " Not merely a full-grown man like me, l)ut even if I 
were a prince you might beat me." When he heard that he went 
indoors to look for a rope and a rattan with which to beat me; but 
A\hen I saw that my father was very angr}^ I ran quickly and 
threw myself at his feet. That was the way with my father, 
however angry he might be, if 1 went and ask j^ardon kneeling at 
his feet, his anger passed away. So he said, '' Don't go and learn 
Knglish : I will get you a ])lace with some merchants who are 
selling cloth, and you can learn how to trade." I replied, ''That 
would be good, but I beg you. father, to let me study a little longer, 
until 1 can get the l^enefit of it." Even so I continued to g^o and 
study, and I told Mr. Milne and Mr. Thomsen all about the way 
in w hich people had stirred up my father; and they replied, "' Don't 
be afraid, we will go and see your father this very afternoon." In 
the afterjioon ^Ir. ]\Iilne and Mr. Thomsen went to my home and 
saw my father, and said to him, •' Do not worr}^ about 3'our son 



101 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Abdullah : we Mill take good eare of him. Do not listen to what 
those stupid jjeople say, for he will be proficient both in English and 
Malay if he studies a little longer. He is the only man amongst 
tlie ]\Ialacea people whom we have found to have the idea of study- 
ing, or who could l)e a teacher of the Malay language. By and 
l)y you will know the great value of his accomplislmient." From 
that day this idea got into my father's heart, and he was no longer 
angry because of my studying. 

All the people who had tried to disturb my father were 
ashamed, Init there was nothing more' that they coukl do, for their 
desire did not come to pass. All of them were doing nothing 
1)ut eat and 'sleep, having no occupation, while God gave me plenty 
to eat. and every month I received money as well as instruction. 
They were more and more spiteful because I was teaching all the 
clergymen and the English people in Malacca the Malay language, 
and was explaining it in English; but they did not find any way 
to do anything to me, so they called me by the name of the Eev. 
Abdullah, thinking that it would 1)e a shame and disgrace to me, 
moreover they reviled me l)ccause I was friendly with the 
Europeans, and thought «that my teaching them our language was 
a sin. Xow it appeared to me that their anger and spite was 
because they were foolish, while I was wise; were those foolisli 
fellows capable of teaching the clergymen or the Europeajis"? 
Without doul)t oidy an educated person could do so. I ask pardoa 
of all those who read this story of mine, for I do not wish to 
praise myself as being clever, for I am very far from any reputation 
for cleverness ; as the Malays say, '" If there is no rattan, even a 
mere vine is useful ; " moreover the Malays say, " Wherever tliere 
is no eagle, the grasshopper says, I am an eagle ; '' and so it is with 
me. Xow though all those people were spiteful and envious, I did 
]ujt pay any attention; as the Malays' proverh says, "However 
many dogs may bark at a hill, will it fall down? '' And again, '" If 
a tree is firm and has plenty of roots, why slliould it fear the 
storm f '' 

After I had been working for those gentlemen for six or seven 
years, my knowledge was greatly increased, and I had translated a 
great many English books into the Malay language, besides which 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH.. 105 

T had rovisLMl inauv hooks which had lut'ii writtrii l)y tiliom. But 
ovorv dav thev iiruiuhk'd at luc, s.iyinu. " Why (h) you not marry? 
It is not ^ii'ood Tor you to remain siliii'h' like this, liecause your 
parents are old : 'and two or three times they have told ns that they 
wished to get you married, l)nt you were not wiliinu." I replied, 
"Sir, how can 1 marry? for L ha\"e no money, and you ycnirselves 
can see that my house is delapidated, so how could 1 have the 
inarriage ceremony?'' Mr. Milne said, "Don't you he afraid, 
wluitever tlie expenses of your \\e(hlijig may hv 1 will give, and we 
will repair your house a little as a place for tlie marriage ceremony." 
They immediately sent for my father, and wlien he came, Mr. Milne 
said, " Please make arrangements for marrying Ahdullali." My 
father replied, " I' am much ohliged to you, sir, day and night 
1 have no other thought in my mind, and this a constant "worry to 
me; hecause he is my only son, and I and my Avife are old, so I 
am very anxions to see him married, and many times I have wanted 
to make the arrangements, but he was unwilling." ]\Ir. Milne said, 
" Xow I have s])oken to him, and he is willing, so make the arrange- 
ments quickly.'' 

When my father went home, within six or seven days he settled 
the arrangements for the wedding, for I had been engaged to be 
married for two years. When it was settled, my father came and 
told those gentlemen, and Mr. Milne and Mr. Thomsen came to my 
house, and they called a Chinese carpenter and told him to repair 
my house ; the}' told him to repair whate\er needed it, and to bring 
some furniture from their house. Wlien the lliouse M'as ready, they 
gave my father fifty dollars for the marriage ceremony. Then 
those people who had a grudge against me were pale with envy, 
seeing that the clergymen themselves came to my house to supervise 
the workmen. After that my father called together all our 
relatives, and my older brothers from Sungai Bharu. When they 
had all come together, I gave two hundred dollars into my fatlier's 
hands, and all my relatives spent money as they pleased, but my 
father spent most of all, because he was so glad about his only son. 

On the night when the preliminary henna ceremony ceased, 
Mr. Milne with fifteen European gentlemen and their wives came 
to eat at mv house; all the tables and chairs and men who waited 



lOG THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

on tabli' wt'Tt.' tln'irs, and I only l)oro tlic L'.\])rnso uf tlie food. All 
kijids uf food ^vel■(■ laid on the tal)U'. such as fonr roasted t-a|)Ons. 
and foni- .fried dneks. and a sheej) codked in the Tamil way, 
rhioken soup, and ve.uetahles, such as eahlja.m* and eggs, and egg 
]»lants hoiled wliole, and all kinds of the lust condiments and 
fruits; the rice was in Kahuli style, and there were also cakes, and 
candied fruits of all kinds. The upstairs rooms liad heen fnrnislied 
with all kinds of decorations, such as a ceiling cloth with painted 
decorations, and curtains of fine cloth. They all sat down to eat 
and drink and enjoy tliemselves. At that time many people were 
still more vexed to see me invite Europeans to my house, but I did 
]iot care ; as the Malays say, "■ Whoever digs a hole is the one who 
will fall into it." I also sat and ate witli them, and alter eating, 
])erfumes were pro\ ided. Each of them thanked me. and Avished to 
go and see my wife, so Mr. Milne took all uf them to my wife's 
house, and when they met her, each of them greeted her. That 
was tlie first time that my wife liad ever ^wn Englisih people, and 
jifter that she was no longer afraid of them or awkward like other 
women, who, wlien tluy see English people ruj) away helter-skelter 
not knowing liow to act; but in this case these were all the best 
kind of peojtle and knew how to act politely and respectfully. 

After we were married, Mr. ]\Iilne used to come to my house 
every four or hve days to see my wife, aiul both of us felt towards 
Mr. Milne as if he were our father, and if I did anything wrong 
my wife complaiuetl about it to him; and 1 just the same, wdiatever 
mv wife did wiong I complained to him, and he came and in- 
■structed ns and gia\e us advice. For this reason my wife and I 
were alw'ays \cvy affectionate until the time came when s'he bore 
our lii'st child ; ])eople thought that she would die, for she had very 
hard labor: ]\lr. Milne came and brought Dr. Chalmers, and «iod 
enabled him to give medicine and attend to her until both child 
iind mother were well. 

After my marriage, Mr. Milne gave me a holiday for a month. 
^»11(1 I did not go and study or w'ork, l)ut if there was any printing 
work he sent for me to look after it for a moment, and Avhatever 
was wrong I corrected, after which he told me immediately to go 
liome. This was the way with that good man, who knew how to 



THK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 107 

win nR'ii".s hearts, ami liail coiisidcratioii for othi'i's. wliicli is what 
I call good. Mr. Millie was very kind and tliouglitful, besides 
being helpful and alVeetionate. and ail of tins I carry on my head 
as a sign of homage, until the day of my death I shall not be able 
to reward him in full. Imt may (Jod give sevenfold blessings to 
liis deseeiidants, and this is the debt which I carry; as the Malay 
])roverl) says, " A debt of gohl can he paid, l)ut a debt of gratitude 
must be carried until death." 

At that time Mr. Milne was the head of the College, and 
neither Mr. Thomsen nor any of the other gentlemen was able to 
do anything of his own accord without Mr. Milne's knowledge. In 
the meanwbile a few days later Mr. Milne had a son, who was 
given the name of Farquhar by the Eesident., Mr. Farquhar. ISTot 
long after that a serious thing happened, for Mr. Milne's wife died, 
and was ])uried in the Fort. Now I noticed that after the death 
of his wife Mr. Milne gave way to grief, and took less interest in 
his studies land his teaching, so that not long afterwards he him- 
self fell ill with consummation, and his illness continually increased 
until he was very thin and had a chronic disease. The doctor 
said, '■ Every day you must go out to sea, and drink plenty of salt 
water: " so he did this every day, and took me with him, and some- 
times he would vomit because of the quantity of salt water which 
he drank. I constantly took care of him in his sieknass, and the 
disease continually increased, until he also died. But when he was 
ai)0ut to die. he gave instructions to Dr. Chalmers, saving, "When 
I am dead, cut open my chest, and see." So after he was dead, 
the doctor opened up his chest, and found that his liver was full 
of holes like a bee's nest; moreover in his liver he found two or 
three stones the size of kĕdĕli beans. At that time my grief was 
such as I cannot descri])e, as if my own father were dead; and my 
wife still more so, wee])ing incessantly for seven or eight davs, 
thinking of the goodness of Mr. Milne. But what more can I say : 
His appointed time had come. 

I continued to teach ]\[r. Thomsen regularly, and he became 
the head of the College for a short time. But not very long after, 
Mr. Thomsen planned to return to Europe, so as to take his wife 
home, for she was always ill; so he left me to look after all his 
work, and in tlie printing office he handed everything over to me. 



108 THE AUTOBIOCKAl'llV OP MUXSHI ABDUI-LAH. 

After alxiut sixteen or seventeen months, Mr. Thomsen came 
hack to Mahu'ca, sayinti" that liis wife had died at sea, aliout four 
or tive days hefore lie reached Kngiand. When he came, he brought 
with him a great many tools, such as files and gravers, etc., all of 
wliich were tools for making type; and. because we had all those 
tools. 1 worked at the type the more industriously. 

I noticed the way Mr. Thomsen did when he wanted to trans- 
late tlie Knglish language into Malay, he was very skilful in sub- 
stituting, and was ]io longer as he bad been 1)efore, for he had 
returned to his old custom. 1 found fault with him for all of this, 
l)(H-ause it is very awkward to a Malay's ear to follow the English 
idiom. He did wliat \ said in some cases, but in others he did not; 
and hecause of bis obstinacy his mistakes still remain till the 
present time in the (iospels. 1 will state this only briefly. One 
day Mr. Thomsen said to me, "■' I now want to do the Gospel of 
Matthew; we will take the translation in .lava Malay, and make it 
into correct Malay. The present translation was only made by the 
Dutch, and is not ]>roper Malay; let us translate, and change 
whatever words are not right." I replied, " If you want to change 
the words of the hook, give me the meaning exactly until I under- 
stand, and then I can give the Malay words; moreover, do not 
Inirry me, but have a little patience. And I want to make an 
agreement that you will not contradict whatever I tliink correct.'' 
He answered, "' A'ery well."* 

So I began to translate the Ijook, and 1 felt that he was limit- 
ing me too much, and did not give me scope of correcting it, be- 
cause he did not grasp the meaning of the Malay language. >So we 
came to where we were translating chapter one, verse two, where 
it says, " Al)raha.ni begat Isaac, and Isaac begat Jacob, and Jacob 
l)egat Judah and his brethren ; "' so 1 said, " People do not imder- 
.stand the word [iPranak (begat)."' He replied, "What would be 
right?" 1 answered, " Jhraliiin hcranakkan-lah Isaliak, dan Isa- 
hak- h('ran((nkk-an-Ia!i Yakoh, or, T)i-pĕran(ikkan-lah oleh Ihmliim 
Jikaii Jsahak: that is the Malay idiom, sir.'' He said, "If that is 
.so, then Abraham was a woman." I replied, " Everyone in the 
world can understand that it is only women that bear children, that 
is, the Avife of Abraham.'' "' I cannot follow that idiom," he said. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 109 

*' because it diJl'ers from the idiom of the Kiiulisli lai),i;ua,ii'e " l)egat," 
wliii-h means jivniitdk-Uih ." That was the kind of argument be- 
tween ns. the I'eason iA wiueli was that he did not yet gras}) the 
-Malay idiom: and to sueli an extent was this so. that lie even said 
that Mr. MarsdenV dietionary was wrong, because that gentk>mau 
folk) wed the Malay idiom. Similarily there are hundreds of jilaces 
in the Gospel of Matthew where the idiom is not correct. 

I will only give a brief account of what happened l)etween 
me and Mr. Thomsen. It was on account of this obstinacy and his 
ignorance of the Malay language that the sentences still remained 
in the dark. 1 will not mention the chapters and verses, but you 
gentlemen who read this story of mine know them full well; and 
if you hiul mistakes in the Gospel of Matthew translated by Mr. 
Thomsen, and awkwaj'd t-xpression in the Malay, you must consider 
well how 1 was nnder anthority, and could do nothing either to add 
•or take away a single word in that book without the permission and 
authority of Mr. Thomsen. I myself know that in that book there 
are many ]»laces which sound awkward, and Avhere the words are 
used ([uite out of })lace. It is Ijecause of these expressions that 
people misunderstand the meaning: l)ut what could be done? Es- 
})ecially as I do not understand the original language of the l)Ook, 
wjiich is said to be translated from the Greek language: if it had 
(jnly beeii from the English, I would have known a little about it. 
On account of all the hindrances which I have mentioned, you must 
]U)t abuse me or speak against my reputation heeause I was his 
teacher. Xevertheless I do not in the least profess myself to be 
•clever or free from mistakes, for I myself am continually bedaubed 
with errors, and am not free froaii faults; but though this is so, by 
God's will I do know the Malay idiom, and can distinguish 
between what is right and wrong, because that is my own language, 
-especially as 1 have studied it, and did not pick it up as I heard 
it along the road, nor did T copy it from other people. 

After the Gospel of Matthew had been revised, one day ^Ir. 
Thomsen said to me, " Let us now revise the Acts of the Apostles." 
I replied, " Very well, sir; but I have endured so much vexation in 
revising the Gospel of Matthew, and there are dozens of places 
where the translation is not at all according to my desire, so that 



110 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

my mind is very much distressed : but if vou wish, I will do what 
yoii say. But now in revising this I don't know how we shall get 
on." He answered, " The ex])ressions in that book were very 
difiicult, and for that reason if there are a few mistakes, who will 
find it outf But tliis Acts of tlie Apostles is only like a story, so 
you can easily revise it.'' I said, " Don't say it is easy ; I have read 
it, and not a single word of the Dutch translation can I under- 
stand, for it does not follow the syntax of the Malay language." He 
said, " Come, let us try." So I revised it : but this was just as I 
have described above. I will not tell all about it, as that would 
make too long a story, but I tried my Ijcst to make it according to 
the Malay idiom; just so that people would be able to understand 
it would be enough. In that way I did a little each day whilst 
doing other Avork, of which I had a great deal, until I had revised 
it with much trouble and many arguments; for it was Mr. Thom- 
son's w^ay to always steer his course according to the English lan- 
guage or the other languages which he was translating into Malay, 
without paying any attention to the idiom of the Malay language. 
For this reason anything which he wrote can immediately be recog- 
nized, for only the words are Mala}', but the construction of the 
sentences is English, and not at all like Malay writings. The work 
of translating from one language to another is a great art. 

The gospel of Matthew and the Acts of the Apostles were first 
printed at Malacca ; the copy was written by me, and the spelling 
and the joining of the words is all my work. After that I don'c 
know how many times they were printed again at Singapore and 
at Malacca, until at the present time I see that those books from 
beginning to the end have not ten words which are not wrong; they 
are full of mistakes, both in spelling and in the joining of w^ords , 
they have put in things which do not exist, and have omitted what 
ought to be there. For every one of the teachers who has not 
studied makes himself out to be clever ; as long as he gets his pay 
it will do, without any rule or knowledge as to which word should 
have an alif^ and which should not; and similarly with the other 
vowels ya and wan, they change wliatever they can. witliout know- 
ing the origin from which the word came ; if it originally had an 
aJif, they think it ouiiht certainlv to have one in combination, but 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. Ill 

this is not so : whoever desires to do so will add one. and whoever 
wislies will take it away, and tliev also chaniie the eomhiiiations. 
If this kind of tliini:' is continued foi- atxnit twenty years, Malay 
writing', and tlic s|)i'lliiii:-, and tli^ joinin.u" of the words, and the 
svntax of ihe Mm lay lanLiua.iic. and the rnk's of writin»" it will all 
he destroved. until at la>t one man's writing will not he ahle to be 
read hy another, because t'very one changes it according to his own 
cleverness, some adding and some taking away. And there are 
soane jjcople who because they are not versed in reading Malay 
writings add tlic Icttei's iftiii and ifo and alif so that people may read 
i'Msily: their own idea is that they imagine they are ahle to create 
the sky. the moon, and the sun. All of this arises through the 
ignorani-e of lOuropeans who learn, and the ignorance of Malays 
who teach : they want to make donkeys into horses, and think that 
by l)athing them and washing them with soap they \n\\. become 
horses: not considering that what is originally a horse will remain 
a horse, and the donkey will remain a donke}'. This is the ad- 
vantage of teachers and writers who are paid low \rages, they can 
•easily make horses into donkeys. As it seems to me. thev do ]iot 
want to learn the Malay language, but to destroy it. I know the 
foolish thing which they are doing, for their idpa is, let other 
people follow what they do, in order that they may be called clever 
for inventing soimething new: Init they do not know that when 
educated people see such work as that, they immediately recognise 
it as the work of an ignorant person, who has no learning and oidy 
wants to make himself out to be clever. It is just as the Malays 
say, " if you cannot repair it, at least do not break it:"" do you 
understand what that means'? If you have not sufticient skill to 
improve anything, do not in your haste break it, for there may be 
some other man coming after you who has more knowledge than 
yourself, and he may l)e aide to improve it. Would yon not be 
ashamed if some clever man should see the Gospel with such spell- 
ing, and such connection of words, and wrong expressions, such as 
no one ever n.-esV What will peojde think? For that is the book 
which Christians believe and honor : and is not that the l)ook which 
people will use as a pattern for the spelling and joining of words, 
iind will they not quote good expressions from it? Xow if you 



112 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF :NrUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

should do as 1 have described, it is as if you despised it, and it will 
])e despised liy those who see it ; for people will know that those 
Avho made it were ignorant and obstinate persons, and without 
education. And not only the spelling and the Joining of words, 
])iit even in the meanings there are many mistakes, as far from the 
original as the earth from the sky; in regard to such I cannot say 
yes or no. for I myself am an ignorant man, and do not know the 
words of the original ; but as I understand it the meaning is wrong. 
Will you please see for yourselves in the Gospel which Mr. 
Thomsen printed at Singapore, on page 201, verse 28, it reads like 
this, '"■ Then Simon lifted the child of Jesus in his arms, and praised 
God." Xow this serious mistake arose because he followed the 
idiom of the English language, putting the words one by one into 
Malay, and earing nothing about Malay idiom. As I understand 
it. the meaning of this sentence in the English if it were put into 
]\Ialay would be like this, " Simon lifted the child, that is Jes-us,'^ 
tbat is how I understand it, for I never yet heard in the Moham- 
medan religion, and much less in the Christian religion, that Jesus 
was married, so how could that child come? This expression I 
have found in the Gospel of Luke, and who the teacher was who 
taught like that, or what the obstinacy was I do not know. There 
are such mistakes in hundreds of places which I do not mention, 
I )ut I only give it briefly ; if I should mention all of them, I should 
fill ten pages of this paper; I only mention it as a warning to 
other gentlemen hereafter. I will now return to the story of 
myself while I was employed in the town of Malacca as a teacher, 
and was instructing Mr. Thomsen, that is to say concerning trans- 
lation from the English language into Malay. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 113 



Cli-VrTER 10. 

COL. FAlJQFHAirS SEAECH FOK A STRATEGIC 
POSTTIOX. 

While I was thus emph)ye(l, a report was heard at Malacca 
that an English cutter had been taken 1)V pirates, Jjetween Peuang 
and Malacca, and that an English lady who was in the l)oat had 
been taken away by the pirates to the eastward. It was said that 
the cutter had sailed from Penang, and this news soon spread. 
After that, two or three days later, another report was heard that 
Col. Farquhar was going to sail in an English ship, to go in search 
of that English lady. Mr. Farquhar took with him four or five 
Malacca Malays, and a writer named Enchek Yahya bin Abdul 
Wahid, usually called Enchek Siang; all of these sailed from 
M'alacca. Xo one knew the secret of the Eesident's departure; all 
that was known V)y the people of Malacca was that Col. Farquhar 
had gone to look for the lady; and for this reason I will not write 
the story, because I do not know about it : bul when they all came 
back to Malacca, I inquired quietly, and they whispered to me, 
saying, " It was not to look for a lady ; that report was spread 
intentionally, so that people might not know that the Englisli were 
going to search for a place to found a city.*' 

Col. Farquhar first went to Siak, to consult with the king of 
Siak, and to ask him for a place to Iniild a city at Tanjong Jati; 
but what was wrong about that place was that when the wind blows 
from the north waves are very l)ig, so that ships or 1)oats could not 
anchor, and for this reason it would not do. After that he went 
to Daik, and I don't know what consultation he had with the Yam- 
Tuan of Daik. Then he came to the Carimon Islands, and Avent 
ashore to see all the places and the mountains, and he liked them. 
But then he went to look for an ancliorage, and found it was all 



114 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHl' OF AIUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

coral reefs niid rocks, and he could not find a i)lace foi' slii|is to 
anchor: moreover he took souiidings all around tlie islands, and tlie 
water was very deep, and there was no ])lace for ships or hoats to 
shelter in a storm, and a slight error would take a vessel on the 
reefs. For all these reasons it would not do. so he went on hoard 
his ship. He next sailed to Johor, and when he arrived there he 
went on shore to see those places, and I do not know what he 
thought; afterwards he went on hoard his ship, and sailed hack to 
Malacca. When he arrived at Malacca, on that very day he gave 
authority to Ca])tain Daud as his deputy, to he the officer in 
Malacca, and when this was done he sailed hack again, intending 
to look for a })lace to huild a city. 

After Mr. Farquhar had l)een gone from Malacca two days, 
there came two large Dutch ships and a cutter,' hringing the Resi- 
dent and his secretary and officials, with Dutch and Javanese 
soldiers, and all their ecpiipment, for the purpose of taking over 
Malacca. At that time most of the Malacca people of all nation- 
alities were glad that the Dutch were taking the town of Malacca, 
hecause the-y imagine that they would find it easier than under 
English rule: hut they were not aware that the people who were 
coaming were horse leeches, who would suck the hlood from their 
l)odies. 

At that time I was very sad in my heart, ])ecause I thought 
that all my toil and trouble and my diligence for such a long time 
in learning the English language had been in vain; and if there 
should be no English in this town, to whom should I sell my wares ? 
Moreover not a solitary word of the Dutch language could I speak. 
My face was pale when I saw the people of Dutch birth in Malacca, 
for they brought my mistake home to me in having learned the 
English language and in liking the English people ; their faces were 
flushed with joy, hecause their race was coming and they under- 
stood the language. Many of them said to me, " Now what is the 
good of the English which you have learned. If you had learned 
the Dutch language would it not have been very useful? for a great 
many of the Dutch want to learn the Malay language, because this 
town will now remain permanently in the hands of the Dutch." 
When I heard that, I thought more and more about it, and soane- 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 115 

times I regretted that 1 liad learned English. At that time I felt 
iis if some one was arousing me from sU^ep. saying. '" Trust in God, 
who gi\es sustenance to all his servants in a way which His 
creatures cannot know: and not because they know English or 
Dutch, for it comes without measure."' 

When the Dutch ships and the cutter arrived, their crews came 
on shore, and they lived at Bandar Hilar, but the town had not yet 
been handed over, because the Eesident was not there. After five 
days Mr. Farcpdiar arrived, and he gave authority to Captain Daud 
telling him to hand over the town of ]\Ialacca ; and the same night 
he sailed again. 

The next day at seven o'clock in the morning the Dutch troops 
entered the Fort, with their officers, and their fife and drum band 
and other music, and their Resident Avith his secretary bringing 
the Dutch flag; and at that time they all had their swords drawn 
in their hands. When they arrived at the hill near the flagstaff, 
the English troops with their officers and all the officials and their 
fife and drum l)and were ready waiting, each of them holding a 
drawn sword in his hand. First of all they hoisted the English 
flag, and the English played their fifes and drums, and it made 
one's heart very sad to hear the sound. I noticed that they all 
appeared to l)e sad and sorrowful, like people at a funeral, and 
every face were ])ale. After a period of about ten minutes the 
flag was lowered. Both the detachments of troops stood ready near 
the flagstaft', the English and the Dutch soldiers, but each on their 
own side. The people of the town were also there in dense crowds 
to see the sight, and the men who were to read the proclamation 
in four languages were all ready. After that the Dutch flag was 
hoisted, and the Dutch Jiiusic was played with a loud noise; and 
after about ten minutes it was lowered again. While the Dutch 
flag was being lowered, I noticed that the men of the two detach- 
ments acted as if the}' would like to kill one another, both sides 
being angry and their faces crimson; they were like tigers about 
to spring, all of them having their weapons unsheathed in their 
hands. After that both flags were hoisted, the Dutch and the 
English flags together; and after some time both of them were 
lowered and hoisted again, until this had l)een done three times ; 



IIG THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

then filially tlu' Eiig'lish flag was slowly lowered. At that time I 
noticed that many ot the English people were weeping;, while the 
fifes and drums played slowly, like the sonn/i of voices wailing, and 
every one who saw them was awe-struck. When the English flag 
reached the iiroimd, the Proclamation was read in the languag'e 
of each nationality : and the words of the proclamation were as 
follows : 

'■ Ph' it known unto all men in this town that this Procla- 
mation is read in witness of the fact that the king of England has 
decided with all his officials in the treaty of peace that the town 
of Malacca is surrendered 1)y His Majesty the king of England to 
His Majesty the king of Holland." 

AVheii this had heen done, all the English troops and their 
officers returned home, and the Dutch troops with their officers went 
to take over the guard in all those places which had been guarded 
liy the English troo])s. 

The name of the Eesident who had just come was Timmerman 
Thyssen, and his secretary's name was Bamgoor, iind the name of 
the ('ommaiidant of the troops was Major, and he was a French- 
man. On that very day the Resident moved to the house of the 
English I'esident, and his secretary lived in the Fort, his house 
being on the side towards the sea, and he had a sentry in full 
uniform at his door. But all the troops who came were Javanese 
and Madurese. 



THE AUTORIOOKAPHV OF MUXSIH ABDULLAH. U*; 



ClIAPTEI! 11. 

Till-: FOIXDIXG OF 8rX(rAl'0HE. 

I will now r(>tiiru to the story of how Col. Fari|uhar saikul 
away in a ship. He ordered the ship to steer towards the Straits 
of Singapore ; and the reason why he went there was that for a 
long time he had heen friendly with '^J'engku l^ong. the son of 
vSultan Mahmud, at the time when he was at Malaeca; and I heard 
it said that Tĕngku Long had received some money from Col. 
Farquhar. At that very time he had promised to give the island 
of Singapore to the English. Moreo^■er Mr. Farquhar had been to 
Kian to meet with him, in order to enter into such an agreement 
with him, and when the agreement had been made, he then returned 
to Malacca to hand the town over to the Dutch as I have descri1)ed. 
Xow all that was said and done between Col. Farcjuhar and Tĕngka 
Long was reported by letter to Eaffles while he was still at Penang. 
and Mr. Eaffles had made known all the circumstances to the 
Governor-General in Bengal ; so there came a reply from Bengal to 
say, "' If you wish to found a city at Singapore you can do so. and 
the Company does not forbid it ; the Company however will not pay 
the expense of founding the city, but you and Mr. Farquhar must 
})rovide the money yourselves. When that has l)een done, the 
Company Avill consider the matter." Mr. Eaffles then told the 
Governor-General that he would consult Col. Farcjuhar al)out the 
matter, and he said, '"AMiatever happens we must found a city on 
the island of Singapore." Mr. Eaffles also came to ilalacca, and 
when the matter had 1)een decided, he sent Mr. Farquhar to Sing- 
apore to carry out the work as far as was necessary until he should 
came. For at that time he went to Acheen, being sent there by 
the Governor-General to settle a quarrel which the j^rinces at 
Acheen had among themselves, for Acheh Pedir and Telok Semawi 
wanted to fight: and thev had sent a letter to Benu'al asking for 



118 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

assistance in the settlement of the quari-el, so Mr. Eaffles was told 
to settle it, and he sailed to Acheen. It was just after that that 
Mr. Farquhar sailed to Singapore, as I have already related. 

When he arrived there, he went on shore in the ship's hoat, 
together with the Malacca men whom he had taken with him ; and 
they landed on the Esplanade Avhere tlie Court has now heen huilt, 
and found the place full of l-ennuni'uKj and sakĕdudoTc bushes. On 
the side towards the river there were four or five little huts, and 
there were six or seven cocoanut trees which had been planted 
there; and there was one house a little larger. Ijut also l)uilt of 
atdji, which was where the Tĕmĕnggong lived. Mr. Farquhar 
walked all round the Esplanade, and the sea gypsies {Orang Laut) 
came and looked at him, and then ran and told the Tĕmĕnggong. 

Immediately the Tĕmĕnggong accompanied by four or live men 
])eari]ig arans came to meet Mr. Farquhar. The heat was then very 
great, and Mr. Farquhar went under tlie shade of a l-ĕlat tree in 
the middle of the Esplanade. Wlien they met they greeted one 
another by touching hands, and Mr. Far(|uliar shook his hand, and 
he took Mr. Farquhar to his house. W'lien they got there, Mr. 
Fanpihar spoke about his coming, and told liim how originally 
he liail received a letter from Bencoolen sent Ijy Mr. Raffles to tell 
]n'm tu look for a good place to Imild a town, because Malacca had 
been surrendered by His Majesty the king of England to the king 
of llollaiid: moreover he said, "If the English do build a town 
here, it will be \"ery easy for the Malays to trade, and tlie European 
merchants will also come here to trade."" He said many other 
nice tilings, and gave him advice in order to please the Tĕmĕnggong, 
like giving him a lump of sugar to suck. The Tĕmĕnggong an- 
swered, " Sir. I am a run-away, who have come here from Riau 
in a bad liumour. You know as well as I do the w^ay of Malay 
liriiict's. each of them wishes to exalt himself. That is why I cam-e 
away to this island in tlit' middle of the sea. Moreover I am the 
heir to tliis place, for according to Malay laws and customs it is the 
Tĕmĕnggong who controls all rooks and island. Ijut the real owner 
is tlie late Sultan Mahniud. He had two sons. Iiut neither of tlieni 
were legitimate children, one was named Abdul Kahman, and the 
other Husaiu, whose title is Tĕngku Loiiy". Xow since the late 



THE AL'TOBIOORAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 11!) 

Sultairs (Icatli. the princes in the kingdom of Daik and IJiaii and 
J'ahauii' arc all in donhr as to who should hc> made 8ultan by the 
Bĕndahara, I'oi' liotli of them an- sons of the late Sultan. Tengku 
I'utt'ri. the SultaiTs widow, wishes Tengku Long to he king, hut 
the priiui's wisli tn make Tengku Abdul IJahman the king; for 
that reason they are all at loggerheads. I'nder these circumstances 
Tengku Abdul liahman was sulky, and went to Tĕrĕngganu, and 
Tengku Long remains at liiau; that is the root of the matter, sir. 
Xow all the royal insignia have l)een handed over to Tengku Puteri. 
the Sultan's widow." When Mr. Farquhar heard the story which 
the Tĕmĕnggong told him, he smiled and said, ''Tengku, all of this 
has been in ]Mr. Kaffles mind, and he will set it right." 

^[r. Far(iuhar then quickly changed the subject, and said, 
•■ 'Jengku, what is the name which people give to this hill near 
litiv?" ]fe re])lied. "This hill for ages past has been called The 
Forhid.dt'n Hill." ^Ir. Far(pdiar asked, " Wiiy is it called The 
Forbidden Hill?" The Tĕmĕnggong replied, "The story is that 
in the time of the Sultans of former ages, their place was built 
on thi< hill, therefore they forbade any one to go up there except 
hy order of the king, or if sent for by him; that is why the hill 
is calle.l The Forl)idden Hill. Xow at the back of that hill there is 
a water Jfipe. and tliat ])hice is called The Forbidden Pipe, for that 
is the place where all the concuhines and wi\'es of the Sultan bathed, 
and no one could go there." 

After that ^Ir. Faripdiar said, "Tengku. the object of my 
coming, after consulting with ^Tr. EafHes, and with the consent of 
TcMigku Lo)ig, the son of Sultan ^lahmud who is at Eiau and 
Lingfga, is to hand over tb.e island oi^ Singapore to the Fnglish 
conq)any to be made a city, so as to perpetuate the names of the 
Sultans of former times, and in order that it may be an evident 
sign of the loyalty of Tengku Long and yourself to the English 
Conqjauy. Under these circum.stances, until Mr. Patfles comes, let 
us two plan what should he done in the opinion of Tengku Long and 
yourself, and also in onler that we may make an agreement be- 
tween the two parties, that is to say, the Fnglish Conqjany witli 
Tengku Long and yourself. AYhat do you think of that plan ? " 
When the Tĕmĕnggono- heard him sav that, he was silent for a time 



120 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 

witliout sneaking, after wliieh he said, '" vSir, 1 am iiiider the 
;uitlioritv of Teng-kii Long, and if this is done witli the consent of 
Tĕngku Long, I also agree."' Mr. Farquhar replied, '" If yon really 
consent to this, let us make a Avritten agreement.*" The Tĕmĕng- 
gong answered, "Sir, what is the good of a signature? This 
tongue of mine is sutticient."" Mr. Farquhar replied. " Tlie custom 
with us Europeans is that a signature is necessary, in order that 
our i)romise cannot change."* Mr. Farquhar tlien «^aid to Inchek 
Siang, " Write a document according to wliat tlie Tĕmĕnggong 
agrees to." He immediately prepared the document in the words 
Tĕmĕnggong desires friendly relations with tlie English Company, 
mentioned ahove, as follows : "■ This document witnessetli that the 
and is willing (with the consent of Tĕngku Long) that the island 
of Singapore shall l)e given to the English Company, that is to say, 
to ]\L\ Eaffles and Mr. Farquhar, in order that they may huild a 
town.*" When that was completed tliey affixed their signatures. 
Mr. Farquliar tlien lield the Temenggong's ]iand, and shook it 
saying, " Tengku, from this day we are friends without ceasing 
until the end." 

After that Mr. Farquhar said, " Tengku, I now want to hring 
the tents on shore from the ship, what would be a good place for 
tliem?*' The Tĕmĕnggong answered, "Wherever row like, sir.*' 
Mr. Far(|uluvr said, " I think this open space would be good." 
After a short time boat came froan the ship, and tlie ])eople from 
the ship came on shore, bringing the tents and all their equipment. 
Some of the men were ordered to clear the l)rusliwood. and others 
to ])itch the tents, and after about two hours the tents were stand- 
ing. Mr. Farquhar tlien ordered a well to be dug under that lilat 
tree, and that was the water whicli they all drank. At that time 
there were thirty Malacca men with him, and that night they were 
on guard in turn around the tents. 

Early the next morning Mr. Farquhar ordered a pole to be set 
up about six fathoms long (3G'), and when it was erected, the 
Englisli flag was hoisted on the seashore. At that time there was 
no food to be obtained and so Mr. Farquliar gave the men twenty 
dollars, saying, " Go and buy some food for us to eat." They went 
in searcli for it, but could find nothing, and all they had to eat 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY" OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 121 

what came from the ship, they had dollars to buy it, but there was 
uone to be obtaiued. There were two or three little huts close 
together near tlie Temenggoug's house, and the people who lived in 
them ate the sprouts ot trees and dried fish and sago, and occasion- 
ally they got rice. At the far end of Kampong Gĕlam there Avere 
two or three huts of sea-gypsies of the tribe of Gĕlam, who lived 
there making mats and sails, and that is why the village is called 
Kampong Gĕlam. 

In those days, as for passing tlirough the Straits of Singapore, 
not only men, but even the devils and evil spirits would be afraid, 
for that was the room in which the pirates slept. Wherever they 
went to attack ships or cutters or native vessels they brought them 
to Singapore, for that was the place where they divided the spoil 
and killed the crews, ur else killed one another in struggling for 
the property. 

Xow as to the sea-gypsies {Orang Laut) who lived in the 
native vessels, they acted like wild animals; if they saw a number 
•of people coming, when there was time they would escape in their 
l)oats. but if there was no time, they would plunge into the sea 
and dive like fish, disappearing for about half an hour before they 
came up again, which would be a distance of one or two hundred 
fathoms from the place where they jumped in; both men and 
women did like that. And especially the little children much more 
so; when they saw anyone, they would scream as if they would 
die, just as if they had seen a tiger. It was these people avIuo 
brought fish for the Tĕmĕnggong to eat, and at that time they 
knew no other way of catching fish but by spearing them. Most of 
the fish which were speared were ihan tĕnggiri, but sometimes 
they got other fish, such as ikan jjarang- parang, etc. Moreover at 
that time the fish at Singapore were tough and hard like the skin 
of a buffalo, because the fish were not yet; accustomed to being 
eaten ; and they were very tame, so that big fish could ])e caught 
close in shore; and there were cockles everywhere on the seashore, 
which came up of their own accord, so that in a few minutes one 
could gather gallons of them. 

The Tĕmĕnggong told the sea-gypsies to come and sell fish 
to our people, but though they came and brought fish, it was with 



12-2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSH! ABDULLAH. 

fear and trembling, and they were amazed to see the tents, and 
people's elothintj, etc. Whatever price was given them for the fish, 
or if it was exchanged for a little tol:)aceo or rice, they would take- 
it and go away. And when they came, Mr. Farquhar gave them 
money and cloth and rice, because he saw that they had no clothes,, 
in order that they might become familiar with us. In that way 
after a day or two they became friendly, and helped the newcomers 
to l)ear their burdens ; but their children were still very shy, so- 
that they liecame sick owing to their fear of people ; one child was 
even lost in the sea off Telok Ayer, because he was frightened to 
see a number of peo^jle walking near his vessel, so he plunged into 
the sea at high tide when the current is strong, and he did not 
come up again, l)ut was lost, being carried out to sea by tlie current. 

Every day Mr. Farquhar was occupied -in walking about here 
and there to look at the place ; but the paths were all overgrown 
with Jungle, and it was only in tlie middle of the esplanade that 
there was no big jungle, but only l-ĕrtnunting and sakĕdudok bushes, 
and Idat trees, and the edge of the water was covered with ambong- 
amhong and mMpari and bulangaii and iulang-iulang trees. On 
tlie other side of the river there was nothing to be seen but man- 
grove trees, and api-api and huta-buta and jĕni/u and tulang-tulang. 
And in no place was there good ground even ten fathoms in width, 
l)ut only mud with the mounds cast up i)y land-crabs, and it was- 
only on the hills that there was clay soil. There was one large 
high liill near the end of the point at the mouth of the Singapore 
Eiver. 

Tn the mouth of the Singapore Eiver there were a great many 
large rocks, but there was a channel in between the rocks, which 
was as crooked as a snake when it is beaten. Among all those 
stones there was one with a sharp point like the snout of a sword- 
fish, and that was called by the sea-gypsies Batu Kĕpala-Todak 
(Sword-fish-head Eock), and they believed that that stone had an 
evil spirit or ghost. It was at that stone that tliey all paid their 
voA\'s, and that was the place they feared, and they set up banners 
and [laid it honor: for they said, "If we do not honor it, when we 
go in and out of the straits it will certainly destroy us all. So 
every day they brought offerings and placed them on that stone. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 125 

Ami all along the edge of the shore there were rolling hundreds of 
luunaii skulls in the sand, some old and some new. some with the 
hair still remaining on them, some with the teeth filed, and other* 
not. skulls of all kinds. Mr. Farquhar was informed of this, and 
when he saw them, he had them pieked up and thrown out to sea ; 
so they were put in sacks and thrown into the sea. At that time 
the sea-gypsies were asked, " AVhose skulls are all these?"' And 
they said, " These are the heads of tlie victims of piracy, and this 
is Avhere they were killed." Wherever native vessels or ships were 
attacked, the pirates came here and divided the ])lunder: in some 
eases they killed one another iu struggling for the booty : in other 
cases it was those whom they had bound. It was on the shore here 
that they tried their weapons, and here also they had gambling and 
cock-fighting. 

One day Mr. Farquhar washed to go up the hill which the 
Tĕmĕnggong had called The Forbidden Hill. The Temenggong's 
men said, " Xone of us dare go up, because there are many evil 
spirits there; for every day can be heard up there like the sound of 
hundreds of people. Sometimes there can be heard the sound of 
gongs and drums, and the shouts of men." * Mr. Farquhar laughed 
and said, " I want to see those ghosts ; " and he said to all the 
Malacca men, " Haul this gun up the hill." In doing this many 
of them were afraid, but as there was nothing else to do, they 
hanled the cannon up; hut all of them were Malacca men, for not 
a single Singapore man dared to go near. Xow there was not 
mnch jungle on the hill, and not many large trees, but only a clump 
here and there. They were all afraid, but being ashamed because 
Mr. Farquhar was with them, they went np Avhether they liked it 
or not. When they reached the top. Mr. Farquhar ordered the 
cannon to be loaded with shot, and he himself fired it twelve times 
in succession, pointing it in all directions, after that he ordered 
a pole to be erected, and hoisted the English flag, saying, '' Cut 
down all this Innishwood." He also had a road made for people 
to go up and down the hill, and this work of cutting down the 
jungle and making roads was done every day. 

At that time on the island of Singapore there w^ere no animals 
seen either wald or tame, except rats: but there were thousands of 



124 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

iield rats everywhere, large ones, almost as big as cats, and if one 
Avalked at night one would stumble over them, and many people 
fell, so big were they. One night in the house where I lived, in 
which a cat was kept, in the middle of the night the cat was heard 
mewing, and my friend went out with a torch to see what was the 
matter with the cat : when he caught sight of it, there were six or 
seven rats crowding around and l)iting the cat; some were biting 
its ears, and others its hands and feet, while some bit its cheeks, 
till the cat could no longer move, but could only mew. When the 
man saw that, he shouted to me, and I ran to the back to see it, 
nntil six or seven men came crowding close to it, but even then the 
rats would not let go of the cat; but when the cat saw a number 
of people, it mewed still more, like a person calling for help, so 
someone took a stick and killed two of the rats which were biting 
the cat's ears. When its ears were free, the cat pounced on one of 
the rats and killed it, then the man struck another, and the rest 
ran away. But the cat's face and nose were covered with wounds 
and bedaubed with blood. Every house was like that, full of rats, 
so that one could hardly stand it, as they did not take any notice 
of people. In Mr. Farquhar's tent it was just the same, so much 
so that Mr. Farquhar gave orders, saying, " Whoever kills a rat, I 
will pay him a irang (2-| cents)." When people heard that, every- 
one made appliances for killing rats; some made snares, and others 
traps, and some used poison, and others set bird lime. Xever be- 
fore in my life did I see rats caught Avith bird lime, not until this 
time. Some people were very clever at finding their holes, and 
others speared them : people had all sorts of ways for killing rats. 
Every morning they came in crowds bringing the carcases of rats 
to Mr. Farquhar's house; some had 50 or 60, and others only six 
or seven. At first the rats brought every morning would number 
almost thousands, so that they lay in heaps, and Mr. Farquhar paid 
as he had promised. When this had gone on for six or seven days, 
and he saw there were still a great many, he reduced the price by 
one half (5 duits) ; but even so thousands were brought, so he 
ordered holes to be dug fairly deep, and buried all the rats. In 
this way the number of rats decreased a little, until only ten or 
twenty were brought every day, and so the fighting and disturbance 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 125 

of the rats in Singapore ceased, and tlicv all entirely disa])|)eared. 
After a fe^v days a great nnnil)t'r of centipedes canic out, and 
here and there people were bitten by centipedes. In evci'y houses 
if one sat down for a moment, two or three of them would fall from 
the roof: moreover when we slept at night, there would certainly 
be found nnder one's mat two or three big centipedes when we got 
np in the morning, and so people made a fuss. Mr. Farquhar 
heard about this, and so he gave orders that whoever killed a centi- 
pede should be given a tcang (24 cents). When they heard of this, 
people looked everywhere for them, and every day hundreds were 
brought, everyone catching them as best he knew how. In this way 
their number decreased, but every two or three days people would 
bring twenty or thirty of them, until the fighting and the dis- 
turbance about the centipedes ended, and people no longer shouted 
out because of the pain of the centipede bites. 



126 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 



Chapter 12. 
DUTCH ETTLES IN MALACCA. 

I will not tell about the town of Malacca, after it had been 
surrendered by the English into the hands of the Dutch. Every 
day they made some change in the customs and rules and regulations 
of the English, and in so doing they did great wrong to the poor; 
■every day people were being lined, and the taxes were being in- 
creased, for they put taxes on whatever had not been taxed by the 
English, so that people could not even dig a new well without pay- 
ing a tax, and tliose who built houses were taxed. I 'annot re- 
member all the things that were taxed; even the boats that went 
out to sea were taxed, etc. 

Xow the Dutch secretary, named Bamgoor, was a horse-leech 
who drank the blood of Cod's creatures. He had four policemen, 
and all of them were like little leeches, which jump wherever they 
■come across men or animals, and suck their blood, because they 
want to become as big as pythons. These men acted as spies in 
€very house, and when they found even a slight case of itch, they 
would exaggerate it and say, " You will get running sores : " and 
they threatened them. Because people were afraid, they gave them 
bribes, so that they might keep quiet. Then they would go and 
tell their friends, and they in their turn would come and threaten 
those people, and so get some bribes. That was tlie way in which 
Cod's creatures were oppressed at that time in Malacca ; everyone 
Avas abusing and cursing them, and groaning every day, and people 
were being fined incessantly, and one thing or another was being 
done to tliem. A^'licn the secretary left the Fort on horseback, 
everywhere people were running home quickly to their houses to 
take their brooms and sweep in front of tlieir doors ; so that there 
was tlie loud sound of tlie brooms wherever he went, because they 
were afraid of being fined ; nevertheless when he went home three 



THE AUTOBKXiHAFHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 127 

.X)V four ])eople would l)e HiumI. and this happened every day, until 
he was nit-knamed Mr. Broom; when anyone wished to mention 
him they said Mr. Broom, and tliat was enough, for everyone under- 
. stood. All the nationalities in the entire town cursed and ahused 
him. As the Malays say, "' Knives and bill-hooks may be blunt, 
])ut men's mouths are very sharp." 

The writer of this story thinks that everything which the 
Dutch pcoi)le did was as if they wanted everything to be clean. I 
like such a desire very nuu-h, and it is (juite right, so that people 
.should not every day be wallowing in dirt, both as regards the town 
.and the home, and as regards eating and drinking, it was right for 
them to do that in order that they might warn the Malays and 
• other races about these things. But what the Dutch did at Malacca 
was altogether outrageous in regard to what I have mentioned, and 
.«very day their injustice and tyranny increased, and that was why 
the hearts of all God's creatures were agitated, and as they had no 
power to revenge themselves, they brought their complaint before 
'God. So in a few days, in less than three months, by the will of 
God, Mr. Brown fell sick, acting like a crazy person, in constant 
fear, and screaming out, saying that he was being beaten. Many 
■doctors treated him, but he got no better, and only screamed more 
iind more, and Avhen he was l)y liimself he would dash here and 
there, only wanting to run away. One night while people slept 
he jumped down from the upper story and fell in the middle of 
the road, and thus died leaving a bad reputation. 

Moral. Xow all tlie things which I have mentioned should be 
taken as an e.xample by all men of intelligence, for they clearly 
show that the recompense of God is not by beating witli sticks or 
.stones or other weapons, but comes unexpectedly, and He repays 
good to everyone who does good, and similarly evil to those who 
do evil. 

When all tlie jjcople of ^lalacca heard that Mr. Broom was 
dead, everyone stretched out his hands to heaven, saying, "Amen, 
<) Lord; but tliis is not yet enough; if this Dutch Eesident should 
.also die, then the town of Malacca would have peace. After Mr. 
Broom was dead, his wife and children sailed from Malacca to re- 
turn to Batavia, and it is said that his wife died at sea, and one of 
his children arrived at Batavia seriou.slv ill. 



128 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Then for the fir?t time the news came to ^lahicca that the 
English had prepared a place in the Straits of Singapore to build 
a town. Most people did not believe this news : some said. " This 
is a false rumor; perhaps the English have just called in to see the 
place." Others said, "Even if the English should build the town, 
it would not succeed, because there would be no little expense, and 
besides the English are not so crazy as to throw away that much 
money." The people of Malacca had all sorts of ideas about it: 
they all said what they liked, each according to his own ability,, 
their tongues having no bone. Two or three days later, a boat came 
bringing the news that Mr. Farquhar was really at Singapore, and 
was going to build a town, and that a number of Malacca men were 
there with him. These men said that whoever brought food, such 
as fowls and ducks, and any kind of fruit, and similar things, would 
make great profits. Even so. not many people believed. Then in 
the next day or two there came a l)oat bringing a letter from Mr. 
Farquhar to his agent at Malacca, telling him to send his things. 
Moreover the Malacca men who were with him all sent letters to' 
their relatives, telling them to bring food and fowls and ducks. In 
their letters it was also mentioned that Mr. Farquhar was at Singa- 
pore, and had hoisted the English flag, but that Mr. Farquhar said 
the question was not yet settled about that place as to whether a 
town would be built or not, but when ^Ir. Raffles came they would' 
get definite news. 

When they heard that information, a great many people wish- 
ed to go and take all kinds of food, but at that time the pirates- 
were as audacious as chickens, so that they even captured the fisher- 
men's boats in the Malacca anchorage. Every day they could be 
seen passing from west to east and from east to west, and the Dutch* 
paid no attention ; for this reason some of those who wished to go 
were afraid. Xotwithstanding that, people went to take food, be- 
cause they heard of the big profits, and wlien they reached Singa- 
pore they could double their money. When others heard this they 
were very eager to take things tiiere, and some went merely as 
labourers, and others to open shops: and this news spread all over 
Malacca. When the Dutch heard that the Enirlish were s^oing to- 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 129 

build a town at Singapore, they were hot with anger and full of 
envy in their hearts, for they thought that if Singapore should real- 
ly become a town, then Malacca would be deserted. All the while 
people were taking food and poultry to Singapore, and the Dutch 
were angry, and would not allow anyone to take anything to Singa- 
pore, and they confiscated any boat intending to go to Singapore; 
many people lost money by this coniiscation. In spite of this being 
done, people took things secretly ; but this was found Out, and the 
boats were confiscated and the people punished, some being im- 
prisoned and others fined. Finally they had the Malacca river 
guarded by cruisers, and if any boat intended going to Singapore 
it was captured ; but even so many people went there, and those 
boats which were found were captured, and any which escaped 
succeeded in getting there. Those who came across the pirates were 
all killed, but in some cases the crews jumped overboard, and only 
the boats were captured. At that time dozens of Malacca boats 
were taken by pirates, and in some cases only the crews returned 
with just the clothes they had on, in other cases they entirely dis- 
appeared, crew and all, and some were taken to other countries and 
sold ; sometimes the goods were taken and the boats sunk, and some- 
times both sides fought, and many were killed, after which they 
escaped; thus it happened to them, everyone just trying his luck. 
The place which was most feared by those who wished to go to or 
return from Singapore was the strait of the island of Kukop, for 
that was where the pirates assembled ; they simply waited in the 
Kukop Straits, for that was just like a room, and however strong 
the wind was it would be calm there. Now in order to get shelter 
from the wind, people went through the Kukop Strait, and that 
was where they were captured by pirates, who could see other people, 
while others could not see them, and that wa's why they so often 
came across them, and could easily be captured. It was at that 
time that about forty Malacca men, natives of Kampong Java, and 
all young men, were going in a boat to get their living at Singa- 
pore, and they entirely disappeared and none of them was seen 
again, for they were all killed ; no news was heard of them, because 
they all resisted. 



130 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

XoAv althou"h there were so niaiiv dano-ers on the wav, huiid- 
reds of Malacf-a men came to Singapore, because evervone wanted to 
earn a living, and the more so because they were in distress at 
Malacca having no employment, and because of the oppression of 
the Dutch which I have mentioned above. For this reason they 
trusted to luck in coming to Singapore, some as labourers cutting 
down the jungle, and others as laborers building houses, whih' 
some had sliops and others were merchants, and some were engaged 
ill crime and cheating, every man in his own way. Although this 
was so, the people of Malacca were full of doubt that perhaps 
Singapore would not become a town. At that time there was great 
distress in regard to food at Singapore, a fowl sold for two rupees 
and a duck for a dollar, and even at that price they were unolitain- 
able. Eggs were a irang each (2| cents), and the jamhu fruit a 
tcatjg or two cents each. Money was very plentiful, but food could 
not be had. because the Malacca boats were prevented by the Dutch 
from coming. If even one Malacca boat went astray and arrived 
there, everyone would go in crowds, and scramble for their goods, 
and people would buy even things of no value, a ]3ineapple would 
fetch seven icany (174 cents), aiul an overripe duruin 2 rupees; at 
that price I myself bought a very inferior diirian, and all sorts of 
things were very dear. 

Xow by the decree of Grod most high in regard to His crea- 
tures, the Dutch I?esident at ilalacca, named Timmerman Thyssen, 
also died. So all the punishments and confiscations and fines de- 
creased somewhat, and the mouths of the people of Malacca ceased 
from cursing, and were able to catch their breath a little, for the 
punishments at Malacca slackened. But he also died with a bad 
reputation, inasmuch as many rich people at Malacca were ruined 
because they had lent him money, and he had many del:>ts every- 
where, and had embezzled a great deal of Government money, and 
many people cursed him. After he was dead, his property and his 
house were auctioned, but not one-tenth of all his debts was realized, 
and the remainder was absolutely lost. At that time the Malacca 
people were as dry as fish dried in tlie sun. because it was difficult 
to get employment, and native trading vessels did not come, neither 
did the English ships call there ; but those who had property lived 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 131 

on their means, and there was nothing else that they could do, he- 
eause their homes and their families and parents were there, so 
what could be done? They remained there whether they wished 
or not, like tigers chewing the earth; for if it had not been so, 
that very moment they would have flown away from Malacca. 
Moreover even rice was very dear at times, and so the Malacca 
people were in great straits. 

Moral. It is right that all men should give thanks to God a 
thousand times for His rich grace and His pity to His creatures, 
because at the time when the drought was so severe in Malacca 
He sent down heavy rains from Singapore, because the English had 
founded that town, so that people could get a cool air and sustenance 
from thence, and rich and poor according to their station were able 
to catch their breath, as was allotted to each. For at that time 
even the garbage from Malacca if taken to Singapore would become 
money, how much more anything good; this was because the people 
of other countries had not yet heard that Singapore was sure to 
become a town, and for this reason native trading vessels did not 
dare to go there, especially because the pirates were as audacious 
as chickens, and only large vessels fully armed and with brave 
crews were able to sail the seas. Moreover at that time there were 
not many Malacca people who owned vessels, as they do now, when 
every individual has a cutter or a top or schooner, or something of 
the kind; for then it was very exceptional for anyone to own a 
vessel, and it would cost a great deal to hire one; if any ordinary 
|)erson wanted to take passage to Singapore, the fare would be 
three dollars each, and then they would provide their own food. 
Moreover most people thought that Singapore would only exist for 
a time, and would not be permanent, for they all listened to and 
believed what the Dutch at Malacca said, that Singapore could not 
become a town : but God knows about that. 



132 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 



Chapter 13, 
THE STOEY OF TEXGKU LOXG. 

I will now resume the story of the town of Singapore. Mr. 
Farquhar's plan of going to invite Teugku Long, the son of Sultan 
Mahmud, to come from Eiau to Singapore was accepted by the 
Tĕmĕnggong Abdul Eahman, but they did not dare to do this with- 
out the knowledge of Mr. Eaffles, for at that time Mr. Baffles was 
still in Bengal. 

A short time after that, Mr. Eaffles came from Bengal with 
four ships and two cutters, and when he arrived, Mr. Farquhar and 
the Tĕmĕnggong went out on the water to meet his vessel. When 
they met him, he received them with much respect, and both parties 
told one another what had occurred. Mr. Farquhar then spoke of 
his intention of inviting Tĕngku Long to come from Eiau. Mr. 
Eaffles was startled, and said, "Have you not done that yet?" 
Mr. Farquhar replied, " Because that was an important business, 
I wanted to ask you first." Mr. Eaffles said, " Send at once, but 
it must be a trustworthy man, so that this secret may not be di- 
vulged ; I want him to reach here within three days, and I will 
not go on shore until Tengku Long comes." Immediately Mr. 
Farquhar and the Tĕmĕnggong went on shore, and when they got 
there, they sent for Eaja Embong. Now Eaja Embong was a re- 
lative of Sultan Mahmud, and was a cousin of Tengku Long. 
When he came, they all three consulted in the Temenggoug's room, 
and agreed to send him to Eiau, saying, " In three days without 
fail Tengku Long must get here, and do not let this secret be 
known (for they were afraid that the Dutch would hear of it, and 
then would not allow Tengku Long to leave), whatever happens 
you must bring him, even with just the clothes he has on; and tell 
him that Mr. Eaffles invites him, and is waiting at Singapore." 
When this plan was settled, Eaja Embong immediately went on 
board a boat and sailed towards Eiau. 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 133- 

After he had beeu at sea a day and a night, he reached Kam- 
pong Pĕnyĕngat at Eiau in the middle of the night. Eaja Ĕmbong 
went on shore, and entering the palace had an interview with 
Tengku Long, and told him, " Mr. Eaffles and Mr. Farquhar and 
the Tĕmĕnggong Abdul Eahnian ask that you will please come tO' 
Singapore, because they want to make you the Sultan." The two- 
men were alone when he said this. When Tengku Long heard it 
he was amazed, and for a moment looked steadfastly, and then 
sent for Ĕnchek Abu. Xow this Enchek Abu was a man whom be 
trusted, like his minister, and his title was Enchek Abu Puteh. 
He called him into his room, and they spoke together as to what 
he should decide to do, for Tengku Long was doubtful in his mind, 
being afraid that perhaps Mr. Eaffles wished to deceive him, in- 
tending to capture him and take him away to Bengal. The Enchek 
Abu and Eaja Ĕmbong gave the following decision, saying, '' We- 
are your servants, and whatever you say we will do; but our opinion 
is that our brother here. Eaja Ĕmbong, has no intention of bring- 
ing any calamity upon your Highness." A moment later Tengku 
Long said, " Very well, if so, go quickly and get your Tcris, and 
let us go. Make no noise, and if anyone asks, say, " I am going 
to fish." Just then his mother came down with a box containing" 
his clothing, and with an attendant, and Enchek Abu went on 
board the boat. There M-as no time to take any food for the 
journey, but Tengku Long gave orders, " Tomorrow send a boat to 
follow with my food, and afterward? two other vessels and a 
pleasure boat can be rowed to Singapore. 

Then they all sailed, and on the voyage Tengku Long kept re- 
peating what had been said, that Mr. Eaifles had sent for him to 
come to Singapore, for there was still some doubt in his mind, as 
I have just mentioned. The next day the boat that was bringing 
his food joined them at Lobam Strait, and they then sailed, and 
were two days on the way; and so they arrived at Singapore, and 
came to the Temenggong's landing place. The Tĕmĕnggong and 
Mr. Farquhar came and shook hands with Tengku Long, and as 
they went on board the boat, Mr. Farquhar said, " Tengku, let us 
go and meet Mr. Eaffles in the harbor, for he will not come ashore 
until you arrive." Tengku Long consented, but his heart was beat- 



134 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

ing, because he imagined that he was going to be arrested. Tĕngku 
Long and Mr. Farquhar then went together in the boat, and rowed 
out to the roadstead flying a A-ellow flag. 

When the}^ were seen from the ship, all were ready to receive 
him, and when they reached the ship, Mr. Eaffles himself came and 
shook hands with Tĕngku Long, and a great many cannons were 
fired from the ships and from the cutters. Mr. Eaffles showed 
Tengku Long every honor and respect, and brought him to a place 
where they all four sat down on chairs. Enchek Abu Puteh sat 
hehind Tengku Long, and Eaja Ĕmbong sat a little way off. At 
that time Mr. Eaffles was speaking with smiles and a pleasant face, 
and kept bowing his head, and was as sweet as a sea of honey. Not 
merely the human heart but even a stone would be broken by hear- 
ing such words as his, with a gentle voice like the sweetest music, 
in order to remove any sadness, and that the doubt which might 
he concealed in the treasury of the human heart might also disap- 
pear, and so all the waves of uncertainty which were beating upon 
the reef of doubt were stilled, and the cloud which threatened a 
squall of wind with darkness such as that of a great storm about to 
break was all dissipated, so that the weather became fine, and there 
hlew the gentle breeze which comes from the garden of love, and 
then suddenly there arose the full moon of the fourteenth day with 
its bright light, so that the sincerety of Mr. Eaffles became evident 
to Tengku Long. In a moment his sadness changed to gladness, 
and his face lighted up. As Mr. Eaffles looked out of the corner 
of his eye, his face changed color, and he rose from his chair, and 
taking the hand of Tengku Long he led him into his cabin, and 
closed the door. In that cabin these two men conversed, and no 
one knows the secret of what they said. If I knew the secret of 
their conversation, I would certainly write it in this story, but God 
alone knows it. After a considerable time they both came out 
smiling and holding one another's hands, and then they went down 
into the boat. Mr. Farquhar and the Tĕmĕnggong also went down 
with them, and the Captain of the ship and his men manned the 
•ship's boats and took their equipment and weapons. 

When they reached the Temenggong's house, Tengku Long put 
on his regal attire, and Mr. Eaffles and Mr. Farquhar and the crews 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

of the ships and all the Malacca people were ready waiting in the 
middle of the Esplanade, and a table was placed there with chairs 
right and left, and the sailors were drawn up ready on the right 
and left. A moment later there came Tĕngku Long and the 
Tĕmĕnggong and Eaja Embong, and all the Malays accompanying 
him in large numbers, with a yellow umbrella, and thus they 
marched. And as they were marching, by God's power there fell 
a light rain (hujan panas), which as the Malays reckon is a sign 
of blessings to come. Mr. Eaffles quickly came and shook hands 
with Tĕngku Long, and they went into the tent. But though all 
this was done, Tĕngku Long was still afraid, for he imagined that 
Mr. Eaffles was going to deceive him, and take him captive to 
Bengal. So as they marched he said to Enchek Abu, " Dont you 
move from behind me." When they reached the place, Mr. Eaffles 
seated him in the middle, and Mr. Eaffles himself stood on the 
right, while Mr. Farquhar stood on the left, and every European 
took off his hat and stood with folded arms paying respect to His 
Highness. "While this was happening, there came a young English- 
man wearing a folding hat, on which there were the feathers of a 
bird of Paradise, and his coat was like an officer's uniform, covered 
with gold braid and very smart; he went in to the centre in front 
of the table, and took out two documents rolled up, one in English 
and the other in Malay, and he stood paying his respects to His 
Highness, and read the document in the presence of the assembly. 
After he had read for a while, then Enchek Yahya came, and read 
it in Malay as follows : " Know all men that the Governor General 
in Bengal appoints Tĕngku' Long as Sultan, with the title of Sul- 
tan Husain Shah ibnu '1-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah, in the 
town of Singapore and in the districts and shores thereof." After 
this all the Europeans saluted, and paid their respects to the Sultan, 
and then many guns were fired from the ships, after which the 
Sultan and the Tĕmĕnggong and Mr. Eaffles and Mr. Earquhar 
returned, accompanying Sultan Husain Shah to the Temenggong's 
house. When they got there, Mr. Eaffles greeted the Sultan and 
Tĕmĕnggong, and shook hands with them, and then returned to 
the roadstead. After Mr. Eaffles was gone, the Sultan said to the 
Tĕmĕnggong, " Build me a palace, for I must ask my wife to come 
liere from Eiau and all the retinue of my palace. 



136 THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

I will now speak about Mr. Eaffles : The Deuxt day he had all 
his things brought on shore and an atai) house was built for him^ 
where he lived with his brother-in-law, named Captain Flint, whom 
Mr, Eaffles appointed harbor-master. The place where Mr. Raffles' 
house was is at the end of Singapore point, where Mr. Johnston's 
place of business now stands. Mr. Farquhar had a house built on 
the Esplanade, in front of the Court, that is in front of the present 
hotel Tranqua; his house was also of atap. and the walls of mats 
between battens. The angsana trees which are now on the Espla- 
nade were planted by him, and the seedings were brought from 
Malacca by Eaja Haji's vessel, and he got them from Tanjong 
Kling. After Tĕngku Long had been installed as Sultan, Mr. 
Eaffles made him a present of one thousand dollars, and a roll of 
black broadcloth, and another of yellow broadcloth, and he fixed the 
Sultan's allowance at $416.25, and the Temenggong's at half of 
that, namely $208.12-J. That very day an agreement was made 
between them, that is between the English Company and Sultan 
Husain Shah, in which it was stated that the Tamils and Bengalis 
were under the authority of the English Company, and the Chinese 
and Malays were under the Sultan ; it was also stated in this agree- 
ment that if the town of Singapore had any revenue, however much 
it might be, it would be divided in two, half to the English Com- 
pany and half to Sultan Husain Shah. 

When the allowances and the agreements about the town had 
been determined, after a few days Mr. Eaffles sailed for Bengal, 
leaving Mr. Farquhar as Eesident, Mr. Flint as harbor-master, and 
Mr. Bernard, who was Mr. Farquhar's son-in-law, as magistrate at 
Singapore. The town of Singapore at that time was like the sun 
when it is just rising, its brilliancy increasing as it rises ; and a 
great many traders came pouring, in, and merchants from every 
country came to trade, but they did not care so much to do business 
as they did to see the new town. Moreover merchandise came from 
all countries like the flood tide, especially European goods, even 
things which our forefathers had never seen w^ere piled up like 
vegetables, and every day without cessation there were auctions of 
all kinds of things in four or five places, and things went very 
cheap. At that time the custom as regards auctions was not to 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 137 

beat a gong or to make it known from house to house, but dozens 
of notices were made and pasted up at all the cross ways, and it was 
stated in these notices, " Tomorrow morning at ten o'clock there 
will be an auction at Mr. So and so's house," mentioning the kind 
of goods which were to be sold. Also Singapore roadstead was full 
of shi})s and cutters, sloops, frigates and barques, and two masted 
schooners and native craft, and junks from China and Annam and 
Siam, and Malay vessels from Borneo, etc. 

But though the town was so crowded, no one at that time had 
yet built a brick house, and alL the houses were merely of aiap. 
However there was one brick house which was used as the " Police 
Lama,'' and had been built by an English merchant named Mr. 
Methuen; he was the first man to build a brick house in the town 
of Singapore, and after a little while he returned to England. 
That became the house known as " Police," that is the Court House, 
but previously Mr. Bernard had built the Court house, which was 
merely an afap building, situated in the Temenggong's compound; 
that was the very first " Police " in the town of Singapore. 

At that time every one lived in fear all the time; at one 
moment there would be a fire, at another moment robbery in broad 
daylight, or someone stabbed ; and when one got up in the morning 
there would be somebody stabbed or murdered. Moreover at that 
time the Temenggong's men and the Sultan's men, and traders of 
every nationality all went armed ; there were some who robbed 
people in broad dayliglit, others broke in and robbed people's goods, 
because they were afraid of nothing, for the town was not yet in a 
settled state, and there were not yet many Europeans, and the 
Sepoys had not yet come, and there were only four or five police- 
men. The people who began the fighting every day were the 
Tĕmĕnggong^s men, for they acted towards the Malacca people like 
tigers with sheep, for the Malacca people were never armed, and 
did not know how to fight with a Iris, and they had never seen any 
blood shed. But if there was any disturbance between the Temeng- 
gong's men and Malacca people, either Chinese or Malays or Tamils, 
Mr. Farquhar was always on the side of the Malacca people, be- 
cause he knew that they were naturally timid in using weapons; 
but in fighting with their fists the people of other countries were 



138 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHi ABDULLAH. 

no match for them. Xow these two parties were always at enmity, 
and a great many times for one reason or another there were great 
fights, when they acted just like people at war, because there was 
ill-feeling between them, and if it had not been that they were all 
afraid of Mr. Farquhar, they would certainly have been killing one 
another every day. 

When the town of Singapore was only about four months old, 
I came there from Malacca with the Eev. Mr. Thomsen. I found 
that at that time there were as yet no houses on the other side of 
the river, all of which was full of mangrove and api-api swamps 
and mud fiats, and people were living only on this side. It was 
just at that time that Sultan Husain Shah was going to begin 
building his palace at Kampong Gelam, but it was still all jungle, 
and there was no road along the shore ; if people wanted to walk to 
Kampong Gelam, they could only walk along the beach, because 
they would ]>e afraid to walk through the jungle, and they were 
even afraid to go along the beach. 

All the Sultan's wives and children, and his servants and re- 
tainers and relatives came all together, removing to Singapore in 
hundreds of boats. Some of them stayed with the Sultan, and 
others with the Tĕmĕnggong, and others went into the interior, 
everyone as he pleased. 

At tliat time people were being murdered incessantly every day 
along the way to Kampong Gelam. There were some policemen 
on guard here and there, but many of the polic-e were murdered 
every day. Mr. Farquhar then hired laborers in large numbers to 
cut down the brush-wood along the paths and to clear the jungle 
nearby ; some were making roads, and others repairing the Govern- 
ment buildings, and everyone had his work. The men who did this 
work were all Malacca Malays, and the place where they all con- 
gregated to live was near the Temenggong's compound, by the side 
of the nihong fence; there they built a prayer house as a place of 
worship, around which Avere the huts in which the Malacca men 
lived, and their head man was Encliek Yahya, who was called 
Ĕnchek Siang. 

When Singapore had been in existence eight months, there 
came fishing boats for the first time from Malacca to do line-iishing 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 139 

at Singapoiv, and they caught an immense luimbci' of the fish called 
parang-parang, for those fish were then very tame, for as long as 
Singapore had existed they had never been cauglit with a hook, 
and people fished for them within twenty or thirty fathoms of the 
shore. When the Singapore men saw that the Malacca men were 
getting a lot of money by fishing, they followed their example and 
fished in the same way; but before that they did not know any 
other way of catching fish put by spearing them. After S.ingaporc 
was a year old, there came a Malacca man named Haji Mata-mata, 
and made fishing-stakes known as kelong and hlat, and others came 
and made tliose which are called jermal. When the fishing stakes 
were first made, a great many fish were caugt off Telok Ayer, 
(higgiri fish innumerable, so that they could not all be eaten, and 
the fish were thrown away, and only the roes were taken, and were 
put in barrels with salt, and sold to the ships. At that time the 
pe()])le of Singapore were amazed to see the number of fish that 
were caught. The place where the fishing-stakes were made is at 
the end of Telok Ayer near Tanjong Malang. This became well 
known, and one day Mr. Farquhar with his children Ijoth l)oys and 
girls went all together to see the men catching fish. When they 
reached the end of the fisliing-stake the men were ladling out fish, 
and the fish in the stake were in three layers, those under-neath 
were dead, in the next layer some of them were nearly dead, and 
if still alive were unable to swim, then the upper layer of fish were 
all alive, and their heads could be seen in rows. When Mr. Far- 
quhar saw that, lie himself wanted to catch the fish with his hands, 
and he did so; his daughter also wished to catch the fish, and when 
slie caught one by the tail the fish shook her hand, and it imme- 
diately swelled up; and so they went home. 

Before the Malacca men came to Singapore, the sea-gypsies 
ilid not use oars in their boats, but only paddled, and used the 
pachlle in the notch, and had only canoes, for they had never seen 
anyone use oars, and they had very seldom met with strangers. 
Moreover at that time boats which used oars did not dare to sail 
through those seas, for the Straits of Singapore were well known 
as a nest of pirates; so when the Malacca men came there, they 
began for the first time to use oars, following the Malacca style. 



140 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

Their large boats did have a kind of oar called the Malay oar 
or dayong Tcibas, but they could not put any strength into them like 
the Malacca oar. Moreover they did not wear coats, neither the 
men nor the women, but only wore a skirt of an unrecognizable 
color, which was on their l)odies wet and dry, and the vile smell 
of it was incredible. And they never lived on shore or built houses, 
but were on their boats all their lives, and there they had children 
and grand-children, and married and died, all in their boats; for 
this reason they could easily be recognized, both men and women, 
as they walked on shore with a stoop, because they were accustomed 
only to sit in their boats. As to their religion, they were only 
Malays in name, and did not practice the rules of the Mohammedan 
religion. But now, since Singapore became a town, they are using 
European prints as bathing cloths, and they made trousers of broad- 
cloth, and wear glossy Bugis cloth and flowered handkerchiefs 
sticking up on their heads, and some carry silk umbrellas and wear 
shoes, and can speak English and Bengali and Tamil like light- 
ning; and if Englishmen wish to speak Malay to them, they will 
answer in English. 

All the things which I have mentioned cause me to be as- 
tonished, as I see plainly the changes of this world, things coming 
into existence from nothing, and things which exist are being 
brought to naught; a jungle becomes a town, and a town becomes 
a jungle; all of which shows that this world with all its pleasures 
is not permanent for anyone, but is only like something borrowed^ 
and so when he who owns it comes and demands it, it must be given 
back to him. 

I will now return to my story about the town of Singapore ; in 
regard to Sultan Husain 'Shah, from the time when Mr. Baffles sailed, 
Mr. Farquhar gave him his allowance every month as Mr. Raffles 
had decided, and similarly the Tĕmĕnggong also received his share ; 
but the Sultan said that what he got was not sufficient, because he 
had to support so many people who were dependent upon him. He 
made a complaint alwut this to Mr. Farquhar because he was short 
of money, and Mr. Farquhar told the Sultan he could take the 
revenue from the opium farm in. order to increase his income, and 
so he obtained $800 per month, that is sixteen hundred rupees; 



THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUXSHI ABDULLAH. 141 

and for several months it rciiiained so. until ^\v. L'affles returned 
from Bengal. 

At this time the niimhcr of traders and of European merehants 
continual!}' increased, and the ucavs ahout the town of Singapore 
became well known evervwhere. to the effect that it had really be- 
come a town, and many people from other countries removed to 
Singapore, and some established agencies in the town, and sent 
goods to them from foreign countries: and for the reason which I 
have mentioned the town of Singapore became ])opulous full of 
people of various nations, and of all sorts of employments and 
trades, all of them assembling at Singapore. Under these circum- 
stances poor men became rich, whereas others who i)rought tens of 
thousands of dollars capital from their' own countries lost it all and 
became poor, everyone according to his fate; for the fate of the 
cocoanut husk is to float, and the fate of a stone is to sink. 

When Sidtan Husain Shah came to Mr. Raffles to complain 
that his allowance was insuflicient. Mr. Eaffles was sittino- with Mr. 
Farquhar, and the Tĕmĕnggong Avas iilso there with his chiefs and 
fighting men, and all the Sultan's attendants were also present. 
When Mr. Eaffles heard his complaint, he considered for a moment, 
and then answered, " Sultan and Tĕmĕnggong, I have a plan which 
may be advantageous to the Sultan, and will make the name of 
both the Sultan and Temenggong well known everywhere: I liave 
a very rich friend in Bengal, a leading English merchant named 
Mr. Palmer, and I will write and ask him to send the Sultan as 
many hundred thousand dollars worth of goods as he wishes, and 
the Sultan can get the commission on these goods, and can build a 
warehouse wherever he likes, as the English merchants here do. 
All nationalities here such as the Bugis and Malays, and the 
people of Borneo, and so forth, would rather trade with the Sultan 
than with the Europeans or Tamils or Chinese : and I will bear the 
cost of the building, and will have a plan of it made." When the 
Sultan and Temenggong heard what Mr. Eaflfles said, they laughed 
and said, " That is not the custom of princes, to engage in trade 
would be a disgrace to all other princes." When Mr. Eaflfles heard 
that, his color changed, and his face was crimson ; but he smiled 
and said, " Sultan I am amazed to hear such a foolish custom :. 



142 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

how wicked it is that trading should be a disgrace, but that piracy 
is uo disgrace." The Sultan replied, " Piracy is inherited, and 
therefore it is no disgrace; but tlie pirates are not men who Avere 
■ originally Malays.'" Then Mr. ]\affles said, " Very well if you are 
unwilling, never mind: now both you and the Temenggong must 
tliink carefully how much will be sufficient for your allowance every 
montli, so that thci'c may not always be this trouble of its being 
insufficieiit." Thev made no repl_y, until Mr. Eaffles asked them 
A second time, and then Ĕnehek Abu Puteh answered, " Sir, I 
think $3,00(1 will be enough." Mr. Eaffles said, "Even $10,000 
would not 1m? enough if it were spent extravagantlty ; please let the 
Sultan and Temenggong go and consider carefully for a day or 
two how much a month will be enough." The Sultan and Temeng- 
gong answered, " Very well, sir." Xow at the time when Mr. 
Eaffles returned from Bengal, he gave the Sultan as a present a 
carriage with large horses, the value of which in Bengal was twelve 
liundred Eupees. After three days the Sultan and Temenggong, 
.accompanied by all their officials, came to Mr. Johnston's house, 
and Mr. Eaffles and Mr. Farquhar were also there, with Mr. Flint, 
the brother-in-law of Mr. Eaffles; and at that time Mr. Eaffles and 
the gentlemen whom 1 have mentioned fixed the Sultan's allowance 
.at one thousand large dollars a month, and the Temenggong's at 
seven hundred dollars: and tliis pay or allowance which I have men- 
tioned continued until the time when Mr. Crawfurd came to govern 
the town of Singapore. 

A\'hen ]\Ir. Ifaffles and Mr. Farquhar, were consulting in regard 
to the extension of the town of Singapore, Mr. Farquhar thought 
that Kampong (lĕlam ought to be made the business section, that 
is the place wliere ])eoi)le trade, and the market, etc. ; but Mr. 
Eaffles thought tliat this side of the river should be made the business 
section. Mr. Farcpihar replied. " It would be very difficidt on this 
side, because it is all mud. and the water is not good, besides which 
it would cost a great ileal to make the land good; and then where 
could you get sufficient earth to fill it in?" Mr. Eaffles replied, 
'" If Kam))ong Gelam l)ecomes the place where people do business, 
this side of the river will be wasted for a hundred years, and will 
not be improved." At that time both of them were full of ideas, 



THE AUTOBIOGKAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 143 

one said tliis aiid the other that, each of them inakiiiji' plans. For 
three days they sat roiisulting about it, and then it eanie into Mr. 
Kaffles mind that lie miiilit cut away the hill near Singai)ore point, 
nud the earth could be used for (illing in on this side of the river. 
The following day they again consulted together, and both of them 
were agreed, and all (lod's creatures will be amazed to see such a 
piece of wovk. The next (hiy there came a man whom those two 
gentlemen had sent to engage Chinese, Malay and Tamil laborers, 
about two or three hnndred men at a rupee a day, and they were 
told to dig away the earth and carry it off; and there were some 
men breaking the rocks, for there were a great many large rocks 
there, and everyone liad Ids work to do; there were dozens of over- 
seers, and it all looked like people at war. Labor became dearer 
every day. and in the evening the money was brought in sacks to 
pay the men. Twice every day Mr. Eaflfles went there to supervise 
the men's woi'k, and there were a number of men superintending 
the workmen, besides which Mr. Farquhar did not fail to go every 
morning on hoi'seback to measure out the land at distant places, 
some of whicli was sold l)y auction and some given away gratis, 
anything in order that it might (juickly be cleared, for the whole 
place was still nothing Init jungle. 

One day Mr. Farquhar said to me, '' You had better take a 
piece of land at Kampong dielam, for some day there will be n 
lousiness section there. So I took a piece of land, and built an 
>atap house with plank walls; but at that time I lived there in fear, 
hecause there was Jungle all around. 

After tliey had been cutting away the hill for about three or 
four months it was quite level, and all the puddles and streams and 
•ditches and valleys were tilled in, and there only remained great 
rocks as high as elephants, and some even bigger than that. Xow 
those rocks were very useful, and dozens of Chinese came and Ijroke 
them \ip to build houses, and there was no need to pay them wages 
any longer, for everyone rushed to ask for the stone, and it was 
given to them. 

It was then that there was found at the end of the promontory 
A stone lying in the brushwood, quite smooth, about six feet wide, 
^nd square, and all covered with writing engraved on it; but though 



144 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ISIUXSHT ABDULLAH. 

tile writina' wa> there, it could not be read, for it wa;^ worn away 
bv the water, how many thousand years it had been there God alone 
knows. When it was discovered people of all nationalities came in 
crowds to see the stone. The Hindoos said it was Hindoo writing, 
but they could not read it; and the Chinese said it was Chinese 
writing. I also went there with the rest of them, and also ^Ir, 
EafHes. and the Eev. Mr. Thomsen, and we all saw the stone. I 
saw that the shape of the letters was something like Arabic letters, 
but they could not be read, because owing to the great length of 
time the letters were pitted and lumpy. Many clever persons came 
to read it. some of whom brought a soft powder and pressed it on 
the stone, afterwards lifting it up, others brought some black ink 
and painted it on the stone, so that it might show up, each doing 
the best he knew how to decide what language and wdiat letters they 
were, but they could not make it out. The stone which I liave 
mentioned had remained there until that time Avith its uneven 
writing. Afterwards Mr. Eaflfles decided that it must be Hindoo 
writing, because that race had come to this part of the world before 
any other race, and was the first to reach the islands of Java and 
Bali, and even Siam, and all of these originally descended from 
the Hindoo race. But no one in the town of Singapore knew what 
the words were that were engraved on that stone, God only knows. 
The stone remained there until the time when Mr. Bonham became 
governor of the three settlements, Singapore. Penang and Malacca, 
and at that time Mr. Coleman was the engineer officer at Singapore,, 
and he had the stone broken up. What a pity ! It seems to me 
that was a very improper thing to do. Perhaps it was because of 
his ignorance and stupidity that he broke up the stone : because he 
did not know about it he broke it up, without thinking tliat there 
might be someone else more able than himself who could extract 
from it the mystery. For I hear that in England there are clever 
men who by their ingenuity can easily find out about such things, 
both concerning languages and races : and as the Malays say, '" If 
you cannot improve it, do not destroy it." 

Xow when all the valleys and swamps and hollows and mud 
and streams had all been filled in, the land was then divided into 
lots and auctioned. If anvone wants to know where the hill wa? 



THE AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 145 

which Mr, Kat1k\s (.lemolished to lill in the swamps and valleys and 
pools on this side of the river, the place is still there at the end of 
►Siiiuapore i^oiiit at Taniliangan Street; the place has been made a 
garden, and plantetl witli all kinds of trees and flowers, I nsed to 
liear it said that it was intended to erect a building there in which 
shoidd be ]ihut'd a statue of Mr. Katfles, as a memorial to all men 
that it was lie who did that great work, but I do not know why it 
was that that has not l)ecn done, and at the present time it is only 
a garden: and the ])lace is opposite to the building of Messrs. 
Spottiswoode and ConoUy. 

Wlien those places were being sold by auction, Mr. Baffles said 
to me, ■* You had better take some land here, about four or live 
lots, because by and Ijy tliis place will be thickly settled." I re- 
plied, " Sir, where can 1 get enough money to pay the value of the 
land, for 1 see that the lots are being auctioned for $1,200 and 
$1,150; and then where would be the money for building brick 
houses ? " Mr. Raffles smiled when he heard me say that, and re- 
plied, " Do nut worry about the money ; that can be settled after- 
wards, as long as you take the place first." Now because I was so 
ignorant and thoughtless, I imagined that it would be a debt which 
would make it difficult for me to return to Malacca. Moreover at 
that time it was very easy to get money in Singapore. At that 
time it was my custom to return to Malacca every six months, and 
it seemed to me that if I took this land and built a house, I should 
not be able to return to Malacca ; another thing was that I did not 
in the least imagine that the town of Singapore would become so 
populous; and then 1 did not know that the land auctions were a 
farce, and Avere oidy auctions in name, for they did not take the 
money. In tliis I find that Mr. Raffles was very shrewd, for if he 
had just divided up the land for nothing, poor people would have 
rushed to take the land, and when would they have been able to 
erect brick houses? This was why he sold the lots by auction for 
.a high price, in order that only rich people would buy it, and they 
could quickly put up houses. So it was that because I was thought 
less and ignorant at that time I did not do what Mr, Raffles told 
me and take the land, and so now I am sorry for it ; l)ut what is 
the good of that ? As the Malays say, " To be sorry beforehand 
is some a-ain, but to be sorrv afterwards is no use whatever." 



146 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MUNSHI ABDULLAH. 

After that Mr. Eaffles removed to the top of the Korhiddeir 
Hill {Biikif Larangan), because there were a great many Euro- 
peans, and many Europeans came to build liouses. He gave orders 
to clear the jungle all around the hill, and many fruit trees were 
found there, such as durian trees from five to ten feet in circum- 
ference, which owing to their great age no longer bore large fruits, 
the fruit beinir only as large as a duritni when the frnit is just set: 
there were also duku trees and lime trees, and pomeloes with fruit 
only as large as limes; and there M"ere many other kinds of fruit 
trees, langsaf, etc., and also bad smelling fruit such as [x'fdi and 
jh-ing. 

Mr. EafRes' life at Singapore was just like what' I have des- 
crilied wliile he lived at Malacca, he employed four men at $10 a 
month to go and look for all kinds of peculiar things ; and in 
Singapore he was able to get many more of such things than he 
obtained in Malacca. 

One morning Mr. Farquhar was walking in the direction of 
Eochor Eiver taking his dog with him. and when the dog went 
down to the river for water, suddenly it was seized by a crocodile. 
Immediately Mr. Farquhar was told that his dog had been eaten 
by a crocodile, and he called some men who were there and told 
them to make a dam across the river: when tliis had l)een done, the 
crocodile was enclosed, and was stabbed to death; it was three 
fathoms in length (18'). Then for the first time people knew that 
there were crocodiles at Singapore. Mr. Farquhar had the carcase 
of the crocodile taken and hung on the jain'-jaii'i tree which is om 
the bank of Beras Basah Eiver. 









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