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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I D,t„db,Google I ?iiS' i'"!" • J. / ;u / / D,t„db,Google ,db,Googlc ,db,Googlc D,t„db,Google ,db, Google ,db, Google D,t„db,Googlc NABHATIVB OF EVENTS BORNEO AND CELEBES, THK OCCOPAIIOK 01 LABViN: JOURNALS OF JAMES BROOKE, ESQ. ■AJAH or SABAWAK, AKD GOVnilOa OT lABUAK. CAPTAIN RODNEY MUNDY, R.N. PLATES, MAPt, CHARTS, ANO WOODCUTS. ( TWO V0LUICE8. VOL. IL LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1848. DiclzedbyGoOgle SrortuwooDi and Shaw, New- St reel- Sq uare. DiclzedbyGoOgle CONTENTS THE SECOND VOLUME. CHAP. xxn. Morality of I>jaik Women. Negotiations with the Hom« Govenunent. Letter to the Six Chiefs of Sarebu. Ttyak Excnraions. Ka^an Head-taking. Trial of a Poutiana Man for Theft. Sute of Afiaire at BrunS. Petty Intriguea, League between Sherriff Osman and Pangeran Usop. The Sarebas and Sakarran Pirates. The Balanini Jalands. Cruis- ing Voyages of the Freebooters. British Sulijecta sold into Slayery. Visit to the Sultan and Muda Hassim. FacCionB in Borneo. Otyect of Mr. Brooke's Mission. Visit to the Coal Veins. Prospects of Commerce. Progress of Sarawak. InteUigence concerning ShenifT Osman. Search for Coal. Leave Brun^ for Labuan. Mr. Brooke's Movements. Be- tora to Bmn& Interviews with Sir Thomas Cochrane. Speculations on futnre Proceedings. British Sqaadron in the Brnn6 ffiver. Interview with the Sultan. Flight of Pangeran Usop. Second Visit to the Sultan. Attack Mal- Indn. Capture it. Prisoners taken by the English. Cha- racter of the Sultan. Negotiations concerning Sara- wak ...... Page 1 CHAP. XXDI. Return to Sarawak. Improvement of the I>yak Population. Their Manners and Customs. Curious Ceremony. Dances. Cares of Government. Treaty with Bandar Caasim. Sa- DiclzedbyGoOgle ;V CONTENTS. rebas and Sakamn Piracies. Robbery of one of the English Houses. Qoarrels among the Sakorrans. Interview with Abang Kapi. Bad State of native Grovemment. Scarcity of Rice. Increasing Trade. Character of Der Makota. Interview with this Chief. Contract between Muda Hassim and the Chinese. Influence of the Celestials in the Island. Arrival of the "Julia" from Singapore. Completion of Ne- gotiations ikith the Linga Chiefs. Politics of the Pirates. Future Regeneration of tho Land. Expedition agunst the Pirates. Preparations for the Expedition. Arrival of Strangers. A Gentleman fond of Poultry. Visit from a disguised Prince. Beautiful Plant - - Page 41 CHAP. XXIV. State of Provisions in the Interior. Condition of the Sarambo TriJK. The Tumangong's Profesnons. Proceedings of the Balow and Sarawak Squadrons. Encounter with the Hrates. Capture of their Fleet. Repentance and Death of Si Gila. Curious Superstition of the Sea Dyaks. Capture of a Mur- derer. Intelligence from Sakarran. Sickness of Mr. Brooke. Native Mode of Woriore. Catch a Crocodile. Method of seizing it. Discussion as to its Disposal Plunder of a Sago Boat. News of Pangeran Usop's Death. Progress of Events at Brung. Arrival of Emigrants from Sambas. Another Influx of Strangers. Glrowing Prosperity of Sarawak. Foreign Relations. Value of detached Stations - 6) CHAP. XXV. New Tear's Day. News of a formidable Fleet of Pirates. Change in the Aspect of Affairs. Suppression of Piracy. Arrival of the Hazard. News from Brunfe. Massacre of the Royal Family. Guilt of the .Sultan. Probable Proceed- ings of the British Government. Tlie Brune River fortifted DiclzedbyGoOgle Crnize in the Fhl^^tbon. Mr. Brooke's ReflectiouB on the 1 at Brun^. Conclusion of Mr. Brooke's JournaL Page 80 CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOURNAL. CHAP. I. The Iris on the African Coast. News from England. " Bor- neo and Mr. Brooke." Island of Asceneion. Return to Portsmouth. Sail for China. The Dido. The Iris and the French Squadron. Monsoons in the Formosa Channel. Opium Clippers. Appointment to the Straits' Station. Visit Sumatra. Cannibals. Sail for Madras. Calcutta. Maasacre of Muda Hassim and other Members of the Rojal Family. The British Squadron off Sarawak. Meeting with Mr. Brooke. His philanthropic Measures. Town and Resi- CHAP. II. Steaming down the Sarawak. Fugitives from Brun^. Pre- parations for its Defence. Extent of the Massacre at the CapitaL Mr. Brooke's Departure from Sarawak. Visit a Djek Village. Sailing of the Squadron. Expedition np the Bejang. Patingi Abdulraman's House. The Kanowit River. Ruined Village. Surprise the Pirate Settlement of Kanowit. Visit from the Chief. Examination of the Houses. Accident to the Steamer. Village of Igan. Return to the Squadron. Jaffer's Examination. Account of the Borneo Massacre. Death of Muda Hassim and Fangeron Budrudeen. Con- spiracy to mnrder Mr. Brooke. Character of Budrudeen. Anchor offtheBrun^ River - - - 112 DiclzedbyGoOglC COHTENTS. CHAP. in. Chase of trading Prohus. Squadron enters the Borneo River. Letter from the Sultan. Scheme of Treachery. Plan of the Operatione against Brun& Progress of the Expedition. Commencement of Hostilities. The Enemy's Batteries. Casualties on board the Pblegethon. Value of Steamers in River Operations. The City Battery silenced. Capture of Guhb. Destruction of the Works. Fall of Brun% Page 139 CHAP. rv. flight of the Sultan. Expedition in pursuit of his Highness. Village of Kabiran Battn. Difficulties of the March. Cap- tare of a Six-gun Battery. Return to Head-quarters. Re- commence the Expedition. Advance into the Interior. Village of Pelong. Encamp at Mallit. Reach Damuan. Find it evacuated by the Sultan's Forces. Destroy the Ma- gazines, and burn the Stockade. Expedition r^oins the Steamers. Inhabitants return to the City. Complete the Destruction of the River Batteries. Character of Hajji Saman. Sir Thomas Cochrane and Mr. Brooke discover a lai^e Coal-seam. Squadron leaves the Borneo River. Anchors at Labuan. Proceed to the Northward, Visit Bundn. Dangerous Position of the Squadron. Visit Eimanis. Man* kabong. Ambong. Capture a Pirate Prahu. Destroy the Pirate Town of Tampassuk - - - 153 CHAP. V. Burning of Pandassan. Chase and Destruction of Pirate Frahus. Visit to the ruined Fortress of Malludu. Pursuit of a Ignite FleeL Successful Stratagem of the Pirates. Subsequent Destruction of Pirate Prahns. Departure of the Admiral. Captain Mundy left in Command of the Squadron. DiclzedbyGoOgle COHTENTS. VU The Adminl's earlj Honre. Boats of Iris Best on Service. Anchor in Ambong Ba^. Traffic. DeBtruction of another Blanan Village. Grand Market. Native Commodities. Barter. Kewa of Hiyji Soman. Deportare for Kimanis* Visit of native Chiefs. Proceed op the Kiver. Conference. PreparationB for an Expedition against Hajji Saman. Fleet of native Anxiliaries. Enter the River Mambaknt Mr. Brooke gives Audience on the Beach. First Symptoms of Hostilities. Attack and Capture of H^i Soman's fortified Poeition. I^rate Village. Burial Flaws - Page 197 CHAP. VI. Destruction of H^i Saman's Mansion. Dj^ Courtship. Head-hunting. Burning of a second Village. Pr<^ress up the River. Bivouac in a Pirate Hamlet. Amazement of the Natives. Deserter from the Enem^. Fall of the River. Vegetation on the Banks. Necessity of severe Measures. The Sumpitan. Description of the Darts. Attempt to destroy a Tomb. English Goods discovered. Defence of the River. Malay Gunnery. Native Antbush. Attack and destroy the Position. Return to the Phl^ethon. Casualties during the Expedition. Entertain the native Chiefs on board. Departure of Mr. Brooke for Bmnfe. Return to KimaniB. Success of our Operations. Progress of Events at Bmn^. The Sultan retires again to the Jungle. Letter frcnn Mr. Brooke - - - - 221 CHAP. VII. Arrival at Brun^. Gay Appearance of the River. Andience with Pangeran Mumin. Sail from Borneo River. Anchor off Kimanis. Threatened Attack of Pirates. Preparations for Defence. Piratical Tribe of Sarang. Chase of Prahus. Preparations for an Expedition to destroy Sarang. Fre- D,„i,z.d by Google CONTENTS. vented by a (Sale. Dangerooa Navigation. Driven into Malludu Bay. Critical Position of the Iris. Regwn Am- bong. Success of the Operations. IllanunB finally driven from the north-west Coast of Borneo - - Page 238 CHAP. VIII. News from Brnn^. Violent Weather. Success of the Threats against Hajii Saman. Vi^ts from the Orang-Kaya of Kimanie. Deputations from Benoni and Fappar. Friendly Overtures. Arrive at the Brun^ River. Charts of the eastern Seaa. Death and Burial of the Coxswun. Fleet of trading Prahus. InteUigence from the Capital Deputation from the Sultan. BefuBol of his Presents. Audience with his Highness. Superstitious Ceremony. Conversations. Singularity of Mr. Brooke's Position. The Sultan's Pe- digree ------ 254 CHAP. IX. Success of the Mission to Pappar and Benoni. Complimentary Letter and Present from the Sultan. Dangerous Navigation. The " pretty Iris." Arrival at Sarawak. Mr. Brooke and the naUve Chiefs. News of a Change of Ministry. Death of Captain Mfutland. The Sultan's Letter to Mr. Brooke. Visit to the Datu Bandar. Progress of Industry. The ForL Mr. Brooke's Military Forces. European Residents in Sara- wak. Take Leave of Mr. Brooke. Prospects of his Govern* ment. Death of Lieut. Mathews, 'llie FuneraL Arrival off Singapore. News of Reinforcement. Probable Occu. pation of Labuan. Arrival of the Wolf. Orders to take Possession of Labuan. Extract from Sir T. Cochrane's Despatch - - •• - 268 sdbyGoOgIc CHAP. X. Betnrn to SaiSwak. Advice of Mr. Brooke. Improvements there. Destruction of the " Beauty." Narrow Escape of the Jolly Bachelor. Sail for the River Brunfe. ProapectB of Labuan- Anchor in the Brun^ River. Orders of the British GrDvemment. Audience with the Sultan. Warm Discus- uons. Signature of the Treaty for the Ceseion of Labuan. Present to his Highness. Termination of the Interview. Anchor at Lahuan. Commencement of Labour there. Pre- parations for Hoisting the British Flag. Arrival of Fan- geran Mumin with the Bmn& Fleet. Inscription to com- memorate the Taking of the Island. Ceremony of Hoisting the Flag. Captain Mund/s Speech. Animating Spectacle. D^jedn^ to the Prime Minister and Chiefs. DetectioQ of a Thief. Christmas Day at Labuan. Harbour of Labnan. Close of the Year .... Page 288 CHAP. XI. Commencement of the new Tear. Discovery of a Spring. Blness of Captain Gordon. Progress of Works. Island of Malaokassan. Death of Captain Grordon. Selection of a Grave. The Funeral Sail from Labuan. Arrival at Singapore. Extract from Sir Thomas Cochrane's Despatches relative to Settlers in Labuan. Letter from Mr. Brooke. Commerce of the Straits. Official Statement of the Trade with Borneo and Celebes. Death of Mr. Aire;. FuneraL Arrival at Pinang. The Iria ordered Home. Preparations for Departure. The Return to Spithead delayed. Surrender of Htyji Saman. Decision as to his Fate. News of Rear Admiral Inglefield. Arrival of the Vernon and Acorn. Society of Pinang. .... 314 sdbyGoOgIc CHAP. xn. Bemarks on the Island of Labu&n. Get^rapbical Position. Superficial Area. Character of the Ground. SoiL Woods and Jungle. The Camphor Tree. Battana. ' Supply of Water. Victoria Harbour. Detached Islets. Comparison of Singapore with Labnan. Future Trade. Policy which should be pursued. Communication with the wild Tribes of Borneo. Eallias Biver. Productions. Gutta Percha. Ex- tent of the Supply. Camphor. Bees' -wax. Sugar-canes. Cofiee. Betel. Cocoa-nuts. Leeches. Coal. Analysis of the CoaL Labuan Coal Seams. Imports in Demand at Brun& Xatlve Currency. ... 334, CHAP. XIU. Success of Sir Thomas Cochrane's Policy. Iris suls for England. Cape of Good Hope. St. Helena. Ascension. Arrive at Spithead. Intelligence from Borneo. Mr. Brooke at Brung. Action of the Nemesis and Balanini Pirates. Gallant Conduct of Commander Grey. Admirable Defence of the Pirates. Their Defeat. Kelease of Captives, Ex- ecution of I^rates by the Sultan. Mr. Brooke returns to Sarawak. Embarics for England. Detention at Ceylon. ArriTea at Southampton, after an Absence of nine Years. B«marke on Mr. Brooke's Career. Flattering Beception in England. Visit to Her M^esty at Windsor. Appointed GoTcrnor and Commander-in-Chief at Labuan. Receives the Freedom of the City of London. Missionary Meetings. DiclzedbyGoOgle CONCLUDING CHAPTER. OSOLOOT OF BABAWIK. Difflcnhies of olrtaiQing Information. Santubong Mountain. Coaat Gteology. Mixed Materials. Lai^e Boulders. Igneons Bocks. Soil, Varieties of Conformation. Limestone Form- ations. Antimony Ore. Immense natural Caves of Gunong Tabong. Cavern Temples. The Fire Mountain. Mineral Veins. Gold'Mines, and Method of working Tin and Lead. Iron Mines. Coal Formations. Bituminous Shale. Fuloka- ingaran. Coal of ^angi, Moarra, and Labuan - 376 DiclzedbyGoOgle ,db,Google I EVENTS IN BORNEO. CHAP. XXHi^ UORAUTT OP DTAS WOMEN. NBOOTUTIONS WITH THE HOKE OOVXBXHEHT. — LXTTES TO THB BCE CHJErS OF BAS£BA8. DT4K EXCDBSI0K8. KATAM HZAD-TAKIMO. — TBUL OF A. PORTUMA HAN FOB THEFT. — STATE OF AFFAIRS AT BRtlVt. FETTT DITBiaiJES. LEAODE BETWEEN BHERRIFF 08HAN AMD PANGBKAM CBOP. THE SABEBAB AND SAIUBBAH FIBAIEB. — THE BALANINI ISLANDS CBOISINQ TOTAQEB OF THE FBBB- BOOTEBS. — BBITIBH SDBJBCTB SOLD INTO SLATBKT. — TIBIT TO THE BDLTAN AND XDDA HAjSSOt. FACTIOHB IN BOBNEO. OBJECT OF MB. BBOOEE's MISSION. VISIT TO THE COAL VEINS. FBOBFECTS OF COHKEBCE. — PBOGBE8B OF BABAWAK. INTELUOENCE CONCEBNINQ SHERBIFF OSICAN. BEABCH FOB COAL. — LEAVE BBUNt FOB LABDAN. — MB. BROOKE'S HOTZ- HEHTS. — BBTC8M TO BBUIlfc. — INTEBV1BW8 WITH SIB THOMAS COCHBAHX. — SFECULATIONB ON FDTDSE PBOCBEDINOS. — BBITIBH SQTTADBON IN THE BBtmi: BIYEB. IBTEBVIBW WITH THE BULTAN. FLIGHT OF PANQEBAN USOP. — SECOND VISIT TO THB SULTAN. — ATTACK HALLFDC. — CAPTDBE IT. — PBI- SONEBB TAKEN BT THE ENGLISH.— CHARACTEB OF THB BDLTAN. — KBGOTIATIONB CONCEBNIMQ SARAWAK. Jan. 1. 1845 The departure of the Dido left me sad and lonely, for Keppel had been really my ' companion and friend; and he so thoroughly entered into my views for the suppression of piracy, and made them his own, that I may not expect any VOL. n. B DiclzedbyGoOgle 2 MB. BBOOEE's JOUBNAL. [Chap. XXU. 1845. successor to act with the same vigour and the same ^~~^ decision. Gallant Didos ! I would ask no further aid or protection than I recdved from you. Jan. 4. Jan. 4. — I had a discussion with Mr. Hup^ the German missionary, regarding the state of morals among the Dyak women, which he described as comparatively low when, judged by the usual standard of Asiatic countries. Indeed, be appeared to imagine that there was a very imperceptible bar to a general freedom of intercourse between the opposite sexes, and his statements being so much opposed to the accounts I had previously received, I have since made more particular inquiries on the subject. I have now quite satisfied myself of the moral code amongst the Sea Dyaks, which are a very large population. There is no strict law to bind the conduct of young unmarried people of either sex, and parents are more or less indifferent on these points, according to their individual ideas of right and wrong. It is supposed that every young Dyak woman will eventually suit herself with a husband, and it is considered no disgrace to live on terms of intimacy with the youth of her fancy till she has the opportunity of selecting a smtable helpmate ; and, as the unmarried ladies attach much importance to bravery, they are al- ways desirous of securing the affections of a re- nowned warrior. Lax, however, as this code may appear before marriage, it would seem to be suffi- ciently stringent after the matrimonial tie. One wife only is allowed, and infidelity is punished DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXII.] DYAK ISOHAUTt. < by fine on both sides — inconstancy on the part ****• of the husband being esteemed equally bad as in * the female. The breach of the marriage vows, however, appears to be infrequent, though they allow that, during the time of war more licence is given. I also understood that the Dyak women seldom allowed the approaches of ibreigners, or even of Malays, but that whenever the crime of infidelity was proved, the offender was deprived of a portion of his property, and in some cases even received personal chastisement from the po- pulace. Upon the whole, though the standard of morality is not very high, it cannot be considered low, and, in &ct, is what might be expected amongst an agricultural and warlike people ; and aa the women have so decided a preference for the men whose bravery and deeds of arms are notorious, it readily accounts for the mass of the populace being ad- dicted to war. Looking, then, at the position of these nndvilised and barbarous tribes with a calm and impartial view, we can scarcely be surprised at their fondness for all warlike pursuits ; and it may even be doubted whether Europeans might not be found who would take the heads of their dead enemies to gain the smiles and embraces of beauty. Jan. 13. — I was thinking of giving here an j«i. is. account of the progress of my negotiation with her Majesty's government ; but it will be better to wtut until, one way or another, it is brought to a conelusion. It is certain, however, that the go- DiclzedbyGoOgle HR. BBOOEE'B journal. [Cuap. XXU. vernment is extremely cautious, evidently neither sufficiently comprehending my reasonings, nor ap- preciating my motives; and having many preju- dices to unlearn as to their opinion of the Malay character, which is, it must be confessed, very dif- ficult to deal with. I proceed, however, in my course ; not indifferent to their ultimate decision, dut prepared to assert my own independence when- ever it becomes necessary, and to convince the ne- gotiators that no job lurks under the surface of my propositions ; that money granted by them is not my object ; and that I do not wish to part with my poMiessions without clearly being convinced that my abdication or rdinquishment of these rights tend toward the permanent good government of Sarawak. Two things I am peculiarly on my guard against: first, I must not place myself in such a position as to shackle my freedom without positive assurance of increased means and power to carry out my views ; secondly, I must not ac- cept any appointment without power, for I should only in that case become an inefiective tool, and my labour, so far as advancing the interests of the country generally, would be inoperative. In one word, I must have power j and if power be not bestowed, I had better trust to myself than to the government. If the British government refuse the most mode- rate propositions, the fault is not mine, and I must follow the course of circumstances, whithersoever they miay lead ; it may be to death. The govem- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXU.] NEGOTIATIONS WITH GOVERNMENT. ment aeem to require a demonstration upon every ^^■^■ problem proposed, a caution -wLich may in itself be praiseworthy ; but the question is a simple and bold one, and the problem can only be demon- strated after the result. ** Here is a noble island, rich in produce ; you have acquired influence, and may acquire more ; will you undertake the enter- prise of developing its resources ? " The answer is, " What shall we get ? " " You must be content to know its resources, and what you will get must depend upon your own conduct and management." " What wUl it cost ? " " The cost depends on yourselves, or on the scale on which you act. A man-of-war will do ; a man-of-war and steamer better ; and two or three thousand a year in ad- dition better still. The vessels of war cannot be s^d to be any extra cost, and they will be acting strictly in conformity with the general object of men-of-war: they will be repressing piracy, and forwarding geographical knowledge." " Spite of all this, yon must demonstrate to us the ultimate ad- vantage." " I must agtun reply, that the demon- stration is yet in the bosom of time: no human event liable to a thousand contingencies is demonstrable." " The fairest prospects may be marred by an ac- cident, by opposition, or by bad conduct of agents." " Have you positively ascertained the mineral riches of the country ?" Again I reply, " That the richea of the country are ascertained, mineral and vege- table; the influence to be acquired by conduct with small means has been proved: what would you have DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. Brooke's jouenal. [ch*p. xxn. more ? " " We must know whether this coal about Borneo is workable ? " " Excuse me, gentlemen," I say ; " do not the general views which I have stated include coal and other minerals, and all examination hitherto has proved the coal to be of excellent quality ? " I have acted, however, on the general adage, " Hope for the best ! " but prepare for the worst. If left to my own resources, I must become the chief of the Dyaks, and, by my influence, prevent mischief on a large scale. A gun-boat, twelve good boats with six-pounders and musquetry, with 200 Dyak prahus, will be a for- midable force against Borneo itself; and this force may be needed, if Muda Hassim is beaten in Borneo. It i-equires a man of enlarged mind to confide in the generosity and disinterestedness of his fellow- mortals, and, perhaps, the very habits and ex- perience of a minister precludes this confidence, unless he has a very enlarged mind ; and if a man (minister or other) can read a character right, and trust it when read, he would have better service from one so trusted, than from ten half-paid, half- suspected employed officials. Self-esteem whispers that it is strange that some minister has not read my character so far only as to know that con- fidence alone will bind me; for I would much rather live in poverty, thrice deeply steeped, re- tired, and neglected, than become an official machine to work in a mill without zeal and without interest. I have been independent all my DiclzedbyGoOgle CUF. XXn.] NEQOTIATIONS WITH QOVERNHEKT. 7 life, and had my own way the greater part of it — '***• never having thought of earthly mortal's smile or iavour. I have never mixed with the great, to be exalted or depressed by them. I value this kind of independence, and shall preserve it^ and it is doubtful whether I could now shape myself to forms and observances without self-inflicting much real and substantial snaring. Should ministers, therefore, n^ative my wishes, as may probably be the case, or I should break up our negotiation (as I am half-disposed to do), it will be a comfort to me, in any and all changes of fortune, to con< tinue as independent as I now am. If I had private means, I would scarcely yield my position so easily and at so chei^ a rate, for I am iully sensible of the fame of the man who should open a path through Borneo for the civilization of Europe to enter by. Patience I patience 1 Jan. 17 There came a boat from Kaluka, Jan.'?- with pangeran Illudeen, and a gang of the rajah's people. Where can they be going? nowhere certainly but to commit mischiefl I was sorry to see them. Wrote a letter to the six chiefs of Sa* rebas, which, as a curiosity, I copy. " The commands of the Tuan Besar to the chieft of Sarebas, viz. Datu Patingi, the Datu Bandar, the Datu Isteen Rajah, the Datu Lacksamana, Fanglima Rajah, and Orang Kaya Pamancha. "The Tuan Besar desires to establish a fur trade in the Sarebas country, and therefore orders the ux Datus to inquire into and settle justly DiclzedbyGoOgle MH. Brooke's jouhnal. [chap. xxn. the claims of the nakodah Bujang, who complains that his goods have heen seized when trading. Should this seizure have been made as a retahation, the Tuan Besar desires that the chiefs will never allow such a plea to be used for the disturbance of trade." This letter is carried by Lingire. N. B. Orang Eaya Pamancha is a Dyak, and I included him, to do him honour, amongst the ministers. The story is as follows : — Nakodah Bujong, a Sarebas man, had some Sink! men in his boat. Isteen Rajah, the minister, made a bargdn for, and received the goods in question, and then refused to pay for them, stating that he had re- caved an injury from some other Siriki people, and therefore retaliated. Pangeran Illudeen informs me that some of the inland Dyaks have been making excursions into ihe interior of Igan. He, no doubt, exaggerates the evil, for he only knew of one man who had lost his life. It appears, however, that the Igan river is a large one, and runs a long way into the country, and the boundary of the Kayans and the Dyaks. In the interior the rivers of Rejang (or Seriki), Igan, Pulo Lasa (or Matta) aU meet, imd here is the boundary of these two distinct races of aborigines ; the upper part of the streams named, toeing separated from that of Leret and Sakarran by a range of mountains. Jan. 18.— Some people informed me, that the Kayans do not make paltry excursions for the sake DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXU.] TWAL FOR THEFT. 9 of heads, as do the Sarebiw and Sakarran, but '8«. attack countries on a more extended scale. This would be easier to deal with than the bIj, insidious attacks of the Dyaks. These Eayans of different tribes, it must be remembered, have never been subdued, nor have th^ even nominally been sulgect to the rajahs of Borneo. Jan. 24. — On this day I tried a Fontiana man Jan. 24. for theft, the punishment for which, on finding him guilty, was cutting off his hand, conformably with the Ondong Ondong, the established law of the country, to which I had bound myself in assuming ™j government. To this, however, I could not bring myself to consent ; I therefore commuted it for three dozen lashes, laid on by the boatswain. I believe the effect will be equally good, and not so barbarous, and I will endeavour to change the law in this respect. I am at present involved in a discussion with the Chinese kunsi respecting their yearly revenue. I am insisting that it shall be paid at their new year, when it is due : they are begging for delay. It is evident, however, that they do not now hold the tone they did a year ago ; their visions of power and independence have faded away, and they are become good subjects. It cannot be doubted that a kunsi, with the powers these people possess, can be of little advantage to a new country, com- pared with the independent working of man. Sarawak, i^e&. 17. — This day her Majesty's ship Driver arrived, bringing Captain Bethune, Royal DidilzedbyGoO^IC MR. Brooke's journal. [Chap. xxii. Navy, and my friend "Wise; and it is not a little re- markable that, at the very moment in which I was ruminating upon the probable intentions of the British Grovemment on my account, I should re- ceive an ofScial notification from Lord Aberdeen of my appointment as confidential agent in Borneo for her Majesty, together with inatractioos to proceed to Brun^ the- capital, with a letter addressed to the sultan and to Muda Hassim, in reply to their application to the British Government for aid in the suppression of piracy. The appointment, how- ever, is only temporary, and the instructions from the Foreign Office, though highly complimentary, are very guarded, it being quite evident that the Government are averse from being in any way committed by rash and hasty measures. Nothing can be farther from my wish ; for if those I have proposed be not thoroughly sound and right, I would be the first to abandon them. I have this day received from Mr. Wise, the sultan of Borneo's deed, ceding to myself the district of Sar&wak in perpetuity. We s£ul immediately for Brun^ Feb. 25. Brunk, on board H. M. S. Driver. — On our arrival here yesterday, we found every thing in a satisfactory state. Muda Hassim wbs in power ; Pangeran Uaop friendly and quiet ; Budrudeen, the director of all. They were delighted to see us, and more especially with the presents which we brought. From Budrudeen we learnt all particulars of the events that had occurred since my last visit, when DiclzedbyGoOgle COAP. XXU.] STATE OF APFAIBS AT BBUVi:. rajafa Muda Haaaim had been reinstated in his power and authority. The saltan, imbecile as he is, has been apparently BubmiBsive, but in hia heart he is mischieTous, and entertains a dread that it is Muda Hassim's intention to depose him. I hare been informed, that he has addressed a private letter to Colonel Butterworth, requesting my removal irom Sarawak ; but this letter has certunly never been received ; and as Captain Bethune's interpreter has a very gay yellow letter, addressed to the sultan, irom a Portuguese clerk in the court at Singapore, I suspect that some petty intrigue is being carried on. Pangeran Hassim has also been obedient to Muda Hassim, but he is not to be trusted, and there ia, doubtless, some dealing between bim and Sheriff Osman, of Malludu. Mudu Hassim has indeed muntained his authority, and Budradeen assures me, that seven-tenths of the population are ia his favour. As my mission refers more especially to piracy, I may here notice Muda Hassim's mea- sures relative to that subject. Shortly after his arrival, he addressed a letter to the Hlanuns of Tam^msuk, acquainting them with the engagement with the English to discourage and suppress piracy, advising them to desist, and ordering them not to visit Borneo, until he (Muda Hassim) was con- vinced that they were pirates no longer. This was iair and open conduct, but, as will hereafter ap- pear, did not produce the desired effect upon those to whom the letter was addressed. With reference to present politics I may remark DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOKE's JOUENAL. [Ca*P. XXII. that the Bultau is weak and douhtAiI; pangeran Uaop, clever, mercantile and adverse, — at least so I may reckon ; Sheriff Osman is a pirate, positively and undoubtedly a pirate, direct and indirect. These two last are in communication with each other, but how intimately I cannot venture to say. This party in Borneo may muster, at present, four- tenths of the inhabitants, and they may gain the sup- port of the Illanuns of Tampasuk, and of Sheriff Oeman. On the other hand is the party of Muda Hassim, with a numerous connection and six-tcntha of the population. Borneo, therefore, being thus divided within itself, there is no danger of Muda Hasaim's fall, for if Sheriff Osman and the other pirates were to support pangeran Usop, Sarawak could as quickly support Muda Hassim. One cir- cumstance is to Muda Hasaim's disadvantage, namely, his being the corrective party, aiming to do good. The opposite party are evil workers, who can promise plunder as the price of success : and we all know it is much easier to do evil than good ; to propel men on a wrong, than on a right course. In this estimate I do not reckon upon English assistance, as it may be aome time before the ar- rangements, at present in contemplation, can be brought into play ; but, even with this view, I see no reason to doubt our being the moat stable party. I have always urged, that, to eradicate piracy, a force must be sent to the pirate haunts, to burn and destroy their towns. Merely to cruize is to DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXH.] STJPPBBSSION OF PIRACY. 1' harass your own men, and to gain but very par- ^^*^- tial and occasional sucoesa ; but what pirate would venture on his evil course if his home were en- dangered, — if he be made to feel, in his own person, the veiy iUs and miseries he inflicts upon others. Of course this retribution must be inflicted on all classes of pirates : on pirates direct, and pirates in- direct ; on the ^ders and abettors, as well as the actual perpetrators; on Sheriff Osman (if it were necessary) as well as on the Ulanuns ; for the en- couragers of theft, and the receivers of stolen goods, knowing them to have been stolen, are to be punished in like manner with the thief himself. For example, as to the effect of this system : Sam- bas was the most piratical and most powerfiil place under Sultan Annas. He was the Host of numerous Ulanun fleets which made Sambas their rendezvous. Sultan Annas was attacked, defeated, and deposed ; the consequence of which has been, that Sambas has been a quiet place ever since. But yesterday, Sarebas and Sakarran, with their acknowledged receivera and promoters, sent out formidable pirate fleets: Eeppel attacked them; Sheriff Sahib has fled, and the Dyaks are peaceable. It is true, that, to cany out this system, we must have the best information, good local knowledge, and a command of natives to act as guides and auxiliaries ; moving forward pace by pace, — crushing the bad, — en- couraging the well-<^8po8ed, — establishing legiti- mate governments, — eradicating the usurpers who have smed land without right or title. All this DiclzedbyGoOgle HR. BBOOEE's JOUBNAL. [Chap. XXII. is easily to be accomplished, aod I apprehend no obstacle to this coarse. To the eastward c^ Saluk we are, I believe, very ignorant, but we know that the inhabitants are fierce, numerous and war- like ; without question the worst pirates in the Ar- chipelago. The first step ie to gain more iufbr- mation and acquaintance with the Illanuns, and the next, if deemed advisable, to attack them with a suitable force ; but it would be a risk frith a small force, on our present knowledge, to come in contact with them in their own country. The league between Sheriff Osman imd Pangeran TJsop is undoubtedly of an intimate nature, and the measures taken by Muda Hassim's government for the discouragement of piracy, and his acknow- ledged agreement for its suppression, has tightened this offensive and defensive league. The danger to Borneo arises from his negotiation with us ; for were Pangeran Usop to invite Sheriff Osman to Borneo, there ia no denjring, that conjointly, they would endanger the very existence of Muda Hasum and his brothers. Budrudeen seemed to consider it possible, nay, not very improbable ; but, at any rate, it will take time to arrange their measures, and we must guard agunst them. The rajahs of Borneo have addressed to me the following letter, in my public capacity, which I conceive will be sufficient to gain protection for Borneo, if it does not enable the authorities to act in the offensive, and at once to crush Malludu and its pirate gang. DiclzedbyGoOgle CsAP. XXnO PIBATE HAUNTS. " The Sultan Omar Ali Seffedm and the Muda Hassim have received the letter brought by our friend ; and we beg to inform our friend that, in accordance with the appointment of the Queen of England, we rec^ve our fiiend as her Majestjr's Yakeel in Borneo. We now acquunt our fiiend that we adhere to our former dedaratious, con- veyed through Captain Sir Edward Belcher ; but, at the same time, we beg our friend and Captain Betfaune will take measures, pending the n^otiar tion, to protect Borneo from the pirates of MaUudu, under Sheriff Osman, who is, as we are well informed, in league with some pangerans of Borneo ill-disposed to our government, in consequence of our agreement with the English, and of the measures we have taken to suppress piracy. " We likewise, through our Mend as Vakeel, beg to convey our continued assurances of friend- ship to the Queen of England, and to express our hope that,' through her assistance, we shall be enabled to settie the government of Borneo, to suppress piracy, and to foster trade for the well- doing of both countries." To understand the system of piracy and its several ranufications, a brief view must be taken of all the piratical tribes and places in this vi- cinity. Sarebas and Sakarran are at present quiet. I do not doubt that the Dyaks, unassisted by Malays, will soon subside into comparatively peaceable people. If, at any future time, it becomes neces- DiclzedbyGoOgle MR. BBOOEB'S JOUBHAL. [Chap. XXII. sary to punish them, it will be easily done ; as the Malays, mth the aid of a moderate force of Eu- ropeans, will always be glad to act agunst them. The most formidable pirates are the lUanuns of Magindanao. Until we get better information of the absolute haunt of these pirates, we must be content to cruize against them, both on our own grounds and, occauonally, on theirs, and not by any means to attack them on land with our inadequate force. The Balanini inhabit a cluster of small islands somewhere in the vicinity of Saluk, and are of the Bajow, or sea-gipsy tribe — being, no doubt, ori- ^nally subject to the rajahs of Saluk. At present, as far as I can learn, they are not dependent, but they are, probably, encouraged in piracy by some of the Saluk rajahs, and find in Saluk a market for their slaves and their plunder. The Baknini cruize in large prahus, often double-banked, con- taining seventy or eighty men ; and to each large boat a long and fleet sampan (small boat) is at- tached, which will hold from ten to fifteen men. They seldom carry large guns like the Ulanuns ; but, in addition to the usual arms, viz., lelahs (small brass guns), swords, spears, stones, &c., they use a long pole with a barbed iron at the end, with which, during an engagement or flight, they hook thdr enemies. By means of these sampans tbey are enabled to pursue all small boats; and they likewise disguise one or two men in various ways, whilst the rest lie hid in the bottom of the DiclzedbyGoOgle ,db,Google ,db,Googlc Chap. XXn.] PIRATE CRmSERS. boat, and thus approach and surprise prahus at sea and people ashore. By beiug disguised as Chinese fishermen, they have carried off numbers of Chi- nese from the entrances of the Sambas and Fon- tiana rivers. The cruizing grounds of these pirates are very extensive. Th^ frequently make the circuit of Borneo, proceeding as far as the southward of Celebes, and even to Tungana, Callantan, and Pa- tani, and of course JUlalo is within their range. It wiU readily be conceived how harassing to trade must be the continued cruizing of the Balanini, and more especially to Borneo Proper, which seems the chosen field of their operations. The number of Bomeans yearly taken into slavery is very con- siderable, as a fleet of six or eight boats usually takes its station off Labuan, and blockades the city of Brun^. These pirates have a saying, " That it is difficult to catch fish, but easy to catch a Bomean ;" and, on the contrary, the Bomeans from being ha- rassed by the pirates, caU the easterly wind during the S. W. monsoon, " The pirate's wind." These people commence cruizing on the N. W. coast about the middle of March, returning about November. The last of these piratical tribes of any import- ance, is mider Sheriff Osman at Maliudu Bay, who is a half-bred Arab, married to a Saluk rajah's daughter. He has no title whatever to the coun- try he has seized, and his great object, I hear, is to possess himself by force of all the birds-nests' VOL. n. c DiclzedbyGoOgle MR. BBOOKES JOUBKAL. [Cup. XXCL caves in that part of the coast, and on Palawan. The lUanuns of Tampasuk recognise him for their own convenience, and for purposes of plunder ; and he haa probably at Malludu a force of a thousand or fifteen hundred men. His town is stated to be on the coast, and plenty of guides could be found in Borneo to lead a force to the attack of his strong hold. This Sheriff has to my certain knowledge seized and sold into slavery some twenty British sub- jects wrecked in the ship Sultana, one of whom, an Arab, complained bitterly of the indignity offered him ; stating, that he had been robbed by Osman, amongst other things, of a beautiful manuscript Koran. He concluded a long string of abuse, by calling him shaitan, or devil. The indirect piracy of this chief is more exten- sive than the direct, for the Balanini, whenever they cruize, take their supplies of food, powder, guns, salt, &c., from him ; and on their return, pay him at the rate of five slaves for every hundred rupees' worth of goods. The most detestable part of this traffic is, the cold-blooded re-selling of these slaves to Pangeran Usop, who demands 200 rupees, or more, from their friends in Borneo. Thus, tlua vile Sheriff, not reckoning the enormous price charged on his goods, in the first instance, gains 500 per cent, for every slave ; and Pangeran Usop clears 100 per cent, by the flesh of his own countrymen, thus becoming, de facto, a party to the piracy. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chw. XXU.] VISIT TO THE 8DLTA2I. 19 I should propose at once to crasb this sheriff, 1843. and as soon afterwards as possible, to attack the Balanini. These two measures, together with a little cruizing against the lUanuns, would clear the N. W. coast of pirates ; and subsequently, provided the British government made a station at Labuan, it would be easy, with our advance of knowledge, to punbh other pirates as they came under our notice, until the Archipelago at lai^e was entirely cleared, and the native character, by long disuse, corrected of this too natural propensity. March 1. — Viwted Budrudeen, Muda Haasim, and the sultan, the last of whom was profuse in his expressions of regard for the English, and in- quired whether, and at what time, they proposed coming to Labuan. We now distributed the pre- sents to the Bultfm and duels, who appeared much gratified therewith, and the natives were delighted as may well be imagined. March 2 — I learned from Pangeran Sora (an M*"* a. honest man for a Bomean), that since Muda Hassim's return, the poorer class had become more comfortable in the city ; and Williamson heard the same from some of the poor themselves. This in- formation is so far cheering, as it must strengthen Muda Hassim's government, and be gall and bit- terness to Pangeran Usop. I attempted, likewise, to persuade Budrudeen to a reconciliation with Usop, in order to try him in the right path for once; but he assured me, that from his intimate DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOEB'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. XXII. knowledge of the man's character, he was qaite certain, that no conciliation would avail, and that his absence from Borneo was indispensable. He added, however, that the rajah had tried to con- ciliate Usop since his return, and had bestowed several marks of distinction on him, but all in vain. Usop will have the power in his own hands, and will contest the succession to the sultanship, or be nothing. He wiU do this at any price, if there be but a chance of success. A word on the succession. Borneo is, it may be said, divided into white roses and red, the Sultan representing the House of York, Muda Hassim that of Lancaster. The Sultan Omar All had, amongst others, two sons, viz. Ma- homed Tuzudeen, and Mahomed Kanzul; the former of whom being the eldest, succeeded his father Omar Ali on the throne, and had one legitimate son, Jamalul Alum, and, amongst his illegitimate sons, Usop, our present adversary. The second brother, Mohamed Kanzul Alum, had by his first wife, Rajah Api (and Noor Alum), a daughter. By his second wife, Muda Hassim and Muda Mohamed, and by his third wife (an lllanun woman of rank), Pangeran Budrudeen, Pangeran Jelaludeen, and Pangeran Ishmael, besides which he had some dozens of ille^timate children. The sultan, Mohamed Tuzudeen, on his son Jamalul attaining his manhood, abdicated in his favour, and at the same time Jamalul married his cousin, Noor Alum. The issue of this marriage DiclzedbyGoOgle Craf. xxil] object of hr. bbooee's mission. 21 was the present sultan, Omar All Seffedin, whose '^^- father died whilst he was yet an in&nt. On bis demise, his father, Mahomed Tuzudeen, re-ascended the throne, and reigned until his death ; when he was succeeded by his brother Kanzul Alum, on whose demise his eldest son, Rajah Api, succeeded, the present Sultan being about twenty-eight years of age. Kajah Api had no le^timate children. He reigned but a short time, for, owing to his ferocious and savage disposition, his violence and cruelty, his sister, Noor Alum, who is represented as having been a clever woman, rwsed the suffering people against him so effectually, that he was de- posed and put to death. The present sultan, Omar Ali Seffedin, then mounted the throne, and ia at present without legitimate issue, Muda Haasim being, by every right of descent his successor, as his second cousin and his uncle by legitimate descent. Pangeran Usop being illegitimate, can have no clmm to the throne, more especially as he is a younger son, his elder brother Pangeran Yakub being still living, but neither so clever nor so ambitious as himself. March 3. — The object of my present mission March 8. is to make arrangements, — not committing the Government, — for the suppression of piracy and the extension of trade. Certainly the latter is de- pendent on the former in a very great measure, nor can we ever hope for any extension of trade whilst we allow the carrying vessels to be harassed by Diciiiized by Google iSR. BROOKE S JOUBNAL. pirates. This is the first step towards improved commerce, and othera equally necessary but of slower development, will in time be compassed. To make any formal arrangement in the shape of a treaty I consider unnecessary at present, for Muda Hassim's government being already pledged to forbear from negotiation with other powers, pending his negotiation with the English to repress piracy and to cede Labuan ; and being, moreover, thoroughly well disposed and eager for the alliance, I consider any definitive treaty regarding commerce and piracy as likely to hamper Her Majesty's Govern- ment without any equivalent advantage. It must be remembered that in any arrangement or treaty made, the rajahs of Borneo, however well disposed, are without the means of doing anything inde- pendent of British assistance. The British must do every thing: therefore, Tihen vfe shall exactly know what is to be done, it will be the proper time to demand what we require from Borneo. All arrangements for the suppression of piracy and the extension of commerce will fall a dead letter to the ground, unless with some sufficient force we are prepared to chastise the pirates ; and, by a course of consistent measures, and by a gentle and benefidal influence with the native governments, correct the present wretched state of anarchy and confusion, give the producer some reward for his labour, and, by afibrding protection to life and pro- perty, opening sources of trade whereof we at present know nothing. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbat. XXHO PB0BA2L& EZTENSION OF COMtlEBCG. 23 JlfarcA 4. — Walked with Captain Bethune and 18«. a party to the Kiangi, to inspect the coal : the dis- ^^^ii 4. tance measured is not abore eight hundred yards to the first vein, which ia ten feet wide, and just below the water. The spot I inspected with Adams, is about 150 yards further up the stream ; above which again, we picked up some large lumps of coal, proving, that elsewhere, more is to be found. I have daily visits from the rajah's brothers, the purport of which is, to beg to be allowed to return to Sarawak. One or two of them I pity, and would assist; but the rest are little worth. In the evening I visited Muda Haswm, and had an oppor- tunity of talking to him fully about his future prospects. I found him, as usual, quite prepared to take any steps recommended to him, the only danger be appears to apprehend being from Sheriff Osman. In order to extend our commerce in these seas, and more particularly on the N. W. coast of Borneo, it is requisite, 1st. — That the sea be clear of pirates. 2nd. — That the native government should be settled, and the poorer and producing classes protected. 3rd. — That the knowledge of the interior should be extended, and our inter- course with the various tribes more frequent. That our commerce may be largely extended is so clear, that I shall not stop to detail the productions of the Island of Borneo, as it will suffice here to DiclzedbyGoOgle MH. BKOOKE's JOUBNAL. [Chap. XIU. state generally, that all authorities agree in repre- Benting it as one of the richest portions of the globe, and its climate, soil, mineral and vegetable produc- tions, inferior to those of no other country what- soever. It appears, therefore, that materials for an extensive and extended trade exist, and only re- quire development ; and that a numerous popula- tion of Kayans, in the interior, are at present debarred from all intercourse, from the badness of Malay governments, and their jealous monopoly of the mouths of the various rivers. I need say nothing further, for it is a duty which every civilized government owes society, to annihilate piracy at any cost ; and in the Archipelago, should a considerable force in future be necessary to punish the Illanuns, and the islanders of their vicinity, we might act as vigorously with the Dutch, whose interest, like our own, is involved in this question. A port like Labuau and Balambangan would, beyond doubt, give an impetus to trade, merely from the freedom from all restrictions which the natives would enjoy ; and piracy being checked, the countries which now lie fallow would, from their proximity, be induced to bring their produce into market. This limited extension is of little moment compared with the results which must attend our using a beneficial inSuence over the native governments, for the purposes of affording protec- tion to the poorer classes, insuring safety to the trader, and, without any guarantee, holding out a DiclzedbyGoOgle CuF. XXH.] SPEKAD OF EElTISfl TNFLUENCE. fair prospect of success to the planter or the miner. The slightest acquaintaDce with the N. W. coast of Borneo would prove to any observer, the ease with which these objects might be effected. The native governments are every where fallen to decay, and the capital of Borneo requires protection and I am £rmly of opinion, that if Labuan be taken possession of, Exiropean capital might with safety be employed in the city of Borneo, whether for the procuring of coal, or any other speculation ; it being, of course, understood that the specu- lator should pay to the Bomean Government a fair sum, for the excluave, or general privilege of working the mineral. By the occupation of this island, the English influence over the Government of Borneo would be complete. We must maintain this ascendency by a favourable prestige, as long as possible, if not by fear. Our position at Labuan, it must be borne in mind, will be different from the position we occupied in relation to the native princes in Singapore. In the latter case the princes were ruined, without means, without followers, and, with a paltry and useless territory, they became our pensioners. In the case of Labuan, we shall have an acknowledged independent state in our vicinity; and, for the prosperity of our settlement, we must m^ntain our ascendency to support the government of Muda Hassim and the sultan. Let our influence be of the mildest kind, let us, whilst we uphold the legitimate rule by this influence, DiclzedbyGoOgle 26 MB. DBOOEE'S JOUBNAL. [Chaf. xxu. ^^*^- ameliorate the condition of the native population ; let us pay every proper honour to the native princes, convincing them of our entire freedom from all selfish views of territorial aggrandisement on the miuQ land, and we shall enjoy so entire a confidence, that virtually the coast will be ours without the trouble and expense of possession. I have impressed it on Pangeran Muda Haasim, and Budrudeen, that the readiest and most direct way of obtaining revenue from their various pos- sessions, will be by commuting all their demands for a stated yearly sum of money from each. Reckoning the sums so demanded at the very lowest rate (Sarebas and Sakarran excepted, on account of their unsettled state), the amount re- ceived from the various rivers between Tanjong Datu and Tanjong Barram, would be ten thousand dollars. By this means the legitimate governments would become the protectors, rather than the op- pressors of their dependencies, and insure them from the exactions of the worthless pangerans, who now devour them ; and, as these dependencies become flourishing, the revenues of the rajahs would increase. By this means, likewise, a tone would be given to the native mind ; the people at large would, on the payment of a specific sum, have a right to re^st any extra demands, and the very exercise of this right would strengthen their minds and teach them the first rudiments of freedom. If Labuan wei'e English, if Muda Hassim's :dbv Google Chaf. xxu.] sfbead op bbftish influence. 27 government were established firmly, there is no •8*''- reason why these measures should not be com- menced at once ; and I am assured we shall have the hearty co-operation of the Bomean goyemment. Since the advent of Europeans in the Archipelago, the tendency of the Polynesian governments has been to decay. Here the experiment may be fiurly tried, on the smallest scale of expense, whether a beneficial European influence may not reanimate a falling state, and at the same time extend our own commerce. We are here devoid of the stimulus which has urged us on to conquest in India. We take a small station near an un-warlike and friendly people, and we aim at the development of native countries, through native agency. If this tendency to decay and extinction be inevitable, if this approximation of European policy to native government should be unable to arrest the fell of the Bomean dynasty, yet we shall retrieve a people, already habituated to European habits and man- ners, industrious interior races; and, if it became necessary, a colony gradually formed, and ready to our hand in a rich and fertile country. We shall have a post, in time of war, highly advantageous, as commanding a fevourable position relative to China. We shall extend our commerce ; we shall suppress piracy, and prevent the present and the prospective advantages from falling into other hands. Nor will the expense of doing all this be great. I own that this developement of the natives DiclzedbyGoOgle 28 MR. BBOOKB'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. XXn. '^^- through their own exertions, is a hobby of mine : if it succeed, it would be nobly done, — a pure spot in the troubled ocean of colonial politics ; but if it fail, and fml it may, we shall have little to reproach ourselves with ; for it may truly be affirmed, that under no circumstances could the condition of the north-west coast be worse than it was four years ago. A word now on Sarawak. My experience there certdnly justifies the views I have taken relative to the other rivers. Perhaps four years ago, no country could be more wretched or more oppressed, whereas, now, it is the happiest and most flourishing province in Borneo. The Dyaks are an industrious race, and as they increase and multiply, I see no reason to doubt, that Sara- wak will become a considerable rice producing country. Other points may yield profits, but European capital will be requi^te for a full de- velopment of the resources. Whether the posses- sion of Labuan, and the general adoption of measures for the extension of trade, as I have mentioned, will give suflScient security to capitalists to embark at Sarawak, is doubtful. It may pro- bably do so, but at any rate, if the people be happy, I may fairly calculate, that time and good government will have their full effect, and that the fruit, gradually ripened, will be preferable to any of hot-house growth. In thus running over the heads of the subject, I have not alluded to any distant countries. We DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbat. XXIL] SGARCH FOR COAL. must know them first : we must be intimate and cultivate an Engliah party, but tbe same policy that haa succeeded In Borneo must succeed else- where, if pursued with temper and patience. The general principle ought to be, to foster and en- courage old established governments, such as Bor- neo and Saluk, provided they will in sincerity abandon piracy and assist in its suppression ; but at tbe same time, by watchful supervision, to convince ourselves of the fact, and keep them in the right path; for all treaties with these native states (and we have had many) are but so much waste paper, unless we see them carried into ex- ecution. Any state distinctly fostering and har- bouring pirates should be punished, and all new authorities, sheriffs, and the like, who have seized territories and formed a nucleus for piracy thereon, should at once be attacked and expelled. March 5. — More searching for coal, but unsuc- ] cessful, though there is no doubt it is to be found on other spots. Received intelligence from Malludu : Sheriff Osman has fortified himself, and is prepared to resist the threatened attack of the English ; and re- port further states, that if the British squadron do not attack him, he wUl, at all events, assault Brunfe for having entered into a treaty with us. Throwing aside all speculative points, our first en- deavour must be to crush the Sheriff, or at any rate to protect the capital. . I learned, likewise, that last year, when we DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOEE'S JOmtHAL. [Cbap. XXIt. passed in the Samarang and Phlegethon, three pi- rate prahus saw us, as they lay concealed under Pulo Gaya; this proves, that merely passing along the coast is of no use, and that, to act efficiently against pimte prahus, we must poke into erery nook and comer. I have only now to mention the third means for the extension of commerce. Our intercourse with the natives of the interior should be frequent and intimate. These people are represented as nu- merous, hospitable and industrious ; and a fiiendly intercourse would develop the resources of the in- interior, draw its produce to our markets, gradually tend to the enlightenment of the wild tribes, and check their propensity for war. This intercourse, however, must be carefully and prudently intro- duced, and graduaUy advanced, until those wild tribes are conversant, in some degree, with European manners and habits, for to bring them suddenly into contact with the ordinary run of ignorant and violent Europeans, would produce bloodshed in a month. Nothing is more difficult, notlung requires more temper, more prudence, or more patience, than establishing and maintaining a good understanding between ignorant civilized men and ignorant savages. In the case of Borneo, however, it is by no means necessary, that these two classes should, for a long time to come, be in contact, as they are in New Zealand. There is little danger that the natives will wither before the approach of the white man. DiclzedbyGoOgle Ch*p. XSH.] captain MDNDT'S NAHBA-nVE. 31 Here, we want not their land, but their produce ; 18«. and we desire to become their benefactors by ever so alow and gradual means. Surely it is posuble that the Europeans can, for once, benefit the na- tives; surely it is possible, that a limited inter- course may be mutually advantageous. MarchlO. Labuan. — We left Brun^ and crossed Mwchio. over to this anchorage. On the 7th, Budrudeen accompanied us to the Moarra, and took leave of us with regret. Mr. Brooke's Journal is silent as to his proceed- Capuin' ings between the above date (the 10th of March) N^S^^Je. and the 21st of May, when he again returned to Brunfe, I gather, however, from his private letters to England at this period, that after remaining a few days at Labuan, he returned to Sarawak, and, finding all going on well in that quarter, proceeded to Singapore, for the purpose of consult- ing the Commander-in-chief, and of laying before him the lameutable state of the northern coast of Borneo, in consequence of the hostile ' attitude assumed by the pirate chief of Malludu, Sheriff Osman ; who had threatened, with an overwhelming force to attack Brunfe, for having entered into a treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of piracy and slavery. Mr. Brooke remained a fortnight at Singapore, and DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. Brooke's journai,. [chap. xxii. then returned to Brun^, touching again at Sarawak on hia way; and it will he seen hy the extracts which now follow from his own Journal, that Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane notified his intention of visiting the Borneo coast with his squa- dron whenever his other duties would permit; a resolution which, considering the dangerous na- ture of the coast, in its then unsurveyed state, bespoke at once the nerve and character of our Commander-in-chief. May 21. Bruiik. — Just returned to this city, in the Phlegethon steamer, from Singapore, where I had made a longer stay than I had either wished or intended. Whilst at Singapore, I had several interviews with Sir Thomas Cochrane, the result of which leavra no doubt in ray mind that he will attack Malludu, provided we return to Singapore in time to meet him. In Borneo I find every thing retro- grading. For two years our supporters have been living upon hope. They see us come and go without any good resulting, without receiving any assurance of a speedy conclusion to our negotia- tion. We neither support their government, nor do we attack the pirates, who threaten the very existence of Borneo, defying the power of the DiclzedbyGoOgle Cup. XXn.] 8FBCULATI0H3. 81 British. Is it, then, snrprisiDg, that onr party i«^- hesitates, trembles, and doubts our ability or our will to asdst them ? Is it surprising that Fangeran Usop disbelieves our power to support, and is enabled to shake the public mind ? Is it surprising that Sheriff Osman laughs at our beards, and de- fies us ? Will it be surprising if he attacks, and, with Usop's ud, takes Brun^ ? Yet how deep will be the shame and the disgrace I Budrudeen says he knows not the day when his own life and the rajah's may not be sacrificed. I tremble with in- ward rage ; it preys upon my mind, it affects my body, it paralyses vay energy, to be the tool and the participator of such mistaken policy. Delay is our ruin ; no one has got a single discretionary power to act, to protect, or to save. Add to all, we aie put into an inefficient steamer, manned with a weak crew of wretched blacks, and obliged to crawl from place to place, with intervals of ten or twelve days, for wood-cutting at each place ; and which vessel would certtunly fall a prey to a fleet of Illanuns should she chance to meet them, for of her crew there are not five men who have ever seen a large gun fired. During our absence, the American frigate, Constitution, touched here, and in an interview mth the sultan and rajahs, its commander requested a treaty of alliance between the United States and Borneo, the articles of which were as follows : — 1st. Protection to the Brun^ government ; — DiclzedbyGoOglC 84 MR. BROOKE'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. XXU. ^"^^- 2nd. The sole right of working coal to Americana j — 3rd. A monopoly of the trade. This ia the na- tive account. The third article is probably exagge- rated, or misunderstood. Had it been a common right of trade with other nations, no objections could have been made to the proposal. The Ame- ricans act, while the English are deliberating about straws. Awg.8. A%igu3t 8, 1845. — Entrance of Borneo river. I am now anchored off Borneo Proper with seven vessels, and an eighth is hourly expected. Our friends, of courae, are delighted. Sir Thomas Cochrane is inclined to act (God bless him), and considers the circumstance of pangeran Usop's de- taining two British subjects after the agreement entered into with Sir Edward Belcher, as sufficient warrant for punishing that gentleman. I think so too, but then comes the difficulty of doing it effec- tually, and in such a way as not to involve others for his crimes; but thia is not easy, because the admiral can stay but a few days, and though he has power to destroy, he cannot advance the general good and the general policy without pacifying and encouraging, as well as destroying. To seize Uaop is difficult ; to frighten him away very easy : but when we have retired, the demon returns with other demons. The snake is scotched, but not destroyed. It ia not easy with such a force to be moderate, and with Sir Thomas Cochrane's other duties and engagements, it is probably impossible for him to devote any length of time to this coast: DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXH.] IHTEBVIEW WITH THB SDLTAN. 35 yet moderatloQ and time are the keystone of our ^^*^- policy ; and if Malludu be destroyed, and a brig left here to support our Mends, and to drive Usop away should he attempt to return, we could afford to be moderate, and not to spill blood. I feel myself very reluctant to accede to any propositions which aim at Usop's death, and I will try to save him in the coming events, unless I be thoroughly satisfied that his living endangers the life of Bud- rudeen. Sir Thomas seems inclined to severe measures, but he is so reasonable and willing to listen, that I hope for the best. If the meeting to-morrow with the sultan be judiciously and skilfully conducted, no doubt all will be well. Auffust 9. — The interview. The three steamers Aug. 9. and a large body of seamen and marines proceeded up the river to the city ; on approaching which, Muda Hassim met the admiral, and entered his barge. The sultan received him at the shore. The three chiefs advanced to the hall of audience where, seated on the dais, the admiral being in the centre, they proceeded to the business of the day ; compliments were passed, and fine speeches made on both sides, the admiral assuring the sultan that he had come to offer him every assistance to suppress his piratical enemies mthout, and to punish any turbulent men who in Brunfe troubled his government. The sultan was much obliged, looked pallid, and trembled. Then came the crash of the Iwnd, the rattling of the marines' arms; the DiclzedbyGoOgle ME. Brooke's jodrnal. [Cau-. xxn rise, the embrace, the descent-, and the return to the Pluto. What touched my heart at the close of the audience was pangeran dsop seizing my hand &om behind. Poor devil, I pity him; but measures must advance, and he has deserved his fete, what- ever it may be. The admiral took this occasion to demand repa- ration for the seizure and confinement of two British subjects, contrary to the sultan's agreement with the British Government. The sultan's reply was evasive and timid, laying the blame upon Usop, and expressing his willingness that the admiral should punish him. His Highness, however, con- sented to this step with reluctance, from fear of Usop, who, well informed, gathered together his followers, and prepared his guns, but what can he do, opposed to three steamers. Between ten and eleven, being at the rajah's, we received information that it was probable or possible that Usop would attack during the night. Incredulous myself, I thought it right, however, to let the admiral know, and our party at the embassy, viz. Captains Talbot of H. M. S. Vestal, and Bethune. Williamson and myself were reinforced by a small party of marines and a boat's crew. Having seen the admiral, and arranged that whatever might occur, no firing was to take place, I returned to rest, and, throwing myself on my mat, soon fell into a sound sleep, after a day divided between ceremonials and bu- siness, which mingled, like two liquids, the lighter floating at the top. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXII.] SECOND VISIT TO THE SDLTAN. 37 Atigust 11. — Usop has fled, having sustained in 18«. hia house several shots from the Vixen. Twenty AuTTr' gans have been taken and presented to the sultan and rajah by the admiral, who retained two for the purpose of remunerating the British detenus. August 12. — This moraing I visited the sultan Ang. 12. in company with Muda Hassim, and tried to soothe his mind, and at the same time to show him, that his best and only course is to hold by his treaty with us, and to work with Muda Hassim and Bud- radeen. He is, however, such an imbecile, it is impossible to make more than a momentary im- pression upon him. My apprehensions for the state of Borneo, on the admiral's departure, were eased by Budrudeen telling me, that Usop had already been endeavouring to open negotiations with him. I advised, strongly, that they should attempt a sincere reconciliation with him, or at any rate patch up a truce. It is the only course for us to follow, but again and agmn I deplore, that the protection of a brig is not, or cannot, be ^ven. August 20. — Yesterday Sheriff Osman was Aug. 20, attacked at MaUudu ; his strong fort captured and himself defeated, with great loss, and driven into tlie hills by Captwn Talbot, of the Vestal. August 31. — Started for Brunfe, and on my way Aug. 31. received the news, that two days after Sir Thomas Cochrane's departtxre from the city, pangeran Usop had attacked it in force, but had been defeated by Budrudeen, who pursued him into the country, and DiclzedbyGoOgle 58 MB. Brooke's joubnal. [Chap. xxn. *'*"• to BarSkas, Usop'e own residence, whence the pu- siUanimous chief fled, leaving his women, children, treasure, and all his property in the hands of his victors. Thus is Brunfe all our own : thus is the worthiest party firmly established in the saddle. Their rival is stripped of wealth and home, and a fugitive ; his women and children remaining prisoners and hos- tages; and his own life in the utmost peril: thus is our good fortune secured in the best possible manner by the exertions of the natives themselves, with Budrudeen as their leader. My mind is now at rest about the fate of my friends, but I still con- sider a man-of-war brig, making her appearance here every month or two, of great importance, for it wUl be necessary, for the next six months, to consolidate the power of Muda Hasaim and Bud- rudeen, and if, with the new order of things, the people constantly see white iaces, and find that they are quiet and inoffensive, that ignorant terror which now prevails will gradually vanish away. Amongst the prisoners taken at BarSkas was the daughter of pangeran Usop, the wife of pangeran Hassim, the nominal son of the sultan, — who is altogether an imbecile. This lady, with some others, was sent to the sultan's house, being placed under his care, as being nearly related to him ; and Budrudeen, with a generosity worthy of the imita- tion and admiration of Europeans and Christians, not only spared the pergonal property of the women, but divided amongst them the gold and DiclzedbyGoOgle Ckat. xxu.] chabactbb of the sultan. 3: omameute taken from pangeran Usop. The sul- i^^- tan having charge of these poor creatures, and finding that they were poBsessed of some property, was seized with his tuual desire of appropriating it to himself, bo, partly by fraud, and partly by force, he had, upon our arriTal, made himaelf master of all the women had in the world, and was subse- quently loud in his own praise for giving them food and clothing. I have long known this man to be unfit to reign, for truly, as the Singapore Free Press remarked, " He has the head of an idiot, and the heart of a pirate;" but his time draws to a close, taii from the first, I have never lost sight of the advisability of deposing him, and substituting Muda Hassim in his place. The time, however, is not yet ripe. Brunfe requires repose, and there are, or may be, preju- dices and objections to the step in England. How- ever, some day, if events follow their present course, he will cease to be sultan. September 3. — I have only to mention, that be- Sept 3. fore my departure from Brunfe, after a most un- pleasant stay of three days, I proposed to Budrudeen to allow me to buy the life revenue of Sarawak for 7000 dollars, and the rajah being one year in ad- vance, makes the sum 8000 dollars. I do this, not only that I may advantage and ease my own affairs, but to give them such a sum as will help to consolidate their power; for in Borneo, 7000 dollars, well laid out by a great man in authority, would yield large returns, and they might live on DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOEB'S JOITRNAL. [Chap. XXI t. this money whilst some arrangements were made for the payment of their revenue from their numerous possessions. Thus, it appears, the arrangement would assist both parties, at least I know it would benefit me, and I think that I have merited this, or any other favour at their hands. To-morrow I Bail for Sarawak, where, I trust, I may e^joy, a month or two's repose. DiclzedbyGoOgle AETURN TO SARAWAK. CHAP. y-gTTT, BMTVBS TO 8AKi.WAK. — DfPBOTEKEtlT OF THE DTAK FOFULA- TIOK. — THEIR MANNERS AHD CDSTOHS. — CUBlOirS CEREKONT. DANCES. CARES OF OOrEBMHENT. — TBEATT WITH HANSAB CASeUC — 8ABEBAS AKD 8AKABRAH PIEAOIES. — ROBBERT OT ONE OF THE ENGLISH HODSES. — QUARRELS AMONO THE 8AK- ABRAN3. — INTERVIEW WITH ABANO KAFL — BAD STATE 0» NATITE OOTERNlIEirr. SCARCITY 09 BICE. — INCREASINO TRADE. — CHARACTER OV DER MAXOTA. — INTERVIEW WITH THIS CHIEF. — CONTRACT BETWEEN ICUDA BASSIK AND THE CHINESE. — DtFLUENCE OF THE CELESTIALS HT THE ISLAND.— ARRIVAL OF THE " JDLIA " FROH SINOAPORE. — OOHFLBTION OF NKOOTIATIONB WITH THE LINOA CHIEFS. — FOLITICfl OF TBI PIRATES. — FUTURE REGENERATION OF THE LAND.— EXPEDI- TION AGAINST THE FIBATE8. — FBEFARATIONS FOB THE EX- PEDITION.— ARRIVAL OF BTBAHOERS. — A GENTLEMAN FOND OF FOULTRT. — TISIT FROM A DISGUISED PRINCE. BEAUTIFDL I REBUHB my Journals at Sarawak on Monday the ims. 29th of September, 1845. Bethune, my excel- g^^g^ lent colleague, has departed, and I am once more llviDg quietly alone in my mansion, and daily dis- penaing arrears of justice, which had accumulated during my wanderings. The confidence of the natives in me personally is astonishing, and in truth it renders it a question in my own mind how far wise and politic it will be to remove myself from hence. I find the Dyaks tractable and quiet, and daily improTOig in prosperity, and I have lately had much furlJier opportunity of noting down their DiclzedbyGoOgle im. BBOOKE's JOUKNAL. [Chat. XXHI. various customs, most of whicb are harmless and ' inoffenaive, though ridiculous and absurd. White cloth, I find, is a mark of cold weather or pros- perity. The killing of the fowl after waving it above the paddy (rice in husk), and the rice measures; the mixing of the blood with kuning, a yellow root, and water ; and immersing the women's necklaces, and then waving them over their heads ; touching the heads of the children with the charmed mixture, I have, I think, glanced at before. When I seat myself on the mat, one by one they come forward, and tie little bells on my arm ; a young cocoa-nut is brought, into which I am requested to spit. The white fowl is presented. I rise and wave it, and say, — " May good luck attend the Dyaks ; may their crops be plentiful ; may their fruits ripen in due season ; may male children be born ; may rice be stored in their houses ; may wild hogs be killed in the jungle ; may they have Sijok Dingin or cold weather." This exhortation over the dance begins ; men Mid women advance, take my hand, stroke their own feces, utter a wild, indescribable shriek, and begin a slow and monotonous twisting wriggling movement, with arms extended, the measure being occasionally somewhat faster when the old ladies feel inclined to indulge in a jump. When this occurs the music gradually becomes more furious and the dance proportionately animated ; then may be seen a shy boy or girl stealthily mixing in the crowd, and perhaps some proud Tpginynii. -vrill briitg DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbaf. XXin.] THE CARKS OF GOVEBNUGNT. 43 her little child of six or seven, and put her into the '^*°- circle, and the tiny creature will move her tiny ^'^~~ hands in unison to the music At Rapang on my late excursion, the wife of the Orang Eaya, who was very pretty, and danced exceedingly well, insisted upon exhibiting herself before Bethune and mysdf, and by this little piece of vanity greatly disturbed the economy of the dance. This being observed and complained of by the other performers, the Head Man (at once the chief and the master of the ceremonies) said In a loud tone, addressing her by name: — "Why don't you dance feir? There you are dancing before the Great Man, and the Great Man can see no one but you." Besides the above-named customs of these inte- resting tribes, they wash my hands and my feet, and afterwards with the water sprinkle th^r houses and gardens. Then the gold dust, with the white cloth which accompanies it, both of which have been presented by me, ia planted in the field. The white cloth, I may remark, is always inseparable from the rice measure, as, being the emblem of cold weather, it is supposed to be exerting its cooling influence. Sept. 30. — The cares of office are upon me ; from Sept so. iar and near the rulers of the various rivers are come, or are coming, to meet me, to explain, to request, to inquire. Bandar Ca^m has visited me three successive days ; he is a weak man, not over honest, and with just brains enough to do mischief, and get himself into trouble, mthout deriving Miy advantage fr. friends, and moderately respectable. The influ- '^^- ential Pamancha and Lingire agree tolerably with these, and all have a glimmering of the benefit of regular commerce. This is my party — a party in favour, or at any rate not opposed to, a gradual reformation. Let me now describe the other parly — the deter- mined opponents of every pacific policy, and the open advocates of violence and robbery. It consists of Datu Patingi, who resides at Boling on the main river. He is described as a weak and wicked man, who listens to the advice of Wangsa and Abang Mansur, and shares with them their ill- gotten spoils. These three men are known through- out their district as vicious and unprincipled, and are in alliance with Bukn the chief of the Li&r. Every species of villany is practised by these worthies on all persons they can get within their clutches. Traders who have ventured to resort to these villages lose their property under all sorts of pretences, and if importunate in demanding their own, they lose their Uves through the agency of Bulan and his Dyaks. Three instances of the kind have lately been reported to me : — One party of merchants to whom Wangsa was largely in- debted, was suddenly attacked on his wharf, and put to death. Abang Mansur disposed of another party of four, whose claims were inconvenient ; and a third party was attacked, and after the loss of one or two, the remainder were too glad to escape and abandon their debt. These atrocious Malay DiclzedbyGoOgle MR. BROOKE'S JODRNAL. [Cbap. XXUI. rulers urge on the Dyaks to these attacks, and the Dyaks, so comnianded, have no objection to a business which procures them the possession of a large stock of heads. The only surprising part of the thing is, that traders should of their own free will place themselves within the grasp of such monsters in spite of all warning on the subject ; but the spirit of gain is paramount, and I greatly fear that more extensive and oft-repeated . failures and yet further loss of property and life must ensue before so ruinous a trade is altogether aban- doned; but that day must arrive, and the Lela Wangsa and Mansur will me the hour in which they killed the goose with the golden egg. I feel that it is my duty to punish these persons at once, and I would do so had I the means, and would drive them entirely from the fixmtier; but at present I am hampered, and I must trust the Lak- simana, Pamancha, and Lingire to prevent as much mischief as they can, and for this purpose I have furnished them with a letter calling upon aU good men to support them, and to live at Tambak, under the penalty of my displeasure, and of fiiture punish- ment if they cast their lot with the evil-doer. I really hope to form a nucleus of good out of my present materials, which may ere long extend over the five rivers. If the British Government would allow me to hoist a flag at Sarawak with the British Union cantoned in it, we should then have the pro- tection I require, and quite sufficient to induce DiclzedbyGoOgle CuF. XXni.] EXPEDITION AQAIHST THE riRATES. moderate capitalists to embark in the field, whether in mining, planting, or trading. I am quite op- posed to any rash scheme which wopld put money into my own pockets, and leaving neither honour nor character behind, ruin the country I am so anxious to civilize, and turn out a bubble. A small company and moderate capital are enough at first, and from small b^nnings we should so gra- dually advance, that at length a vast country, whose resources are incalculable, would be surely deve- loped ; but your vast schemes backed by millions never did, and never will, open a new country pro- perly. The one is a natural growth from the tender seedling to the noble monarch of the forest ; the other the forced plant of the hot-house, the Prophet's gourd running up to the sky, but withenng as iast as it grew. Thus far had I written fmd had laid down my pen to indulge in meditation over my dreams for the future regeneration of the land, when I was reminded of its being the time to cross the river to the court-house. SpeedUy taking boat, 1 gained the wharf, and there I met Si Lingi, who had just arrived in hot haste from Sakarran, and was the bearer of a letter for me from Abang Kapi. The contents were important. I have already mentioned that I ordered the Dyaks to turn three sheriff out of their river, whose piratical habits were incorrigible ; and it appears that at a council convened by all the chief men of that district, it was resolved, that my instructions should immediately a 4 DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BHOOKE S JOURNAL. [Chap. XXHI. be carried out. The three sheriffs, however, had, by ' the treachery of two Malays, received information of what was going forward, and hastily collecting a fleet of prahus, were preparing to resist. Lingi and a few Malays started from Sakarran the day before yesterday, and pulling night and day, arrived here at noon. To oppose this piratical excurMon and to enforce my orders, the Balows have collected their people at Linga, and to-morrow night I shall send off five boats from Sarawak to reinforce them, and with the prahus of the Laksi- mana and Lingire they will form a junction, and if practicable, push on at once for Sakarran and strike the pirates there. Our force will probably amount to twenty Balow Dyak boats and six Malay boats well armed, whilst the adversary has only fifteen boats, manned by compulsion, with mixed Dyaks. The force of these mixed Dyaks is in itself contemptible, and would probably be able to do but little mischief; but the effect upon the other Dyaks of different tribes would be very injurious should the evil- disposed escape with impunity, wherefore I act against them with vigour and celerity. On the other hand, it is most gratifying to see that most of them are true to me and to their word. Sa- karran and Sarebas are now as houses divided amongst themselves, and I shall soon ascertain who are really my friends. There is a just plea for punishing the people of Lifir and Sakarran who are raising this pirate fleet. The death-warrant of DiclzedbyGoOgle .Cup. XXm.] EXPEDITION AOAIMST THE KBATES. 57 Dyak piracy must be signed, or commerce can never ^^*^- assume a steady character. I have -written two letters — one to Abang Eapi, and the other to the Linga chiefe. They will be conveyed by Si Lingi thia night, and contain the promise of a rein- forcement from Sarawak in a couple of days, to- gether with my approval of their intention of acting vigorously ag^ust the three aherifFs. ' Oct. 25. — Yesterday was a day of bustle and Oct 25. confusion, launching boats, collecting men, and dis- tributing arms and ammunition. I found out with regret that our chiefs had allowed their war-boats to rot, as they had depended on the services of our ships of war ; therefore on this occasion we could not turn out more than ten boats, three only of moderate size. Without my interposition I believe they would never have been ready ; but by great exertion I managed to start them all by ten at night, just before which time the Orang Kaya of Liindu arrived from the interior, and having volun- teered to accompany the expedition, forthwith pro- ceeded with the party. I trust it may turn out well; that we may destroy the evil influence at work at Sakarran, and establish a party there which, if it cannot prevent piracy, will always inform us when a fleet is collecting. Kupell and myself are now left tSte-i-tSte, a wonderful cir- cumstance at Sarawak. The country is still and business stiller — all thoughts turned to the result of the expedition. Sunday, Oct. 26. — The lastfortnight has witnessed Oci. 2a DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BROOKE S JOUENAL. [Chap. XXUI. a wonderful Improvement in my time of rising. Soon after daylight I may be seen roaming about the premises, then reading till breakfast-hour. This is a day of repose, and to me how welcome. About mid-day a messenger arrived from Sheriff Jaffer, bringing the offering of a kid, in return for which I sent him six bundles of tea. He had heard of the movements at Sakarran, and was much alarmed. News has reached me of our fleet being out of the river and steering together to the east- ward. I am very confident, yet at particular moments a qualm comes over me. I half wish that I bad gone myself, in spite of my opinion that I ought not to be there. The old game is playing — the quiet part of the community is in terror — a big gun has been heard — I assure them that it is a ghost, or the working of their own imagination, and so allay their apprehensions. We have another importation of strangers; no less than thirty families have sought my pro- tection, flying from Pontiana, whither they had arrived from Santang, and thence here by sea. One of their boats is of the largest class, and has been bought by the Tumangong, at which I am rejoiced. We must really set to work and build half a dozen first-rate war boats, our own navy, in these piping times of peace, having been allowed to go to pieces. Oct 27. . — Last night a wild hog broke through the fence which protects my poultry from the denizens of the jungle, and carried off the flower DiclzedbyGoOgle CiUP. XXIU.] A DISGUISED TBIHCE. 59 of my lately imported flock of geese. Confound !*■**■ his appetite. This morning Nakoda Daroup ar- ' rived from a trading voyage to Singapore and Tringani, and I am sorry to hear that he has not succeeded in obtaining a return cargo of sufficient value to repay his enterprising attempt. Shortly afterwards, the Young Queen also anchored off my jetty, and her captain tells me she is for sale. She is not pretty, and is otherwise an unlucky craft. She is the little schooner which fought her way out of the Coti River on the southern coast of Borneo, in Mr. Murray's unfortunate expedition, he being himself killed on board. At breakfast a young prince in disguise paid me a visit, to request I would lend him money, which he would repay from the revenue of his country. The story was not new and rather lame, so I made him a low bow, and walked him out of the room, believing that both the country and the revenue are the creations of a fertile imagination. There would, however, have been some little romance in the adventure, had not the disguised prince been a particularly ill-looking vagabond, and - unable to sustain the part he had taken. The Young Queen, on taking up her moorings, honoured me with a royal salute. My fort could not return it, as all the cartridges had been in requiation to supply ammunition to the expedi- tionary squadron. November 2. — The Young Queen departed on Kov. 2. the 30th, and I am again almost alone. Reports Diciiiized by Google so MB. BSOOKE's JOUBNAI.. [Cuf. XXIII. i8«. are rife of battles fought and wod, sometimes by [ one party, and then by the other; but these rumours trouble me not. With moderate prudence those whom I have entrusted with the management of the operations will conduct it so as to insure future advantages in furtherance of the great object of trade, if their success is not at once complete and the wicked sheriffs overthrown. Last evening I received from a native a lovely creeper, in fuU blossom of abundant clusters of red and yellow flowers. This would be a prize indeed in England; but to secure its transit across half the globe is beyond the limits of hope. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chat. XXIV.] SCABCITr IN THE INTBBIOB. 61 CHAP. XXIV. 8TATC 0» PBOVUIOIIS IH THK IHTtBIOB. — OOITDITIOR Or TBI 81- SAMBO TBIBB. THE TDlUSaONO'S PBOFE88H»IS. — PHOCEED- IMGS OP THE BALOW AND SARAWAK BQUADBOMS. BMCOCNTEB trrrH THE pirates. — capture of theis fleet.— bbpkmt- AXCE ABS DEATH OF SI Qn.A. — CDRIODS SUPXBSTITlOtl OF THE SEA DTAKB. CAPTCRE OF A IfURDEBER. — IMTELLIOEMCB FROM SAKABRAH. — BICKKKgS OF MR. BROOKE. — HATITE MODE OP WARFARE. — CATCB A CROCODILE. — HETHOD OF BEIZINa IT. — DISCUB8I0K A£ TO ITS DISPOSAL. — PLDHDBB OF A SAGO BOAT. — MEWS OF PAKOKBAK USOP'S DEATH. PROGBSSS OF ETRNT8AT BRIHti. — ARRIVAL OF EtaORAIfTS FBOK SAJfBAS. — AMOraXB niPLTTX OF STRAMOER8.— GROWING PROSPEBirT OP SARAWAK. — VOREION RELATIOHB. VALUE OF DETACHED November 3. — I have been engaged in an in- 184*, quiry as to the state of provisions in the interior. ^^^~3~ I much regret to hear that the Balows and Si- buyows are this year badly off for rice, in con- sequence of the Sakarran war, and the change of residence forced upon the latter tribe. These poor people come in small parties to borrow a little money, and show great caution in doing bo, always asking when and how it is to be repaid, and whether any interest is to be charged. The distress, however, is not pinching, for the men do not seem in bad condition, or reduced by want of food ; very unlike the positive famine which had crushed the hill Dyaks when I first received this government, with its charges and responsibility. sdbyGoogle MB. Brooke's joubnai,. [Cup. XXiv. The dreadfully emaciated forms, the sunken eye, and distended stomach, spoke of extreme want and of misery in too legible characters. It is now consolatory to think that in three months the harvest will be ripe, until which period I must reUeve the tribes to the best of my power. I have also received an account from Lama of the bad condition of the Sarambo tribe, which it appears is internally disorganised, disobedient to its cbiei^ and some members of which rob and plunder their own people. The thieves have been discovered, tried, and condemned to pay a fine. They set the law at defiance, refuse to return the stolen goods, and appeal to the decision of the sword. All parties now express their anxiety to wait for my opinion, and they declare themselves willing to send proper persons to arrange the set- tlement of their disputes. These unsought applications are of great import- ance. By a judicious interference in their internal affairs a great influence is obtained, and a prospect opened of improving their condition ; I must, how- ever, wait for more certain information, and must consult Datu Patingi, who holds Sarambo under me. The old Tumangong amused me by many pro- fessions of his devotion and entire good faith ; but it is difficult to make an honest man of him in his old age, or to expect he will walk straight. I cannot allow him to interfere and disturb the sea> DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXIV.] PIBATE FLEET CAFTUBED. • 6t coast ; but I shall ask the rajah Muda Hassim to ^^^■ pat the Milikin Dyaks under his charge, and ob- serve how he manages them. They are a branch of the Sibuyows, originally discarded from the in- terior of Santang. This shows how circumstances scatter the tribes; and in their present rude state the memory of their former locality is quickly lost, and their tra- ditions end oiler their customs have been abolished. Nov. 7. — Our fleet returned in safety, and No». 7. amidst the great rejoicings of the people, last even- ing, aiter an absence of thirteen days. I may briefly describe the proceedings, which have not been without interest to the whole of our com- munity. Having left Sarawak, as before described, on the 24tb ultimo, they arrived at Banting, in the river Linga, on the 27th. Here information was re- ceived from the Balow Dyaks, that they had at- tacked and defeated the pirate fleet of eighteen boats, avera^g a crew of thirty men each, with their own fleet of only fifteen boats. The pirate fleet was commanded by the sheriffs Amal Long, Abu Bakar, and the notorious Api Brag& of Sa- karran, and was anchored in the small river of Samong. The Balows came suddenly upon them, beating their gongs and tatawals and firing thar lelas, which manoeuvre was completely successful, as the pirates imagined that the whole Sarawak force was in the offing, and immediately deserted their boats, DiclzedbyGoOgle 64 - HB. BHOOKS'S JODBNAL. [Chap. XXIT. '^•*^- and fled into the jungle. They were pursued by the Balows, who killed five of them, and amongst the rest their chief, Api Brag^. The whole fleet, with the property, arms, and ammunition, were captured, and the Balows re- turned in triumph to Bantong. The united force of these Dyaks and the Sarawak squadron now amounted to forty-five prahus, and the following day they proceeded up to Sakarran, where they met Abang Kapi, the Malay ruler of my appoint- ment, and the Dyak chiefs of note, and entered into a friendly compact with them for the genertd suppression of piracy. Gasin, who is the moat powerful man in Sakarran, went higher up the river in chase of the sheriffs, who had fled in this direction, but the rascals had crossed the country to Sarebas, with their wives and families, and are now with the Panglima Rajah. Thus a pirate fleet, the chiefs of which boasted openly of the mischief they intended to do, was dispersed and captured, with the loss of the Dyak leader, owing to timely information brought down by Si Lingi, a countryman of their own, but op- posed to a continuance of piracy. I believe we have now secured a well-disposed party, who will always give me notice of any assembly of war- prahus for piratical purposes. Had Lingi not been our friend, the Balows would have suffered very severely, as they were scattered at their farms before the junction of the force from Sarawak ; confidence would have been shaken and punish- DiclzedbyGoOgle CHiT. XXIV.] CDEIOUS STJPBBffnnON. 65 ment difficult, whereaa the happy result of the ••**■ combined movements of our allies has greatly strengthened the party fevourable to good gorem- ment. I was anxious to hare made prisoners of the sheriffs, for with them lay the principal guilt and blame ; and I fear they will never be reclaimed. There was also another chief, named Si GUa (or Madman), one of the most desperate of these sea- robbers. He fell sick after the capture of the fleet, and, feeling that his end was near, sent for lus sons and followers, confessed that he bad acted wickedly in making war against Glasin and Abong Eapi, and recommended them to send in their sub* mission, and live honestly in their own river. Two days afterwards Si Gila died, leaving a bright example to Dyaks of future generations. This sudden change so bewildered the natives, that they declared I had bedeviled htm with charms un- known in their country. There ia a curious su- perstition amongst these sea Dyaks, which I may mention here. It is very similar to that which obtains in a district of Celebes. Their doctor, or magician, or both combined, is a man set apart for that office, who is thereafter considered as a woman. She, or A«, marries a husband, adopts children, dresses as a female, and lives amongst the women, performing the domestic duties pe- culiar to the sex. The principal occupation is curing people by divers charms, driving away the devil and evil spirits. It must be allowed that the VOL. n. F DiclzedbyGoOgle 66 HB. bbooeb's joubnal. [Ckap. xxcr. 184a. whole constitution of this office, is an example of gross superstition ; but the ceremonies attendant cm it are in themselves inoffensive. A branch of a tree is fixed on the house ; around it white doth is wrapped, and near this spot the spathe of the betel or areca tree is placed (the spathe bdng indispensable) ; then the people assemble, and with unseemly noises, rattling shells and beat- ing gongs, proclaim their joy and satisfiiction. The office itself is called " Manang," and as no particular age is specified, the " Manang" being young or old, as chance may determine. The present occupier of this important post became so when quite a child, and he is now weU stricken in years, and much respected by his tribe. There is de- cidedly something unpleasant to European ideas in the marriage of man with man, though I believe it to be solely an absurd superstition. Never- theless, thd custom is not a good one, and is quite unknown amongst the hill Dyaks. The Orang Eaya Tumangong who accompanied the expedition to Sakarran has brought in a Dyak, named Harass, who will be immediately put upon his trial for murder. The depositions are before me, and the story as follows : — Two Dyaks of Si* takow, by name Marass and Siru, had been hired by a Chinaman to accompany him on a trading voyage up the Sar&wak river to Signong, a large Pyak tribe in t^e interior. These Dyaks belonged to the Sambas government, their locality being in- lutd near the Lundu river. They proceeded as DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur.XXirj CAPTUBB OF A. HUHDBBEE. 67 &r as the landing-place of Tubbia, where they i^^- stopped, and where Maraos (dressed as a Malay) became acquainted with a young woman of the Tubbia tribe in whc^e company he remained till the following morning, when the Chinaman and his Dyak boatmen continued their yoyage up the river. On arriving at Signong, the two Dp,ka, Marass, and Sim, were dischai^ed, and they inmtediately returned to Tubbia where the former renewed his intercourse with the young woman, and subse- quently came to the determination of cutting her throat, and possessing himself of her head. Twice he was deterred from the murderous act by the in< terposition of his brother Dyak, but the third time he succeeded in slaying his victim, and immediately fled with his prize to his own home accompanied by Siru. The tribes were not enemies, and if the history be true, the murder was a most cold-blooded and brutal act. Had he been on a war path and taken iha head of an enemy, though that enemy were a woman, he, as a Dyak according to the Dyak code of morality, incurred no guilt ; but, on the contrary, if he tempted and deceived this woman and trea- cherously murdered her even as a Dyak, he would be considered guilty amongst Dyaks. A murder committed by a demi-savage, or rather the circum- stances attendant on it, require the deepest con- sideration, and the clearest evidence must be produced of guilt before auch a man should be DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BROOKE 8 JOUBNAL. LCatP. XXIV. condemned. The prolonged life of a savage is not incompatible with the security of the community if those around him really believe that he will never commit another murder ; and it should always be clearly ascertained how far the Dyak himself be- lieved he was committing a crime. Spare life if possible, and endeavour to teach a higher morality ; but justice must have its course, and it will be my duty to see that this wretch is fairly tried. Nov. 20. — Our latest intelligence from Sakarran is good, but the three sheriffs still reman at Sa- rebaa where they are protected by the Panglima rajah. The Balows have requested my permission to proceed by land and attack them in their place of retreat. This I have refused, but have sanc- tioned a recommencement of hostilities if the she- riffs return to interfere with the new government now established. Several of the friendly chiefs have taken oath that they will never permit pir ratical excursions to be made from the districts over which they rule, and hogs have been killed to make the vow binding. Many others promise to visit me here shortly, and to cement the good understanding which is gradually rising between Sarawak and the distant rivers. Nov. 21. — At last I am visited by sickness, and am confined to the house; it is accompanied by great lassitude. Various members of our circle are absent in the interior, either for amusement or in- formation, and are living amongst the wildest tribes in perfect security. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cup. XXIV.] NATIVE UODE OF WARFAS£. 69 Nov. 22 — I have bad accounts of Patingi Abdul- '^**- raman, of Siriki. Hia government, compared with jj„ ^^ that of his predecessor, was tolerable, but of late he has shown an inclination to join with the evil dis- posed of Sakarran and Sarebas; and he allows their boats an outlet through his rivers to pirate upon the high seas; he has lately gone even be- yond this acquiescence and connivance at piracy by sending his own Dyaks {the Kanowit tribe) to attack a quiet village at the entrance of the Palo. In this attack he was successful, and the people were carried into captivity. Siriki is a Malay go- vernment, and, being situated on the banks of a navigable river, is accessible at any moment. I must institute immediate inquiry as to the truth of these' statements, and act, if necessary, or these fresh enemies to commerce and civilisation will destroy the labour of years. The mode of attack adopted by the Eanowits shows the system of warfare of these barbarians. The first house attacked was of the largest size, built on piles. A body of four hundred men approached — no arms were used, not a spear was thrown, or an arrow shot ; but the Dyaks, covered with their shields, crouching along the ground, slowly marched under the house, and commenced cutting and burning the posts. The defenders, about fifty in number, with their wives and children cast down between the crevices of the bamboo floor, every implement they could collect, together with boiling water, but in vtun. Their fate slowly, but surely approacjied. DiclzedbyGoOgle MR. BSOOm'S JOURNAI» [Cnir. XXIV. The fire and the steel did their work. The besiegers retreated. The houae fell with a dreadful crash, and ten men were killed, and fifteen women and children captured, the remnant escaping into the jungle. Nov. 25. — The Chief of Palo is here, and con- firms the history detailed above. He assures me that Patingi Abdulraman and Sheriff Sakarran are allied, and send out the Dyaks to pirate at sea. Palo is more than a hundred miles &om hence, yet its head man, persecuted and trampled on by a stronger tribe, finds his way to Sarawak to seek for counsel, and to implore my protection. I must, however, be palient before acting, so &r as it is possible. I always assure myself of facts. If ne- cessary, the patbgi himself, and all the old govern- ment officers shall be deposed ; for, from the weak- ness of the central government at Brun^, these people consider themselves almost independent, and carry on a predatory war without reference to superior authority. A male crocodile was caught this morning, mea- suring fifteen feet four inches in length ; and it is astonishing how quiescent these animals are when taken, allowing their feet to be fastened over their back, and a strong lashing put round the mouth without any resistance, and then brought down, floated between two small canoes. When dragged out of the water to be killed, the monster only moved his tail gently backwards and forwards. Yet when hungry, it is evident that he would attack both men and boats, for the bones of a poor fellow DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXIT.] A CBOCODILB CAUGHT. 71 were found in hia stomach. It is probable that ^**"' these cold-blooded reptiles digest their food very ' slowly, and that one meal, which is a gorge, lasts them for some time, as is the case with the larger serpents ; otherwise, if, lite the dragon of old, he required a man or maid for breakfast, the demand would be a heavy drain on a small population. The thigh and leg bones of the Mtday were perfect, and the feet had some portion of the flesh adhering to them, and were crushed into a roundish form, whilst the head was found separated at the joinings or processes. The poor man's jacket and trowsers were also found, which enabled the relatives to recognise his remains, and, from his having been a fisherman, it was probable that he was attacked whilst occupied with his lines. A Dyak of Sarambo, who was with him, must have been carried off at the same time. The mode of taking the croeodile is curious. A monkey or a cat is attached to a stick as a bait, which the monster sucks down lengthways, and when the strain comes on, this gets across his throat. To the stick is attached by a cord a long rattan (cane), which floats on the surface of the water, and which the animal attempts to get rid of. In the vicinity of this floating bait, a dog is confined on a stage, beyond the crocodile's reach, in which miser- able poution it is not surprising that he should howl somewhat lustily. The crocodile, attracted by this noise, approaches the spot with great caution, and the natives state that, if he encountered any DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOKB S JOUENAL. [Chap. XXIV. resistance when taking the bait, he would imme- diately retire without making a second attempt. When, however, he has swallowed it, which he does slowly, as he never suddenly tears the bait, he carries it to the shore, and it is sometimes two or three days before the long rattan is found, as he frequently takes it some distance, and secretes himself amongst the bushes and weeds of a small creek. Rather an amusing discussion arose amongst the natives as to the proper course of dealing with our captive monster, and as the question appeared to create considerable interest and much harmless fun, I encouraged them in the important debate. One party m^nttuned that it was proper to be- stow all prmse and honour on the kingly brute, as he was himself a rajah amongst animals, and was now brought here to meet the rajah ; in short, that praise and flattery were agreeable to him, and would induce him to behave genteelly in my presence. The other party said, that it was very true that, on this occasion, rajah met rajah, but that the conse- quence of honouring and praising a captured cro- codile would be, that the crocodile community at large would become vun and unmanageable, and after hearing of the triumphant progress of their friend and relative, would take to the same courses with double industry, and every one eat his man for the sake of obtaining the like fame. Having maturely weighed the arguments on both sides, taking also into deep consideration the injury which so unwieldy a captive might do in roaming DiclzedbyGoOgle GuF. XXIT.] PLUNDER OF A SAGO BOAT. 73 over my garden and grounds, foUowed by a host of '*^- admirers, I decided that he should be instantly* killed without honours. He was despatched accord- ingly at the common landing-place on the opposite side of the river, his head severed from the trunk, and the body left exposed as a wtuning to all other crocodiles that may inhabit these waters. Nw. 26. — A Nakoda of Brun^ wrecked a few not. 26. days ago at Sirhassan has arrived. Hia boat, laden with a rich cargo of sago, was pillaged by the na- tives. It will be a heavy loss to him, but I shall demand restitution from the Sirhassan authorities. This Nakoda also brings intelligence of the death of pangeran Usop and his brother pangeran Yakub, the rebel princes, who it may be remem- bered, about four months ago, after the departure of the English squadron from Brun^, suddenly at- tacked the capital, and were defeated by the forces under Muda Hassim and Budrudeen, and driven across the mountains. The government of Brun& have certainly strengthened their position by the execution of these restless and bloodthirsty pan- gerans, whose lives had been one scene of strife and ambition, and whose attempts to overthrow the sultan, and place themselves on the throne, kept the better disposed classes in constant appre- hension ; whilst the worst portion of the community had an unfailing source for intrigue and false re- ports, by which the whole frame-work of society was unhinged and disturbed. The pretensions of either party to the throne DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOKe'S journal. [Cup. XXIV. were ill-founded, and the hostility of Uaop to Muda Hassim scarcely disguised, nor did he ever lose an occamon of showing a contempt for his authority. To him nothing was a crime, and he was ever ready to strike aa opportunities offered. The late arrangements made under the auapices of Sir Thomas Cochrane for the suppressicm of piracy and Christian slavery were odious to Usc^ and his party, and his retention of the two slaves received from the great pirate-chief of Malludu, in defiance of the orders of Muda Hassim, and his agreement with the Commander-in-Chief, showed that he knew no law bat his own ungovernable will. Every effort was made by the rajah to conciliate and bring him over to the side of order, but in vfun. After the departure of the squadron, he refused to accept the pardon for which he had previously asked, and which Muda Hassim had granted ; and when de- feated by Budradeen, he fled to Kimania, a hun- dred miles distant; but being pursued by his con- queror, he was captured and finally executed. Budmdeen now stands undisputed, de facto ruler of Bruni. The sultan is a mere cypher, without authority, and without will ; incapable of appreciating the value of a good minister j and in- different as to what his character may be, he eats, drinks, cheats ; and with the head of a fool, pos- sesses the heart of a pirate ; whilst his natural roguery is checked by his timidity. No reliance can be placed upon his word, for he Is a tool in the hands of the evU disposed around him, and would, "DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXIV.} EHIGEAMT8 FBOM SAKBAS. at any time, play the part of a viUain, if it were not for the fear of the puDishment it might draw down upon him. A prince less good by natnre than Mada Hassim would curb the dangerous power which the possession of the throne necessarily ^ves, and a great blessing it would be to the country ; but there is no probability of any thing of the sort being done, and his highness will be allowed to spin out the thread of his base existence and con- tinue his miserable intrigues. liast night I met a brother of the chief of Sare- bas, and some other Dyaks of that tribe, and ques- tioned them on their business. They said they came for trade, but I believe they are desirous of examining into the state of our little community here, and to make a report to the Orang Kaya, before he comes himself to meet me. They nibble and nibble at the bait of better government, and perhaps I shall catch them at last. A China boat has arrived, with thirty emigrants from Sambas, who ask permission to settle here. Captain Sing- song, the owner, reports, that he has a secret for turning antimony ore into silver. I think I see through the cunning of this celestial. Does he not aim at manufacturing bad money ? Fore- warned, however, is to be forearmed. Two years ago I should have been glad of this small Influx of Chinese, but with extended experience, I by no means desire an increase of Chinese population, without the means of ruliog them with a rod of iron, for they are a people devoid of every feeling DiclzedbyGoOgle 76 MK. BEOOKE'S journal. [Cbap. XXIV. 1843. either of principle or of gratitude. Besides this ar- rival no less than forty families have also come in from Pontiana. They are Malays, formerly of Po- mertan, and after wandering about in every direc- tion and being every where persecuted, at length seek an asylum here. They shaU find it. The rumour of there being one small S5)0t of land, and that spot Sarawak, where the miserable and desti- tute of every race would find permission to live in peace had reached these poor people when far distant in the interior, and after much perseverance and weary travelling they gained the sea coast, and succeeded in finding their way to the mouth of the river. KoT. 27. Nov. 27. — Another large importation of stnui- gers. Forty-eight persons in two boats, five only being men, the remainder women and children of all ages. They complain of starvation, and apply to me for relief. The women state that their hus- bands are at Sarebas with another boat, endeavour- ing to procure rice, as they had formerly belonged to that country, and fought under the orders of the great pirate chief, Sheriff Sahib. When he was defeated in Keppel's campaign, these families endured the greatest distress. They wandered to and fro, and sold their gold ornaments and other articles to buy food, and now they have discovered that here they may dwell in safety. It is the same story over again, and I must do what I can for them, and so I have told them, and sent them away happier. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXIV.] PBOSPBaUTT OF SARAWAK. 77 CaptMD Singsong visited me tliis morning mth '9^- his smooth tongae and oily words. He spoke of thousands of Chinese ready to flock to the colony at my bidding, but not a word more of turning antimony into silver. I have very bad accounts of the Dyaks of the Rejang, who are sent out by Ab- dulraman to pirate on the seas. The villages on the coast are harassed by continual attacks. Some time ago I wrote to this chief, and quietly, yet firmly, pointed out to him the folly of his proceed- ings, and warned him to bear in mind the &te of Sheriff Sahib. In spite of this remonstrance he has ag^n collected the Eanowit Dyaks, has fitted out a fleet which has been seen off Cape Datu, and, which consequently must have passed by the en- trance of the Sarawak river, forming a junction with some boats from the other streams. Really these gentlemen seem determined to rush headlong to destruction, and will yet oblige me to teach them that two can play at the dangerous game of war. Dee, 12. — More than a fortnight has elapsed since I have been able to write in my journal. I have been incessantly employed in arrangements for my large increase of population. Every thing in and about Sarawak is prospering, and content* ment, happiness, and plenty appear to reign in the province j but I cannot speak so well of our foreign relations. Certain intelligence has been received that the three sherifls already so often alluded to have ag^n ti^en up their quarters in the Moarra DiclzedbyGoOgle 78 MR. BBOOES'S JOHBHAL. [Cku>. XXIV. '8«- Sakarran, and intend to settle there. They must be out of their senses ; but this step will bring things to a crisis, and we shall be able to crush Hxeae vipers. A sharp stringent policy is required to correct the evil propensities of Sakarran and Sarebos. They must be again attacked and be taught by a strong hand to feel that their piratical habits will never again be tolerated or permitted, and that the sole advantages which a country derives &om commerce, is not the ministration to their own greediness and rapacity. The Oraog Kaya Pomancha, of Sarebas, is now with me — the dreaded and the brave, as he is termed by the natives. He is small, pliun-looking, and old, with his left arm disabled, and bis body scarred with spear wounds. I do not cUslike the look of htm, and of all the chiefs of that river I believe he is the most honest, and steers his course straight enough. He asked my permission to attack the Undop Dyaks. I replied that, if he did, I would assuredly attack Sarebas, for on what ac- count should he act hostilely against these people. Yet this bare&ced application to carry destruction amongst an unoffending people is nothing com- pared to the want of faith, the treachery, the deceit, and intrigues of the Malaya. I am most anxious that all classes, and every province and district, should reap the advantages of my pacific policy and steady progress towards the development of the country ; yet bow can it be accomplished, unless I succeed in training them to peaceful habits, DiclzedbyGoOgle CKU.XXI7.] TALDB OF DBTACHSD STATIONS. 79 and can give them some sort of government which im*- shall correct by d^;ree8 the native character. It is ■""•""■ absolutely necessary to punish aa well as foster — to mi^e myself feared as well as loved. I was accidentally reading Blackwood to-day, and I mark down the following passage &om an article on Ethiopia, which is applicable to this part of the world: — " Insignificant stations on the coast to cany on a peddling traffic are beneath a manly and com- prehensive policy. We must penetrate the moun- tains, ascend the rivers, and reach the seats of sovereignty. We must, by a large but generous self-interest, combine the good, the knowledge, and the virtue of the population with our own ; and we must lay the foundations of our permanent influence over this fourth of the globe by showing that we are the fittest to communicate the benefits and establish the example of civilized society." DiclzedbyGoOgle HB. Brooke's joubkal. Ccbap. xxv. HEW TBUt S DAT. KZWS OT A FOBHIDABLZ FLEET OF PDUTBS. CHAHQE IK THE ABPECT OF AFFAIBB. 8UPPBE88ION OF PIRACT. ABBIVAI. OF THE HAZABD. NKW8 FBOH BRCUfe. — MASSACRE OF THE BOTAL FAULT. — OUn.T OP THE 8CI.TAK. FBOBABLE PROCEKDINGB OF THE BRITISH OOVEBmiEIrr. — THE KRDMi: RIVER FORTIFIED. CRinZE HT THE FHLEOETHOK. US. BROOEE'B REFLECTIONS ON THE UASSACBE AT BRDNt. — OOMCLDStOM OF KB. BBOOKe's JOURNAl CAPTAIN HmiDT'B January 1 . 1846. — Thb new year came in mer- ' nly, and was hailed by English voices and Englbh hearts; ay, and by English songs and English toasts, and earnest were the wishes from all of- us that we might meet here again on each succeeding new year. Then the middle of the day was welcomed with aa showy and as curious a regatta as could be found or heard of in the annals of any land. Flags waved, banners floated to the breeze, and happy faces beamed with delight, whilst the swarthy sons of Sarawak (as a novel writer would express him- self) contended for prizes in solid rupees. Never were boat races better contested, never did a people enjoy themselves more or behave better, and what we may have lacked in wit and polish, we made up for in merriment and laughter. The New-year of Old England will, I trust, Diciiiized by Google Cbap. XXV.] NEW-YBABS DAT. henceforward be a day of rejoicing in Sarawak, — a festival to which the natives of every class may look forward with a happy feeling, — a small link in the chtun of associations with which I wish to bind them to my mode of government. Yet how dif- ferent is the New-year here from that of the land of my birth. Old England ! dreaiy and chill is the season with you. In vain you deck the mansions of the rich or the hamlets of the poor with green leaves and red holly berries ! Id vain you endeavour to call forth the heart-felt burst of real enjoyment, or to bring out the cheerful expression and smiling look I The season in itself is melancholy and cold ; the elements are against you. The harsh, biting frost nips the half-starved cottager, and cramps the energies of the mass of the populace, and in vain you talk of blazing hearths except for the palace and the dwellings of the wealthy. Here the sun brightly shines, — here is genial warmth and per- petual verdure. Are we not then to be envied? I should answer — Yes. And such, I believe, would be the answer from the poor and the houseless of each wintry land ; for this is the country for the destitute and forlorn: this is the country for the tender and delicate. Such may not be the opinion of the rich and the powerful, who, in the cheerful glow of the blazing fire, know not the miseries of the wintry blast ; but for myself, rather let me bask in the sunshine of a tropical clime, than suffer the pinching frost of my own dear native land, which, VOL. II. G DiclzedbyGoOgle 82 MB. BBOOEi:'S JOUBNAL. ICtur. XXV. 1B46. though I love it tfcII with all its faults, and it has many, has few more unconquerable than its cheer- less climate. Mwoh 1 . March 1 . — In the midst of the general prosperity and increasing happiness of the tribes within the territory of Sarawak, I have suddenly recaved in- formation that the Sakarrau Dyaks have agfun been at sea with a force of seventy prahus, and not less than 1200 men, perpetrating many ravages, burning villages, carrying off the women and children into slavery, and laying waste the country, wherever their arms could reach. This ia truly heart-rending. It was not to be expected, that the single attack made on this river by Keppel should totally eradicate, fixim amongst a numerous and warlike population, the deep-rooted and often-indulged habit of piracy ; and although a slight advance has been made in detaching some of their chiefs ftrom this evil course, I find that measures of kindness and conciliation are entirely thrown away, and that it will be necessary to ^ve theae pi- rates another severe lesson, and to convince them that thdr haunts in the Sakarran river cannot protect them from my own native fleet, when supported by the boats of the vessds of war on the station. I feel perfectly convinced that, if these people be permitted to commit piracy with impunity, other communities, now checked, will speedily join them, and that in a few years they will become dangerous, not only to the coasts of Borneo, but to the shores DiclzedbyGoOgle Cup. XXV.] SAKABBAN PIRATES. of more distant settlements. If these warlike tribes shall ever get accustomed to the use of fire-arms, they will at once become a most formidable piratical force. How necessary is it, then, to inflict one or two severe lessons upon these constant disturbers of the public peace, and subsequently a moderate supervision of the conduct of the rulers of the Sakarran, Surebas, and Siriki would probably ere long totally suppress piracy along the northern coast. According to the latest intelligence, these Sakar- ran pirates have selected a position, two or three miles above the place where Keppel stopped, and are said to have made every preparation for defence ashore and afloat ; their war prahus are to be pre- ceded by fire rafts, which the strong current is to carry down upon our boats, and a general attack upon our force is to be made during the confusion. Captain Kodney Mundy is, at present, senior officer in the struts, and had intended to visit Sarawak in the course of this month, but I now hear, with great regret, that the disposition made by the admiral, in consequence of the war in India^ will inevitably cause him to postpone his visit. Whenever he does appear, there will be work for the ship, and I have no doubt that the Captain of the Iris will teach these gentry what it is to fiice the boats of the frigate. I have already ascertained that, by making a flank movement up one of the small streams from the main river, we shall reach DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BBOOKE's JOUBHAI.. [Chip. XXV. a position in rear of the pirates' defences, and that, after a short march across the country, we shall be able to attack them from a quarter they little expected. Thus, in the midst of my peaceful avocations, am I obliged, once again, to turn my thoughts to the horrors of war. What a train of reflection does not this necessity lead to ! Am I, then, really fond of war? This is a question which I ask my- self. And I answer — " Certainly " — for what man is not ? And, indeed, what else makes among my countrymen so many sailors and soldiers ? But if I ask myself whether I am too fond of war (meaning thereby that I would sacriBce justice to gratify my pugnacious propensity), then my conscience and my entire conduct through life make me boldly reply with a magnificent " No," for I truly feel that I am entitled to give this answer. There seems to me to be a contradictory sort of sentiment pervading a portion of the English pubHc, which it is difficult to comprehend. They parti- cularly desire to suppress piracy, but, when active and intelligible means are put in operation to eflect this purpose, they are horrlBed at the possibility of coercive measures being employed. What do they expect ? Do they reaUy imagine that piracy is to be suppressed by argument or preaching ? Do they propose to appeal to the tender feeUngs of these head takers ? Is it by mild mor^ity, moral maxims, Harvey's Meditations, mesmeric influence, DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XXV.] MEANS OP SUPPRESSING PIBACr. 85 a problem of Euclid, or Aristotle's Logic that they im6. would overcome the difficulty and gain the de- " sirable object of opening these waters to the peace- fill trader ? For my own part, I am anxious and ready to listen patiently to any well-digested plan, but at the same time, I confess myself at a loss to discover any remedy for the deadly evil but the one which I have as yet successfully applied. Should there, however, be, in modem philosophy, any patent process for the prevention of piracy, I should be glad to be made acquainted, as soon as possible, with its virtues and mode of application ; though I very much doubt, whether on the first experiment of its efficacy, more innocent lives will not be sacrificed than guilty ones have been lost in the course of all our warlike measures on the coast of Borneo ; but, in sober truth, nothing but hard icnocks can convert these pirates into honest people, and if the punishment of rogues is due to the better part of the community, the punishment of these piratical haunts is equally due to the peaceful inhabitants of numerous other rivers. Often do I reflect on what would be my position were I to adopt a doubtful line of policy. What would be the result? Why, that whilst I was preaching honesty to pirates, I should find the well- disposed, and most numerous body of the inhabitants, laugh- ing at my imbecility, or doubting the honesty of my intentions j and I should lose their confidence in the endeavour to perform the Herculean task of convincing people of the wickedness of a course of DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BROOKE'S JOUKNAL. [Chap. XXV, life to which they have been led from earlieat youth, and which they believe to be most conducive to their own self-interest. Away, then, with this false refinement, — this impracticable mode of action. It is a delusion. The desire of universal philanthropy may be boundless, but it behoves us who are the practical workers of systema to be careiul that we do not fall into the serious error of sacrificing the good in our efforts to convert the bad. It is our duty to try every thing by the hard reality. If we form the resolution of suppressing piracy, we must make up our minds to punish pirates. We must make a broad distinction be- tween piracy and no piracy. We must take care of our honest friends, and prove to them, the ad- vantages of honesty. We must leave an opening for amendment, and trust (whenever it is possible to adopt such a course) to the promises of reformation made by the pirate communities ; but when once these promises are duly understood, we must inflict punishment for every breach of them, and for every species of piracy, and we ought to act with a perseverance and a rapidity which would take away their breath. This has ever been my plan to the extent of my limited means, and by this course I have been able so to divide these pirate communities, that the converted portion might rule, or at any rate might greatly influence those who have been wavering or may have continued dishonest. If the government require my opinion, they may have it nnreservcdly. I should say, — act with vigour, — DiclzedbyGoOgle Canr. XXV.] CATASTBOFUE AT BBUVt. act because it is right to act. Do not for a moment draw back in alarm at the shadows of posmble con- tingencies ; and, judging the &ture by the past, I will venture to declare, that no very distant date would witness the extinction of piracy in this part of the Eastern world. April 1. — The arrival of the " Hazard" two days ago has brought me intelligence of a most melancholy caiastrophe which has occurred in the city of Brun&. The exact date of this atrocious act I know not, but it took place dther in Decem- ber, last year, or in January of this year. I have had most heartrending details from one of the per- sonal and favourite servants of the pangeran Budrudeen, by name, JafFer, who fled from the city by order of the pangeran Muda, one of the surviving brothers of the rajah Muda Hassim, and took refuge on board her Majesty's ship. It appears, that the sultfin, Omar All, after ap- pointing the rajah Muda Hassim his successor, under the title of sultan Muda, resolved upon cut- ting off the whole family, on account of their fidelity to the engagements entered into with her Majesty's government, which atrocious intention his highness was enabled to carry into effect on his &ithful and virtuous relatives, owing to a large number of the pangeraus and chief men of Bruni being still favourable to the piratical party. It is impoaaible for me to transcribe the indigna- tion which I feel at this almost unheard of butchery of every member of the royal family known to be DiclzedbyGoOgle MB. BROOKE'S JOUBNAX. [Chap. XXV. well-inclined to the British policy. This infamous act has sealed the most flagrant breach of treaty entered into with her Majesty's government witii the blood of the sultan's nearest relatiTes, and his highness has now openly declared, that he is pre- pared to fire upon the British flag whenever it shall appear near the defences which he is erecting. Had this dreadful event arisen out of any source of internal struggle for sovereignty or power, how- ever much to be regretted, it would not have ren- dered me so miserable as this fearful intelligence has now done. Surely her Majesty's government will well consider the case. It is beyond a doubt that the treachery and bad faith of the sultan had resulted entirely from the fidelity of the rajah Muda Hassim, and of Pangeran Budrudeen to their en- gagements, and the treaty entered into with the British authorities in these seas. Nor can I forget that these princes and their families returned to the capital, at the express invitation of the sultan, in her Majesty's ship Samarang, and were subse- quently reinstated in their former position, under the authority of a British naval officer. Wbat other object can the sultan have in placing himself in a position of such decided hostility to the British government than a determination to have ag^n recourse to the former atrocious system of piracy and murder. No less than thirteen of the members of the royal family have been massacred ; and that the vicious sovereign gave his consent, if he did not DiclzedbyGoOgle Cb*p. XXV.] QDILT OF THE SOLTAN. 8i directly order these murders, is clear on the feceof '^■*''- the evidence before me. Had I the power I would myself destroy both the city and the sultan, or at least would depose him ; then, if possible, I would rescue the son of Muda Hassim and fais surviving brothers, and place them in a fresh locality, and commence de novo ■with a better government under my own supervision. Possibly her Majesty's Grovernment may decide either on the punishment or deposition of this traitor to his engagements, and this murderer of his family. Should it be so, it will be necessary to consider what then will be the next best course to pursue, — how yet to save the country from a return to its evil ways. We cannot recall the past, but if decisive measures are speedily taken, the small rem- nant of the royal family, and others not implicated in the sultan's guilt, may, under protection, be formed into a government favourable to British in- terests, and to the interest of commerce generally ; but one step is absolutely necessary to be taken — the British Government must act decisively if they wish to retain a shadow of character with the inha- bitants of the Archipelago, or to suppress piracy. Desultory efforts can do nothing, and I am sorry to say we have in part reaped the fruits of long delay. However, to rail now is useless. My object must be to repair. The loss of Budrudeen is irre- parable to his country, and to me every thing as a friend ; yet, in a British point of view, the massacre may be turned to advantage and be the means of DiclzedbyGoOgle 90 ME. BHOOKE'S JOOBKAL. [CHiP. XXV. 1846 forming a government, a nominal government entirely at our command. If we take posaesaion either of Labuan or of Balambangan this new settlement will attract a large number of working classes in Brun^, and at once open that part of the country to the enterprise of the British merchant. Only act and with vigour, and every thing may yet be done. I am inclined to believe that the commander-in-chief will view tiie subject in the same light as I have done, for he has a personal knowledge of the intricate question of Borneo politics, and I am very certain from the known decision and character of Sir Thomas Coch- rane, that, should he concur in the opinion which I have expressed, he will act at once and vigor- ously against the atrocious sultan, and inflict upon him the punishment he really appears to have sought at his hands. Sir Thomas wiU surely consider that the fate of these fine princes has been drawn upon them solely through their connection with the English, and that the existing government at Brunfe has completely laid aside the mask, and shamefully broken aU the solemn engagements entered into last year. For myself I feel confident that the sultan wiU now throw off all reserve, and that he will act against us in every way both openly and in secret. It behoves me, therefore, to be on my guard both to strengthen my position, and to counteract his treachery. The numerous duties of the commander-in-chief on BO extensive a station may perhaps render it out DiclzedbyGoOgle Ck4p. XXV.] FOBTS OH THE BEUsJ; BITEH. 91 of his power to undertake any operations in person 1846. in this quarter, but any additional naval force upon the coast ■will now be of the greatest service. 1 shall in the interim apply for one of the Honour- able Company's steamers, with the object of visiting a few of the rivers, and so guard them against the contagion of Borneo. On fiirther inquiry I hear that they are fortifying the river, and that several new defences are in course of erection ; and from the account which I have received from Captain Egerton of their pro- ceedings in that quarter, and of their well devised attempt to get him into their power, it appears certain that it only requires a European boat to make her appearance to be instantly fired upon. The first defences are on the island of Cherimon, and the great battery, which is admirably situated on the narrow flat in the centre of the town, has also been armed with the large brass guns which in my last visit were lying dismounted on the ground. I have received this report from Jaffer. I have known him long and well, and he has shown a devotion to his master which does him high credit. I can write no more. My poor, poor friends, how sad and melancholy has been your fate! never, never can I forget it. The regret, the indignation which I feel overpowers me. May 26. — The Iris may now be expected at any mbj ae. moment, and I trust that Captain Mundy will bring one of the Hon. Company's steamers with him : it will be preferable that the vessel should be obtained DiclzedbyGoOgle 92 HB. BBOOKE'S JODItNAL. CCdap. XXV. J846. by hia application rather than by mine, as there is a probability of her being employed on active service. I have written to him to propose this, and at the same time to acqaaint him that in the event of his undertaking hostile measures against the Sakarran pirates, I should like to have as long a notice as possible, to allow of my collecting our native aux- iliaries, and to expMn that, in a Dyak warfare in these rivers, these natives are very useful, and can follow up the impression made further than we could do ourselves. If Captain Mundy's operations should include an attack on Brunfe, it would be a great thing. Two corvettes, a brig and steamer, with the boats of the Iris, would take the capital, as ships of war of light draft might get up to the forts with a little manage- ment. My gun-boat might also be ready prepared, and would, on occasion, make a tender for the frigate. About a fortnight ago I returned from a cruize in the Honourable Company's steamer Phlegethon, which vessel, with his usual kindness and promp- titude, the Governor of Singapore despatched to my aid immediately on receiving my application. I have visited several rivers, and purpose visiting several more to prevent these communities following the sultan's example whether for murder or piracy. They are utterly disaffected towards Brune, and highly condemn the act: the sultan has, indeed, few well-wishers. During my absence I find that the Samarang has been here, and I learn, through DiclzedbyGoOgle Caip. XXV.] ILLANDN PttAHUS. ^'■ a letter from Sir Edward Belcher, that the lUanun '^•'^- pirates are in full activity to the northward. Forty nianun war prahus are in the neighbourhood of Brunfe, but whether to attack it or whether to assist, anticipating an assault from the English, does not seem clear. This information, however, confirms my worst fears. Brun^, it is now certain, wiH either fall before these pirates, or it-self become a nest of them with the sultan at the head. Either way how disgraceful this will be, and what will the natives think of the English name? What influence or character can we have, or can we deserve to have, if we allow this wretched govern- ment to break every engagement, and with im- punity to murder those who at the risk of life have been resolute in keeping faithfully the treaty? I nuuntain that the sultan has virtually proclaimed himself a pirate by this act. He has murdered our friends, the faithful friends of her Majesty's Go- vernment, because ^ey were our friends, and for no other reason. I cannot think of these horrors with patience, and I have no vessel, no means of pro- ceeding to the northward. Oh how great is my grief and rage i • • • My fiiends ! — my most unhappy friends ! — all perished for their faithiul adherence to us. Every man of ability, even of thought, in Borneo, is dead, — sa- crificed. • • • But the British Government will surely act, and if not, — then let me remember, I am still at war with this traitor and mur- derer, — one more determined struggle, — one last DiclzedbyGoOgle 94 MB. BBOOSE'S JOUBHAI.. [Chip. XXV. ^^^- convulsive effort, — and, if it fe.il, Borneo, and all for wMcli I have so long, so earnestly laboured, must be abandoned and • • • • • Ciqttwii Here Mr. Brooke's Journal abruptly ends. How ^^^^^ truly do these concluding lines stamp the man, *' One last convulsive effort:" — noble and chivalrouB resolve. Who will not comprehend the self-sa- crifice intended by that expression. Who will not see, that, when once fiilly assured that no aasistance would be afforded by his government, Mr. Brooke had formed the resolution of making, with his own resources, one desperate attempt, " one last con- vulsive effort," to rescue the son of Muda Hassim, and the wives and children of his murdered fKends from the grasp of the relentless sultan ; but happily, at the moment these lines were penned, one of the divisions of England's fleet, — of that fleet whose high privilege and distinctive character it is, " to be the safeguard of our most gracious sovereign, and the security of such as pass on the seas on their lawfiil occasions," — was rapidly approaching the shores of Borneo, under the immediate command of Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, who, informed of the horrible massacres, had postponed his return DiclzedbyGoOgle CH4P. XXV.] CONCLUSION. to China, in order that he might repair, in person, to Sarawak, and offer his assistance and protection to his fiiend and fellow countryman. The subsequent proceedings of the commander- in-chief, in conjunction with Mr. Brooke, will be related in that portion of my own Journals which immediately follows, and, as the career of Mr. Brooke will be traced through many months of toil and anxiety, and the scene of his operations will now be extended to the extreme northern point of the coast of Borneo, and will embrace those combined operations which terminated in the defeat and submission of the sultan, the total de- struction of the strong-holds of the Illanun pirates, and, finally, by the cession of the Island of Labuan, with its excellent harbour, to her Majesty's government, I trust it will not be found altogether misplaced, as a sequel to those valuable Journals, which, as already stated, I shall ever consider myself highly privileged in having had the per- mission to present to the public. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPrAIK mukdt's JOUBNAL. CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOURNAL. THZ DEBS OH THB AFMCAK COAST. — NXW3 FBOK EWGLAKD. " BORNEO AHD HR. BBOOKE," ISLAND OF ASCENSION. SETCHN TO PORTSMOOTH. — SAIL FOR CHINA. — THB DIDO. THK IRIS AND THE FRENCH BQDADBON. — MONSOONS IN THE FORMOSA CHANNEL. — OFIDH CLlPPEHfl. — APPOOJTltBNT TO THB BTBAITS' STATION. TISIT SDMATRA. — CANNIBALS. — SAIL FOR MADRAS. — CALCDTTA. — MASSACRE OF UDDA HASSW AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL FAHILI. THB BRITISH SQUADRON OFF SARAWAK. — MEETING WITH MR. BROOKE. — HIS FHILANTHBOPIC HEASORES. — TOTITJ ANB RSSIOENCE. It waa early in the month of June in the year 1843, whilst I was in command of the southern division of the west African station, and cruizing in H. M. S. Iris, off the river Congo, that a vessel was reported standing in for the land. A slaver, a slaver! at last, was the cry between the decks of the frigate, as the hands were turned up, sail quickly made, and a course shaped in the direction of the stranger. Our hopes were doomed to speedy disappointment ; volumes of smoke pronounced her to be a steamer, and we soon learned by telegraphic communi- cation, that she waa in the service of her Ma- jesty, not laden certainly with the fruits of the odious slave trade, but freighted with five months' DiclzedbyGoOgle C«*P. L] "bOBHBO and MB. BBOOKE." 97 mails direct from England ; and great richeB indeed ^'**' were these to men who had passed eight dreary months cruizing on this desolate shore, without news of home or of happy England, and without a single prize to vary the monotony of the scene. It was some days subsequent to the arrival of this most welcome vessel, whilst I was engaged in examiniog a few of the newspapers strewed about my cabin in search of intelligence from the seat of war in China, that my attention was arrested by a paragraph headed " Borneo, and Mr. Brooke." I read it inmiediately, and the notice, though short, was so iull of adventure and interest, that from this period I constantly found myself pondering over the probable results of his hazardous mission ; and I anxiously desired that the chances of foreign service might one day carry me out to the scene of his chivalrous underta^ng. The Iris being at this time sickly, had been or- dered to proceed to Ascension, and on arriving at that volcanic cinder, Captain Foote gave immediate directions for a medical survey to be held on board. This was a trying and tedious business. Five surgeons, with their assistants, repaired on board the frigate, and the whole day was occupied in examining into the state of health of the officers and ship's company. Every person on the muster book had the honour of a minute and separate in- vestigation from this conclave of medical gentlemen ; and the result proving that fever to a great extent raged in the ship, and that it " would be advisable VOL. ir. H DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUNDY's JOUBNAL. [Ch*P. I. to amend her prophylactic condition" by a re- moval to a more salubrious part of the station, the commodore, in the exercise of a sound discretion, gave me orders to proceed with all despatch to Portsmouth, and on my arrival at that harbour we were forthwith paid off, I recommissioned the Iris when her repairs were completed, and, to my great satisfaction, sailed for India and China in February, 1844, and after some delay in the River Plate, in consequence of the war in that quarter, reached Singapore in July. My first inquiry was relative to the state of afiairs at Sarawak, and I learnt that the Dido, Captain the Hon. Henry Keppel, was daily expected in the strata en route for Borneo, and that active operations against the pirates were in contempla- tion, to aid which Lieutenant-Colonel Butterworth, C. B., the Governor of Singapore, had offered the services of the steamer Phlegethon. My orders were to proceed to Hong Kong, and sailing in company with a French squadron against a Iresh south-easter, Z was furnished with a favour- able opportunity of showing the eUipticcU 8tem of the Iris to the French envoy extraordinary to the Emperor of China, and to the commodore who con- T^ed his Excellency in the Sirfene, a fifty-gun ' frigate in high order, though she had not proved herself the " excellent marcheur " described by her officers on the day before the Fates ordained the trial of sailing. Fifteen months passed away, daring which period DiclzedbyGoOgle Cup.L] MONSOONS IN THE FORMOSA CHANNEL. 9! my cruizing grouad was the coast of Chins, but i^^- ever and anon stirring news from Borneo was wafted to the shores of the Celestial Empire, and excited the deepest interest. The unequalled and extraor- dinary career of Mr. Brooke in that hitherto inac- cessible quarter, and the many difficulties he had surmounted in his steady progress towards carrying out his self-imposed task of regenerating a barbarous people, had now been proclaimed aloud by the Ori- ental press, and had created a general feeling of admiration for his perseverance ; whilst the recent expedition of the Dido against the pirates, fol- lowed up by the advent of the commander-in- chief, Rear Adnural Sir Thomas Cochrane, in the Bay of Malludu, and subsequently by the battle fought in that river by the force under Capttun Talbot, rendered the appointment to what was usually termed the " Straits station," the most de- sirable of the detached conmiands in the gilt of the admiral. It was therefore with great pleasure that I found, on my arrival at Hong Kong, the Iris had been nominated for this duty. Every one on board was delighted at the idea of changing the eternal struggle against the adverse monsoons for the more exciting chances of a struggle with the Borneo pirates, and I may here remark that none but those who have been exposed to these winter monsoons, can form a conception of the difficulties of working agtunst them ; and both officers and men were not a little gratified at knowing the Iris to have been the DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPT. MUNDY'S JOURNAl. [Chap. I _ first frigate that had succeeded in beating through the Fonnosa channel, in the height of the N.E. monsoon. Whilst on this subject, let me pay a just tri- bute of praise to the celebrated opium clippers. Built from the most improved models of every country, officered by men of nerve as well as talent, and manned principally by Asiatics, these vessels do honour to the princely merchants who fit them out and employ them. In all weathers, and at all seasons, they are ready for work ; and the wonder- ful passages made by them, when no other merchant vessels would attempt to put to sea, bear testimony to the energy and science of their commanders, as well as to the beauty and strength of their con- struction. The fleet of Mr. Matheson, the squadron of Mr. Dent, and the smaller vessels of other great firms in China, challenge the admiration of every seaman. Having received on board two million of dollars, five months' provisions, and eight months' stores, the Iris left Hong Kong early in October, 1845, and anchored in Singapore Roads on the 9th of Nov. Here I found a letter from Captain the Hon. Henry Keppel, announcing the arrival of the Dido in England after the quickest run on record from the Straits. To this I particularly allude, as my friend, divining the probability of my succeeding him on this station, especially called my attention to the position of Mr. Brooke at Sarawak, and urged me to visit the coast of Borneo at the earliest DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. I.] TlStT StJUATIU. opportunity, and to give him that assistance which bia then precarious situation might demand. I wrote immediately to the English rajah to an- nounce my appointment, and to beg that he would acquaint me with the state of affairs in his pro- vince, and say when it would be desirable for the frigate to appear on the coaat of Borneo. The communication with Sarawak waa at this period kept up monthly by a trading schooner, which, carrying over English goods to the natives, brought back antimony ore, and other productions of the new settlement. Early in January, 1846, 1 received my first com- munication direct from Mr. Brooke, which an- nounced that, although the country over which he ruled was enjoying peace, the people happy, and the town rapidly increasing in population, the piratical tribes of Sarebaa and Sakarran were again in movement, and would probably in the spring make another attempt to destroy the rising com- merce of Sarawak ; he therefore suggested the pro- priety of my vbiting the coaat towards the end of March, by which time the intentiona of the pirates would be more fully known. Thus provided with the opinions and desires of Mr. Brooke, I put to sea for a cruize in the Straits of Malacca ; and after looking in at the different ports of this peninsula, and also at those on the opposite shores of Sumatra, turned the ship's head towards Borneo in the middle of March ; but I can- not pass over my visit to one of the principal DiclzedbyGoOgle 102 CAPT. MUNDY'S JOUBNAL. tCBAP.I. '"^- native states of Sumatra, named Battu Barra, without detailing a few particulars relative to the people in the interior of that district being charged with the crime of cannibalism, as it will here- after appear, by extracts from the journals of Mr. Brooke, that this subject had not escaped his inquiring mind, when he suddenly found himself at a thousand miles distance from this spot, amongst a barbarous race, also accused of indulging in this revolting propensity. The rajah of Battu Barra, named Muven, is sixty-five years of age, and a Mohammedan. He informed me that no English man-of-war had ever visited the roadstead ; but that ten years ago, Mr. Bonham, when governor of Singapore, had landed at the town. The rajah then stated that the eastern branch of the river was navigable for boats for a three days' journey, and flowed through the country of the Battas, with whom his subjects traded in salt and opium ; that the Battas stjll continued the custom of eating their fethers and mothers when old, as well as their prisoners of war ; and the Laksemana, or chief minister, added, that he had frequently seen these people devouring human beings alive, and several others at the audi- ence declared they had also witnessed the cere- mony. In justice to the rajah Muven, I must add, that he hims^f and those around him seemed to look with disgust on this horrid system of can- nibalism, and quickly changed the subject to the one ever uppermost in the minds of all independent DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap.i.] sail to madras. Eastern chieftains, namely, as to whether the Dutch were coming to take his country from him. On receiving the usual answer always ready pre- pared for this universal question, his spirits revived, and the interview terminated to the satisfaction of all parties. On the 14th of March, whilst standing in toTrards the roads of Singapore, with the intention of taking in provisions with all despatch, in order to be off the river Sarawak at the appointed time, I observed a large ship getting under weigh, and the signal mate soon after reported, that he had made out the "blue" at the mizen, and in ten minutes from that time we were within signal distance of the com- mander-in-chief. On going on board the Agin- court, I first became acquainted with the desperate stmggle then going on in the Punj&b, and learned from Sir Thomas Cochrane, that in consequence of the state of aflairs in that quarter, he had determined to proceed with his flag-ship to India, and that he thought it necessary to take the Iris with him. As I had written to Mr. Brooke, assuring him he might rely on my being in Sarawak at the time he proposed, I greatly regretted the necessity of the change in my destination ; but on the ad- miral's informing me that the Hazard was on the coast of Borneo, I shaped my course once more through the Straits of Malacca in better heart than I otherwise should have done. After refitting at Trincomalee both ships pro- ceeded to Madras, and from thence I was despatched DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPT. MUNDy's journal. [Chap. I. with treasure to Calcutta. We happened to reach the " City of Palaces" a few days anterior to a grand ball which was to be given by the bachelors at Barrackpore, and as both oflScerB and young gentlemen (the term applied to the youths who tenant the midshipmen's berth) were anxious to accept an invitation given generally to all on board the irigate, I made up a large party for the oc- casion, and fixed our sailing for the subsequent day. Unfortunately for the lovers of the dance, on the morning before the ball, the " Calcutta Star," in a second edition, gave the following important news from Borneo : — " By the arrival of the Honourable Company's steamer Tenasserim, irom Pinang, we learn that the rajah Muda Hassim, pangeran Budrudeen, and all the princes favourable to the English policy, have been murdered by the orders of the sultan. Mr. Brooke, besieged at Sarawak by the forces of the sultan, had retired to his fort, and was in imminent danger." The reader will easily believe that the perusal of the above few lines prompted immediate inquiry on my part as to the truth of so startling an an- nouncement, and on ascertaining that despatches from Sarawak had been conveyed by the steamer to Sir Thomas Cochrane at Madras, I felt convinced from the known promptitude and decision of the commander-in-chief, that the war in India having so happily terminated, be would proceed without loss of time to the coast of Borneo. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. I.] SAIL FOK BOBHBO. 105 My own line of action was evident. I sent off ^^^ expresses to Barrackpore, fourteen miles distant, to recall the officers already there, and applied at once to the government for a steamer to assist in getting the Iris into the offing, the wind blowing strong from the south-west. Sir Herbert Maddock, the acting governor, en- tered warmly into my views, and immediately ordered the a^istance I had requested. I found he had been acquainted with Mr. Brooke in early days, and when I pointed out the newspaper paragraph, he qutuntly remarked, that if Mr. Brooke were the same man now as when last he saw him, he would die at his post sooner than give way an inch of ground. At daylight on the following morning, we were steaming down the Hoogly, to the infinite disap- pointment of the juvenile portion of the officers, whose interest in Borneo politics was, doubtless, not suffidently keen to make them alive to the neces- sity of relinquishing the pleasures of the ball, when the delay of a few short hours would have intro- duced them to the fascinations of the seductive polka. Early the next day, the 8th of May, with a gale fit>m the S.W., so fresh that the Hon. Company s steamer Enterprise was unable to steam out from Kedgeree to show the soundings, the Iris got under weigh, and, with double-reefed topsails, and top- gallant-masts on deck, in charge of a capital pilot, succeeded in working out to the sand- DiclzedbyGoOgle 10* CAPT. MUKDt's journal. [Ch*p. I. ^"*^' heads, and finally cleared the light-vessel the fol- lowing evening. Carrying a press of sail, we passed through the Andaman Islands on the 18th, and anchored in the harbour of Pinang on the 25th. The A^ncourt had come in from Madras on the previous day; and by the arrival of the Samarang, Captain Sir Edward Belcher, from Borneo, despatches had been received, confirming the horrible massacre of the royal family, but bringing, at the same time, the gratifying intelligence of the safety of Mr. Brooke. All attempts of the sultan to destroy him in his own province by force of arms, had been rendered impossible by the opportune arrival of the Hazard, Commander Egerton ; and Lieutenant-Colonel But- terworth had instantly sent off the Phlegethon, to be ready to act according to circumstances. By the Samarang, I received a letter from Mr. Brooke, acqu^nting me with what had passed at Brun^, and giving nie a hint that the services of the ship were much required. At the same time that this letter came to hand I also received a copy of Keppel's work on Borneo, or rather the united Journals of Mr. Brooke and Captain Keppel, edited by my gallant friend and brother officer, and ar- riving as they did so a propos, I need hardly aay I read them with double interest. Having been intimately acquainted with the cap- tain of the Dido for many years, and knowing well both his worth as a private friend and his merits DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. I.J BBITISH SQDADBON OFF SARAWAK. ae an officer, I was -well aware that he was just the man to have been selected for any delicate and dangerous enterprise, and it therefore gave me real pleasure to observe the high opinion which the English rajah entertained of his services through- out the period of their joint operations for the suppression of piracy. Nor was I less struck with the modesty with which the part which the officers and crew of the Dido performed, was de- scribed by the pen of my ardent-minded and active friend. On the 9th of June the admiral left Pinang in the A^ncourt, accompanied by the Iris and Spiteful steamer, and after taking in stores and provisions at Singapore, sailed on the 18th of that month with the squadron under his command for Borneo ; and having been joined by the Hazard in the China seas, anchored off the Sarawak river on the evening of the 24th. On the following day I was invited by Sir Thomas Cochrane to accompany him in the Fhlegethon to the town of Sarawak, and by mid-day the steamer anchored off the mansion of Mr. Brooke. If the reader has regarded the date noted in the few lines at the commencement of this journal, it will be seen that exactly three years had passed away since the first glimmering of the adventurous career of Mr. Brooke had shot accidentally across my mind, and now the moment had arrived when the aspirations of other days were to the letter accomplished. DiclzedbyGoOgle 108 CAPT. MCNDT'S journal. [CaiP. I. 1848. I stood on the spot rendered for ever memorable as the birthplace of that civilising influence which an English gentleman, unaided and alone, had de- voted the best years of his hfe to inculcate and extend; and 1 came to. this spot with the com- mander-in-chief, who thoroughly appreciating the sacrifices made by the great philanthropist, and foreseeing the incalculable benefits which might yet arise to our own country from the extension of her commerce in this fertile region, had hastened from the shores of India to act with his squadron should the case require it. Mr. Brooke, accompanied by Mr. Crookshanks, Dr. Treacher, and Mr. Ruppell, received us on the pier, and the necessary introductions over, we passed up the gravelled walk, redolent with the perfume of innumerable jessamine trees now in full blossom, and forming a thick hedge-row on either side, and entered the great verandah of the pic- turesque mansion. Here we delayed only a few minutes to admire the novel and interesting scene before us, and then passed out into the garden below, and now whilst I leave the commander-in-chief and the rajah be- neath the welcome shade of the flowing palms in earnest conversation, and together, settling the future destiny of the kingdom of Borneo Proper, I will describe my first impressions, and relate some particulars of the state of the province of Sarawak at this date, the 24th day of June, 1846. The town itself, by the lowest computation, now DiclzedbyGoOgle CnAF. ].] PHILANTBROl'IC MBASUBES. contained 12,000 inhabitants, including about 150 Chinese, whilst before the supreme authority had been vested in Mr. Brooke, it was limited to a few mud huts with about 1500 persona, most of these being either the relatives or armed retainers of the native princes. What a change had been wrought in a few short years. The order had been issued by the English rajah that the persons and property of every race should henceforth be equally protected, and that the wretched Dyak, hitherto the victim of the more enlightened Malay, should no longer be forced to yield for a nominal price the fruits of his daily toil ; and further to insure the practical working of this important measure, Mr. Brooke had himself visited the interior, and passed many weeks amidst the wildest hordes, establishing confidence in every quarter, explidning the necessity of union amongst the various tribes themselves, without which it would be impossible for him to carry out the great object he had in view. Let them once show a spirit and a desire to act together, and be would throw around them the shield of his power, and would take such steps as should prevent the ra- pacious enemies of the peaceful Dyak from again invading their homes for rapine or pillage. Already has this earnest appeal been attended with success in several districts ; ancient family feuds have been quelled, animosities suppressed, and the first germs of a rational freedom instilled into their minds. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPT. MUHDT'S JODBNAl. [Chap. I. The new house buUt by Mr. Brooke, on the left bank of the river, is of wood, and erected, according to the custom of the country, on piles, at ten feet from the ground. The shape is rectangular, with the long frontage facing the stream, and a large verandah embracing the four sides. The saloon or haU of reception is forty feet long, and adjoining this is the library, well stocked with literature, and with the latest publications on geographical and scientific subjects. Two bed-rooms complete the arrangements of the interior of the mansion, which is of one story only, and surmounted by a lofty and sloping roof, formed from the leaves of the Nipa palm. The kitchen, offices, and bath rooms, are detached buildings at a few yards distant; and here also has lately been erected a neat little cot- tage, in which beds are prepared for those visitors, whom either duty or curiosity may bring within the range of the simple but cordial hospitality of the warm-hearted owner. After strolling about the grounds till etening set in, the whole party met again at dinner, and long before the cloth was removed, the chairs, which were arranged around the walls of the room, were tenanted by the principal men of the town, who presented themselves out of compliment to the " Rajah Laut," or " King of the Sea." At a later period two of the native rulers also made their appearance, and were provided with seats at the table close to Mr. Brooke, and seemed most anxious in their inquiries about the intentions of the ad- DiclzedbyGoOgle Cmap. I.] AN EVENING AT SABAWAK. imral. Nothing, however, was made known beyond the report that the squadron would not delay off " this part of the coast, and that Mr. Brooke would accompany the commander-in-chief on board the Agincourt to-morrow, which information, though received with sincere regret by every native in the hall, was hailed with delight by the naval officers present, as it promised to be the forerunner of active measures on the coast. Many of us, deeply interested in the graphic descriptions and romantic incidents, given without reserve by the gentlemen resident at Sarawak, renuuned till a late hour strolling round the ter- race, enjoying the refreshing coolness of the breeze, and listening to many a tale of Borneo adventure ; but as I hope to have other opportunitiea of ac- quiring a closer insight into the history of this novel Carthage, I will not, at so early a stage of my acquaintance with the English rajah and his enthusiastic associates, attempt to give any further description, either of the country or the people. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAFT. UUNDY'S JTOUBNAI.. CHAP. II. STKAUINQ DOWN THE SAJtAWAK. — FCOITIVBS TSOU BRVsk. PBBPARATION8 FOB ITS DEFENCE.— EXTENT OF THE XASSA- CBE AT THE CAPITAL. lOt. BROOKS'S DEFAKTURE FROM SA- RAWAK. VISIT A DTAE TILLAGE. — BAlLtNO OF THE BQUADBON. — EXPEDITION UP TBG REJAKQ. PATINGI ABDULRAIf AN'S HOUSE. — THE EAHOWIT RIVER. RUINED TILLAAE. — SUR- PRIZE THE PIRATE BETTLKMENT OP KANOWTT. — VISIT FBOV THE CHIEF. — EXAIONATION OP THE HOUSES. — ACCIDENT TO THE STEAMER. — VILLAGE OF lOAN. — RETURN TO THE BQCADRON. — JAFFER'B EXAMINATION. ACCOUNT OF THE BOBNIO MASSACRE. DEATH OF MUDA HAS81H AND PANQERAH BUDRUDEEN. CONSPIRACr TO MURDER MR. BBOORE. — CHA- RACTER OF BUDRUDEEN. — ANCHOR OFF THE BRCN^ RIVEB. iMfi- June 25. 1846 Reab-Admieal Sir Tliomas Coch- j,„^2j rane and suite, accompanied by Mr. Brooke, embarked on board the Phlegethon early id* the morning, and we were soon under full power, steaming down the Sarawak. All were in high spirits on board, for though our chief never gave the slightest hiot to those under his command, and the EngUsh rajah, in bis capacity of political agent, ^vas equally re- served on the subject of the state of affairs in Bor- neo, yet the public voice was not silent, and we knew that the sultan and his pangerans had boldly proclaimed, in the streets of Brunfe, that they had so strengthened the river defences, by staking the DiclzedbyGoOglC Chap. II.] STEAMING DOWN THE SARAWAK. channels and by the erection of forts, that they were prepared to oppose by force any attempt made by the admiral to bring up his ships to the city. Many natives, escaping in boats from the ty- ranny of the blood-thirsty myrmidons of the sultan, had sought refuge in Sarawak, and all reported that the piratical party were completely in the as- cendant ; and rumours were abroad of heavy bat- teries thrown up at the salient point of the river, and that the capital was put into a state of defence ; 5000 warriors were under arms to protect it, and a body-guard of 500 men about the person of the sovereign. Such were the prominent points of the information gathered by the officers from the loungers of the bazaar ; and, lowing much for exaggeration, it was sufficient to create a belief that there would be work to do. Then there was a steady report of emissaries from the throne itself secretly prepared to put the English rajah to death, either by force or poison, whilst further particulars had been received of the atrocities committed at Brun^ at the commencement of the year; and instead of its being found that the wholesale murder of so many members of the royal family bad been exaggerated, the truth went fiir beyond the statement given in the first account. Thirteen of the sultan's relatives, and as many chiefs, inclined to encourage a friendly commu- VOt. II. I DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPT. MUHDY's JOUBHAL. [Chap. H. nicatioD with European nations, fell Tictims to this successful conspiracy, and a spirit of determined resistance to the progress of civiUsation and of lawful commerce was reported to be the general topic of convereation amongst the warlike tribes to the northward. How different a feeling reigned at Sarawak was indeed apparent on the morning of our departure. When it became known that the rajah was about to absent himself irom his country, and to proceed with the squadron to Bnin^, the greatest interest and anxiety was manifested by the population. The head men of every class and lat^e numbers of Chinese, Malays, and Dyaks as- sembled to bid him farewell, and as he stepped into the boat and waved his last adieus to his affec- tionate subjects and to the few tried friends hia own countrymen, who had so long shared his exUe and his privations, it was indeed a stirring spec- tacle, and evidenced in the strongest manner the popularity of his paternal government. About two miles from Sarawak the Phl^thon anchored, and our party visited a village c^ the Sibuyow Dyaks, which was situated at the distance of a few hundred yards up a small creek, and com- pletely buried in the jungle. This was the first opportunity afforded me of seeing these interesting people. We took them quite by surprise; but Mr. Brooke being with us, they seemed delighted to gratify our curiosity by showing us every part of the building ; however, as I shaU probably have &r better opportunities of observing their habits and DiclzedbyGoOgle Ciup.U.] SIBUTOW TILLAGE. 115 customs, I shall not attempt to describe my first '^*^' impressions farther than by the remark, that the young women who were diligently employed in pounding rice in mortars of large dimensions, ap- peared highly good-humoured, and of pleasant countenances. They were small but remarkably well-shaped, and' with limbs of delicate formation. Their hair, which was long and dark, was twisted up at the back of the head, the frontal arrangement being something between a braid and the costume k la Chinoise. They wore earrings apparently of a kind of mixed metal and of very large size, but by no means a becoming ornament, being so dispro- portionate to their small and symmetrical figures. The colour of their skins was light brown, smooth, and glossy. They were naked to the waist, around which several coUs of ornamental wire were tightly wound, and from this a cotton garment fell grace- fully to the knees. The men were of short stature, stoutly made, and nothing remarkable in their manner or appearance. On the inner wall several human skulls were hanging confined in a net, but they appeared to have been suspended there for a long period, and to have been quite neglected. Numerous fine chil- dren were playing about the verandah, and looked upon us without fear. At the side of the river I observed several large war prahus building, and was surprised at the serviceable appearance of the iron tools with which the shipwrights were working. DiclzedbyGoOgle 116 CAPTAIW MUNDT's JOURNAL. [Chap. H. 1846. W'e regfuned the steamer after an hour's absence, and, weighing again, immediately proceeded on our destination, and shortly after sunset, Sir Thomas Cochrane and Mr. Brooke were on board the A^n- court, and the captains all right in their respective ships. Jnne28. Jv3ie 26 — At daylight the squadron got under weigh, and proceeded in order of sailing in two columns to the northward, viz. : — Agincourt, 74, Captain Hope Johnstone, bearing the flag of Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, C.B. Iris, 26, Captain Rodney Mundy. Ringdove, 16, Commander Sir William Hoste, Bart. Hazard, 18, Commander Egerton. Royalist, 10, Lieut. Reid. H. M. steam ship Spiteful, Commander Mait- land. H. C. steamer Phlegethon, Mr. Ross, commander. The Dffidalus, 20, Captain M'Quhae, with the Honourable Company's steamer Pluto, had been directed to join the squadron at Labuan, and with this rrinforcement the commander-in-chief would have a disposable body for land service of 230 marines, and 500 seamen; a force of so im- posing a nature as to inspire confidence of success in any operation that might be required, either by land or by water. Towards the evening the course was altered to the eastward, and the en- trance of the Batang Lupar was just descemible. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur. U.] EXPEDITION UP THE BBJANQ. 117 The breeze continued light and fevourable, and '^'*^- soon after midnight the soandinga having gra- dually shoaled to ten fathoms the squadron an- chored. June 27. — When the day broke we observed the June ar. low land of Borneo to the southward of Cape Sirik, distant six or seven miles, the i^ips closely packed together, and rolling considerably in a ground swell. After breakfast, I received a note from the commander-in-chief, inviting me to accompany him in an expedition which he was about to make in the Phlegethon up the river Rejang, and to pre- pare for an absence of a few days. The object of this excursion was to visit the chiefs of the Dyak tribes of Siriki and Kanowit, whose people had been lately at sea on a piratical cruise, and to warn them of the consequences of a continuance in such proceedings. I gladly accepted an offer which pro- mised to lead to results so interesting, and forth- with repaired on board the steamer. The party consisted, besides our chief, of Mr. Brooke, Com- mander Mwtland, Mr. Waller, the Admiral's secre- tary, and myself. Orders had been given to Captain Johnstone to weigh with the squadron, proceed round Cape Sink, and cruise off the river Igan till we rejoined ; while we ourselves, steaming away in the Phlege- thon, by noon entered the mouth of a river supposed to be the Rejang. The native fishermen fled in every direction as we approached the shore ; and, DiclzedbyGoOgle 118 -CAPTAIN JIUNDT's JOUHNAL. [Cbai-. U. 1846. finding that the steamer could not discover any channel over the bar with more than six feet water, a boat was lowered and sent to sound, and endea- vour to open a communication. She shortly suc- ceeded in inducing one of the canoes to allow of a parley, and from this source learnt that the river we were off was the Balowi, and that the Rejang waa four or five miles to the southward. The ^g returned with this information, and with a large supply of excellent fish, amongst which the pomfret proved the best ; and, altering our course, we en- tered the great river at 3 p.m., carrying four or five fathoms over the bar. The stream is about four miles in breadth at the entrance, and about a mile wide opposite the village of the same name, which is composed of a few large houses erected on lofty piles, all in a very dilapidated state. Here, after many assur- ances of personal safety, we prevMled upon a fisher- man to act as pilot; and, continuing our passage up the stream, anchored at dusk in the centre of a reach about half a mile wide, and clear of lofty trees. The depth was seven fathoms, and our distance from the sea fourteen or fifteen miles. Thermometer 85", and no annoyance from mus- quitoes or other insects. Jaae38. Juv£ 28. — At 5 A. H. the day broke, and we recommenced our ascent, steaming at six or seven miles per hour. We reached SiriM, and anchored off the house of Patingi Abdulraman in the fore- noon. Siriki is situated in a small stream branch- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. 11.] DTAK MANSION. 119 ing o£f the mmn river, and, at our anchorage, there i^^- was barely apace for the Phlegethon to swing. Our party landed immediately, and proceeded to the mansion of the chief. This strange building was tlie first Dyak house of great dimensions which I had seen, and was erected on a higb mound at a hundred. yards from the landing-place. I observed that the in^n foundation consisted of the trunk of a large straight tree, sawed off about twenty feet from the roots. Around this, piles of the same hdght had been driven into the earth ; and on the summit of these a bamboo platform was constructed, which formed the floor of the tenement. The roof was made from the leaf of the Nibong and other palms, and the rooms not more than six feet in height, the women's apartments being in the rear. An im- mense concourse of these wild people was assembled to meet us, and all were evidently afraid that our visit might lead to the destruction of the place ; for tbe fact of the ships being at anchor off the Rejang was already spread abroad, and the old chief him- self had been long known as the friend of tbe piratical party. The commander-in-chief, however, being anxious to carry out, so &r as it was possible, that pacific policy which was so much in accordance with the views of Mr. Brooke, contented himself with re- commending the pating^ to alwtain from his former piratical proceedings, and to keep his war-boats within the river. This he solemnly protested he would do ; and after Mr. Brooke, in an eloquent DiclzedbyGoOgle 120 CAPTAIN UUSDY'S JOtJHHAI,. [Cbap. U. 1846. speech, had communicated the intention of the ad- miral with respect to his contemplated visit to the capital, we hade adieu to thia picturesque spot, and, regaining the main stream, steamed on agfun to the eastward. The banks of the river were not re- markable for beauty. On the sand ridges, adjoining the mangroves, were seen numerous crocodiles, at several of which we practised with small arms ; and great was the astonishment of these huge monsters, whilst reposing in tranquil sleep, half immersed by their weight in their muddy beds, to receive as a first salute the contents of our rifles, followed up immediately by a round of grape and canister from the six-pounders amidship. After steaming, for thirteen hours, to the junc- tion of the Igan and Rejang, we anchored for the night, being then about eighty miles from the sea, and in the centre of the river, at this point about a mile in width. During the night the thermometer stood at 89°, and we all slept comfortably beneath the awning. June29. June 29. — Under weigh agMn at daylight, and commenced steaming up the Kanowit river, which, from being about a mile wide where it joins the Rejang and Igan, gradually decreases to about 380 yards near Kanowit village, distant between forty and fifty miles. Our guides were highly delighted at the idea of the surprise which the appearance of our vessel would create amongst a tribe of wild men who had never seen an European, or heard of a smoke-ship, and who were described DiclzedbyGoOgle CaAP. U.] VITiAOE OF KANOfflT. 121 as a very cruel and wicked set. We passed several i^*'- deserted and ruined villages, destroyed by these pirates, aa against a gentle ebb we slowly ascended the liver ; the scenery gradually improved, moun- tains being perceptible in the distance, and the jungle less impervious, with large trees to vaiy the monotony of constant low underwood. The durien and other fruit trees flourish here ; but I observed no signs of cultivation, though the natives are reported to grow paddy and sago in sufficient quan- tity for their own consumption. Shortly after noon our pilots pointed out the neck of land round which, in a small bay, was situated the village of Kanowit; and above the trees we caught sight of numerous flags, and the matted roofs of houses. The admiral now ordered the steamer to be kept as close as possible to the overhanging palms ; and with our paddle-box just grazing their feathery branches, we shot rapidly round the point, and the surprise was complete ; so complete, indeed, that groups of matrons and maidens who, surrounded by numerous children, were disporting their sable forms in the silvery stream, and enjoying, under the shade of the lofty palms, its refreshing waters, had scarcely time to skreen themselves from the gaze of the bold in- truders on their sylvan retreat. It would be difficult to describe the horror and consternation of these wild Dyak ladies as the anchor of the Phlegethon dropped from her bowa into the centre of the little bay selected for their DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUMDT's JOURNAL. [Cuip. II. bathing-ground. The first impression eeemed to have stupified both old and young, as they re- mained motionless with terror and astonishment. When conscious, however, of the terrible apparition before them, they set up a loud and simultaneous shriek, and, fleeing rapidly from the water, dragged children of all ages and sizes after them, and rushed up their lofty ladders for refuge: then we heard the tom-tom beat to arms, and in every direction the warriors were observed putting on their wooden and woollen armour, axtd seeking their spears and sumpitans. In ten minutes all seemed ready for the fight, though evidently more anxious to find the ex- traordinary stranger inclined for peace. Mean- while, the steamer swinging gradually to the young flood, and so drawing her stem within a few yards of the landing-place, brought into view the whole of the under part of the floor of this immense building erected at the very brink of the stream ; for the piles on which it was supported were forty feet in height, and although at this short distance, had these savages chosen to attack us, a few of the spears and poisoned arrows might have reached our decks, it was evident that their own nest thus raised in the air, though containing 300 desperate men, was entirely at our mercy. Our guides or pilots had hailed them from the mo- ment of our arrival, counselling them to desist from any aggressive act, telling them that the strangers were white men from the West, were friendly, and DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. U.] THE KANOWIT CHIEF. that the Great Sea Lord mshed to receive a visit from the chief of the tribe, who might trust himself ~ on board in safety ; but the fears of the people were too strong, and the chief not venturing to come forward, the admiral directed a white flag to be hoisted. After some little stir it was discovered that no flag of this colour was in the Indian code, and as no white bunting could be found on board, I had recourse to one of my linen sheets, which was quickly triced up at the fore, and its efiect seemed instantaneous. In a moment from the large verandah, and from every window, strips of white cloth were hung out, and amidst loud shouts of joy, the men rushed down the ladders, some bringing the flags with them, and others launching their canoes, pulled directly to the steamer without apprehension. The chief, who was a very old man, with about thirty followers, then came on board. He was profusely tattooed aU over the body, and, like the rest of his savage crew, was a hideous object. The lobes of his ears hung nearly to his shoul- ders, and in them immense rings were fixed. Round his waist he wore a girdle of rough bark which fell below his knees, and on his ancles large rings of various metala. With the exception of the waistdoth, he was perfectly naked. "We knew that this old rascal and the whole tribe were pirates downright and hereditary, and that, joined irith the Siriki people, they had only a few months ago com- mitted dreadful outrages on the coast, their most DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MDNDy's JOUBNAL. iCatr. II. recent amusement having been a descent on the village of Palo, which, after a brave defence by the inhabitants, had been totally destroyed. Palo, like Rejang, is, or rather was, a collectioD of houses built on the Bumimt of immense piles forty feet from the ground, and, according to the information given us by our pilot, was inhabited by a race of Milanows, brave and accustomed to war. The invading force of tattooed warriors was, how- ever, too numerous to be long withstood, and the piles being eventually either hacked to pieces or burnt down, the lofty buildings fell with a crash to the ground, when, with the exception of a few able-bodied men, who may have escaped to the jungle, the whole tribe was made captive, and car- ried away in triumph to Kanowit. The young and lovely of the women were, of course, the greatest prizes, and as several appear to have been taken on this occasion, and the law of having only one wife seems to be in force in this quarter, we must suppose that many of the youthful Kanowittians were anxious to be provided with a foreign bride. Under the circumstances above detailed, it is not surprising that this horde of desperadoes was much alarmed at our presence, believing that their doom was sealed. The fame of Mr. Brooke had reached even this remote spot, 120 miles in the interior, and the atrocities committed at Brun& by the sultan were also known, proving that a com- munication exists throughout the greater part of DiclzedbyGoOgle Cakr. n.] KANoWIT WOMEN AND CHILDREN. Borneo Proper. The admiral gave the same advice to this man as he had done to the Chief of Siriki, and the same promises were made in return, of abstaining from piracy for the future. This chief was suffering from ophthalmia, and after the ter- mination of the audience, he was handed over to the surgeon, who quickly relieved him, and the octogenarian savage returned to his house in an extacy of delight. Having dismissed our visiters, we all landed, and some of us mounting the ladders of these extraor- dinary houses, presented ourselves as objects of curiosity to the women and children. I was sur- prised to find the former as well clothed as the Chinese, and rather good-looking. Their skins a dark brown, like the American Indians. The rooms were literally crowded with children, who, after receiving a few presents, soon got accustomed to us, and danced around, and laughed heartily. I could just stand upright in the room, and looking down at the scene below, might have fancied myself seated on the topmast cross-trees. Having traversed every part of the long gallery thus level with the summits of the trees, and distributed the few gifts we had to bestow on the women and children, we turned our backs on the pendant human skulls, and retracing our steps to terra firma, immediately pro- ceeded to the Phlegethon, where we found perfect confidence established between the crew and the natives, and an active exchange of goods in opera- tion. Old tin " preserve-pots " and tobacco were DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUNDT's JODBNAL. [Chap. U. the articlefl mostly prized by the KanowittianB, and were freely given for the primitive -weapons of this warlike people. On an adjoining eminence stood a small build- ing, elaborately decorated with flags, which was reported to be the tomb of one of their men re- nowned in war, and which appeared to be an object of much interest to Sir Thomas Cochrane, who examined it most minutely. After a two hours' visit, we commenced our descent of the river, and anchored at dusk at the junction we had left in the morning. The day's work had been most interesting, and we also ascer- ttuned that the Phlegethon might have proceeded about forty miles fiirther inland, after which ca- noes alone can ascend the river ; but whether there is water communication to any of the other large rivers which run either to the south or south-eastern side of Borneo, we could not satisfactorily ascert^n, nor could we gain any positive information as to the great lake of Kina-Balow, but Mr. Brooke is inclined to believe in its existence. June 30. — At daylight we commenced steaming down the Igan, mango trees and jungle close to the water's edge, the general character of the river being the same as the Rejang, and nowhere any signs of cultivation. We saw no crocodiles to-day. About one f.u., in rounding one of the points about eight miles above the village of Igan, we suddenly shoaled the water, and, before we could stop the en^e, shot into five feet, and DiclzedbyGoOgle Digitized by Google D,t„db,Google ,db,Google D,t„db,Google Chap. U.] VIIXAQB OB IQAN. 127 grounded. The atream-anchor waa quickly laid ^^**' out and hove od, but as the tide had iallen con- siderably, ail our efforts to get afloat were of no avail. It now became a qu^tion of patience for the next flood ; so steadying her with the bower laid out in the middle of the stream, we went to dmner, having previously despatched one of the cutters out to sea, to endeavour to communicate with the squadron, and obtMn assistance. In the meantime our position, jammed in amongst the Nipa palms, was extremely disagreeable ; the heat oppressive, and the ship's deck completely taken possession of by innumerable musquitos and sand- flies. The admiral, however, retired to rest, punc- tual as ever to his hour, assuming a perfect indifference, if he did not feel it ; whilst Brooke, Mejtland, and myself perched ourselves on the paddle-box, and, endeavouring to drive away our tormentors by the " vivifying weed," discussed Borneo politics till morning's early dawn, when we resigned ourselves to our planks, regardless of the enormous spiders, cockroaches, and occasional scorpions, which, with myriads of ants, had been brought on board by our savage friends at Kanowit, and now sought shelter under our lee. July 4. — On the morning of the 1st, we hove j^iy 4. the Phlegethon off as the tide rose, and, steaming down the Igan, reached the village at eight. It stands on the right bank, about four miles from the DiclzedbyGoOgle 128 CAPTAIN MUNDT S JOURNAL. [Cai ^^*^' sea, and contains three thousand inhabitants, in- cluding three hundred fighting men. The children in the large verandahs facing the stream seemed innumerable, and, with the women, came out to see us pass. Flags were hoisted, and preparations made to receive the English rajah ; the chief and his gaudily dressed followers, with their large um- brellas and banners, being already at the landing- place when the steamer appeared abreast of the village. The admiral, however, did not wish to com- municate, as Mr. Brooke hod visited the place two months before, and had announced the deter- mination of the British Government with respect to piracy, and had also made agreements for having wood cut for the steamers. In another hour we were once more in the open sea, after a cruise of four days in the interior ; having entered, as will be seen by reference to the chart, on the western shore through the Rejang, and got out again on the northern shore by the Igan. Nothing was to be seen of the squadron on any part of the horizon ; but, just as we were losing sight of the land, heavy guns were heard in the north-east quarter, and to that direction we accord- ingly steered. The weather was perfect, and the sea smooth, with a light breeze favourable to our progress towards the Borneo river ; but, as yet, the treacherous sultan can hardly be aware of the for- midable force which is gradually approaching his DiclzedbyGoOgle Ghaf. n.] JAFFBR S NABBATITE. wicked capital; nor would his liighness probably dream that, in so few months afiter the perpetration of bis atrocious murders, the earnest appeal of the English rajah woidd be warmly responded to by the advent of the commander-in-chief in person, to call both the sovereign and his ministers to account for the breach of faith, and of the treaty lately entered into with ber Majesty's Government. And now I will endeavour to narrate, in as con- cise a form as possible, the substance of a most affecting and interesting history. This forenoon was occupied with a strict ex- amination of Jafier, the confidential servant of the murdered pangeran Budrudeen, who bad been taken on board the Phlegethon at Sarawak for this pur- pose. Sir Thomas Cochrane was particularly de- sirous of hearing verbatim from this man the whole account of the assassination of. tbe members of the royal family, and therefore requested Mr. Brooke to take to his assistance the two interpreters brought from Singapore, and to interrogate the witness in bis presence. The young Bomean was therefore brought upon the quarter-deck of tbe steamer, and desired to relate circumstantially all that he knew personally relative to this horrible tragedy. Jaffer then stated, that on the arrival of H. M. S. Hazard at the entrance of the Borneo river, in the month of March, he proceeded on board that vessel by order of pangeran Muda Mohamed, for the pur- VOL. u. K DiclzedbyGoOgle 130 CAPTAIN MCNDT'S JO0BNAL, [Chif. H. IM«, pose of informiiig Captain Egertou of the events which had taken place, and to tell him from Muda Mohamed on no account to trust himself at the city, as, if he did so, his Hie would cert^nly be sacrificed, nearly all the royal family, friends to the English, having been killed ; and that the sultan was erecUng forts to d^end the river, and was determined to hold no further intercourse with Europeans. Jaffer fijrther stated, that it was with great difficulty he had managed to escape from the city, and to reach the ship, and that he explained to Captain Egerton that he wished to remain on board the Hazard, and go on to Sarawak to see Mr. Brooke, such being the instructions which he had received from pangeran Mada Mohamed, who, with three other brothers, and a few children of Muda Has^m, alone survived the fatal night of the massacre. Jaf- fer continued his narrative by stating that the rajah Muda Hassim, at the especial direction of the sove- reign, had assumed the title of muda, or young sultan, and had been declared heir to the throne ; and, to every appearance, was in high favour with his highness. The four brothers were at this time living in security in various parts of the city, quite unsus- picious of any conspiracy against them, when sud- denly, in the dead of night, the houses of each of the princes, and other men of rank known to be favourable to the English policy and to the sup- pression of piracy, were attacked by orders from DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur. H.] DEATH OF BDDRUDBBH. the flultan, given under the royal signet, and thir- teen members of his own family — uncles, nephews, and cousins — were barbarously assassinated by this unnatural monster. Jafier, at the moment of the attack, was in attendance on his lord the pangeran Budrudeen, and, with a few of his immediate fol- lowers who happened to be in the house, made every exertion to repel the assailants. For some time Budrudeen fought bravely at tfaeir head; but, taken completely by surprise, overpowered by numbers, and desperately wounded, he at last gave way, and, retiring by the women's apartments, escaped to a distant part of the building, accom. panied by his sister and by another young lady, all of whom were by this time aware, from the shouts and exclamations of the multitude, that Budrudeen was attacked by the authority of his own uncle and sovereign, whom he had so long and feithfully served. On rejoining his lord, Jaffer was directed to open a cask or barrel of gunpowder which was found standing in the room. This order he imme- diately obeyed, and waited his lord's further com- mands. Pangeran Budrudeen then took a ring from his finger, and calling Jaffer to bis presence, placed it in his hands with a last injunction to flee iu baste to the sea, to endeavour to reach Sarawak, and to convey the ring to bis friend Mr. Brooke as a dying memento of his esteem, and to bid Mr. Brooke not DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MDNDY'S JOUBNAL. tCnip. II to forget bim, and to lay his case and the cause of his countiy before the Queen of England. Having received the ring, and faithfully promised to comply with these conunands, Jaffer waa or- dered to depart, and as soon as he had done so, his lord fired the gunpowder, and pangeran Budrudeen and the two women were instantly blown up. Of Muda Hassim's death no circumstantial ac- count has yet reached me, but I introduce the fol- ■ lowing brief narrative as related to Mr. Brooke : — " Forty or fifty men surrounded the house of Muda Hassim, and having set it on fire in several places, a general attack was made by these ruffians. Muda Hassim, in the confusion of the first onset, effected his escape to the opposite side of the river, with several of his brothers, his wife and children, and protected by the small body of his attendants whom he had hastily collected, was enabled for some time to defend himself against his enemies. Over- whelmed at last by the number of his assailants, he was obliged to give way, and having lost all his guns, ammunition, and property, he found himself at the mercy of his opponents. Some of his brothers had been shot, others wounded, and no hope re- maning of safety except in the mercy of his sove- reign, he sent messages to beg that his life might be spared. This was peremptorily refused, and death being thus inevitable, he retreated to a boat which chanced to be at the river's side, and placing a quarter cask of gunpowder in the cabin, he DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IL] ATBOCITIES OF THE BULTAN. called to his surriviDg brothers and sons to enter, and immediately firing the train, the whole party were blown up. Muda Hasaim, however, was not killed by the explosion, but determined not to be taken alive, he terminated his existence by blowing out his bruns with a pistol. " JaflFer, the servant of Budrudeen, with much difficulty effected his retreat and contrived to hide himself for several daya in the city: at length he was discovered and brought before the aultan, who perceiving the ring on hia finger, imme- diately took it from him and ordered him from his presence. Jaffer then found an asylum with pangeran Muda Mohamed, the brother of Muda Hassim, who after being desperately wounded in several places, had saved his life by flight and been ultimately protected by the sultan, his uncle. The aultan had openly proclaimed that he had killed the rajah Muda Hassim, and the other members of the royal fwuily, because they were the friends criF the English, and were anxious to act up to the treaties, and to suppress piracy. His highness had also built forts and made no secret of his determi- nation to oppose by force any attempt to approach the capital. On the arrival of the Hazard he had sent two pangerans down the river under the dis- guise of friends, bearing Muda Hassim's flag for the express purpose of induciDg the captain to accompany them on shore, when they intended to kill him, and the people in the streets of Brun^ DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUNDy'S JOURNAL. [Chap. JI. and in the baaaars talked loudly of cutting out ■ any merchant vessel which might appear upon the coast. " The sultan had also engaged a man to convey an order under the royal hand to pangeran Makota, to murder Mr. Broote either by treachery or by poison, or if not able to accomplish this ol^ect, to excite the people of Sarawak to drive him out of the country." Such are the particnlars of this most abomi- nable tragedy. They agreed in every part with the depositions made before the authorities at Sin- gapore ; and though subjected to a long cross- examination by the commander-in-chief and Mr. Brooke, Jaffer mainttuned a dignified deportment, and gave his evidence with a manliness and good feeling that spoke volumes for the truthfulness of his melfljicholy history. Frequently, when relating in detail the cruelties of that fearful night, and the gallant bearing of his lord and master, he was completely overcome ; and seemed oppressed with renewed grief when obliged agtnn to relate the circumstances of this great man's noble* and mag- nanimous death. Poor Budrudeen ! 1 had mjrself heard so much of him, of his noble character and immense supe- riority over all the other princes of Borneo, that, though he had passed away from the scene before I had become acquainted with the stirring events acting on this new field for British enterprise, still DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur. IL] CHABACTEB OF BUDBDDEEN. 135 I was a ■willing listener to the anecdotes of his ^^*^- active life, which were given us by rajah Brooke as we steamed along the sea-board of this mag- nificent country — a country which Brooke had fondly hoped, through the promised aid of Muda Hawim and Budrudeen, on some later day, to have restored to its ancient state of grandeur and prosperiiy. The opinion which Sir Thomas Cochrane had formed of Budrudeen was also most ^vonrable. It appears that when the commander-in-chief an- chored off Brunfe, in the summer of last year, this prince, with four or five others, went on board the flag-ship, to pay a complimentary viut; and Sir Thomas informs me that be was particularly struck with the polished manner of Budrudeen on his first introduction. On bdng ushered into the cabin, he came forward with much dignity and composure, followed by the other princes ; and on the admiral pointing out to him a seat, and in a manner endeavouring to conduct bim to it, he took hold of the admiral's hand, and insisted on leading lum first to the ottoman, nor would he be seated dU he had accompli^ed this object. Sir Thomas described to me, that he was both sur- prised and amnsed at this piece of gallantly, but was still more struck by the manner and grace with which he performed it, and by his whole sub- sequent deportment, which, during a long inter- view, was marked by the same ease and gentleman* DiclzedbyGoOgle 186 CAPTAIN MDNDY'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. H, 1846. ute bearing, and would have done credit to the most polished courtier of any age or country. Of Muda Haasim Sir Thomas did not form so favour- able an impression, describing him as much inferior to Budrudeen, though more distinguished in ap- pearance than the other branches of the royal family. All were handsomely and well dressed ; and shut out, as they most have been from their youth, from the civilised world, it becomes a matter of astonishment whence such an attractive manner and good breeding could be derived. Having been present during the whole of Jaffer's examination, it will readily be believed that I felt more than ever indignant at the inhuman bar- barity of the sultan, and could well enter into the feelings of Mr. Brooke, and conceive the cup of bitterness which he had drunk when he received from the faithful Jaffer the account of the last moments of the noble Budrudeen, and his dying assurances of an unchangeable affection. The whole history appeared written in the cha- racter of an Eastern tale, purposely crowded with horrors. It was difficult to believe in the reality of such scenes being enacted in these enlightened days, or to imagine that the story which bad been listened to with such earnest attention by the com- mander-in-chief was not a romantic fiction, but a stem and undoubted fact. A stubborn fact, in- deed ; the results arising from which to European commerce in the Eastern seas none can foresee. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. U.] ANCHOE OFF TAKJOWG BAREAM. 137 So undisguised and determined a breach of engage- )^^- ments Trith the British Government has been un- heard of in these days. It demands most prompt and deciBire measures ; and though the responsi- bility of undertaking any hostile measures at so many thousands of miles from England is im* mense, yet the known firmness of character and determination of our admiral is an assurance that there will be work for the squadron, if ample reparation be not made by the sultan and his government. At the dose of the exwnination of Jaffer, we found ourselves within a few mUes of the Agin- court, and the captains having r^oined their respective ships, we bore away for the river Oya, it being the int^tion of the admiral to stand close along shore, to ahow the squadron to the astonished natives. The Iris was ordered to take the Phlege- thon in tow, and a very unpleasant companion I found her ; for scarcely had she been secured than the weather became thick and rainy, and the breeze increasing to a fresh gale from the S.W. quarter, brought up a considerable sea, and with difficulty the two ships were kept from contact. To add to the beauty of the position, we suddenly shoaled our water from fifteen to six fathoms, but hauling rapidly to the northward, soon deepened again, and at sunset last evening anchored off Tanjong Barram in twenty-two fathoms. From the great inequality of the soundings, this is de- DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUITOT's JODKHAI,. [CHiP. U. cidedly a dangerous point to close with at night. From hence we sailed within a few milea of the coast towards Labuao, enjoying the prospect of the magnificent scenery, and this afternoon we an- chored off the extensive shoal of Moarra, at the entrance of the river Brun^. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur. lU.] CHASE OF TRADING PRAHU8. CBASE or TRADina PRAHDS SQCTADBON EMT£BS THE BORKEO SITES. — LETTER FBOU THE SULTAIT. — SCHBHB OF TREACH- SRT. FI.AK OF THE OPERATIOHS AGAINST BRUNt. — FRO- QBE8S or THE EXPEDITIOM. • — COMXKMCEHENT OF HOSTl- IJTIE6. — THE ZMEUT's BATTERIES. — CAflnALTUB OH BOARD THE PHLEGETHOM. TALOE OF STKAUERS IK RITER OPSRA- T1^'*^- amongst the officers and men composing the de- tachment. Jtdy 10. — There had been heavy rain during j„|y ,o the night, and heavy clouds still hung over the stream, when at day-light the signal was made for the boats to rendezvous alongside the Phle- gethon, and shortly afterwards we commenced steaming up the river, having the gun-boats, nine- teen in number, in tow. The depth of water allowed us to reach some oiiles beyond the city, when, being in one fethom only, the force was re- moved from the Phlegethon into the boats, and aU being stowed away, we recommenced our ascent in two divisions. The commander-in-chief now gave me his final instructions, and on taking leave placed in my hand his own pocket compass, with the kind remark, that it might possibly be useful to me in the' recesses of the jungle. Immediately after this our difficulties commenced. We entered a narrow creek on the left bank, the boats making their way slowly amidst the intri- cacies of a winding stream, so narrow as to keep our pioneers, of which I had three cutters full under Lieutenant Heath, constantly at work cutting down the trees which obstructed our passage, and paddling, and tracking, and hauling to get a-head, almost dark from the thickness of the overhanging jungle, and the heat oppressive; but we went cheerfuUy to work, and at last, after being seven hours at it, gained a landing, and the marching- DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN SniNDT'S JODENAL. [Chap. IV. party disembarked . A body of marines, forty strong, under Lieutenant Alexander, Royal Marine Artillery, formed the advanced guard, and having a company of pioneers attached to them, was imme- diately put in motion. Mr. Brooke, myself, and my aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Vansittart, with my coxswain and the interpreter, joined this division. The two guides, each under charge of a sentry, pointed out the narrow path leading through the jungle, into which we plunged forthwith. After a walk of twenty minutes in Indian file, much to our surprise our guides informed us that we were close to the village of Kabiran Battu, where Hajji Hassim, an adopted son of the sultan, and one of the chief enemies of the English, had fled after the capture of the city. On emerging from the jungle I threw out flank- ing parties and surrounded the largest building, erected in the Dyak style, upon lofty piles driven into the ground. The house had been deserted by the owners, but was full of valuable property se- cured in massive chests, also arms and ammunition both for great guns and small arms, magazines and several tin cases of fine Dartford powder, all ready for removal. In the upper story, a man and wo- man were discovered secreted amongst the mats, and from them we learned that the whole property belonged to Hajji Hassim, who two days previously, on a requisition from the sultan, had joined his highness at Damiian. Our male prisoner next in- formed us, that there was a battery in course of DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IV.] DIFFICULTIES OF MARCHING. erection, close at hand in the jungle, for the pro- tection of the causeway leading to the house. I " therefore ordered Lieut. Mathewe, who commanded the seamen of the Iris and Royalist to reconnoitre, and he shortly returned with the report, that six pieces of brass ordnance of considerable dimensions were raised on an adjoining eminence in readiness for mounting. These I took possession of, and de- livered over to the charge of Lieut. Patey, who, with a party from the gun boats, was to hold the village during our absence in the interior. This service completed, our little army once more commenced its march from Kabiran towards Damuan, the rain falling heavily, and before the rear-guard had cleared the village, we entered a marshy swamp, having apparently a broad buffalo path across it, through which we moved, knee deep in mud. As we slowly advanced, the swamp gradually deepened, the men occasionally up to their middles in water, floundering in the mud, and with difficulty keeping their ammunition dry. After struggling for an hour against so unpromising a road, and seeing in the distance no prospect of rising ground, and, being moreover, suspicious of our guides ; I informed Mr. Brooke of my deter- mination not to proceed further on that course, as I considered that under all the cireumstances of our position, in an unknown country, and amidst hostile tribes, it would be imprudent to advance any dis- tance into such a morasa. I consequently ordered a retreat on Kabiran, where we bivouacked for the DiclzedbyGoOgle 158 CAPTAIN BtDMDY'S JOUENAL. [CaiP. IT. ^^^- night amidst mjriada of musquitoee, and torrents of rain, which prevented all sleep either for officers or men. The sentries were posted, " Victoria " was the parole — the cwnp fires were lighted, and at any rate all were cheerful and looking forward with hope to better success on the morrow. It was, however, destined that the evening should not pass over without some little amuse- ment, for suddenly there was a cry of fire at the other extremity of the building under which we had endeavoured to find shelter from the deluge, and in a very few minutes a party of seamen were busily engaged on the summit of the roof detaching the layers of palm leaves, whilst seated crossed- legged at a gable end, I superintended the opera- tions, having with much difficulty, by the assistance of my coxswain, perched myself on the elevated pin- nacle, and in coat and epaulettes and enveloped in smoke I found the situation by no means agreeable. The fire was got under in twenty minutes, and we were again in repose. One of the officers whilst working on the roof, lost his footing, and sliding down the slippery matting, fell into the verandah below, but fortunately lighting on some soft mate- rials was not much injured. July 11. July 11. — The rain, which had not ceased to fall steadily during the weary night, suddenly stopped, and by seven o'clock was succeeded by the piereing rays of a Borneo sun. Two divisions were soon in march, with orders to examine the country round for a more passable road, and Lieut. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. IV.] RETDHN OF THE BOATS. Mathews, accompaDied by my aide-de-camp, ad- vanced a few miles in a 8oath-east direction, where they diBcovered a village ; but here the pathways were quite impassable, from the torrents of the preceding night ; and the guides were at the same time constant in their statements, by reference to the sun, that the town of DamOan was yet six hours distant. Lieut Newland and Lieut. Heath were equally unsuccessful on the left flank ; and it being now evident that the passage across this part of the country was everywhere breast-high in water, I reluctantly gave up all hopes of reaching the sultan's retreat by this route ; and, being con- vinced that my proper coarse was to fall back upon head-quarters, and from thence to retrace our steps to the capital, where I might replenish provisions, and make a fresh start, I made known my opinion to Mr. Brooke, in which he entirely coincided. After destroying the magazines and ammunition, and burning all the property of Hajji Hassim, and conveying the brass ordnance, comprising six guns of Spanish manu&cture, and of great beauty, into the paddle-box boats, I re-embarked all my force, and regained the main stream late in the afternoon. Here I found the commander-in-chief, with his flag in the Phlegethon, which little steamer was stuck fast, with her bowsprit fixed amongst the man- grove bushes, and her fore-yard snapped in two. The admiral, very anxious about the expedition, had thought it probable, owing to the inclemency of the weather, I should be obliged to fall back, DiclzedbyGoOgle 160 CAPTAIN MDNDT'S JOUBNAL. [Ckap. IV. 1846. aii,j he had therefore, very considerately, moved up to our aid, and arrived most opportunely. At six P.M. we anchored off the city. The admiral approved of my proceedings, and gave me permission to arrange a second expedition, if Mr. Brooke's information as to a better route to Da- muan should receive confirmation. Julj 12. jyiy 22 — Heavy and continued rain during the night, and showery during the morning. After performance of divine service, the day was ^ven up to the expeditionary force to make preparations for recommencing the campaign on the following morning. After this we had a general inspection and muster, and I issued my orders for the embark- ation and march. During the afternoon the weather became finer. Pangeran Murain, Muda Mohamed, and other friendly chiefs had an audience of the admiral. They were all remarkably well and hahdsomely dressed, but were evidently in a great state of alarm, and bad with much difficulty been persuaded to return to the city from their retreat in the jungle. From them we learnt that the principal instigator to the barbarous murder of so many members of the royal femily Was an individual of low birth, but of considerable influence with the piratical party, named, Hajji Saman, who also, it appeared, had commanded the large forts which first opened fire on the steamers. The pangerans seemed to tremble at the name of this Hajji, and on being closely examined by Mr. Brooke, described him as a man DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IV.] BECOMMBHCB THE EXPEDITION, 161 of the worst character, but possessing great courage 'S'*^- and detemunation. Of the sultan the two pan- gerans would say little beyond stating that he had retreated with bis force into the interior, and had taken up a position at Damuan, accompanied by his son-in-law and several other pangerans. Muda Mohamed, who is the brother of the murdered Princes, Muda Hassim and Budrudeen, showed us his wounds, which were fearful, and how he es- caped with life is surprising. The result of the interview was a determination on the part of Mumin to take up his quarters again in the city, and as- sisted by Muda Mohamed, to endeavour to persuade the inhabitants to return. Jtdy 13. — Having received my final instructions ^°^J 's* from the commander-in-chief, which were to make every reasonable attempt to push my way to Da- muan, and, if possible, capture the sultan, or at any rate, destroy his fortified position, I shoved off in my gig at day-light, and accompanied by Mr. Brooke, we joined the boats, nineteen in number as before, and commenced our ascent of the river. The detachment of marines carried sixty rounds m th^r cartouch boxes, the seamen thirty rounds, with a hundred rounds of spare ammunition for each bayonet in the boats. Four days' provisions were issued to each man, and carried in their havresacks. On leaving the city, instead of proceeding several miles up the river as on the former occasion, we took the first large branch on the left bank, not DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN umnyfs jouhnai- [cbap. iv. a mile distant from the shipping, and continued ' to move up that Btream in a aoath-westeriy di- rection till noon, the depth for a few casts bdng four feet, just the launch's draught. At noon we entered the Damuan river, and half an hour afiter^ wards pushed into a small creek, having maogrove Bwamps on either hand, with branches of large trees over-hanging, many level with the water's edge, requiring constant exertion on the part of the pioneers. The paddle-box boats were just enabled to make head, but the launch was shortij com- pelled to relinquiBh all attempts to advance further. The weather was now painfully sultry, and the wasps and musquitoes annoying. Several men were badly stung. At one P.M. the leading boats ejected a land- ing at a place which the natives called Felong, uid from them we learnt that there was a direct road from this village to Damtian, but that it would be a march of twelve hours. A closer inspection, however, showed hb that a morass, rendered impassable by the continued raia, lay between us and the higher jungle ground. At this unpleasant juncture Mr. Brooke was assured, that by retraung our steps into the Damnan river, and then ascen^ng it for a few miles, we should find another creek leading to the town of Maliit, on the road to Bamuan. Our boats were accordingly retrackcd to the creek's entrance, and then moved up the Damuan river, in itself so confined at this part, as to preclude our advuice without the cxm.' stant aid of our pioneera. At three p. M. we en- DidilzedbyGoO^IC Cha^.IV.] quay OF HALGt. tered the Becond creek, -which was even more pro- Toldngly intricate than the last, and, finally, at sanset, alter being ten hours paddling, poling, and tracking, we reached the edge of a etoatnp, which onr guides informed us waa the quay of Mal&t. Let nte here confess to have experienced a slight disappointment at inch a termination to the mari* time part of our expedition, and to have observed amongst the people, as the boats came up, a dight expression of disgust in their physiogntHny. The country, so &r as the eye could trace, waa one sheet of water, terminating in a jungle, the nearest angle of which might be a quarter of a mile distant. To this point I determined to direct my steps, and ac- companied by Mr. Brooke, Lieut Vansittart, and an escort of forty marines under Lieut. Mansell, we stuped upon the beautiful quay, knee deep in mud, our object being to examine the country romid for some srpot of firm ground on which the party imght encamp for the night Meanwhile the rest of the people remained in the boats and went to dinner. AHer half an hour's tramp through a detest- able slough in the jungle, we reached the vil- lage of MalQt ; a few tolerable houses in a small open q)ace, with some cocoa nut trees around. I immediately diqiatched Vansittart to desire the marines and small-arm men to land forthwith, and to endeavour to get up to me before dark, leav- ing Buch of the gun-boats as had succeeded in pene- trating the labyrinth of the creek to guard the DiclzedbyGoOgle -164 CAPTAIN MUNDt'S JODKSAL. [Cbip. IT, 18*6. spare ammunition. At this time the rain fell heavily, but the houses oflfered moderate shelter to the detachments as they arrived, and by seven p. if. I had the satisfaction of seeing all the force collect- ed, and also of receiving a report from Lieut. Patey that the launch was only a mile from the place of debarkation, moored in the mangrove bushes, and in free conimunication with the other gun-boats. Whilst the seamen and marines were marching up, a small herd of wild bullocks rushed across our path, one of which possessed of more curiosity than discretion, halted for a moment to examine the intruders on their domain, when a bullet from my rifle struck him dead on the spot. Calling the seamen of the "Iris" to secure, the prize, the ani- mal was shortly suspended by the aid of bamboos on the shoulders of forty stout fellows, and carried in triumph to the camp. The bullock was too small to be divided amongst the whole force, I therefore decided that as the capttun of the " Iris" had shot it, the crew of the " Iris " should eat it — which was accordingly done. In the course of the even- ing we detained some of the natives, promising to protect their property and to reward them hand- somely if they would guide us to the sultan's re- treat. These men assured Mr. Brooke that his highness, with a large body guard, had passed up the river a week ago, and after blocking up the passage in his rear, had taken up his quarters at Damuan. I observed, however, that as we ad- vanced, the number of the sultan's fighting men DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IV.] BIVOUAC AT MALBt, 165 gradually diminished, and instead of five hundred, i^^^* they were at length reduced to one half. We were now amidst a race called Kadyans. They seemed an inoffensive people, and far less savage in appearance than the Dyaks at Kanowit. Our head-quarters were fixed in a small hovel, and having supped on an admirable steak from the slaughtered bullock, Mr. Brooke and myself re- signed ourselves to the numerous insects which were joint tenants of the building. Fortunately the English rajah was proof against the musquitoes, but they incessantly persecuted me. The men passed a miserable night, and the rain continued as usual. Jidy 14. — At daylight the weather cleared up. Ju'i i*- My plans had been made for commencing the march into the interior at this time, but the waters on the lower ground had risen so much during the night, as to render access to the landing-place a difficult operation, and it was six, a.m., before Lieutenant Dunbar arrived with his detachment of blue jackets, which I had ordered to garrison the village during our absence. In order to test the fidelity of our guides, they were left perfectly free during the night, and as they were still in the camp at day-light, we began the march with some confidence. On quitting the village, half an hour's walk brought us to the termination of the jungle, and here we once more entered a swampy flat of long grass, breast-high, the beaten track through it DiclzedbyGoOgle 166 CAPTAIN MUSDY'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. IV. 1846. being everywhere from two to three feet deep in mud ; but the depth being unLform, and large forest trees in view on the opporite side, our whole force passed over in an hour, and a mile's tramp in the jungle brought ns to the village of Tanjong, where we found a white flag suspended from the largest building, but the women and children, and greater part of the inhabitants had fled. Here we learnt that all these spots of higher and cultivated land, surrounded by morasses, were termed " islands " by the native*. They were luxuriant in foliage, covered with fruit and cocoa-nut trees, and many shrubs and creepers of great freshness and beauty. There were also several houses, fitted up entirely as granaries, each built on the top of post-s, about ten feet from the ground, having sliding doors at one end, through which the grain was carried. We found a large stock of rice every- where, and apparently in good condition. Rigorous orders had been given to respect private property, as we passed through the different villages, which were well observed, and we continued our march, dtemately through swamp and jungle, blazing* the paths in every direction, to secure our retreat, should the guides desert us. About noon we came suddenly upon a larger building than any we had hitherto seen, erected dose to a running stream, at the foot of a lofty * Kotcfaing Uie treet with uet. DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. ly.] THE sultan's shield. and well-wooded bank. The hoiue waa evidently new, and, on exanunadoD, found to have been lately inhabited. A. strict search was instituted for arms and ammunition, and two shields were brought forth ; the largest of which, five feet long, ornamented with gold figures, having an imperial crown on the top, supported by tiro lums not badly executed, was immediately recognised by Mr. Brooke as beloogiug to the sultan, the sword- bearer having carried it before his highness at the audience given last year to the admiral in the capital. The usual quantity of arms and ammani* tion was found, and several exquisitely worked mats, thirty feet in length, with iiirniture to cor- respond, — the whole arrangement of the interior giving evidence that the eultan had lately been the occupant. Observing that no injury was done to private property, several .of the natives joined us, and offered their services as guides, and they assured Mr. Brooke that the sultan had only moved across the river, some miles distant, to another position, more difficult of access. We accordingly pushed on without lews of time, once more buoyed up with the hope that the sultan had determined to make a On arriving at the river, which was about thirty yards wide, we found the bridge three feet under water, and, owing to the strength of the stream, quite impassable. The pioneers began at once to cut down the largest trees which were close to thq M 4 DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MDNDT'S JOUBKAL. CChap. IV. water's edge, and three of them falling at the same time directly across to the opposite bank, a com- pact bridge was soon formed, and well knitted together by the creepers. This service was spe- cially under the charge of Lieut. Heath, and was Avell executed, the Javanese seamen working ad- mirably. On my calling for volunteers to swim the liver, one of the carpenter's crew, named William Burchet, of the Iris, leapt in with his heavy axe, and succeeded in crossing. The whole force soon passed over, when we continued our march amidst a swampy jungle, with thicker underwood than we had previously experienced. Here our guides, pointing to some cocoa-nuts and palm-trees in the distance, informed us that amongst them we should discover the sultan's position. Just before reaching this se- cluded spot, the natives rushed into the Bush, and our whole party advanced; and, on gaining the open country, we found ourselves directly in face of a large and isolated building, standing on piles, with a rivulet ten feet broad passing in its rear, and the country round completely flooded. A glance at the desolate appearance of the place showed us at once that the enemy had decamped. It had been evacuated probably the day before by the sultan, * Magazines of powder, ammunition for guns of di£Perent calibre, and cartridges for * Ur. Brooke subeequentlj receivud inf. it.] DEPABTURfi FBOH BKtlNi. 175 Brooke, the purport being, that if the Boltan '"^ would return and govern hia people justly, abstfun from acts of piracy and keep his agreement with the British government hostilities would cease, but on the other hand, if the same atrodoas system was again carried on what the ships left the coast, the admiral would return speedily and bum the city to the ground. At two F. H. the assembly broke up ; immediately after which the Spiteful, having the Royalist in tow, stramed out from the city reach, the Phlegethon, with the gnn-boats in tow, leading the way. The same good fortune which had befriended xa DESTRCCTION OF PIRATE FRAHUS.' — VISIT TO THE BDINED FORTRESS OF ICALLDDU. — PUXaUIT OF A PIRATE FLE£T. SCCCBSSFrL STRATAQIUC OP THE FIRATEB. — SOBSICQDKNT DESTRUCTION OF PIRATE FRABD8. — DEPARTURE OF THE ADMUUX. — CAPTAIN UUKDT LEFT DI COUMAKD OF THE SQUASROIT. — THE ADURAL'S EARLT HOURS. — BOATS OF IRIS SENT ON SERTIGE. ANCHOR IN AX- BOHO BAT. — TRAFFIC — DESTRUCTION OP ANOTHHR ILLANUN TtLLAOB. — OBAKD MARKET. — NATITX COIIUODITIEB. BARTER. NEira O^ HAJJI 8AHAN. — DEPARTURE FOR KIMANIS. — TBIT OF NATIVE CHIEFS. — PROCEED HP THE RIVER. — CONFERENCE. — PREPARATIONS FOB AX EXPEDITION AGAINST HAJJI SAHAN. — PLBBT OP NATIVE ADZIL1ABIE& — ENTER THE KtVEB HAMBAKUT. — MS. BROOKE QIVEfi AUDIENCE ON THE BEACH. FIRST SYHPTOHS OF HOSTILITIES. — ATTACK AND CAPTUBE OF BAJJI SAMAN'B FORTIFIED POSITION. — PIRATE VILLAGE. — BCBIAL PLACES. Tnns fell the long notorioue Illanun town of Pan- ib46. dassan. One word from the haughty pirates of a promise of amendment and of a change of life would have saved it, as it had done Siriki, and Kanowit ; but this word was not spoken, and the place was razed to the ground, and the inhabitants driven aa fugitives into the jungle, to be dealt with by the aborigines, who had long groaned lieneath their grinding tyranny. The sun, during the day, was fearfully hot, but the land campaign being fortunately short, we did not suffer. The main body of seamen, under the sdbyGoogle CAPTAIN MDHDT'S JOUKHAL. [Ch*p. T. orders of Lieutenant Heath, bad scoured the country in every direction, and a party of marines had visited a distant village, but as its character ■was unknown, and the people quiet, they were left unmolested. The whole party rejoined the Phle- gethon in the evening, and we returned to the squadron off Tampassuk. Aug. 3. — The pirates taken by the Phlegetbon were transferred to the Ringdove, for passage to Manilla, in order that they might be given up to the Spanish governor, with the Spanish captives taken with them, and the squadron weighed and proceeded to the northward. In the afternoon, three large prabus were ob- served standing along shore under a press of sail, and the signal was made for the Ringdove and Royalist to chase. It was a pretty sight to watch the pirate vessels endeavouring to escape by steering for some detached rocks, which, just at this part of the coast, extended in clusters, several miles to seaward, and towards which, the brig and schooner boldly stood, with the hope of cutting off the chase. At dusk we could just observe, that the Royalist, from having been closer in shore, had brought to, apparently within range of the prabus, and had lowered her boats, whilst the brig, unable to get to the spot, altered her course to rejoin the squadron, which, under easy sail, continued its course for the north-eaat point of Borneo. When last seen, the pirate vessels appeared to have short- ened sail, but the veil of night prevented our wit- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. V.] CHASE OF PIRATB PRAHUS. 199 nessing the result of the Royalist's bold approach i846. amongst the dangerous rocks. Aug, 4 This afternoon, the squadron anchored Aug. 4. in Malludu bay, and Tras joined by the Royalist, which vessel, on coming within signal distance, tel^raphed, "pirate prahus hoisted the black flag and attacked our boats, — twenty of the pirates killed, and two of their prahua destroyed." These boats evidently belonged to the Pandassan or Tampassuk rivers, towards which they were steer- ing when first seen, and it appeared, from the account given by Lieutenant Reid, that on finding it impracticable to take the Royalist nearer to the reef, he lowered his gigs, and sent them away under the orders of* Mr. Quin (mate), and Mr. Kay (midshipman). The prahus, having separated, pulled at once for the shore, upon which Mr. Ray was directed to push quickly towards the beach and endeavour to cut off the largest one in her attempt to escape to the northward, whilst Mr. Quin gave chase to the other two, which were retreating in an opposite direction. One of the latter managed to get so close to the surf before she was overtaken, that the crews jumped overboard and swam to the shore, when she was immediately captured and de- stroyed, and Mr. Quin then observing, that an en- gagement was going on between the other prahu and the small gig, pulled in that direction to her assistance. Mr. Ray, in the mean time, had come up rapidly with the large prahu, which, on observ- * Hr. Qain liu been since promoted. — £d. DiclzedbyGoOgle 200 CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOUBNAX.. [Chu. T. 1848. ing that only one small boat was approaching, faced about and opened a fire of musketry, and then endeavoured to board the gig. This, hoirever, was prevented by Mr. Ray, who, mautEUTering ju- diciously, kept within long range of the pirates, wait- ing for support, but at the same time muntaioed so good a fire, that many of these desperate men were killed; others jumped overboard, and awim- ing to the gig, clung with one hand to the gunnel, and, with invincible courage, attacked the crews with their krises. Mr. Quin came up as this sharp affair terminated, and, when the large prahu was taken possession of, ten men were found dead on board ; and out of her crew of forty, only a few managed to get to the shore. It was at this time dusk ; the boats were only a few hundred yards from the beach, which was lined with hundreds of natives watching the conflict. The prahu was subsequenUy destroyed, and the giga returned on board the Koyalist, the third vessel effecting her escape under cover of night. This was a gallant affair, and I believe Mr. Ray was complimented by the admiral for his judgment and mode of attack, and Lieutenant Reid for the judicious management of his vessel. None of the men were wounded on our side, so bad was the fire from the pirates. A cutter had also been despatched from the Royalist, shortly after the gigs left, by way of reinforcement, but owing to the darkness setting in, missed the other boats. Diciiiized by Google Cbaf. T.] BUINED f OBTRSSS OF MAIXUDU. 201 Aug. 5 Half an hour before break of day, I 19«. started in my galley, Beauty, with the cutters of JZ^e!" the Iris for Malludu river, the comioander-in-chief, accompanied by Mr. Brooke and the boats of the squadron, setting out at the same time. The distance to the entrance of the river was about fourteen miles, which we reached after a steady pull of four hours, and having given the crews twenty minutes to rest, we made a fresh start, and a further row of six or seven miles brought us to the spot where Sheriff Osman, the great Arab pirate, had been signally defeated by Captain Talbot, the preceding year. We found the place utterly de- serted, though the palisades round the encampment were still standing, and, from the appearance of the interior, it seems probable that some of the brass guns had been buried and afterwards carried away, as there were several large holes, of the size and shape of pieces of ordnance, close to the batteries. The admiral minutely inspected every part, and then entered the jungle, beyond which the village formerly stood; but not a vestige now remained, and it was evident that the drubbing administered to these notorious pirates, by my excellent friend the gallant Capt^n of the Vestal, had been of so decisive a nature, as to prove to the chiefs who escaped after the action, that they could no longer remain in safety in that quarter. As no particulars are given in Mr. Brooke's Journal of the destruction of this famous piratical stronghold, I will here introduce the official letter of Captain Talbot, which will show the strength DiclzedbyGoOglC M)8 CAPTAIN MTJKDT's 30VSSAL. [Chap. V. 1846. of the position, and the character of the desperate men who had so long been the terror of this part of the coast. " Her Majestj'i Steam-Tessel Viien, Malludu Bay, „ „ AuguBt 20. 1843. OlB, " I have to report the proceedings of the expe- dition you did me the honour to place under my command. " Your Excellency's flag having been flying on board the Vixen, you are aware of its progress to the anchorage at the head of the Malludu bay ; I commence, therefore, the details from that period. " The force, consisting of 530 seamen and ma- rines, (the details of which I annex), conveyed in twenty-four boats, of which nine were gun-boats, left the Vixen at three o'clock, p. M., on the 18th instant, and after some little difficulty on hitting on the channel, was anchored off the mouth of the Songybuyas a little after sun-set. Here we were joined by a boat from the Pluto, carrying the Agin- court's field-piece. " The tide serving, about eleven A.M., weighed, and passing the bar, anchored within it. At daylight on the 19th we proceeded up the river in two divi- sions : after advancing about two miles, I was in- formed by the Brunfe pilots we were nearing the town. I, therefore, went a-head with Captwn Lyster, to reconnoitre. On coming to an abrupt turn in the river, about three miles higher, we found ourselves suddenly in front of the position, which consisted of two stockaded ports of eight DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap.Y.] a parley. and three guns each, commanding the reach. About 200 yards below the forts waa a boom across the river, apparently well constructed. The forts appeared to us to stand on a tongue of land, from which we were separated by the river, which at that point divided into two branches, and the pilots declared that to be the case : that turning to the right, we observed, was still further defended by a floating battery. There appeared, therefore, to be no means of carrying the position but by forcing the boom. *' On rejoining the force, arrangements were made for the gun-boats to advance to the boom to cover the party appointed to cut through it, the remainder of the force to hold itself in readiness to act when ordered. We had approached the boom to within 100 yards when a flag of truce was observed to be coming towards us. Conceiving the object of the enemy was merely to gtau time, I sent back a message, that unless Sheriff Osman came to me in half an hour, I should open fire. This being conveyed to the fort, the flag returned with an offer to admit me with two boats, that I might visit the Sheriff. I declined, and the flag retired : the moment it was clear of the Une of fire, the three-gun battery opened, and the cannonade became general on both sides. " The boom waa composed of three large sized trees, each supporting a chain cable, equal to ten or twelve inches, firmly bolted and secured around the trunk of a tree on each bank : a cut in the right DiclzedbyGoOgle 204 CAPTAIN" MUNDt'S JOURHAL. [Cbap.V. 1846. bank allowed a canoe to pass, but was impasaable to any of our boats. " One hour nearly elapsed before we could in any way remove tbe obstacle, during which time the fire of the enemy was well sustained, all the guns being Imd for the boom. I need hardly mention it was briskly returned from our side, both from guns and small arms, and some rockets well thrown by a party which had been landed on the right bank, appeared to produce considerable effect. " As soon as the passage was open for the smaller boats, they passed through rapidly, and embarked the marines from the large boats across the boom ; ultimately the whole force passed through. The enemy immediately quitted their defences, and fled in every direction. The marines and small-arm men having cleared the town, the former were formed as a covering party, and parties of seamen were pushed up both banks of the river, but met with no opposition ; at the same time preparations were made for spiking the guns, and destroying the stockades and town : in a short time these were completed, and the whole in flames, as well as three large prahus, and several smaller ones. " Being anxious to save the tide, and conceiving that the object contemplated by your Excellency was accomplished, I ordered the force to be re-em- barked, and proceeded down the river to the Vixen. When your Excellency considers the strength of the enemy's position, and the obvious state of pre- paration in which we found him, you will be pre- DiclzedbyGoOgle CuAP. v.] CASUALTIES. pared to learn that the service has not been performed without considerable loss. I regret very much to state it at six killed, and fifteen -wounded. The loss on the part of the enemy was unquestion- ably very great, but the surrounding jungle afforded the enemy the means of carrying off their dead, according to their custom in these cases. Never- theless, some of those left on the field we recognised as persons of considerable infiuence. " Whilst I record my admiration of the gallantry and steadings of the whole force under a galling fire, sustained for a long period, I must particularly mention Captain Lyster, who directed his attention to the boom, and by whose personal exertions that obstacle was overcome. " Mr. Gibbard, mate of her Majesty's ship Wol- verine, was, I grieve to say, mortally wounded by an early shot, whilst gallantly working at the boom with an axe. " I beg leave to point out to your Excellency the conduct of Mr. Williamson, Malay interpreter to Mr. Brooke ; he was with me during the attack, and was exposed to the whole of the fire. " I have the honour, &c. &c. &c. (Signed) " Charles Talbot. " His Excellency Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, C3t Cominaiider-iti- Chief." In this gallant action sheriff Osman was danger- ously wounded ; and nothiog having been heard of him since, it ia believed that he died in the jungle. We reached our respective ships at seven, p. m., having p^Uled about forty miles during the day, in sdbyGoogIc 206 CAPTAIN MUKDT'S JOUENAL. [Chap. V. '^^- a broiling aun. The captains, as usual, dined with our most hospitable chief, and discussed the past day'b amusement until a late hour. Aug. S. Aug. 6. — The squadron weighed at day-light, and stood out of Malludu Bay. The Ringdove joined company in the offing, having been de- spatched two days ago to chase several suspicious- looking prahus, which were standing towards the Island of Balambangan. Sir William Hoste re- ported that he had followed three prahus until the brig had shoaled the water to her own draught ; when he despatched the boats in pursuit, under Lieutenant Norcock, which officer, having boarded them shortly after they had run on shore and been deserted by their crews, found them to be laden with rice and other products of the country, and no guns or arms of any kind below. Imagining, therefore, that they were trading vessels, he re- turned towards the Ringdove, upon which the crews immediately regained the prahus, and were again making off from the shore, when a second order from Sir William Hoste, despatched by an- other boat, directed Lieutenant Norcock to bring one of the prahus to the brig, in order that the commander might judge himself of her character. One of the prahus was consequently taken possession of and brought alongside the Ring- dove, the crew rowing it themselves, and having a guard over them of three marines and several seamen. On being made fast alongside the brig, without any previous warning, the pirates, for such DiclzedbyGoOgle Ciur.T.] SUCCESSFUL STBATAGEH OF PIBATES. it appears they were, though their arms had been skilfully concealed, suddenly rose, and simultane- ously with their kriaes flew upon the seamen and marines, and, before they could defend themselves, one marine was killed, and two marines and a seaman severely wounded, they being all of the Ringdove's crew then on board the prahu. The prahu was at this time under the quarter, and touching the counter of the brig ; so close, indeed, that one of the pirates actually took his spear, and lunging it through the port of the Ring- dove, mortally wounded the master ; and it was also reported, though I cannot ascertain exactly whether true or not, that the headman of the pirates, after killing the marine sentry dead with his krise, seized the musket as the man fell into the hold of the prahu, and fired it at the officers standing on the gangway. The pirates then cut the hawser adrift, and seizing their paddles made off for the shore. A desperate and weU planned manoeuvre, it must be admitted ; and as it was at this time dark, there would have been a probability of escape, had not the boats of the brig been quickly manned and sent in chase. The prahu Wiis over- taken and boarded in less than ten minutes, upon which the crew retreated below, and with their long spears, through the bamboo flooring, made a desperate defence, and finally refusing all quarter, they were slain to a man, and the prahu sunk by the gun of the pinnace. As I have already stated that there were no DiclzedbyGoOgle 208 CAPTAIN MUNDt's JOURHAL. tCur. V. IB**- anna on board any of the prahus when they were first boarded, it is evident that these weapons must have been carried on shore when the crew deserted their vessels, and taken on board again, and care- fully concealed when the captured prahu was re- raanned. I must also observe that the piratical crew showed no disposition to resist being taken off to the Ringdove, and during the long pull, such adepts were they at dissimulation, they ap- peared lather satisfied than otherwise at the excur- sion, and chatted good-humoredly, through the interpreter, with the marines and seamen. Aug. 7. — Heavy rain vrith thunder and light- ning, and south-westerly squalls. This forenoon Mr. Brooke left the Agbcourt and came on board the Iris, for a passage to join the Phlegetbon, which vessel was to convey him to Sa- rawak, when the operations on the north-west coast should be concluded. I went early on board the flag-ship to receive my final instructions, the com- mander-in-chief having previously acquwnted me, that he intended that I should continue in the command of the detached squadron on the coast of Borneo. My orders were, to revisit Brune, enter, if possible, into n^otiations with the sultan, and attack Hajji-Saman, wherever he might be found; then to revisit Tampassuk and Pandassan, and to expel the Blanuns entirely from these shores, should they make any attempt to rebuild in those districts. At noon the admiral stood amy for the Pal&wan passage, bound to China, accompanied by the DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. V.J ADMIBAt'S H0DB8. 209 Dsedaius, Ringdove, and Royalist; leaving under ^**^ my order the Hazard and Phlegethon, with the further intimation, that another sloop of war and a small steamer would he speedily sent to me from China. With this reinforcement I shall have a respec- table squadron, and only hope we may have the good fortune to faU in with one of the pirate fleets well out to sea : no officer can regret being left in command, yet am I sorry to part with our chief. Sometimes, perhaps, I may think that his excel- lency's houi^ of rising are inconveniently early, and may disapprove of this habit as having a ten- dency to draw the captains from their cots at a period of the morning not quite agreeable ; per- haps, also, I might venture the opinion, that, occasionally, the squadron may be a little over- worked ; but, as the admiral never spares himself, there is not much cause for a growl, and I willingly record the admiration of my brother officers and myself at the skill and great nerve he has displayed in navigating so large a force along this dangerous and unsurveyed coast. In the evening I anchored off the rocks where the Royalist had engaged the pirates, and at dusk sent away the pinnace and cutter under charge of Lieut. Little, with a party of marines and five days' provisions, with orders to cruize along the coast after the Illanuns, and to rejoin the ship at Ambong on the 12th. Lieut. Little was also directed to examine the inlets for the village of VOL. II. p DiclzedbyGoOgle CAFTAIN MUNDy's JOXIBNAL. [Chap. V. SaraDg, which, from late informatioo, was reported to be another strong hold of the pirates in con- nexion with Fandassan. Mr. Sullivan, second master, and Mr. Hamilton, midshipman, were also in the pinnace, and Mr. M'Crea, midshipman, with Mr. Jolliffe, assistant surgeon, in the cutter. August 11. — .During the last three days we have been working to the southward, against the south- west monsoon, keeping well out in the offing, whilst our boats were occasionally in sight from the masthead close under the land. Last evening we anchored in Ambong Bay, and this morning Mr. Brooke and myself went on shore with the cutter and gig armed. We were met by the orang- kaya and a large number of natives on the beach, and learnt from them that the lUanuns had not returned to Tampassuk since our departure. The people seemed delighted to see us again, and pro- mised to bring bullocks, poultry, and vegetables for sale to-morrow, in exchange for which we had English cotton goods and long cloth to give them. On our return on board we found that the boats under Lieut. Little had come in from their cruize. He had not being able to discover the town of Sarang, but had captured and destroyed one pira- tical prahu, the crew of which escaped on shore ; and he had afterwards ascended the Fandassan river, and marched to a small Illanun village which he destroyed. On dropping down the river again, at a narrow turning of the stream, the pirates assembled in force, and attacked the boats with DiclzedbyGoOgle Chaf. T.] traetic. 21 1 great vigour, throwing showers of spears fi?om the '*^*- banks at the distance of ten to fifteen yards; several struck the pinnace, but most passed over to the opposite side, and none of our men were hurt. A discharge of musketry from the marines soon put the enemy to confusion; many of the pirates in the advance were killed and wounded, and the boat-s subsequently passed out to the open sea without further opposition. The yells and screams of these savages were terrific as, compelled to retreat, they glided away into the jungle. No inhabitants were found amongst the ruins of Pandassan or of Tarn- passuk, which Lieut. Little also visited, and the opinion of the Arabong people is that they wiU remain as thoroughly deserted as Malludu has been since its destruction. To the quiet inhabitants of Ambong, our active measures appear to have given unqualified satisfaction, and they hope now to be secure from future attacks of their oppressors. Ai^ust 12.— To-day we had quite a grand market Aug. la, on shore, and much business was done. A large number of the people from the interior had come down, bringing many beautiful bullocks ; thirty or forty were on the beach for sale, besides poultry, goats, and vegetables in small quantities. I or- dered the purser to purchase six bullocks for the ships' company ; those of the greatest size cost about one penny three-farthings a pound, the price being measured by the value of long cloth given in exchange. Fifty yards of common calico were con- sidered equal to an animal weighing 260 pounds. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MDNDY'S JOURNAL. [Cmap.V. The finest beasts belonged to the Dussuns or hill people; the smaller ones and the poultry to the Bajow8, or sea Gipsies, who live on the coast; all were armed with kampelans, long spears, and aum- pitans, and seemed most anxious to trade, making many inquiries if the other ships would return, and promising to grow large quantities of vege- tables, and to keep a good supply of every thing if we would continue to visit the place. Mr. Brooke and myself strolled amongst these wild men whilst the barter was going on, and we engaged to afford them protection from the Illanuns if they would only give notice to Brunfe should the pirates re- turn again to their neighbourhood. I took a great fancy to this place, the people seemed so really de- sirous of being friendly with Europeans, and so anxious to know if there was a probability of trade with Singapore. The bullocks also were far superior in quality to any we had been able to procure either in the Straits or in China; and it was evident that ample supplies could at any time be obtiuned for the squadron from this place, pro- vided the people had confidence in our revisiting it periodically. August 13. — Early in the morning we weighed, and with a moderate north westerly wind beat out of the bay. In the afternoon we had rain and heavy squalls ; towards evening the weather cleared up when a large prahu was seen standing towards us with several white flags flying. We tacked and stood towards her; she proved to be one of the DiclzedbyGoOgle Chxp.v.] news of hajji saman. boats belonging to the orang-kaya of Kimanis, and brought a letter stating, that he had received information that our determined foe Hajji Saman was fortifying himself in the Mambakut river, six miles from Eimania, and had threatened to attack that place if the people allowed communication with the English. The intelligence of this chief having actually com- menced to fortify a position inland seemed almost too good to be true, though, from the character of Hajji Saman, Mr. Brooke thought it very probable that he might endeavour to fix himself in the Mambakut river, and there form a nucleus for piracy, and it was, moreover, known that the Dyaks in this particular district had always been of evil disposition, and inimical to European connexion. The prabu was dispatched immediately on her return io Kimanis with a message to the orang- kaya that the frigate would appear there as soon as possible, but the wind was provokingly light, and being dead foul, little progress was made during the evening. Aug. 14. — Beating along shore towards Kima- nis, off which place we observed the Phlegethon at anchor, and in the afternoon we took up our berth in ten fathoms alongside of her, about three quarters of a mile from the shore. Mr. Ross came on board, and gave us further particulars respecting Hajji Saman, who had sent another message to the chiefs of Kimank, to the effect, that he was quite prepared to re»st any attempt that might be made DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUHDY's JOUKNAL. tCoAP. T. to interfere with his arrangements in the Mam- bakut river. Mr. Brooke also received visits from several chiefs, who ruled the rivers between Kiraanis and Ambong, all of whom declared, that they were favourable to a legal trade along the coast, and would willingly assist with their war prtdius in any expedition that might be uudertaten by the rajah of Sarawak. These gentry were dismissed, after a short parley, and arrangements were made for a grand assembly for the morrow, when Mr. Brooke was to receive all the depositions and other information that might be offered, and we were afterwards to decide on the plan of operations. At^. 15. — Mr. Brooke and myself proceeded early up the river, and had a long conference with the chiefs of the districts round, and, after ma- turely weighing all their statements, Mr. Brooke informed me, that he believed the intelligence re- specting the movements and intentions of Hajji Saman to be in the main, correct, and I, therefore, decided to act immediately against him. Aug. 16. — At day light, the boats of the squa- dron left the ship, under the charge of Lieutenant Little, assisted by Mr. Sullivan (second master), and by Messrs. Hanmer, Hamilton, McCrea, and Viscontj (midshipmen), Mr. JoUiffe attending as the medi- cal officer. The total force was seventy bayonets, including the detachment of marines, under Lieu- tenant Alexander, and rocket party under Lieu- tenant Heath, and all being ready, they proceeded Diciiiiz-ed by Google Chap.T.] BNTEB the BIVER MAMBAEUT. 215 on board the Phlegethon. Mr. Brooke and myself '^*^- joined shortly afterwards, when, taking the boats in tow, we steered for the entrance of the Mambakut river, six miles distant, bearing south west. Having anchored in four fathoms, half a mile from the bar, over which a heavy surf was break- ing, we immediately pulled towards the shore ; the prinmpal pangeran of our new allies show- ing the channel. Mr. Brooke and I followed in the gig, and the other boats in line astern. Having reached the smooth water, we lay to for the native anxiliaries, and soon after, commenced ascending the river, against a strong current Lieutenant Little's force formed the van division, — then came the boats of the Phlegethon, under Mr. Heyden and Mr. Vaughan, and a quarter of a mile in the rear, the large fleet of prahus. It was a very beautiful and picturesque scene. Boat after boat dashing through the surf, with their gaudy flags and long streamers, and then shooting into the unruiBed stream beyond, and taking up their assigned positions; which were well under com- mand of our guns and rockets. About forty war prahus, from the different rivers in the vicinity, with a force of 500 men, armed with thirty brass swivel guns, joined us here, the principal chieftains being pangeran Madoud of Man- gatal, and the orang-kayas of Kimanis, Pappar, and Kalias. These were all most anxious to show themselves in their best attire to the EngUsh rajah, who, in consequence of this unexpected apparition DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN HDNDT'S JOUBNAL. [Cbap.V. of a large native force, thought it Ms duty to be present, and on this account, accompanied me in my^. I certtunly was not without apprehenaion of the possibility of treachery on the part of this unexpected reinforcement, and it was, therefore, requisite to keep our own force well together, ready to act on any emergency, whilst it was also politic in Mr, Brooke to show his entire confidence in th«r good faith ; though, as many of the prahus had ar- rived from distant places, with which he was un- acquainted, he could not positively know the truth of the assertion of the chiefs, — that they were de- sirous of commerce and of Mendship with Eng- land. When all the force was assembled, Mr. Brooke, seated on the beach, gave audience to the chiefs, and made them comprehend that they were on no account, to commence hostilities, and that their duty was to keep our retreat open, if necessary. This all settled, our force was put in motion, and, after pulling up for three hours against a strong ebb, the first symptoms of an attempt to oppose our progress were manifested by the floating down of heavy rafts of bamboos, and shortly afterwards the report of guns was heard in the interior. The boats of the Iris led the advance, accompanied by the Phlegethon's cutters, and were followed, at a short distance, by the war prahus of our native allies. Mr. Brooke and myself passed from one detachment to the other, watching their proceed- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. V.] COMMESCBMENT OF HOSTILITIES. ings, and directing their movements according to circomstances. At the time we met the rafts, the gig was some distaDce ahead of the leading boat ; and at a sudden bend of the river, which was here about twenty yards wide, with a current of three knots running down, we discovered a long line of thick bamboo stakes fixed across the stream, with an immense boom attached to them, but which, owing to the ireshes, had swung athwart. Facing these defences, distant about eighty yards, a small fort had been erected, which immediately opened fire upon the gig. The pinnace, under Lieut. Little, coming up close astern, passed on to the attack, followed by the barge and rocket-boats under Lieut. Heath, and in a few minutes the action became general. The current was so strong that it was with great diflSculty the boats could force their way through the narrow passage, and during a quarter of au hour a brisk fire was kept up on both sides. Several of our native allies recognised Hajji Saman, who commanded the battery in person ; but, as usual, as soon as the pinnace had passed the boom, the chief, with all his Borneo fol- lowers, decamped, and the fort was speedily taken and destroyed by Lieutenant Little. The po- sition of the battery was admirably chosen, having mangrove swamps on each bank of the river, which rendered a flank movement impossible ; and close to its base, bamboo spikes had been driven, to pre- DiclzedbyGoOgle S18 CAPTAIN MUKDY'S JOUBNAL. [Chap.V. '^tf- Tent landing. No time was lost here, the whole force poshed rapidly on, and in a narrow creek a large prahu, endeavouring to escape, waa cap- tured and destroyed. We arrived at the first cultivated ground, about a mile farther up, having previously passed the ruins of a village destroyed last year by pangeran Budrudeen for continued acta of piracy. Two miles agfun from this, amidst ranges of cocoa nuts and fruit trees on either bank, the first signs of habitable dwellings appeared, and shootlag round a neck of land, we came directly upon a large vil- lage. On landing, we found it entirely deserted by the inhabitants, and having been now seven hours at the oars, I called a halt, and taking up our quar- ters in the best buildings, piped to dinner. Meanwhile guns were heard still further inland, and having refreshed the crews, we recommenced puUiug up, the scenery increasing in beauty, and the banks of the river becoming richer in cultivation. Each house had a garden neatly fenced round, and in regular beds systematically sown, I observed lettuces, cabbages, onions, &c., so exactly similar to the Chinese arrangements, that I believe Chi- nese prisoners must have laid them out. The interior of the houses were extremely neat ; mats, threshing, and knitting machines, culinary imple- ments, and other furniture in capital order j and had it not been for the numberless human akuUs pendant from every apartment, and suspended from the ceiling in regular festoons, with the thigh and DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbat.T.] burial places. arm bones occupying the intervening spaces, and a few omunents peculiar to the wildest class of Dyaks, I should have believed myself in a civilised land. Alas, what horrors ! It is seldom that 1 moralize in my Jonmal, usually contenting myself with the relation of facts ; yet, who can witness the violence of this land, or listen to the tale of the dreadful scenes which have passed within the knowledge and under the eye of my present companion, the intrepid Brooke, without sometimes falling into a melancholy and reflective strain ? How long yet will the Almighty tolerate these atrocities in the Heathen ! How long will that great beneficent Being permit this beauteous land, en- dowed by nature with every requisite for the hap- piness of man, to be the dwelling-place of demons in human form! but stop, we can only exclaim, " God's will be done," and we have no authority to question His mode of action. I was much struck by the simplicity and beauty of the tombs of the Dyaks. They were generally erected on rising ground, in lovely spots, sur- rounded by creepers and flowering shrubs, a hun- dred yards from the buildings; they were of an oblong form, composed of wooden planks, standing about twelve feet from the ground on piles, and covered with a sloping roof of the branches of the sago palm; strips of broad bark were attached according to fancy on the gables, having various devices rudely painted upon them. Goats, poultry, and pigs were numerous in the DiclzedbyGoOgle 220 CAPTAIK MUSDY'S JOURNAL. [Cuat. V. 1846. enclosures, the latter animal proving that we were —^—~ no longer amongst the followers of Mohamed ; indeed, from what I could learn, these people have no religion, and no idea of a God. What a field for missionary labours I DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VL] EAJJI SAHAH S MANSION DESTROYED. DEaTBOCnOH OF BUJI SAHAK 8 HANSIOIT. — DTAK COUBTSHIF. — HEAD-HONTING. BCRMING OF A SECOND TIIXAOE. — PSOaBESS TIP TBE RITBB. — BIVOUAC HT A PIBATE HAMLET. — AMAZE- HENT OF THE NATIVES. — DE8EBTKS FBO» THE ENKUT. — FAIX OF THE BIVEB. — VEOETATIOK ON THE BAKES. — NE- CE8S1TT OS SBVKBE KEABURES. THE SCMPITAN. — DEBCRIF- TION OF THE DABTS. — ATTEIIPT TO DESTBOf A TOUB. ~ ENQLISH OOODS DI8COVEKEI>. — DEFENCE OF TBE RIVER. — KALAT QDNNEBT. — NATIVK AMBtlBH. — ATTACK AND DESTROY THE POSITION, — HETDSN TO THE FHLEOETHON. — CASUALTIES DUBINO THE EXPEDITION. — ENTEBTAIN THE NATIVE CHIEFS ON BOARD. DEFABTDRB OF MB. BBOOSE FOB BBUNIi. — BB- TUBN TO KIMANIS. — SUCCESS OF OUB OPERATIONa. — PB0GBE88 OF EVENTS AT BBUNt. THE SULTAN BBTIBES AGAIN TO THE JUNGLE. LETTER FBOU MB. BBOOKE. Aug. 16. — To proceed with -my hiatory. After 18«- paafling several detached houses, all of which ^ jg were deserted, we came suddenly upon a mansion of the largest size. The main verandah had a frontage of 300 feet, and the piles on which it stood were four feet in diameter. The buUding was close upon the river's bank, and partially con- cealed by cocoa nut trees. One of these had been cut down in order to form a kind of abattis, from behind which, as the Phlegethon's boats (which were now leading) approached, a few small guns opened, but were quickly silenced as the reinforce- DiclzedbyGoOgle 222 CAPTAIN MDNDT'S JOUBNAL. [Chap. VI. 1846. ments came up ; a party wbb at the same time landed for the purpose of cutting off the enemy in their retreat, but they were not to be caught, and retiring rapidly into the jungle, carried with them their killed and wounded. We ascertained that this first class mansion had been tenanted by Hajji Saman himself. In ten minutes it was in flames, and amongst the furniture soon enveloped in the blaze were fifty skulls, and as many packages of human bones — several of them evidently the latest gifts of the Dyak gentlemen to their lady loves ; for no aristocratic youth dare venture to pay his addresses to a Dyak demoiselle, unless he throws at the blushing maiden's feet a net full of skulls, at the same time that he offers his band and heart I In some districts it is customary for the young lady to desire her lover to cut a thick bamboo from the neighbouring jungle, and when in possession of this instrument, she carefully arranges the cadeau d'amour on the floor, and by repeated blows beats the heads into iragments, which, when thus pounded, are scraped up and cast into the river, at the same time she throws herself into the arms of the enraptured youth, and so commences the honey- moon. The usual practice, however, is to guard the skulls, pickling them with care, aa from the ex- treme heat of the climate, constant attention is required to preserve them. This account was given by a native to Mr. Brooke and Captain Maidand, DiclzedbyGoOgle D,t„db,Google D,t„db,GoogIc ,db,Google D,t„db,Google Chat.TI.] bivouac IK A PRIVATB HAMLET. with much other unique information too startling for publication. The work of destroying Hajji Saman's second position completed, the men were again at their oars, and, going ahead to reconnoitre, I reached a Dyak village, having in its rear an extensive plain ; the opposite bank of the river being also open ground. The inhabitants could not have quitted their homes ten minutes, as all their property had been left to the mercy of the invader — an invader whom, doubtless, Hajji Saman had described as a ruthless barbarian ; for these poor men, savage as their nature may be, and disgusting their habits, had never seen a white man before ; and no European keel had ever cut their waters, unless as a prize to their piratical prahus. On examining this spot, I found it well adapted for a bivouac for the night, and on expressing my opinion to Mr. Brooke, and my wish to push up the river the next morning, he entirely coincided with my views. Lieut. Little then joined us, with all the boats, and before darkness set in, the nut- rines were in barracks. The Iris and Phlegethon's boats were drawn up together along the bank, in front of head-quarters, and the native auxiliaries were ordered to take up their station ahead. The sentries were planted, and our position made se- cure, the enemy, at the extremity of the plain, watching our movements with much astonishment. On returning to head-quarters, after inspecting the outposts, I was sorry to find that my friend sdbyGoogIc 224 CAPTAIN MUNDt'S JOUHNAL. [Chap. VI. 1846. an^ companioD, Mr. Brooke, owing to the fatigue and exposure he had for many weeks past under- gone, felt himself &r from well ; and thus being unable to enjoy the rough fare of the bivouac, he stretched himself on a flooring of bamboo, and, taking a bundle of faggots for a pillow, bade de- fiance to the horrible insects which are, indeed, the torments of these equatorial regions. During the night the enemy, by continued hor- rific yells, acquainted us that they were watching our camp fires, and early in the middle watch, a man came to the brink of the river, on the opposite bank, and called out, in the Malay language, that he had deserted from Hajji Saman, and wished to join us ; whereupon one of the native chiefs ordered him to leap into the river, and swim across, if he were serious in his professions, and promised him protection. The man instantly com- plied ; and on being brought before us, he stated that Hajji Saman had fled to the houses at the head of the stream in great consternation, and that the Dyaks were astounded at our advance, the Bomean chieftain having assured them that his forta and boom were impregnable. Aug. 17. Aug. 17. — Mr. Brooke having rallied from his indisposition, at early dawn we commenced rowing up the river, and were greatly delighted to find that the water had fallen five feet during the night, and that the strength of the stream was much abated. The character of the river still continued the DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VI.] FALL OP THE RIVER. 225 same, only gradually narrowing, Having villages at every place where the cocoa-nut and finiit-trees flourished, and where the ground was firm ; the intervening spaces of mangrove awamps and Nepa palms heing a quarter of a mile in extent, and thus dividing the cultivated spots into so many islands. After five hours' pull, our guides in< formed us that the village then in sight, directly ahead, was the last upon the river ; and that, be* yond this, the stream dwindled to a mere creek, overhung with brushwood and creepers. The nar- rowness of the river now showed that we had nearly reached the limit of its cultivated banks. In half an hour, a cheer from the headmost boats signalised that the last reiiige of the enemy was in si^t ; a few strokes more, and our guns and rockets were in play. The enemy vainly endeavoured to oppose our steady advance by musketry, and by blowing showers of sumpits at their white and black assful- ants. But, a landing once accomplished, the re- treat became general ; and the first of the sultan's chieft^s, the notorious Hajji Saman, following the example of bis sovereign, sought safety amidst the jungle, lighted by the flames of the Dyak fortress, which he, unlike his master, at any rate, attempted to defend. This work of retributive justice concluded, the whole force commenced its descent. Our mission had been accomplished : the head of the river had been gained, and every position taken j and I had now the painful duty of orderilng Lieutenant Little DiclzedbyGoOgle 226 CAPTAIN MDKDT'S JODBNAL. [Chap. VI. '^^ to destroy and bum every Dyak house on both sides of the river. It might appear to many, unacquainted with the nature of these Dyak buildings, that the de- struction of them was unnecessary. " To spare the houses, and not to fire a shot at the natives, unless they first attacked us," were my positive in- structions to Lieutenant Little, on giving him the command; and this was rigidly observed. Now, every Dyak house is in itself a fortress. A para- graph of my offidal letter to the commander-in- chief, detailing these operations, states as follows : — " Your excellency is weE aware that every Dyak house, of large dimensions, is a fortress in itself; and as the inhabitants blew showers of sum- pits into our boats as they passed, wounding several men, it was evident they had taken part with Hajji Saman ; and for these hostile acts their build- ings were destroyed." Mr. Brooke, who has great knowledge of the character of the wild Dyaks, ac- quiesced in my opinion, that to spare their houses after they had attacked us with their poisoned darts, would have been construed by them to a fsar o{ landing amongst them. These people had never heard of the white man's power; their rivers had always been considered impregnable, and of defeat they had not dreamed. They had carried desolation and misery amongst the quiet tribes around, and never imagined the day of retribution would come. Several of our men were wounded by the sum- DiclzedbyGoOgle ,db,Googlc ,db,Google D,t„db,Google D,t„db,Googlc Chap. TI.] THE SDMHTANS, 227 pits; however, the arrows, on being drawn out, left a 1846. very small incision, which a kind measmate instantly sucked, uid the poison (a black substance made from the upas tree) was extracted. These arrows are nine inches long, of tough wood, not thicker than moderate sized wire, very neatly made, and generally barbed with sharpened fish bones. At twenty yards' distance, the barb meeting the bare skin, would bury half the arrow in the flesh, but would not penetrate cloth at the distance of forty yards ; the extreme range may be eighty or ninety yards. The length of the longest sumpitan I saw was between seven and eight feet, and much resembled the cherry-stick pipes of Turkey. The beauty and straightness of the bore is remarkable, and in order to give the greatest velocity to the arrow, the head of it ia made to fit exactly to the size of the tube, and ia formed of a sort of pith, or of very soft wood. The quiver for these arrows is really curious, beau- tifully made from the large bamboo, and besides, the darts usually cont«n a variety of amulets or charms in the shape of pebbles, bones, and odd pieces of wood, with the skins of monkeys. On our return down the river, about twenty of these stately buildings were burnt to the ground. I had given strict orders that the abodes of the dead should be respected, and I only heard of a single instance of their being disobeyed. One of the Javanese crew of the Phlegethon (a mussal- man) endeavoured to destroy a distant mausoleum, and as he applied the fiery brand, was heard to DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MTJNDT'S JOCHNAL. [Chap.VT. say, " It la only the 1)01481 place of a Kaffir, and ought not to be spared," an excuse, however, which did not prevent his receiving due puniahment for so malicious a deed. The heat from the burning houses was excessive, and the awning, which I had spread in the gig, aa a protection against the poisoned arrows, was kept constantly wet to prevent ignition, whilst the thirst of the crews was quenched by the milk from the cocoa nuts, which were found here in great abundance. In several of these mansions, English goods were discovered, — long cloths, gunpowder, iron utensils, cards, and other articles, evidently taken by these pirates not long ago. It was at one of the positions, where the Dyaks were assembled in force, that a volley of musketry passing over onr heads, and striking the water be- yond our oars, showed us we were in the neigh- bourhood of more dangerous weapons than the native sumpitan. In a few minutes I was on shore with my rifle, and followed by my crew, and those of the nearest boats, rushed to the open spot, and got distant shots at a body of Hajji Saman's rascals as they retreated amongst the palm trees, and I must do our native allies the justice to say, that they evinced, throughout the expedition, a hearty desire to assist us, keeping up a respectable fire from their swivel guns and muskets. One young Malay I particularly remarked for his courage and coolness, as with a double barrelled detonator he kept up a DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VI.] NATIVE AMBUSH. really effective fire. Another ally from the Borneo river had an English piece "with four barrels, but this he, of course, could not manage very cleverly. Having driven these savages into the jungle, we continued our courBe down the stream, which was here about twenty yards wide. Observing a covered spot well suited for an ambush, I had just pointed it out to Brooke, when the sharp rattle of a rausket-ball, and the excla- mation of my coxswain, that he was wounded in the leg, proved that the ground had not been tenanted in vain. On examination, however, the wound proved to be slight, the ball burying itself in the boat's gear, a-midship. Ginng the rajah the yoke-lines, I now opened fire with my double- barrel fowling-piece, right and left, as fast as I could load, whilst my feUows gave way in good earnest ; and though many shots from the enemy told near us, no other casualty occurred at this point. This was, however, rather a narrow escape for her Majesty's political agent and myself, the knee of the strokesman and the persona of the sitters not being very far apart in a six-oared gig. We at length reached the entrance of the river, having remained a quarter of an hour at the lower fort, in order to destroy it thoroughly, as well as the boom, which was a spar of the largest dimen- sions. I recrosaed the bar without difliculty, but the large boats had to dismount the guns, and to be dragged over. Mr. Brooke and myself got DiclzedbyGoOgle 230 CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOUBNAL. [Csap. VI. 1846. back to the Phlegethon by sunset. Oiir loss daring the operations was one man killed, and fourteen wounded, four of them severely ; that of the enemy we were unable to ascertain ; but from the nature of the country and their desultory mode of fighting, it was in all probability not very severe ; and, on these occasions, no reliance can be placed on the report of the natives, who live on exaggeration. The boats, with their crews, were all safe on board the Iris (anchored six miles distant) by mid- night, and our dark-coloured friends joined the rendezvous at the steamer, when Mr. Ross enter- tained them with a feast on the quarter-deck, which was kept up till a late hour with great spirit, rajah Brooke listening with an imperturbable countenance and saint-like patience to the oft- repeated tales of the performances of our native allies in this grand campwgn. Before separation a bond was drawn up by Mr. Brooke, to which the rulers of the people who had been engaged on our side willingly subscribed. It promised that all the peaceable tribes should protect each other against their piratical neighbours ; every independent chief also swearing to protect the person and property of shipwrecked or distressed Europeans who might be driven on their iron-bound coast ; and I really now hope we have made a commence- ment in the good work of rendering these seas secure for the lawful trader. The successful dis- charges of our Congreve rockets — weapons so fear- DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. VJ.] FREAKS OF A SPANIEL. 231 f ul to a savage people — gave them an idea of our '^^''• power, whilst our uniform kindness to all the unpiratical tribes plainly bespoke our anxiety to be friendly with the good. Aug. 18 The Phlegethon went on with Mr. Aug. is. Brooke to Brun^, and I rejoined the frigate. Aug. 19. — Kimanis. I went up to the town early Aug. i9. in the morning, accompanied by the barge and cut- ter, and the purser purchased six bullocks, of large size, for two pieces of calico. Several canoes came to meet us at the river's mouth, and escorted us back, — shouting, singing, and ^ving vent to their joy, by paddling round and round us, wav- ing their flags and firing muskets. I had also an opportunity of seeing a variety of the fwr sex, who, with numbers of children, crowded the terraces which overhung the river, drawn thither by curiosity, not to see either myself, ofQcers, or boats, but to witness the performances of my beautiful thoroughbred spaniel, who, sport- ing his glossy black hide in the stream, swam occa- sionally from side to side, hunting such of the brakes on either bank as promised an appearance of game, and giving tongue vociferously as some unknown bird or animal was flushed or broke cover before him, I may remark casually that the young women in general were far better looking than in other villagea of the Malay stamp ; and it struck me as probable that there may have been inter- marriages with the Dusuns or Dyaks of the in- terior. The lower classes of the females amongst DiclzedbyGoOgle 282 CALAIS HUKDY'S JODBNAX. [Ckat.TI. 1S46. the Malays, as amoDgst the Chinese, are decidedly '-~^ plMn; many, indeed, are frightful, hard-featured, and angular ; but the young ladies of whom I now speak had considerable attractions, were graceful in their movements, their figures well rounded, and of true proportion. On landing, I was received by the orang-kaya and the principal men of the village ; and, after taking a seat on the divan, long cigars (being tO' bacco rolled up in the leaf of Indian com) were brought to me by some of the ladies of the chiefs, and the doors of the women's apartments being thrown open, they sat on the threshold, and ap- peared to listen with great interest to our conversa- tion, BJiA to the description which I gave of the defeat of Hajji Saman, and the destruction of his defences in the river Mambakut. I remarked that none of the numerous chiefs or people who thronged the large platform in front of the hall of audience were armed, and that both women and children were moving about and playing around as if quite accustomed to our presence ; a circumstance which, though very gratifying to me as proving their entire confidence in us, yet seemed unaccount- able when I considered that we were amidst a native race professing the Mahomedan religion. The successful issue of our operations gave great satisfaction to these really good people, though I was grieved to learn from the orang-kaya that the wild Dyaks, whom we had driven into the interior with the remnant of Hajji Saman's artillery men, DiclzedbyGoOgle CH*r.VI.] PE0QBE8S OF ETENT8 AT BEUMil. 283 would probably make a descent on the fertile ^^°- region of Kimanis, from which they were only distant fifteen or twenty miles. I quieted the old man's fears by promising to revisit his river shortly, and by recommending him to act strictly on the defensive, as with his numerous swivel guns properly placed round the town, it could not be captured if bravely defended. On taking final leave, the women and children followed me to the boat, entreating me not to forsake them, and to come back quickly. Several canoes accompanied me to the mouth of the river, and others, laden with stock, went off to the ship to make their last exchanges. Atigust 25. — Off Labuan. Last evening I Aug. us. fell in with the Phlegethon : Mr. Brooke came on board, and passed a couple of hours with me ; and from him I learnt that the remaining princes belonging to Muda Hassim's family, with their wives and children, were on board the steamer, they prefering to return to Sarawak, where they would live in safety, to remaining at the capital, in constant dread of the accession of the piratical party to power, when their lives would be imme- diately sacrificed. Regarding the present state of Brun^ Mr. Brooke assured me that it would be most necessary to carry on the same dedded and steady policy as that observed by the commander- in-chief, as the only means of keeping down the evil-disposed pangerans, who would again en- deavour to persuade his highness to acts of wicked- sdbyGoogle CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOURSAL. [CniP. VI. ness and violence, if they thought it might be done with impunity, now that the fleet had been with- drawn from the coast. Mr. Brooke also informed me that the sultan had re-ratified all his former engagements, but that, as his character for trea- chery and weakness was so well kno^vn, it could be only by working upon his " fear of consequences " that he could at present be prevailed to punish or deliver up the delinquent pangerans. I now explained to Mr. Brooke all that had occurred at Kimanis, and the necessity of iny returning there again shortly to watch the proceedings of the Dyaks, who threatened the town ; but I proposed, in the first instance, to go up to Brun^ In force, with all the boats and marines, and demand an audience of the sultan, at which I would plainly tell his highness that, if he broke through his re-ratified engagements in the slighest degree, I would destroy the city. These questions having been duly settled, I took leave of my friend the rajah, who returned to the Phlegethon, and proceeded on his voyage to Sa- rawak, where I promised to touch when the want of provisions should oblige me to work over to Singapore. This morning we communicated with a large trading prahu ; and a report reaches me from the head man that the sultan has again retired from the city, fearing our approach. Let him go. Time will probably cure his highness of the folly of such a part as he is now acting. I shall, at any rate, DiclzedbyGoOgle CuAF. VI.] LETTEB FROM HB. BBOOKB. 235 proceed to the city myaelf to-morrow ; and when isio. pangeran Mumia is better acquainted with the results of our late operations, and ia assured of my intention of remaining many weeks longer on the coast, he may believe that the English admiral is determined to carry into effect the policy set forth in bis late proclamation ; and that, however nu- merous and violent the piratical party may still be at Brunfe, the growing strength of the mercan- tile and peaceful portion of the community, sup- ported by our squadron, wiU be an inducement to the weak-minded sultan to adhere to his engage- ments. Aug. 26. — At anchor in the Borneo river. We Aug, sc anchored inside Moarra Point yesterday, and, by signal, the Hazard dropped down from Cheritnon, and joined company. Our passage from Kimanis has been slow, the weather squally, and the navi- gation between Pulo Tiga and Labuan being ex- tremely intricate and dangerous, from the numerous coral reefs whose positions are as yet unknown, I am glad to be again moored in a snug berth. Cap- tain Egerton reports all having gone on quietly since the capture of the city ; and he gave me a letter from Mr. Brooke, wMch, not expecting to meet the Iris again, he had left for me. As it explains in a few graphic sentences what had tran- spired between the Christian rajah and the Mo- hamedan sultan, during the visit of the former to to the capital, I will here transcribe it : — sdbyGoogle 236 CAPTAIN MUSDT'S JODBKAl. [Cbap. VL "^^ "Mt DEAE MdHDY, "Bnmfe,Aiigiirt2*,1846. " We arrived here on the 19th, and found the Hazard off Cherimon. After well weighing all matters, I resolved (villain though he be) not to reject any advances from the Bultan, and, as I ex- pected, I received a most humble letter from his Majesty ; in answer to which I intimated by mes* sage (for I declined any personal interview), that he was permitted to return to the city. He arrived accordingly, and with many oaths and protestations of sorrow swore that he would do any thing for pardon. " I iBfomied him that his request for pardon must be made to the English Government, and that he was bound to re-ratify his broken engagements. This he did, and also sent a letter to the queen to the same effect. I next made him proceed in state to the graves of his murdered relatives, and then demanded justice on the murderers of the royal family. Having no more time I quit the city to-day, and leave his highness to chew the cud of mortification. " You should keep up the funk I have esta- blished, and all will be right. " I have quite a menagerie of old women and young children on board the Phlegethon, with a few men, the unhappy survivors and dependants of Muda Hassim's &mily. *' Believe me, '* Yours, very sincerely, " Jam£8 Bbooke, " To C^Jtain Rfldney Mnndy, E.N." DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VI.] THE SULTAN'S PLIGHT TO THE JDKQLB. 237 It appears certain that, however desiroua the '^®' sultan may have been to secure a personal in- terview with Mr. Brooke, his highness will not admit me to his presence, for the report gains ground that he has betaken himself again to the jungle. I shall, however, go up with all my force to-morrow, and to the best of my power endeavour to carry out the views of the rajah. sdbyGoogIc CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JOUBHAL. CHAP. Vlt ARRIVAL AT BROld. OAT AFFEARAKCB OF THE HIVEB. ACDIBNCE WITH PANGEKAM HOHIM. — 8A1I, FBOH BORNEO RITER. — ANCHOR OFF KIKAKIB. — THREATENED ATTACK OF PUtATES. ~- PBEPABATI0H8 FOR DEFENCE. — PIBATtCAL TRIBE OF SARANQ. — CHASE OF PRABD3. ' — PREPARATIONS FOB AN EXPEDITION TO DE8TE0T SARANO. PREVENTED BT A GALE. — DAHOEBODS NAVIGATION. — DRIVEN INTO MAIXTIDD BAT. — CRITICAL POSITION OF THE IBIS. — REGAIN AHBONO. — SDCCES8 OF THE OPERATIONS. — ILLANDN3 FINALLY DRIVEN FROK THE NORTH WEST COAST OE BOBNEO. Aug. 27. — Fine clear weather and clear skjr. At day-light the pinnace, barge, cutters, and whale boat under the orders of Lieutenant Little, with a small detachment of marines, proceeded up the river, and were joined off Cherimon island by the pinnace and two cutters of the Hazard. The flotilla then passed on to the city. I had given Lieutenant Little orders to moor the boats in two lines in front of pangeran Mumin's house, with sufficient room for Commander Egerton and myself to pass between in our gigs, and that the marines should be drawn up at the wharf as a body-guard, it being in the first instance explained to the prince that this small guard of honour was an European custom, and that my visit would be amicable, though I had at the same time business of importance to transact. Some hours afterwards I left the Iris in my galley, DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. Vn.] AUDIENCE WITH PANGERAN MmilN. 239 Beauty, and, accompanied by Commander Egerton, J84e. arrived at pangeran Murain's house at noon. * It was really a gay sight. How different from my first entry into this singular capital. Then, no human being was seen. Now, the inhabitants looked upon our armed boats and red-coated marines as a spectacle. The face of the river was literally covered with canoes, and the verandahs crowded by the fair, indulging their curiosity, whilst the children in hundreds screamed with delight. Not so, however, the pangeran who go- verned the city, for the sultan, on hearing of my intended approach, had again retired into the in- terior, giving me reason to suppose that he was going to play the old game again. As I took Mumin's hand, it trembled hke an aspen leaf, and his first words were those of excuse for the want of faith on the part of his sovereign, which the mi- nister feared might lead to a renewal of hostilities. My political business was short. I merely told him that in the absence of the Great Lord who ruled the aea, I was acting in his place on the coast of Borneo; that I punished the evil with fire ancl Bword, but protected the good, and fostered trade ; that the sultan had nothing to fear from me as long as he should abstain from piracy and acts of violence; that I was a military man, and had nothing to do with their mode of government beyond seeing that the treaties were respected and com- merce unmolested. In short, let them do well and DiclzedbyGoOgle J 240 CAPTAIN MUNDT'S JOUBNAL. [CBAP.Vn. 1846. I was their friend ; let them do e\Tl and I should bum and utterly deatroy their city. The officers presently joined us, and after an hour's chat on indi^rent subjects we took our leave. I observed that all the chiefs around paid great attention to the interpreter, and my impres- sion was that they were satisfied with my state- ment and its justice. Meanwhile the crews of the boats got their dinners, and many a duck and fowl changed hands for fathoms of English cahco ; but the natives during this visit were desirous of dollars, which they would hardly look at on our first arrival, and which, I may here mention, are of no value whatever on any other part of the coast. Having reached the Hazard, then moored off Cherimon, I got under weigh and proceeded to the anchorage alongside the Iris, the boats having made thirty-four miles during the day. So much for the state visit. Mr. Brooke had asked me to keep up the funk he had established, and in this I certainly succeeded ; but I left the city fully persuaded that those in authority were still inclined to be hostile to every measure we might puraue for the suppression of piracy, however oily might be their promises and professions. Before my departure, I told Mumin plainly how dissatisfied I was at the sultan's retir- ing again into the jungle when I had sent an officer expressly to assure him that there was no cause for apprehension ; and, I added, that, in consequence of the critical position of Eimanis since the de- feat of Hajji Saman at Mambakut, I should return DiclzedbyGoOgle OsAP. YU.] SAIL FROM BOBNEO BIVER. 241 instantly to that district, and should probably *846. revisit Bmn^ in a month's time, when I trusted the sultMi would grant me an audience and arrange terms for peace on a more secure basis. Aug. 28. — Sailed from the Borneo River at Aug. 28. daylight with the Hazard in company. The weather squally, with thunder, lightning, and heavy rain ; wind variable, between south and west. Anchored at duak off the idand of Labuan. Aug. 29. — Both ships got under weigh early, Aiig.». and, with fresh breezes from the southward, passed through the narrow channel to the eastward of Labuan. In the forenoon the weather became finer, and after rounding the small island of Lobedan, I shaped the course for Fulo Tiga, keeping, as nearly as I could judge, about the same distance from the main land as when the squadron passed along the coast in July. About eleven A. m., being under all sail, with stud- ding sails on both sides, and going between five and sis knots, with an average depth of fifteen fathoms, we suddenly shoaled to eleven, and the next cast gave nine. I happened to be walking the deck at the time, and, after ordering the helm to be put hard a-port and hands by the anchor, stepped into the gangway just as the leads-man called out by the mark five. The look-out-man, at the masthead, at this moment reported broken water all round the ship; but the wind being now a-beam, with the sails shaking, we gradually lost our way, and, in a couple of minutes, from five shoaled to four, and VOL. n. B DicleedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN HDHBT'S JOUBNAC. [Cbap. TIT. then to three and a half iathoms. At this moment dark coral rocks, within three feet of our keel, dis- tinctly showed us their fantastic shapes through the clear blue sea, and whilst the sail was shortening, I momentarily expected to hear the crash of the kelson against the latest coral formations, and that we should remain a beacon for the Hazard, at this period about two miles astern, to which vessel I had immediately made the signal of standing into danger. The chances of hauling off into deeper water, or of grounding, being about equal, it was not advisable to anchor in littie more than the ship's draught: so we waited patiently for ten minutes, drifting about in a patch of between three and four fathoms, and then gradually deepened to seven, nine, and fifteen, and in half-an-hour were again on our course to the eastward. It was evident that we had discovered a new and very dangerous shoal. Exact bearings were therefore taken, and its position ascertained, and on examining the chart afterwards, it appeared that the Agincourt must have passed about a quarter of a mile to seaward of it, with all the squadron, after leaving Labuan. At dusk anchored off Kimanis, Hazard in com- pany. Aug. 30. — The orang-kaya came on board with a large retinue, and reported that Hajji Saman had sent him word that, although defeated by the EngUah in the river Mambakut, he was strong enough to attack Kimanis by land firom the DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. Vn.] TDRBAT&HED ATTACK OP PIBATES. mountains, and that, having joined his forces to the Dyaks of the interior, he should come down and destroy the town. To meet this invader the orang-kaya and chiefs of Kimanis had not been idle. Thirty guns had heen mounted either in the houses, or in positions commanding the roads, and the jungle had been "planted with ranjows," that is, large bamboo spikes had been fixed in every direction in great numbers — as many as twenty thousand, they told ua, were stuck about ; in short, a proper spirit seemed to have animated them for the protection of their homes and altars, and I was myself gra- tified to observe that they had acted up to the advice I had given them ten days previously, and had placed confidence in my promise of oc- casionally visiting and assisting them, if the people would only show a detennination to exert them- selves. In the course of conversation the orang-kaya, who professed to be a rigid Mussulman, as all his ancestors had been before him, assured me that, though he had considered it his duty to follow my recommendation of putting the town in a state of defence, and of collecting together all the able- bodied men of the district, still, at the same time, he wished me to understand that he himself put litUe faith in these works of the fiesh, as the I>yak8 who threatened him were infidels, unholy and abominable, and therefore the Grod of the Prophet Mohamed would never suffer them to triumph DiclzedbyGoOgle 344 CAPTAIN mundy's joubnal. ICbat. vn. ie«. over the faithful. I thought I observed a half- Buppresaed smile on tiie coantenance of the old chief as he propounded this doctrine to the inter- preter, and the latter, a MaJay of Singapore, and also a Hohamedan, grinned outright as he put the phrase into tolerable English. I received the mes- sage, however, with due solemnity ; reminding him simply, that the man who commanded the " infidel invaders" was Hajji Saman — not only a Mussul- man, but a holy pilgrim ; and therefore it was just possible that the Prophet, if not inclined to favour the arms of the disciple who had visited Mecca, might at any rate remain " neutral ; " conse- quently, even on religious grounds alone, it was necessary to be prepared. I could have added, that if the orang-kaya had such perfect confidence in the protection of his Prophet, the presence of the ships of war was quite unnecessary, and might then have expressed my surprise at his having entreated me to return to bis assistance; but as my reply seemed to strike the old gentleman as equally absurd as his own remark, I let the subject drop, and proceeded again to business. A messenger was immediately sent off to the Dyak chief Sebundo, who ruled in the river Mam- bakut, and whose tribe had joined £[ajji Saman, to acquaint him that if they advanced across the boundary to attack Kimuiis, I would aguu enter the river Mambakut, and destroy all the fruit and cocoa-nut trees, and every village on the banks of the stream which my boats could reach ; and it was DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. VH.] PIBATICAL TOWN OF SAXABG. 245 for him to decide for peace or war. A second '8**- messenger was also despatched to Hajji Saman, pointing out to him the destruction which he would bring upon his Dyak Mend if he persisted in his warlike measures against Eimanis. In conclusion, I informed both these chiefs that I was going to the north coast to destroy a piratical town, and that I should return here in a fortnight, when I should hope to hear that my advice had been taken. I bad sent Lieutenant Heath early to the town to make further inquiries as to the exact position of the piratical town of Sarang ; and, on his return, he brought me word that it was only a few miles distant from the Batomand^ rocks, off which the boats of the RoyaUat had destroyed the Illanun prahus ; but that the bar of the river was impass- able, except for boats of light draft. This town of Sarang Is the last remuning nest of the Ulanuns on the coast. We must endeavour to strike a blow there, and then grub them up root and branch. Aug. 31 A breeze springing up from the land Aiig. si. at two in the morning, the Iris and Hazard got under weigh, and stood along shore to the north- ward. At daylight three prahus were observed close in with the surf, one of which, in her fear of the approaching ships, was beached and abandoned, and the others disappeared behind the Gaya Islands. Our course lay within a few miles of the coast, the soundings averaging twenty fathoms. The sdbyGoogle cAPTAm mdndy's joobmal. [Chaf. vn. wind, during the afternoon, gradually increased from the westward, bringing with it a considerable sweU. We again passed Ambong and Tampassuk, and at sunset anchored off the Pandassan river, in seventeen fathoms, having previously made the signal to prepare boats for service. The weather now cleared up again, and the boats were hoisted out, and the parties told off for duty. By calcula- tion the Iris was anchored about fifteen miles irom the river on which stood the town of Sarang, and my intention was to send away the boats of the two ships, in the middle watch, so that, with the aid of the fair monsoon, they might arrive before daylight at the pirates' village, and thus take them by surprise. The force to be embarked in the boats was ninety seamen and twenty-two marines ; the whole to be placed under the command of Lieute- nant Little. It was, however, destined that the expedition should not be carried out. About nine, P.M., the wind and sea had increased so much, that I did not think it advisable to send the boats away, and they were consequently moored astern for the night; but understanding that, at this season of the year, there was no probability of a continuance of bad weather, I hoped that the morning would bring a favourable change. Sept 1. — Heavy squalls from the south-west, with vivid lightning, continued during the night, but early in the morning the wind moderated, and the boats were again in readiness to push off, when fresh gusts and squalls of rain caused me again to DiciilzedbyGoO^IC Chap. VIL] BIMPANO MANGIOW. 247 pause, and it was well I did so, for the breeze, now '^^- gradually and steadily freshening, brought in a heavy and breaking sea from the westward, and it became necessary to get the ship under weigh and hoist the boats in with all despatch. By the time this service was accomplished it blew a fresh gale directly on the shore, from which we were only distant two or three miles, and heavy nun and thick weather setting in, I made the signal to rendezvous in Malludu Bay, and bore up under treble-reefed top-sails to round the dangerous rocks of Simpang Hangiow, which stand out from the extreme north point of Borneo. The meaning of the words Simpang Mangiow is, I believe, the " pirates' haunt, or place of meeting ;" and certunly a better locale for the rendezvous of a fleet of prahus could not be imagined on an open coast, as with all winds smooth water may be found to leeward of some part of this extensive reef. About noon we sighted the outer rock through the haze, running at the time eleven knots, the corvette in company. By two P. M. we were anchored at the edge of a shoal on the western shore of Malludu Bay, but owing to the heavy rollers setting in, both vessels rode uneasily, and though I had veered to seventy fathoms, the hold- ing ground was so bad that the Iris drove more than once into deep water. S^t. 9. — At anchor in Ambong bay. I do not s«pt. ». know that it has been my lot to have passed a more anxious time at sea than that of the last nine days. sdbyGoogle ■ 248 CAFTAIH HUKDy'S JOUBNAL. [Cbat. TH. '846. Fully impressed with the helief that the gales from the Bouth-west quarter coold not last with any vio- lence, I three times started from Malludu bay, for the purpose of carrying into effect the operations against Sarang, and as often was I obliged, afW a day's struggle and attempt to get to the south- ward, to bear up again to place the Mgate in safety. I had always been given to understand that by anchoring at night, on any part of the coast where proper soundings could be obtuned, no danger need be apprehended ; yet in endea- vouring, on several occasions, to do this, I found so heavy and cross a sea running as to render such a step eminently hazardous, and consequently when thick weather suddenly came on, it was entirely by trusting to the lead, and to the occasional sight of the high land, which, at this part of the coast, rises abruptly from the sea, that the ships could be kept in that part of the track, which, from the squadron having passed up abreast, we had reason to hope was free from hidden dangers. The night of the 7th I may here specially allude to, as it was one of those trials for the nerve whi(^ is particularly unpleasant. Having stood over to the western shoals as far as possible, I got a slant of wind, which I hoped would have carried me into this bay by sunset j but on the contrary, as I got in shore, the wind gradually headed, and left me at dark within a few cables' length of the Pandassau rocks, the spot precisely the most dangerous of the whole coast; and with a heavy sea running, and a lee DiclzedbyGoOgle CsAP. Vn.] BAD WBATHEE, shore, I could only have anchored as a last resource. The apace to manoeuvre the ship in, which we be- lieved to be dear of dangers, may have been a few miles wide, and in moderate weather, I should not have thought of keeping jinder weigh, as we were quite in ignorance both of the tides and of the exact positions of the coral reefs. With the heavy sea now running, I could not do otherwise ; so, close reefing the sails, I stood off and on, judging my distance from the land by its appearance, as occasionally seen through the incessant and brilliant flashes of light- ning. The rain continued in torrents during the night, and the gale blew with unabated fuiy till daylight — the watch constantly on deck, and hands by the anchor. Blue lights were burnt hourly for the Hazard, about which vessel I felt great anxiety, as she had not been able to make anything to wind- ward, and was hull down when last seen from the masthead. In the morning she was nowhere visible, and I feared she had ag^n been driven into MaUudu bay, for I knew the gallant commander would not think of bearing up unless feirly obliged to do so. During this cruize we had several times stood in shore towards " Sarang," so that the pirates must have plainly observed our manceuvres, and must have been astonished to see the ships cruiziog in the offing in such weather. It was, however, very evident that this remnant of the lllanuns were quite secure from any attack from us till there should be a complete change in the weather, and DiclzedbyGoOgle 250 CAPTAIN MCMDT's JOPBNAL. [Cbap. vil IM6. that all I could hope was that the conatant presence of the squadron would show them that their de- struction would surely come to pass in due season, and doubtless by this time they were well aware of our success at the other piratical districts to the southward, and could, therefore, pretty well com- prehend the meaning of our movements in their vicinity, and either prepare extra defences or re- move their families and property beyond the reach of our arms. We anchored in this bay last night, and, having made all secure, the people had a regular good night in ; which they much required, and which I was glad to give them. The Iris has deddedly a fine ship's company. The commander-in-chief, on inspecting her, told me that there was only one other ship under his command with such a crew ; and this vessel, I believe, was the Wolf. But my fellows had been somewhat broken by the last few months' hard work on the coast, and by the inland campaigns ; and, as our provisions are now running short, I shall not be sorry to revisit Singapore, and fdlow them a three days' run on shore, an amount of leave which 1 invariably give when the service admits of it ; as, out of one watch, the greater part will usually return on board within that period, whereas, with less leave, most of the men are sure to break it, and be punished for the same. When I speak of granting three days' leave at once, I of course only allude to those foreign stations where the opportunity of allowing the seamen liberty does DiclzedbyGoOgle Cur. Vn.] BBJOIH THE HAZABD. 251 not often occur ; probably it may, at most, be twice '8**- or three timea in the year ; and long leave under these drcumstances will always be found to afford more satisfaction, and to work better for the disci- pline of the ship, than screwing the feUows up to a short period, and having the marines or the police to be dodging them on shore, eventually bringing them off under the character of prisoners. Sept 10 — At daylight this morning I had the Sept-io. satiafacljon of seeing the Hazard in the offing ; and shortly before noon she anchored alongwde of us. Captain Egerton came on board, and reported that he had found it impossible to make any headfray for several days, and that the gale had at one time driven him completely over to the Island of Balan< bangan, but that a &vourable slant last night had brought him along. The Hazard having only three or four days' water left, I supplied her with five tons, and in the afternoon went on shore to visit the chiefs, and see our old iHends, and obtain a further supply of bullocks, The intelligence which I received from the orang-kaya was highly satisfac- tory. Lieutenant Heath, my man-of-all-work and interpreter, had ascertained that the inhabitants of Sarang, justly feeling the impossibility of offering a successful resistance to our force, had decided on evacuating the place ; and, having been joined by the fugitives from Pandassan and Tampassuk, they had removed their families and goods, and gone across the country to the district of Tunkii, on the eastern shores of Borneo. DiclzedbyGoOgle 252 CAPTAIN HDNDT's JOUBNAL. [Chip. TIL 1846. Thns had our operations on the north-west coast '^~^~ been qiute successful, and that paragraph of the instructions of the commander-in-chief which re- lated to the nianuns being entirely driven away from these ports been fully accomplished. Of the truth of the statement we could not reasonably doubt, as the inhabitants of Ambong, having so long suffered from the ravages of these pirates, were more likely to express a fear of their return, and to beg me to remain with the ships for their protection, than to declare that they had no longer any apprehensions from that quarter. The fact of such inveterate enemies, who for the space of forty years had been fixed on the boundary of the dis- trict of Ambong, being utterly expelled, was a subject of general rejoicing ; and weU might these simple-minded and quiet people be thankfiil to the white man for the aid afforded to them in th^ utmost need, and for the opening of a trade which promised to be so beneficial to every class of the aboriginal inhabitants. As usual, I took on board as many bullocks as we could carry, and, in addition to the vegetables brought to the beach on former occasions, we had sweet potatoes, onions, and limes. I recommended the chief to encourage the "pumpkin," which is always valuable to seamen, and which he promises to grow in large quantities. After a kind farewell I returned on board, and at eleven p.m. made the night signal for the Hazard to weigh, and both ships stood out of the bay with DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. Tn.] SAIL FOB KIBIANIS. a light breeze from the land, and we again steered a course for Eitnanis, which place, it will be re- membered, I left a fortnight ago, menaced with a siege by the redoubtable Hajji Saman, aided by the Dyaks of Hambakut. DiclzedbyGoOgle 254 CAFTAIH HDNDT'S JOUBNAL. [Gatf.VIlI. CHAP. vm. HKWB FBOM BKUNi. — VIOLENT WIATBEB, BCCCESS OP THB THRKJkTS AQAINBT HAJJI WtAX. — VISITS PBOIt THB ORANG- KATA OF KntAHU. — DEPDTATIONS PBOK BBMONI AND PAFFAB. — FBIENDLT OVXBTUBK8. — ABBIVB AT THE BRtTXt BIVXK. CHABT8 OF THE BAeTBBH BEAS. DEATH AND BUBIAL OF THE COXSWAIN. — FLEET OP TRADING PKAHUS. INTELLIGENCE FBOH THB CAPITiX. DEPIJTATION FROH THB SIILTAH. EE- FUSAL OF HIS PBESENTa. — AUDIENCE WTTH BIS HI0HHE8S.— HCPEBSTITIOCS CEBEHONT. — CONVERSATIONS. SINGIILASm OF MR. bbooke'b FoainoN. — the sultan's fedigbee. Sept. 13. ber 12. — Wokkihg to the southward, Ha- ' zard ia company. In the afternoon observed a large prahu running for the land ; gave chase, and boarded her. She proved to be a Brunfe trading veasel, and gave me the information of the sultan's return to the capital, with his wives and family, and of his having taken up his quarters in the new palace. I therefore trust that his highness has decidedly made up his mind to adhere to his late engagements, and that the energetic policy of Sir Thomas Cochrane may have had the desired effect. Tovrards the evening we sighted the high land in the neighbourhood of KLmanis ; the weather had now become again unsettled, but, aided by the bright flashes of the lightning, we continued our course along the land, and, having run the dis- tance, anchored at midnight in thirteen &thoms. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap-VHI.] threats AGAIH8T HAJJl SAMAN. 255 Sept. 18. — Heavy rain, with incessant thunder "*^- and lightning, and when dayhght hroke, we found g^ 13, ourselves three miles from the river's mouth. We weighed at this time, and shifted our herth close in, and sent the boats away immediately for water. Lieut. Heath was also despatched to the town for news of the war, and returned very shortly with the gratifying intelligence of the complete success of my joint messages to the Borneo and Dyak chiefs, Hajji Saman and Sebundo. The threat of destroying the fruit trees and the remaining vil- lages at Mambakut bad detached the Dyak warriors from the cause of Hajji Samau, and Sebundo bad inmiediately withdrawn his tribes from the vidnity of Kimania, and declared his intention of no longer giving any asnstance to his Borneo friend. In the afternoon the orang-kaya came on board the Iris to pay me a visit, and was in the highest spirits at the satisfactory result of the negot^tions, and at my appearing again so true to the appointed time. He assured me, that henceforth there would be nothing for the people of Eimanis to fear, that Hajji Saman had retired again into the interior, quite subdued, and that he would soon be reduced to submit to any terms we might offer, and that all the rivers on this part were &TOurably dis- posed to us. The inhabitants of Benoni and of Qaalla-lama, hitherto inimical to Eimania, had made overtures of peace since they had observed the ships so constantly on the coast ; and he could not express how grateful he was to me for the protec- DiclzedbyGoOgle 256 CAFTAIH MUNDT'S JODKNAI,. Ccha*. TUt 184S. tion and assistance I had given to himself and his people. We had, as usual, a large concourse of natives on board with the chief, but they all con- ducted themselves well; and though it is veiy trying to the patience to entertain for so many hours a set of men whose language is not under- stood, and whose every word must be regiven by the interpreter, yet it is a pleasurable feeling to observe how much the natives appreciate a kind and gentle reception, and how grateful they are for ^ly attention. Just after I had dismissed my guests the weather set in bad, with a heavy swell, and as we were at anchor within half a mile of the bar, preparations were made for slipping, topsails were close reefed, courses reefed, and boats hoisted in; however, it moderated again in the evening, and we held on in our berth. Sept 14. Sept. 14. — This forenoon I recaved another visit irom the orang-kaya, and my cabins were agfun invaded by new tribes. The chiefs of Be- noui and of Fappar, two rivers to the northward, adjoining the territory of Eimanis, and who had long been on what is called *' not speaking terms," t. €., ready and active in doing each other every possible injury when the opportunity offered, sent a deputation to say that they were desirous, under the shelter of my friendship and protection, to join the confederation in favour of European trade, and to act up to the proposals and wishes of their esteemed lord the " Tuwi Besar," Rajah Brooke. In consequence of these friendly overtures, I DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VHI.] ABRIVE AT THE BRUNi: RIVEB. 257 ordered Captain Egerton to take on board a party '^^^- of the natives, and proceed to the anchorage off Pappar; there to communicate with the author- ities, and hring about the desired accommodation, and specially to point out my desire that they should be united with Eimanis, make common cause against the pirates, and treat hospitably the crews of all vessels which might be wrecked on the coast. In the evening, both ships having completed water, and received bullocks, got under weigh, the Iris bound once more to the river Brun&, and the corvette on the mission above stated. - S^t 18, — River Brun^. On the night of the Sept. is. 16th we anchored in our old berth, having passed round to the westward of Labuan with soundiiigH so irregular that I am sure it will be necessary, for the safety of the vessels, to have these waters well surveyed before an active communication is under- taken, or we must expect ere long some great disaster. The Iris has already had a great many narrow escapes. It would be very desirable to ascertain how far vessels may stand off the land to the northward and westward of Labuan, and whether the numerous shoals and reefs dotted all over the old charts have any existence. Ta run down this coast with a fevourable monsoon and in fine weather, when anchorage could be had every night, was found no easy matter by the squadron in July last, and several of the ships struck the ground more than once ; it will then easily be imaj^ned that to work up in thick and squally weather must VOL. II. s DiclzedbyGoOgle 258 CAPTAIN MCKDT'S JOTTBSAL. [Chap. VHI. ^846. l)e hazardous until some chart giving the channels is completed. However, as Sir Thomas Cochrane knows from experience what the coast is, he will douhtless make arrangements for the necessary survey, for I conclude that the orders of Sir Edward Belcher were confined to the rectification of the coast line and to those higher branches of the surveyor's department, which, though doubt> less of great importance to the scientific world in general, in no way benefit the practical navigator, who is far more desirous of knowing the average depth of the water below him than the exact height of the mountains above him, and who would greatly prefer instruction as to the soundings round any given point of land, beneath the lee of which he might seek for shelter, than be made thoroughly acquainted with its altitude and geo- logical conformation. I have always thought that the duties of the surveying officer on a new coast should, in the jiTst place, be confined to ascertaining the general soundings, so that the navigator may at once have some acquaintance with the nature of the road over which he is to travel ; and that, in conjunction with these general soundings, the best places to run for in case of bad weather should (dso be carefiiUy noted ; the more scientific branches may be after- wards carried forward. Whilst upon this subject my thoughts naturally revert to the admirable charts of Captain Col- linson, of the eastern coast of China, rough drafts DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VHI.] BDEIAL OF THE COXSWAIN. of which were given by that talented and amiable officer to Sir Thomas Cochrane, long before their completion, and from which I myself received the greatest benefit, having, by their asaatance, fre- quently succeeded in making quick passages against the violence of the north-east monsoon, and with- out which, on one occasion, I certainly should not have managed to beat the frigate through tlie Formosa Channel. Yesterday morning, at daylight, I buried my coxswain, David Waterman. I went away in the gig, accompanied by all the boats, and his body was committed to the deep in the centre of the stream. This measure alone proved the miserable state of die land, for, uncertain as to the feelings of many of the natives on the sea board, and know- ing that the pirate fleets annually visit the coast, I hardly thought it safe to dig a grave on shore. My coxswain had never recovered from the effects of fever caught during the expedition into the interior — poor fellow, he was a good seaman, and bad been always most useful to me, and his loss I shall not easily replace. After the funeral I despatched Lieutenant Heath to the capital with instructions to visit the prime minister, to announce my arrival in the river, and to desire him to ac- quaint the sultan that I proposed to myself the honour of paying his highness a visit on the day after to-morrow. I may here mention, that as we came along the coast from Eimanis we fell in with DiclzedbyGoOgle 360 CAPTAIN MUKDY'S JOUBNAl. [Ckap. VIIT. '"•**■ a large number of prahus, which, now fully aware of our character, stood directly towards the ship, hoisting each a white flag, and appearing proud to show us that they were trading vessels. I boarded several of them, and found they were bound to Pappar and Einianis, and after the usual trifling presents of a few yards of cloth and some biscuit, they proceeded rejoicingly on their voyage. At night Lieutenant Heath returned from the city, bringing the intelligence that all was going on satisfactorily; he had been well received in all quarters, and confidence was completely restored. His highness also sent me a message that he should be prepared to receive me at the hour and on the day which I had proposed, but that he should previously send a deputation to welcome my return to the river. Accordingly this forenoon several pangerans, and other men of rank, presented themselves on board the Iris, bringing a letter for me from the sultan, containing an infinity of complimentary sentences in the oriental style, and begging me to accept a boat laden with bullocks, poultry, and vegetables, assuring me that " I was held in the highest esteem by his highness, that my countenance was beautiful, and that I was number one of the officers appointed by the Queen Royal of Europe, and was all power- ful in goodness; that the presents were offered by a heart of brilliant purity ; by a white heart, namely, by the heart of Sultan Omar Ali, the son of the deceased Saint the Royal Sultan Mohamed, who DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. VIII.] REFUSAL OF PRESEKTS FEOM THE SULTAN. was the elegance of the world, and the servant of the Lord of All the Hosts." I do not know whether the sovereigns of Borneo belong to the orthodox body of Mussulmans, or to the sect now paramount in Persia; bat after the bloody deeds enacted by the present sultan, I should imagine that the opinions above expressed of his own virtues were rather overrated, and that neither party would be desirous of claiming him as a follower. I had determined not to receive any presents until the audience had been accomplished, and until I could judge, from a personal interview with the sovereign, of the real position of our affairs at the capital. I, therefore, civilly refused to accept the proffered gifts, but expressed myself highly gratified by the sultan's kind letter, and dismissed the princes with many assurances of my belief that the troubles of Borneo were at an end, and that to-morrow would be a day ever to be remembered in the annals of their beautiful country, as the one in which a lasting peace would be concluded be- tween the Queen of Europe and the sultan ; all of which complimentary language, in their own style, they appeared to be highly pleased with. At any rate, they passed over the ship's side in high spirits, and probably, as they plainly see that they can no longer play the bully, with any hope of success, they may have determined to make the best of the lesson administered by the fleet, and may, hence- forth, take really to heart the advice of their moral conqueror the English rajah. Meantime, I must sdbyGoogle 262 CAPTAIN MUHDY'S JODBNAL. [Chap. Vin. 1846. make preparations for my state visit to-morrow, when I mu3t do the best I can. Bept, 19. Sept. 1 9. — At daylight the pinnace, barge, cutters, and gig, under the orders of Lieutenant Heath, left the ship for the city, Lieutenant Alexander, with a body of marines, embarking in the boats. I de- sired Lieutenant Heath to anchor in line opposite the sultan's house, and to draw the marines up on shore on the terrace leading to the audience-hall. At half-past seven I left the ship in the galley, with my aide-de-camp Mr. Forde, overtook the boats at Cherimon, and reached the capital at half-past eleven, rowing the seventeen miles in three hours and a half, ag^nst wind, but with a slight flood- tide. The sultan received me at the entrance of the audience-hall, and the marines, who were drawn up in a position directly enfilading the divan, pre- sented arms as I stepped over the threshold, and made their pieces tell well together. I observed the old monarch tremble in his slippers, and look round with amazement ; for the landing of the body was very much against his will, and he evidently entertained a slight suspicion that, as he well merited punishment, I would act as his highness undoubtedly would have done in my place, namely, kidnap him by treachery. He appeared about sixty years of age, his countenance evidencing imbecility and hypocrisy. He has two thumbs on his right hand ; is five feet five inches in height ; thin and meagre of limb. He was well dressed, his manner and deportment thorough bred, and he was treated DiclzedbyGoOgle CnAP. VIII.] AUDIENCE WITH THE SULTAN. with marked respect by the numerous princes and magnates who thronged the hall. He offered his hand to me, and led me to a seat, and his carriage was gentleman-like, though he continued to look distrustfully at the marines, whose propinquity ap- peared to the last very distasteful to him. How- ever, I had previously assured him that the guard was for my own protection, and that recent occur- rences prevented my appearing in the city except in force. The hall had been entirely built during the last three weeks. After presenting all my officers, I informed hia highness that I had words for his private ear, and wished to know if there was an apartment at hand where I could speak with him alone. He rose immediately and led me through a long corridor to an open chamber, which commanded a view of the river. He then ordered a large wax taper to be lit and placed before us, and explained that this was witness' of the pureness of his heart, and of the oath which he was ready to make o^ his goodwill to his sister, the " Queen of Europe," for so the Bomeans style our gracious sovereign. I then gave him the following information, viz. ; that I should not interfere in any way in his government, but that England would expect the ministers he ap- pointed should be good men, favourable to Eu- ropeans and to lawful commerce, exact in the ob- servance of treaties, and active in discountenancing piracy in his dominions ; that a grave outrage had been committed by firing upon the English flag, DiclzedbyGoOgle 264 CAPTAIN MUNDY'S JODENAl. LCaM. Vm. and that I was unable to say what redress would ' be considered sufficient ; that I knew there were several bad men in the city, formerly in his councils, but as bis highness was aware of the opinion of her Majesty's political agent on that subject, I should give myself no trouble about it; that those evil counsellors, however, ought to be punished. The sultan assured me, in reply, that he was ready to submit to any terms that the British admiral or Mr. Brooke should dictate ; that he would deliver up for punishment the four persons who had been most active in hostilities against us, but that he prayed forgiveness for the princes Hassim, Tuz- zudeen, Tamet, and Illudeen, who were not the bad men they were represented to be, and would hence- forth be the best friends of England ; that for the future he would fulfil all the terms required, and that his government should be strictly just. I really pitied the poor sovereign, alarmed, humi- liated, and crest fallen ; he clung to the hope that I would assure him of the pardon of Great Britain. I could see the dread he entertained of the next visit of the ships in force, believing that the Queen of England would depose him, and put another prince on the throne. I replied, that as I knew nothing of the histories of the eight princes he had named, I could do no more than mention to Mr. Brooke the observation of his highness, but that justice he would certainly receive at the hands of our government, and that all depended on his own conduct ; that I was going immediately to Sarawak, DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. Vlil.] AUDIENCE WITH THE 6ULTAM. 265 and would convey any letters he might wish to ^^*^- write to Mr. Brooke. Finally, I told" him, that I had remarked that he had built an entirely new palace since our destruction of the old one, and that many other new houses were in course of erection, and I further observed, that it would be much more agreeable to me to protect his capital than to burn it to the ground, which would assuredly be its fate, if wicked men again prevailed in his coun- cils, and I took occasion to remind him of the chastisement we had inflicted upon Taiupassuk, Pandassan, and Mambakut. The sultan again swore by the Prophet, in honour of whom he had just fasted thirty days, that his heart was in the right place, that he had never forgot the kindness of the admiral to him last year, that he had given positive orders to Hajji Saman, who commanded the forts, not to fire on us, but that that chieftain would not obey him ; that he was now a fugitive in the moun- tains, and would soon be arrested and executed. After a few more words I took my leave, and re- cmbarked under another salute at one p. H., and got on board at five. The capital, during my visit, was crowded vriih every description of prahu and canoe, and, as on a former occasion, it was quite a gala day for the inhabitants ; and certainly every thing was done to give me a proper reception. Mumin, too, was quite a difi^erent man, and appeared to beHeve in the advent of better days. Of the sincerity of the sultan I can only judge by appearances ; building DiclzedbyGoOgle 266 CAFTAIN MUNDY'S JOUBNAL. [CuAF.VIlI. '"'^- a new palace, and repairing the damages of the captured city would be folly, if submission to our terms were not intended. Time only, however, can demonstrate this, but my opinion is, that if our government should order another assembly of sliips off the capital, the inhabitants would not again flee into the jungle, and that the Bornean government would be quite submissive to the will of rajah Brooke, who, in plain words, is, at this moment, de facto sovereign of the whole coast of Borneo Proper, from point Api to Malludu, 700 miles in extent I What an extraordinary position for an En- glish gentleman to be placed in, and how has he managed to receive the homage of so vast a popu- lation ? By unremitting kindness and attention to the natives of every description, during a seven years' residence in the heart of their country. What could be more remarkable, than the voluntary gathering of the rajahs off Kimanis, last month, just before our attack on Mambakut. People who had never seen him, and only heard from other tribes of his benevolence and good government at Sarawak, flocked to his standard, ready to give their lives in his cause. Then, how romantic his march into the interior, in pursuit of his great enemy, the treacherous sultan ; a decisive measure, undertaken by orders of the admiral, which termi- nated in the total submission of the most ancient Mohamedan sovereign of the east, and finally placed him at the mercy of the English rajah. DiclzedbyGoOgle CHAP. VUI.] THE SULTAH S PEDIOBEE. I may here remark, that the sultan iaformed me, that his family had supplied the last twenty-five reigning princes, a circumstance of which his high- ness seemed exceedingly proud, and which he hoped might be considered by our government as a reason for supporting hira on the throne of hia ancestors. Whether this statement of his pedigree be correct or not I cannot pretend to say, but having a great respect for old iamilies and the aris- tocracy, generally, I was glad to hear this senti- ment, even though it were spoken by a degenerate Mussulman, and I sincerely hope, that it may not be too late to revive the ancient prosperity of the kingdom of Borneo, and that further atrocious conduct on the part of the royal family may not compel the British government to interfere in the succession. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUSDY'S JOURNAL. SUCCESS OF THE MI88IOH TO PAPPAB AKD BENOK). — COMFU- MEHTAST LETTER AMD PKESEKT FROM THE EULTAV. — DAN- GEROUS MAVIQATION. — THE"FRETTT IRIS." — ARRIVAL AX SARAWAK. — MR. BROOKE AND THE NATIVE CHIEFS. HEWS OF A CHANGE OF MINISTRY. — DEATH OF CAPTAIN UAITLAnD. — THE BCLTAN'S LETTER TO ME. BROOKE. — VISIT TO THE DATU BANDAR. — PROGRESS OF INDDSTRV. — THE FORT. UR. Brooke's hilitart forces. — European residents in SARAWAK, take LEAVE OF MR. BROOKE. PROSPECTS OF HIS GOVERNIfEHT. — DEATH OF LIEUTENANT KATHEWS. — THB FUMESAL. — ARRIVAL OFF SINGAPORE. — NEWS OF RE- INFORCEMENT. — PROBABLE OCCUPATION OF LABCAN. — ARRI- VAL OF THE WOLF. — ORDERS TO TAKE POSSESSION OF LABCAK. EXTRACT FROM SIR T. COCHRAME'S DESPATCH. Sept. 20. — The Hazard rejoined this moming, " and Captain Egerton reports that his mission to Pappar and Benoni had been successful, aod that both districts liad joined the " pacific alliance." Heavy rain continued during the day, but this did not prevent several native boats from bringing provisions to the ships seventeen miles ; and having completed our stock of bullocks, we hoisted in the boats, and prepared for sea. Sept. 21. — Weighed at daylight, and stood over to Labuan. At ten a large prahu came alongside, DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. IX.] LETTEB AND PRESENT FBOM TSE SULTAN. and several of the pangerans from Brunfe presented themselves in my cabin, brining dispatches from the sultan for Sir Thomas Cochrane and Mr. Brooke. His highness also did me the honour to address a complimentary epistle to me, expressive of his sense of my polite demeanour, and beg^ng me to accept a gold-handled kris, which he hoped I would keep in remembrance of my visit. This was rather a puzzler. I was not desirous of accepting the gift, yet I did not wish to refuse a civil oflFer, made just after the audience which had passed off so satisfactorily. I therefore re- quested the bearer to accompany me into the side cabin, and then depositing the weapon in one of my boxes, explained that I should keep it in that place till I returned to Brunfe from Singapore, whither I was bound to replenish provisions ; and that if I found, on my next visit, that the sultan was really sincere, and that good men were around him as ministers, I would retain it as a present which I should prize most highly ; but if other- wise, that I should be obliged to send it to him again, and should consider that I had been inten- tionally treated with disrespect. Pangeran Illu- deen, who was the individual thus addressed, declared himself satisfied with my proposition, and shortly afterwards the deputation left the frigate, when both vessels hauled to the wind, and worked to the southward. I found that, in turning to windward along this coast, it was seldom necessary to caution the leadsmen to pay attention to their DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUIIDT'S JOURNAL. [Cb*p. EC. duty, as every man on board knew the irregularity of the soundings, and seemed conscious of the ne- cessity of a sharp look-out. This afternoon our average depth was thirteen fathoms, but at one cast we got five a few miles to the south-west of Roosookan, but putting immediately on the other tack, we deepened again to the old depth. At dusk it fell calm, heavy rain came down, and thunder and lightning continued during the mght. Anchored, at ten p. m., in twelve fathoms. Sept. 22. — We weighed at daylight, and with a light favourable breeze, at the distance of ten miles from the land, shaped a course for Tanjong Bar- ram. Our soundings were thirteen &tboms, but again we found our way upon an extensive shoal, on which we discovered four and a half and five fathoms; and the water being smooth and dear, we could pl^nly trace the coral formations in the ocean's bed. The boats were quickly lowered, to assist in towing the ship into deep water, which we accomplished after undergoing the usual quantum of anxiety ; and I began to imagine myself espe- cially fortunate, in these my unintentional 6urve3rs of the coast, at not having yet discovered a spot over which the frigate could not float, though on one occasion the leadsman gave " a quarter three ;" just eighteen inches above the draught of water of the Iris, when well by the stem. Frequently have the boats been down, pulling round the ship, with orders to toss up their oars whenever a cast of three fathoms should be got. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IX.] THE " PBETTY IRIS. this manoeuvre being the preparatory signal for dropping the anchor immediately, whilst at the same time the men in the chains were exercising their musical voices to the extremely disagreeable stanza of " and a half three, and a half three," some- times rendered more palatable by the variation of "quarter less four;" nautical sounds which were listened to with impressive silence by the officers and ship's company, who, conjointly with the cap- tain each moment expected that the false keel would be damaged, or portions of the copper dis- placed by coming in contact with the latest sub- marine formations ; and who looked with horror at the possibility of any such accident as would di- minish the sailing qualities of the " Pretty Iris." The " Pretty Iris !" this may appear a fanciful ex- pression, therefore in order to avoid the imputation of a misplaced vanity, I may here remark, that I make use of it advisedly, as on a memorable occa- Bion, when sailing in company with the Flag Ship, and when the weatherly qualities of the Agincourt were specially apparent, the admiral by a remarkable signal made known to the ships in company his opinion of the beauty of the frigate ; and though I may readily admit that the message, under existing circumstances, may have been a simple compliment conveyed through a telegraphic medium, stiU it may be supposed that after so public an advertise- ment of one of the distinguishing features of the Iris, she maintains to the present day the appel- lation to which I have alluded. 271 1846. DiclzedbyGoOgle 272 CAPTAIN MUNDY's JOUBNAL. ICuir. IX. 1846. In the aftemcMDn I gave Captain Egerton orders to proceed with all despatch to Singapore, tiere to refit and replenish provisions, whilst we shaped a course along the coast for Sarawak, the wind gra- dually freshening up with rain, thunder and light- ening. Soundings during the night between ten and nineteen fathoms, frequently the squalls were heavy, and the ship was reduced to topsails on the cap. I was sorry to receive this evening an unfavour- able report of the health of Lieutenant Mathews, who was taken ill shortly after our return from the march into the interior, and had been on the sick list ever since. Sept 27. Sept. 27. — During the last five days we have been working to windward against the south-west monsoon, with heavy rains and squally weather, and rounded Tanjong Sink yesterday. About nine this evening, whilst standing with a strong breeze towards the land, we observed, through the aid of brilliant flashes of lightning, the high promontory of Santobong, and at midnight having run the distance, and suddenly getting soundings in thir- teen fathoms from no bottom at thirty, we anchored immediately, and fortunate it was that we had carried on sail to the last, as in less than a quarter of an hour after the ship brought up, the wind chopped round to the southward, and blew with great violence. Sept 28. Sarawak, Sept 28. — Daylight showed us the entrance of the Sarawak river south by east, distant ten miles, Weighed immediately, and shifted our DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. IX.] ABBITAL OP THE JTJUA. 273 berth close off Tanjong Po, anchoriDg there in six 1846. iathoms. At noon I left the ship in the gig, taking Lieu- tenant Heath -with me, and proceeded to the re* aidence of Mr. Brooke at the town, being most anxious to see him again, and to hear how things were going on in his province. The distance we had to pull was twenty-four miles, and the tide being agMnst us, it was eight p.m. before we reached the residence of the rajah. We found him in perfect health, seated at the head of his table, and occupied in giving an account, to a few native chiefs as- sembled in the room, of our late campaign i^ainst the sultan, to which these people appeared to be listening with mute astonwhment and delight ; and which history, Brooke subsequently told me, he was obliged to repeat over and over again to fresh parties, as they arrived from the interior for the double purpose of congratulating their lord and governor on his safe return amongst them, and of hearing from his own lips the deeds which he had performed. On this same evening the Julia, Mr. Brooke's schooner, arrived from Singapore, and brought the intelligence of the resignation of Sir Robert Peel's ministry, and the accession of their opponents to power. Let us only have a strong government, and it boots not to a sailor what party rules the country. I also received the melancholy news of the death VOL. n. T DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUSDT'S JODBNAL. [Chat. IX. of Commander Maitland of the " Spiteful," of fever, after a few days' illness. I had received a letter fipom him, written in the highest spirits, only a week before he breathed his last, in which he congratulated himself on having escaped from Borneo, and on his approaching return to India, the climate up the Bnmi river not having agreed with him. He was an excellent man, and esteemed by all who knew him. By this opportunity we also heard of the total loss of her Majesty's brig, Osprey, on the New Zealand coast, and of the death of the master of the Ringdove, from the effects of the wounds he had received from the pirates in Malludu Bay. I. Sq}t. 29. — This morning I delivered the sultan's letter to Mr. Brooke, which was opened and read, and found to contain renewed assurances, on the part of his highness, of his intention of being faithful to his late engagements, and of his deter- mination to punish the guilty pangerans. In the evening we had a large party of natives in the haU, and amongst them two of the young princes who had been brought by Brooke to Sarawak, to save them from the vengeance of the sultan. It was fun and merriment to a late hour ; and, as usual, we had some good stories from several of the party. S^t. 30. — This morning I accompanied Brooke on a ^dsit to the Datu Bandar, who is quite a young man, and the second in rank of the three native rulers appointed by the rajah to govern the town. DiclzedbyGoOgle CMiP. DC.] VISIT TO THE DATU BAiJDAH. 275 He received us with a salute of twenty-one guns, '846. and, with much courtesy, escorted us to the upper ' room of his new mansion, where we found seated his pretty and youthful wife, having a child of a few months old on her lap, and several attendant maidens around her. She immediately arose, and was apparently in the act of bending forward, with the intention of impressing her ruby lips on the hand of her white lord and supreme ruler, when the action was forestalled by the gallantry of the English rajah, who, reversing the order of the cere- mony, gently kissed the taper fingers of the lady Bandar. The interview lasted half an hour, during which the exterior of the house was sur- rounded by a dense mass of the inhabitants, col- lected there with the hope of getting a glimpse of their much-loved governor, a desire which was subsequently amply gratified ; and I may truly say, that I felt proud of my countryman, and of the opportunity thus afforded me of witnessing the extraordinary enthusiasm with which he was everywhere received. The house of the Datu was newly erected, having two stories, which is quite unusual in these coun- tries ; it was, moreover, neatly furnished, painted white outside, and in every respect, could boast of more real comfort than any building in the city of Bruni. The rest of the day was occupied by visits to the fort, the smelting establishment for the an- timony ore, and by a lounge in the Kiing Bazar. DiclzedbyGoOgle 276 CAPTAIN MUITOT'S JOUBRAL. [Chap. IX 1846. These men are natives of the Malabar country, and Mohamedans, and, I believe, are as great adepts aa the Israelites or modem Greeks in the art of suc- cessful trading. They deserve, at any rate, the credit of having made the most of the ground allotted to them by the "new government," and feeling that property is now secure, they have erected commodious buildings for their wares, and appear to be thriving. The fort is small, mounts six long guns, eighteen pounders, and is kept in good order. A covered platform is erected above the battery, for musketry, and the artillerymen, who garrison this outwork, may amount to five-and-twenty, or thirty Malays ; the whole commanded by a native officer, who formerly served in the Ceylon rifles. All boats passing up the river, by day and night, are hailed, and each morning a report is made in person to Mr. Brooke. The barracks appeared comfortable, and the corps really respectable. The battery com- pletely commands the short and narrow reach leading to the town, and no pirate force would ven- ture to attack it in its present efficient state ; but the expense must be considerable, each soldier re- ceiving about thirty shillings a month besides his food. The magazine is under the care of a young Englishman, named Cfaannon, a faithful servant of Mr. Brooke. I also paid a visit to Mr. RupeU, a sturdy gentleman, who appeared as if he would stand up well for his rights, and who has charge of the " woods and forests." sdbyGoogIc Ciup. IX.] EUBOPEAN RESroBHTS. 277 I was next introduced to Mr. Hup^ a German '^^ missionary ; bat I imagine, though s respectable and good man, he bas not as yet much advanced the cause for which he has been sent into a country, of the latitude and longitude of which it is very pro* bable his masters themselves are not aware. On the left bank of the river, besides the house of the rajah, stands a well-fitted building belonging to Mr. Hentig, a merchant, who having received an aUot- ment on his first arrival, appears to have expended considerable time and care on its improvement, and whose garden and grounds are laid out with much neatness and good taste ; the surgeon of the Iris, however, had some reason to be displeased with an arrangement which Mr. Hentig had made to protect his young plants from the wild pigs in the shape of a large pit into which Dr. Whipple nearly fdl, and at the bottom of which was a trap of gigantic proportions. The house of Mr. Crookshanks promises also to be a substantial dwelUng, but it is as yet in an unfinished state. Mr. Crookshanks, during the ab- sence of Mr. Brooke, becomes governor ad interim^ and, 1 understand, does the work with much firm- ness and good judgment. I had not an oppor- tunity of examining the residences of the other two English gentlemen who make up the number of Eu- ropeans inhabiting the new colony, namely. Doctor Treacher, "physician general of the province," and Mr. Low, naturalist, but they are not behind DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MTJNDY's JOUKNAL. [Chap. IX. hand in the possession of the comforU of their brother exiles. Of the kind hospitality manifested by Doctor Treacher to the officers who chanced to visit Sarawak, I had often heard, as indeed I had of the other members of this small cranmanity: seasonable acta of kindness such as these will, I hope, ever be properly appreciated by all wearing her Majesty's naval button. I was much interested in the account g^ven by Mr. Low of his recent visit into the interior when on a botanical excur- sion, and gained much information generally re- specting the country; he seems an unassuming, intelligent young man. I am only sorry that the great extent of the station which I have to look after precludes the possibility of remaining any length of time in any one place. Mr. Brooke is most anxious that I should accompany him into the interior, and judge for myself of the growing pros- perity of the once wretched Dyaks ; but provisions run short, and to Singapore I must go to replenish and to refit. It is, however, satisfactory to think that I shall leave the whole coast in a progresBive state of re- covery from the horrors which have lately been enacted, and with this quietness over the land, and the knowledge of the security of my friend, I ab- sent myself for a few weeks with better heart than otherwise I should have done. The question of the Sakarran and Sarebas pirates has yet to be settled; but the season has ] DiclzedbyGoOgle COAP.IX.] DEATH OF LIEUTENAKT BtATHEWS. 279 for thar putting to sea this year, and within the '^^- river they are at present inactive. October 1 . — After an early breakfast I took leave Oct. l. of my friend and " companion of the bivouac," and started on my return to the ship, having wilhngly promised to revisit Sarawak at the earliest oppor* tunity, feeling indeed, after the exciting and in- teresting proceedings of the last four months, the greatest anxiety to be more thoroughly acquainted with the country, and happy if my position as com- manding the squadron in Borneo could in any way assist the truly great views of Mr. Brooke, — views which I knew the commander-in-chief believed, if steadily carried out, would be of incalculable benefit to the commerce of Great Britdn, the object of all others the most important in my opinion. Mr. Brooke, after years of patience and privation, had now proved that there was nothing visionary and no- thing of self interest in his great undertaking; and had he done nothing beyond placing the vast coal district of Borneo at the feet of his country, he would have performed a practical service worthy of no small reward. As I passed out over the bar of the river I was hwled by a native boat which after- wards came alongside, and gave me a letter from the surgeon. It announced the death of one of the seamen, and the dangerous state of Lieutenant Mathews, who had been insensible since daylight. I got on board at sunset, and, to my great grief, found that this excellent officer, and truly good DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN HUNDt'B JODBNAL. [Cup. IX. man, had breathed his last a few hours before. ' I can safely say, that his loss was deeply felt by all on board. All loved him sincerely, and during the whole time he had been with me, he performed his duty to my entire satisfaction. Exposure during our operations on this coast had brought on fever and dysentery, to which he at last fell a victim. In the march into the interior, in pursuit of the sultan, Lieutenant Mathews commanded the main division of the seamen, and was the spirit and life of our party. It was my intention to have sailed to-night with the land breeze ; but now I must remain till to-morrow, and perform the last sad duty to my respected shipmate. Oct. 2. — The morning was ushered in with rain, thunder, and lightning ; but it cleared up at nine, and soon afterwards the funeral party left the ship, consisting of myself, as chaplain and chief-mourner, in the gig, and followed by the officers and as many of the ship's company as the boats would contain. A grave had been prepared in a secluded spot, beneath a small cluster of young fir-trees, at about one hundred yards from the landing-place, on a sandy beach, directly opposite the rocky islets off Taojong Poe. Immediately above this spot rose the towering cliffs of the same name, which are the mart for the out«r anchorage off the Sarawak river, and close beneath ran a small winding stream, which, not a quarter of a mile distant, emptied itself into the sea. The situation was DiclzedbyGoOgle Chai-. IX.3 AN EUROPEAN VESSEL IN SIGHT. 281 pictureaque. The coffin of Lieut. Mathews was "48. placed "by the side of his shipmate, the seaman Chandler; and, having read the funeral service, I returned on board, leaving a party on shore to plant young saplings around the graves. In the afternoon I got under weigh with a fresh breeze from the north-west, and continued all night working out of the bay towards Cape Datu. Oct. 4. — The land of Borneo stiU in sight near Oct. 4. Sambas. Chased two prahus, which proved to be traders. Nothing of note .occurred beyond the interesting circumstance of my beautiful Kerry cow having calved, and of a centipede eight inches in length having been found in my cot. Oct. 7. — To-day we passed a brig. This is the Oct. 7. first European vessel we have seen for many months, none venturing to navigate the north-west coast. Indeed, it would be madness to do so until it has been in some degree surveyed, and cleared of the pirate fleets. Oct. 10. — Blowing hard, with heavy rain. At Oct lo. ten A. M. brought up in Singapore roads, the weather at the time so thick, that vessels at anchor a few cables' length distant were not visible. At noon it cleared up, when we discovered her Ma- jesty's ship Hazard in port. The letters came on board. The ticket conveyed to me showed my share to be fifty-four letters and seventy-one news- papers. The house belonging to the recorder having, through the kindness of the governor, Lieutenant Colonel Butterworth, C. B., been placed DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN UUNDY'S JOUBNAL. [Cbap. IX. at mj disposal, I immediately landed, and was glad to have the opportunity of some daya of repose whilst the ship refitted and provisioned. Kov. 6. — Singapore. After a stay of three weeks in this roadstead, I was about to return to Borneo, when I received a letter from the commander-in- chief from Hongkong, acquainting me of his in* tention of re-inforcing me with the Wolf, 18, Captain Gordon, and Hon. Company's ship Pluto, and at the same time learnt, by late intelligence from England, that there was every probability of orders being sent to Sir Thomas Cochrane to take immediate possession of the island of Labuan in the name of the Queen; under these circumstances I decided on renuuning at this central spot until I should receive further communication from the admiral by one of the promised vessels ; and the Hazard was therefore despatched alone to Sa- rawak, with orders to remain in the river until my arrival, unless Mr. Brooke should request her services on other parts of his territory. Meanwhile I remained quietly on shore, associating much with Lieutenant Colonel Butterworth, whose generous hospitality is as proverbial throughout the straits' settlements, as are the amiable qualities of his very excellent lady. With the exception of the society at Government House, Singapore is a dull place for the navy. I had only the honour of a very slight acquaintance with the great body of the merchants, who appear to be exclusively occupied with their business, DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. IX.] AEEIVAL OF THE WOLF. 283 though I will not omit to Btate that I have passed i^^- many agreeable hours in the house of Mr. Read, who, partial to the navy in general, is always ready to give them a hearty welcome : the attention of Dr. Oxley to those of our cloth is also well known, and, [ venture to say, properly appreciated. Nov. 30. — Her Majesty's ship Wolf arrived on Aug.so. the 25th, and brought me orders from the com- mander-in-chief to proceed, so soon as the weather and my other duties would permit, to the coast of Borneo, and, after making the necessary arrange- ments with the sultan or his ministers, to take possession of the island of Labuan, in the name and behalf of the queen. The following extract from Sir Thomas Gochrane's despatch will show the nature of these instructions : — *' Your first proceeding will be, on your arrival off the Borneo river, to wait upon the sultan, and acqu^nt his highness that her Majesty the Queen is now desirous of availing herself of the treaty entered into in November, 1844; and that you have received instructions to carry her Majesty's wishes into effect. " The judgment and discretion you have already evinced since my departure from the coast of Borneo persuade me that, in the relations that will hereafter take place between the squadron under your command and the sultan and his ministers, your own conduct (and you will take measures to secure the same on the part of the officers belong- sdbyGooglc ' 284 CAPTAIN MUHDT'S JOUBSAL. [Ch4p. IX. IM6. ing to itj Tjrill be governed by the utmost circum* spection, urbanity, and forbearance, that his high- ness's misconduct, and consequent humiliation, shall only be brought to his recollection through the contrast offered in the present tranquillity and increase of dignity he enjoys by his friendly rela- tions with Great Britain. '* Having made your preliminary arrangements with his highness or his ministers, you will proceed to take formal possession of Labuan, with the usual ceremonies observed on such occasions ; and, if you have the means of doing so at hand, you will erect, in a conspicuous place, a stone column, stating the day, month, year, and reign in which the possession was made. You will be careful not to incur any expense upon the island without authority to do so ; but should you make any dis- coveries, either in its vegetable or mineral pro- ductions, the possibility of obtaining a sufficiency of good water, or any other of its capabilities not already known and reported on, you will commu- nicate the same to me ; and should the opportunity offer, you will make further examination Into the very promising coal which Mr. Brooke and myself discovered on the mainland, in the vidnity of Moarra island. " You will, in conformity with the instructiobs contdned in Viscount Palmerston's letter, station at Labuan one of the sloops under your command, and the steam ship which will shortly be added to your force, assigning to them the duty of suppress- DiclzedbyGoOgle CoAr. IX.] TREAT? OP 1844. 285 ing piracy along the coast, from the Sarawak to '8^- the north point of Borneo, and visiting yourself this part of the district under your immediate com- mand, from time to time as circumstances may render necessary. " As Mr. Brooke, Her Majesty's Political Agent in Borneo, has been intimately associated with all my proceedings connected with the island, you wDl communicate with him before visiting Brunfe, and afford him the perusal of this dispatch ; availing yourself of any views or suggestions which he may offer to you, as to the best mode of carrpng out the foregoing instructions. His long residence in the country, and intimate acquaintance with the manners and customs of its inhabitants give great value to his opinions, and of which I have fre- quently availed myself, with much advantage to the public service. (Signed) " Thos. Cochranb. ■*To G. Eodne; Mundf, Esq., Cqituii of H.M.S. Irii." On examining the treaty of November, 1844, alluded to in this dispatch by Sir Thomas Cochrane, I observe that it states that, " The sultan is willing to cede to the Queen of England the island of Labuan and the adjacent Islets, on such terms as may hereafter be arranged by any person duly ap- pointed." A question naturally suggests itself — WiU the sultan sign the necessary document unless he is offered some equivalent ? The wording of the DiclzedbyCoOgle CAPTAIN MDUDT'S JOURNAL. [Chap. IX. former paper certainly does not suppose an uncon- ditional surrender of part of his territoiy. How- ever, all former agreements have been ennxilled by the sultan's firing upon the British flag — and thb I must fall back upon if the pangerans are hostile to the proposed arrangement. The lucid despatch of Viscount Pnlmerston, com> manding the occupation of this new station, was also forwarded to me for my guidance, and I was further directed to call off Sarawak, and consult with Mr. Brooke as to the best mode of carrying out the foregoing instructions -, and in the event of his considering that his own presence shoiild be necessary at the capital, I was to receive him on board the Iris ; but, if otherwise, that, as it was desirable Sir T. Cochrane should have a confer- ence with him previous to giving up the command to Admiral Inglefield, I was to offer the rajah one of her Majesty's ships to convey him to Singapore. These orders were every thing that I could de- sire, but as all the boats of the Wolf had been stoved, and she had received other damage from the bad weather outside, she required a few days to refit, and being now ready, we shall siul to-morrow. Lieutenant-Colonel Butterworth has rendered us every assistance by furnishing me with ample sup- plies of tents, awnings, tools, and other requiutea for clearing away the ground of a new colony ; and the short treaty which I had drawn out for the ap- proval of Mr. Brooke, has been beautifully exe- cuted in English and Malay, under the directions of DiclzedbyGoOgle Coat. IX.] PLASTS FOR THE NEW SETTLEMENT. the Kesident Councillor, the Hon. Mr. Church, who, jointly with the Governor, has taken an interest in forwarding the Tiews of her Majesty's govern- ment, for which I feel particularly grateful. A large assortment of plants, flowers, and seeds has also been procured through the kindness of Mrs. Church for the new settlement, the whole of which were placed under the care of Captain Gordon, who undertook the charge of the horticultural depart- ment. DiclzedbyGoOgle 288 CAPTAIN mdiidt's joubnal. CHAP. X. BETDSH TO SARAWAK. — ADVICE OF KR. VBOOEZ. HIFSOTE- BENT8 THESE. — DESTRUCTIOK OF THE " BBADTr." 5AHBOW EECAPR OF THE JOLLT BACHELOB. — SAIL FOB THB BITER BRUNk — FBOSFEcra of labcjan. — ancbob in the bbun^ BITEB. — ORDERS OF THE BRITISH GOTERNlfEMT. AUDIENCE WITH THE SULTAN. WAKM DISCUSSIOKS. — BIQNATUBE OF THE TREATY FOB THE CESSION OF LABUAN. — PRESENT TO HIS HIGHNESS. — TEIIUINATION OF THE INTBBVIEW. — ANCHOR AT LABUAN. COHHENCEHENT OF LABOUB THEBE. FREPABA- TIONS FOB HOISTING THB BRITISH FLAG. — ARRIVAL OF PAH- GERAN HUHIN WITH 'THE BRUN^ FLEET. — INSCRIPTION TO COmiEUORATE THE TAKING OF THB ISUIND. — CEBEHONT OF HOISTINO THE FLAG. — CAPTAIN HTINDt's SPEECH. — ANI- HATING BFECTACLE. oijEfWi TO THE PBIKE MINISTBB AND CHIEFS. — DETECTION OF A THIEF. — CHBISTHAS DAT AT LA- BUAN. HARBOCB OP LABUAN. — CLOSE OF THE YEAa December 1. — Thb Iria and "Wolf sailed at day- ' light, and falling in with the Sapphire outside, we completed provisions. By this vessel I had also the satisfaction of hearing from the commander-in- chief that her Majesty's government had entirely approved of the operations of the squadron on the coast of Borneo, which intelligeoce was confirmed by a most welcome letter from my friend. Captain Hamilton, secretary of the Admiralty. I trust promotions will follow for the junior officers. Dec. 7. — Sarawak. After a most boisterous pas- sage across, with thick and abominable weather, we DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap.X.] HETUBH to SARAWAK. 289 anchored in the outer roada yesterday, and the '^^- same evening I came up to fciarawak in my galley, pulling thirty-five miles in five houra and a half. I found the rajah, as usual, at the head of his tahle, entertaining the native chiefs at his hospitable board, many of whom, forgetful of the Prophet and the Koran, allowed themselves to taste the fruit of the vine, as it passed cheerily before them. Before we retired to rest, Mr. Brooke read the dispatches, and at once made up his mind to go to Singapore, being most anxious to say farewell to Sir Thomas Cochrane, who had so steadily assisted him in all his difficulties, and also to make the acquaintance of the rear-admiral shortly expected to relieve him. Mr. Brooke entirely approved of the three short articles I had prepared, though be at once told me, that the pangerans would make an objection to ceding any territory, unless money were given, in exchange; but he bade me be resolute, and felt sure that the sultan's seal would then be appended to the document. This forenoon I went over the new clearances, making on the other side of the river, directly opposite Brooke's house, and was surprised to find how much had been done during the last two months; a road had been cut for nearly a mile directly through the heart of the jungle, which is intended to curve round to join the fort, and the land on either side will be sold for town allotments ; the ever-active Chinese had already several plots of vor.. It. u DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPIAIH MUNDT's JOUHNAL. [Csir. X. ground under cultivation, supplying the increasing population with various kinds of vegetable produc- tions. Dec. 8. — Mr. Brooke and myself embarked in my galley, after breakfast, and proceeded to the mouth of the river, where we met the cutter of the Iris waiting, and glad we were to find her, as, on getting out to sea, we discovered that breakers were stretching completely across the bar, and it was with difficulty, after a long pull, that we reached the Hazard, at anchor off Tangong Poe. The weather now set in so bad, that we were obliged to remain on board that vessel during the night, the Iris and the Wolf being at anchor some miles to the northward, the rain incessant, and heavy rollers setting in, which broke only half a mile in shore of ua. Dee. 9. — After an anxious night, the weather moderated, and we found the gun-boat, the Jolly Bachelor (which Brooke having lent me, I had desired Captain Egerton to refit and prepare for service) all right in her berth. Both vessels then weighed, stood out to sea, and anchored near the others in the offing. It now blew strong from the northward, and a heavy sea was running di- rectly on the shore. With difficulty I was able to get my galley from the Hazard to the Iris, and in hoisting her up she capsized, and was stove all to pieces, nothing remaining but the keel and a few of the upper streaks of the planking. Such was the end of Beauty, the winner of the Ladies' Cup at the DiclzedbyGoOgle Ca*p. X.] ESCAPE OP THE JOLLT BACHELOB. 291 the first " Hong Kong Regatta," and the conqueror, ^*^- also, at the subscqaent regatta at Singapore, when she beat a Canton wherry, brought from thence ex- pressly for racing. Beauty was built by Mr. At- kinson, at the Cove of Cork, was copper-fastened, and beautifully put together. Whilst the demolition of my favourite boat was thus going forward, the Jolly Bachelor tripped her anchor, and drove rapidly towards the shore, upon which Captiun Egerton got the Hazard smartly under weigh, and bearing down to her rescue, suc- ceeded on throwing on board some hands with the boatswain, by which means the gun-boat was en- abled to regain her anchorage off Tangong Poe, where she brought up for the night, and though her gun was thrown over-board attached to her cable to assist her in holding on, she had a narrow escape of being dashed to pieces in the surf, having driven a second time within a few hundred yards of the breakers. Dec. 10. — At daylight, with a strong northerly Dec. lo. wind, the Iris and Wolf got under weigh, and com- menced beating to windward, bound to the river Bruni, whilst the Hazard, with Brooke on board, proceeded to Singapore to meet the commander-in- chief. I was surprised at the sea running on the coast, a regular Bay of Biscay swell. Just before sunset both ships tacked close off the entrance of the river Balom, the Wolf having held her way with the Iris bettor than I expected. At ten p.m. we lost sight of her a few miles astern, and thick sdbyGoogle CAPTAIN MDNDT'S JODHHAL. [Cbai-. X. raioy weather came on, the wind veering to the N. W., and making the dangerous point of Sink a lee shore. Dec. 11. — At daylight observed the Wolf courses down to leeward. Wind strong from W. N. W, -with rain and a heavy ground-swell, soundings from twenty to fifteen fiithoms. Noon, lost sight of the Wolf. In the afternoon made and shortened sail, aa necessary to frequent squalls. Carrying on to round cape Sink, which we did at eight p. m. in twenty fathoms. Rnte of sailing ten knots against heavy head sea. Dec. 13. — Yesterday and to-day we had strong winds, blowing from west to S. F. ; then calms for a few hours, with thunder and lightning and heavy rain, and the usual swell from N.N.W. About dusk, being by the reckoning o£F Cape Barram, we anchored in thirteen fathoms. Dec. 14. — At three in the morning the wind shifted suddenly to N. E., blowing strong with heavy rain; weighed immediately, and, under double-reefed top-sails, worked off shore, soundings from ten to twelve fathoms. Daylight showed us the land stretching far to the eastward ; at nine the weather cleared up, and suddenly we observed the summit of the great mountain of Kina Ballow towering above the clouds, its fantastic and rugged peaks clearly pencilled on the blue sky beyond, the distance from the ship at the time being upwards of 120 miles. At noon we observed the island of Labuan. Ten DiclzedbyGoOgle Cu*r. X.] ANCHOR IN TUE BRUNfe RIVER. 293 days from this date it will be British territory. I '8**- am proud to think that it will be my lot to hoiat the British flag thereon, for who can predict the results which may arise from thia insular possession, commanding, as it does, the whole north west coast of Borneo, and if followed up, as probably it will shortly be, by the addition of the outwork of Ba- lambangan, our influence will be firmly established in the Eastern Archipelago, and the Bugis trade between Singapore and the fertile island of Celebes, at present so little known, placed on a secure foot- ing. During the afternoon the sea breeze from the westward blew fresh, and brought us to an anchor off the Moarra shoal at sunset, at which time we observed a large number of prahus running into the Borneo river. Dec. 15. — Beautiful morning, and air fresh, Dec, is. thermometer 78°. No sign of the Wolf. In the afternoon we weighed, and with a fine sea breeze, ran into the river Brun6 ; lowest soundings, over the bar, four fathoms. Anchored at three p. H. in our old berth, within two hundred yards of the beach, in eight fathoms mud. Dec. 16. — At daylight, I sent the boats of the Dec, i6. ship, armed, to the capital, in charge of Lieutenant Heath, to whom I gave written orders, directing him to translate them, sentence by sentence, to the prime minister. They gave a sketch of my in- structions, but at the same time set forth the indig- nation which was felt by the English Government at the sultan having fired at the queen's flag, and Diciiiized by Google CAPTAIN MUSDY's JOUBNAL. [Cn>p. X. that it would greatly depend upon the conduct of his highness and the pangerans, in my interview relative to the cession of Labuan ; whether or not, pacific relations would be renewed. I thought it necessary to use this decisive lan- guage, as it was evident, from what Mr. Brooke had told me, that the sultan woald expect a sum of money in exchange for the cession of Labuan ; and as I was not authorised to entertain any propo- sition of this nature, but ordered "to take steps for obtaining formal possession of the island," I fore- saw, that all kinds of difficulties would be made ; and, forewarned by Mr. Brooke, believed the plan I adopted, of keeping up the prospect of another visit from the admiral, the English rajah, and the fleet, would be the best antidote against violent oppo- sition from the ill disposed pangerans, and the pi- ratical party in general. In the evening, Lieutenant Heath returned, and reported that all had been progressing favourably ut Brun^ since my departure, and that Mumin was still prime minister. After translating my orders, Lieutenant Heath was summoned to the presence of the sultan, who declared his readiness to see me on the day I proposed, and that having full con- fidence and faith in me, he was prepared to sign the treaty when brought before him. So far all appears favourable. For the wretched sovereign's words I need care little, and of the dis- position of the pangerans I could learn less ; but to find no objection raade to the interview is some- DiclzedbyGoOgle ,db,Googlc ,db,Google Chap. X.] AUDIENCE WITH THE SULTAN. 295 thing gained, and as I trust the Wolf will arrive i846. in the CMurse of to-morrow, we shall have an im- posing flotilla and a respectable body of marines to overawe the turbulent princes. Dec. 17. — The Wolf arrived in the afternoon, Dec 17. and all arrangements were made for the expedition to the capital to-morrow. Dec. 18. — At daylight I sent Lieutenant Little Dec le. in charge of the boats of the Iris and Wolf, armed with twenty marines, to the capital, with orders to moor them in line of battle opposite the sultan's palace, and to await my arrival. Lieutenant Heath was to assist as interpreter, with the Malays brought from Singapore. At noon I arrived. Pangeran Mumin received me on the steps, and the sultan at the gateway of the audience hall, and after shak- ing hands, and the usual salutations, conductedmc to a seat. The room was crowded with the pan- gerans, rajahs, and dependants generally well dressed, and all armed with the knse. I com- menced business immediately by stating that I had brought a treaty for his highness's seal and signa- ture sent by the British Government which I hoped he would approve of, and which I begged might be read aloud by my interpreter. This was done, and the following are the clauses, short and to the point : — 1. " Peace, friendship, and good understanding shall subsist for ever between her Majesty the queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and his highness the DiclzedbyGoOgle sUb CAPTAIH MUHDT S JOUHHAL. tCoAr. X. 1846. sultan of Borneo, and hia respective heira Mid suc- cessors- 2. *' His highness the sultan hereby cedes in full sovereignty and property, to her Majesty the queen of Great Britain and Ireland, her heirs and successors for ever, the island of Labuan and its dependencies, the islets adjacent. 3. " The government of her Majesty the queen of Great Britain and Ireland hereby engages, in consi- deration of the cession above specified, to use its best endeavours to suppress piracy, and to protect lawful commerce, and the sultan of Borneo, and his ministers, promise to afford every assistance to the British authorities. " Done and concluded at Brunfe the 18th day of December, 1846. (Signed by) " Tub Sultan Omae All" *' G. Rodnet Muhdt." The first and second articles appeared to give satisfaction, but the third and last occasioned much demur, the assurance on my part of our assistance in "suppressing piracy and protecting lawful commerce" not being considered exactly an equivalent ; a circumstance perhaps not much to be wondered at, seeing that the majority of the nobles around were, in their hearts, directly op- posed to this very measure, and, instead of receiv- ing it as a set-off against the cession of Labuan, would probably themselves have given much to DiclzedbyGoOgle Chaf. X.] DISCUSSIONS. 297 have been able to get rid of it. An animated '*^^' discussion continued for nearly an hour, during which time I remained perfectly quiet and silent. The interpreter at length said, " The nobles ■want money in exchange for the cession of terri- tory." " I have no instructions to entertain such a proposition," was my reply. The sultan, then turning to me, said, " This day is Friday, a day kept holy to the Prophet ; I cannot sign any paper upon it." I remarked, " That no objection had been made to Lieut. Heath when I first proposed tlie Friday;" and I was again silent. The sultan then observed, *' That the former treaty was not similar, and that he required money in return." " When your highness fired at the British flag, you broke that treaty, and peace has not since been made. The admiral and Mr. Brooke expect you to sign this as a proof of the sincerity of your promises made when I was last at your capital." I was beginning to be impatient, for the dis- cussion amongst the nobles still continued, and promised to be interminable. At last 1 turned to the sultan, and exclaimed firmly, " Bobo chop, bobo chop!" followed up by a few other Malay words, the tenor of which was, that I recommended his majesty to put his seal forthwith. His highn^ immediately arose, saying, " I pro- mised, and I will perform j" and he then left the DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTADt UUSDt'S JOUBKAL. [Cur. X. haU, accompanied by a few of the paDgerana. Twenty minuteB now elapsed, whilst we sat looting at each other, patterns of silence and patience. Observing no signs of his highness's return, I told prince Mumin that the tide had changed, and time pressed, and that I wished a messenger to be sent to the sultan. This was complied with, and shortly afterwards his highness reappeared, bearing himself the royal signet, of which he seemed ex- tremely proud, and which was really a creditable production for native workmanship. With him came a host of followers, carrying wax tapers and hammers, and Chinese paper, when the great seal being held over the candle and blackened, the im- pression was stamped beneath the Malay interpre- tation of the treaty, my seal and signature being appended to the original English. The pangerana Suleiman, Hassira, Tuzzudeen, Kahar, Sora, and liludeen were all present. These were the chiefs who, under the influence of Hajji Saman, princi- pally instigated the sultan to ^ve his consent to the atrocious act ordering the murder of Budru- deen and Muda Hassim, and who were also pro- minent in their hostility to the English, and to European connection or commerce. Looks of de- fiance were yet marked in their countenances, but the boats in line of battle in front of the palace, and the marines with fixed bayonets on the thresh- hold of the audience hall, though a picturesque group, was by no means calculated to encourage any act of violence. I marked them well, and DiclzedbyGoOgle CflAr. X.] THE TBEATT fixed each of them steadily in the &ce ; and I do them the justice to say, they met my look with a cool and haughty gaze. With this continued dis- position to oppose us, I could not help thinking what would have been the fate of Captain Egerton or Sir Edward Belcher, had they incautiously pro- ceeded in their gigs to Bruni just after the mas- sacre, and before the admiral had drawn their teeth. It was evident their hatred would be unchange- able ; but our flag once hoisted within forty miles of the capital, wUl their despotic and cruel policy still be able to trample upon the growing civilisa- tion of a people, who, from the productions of the soil, and from their position, must be anxious for an extensive commerce? I cannot conceive that it will ; the nakodas, the merchants, and the masses generally, gave unequivocal signs of being on our side. They hailed the fact of the cession of Labuan to the English as the dawn of a better day, and our boats were received with joyfiil acclamations, hundreds of canoes flocking around, with provi- sions and articles of curiosity. When I rose to take leave, the sultan requested five minutes' private interview, when he asked me confidentially whether the queen would interfere with bis government on the mainland ; and he added, that he had a perfect reliance on me, as I had always perform©! my promises. I told him, " that we should not interfere with his government, but that our ships would pro- DidilzedbyGoO^IC CAPTAIN MUNDT'S JODBNAL. [Chap. X. tect the coast from the Illanun pirates, and so render the navigation secure for the smallest boats ; and I proposed, in my next visit to the Bor- neo river, that his highness should pay me a state visit, when I would receive him with royal honours, and thus prove to His enemies, as well as to his own people and subjects, that he was in alliance with the great English nation." During the whole of this interview, which at first looked very threatening, Lieutenant Heath afforded me great assistance, and especially at the crisis, when my patience had quite evaporated. The sultan appeared gratified with this proposal, and, pointing to the river-side, showed me a large and gaudy prahu, which, he said, he had just built as a State barge, and in which he would row down the river, and visit the Iris. He added, " that, if I particularly wished it, he would come over to Labuan, and be present at the ceremony of hoist- ing the English flag, but that he was always sea- sick, and hoped I would excuse him." I replied, "that, unfortunately, the steam-vessel under my command had been wrecked on her passage to Borneo; otherwise I should have been delighted to have placed her at the disposal of his highness, but could not hear of his crossing the open sea in a river-barge ; " and so we parted. I presented his highness vfiik a handsome new telescope, silver-mounted, and, bidding adieu to the princes and nobles, stepped into my gig, the battery saluting with fifteen guns, and the drums DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. X.] BK8ULT OS NEQOTUTIOSS. 301 and cyrabalB beating lustily. At five I got on '^^* board the Iris, when I was joined by Captain Gordon, who, with nearly all hie officers sick on board, had felt himself so fatigued by the extra- work of navigating the ship, as to be unable to accompany me to the capital. The result of this day's labour has been most satisfactory. After the opinion of Mr. Brooke re- lative to money being expected in exchange for the island of Labuan, I had always a doubt as to the sultan's acceding to any arrangement, and, though my determination was fixed to take pos- session of the island, without tfae permission of the monarch, on the ground of peace not having been yet concluded, still I was most anxious that the treaty should be signed, and that all should be arranged in an amicable manner. This has now been accomplished, and the government and people at the capital thoroughly understand that the English, in possessing themselves of Labuan, do so with the view of protecting legal commerce, and uprooting piracy in all its branches. I have invited " all hands " to come over, if they choose, to witness our proceedings on Thursday next, the 24th instant, and I sincerely hope that Prince Mumin and others may voluntarily attend. I believe they will do so, and that they now have confidence in me, and rely upon my word. Henceforth I shall in nowise interfere with them politically, unless called on by the sultan to protect him from pirates, and it will be for the admiral or Mr. Brooke to settle the DiclzedbyGoOgle 802 CAPTAIN MDNDy'8 JODBKAL. [Cn*f. X. 1S46. differences which are sure to arise relative to domestic slaves, runaway offenders, and trading disputes. I concetTe that I have now accomplished all that could be expected from the tenour of the admiral's inBtractions. The sultan, though a weak and illiterate man, is evidently highly respected by all classes of his subjects. They consider him as above censure, and look upon him as possessor of the throne by divine right. It appears, from Mr. Hunt's description of Borneo Proper, written in 1812, that the ancestors of the reigning sultan ascended the Musnud in the thir- teenth century, since which twenty-nine princes have sat on the throne. The Mohamedan re- ligion was adopted a century later. Mr. Hunt adds, that, when the Portuguese visited Brun^ in 1520, the number of Chinese settled there was immense ; the capital contained 5000 houses, was rich and populous, and the king and court ex- hibited great splendour and magnificence. In 1812 there were only 5000 Chinese throughout the king- dom ; since which they have gradually diminished, and during the last twenty years not one has ventured to set foot upon the soil. Deo. 19. Dec. 19. — Got under weigh in the morning, and crossed over to Labuan. Anchored in Victoria Harbour at ten a.m., in seven fathoms, two cables* length from the beach, making a running moor. I landed immediately mth Lieut. Heath, fixed on the spot for the flag-staff and tents, and afterwards walked round to the inner harbour, where we found DiclzedbyGoOgle CUAP. X.] COMMKKCEMEHT OF LABOUB AT LABDAN. 303 several trading prahus, which reported that they '^-le. had come in from Benoni, and that they were beginning to navigate the coast with more con- fidence since our operatdons in July and August. I was pleased at the first view of the place. The flat ground clear of jungle is (at a guess) two miles in circuit, and of an oval form, the long axis parallel to the beach. This was covered with long coarse grass, and swampy in many places, and the soil sandy. But I shall not attempt description till after a closer examination. In the afternoon we commenced our labours. The working-party, under Lieut. Heath, assisted by Mr. JoBsling, landed ; the tents were pitched, the clearings were begun, the flag-staff beached, and wells dug. Good water was found three or four feet deep. I called this point of the harbour, Point Pasley, and the opposite point. Point Hamilton, after my oldest and most intimate friends, both fellow-collegians — old messmates, and captains of the navy, and the latter the second secretary of the Admiralty. Whether these names will be re- tained after my departure is doubtful ; but finding there was no native name to either extreme of the harbour, I thought myself at any rate justified in giving them, whilst my work was going forward. In the evening, the Amelia, English merdiant brig, arrived from Singapore with a mixed cargo for the BruD& market. Dec. 21. — The Wolf arrived from the river Docai. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MITKBT'S JODBHAL. ICaAr. X. Borneo. Gordon and myself occupied all day on shore, superintending the -working parties, and exploring. Ordered Mr. Airey (master) to examine for water, and Mr. Hooper to buoy the rock in the centre of the harbour. Lieutenant Forbes left in the pinnace for Bnini to procure bullocks and vegetables. Dec. 22. — The flagstaff was completed this morning, and stepped in the afternoon at the dis- tance of twenty yards from the shore. The field pieces and boat guns were also landed and placed in battery. Towards evening a few large prahus came in laden with provisions. Dec. 23. — At daylight we observed several armed prahus standing into the harbour, which, on arrival, anchored in shore. I received a mes- sage from Prince Mumin, to say that he had arrived from Bninjj for the purpose of witnessing the ce- remony, and that he should be happy to pay me a visit on board the Iris. At thirty minutes past nine the prince, with six other pangerans, nakodahs, orang-kayas, datus, and about eighty followers, came on board. I saluted the prime minister with thirteen guns, and. received the party in my cabin, where they re- mwned about two hours, and conducted themselves with great propriety. On taking hia departure, the minister presented me with his kris, which he took from his girdle, a handsome weapon with an ivory handle. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. X.] COMMEMORATIVE rNSCRIPTION. 305 Dec. 24 Early in the morning a large granite '^^■ slab, bearing the following inscription, was erected on the rising ground close to the flag-staff: — THIS ISLAND 1TAS TAKEN POmEUION OP, ' OH DBCeNBBR Si/TB, 1646, tH TBB NAMB OP BKH HAJBtTT VICTORIA, QVRBN OP SRIAT BRITAIN AND IBEI.AND, L'MDBR TBB J HIS BZCEUiBNOr BBAR-ADMIRAI. SIR THOMAS COCHRAME, CB., CAPTAIN G. R. MDNDY, H. M. B. IRIS. At eight, top-gallant yards were crossed, and the ships dressed ; at noon the numerous prahus, with the large boat of pangeran Mumin at their head, got under oars, and shifted their berth close in shore. The sun was piercingly hot, but the weather beau- tiful for the ceremony. The marines, forty strong, and seamen, small-arm men, one hundred and forty landed and took up their position. I sent a message to the prince to request him to leave his prahu at the same time that I left the ship, and to intimate that I would meet him at the landing-place. At two I landed with Commander Gordon, and received the prince and the nobles VOL. II. X DiclzedbyGoOgle 806 CAPTAIN MUNDT'S JOUBHAL. ICUAT. X. 1846. on the beach, and then led Mumin through the file of marinea to the elevated platform erected close to the flag-staff. Here our respective um- brellas were fixed, his being of orange damask, with long pendant fringes, mine of crimson silk (originally intended as a present to the king of Congo, but not delivered in consequence of that sable potentate having, on my official visit to him in January, 1843, informed me that he purposed to continue the slave trade, and to break his engage- ments with England.) The officers of the Iris and "Wolf, en grande tenue, were drawn up at the flag- staff. I then mounted the rostrum, leading Mumin, and accompanied by Lieutenant Heath, who was to translate my speech into the Malay language. The other nobles and chiefs took their appointed stations on the gravelled platform below, and all the natives, and the crews of the prahus, amounting altogether to several hundred men, having been invited to draw near, the marines and small arm men feeing about, I delivered, as far as I can re- collect the following brief oration : — " I make known to all present, that this day I take possession of the island of Labuan, and of the small islands around, in the name of her Majesty the queen of England. " We now therefore stand on British territory. " The quiet and good people of every nation will be protected in their lawful commerce by the En- glish men-of-irar, and pirates, both by sea and land, will be utterly destroyed, and their towns burnt to DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. X.] ANIMATINa SPECTACLE. the ground. The queen of England and the sultan of Borneo are henceforth friends. The English admiral will therefore destroy all piratical vessels that make war against the sultan, or that molest the coast." This speech was audibly repeated by Lieutenant Heath in tie native tongue, and apparently gave great satisfaction, and that officer deserves much credit for the clever manner in which he acquitted himself of a somewhat nervous undertaking. I now directed Mr. Henry Morgan (midshipman) to hoist the Union Jack; and the British ensigns, red, white, and blue, were run up at the same moment at the tents, whilst the ships and batteries fired a royal salute, and the marines and seamen kept up a roll of musquetry. At the conclusion, three hearty cheers were given for " Old England " and her Majesty, which was responded to by the re- mainder of the crews on board the ships manning the rigging. It was a most animating and ex- hilarating spectacle, and one calculated to impress on the minda of the natives the remembrance of the day when Labuan ceased to belong to the sove- reign of Borneo. The ships, being anchored only a few cables' length from the shore, added much to the effect of the proceeding. Brevity is the life of this sort of ceremonies, and the whole affair was over in ten minutes. The marines having been drawn up between the flag-staff and the dinner tent, Prince Mumin now accepted my invitation to partake of the d^- DiclzedbyGoOgle 508 CAPTAIN MUNDY's JODRNAL. [Chap.X. 1846. jeiin^ which had been prepared as sumptuously as our limited means would allow. As the rustic table would not accommodate more than forty, I was under some uneasiness as to keeping out the lower grade of gentlemen. However, I begged the prince to invite those nobles and chiefs who had sufficient rank to sit at table with himself according to their own etiquette, explaining to him, that I was most desirous of acting exactly as he wished, and that I was myself, of course, ignorant of the shades of dis- tinction amongst so large an assembly, especially as there was no difference of dress to guide my judg- ment. Now, in this civil speech I had a double mo- tive. The first was evident, but all the cunning of the Malay and of the minister did not detect the diplomatic bearing of this seemingly most natural request. The fact was this — in casting my eye over the mass of friends and followers of prince Mumin, I recognised the persons of the two indi- viduals who had come down from the capital, at the desire of the sultan, to wait upon the commander-in- chief, as formerly related, when the fleet, in July last, anchored in the river Borneo. They stated themselves, at that time, to be pangerans, of nobles high in authority, and bore the orange- coloured silk umbrella, and the royal flag in their barge. The admiral, at first, i^eceived them well, but Mr. Brooke, after a short conversation, sus- pected that they were impostors, and whilst I was with Sir Thomas Cochrane, told him they were DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. X.] DEJEOne TO THE CHIEFS. mean men, and that aending them down as per- sons of rank was a downright insult. They were, consequently, detained on board till the following morning, when they were informed, that their de- ceit was discovered, and allowed to depart. They still, however, persisted in declaring themselves to be people of rank, and no positive proof to the contrary had been obtained during the flub- sequent visits to the capital. When Mumin and I had placed ourselves at the head of the table, in conformity with my propo- sition, he called the pangcrans and nobles by name, to take a seat; upon which they came out from the crowd and ranged themselves around. They were only seven or eight in number, and after the officers had seated themselves, I remarked to the minister, that several places were still vacant, and begged him to call in more of his friends, He looked around, and turning to me said, " I have invited all that are accustomed to sit at meat with men of rank." I could not resist exclaiming, with an accent slightly sarcastic, the Malay word for aK, "samoa." He repeated, "samoa," and we then sat down ; the outsiders quietly arranged themselves on their haunches, contemplating the proceedings within the tent. The natives ate little beyond bread and potatoes, but they all played upon the beer handsomely, preferring it to champaign, few re- maining faithful to the Prophet's beverage, — pure water. Meanwhile, in the rear of pangeran Mumin, DiclzedbyGoOglC 810 CAPTAIN MUHDY'S JOUfttTAL. [Csaf. X. 1846. squatting anudat the tent ropes, I occasionally fixed ray eye upon the two individuals, who, fallen from the high estate to which they had been tem- porarily rdsed in honour of Sir Thomas Cochrane, now literally partook of the crumbs which ever and anon were thrown to them by pangeran Mumin, and, lastly, on my begging the prince to accept of a box of Manilla cigars, and a jar of pickles, he handed them over to the care of these people. They were, in fiict, on state occasions, upper ser- vants, and in ordinary life, just above the middling Thus, had the discriminating eye of Mr. Brooke rightly detected the imposition and insult offered to the admiral, and I was, inwardly, not a little sa- tisfied at the proof before me, and at the success of the trap laid for the subtle premier. Of course, I kept my secret entirely to myself, but on some future occasion, the knowledge of it may be brought to bear. At present, all was well, and went off well. My guests now departed, and the Borneo fleet moved into the roads. I strolled along the beach, with Gordon, till sunset, when down came all the flags together. I then returned on board, right glad to have rest for mind and body, for verily, this sort of duties, in such a climate, is not accomplished without fatigue. I must here record the fact, of one of the native boatmen having been caught in the act of stealing an empty bottle from the tent, upon which, my coxswain threw him on the sand, where, he under- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chaf. X.] CHBISTMAS DAY AT LABUAN. 31! went a species of holystoning. He tad endeavoured •***■ to defend himself with his kria, but this was speedily thrown into the sea. On escaping from the white man's graap, he rushed forward to make his complaint to prince Mumin, who was at the moment talking to me. I conclude that some of the other Bomeans had witnessed the theft, for, after a few words, the prince ordered a bamboo staff to be given him, with which he belaboured the delinquent most severely across the shoulders, and then sent him to the boat. I said nothing, believing that summary justice was a. capital thing in such a case, though, considering that only a few hours before I had informed the minister, " that we now stood on British territory," it might be deemed rather a strong assumption of power on his part. Dec. 25. — Pangeran Mumin and the Bomean Deo. as. flotilla of thirty sail left the anchorage, and re- turned to Brunfe. This being Christmas Day, according to annual custom, all the oflScers and young gentlemen dined with me : Captain Gordon also joined the party. Little did I ima^ne on the preceding Christmas Day that this year I should spend the festive season on an insular possession of our queen, of the age of only twenty-four hours. Dec. 27. — About three in the morning a boat Dec 27. arrived from the brig Amelia, at anchor in the Borneo river, with the Chinese supercargo, who was severely wounded in the head with a blow from an axe by another Chinaman on board DiclzedbyGoOgle 812 CAPTAIN HUIIDY'S JOUIUfAX.. [Cbaf. X. 1846. the resael. It appears that these Celestials had ' quarrelled on shore, and then fought, — a fine example to the fierce and lawless Borneaas, amongst ■whom they had come in perilous times to open a peaceful and lawful commerce. The surgeon re- ported the wound to be deep, but not dangerous. I foresee much trouble with these gentry. Dec. 81. Dec. 31 We have had fine weather during the last week for clearing the fiat, which I have called the " Esplanade." Our armourera, carpenters, rope- makers, coopers, — all busily employed. A pier has been commenced, and a guard-house. A row of pine trees, extending for a couple of hundred yards, affords shelter from the sun during the day, and fresh water is close at hand. The whole of the esplanade is covered with long grass, and is generally swampy, with the exception of a strip, about forty yards in width, skirting the beach. This is somewhat elevated, is always dry, and on it our tents are pitched. Our ships com- plete water with great facility. Two large bread puncheons, sunk in the middle of the rivulet, with small holes bored in the sides, receive the water, and keep out the floating weeds and rubbish ; but this stream, in the fine season, will probably be dry. No place can be better adapted for a re-fit than this harbour : there is five fathoms' water at a cable's length from the beach, and the natives all declare that there is never any sea in the bay, and no record of a gale. Thus has terminated the year 1846, — a year of DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. X.3 CLOSE OP THE TEAB. stirring incidents, and one of exceeding interest to me and my companions. For myself I have much to be thankful for, but especially for the inestima- ble blessing of health which has accompanied me during the whole course of our operations by sea and land. Would that these feelings were un- mixed with those of regret for the loss of many friends ! DiclzedbyGoOgle 311 CAITAIH MUSDT'S JOURNAL. acemekt of the new tear. discovert of a spbiho. — illness of captain gordon. — prooress of works. island of ualankassan. — death of captjci oordon. belection of a grave. — the fdnerau — sail frov la- buas. arrival at singapoke.— extract frou 3ik thomas cochhake's dispatches relative to bettlers in labdah. ■^letter froh ub. brooke. — cokmerce of the straits. official statement of the trade with borneo amd celebes. — df.ath of mr. airet. — fttneeal. — arrival at pinang. the iris ordered home. preparations fob departdrb. — the betdrn to spithead delated. — sur- render of hajji saman. decision as to his fate. — news of rear admiral inglefield. — akrivai, of the 3 acorn. — eociett of pinano. 1847. January 1 The new year commences with a ' j^^ J lovely morning. Thermometer 76", and a cool breeze from the land. Parties, as usual, exploring in every direction, and at a short distance round Point Hamilton we discovered a beautiful spring of fresh water, which, though small, the natives report to be never dry. Several wild boars came down this morning from the jungle, one of which was killed by Lieutenant Little. I dined with the gun- room officers, and met the young gentlemen of both berths. Jan- 2. Jan. 2. — On visiting Captain Gordon to-day, I DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XI.] ILLNESS OF CAPTAIN GORDON. 31. found him in very low spirits. The surgeon in- '847. formed me, that he haa slight fever, and should be careful about exposing himself to the sun. 'Jan. 4. — AH progressing wdl with the works on Jan. 4. shore, Lieutenant Heath, assisted by Lieutenant Forbes, Lieutenant Harvey, and Mr. Jossling, being indefatigable in their labours. I am, however, much grieved at the continued indisposition of Captain Gordon, and am sorry to find that there are several cases of fever and dysentery in the ships, arising from exposure. The necessary work is, however, now over, and we must hope for a change, the climate apparently being agreeable, and ten degrees cooler than India. During the fortnight we have passed in the harbour the weather has been beauti- ful. No rain during the day ; occasionally heavy showers at night, and land and sea breezes regular. The former setting in from the southward, about eight, P.M., and the latter from the northward, about one, p.m. Towards mid-day calm. Mornings and evenings cool and agreeable. Sultry during day ; heat varying from 79° to 84". Jan. 5. — Doctor Whipple went on board the Jan. s. Wolf to see Captain Gordon, whom he reported much better ; but, on my saying that I was going to visit him, he recommended his being kept quiet and undisturbed for another day ; I trust, therefore, that the commander's spirit will rally. I left the ship in gig with the interpreter, and went over to the island of Malankassan. Found sdbyGoogIc CAITAIS MCNDY's JOUKHAL. [Chap. XI. the west side surrounded bj rocks, but a fine sandy beach, with a grassy plain, and large fir- trees, OS at Labuan. I walked round to the bay at the back of the island, examining the jungle oc< casionally for water. There was plenty of marshy ground. Sun very hot, but a fine breeze, and after a steady tramp of three hours, I returned to the ship rather knocliod up with my day's wort. Fourteen bullocks had been brought over from Brune for sale, all of which Mr. Siinmonds pur- chased for twenty pieces of long cloth. Found the oiEcers all enjoying themselves in the tents, which was the general lounge after evening quarters. Heard from Lieut. Harvey that his captain was better. Jan. 6. — At nine A.M. I was exceedingly shocked by Dr. Whipple's report, that Capt. Gordon was so decidedly worse this morning that he believed his death to be imminent. I ordered my boat to be manned to go on board the Wolf; but, before this was done, the officer of the watch reported that the colours were half-mast on board that vessel. On reaching the Wolf I found that my much esteemed brother officer had been dead a quarter-of-an-hour. How deeply I then regretted that, Dstening to the advice of my surgeon, I had postponed my intended visit the day before, can only be known to myself. I ascertained that he had made inquiries after me, and, I believe, had expressed a desire to sec me, when he learnt that I had passed near the sdbyGoogIc Chap. XI.] DEATH OF CAITAIN GORDON. ship. He had told Lieut. Harvey some days before, that he should certainly invalid, as he knew the coast of Borneo would not agree with him ; but he never imagined that he was then in a dangerous state, nor had any one in the ship the slightest suspicion of it. What a blow to his poor father ! an only son ! Never was there, I believe, an officer more respected and beloved than poor Gordon by all serving under him ; and the suddenness of his death is one of those awful dispensations which may well cause all of us to be constantly on our guard ; for in so uncertain a climate, and with the services involved in it, who can say that his life may not next be required of him. I had only known Captain Gordon from the date of his joining me at Singapore two months ago, and from the active duties we had been employed in, I had not seen much of him until the 24th December, on which day the flag was hoisted at the island. He then dined with me, as did all the officers of both ships, under the tent, with the native princes, and during the evening we strolled out, and taking a position on the sea shore, we conversed until a late hour of England and of home. He also dined with me the next day (Christmas Day) to meet all my officers, and was in good spirits. On the following day be dined with me alone, when he was not so cheerful, and on the 28th 1 dined with him on board the Wolf, on deck, when he appeared perfectly well. It was DiclzedbyGoOgle J18 CAPTAIN MDKDY'S JOURNAL. ICaxr. XT. 1847. several days afterwards, that the Burgeon declared '^~^~ his complaint to be fever. Upon hearing this I oflfered to take him in the Iris to Singapore, whither I should be going a fortnight hence, but as he hoped to rally in a day or two he seemed to think such a step would not be necessary. I have seen much of death and suflFering in iny career through life, but I know not when I felt so suddenly and thoroughly shocked as on this occa- sion. There was something bo melancholy, so en- tirely unexpected in the circumstances of bis death that I could scarcely believe it to be a fact, and being on this desolate spot added to the feeling ; but it was incumbent upon me to bear up. I had to arrange the funeral, which it was necessary should take place in the evening, and to fix upon the spot for the grave, for which purpose I landed immediately, and soon selected a secluded nook in the centre of a fine group of lofty trees, with a running stream winding beneath them. At five p. M. the funeral party landed, and the remains of my brother officer were consigned to the grave, myself performing the burial service. The whole scene was most melancholy and imposing, and it was gratifying to me to observe the respect- - ful demeanour, and deep attention paid by the ships' companies of the Iris and Wolf during the sad, but beautiful service. Many of the officers and seamen of the sloop, the shipmates of the de- ceased, were affected to tears, and appeared deeply DiclzedbyGoOgle ,db,Google D,t„db,Google Ch*p. XI.] FIIOMOTION OF LIEIITENAKT HEATH. Sit impressed with the solemnity of the occasion. At '8^7- sunset the funeral party slowly wound their way back to the boats, and returned to the ships. I remMned till dark over the grave with the oflBicers of the Wolf, who had prepared some small shrubs to plant around the spot now sacred to them, for they all had loved and respected their commander, and their grief was sincere. Jan. 7. — I aent away Lieutenant Heath to Jan. 7. Brun^, with orders to see the master of the Amelia, at anchor off the town, and ascertain whether the authorities were treating himself and the Chinese supercargoes properly. Jan. 8. — Lieutenant Heath returned from Brun&, Jan. s. and reported that the master of the English brig, and the rest of the people on board, were satisfied with their treatment, that the sale of the cargo was going on regularly, and that a profit of a hundred per cent, was anticipated. In short, as every thing appeared so pacific, and the heavy work at Labuan was completed, I deemed the time arrived for leav- ing the sloop of war on this coast, according to the admiral's instructions, and for proceeding myself to visit other parts of the station. In the vacancy open by the lamented decease of Captain Gordon, I have appointed Lieutenant Heath as acting in command of the Wolf, giving Mr. Joss- ling an acting order as lieutenant. I regretted placing a junior officer over Lieutenant Heard, who was an old and excellent officer, but as Lieutenant DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN UUNDY'S JOURNAL. [Ckap. XL Heath had been so intimately acquainted with the intricacies of Borneo politics, knew the language, and was much liked hj the sultan, the pangerans, and natives generally, on the grounds of public service, I shall leave him in charge of the new settlement during my absence. Jan. 12. — Sailed from Labuan for Singapore, leaving acting commander Heath in charge of the station. Received a communication from the master of the merchant brig at Brune, that he had com- pleted his return cargo, consisting of gold dust, camphor, bees' wax, and pepper. In the afternoon, whilst working up along the coast, shoaled sud- denly from no bottom to nine fathoms, and went about in seven. In the evening, passed over the space on which, according to the old chart of Horsburg, are situated the islands called the five Camodes. A squally night with rain. Jan. 13 — .Beating along the coast. Discovered another shoal with six fathoms fourteen miles off shore — no bottom at forty fathoms a few hundred yards from it. Jan. 15. — We have now got fairlyinto the strength of the north-east monsoon, and with all sail are leaving the Borneo coast rapidly behind us. At noon we passed about twelve miles to the south- ward of the patch of dry sand in the vicinity of the Luconia shoal, and are once again delivered from the navigation of unknown seas. I regret to say that Mr. Airey, the master, is very unwell, having DiclzedbyGoOgle Chif.xi.] arrival at sihqapobe. 321 caught the low fever which had ktteriy increased is*?- in both ships ; the cases generally were slight, and, no doubt, arose from exposure to the sun and work on shore, as from former reports we have no reason to believe that the neighbourhood of Labuan is itself unhealthy. Jan. 19. — Singapore. We run into the roads jan. 19, last night, pitchy dark, and anchored in three and a half fathoms, with three fathoms at low water, keel just clear of the mud. Daylight showed us that we were in the midst of the shipping, in a good inshore berth. I found an official letter awaiting me here, from the commander-in-chief, approving of the three ar- ticles of the treaty which I had framed for the sul- tan's consideration, relative to the cession of La- buan, and further acquainting me, that I had acted right in not allowing any one tu settle on the island until the wishes and views of her Majesty's govern- ment were distinctly ascertained. The paragraphs of this dispatch of the com- mander-in-chief relating to this subject appear to me to be so conclusive, and so valuable as a refer- ence, that I copy them into my daily Journal. How much it is to be regretted, that similar in- structions had not been in force when Hong Kong became a British colony, where, from the numerous claims of the first squatters upon that island, who had erected buildings or acquired a title to the ground, anything like uniformity in the construction of the town was impossible, and instead of having VOL. II. r DiclzedbyGoOgle 322 CAPTAIN HCimT'S JOURNAL. [Chap. XI. 1847. an open space or quay, as at Singapore, for the public, feeing the Trater, the houses are constructed on the very edge of the sea, and the view of the harbour completely shut out. Sir Thomas Cochrane, after expressing the approval to which I have already alluded, goes on to say : — " You have very properly intimated to thoseper- sons who have expressed a desire to settle in Labuan, that they cannot be permitted to do so, and you will most rigidly enforce the prohibition; and should any parties, in defiance of it, fix themselves on the island, during the absence of the ships of war, you will have no hesitation in pulling down their erec- tions, and expelling tbem by force from the island. Any such overtures as are frequently made on the contemplation of new settlements, namely, that they will only erect temporary buildings, to be re- moved at the pleasure of government ; that they will require no protection, &c., you will steadily resist ; one grant leads to another ; the parties im- prove, and make more permanent their dwellings in spite of all warnings, and at last, the force of num- bers gives them a species of claim to what was at first denied, and frequently, most seriously em- barrass the intentions and arrangements of go- vernment." With those instructions I also received an order to join the flag at Pinang, and heard that Mr. Brooke was with Sir Thomas Cochrane, on board the Agincourt, waiting the arrival of rear admiral Inglefield, in the Vernon. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XL] FALSE BEPORTS AT BRUNt. 323 I was glad to hear that the first lieutenant of ^^^^' the Iria, Lieutenant Little, was promoted, and also Lieutenants Patey and Paynter of the Agincourt, for their services in Borneo ; all zealous and effi- cient young officers. I find that some of the adverse party at Brunfe have written to their native friends here giving a very distorted and untrue account of the proceed- ings of the fleet, and of the attack and capture of the capital, and asserting that the measures of Sir Thomas Cochrane were severe and uncalled for. These accounts having reached Mr. Brooke at Sarawak, he thought it adviaahle to give me notice of it, with the view of my contradicting any false statements as opportunity occurred. For this pur- pose he wrote me a letter, which I found awaiting my arrival here, and as it briefly relates what oc- curred between the admiral, himself, and the sultan, of which I was myself not in a position to know at the time, I will here insert it : — ■ "Sarawak, Deceo^ier, 1846. " My deab Mdndt, " I am sorry to find that bo many false state- ments and distorted facta of the proceedings of the squadron on the coast of Borneo, and of the part which I took with regard to the sultan's letter and message to the admiral, are in circulation at Singapore. '* I can give you a few details which you may not have known before, so that should any one DiclzedbyGoOgle 324 CAPTAIN UUNBT's journal. [Cup. XL 1847. whose opinion is worth any thing make ioqairies, you may be able to answer them. In the first place, it was after the admiral had been three days off the Borneo river, that in the evening, a boat, dispatched by the sultan, arrived alongside the Agincourt, bearing a letter and a verbal message to the purport, that if his excellency wished to see the sultan, he must proceed up the river with one or two small boats only. " The mode of conveying the sultan's letter to the admiral by the hands of mean men and slaves, and the verbal message which accompanied it were direct insults, and moreover, strong suspicions were excited that one of the signatures to the letter was a forgery. These suspicions have since proved correct, as Muda Mohamed, the brother of the late Muda Hassim declares he was forced to append his seal under fear of death. " On the first arrival of the squadron, an amicable message was sent to the sultan by the admiral, in- timating his intention of visiting bis highness ; and the simple inquiry to be made was, whether the sultan adhered to his former engagements, to which Muda Hassim had been a party. Oar interference was, therefore, not in consequence of the murder of the nobles, though, under the circumstance, this atro- cious act would naturally come under discussion. " The answer to this message was an unmeaning letter, sent in a manner which all men acquainted with native usage would consider a gross insult. The admiral proceeded up the river with about the DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbat. XI.] MR. BEOOKB'S LErTEE. 325 same force as wheD, on a former occasion, he had i**'^- visited the aultan in a friendly way. It was open to the aultan to receive hb excellency if he thought fit; but, instead of doing this, as you know, he opened fire on the flag of the British admiral the moment it came within reach of his guns. The fact of the determination of the sultan and the pangerans to act hostilely against the English is now beyond dispute. I have evidence before me from hundreds who heard the declarations in the streets of Brun^, aud Muda Mohamed was fre- quently taunted publicly for being a Kafir and the friend of Europeans, and told that the English were afraid to come to the capital, and that if they did they should be defeated. The engagements between the sultan and the British government were strictly of a national character, for national objects alone, and the firm policy of Sir Thomas Cochrane was the only one that could have retrieved the past. Had his excellency not acted vigorously, the first shipwrecked crew seeking refuge at Brunfe or its vicinity would have been murdered, and the labour of years been undone. " I observe that I am considered a monopolist for retaining the antimony ore. This ore has long been a monopoly in the hands of the rulers of Sarawak, and the revenue received from it is spent in improving the country. I certainly am desirous of holding Sarawak on the best terms I can, and why not ? The day I should leave it, the natives would resist the authority of the sultan, as most of sdbyGoogIc CAPTAIN MTTNDT's JOUKNAI- [0=*^. XI. the other rivers long have done ; and if I wished to ertend my possessions, I might easily do bo, as I have been frequently oflfered, and as frequently have declined, the government of all the rivers between Tanjong Barram and Tanjong Datu, a coasl^line three hundred miles in extent. " With all the pecuniary advantages supposed to arise from my position here, I am at the present mo- ment a poorer man than when I undertook my not easy task, though I do hope that at some future time it may become both advantageous and profitable. *' Believe me " Very sincerely yours, " J. Bbooke. " G. Sodncjr Mundy." At the close of last year, there seemed to be an idea amongst the mercantile body at Singapore, that the operations of the squadron on the coast of Borneo would have been detrimental to the trade of the straits, as it was imagined that the regular, native trading prahus, not exactly comprehending the object which the British admiral had in view, would take alarm at the display of force in those sens, and would discontinue that intercourse which had hitherto proved so advantageous. I was, there- fore, glad to see, by the annual return, that the result was exactly the reverse, and that, since the first decisive blow dealt at Malludu, the native commerce had been rapidly increasing. The fol- lowing is an extract from the official statement of the trade of Singapore, ending December, 1846 : — DiclzedbyGoOgle Chip. XI.] DEATH OP HB. AIRBY. 327 " Borneo. Considerable attention is at present i847. directed to this branch of our trade ; the prospect "~^~' is a very gratifying one, the imports and exports exceeding those of any former years." " Celebes. The importations have advanced nearly double those of the preceding year." With reference to the above important state- ment, the public journala of Singapore remark that, " There is now every prospect of a regular and progressive trade with Borneo, as the trade has increased at a ratio most encouraging, and Eu- ropean fabrics have already, to a considerable ex- tent, supplanted native productions." Jan. 22. — Mr. Airey died this morning; he was Jui. 22. an excellent master, and good man, and is a loss to the ship in every way. The surgeon reports that he has fallen a victim to the climate of Labuan, and to his exposure there in exploring for coals and water. This is possible, but I know that my poor shipmate frequently was very indifferent about taking proper precautions, such as changing clothes when wet, standing in the sun unnecessa- rily, &c. ; and therefore I am not prepared to say, that the coast of Borneo is in itself unhealthy. In the afternoon the funeral took place, Mr. Moule, the chapl^ and i-esident minister at Singapore, officiating. The body was deposited in the pic- turesque burial ground, on the gentle slope beyond Government Hill, all the officers and myself at- tending. Jan. 28. — Pinang. We arrived here this af- 3m. 28. DiclzedbyGoOgle 828 CAPTAIN MUNDy's journal. [CsiP. XI. '^^* temoon, and found in the harbour — the A^court, Dsedalus, Columbine, and Nemesis. The commander-in-chief was living on the hill — Bel Retiro — a delightful spot, two thousand feet above the level of the sea, and commanding one of the most beautiful prospects in the world. As soon as our number was made out, the ad- miral telegraphed " Shall be happy to see you on the hill, and bring blankets." The very idea of a temperature embracing the necessity of a blanket, was delightful, and as soon as possible after anchoring I was on shore, and, mounting one of the cele- brated poneys of this lovely island, galloped over the four miles of level ground, and commenced the ascent of the mountain. Arrived at Government- House I found Sir Thomas Cochrane and Mr. Brooke in the garden, botanizing, and now learnt with great regret that orders had been received by the last mail to " send her Majesty's ship Iris imme- diately to Spithead." The prospect of returning home is usually agree- able, and the intelligence was, doubtless, received by the majority of all on board with the greatest delight; but for myself I had become so inter- ested in the affairs of Borneo, and had looked forward with so much pleasure to re-conveying Mr. Brooke to Sarawak and to revisiting Labuan, that the news was the most unwelcome that could possibly have reached me. I found Captain M'Quhae of the Dsedalus on a visit to the admiral, and with Mr. Waller, the most amiable and obliging of secre- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chat. XI.] BBTUBN TO SPITHEAD DELATED. 329 taries, we formed a society quite congenial to my is*^. own taste and feelings. Jan. 29. — I accompanied the admiral to the Juk.29. Agincourt this morning, and immediately he got on board he made the general mgnal, " Shift topsail yards, bend sails and cross top>gallant yards," a ma^ ntEuvre which occupied thirty-three minutes. In the evening I returned again to the hill. Feb. ] . — To-day I received orders to consider Feb. i. myself no longer in command of the squadron on the coast of Borneo, and to prepare for sea with all dispatch. I, therefore, returned to the ship, having passed three days, very agreeably, at Bel Retiro, where the thermometer stood at 68", being nearly a difference of ten degrees to that on the plain below. F^. 6. — I reported the ship ready for sea, Feb. 6. and expected my orders to proceed immediately to Spithead, when I received a communication from the admiral to the effect, that, in consequence of several courts-martial which it would be ne- cessary to hold, on the proper number of vessels being collected, he should, probably, be obliged to detain me till the arrival of his successor. Rear Admiral Inglefield, now daily expected, intelligence having been received of the Vernon's departure from the Cape of Good Hope. This is a reprieve, and I now entertain a distant hope of something turning up, which may render necessary a further detention. I am endeavouring to effect an exchange with Captain M'Qubae of the Dsedalus, and have DiclzedbyGoOgle CAFTAIS HUNDT's JOUBNAL. [Cup. XI. pointed out to my worthy brother officer, that as a married man, with a rising family, it would be in- judicious to risk his health by further exposure to the treacherous climate of the eastern seas, whilst being myself unblest with ties of that tender na- ture, I felt better prepared to encounter the chances of our precarious service. Though I believe ray rea- soning to be good, I fully expect the gallant captain will stick to his own ship. Fd). 9. — Commander Charles Grey of the Co- lumbine, having been appointed to take charge of Labuao, and to relieve the Wolf, I gave him a copy , of my charts and latest surveys of the coast of Borneo. Feb, 12. — Lieutenant Vansittart was promoted to the rank of commander, in Captain Gordon's va- cancy. All hopes of effecting an exchange with captdn M'Quhae have vanished. Feb. 17. — The Columbine sailed for Labuan to relieve the Wolf. Commander Grey appears a zea- lous and active young officer, and is delighted at the prospect of visiting the colony, and of taking a part in this new theatre in the eastern world. Information was received a few days ^o, of the surrender of the famous chief Hajji Saman, who it will be remembered was driven into the mountains from his position in the Mambakut river. The sul- tan, in announcing this intelligence to the admiral, expresses his intention of keeping him in the city till he receives instructions for his disposal, either by his excellency or Mr. Brooke. DiclzedbyGoOgle Chaf. XI.] DECISION AS TO HAJJI SAMAN S FATE. 66 1 After mature deliberation, the commander-in- '^*''- chief decided that, although this chief had been the great promoter and leading person in the lamen- table atrocities that were perpetrated last year, and was the most active in his hostiUties ag^nst the squadron, still, the period which had since elapsed, and the increasing confidence and restoration of order that had taken place, materially altered the case, and no longer rendered his execution ne- cessary as an example, and captain Grey was, therefore, desired to wait upon the 8ult«n, and make him distinctly understand, that so far as the British government was concerned, Hajji Saman, and all those who felt themselves compromised by late events, might be assured, that the past was buried in oblivion, and that the recoUection of them could only be revived by misconduct for the future, and the sultan was further recommended by the ad- miral, to make, on his own part, an unequivocal declaration to the same cflFect. Feb. 24. — At a quarter to four this afternoon, Feb. 24. just as we were going on shore for a ride, the ad- miral telegraphed, " Furl awnings, shift topmasts and jibboom," the ships at that time having sails bent, and top-gallant yards across. At a quarter past six the top-gallant yards were across again. The Daedalus and Iris were full of mishaps. In the former, the bolts of the top tackle pennants drew and the fore topmast came down by the run, and went through the gunner's store-room. In the Iris, the hawsers and all the purchases carried away, and the Diciiiized by Google 332 CAPTAIN MUKDY'S JODKNAL. [Chat. XI. IMT. main topmast ehot down upon the quarter deck ; fortunately, no injury to any of the officers or crew. Much 11. March 11 At length we have news of the YemoD, with the flag of Rear Admiral Inglefield. She was seen in the straits of Banka, a week ago, with the Dido and Acorn. M"^ 17. March 17. — The Dido, captain Maxwell, arrived to-day. The old ship once again at Finang. She parted company with the Vernon a fortnight ago. Mardi 30. March 30. — The Vernon and Acom arrived in the morning, and Kear- Admiral Inglefield imme- diately came up the hill, and joined our party. He was looking remarkably well, but reported very badly of the Vernon's siuling qualities. April s. April 5. — This morning I received my orders to proceed with aU dispatch to Spithead, and I took leave of the commander-in-chief, and of Mr. Brooke. The latter has decided on visiting England a few months later, so I hope we may meet again in our own dear land. With my admiral I parted with sincere regret. During the last two months I had been constantly at Government House, enjoying his society and hospitality, and a very happy and merry party we were — ■ with rides about the mounttun in the afternoon, whist and chess in the evening, and excursions backwards and forwards to the ship, the time passed rapidly. Of the inhabitants, or rather European residents at Pinang, I am not able to say much, having been so little in the town ; but the officers speak warmly of the kind hospitality and open house kept by the Hon. Mr. Garling, resident- DiclzedbyGoOgle Cup. XI.] CONCLUSION. 3S3 councillor, and Mr.Brown, of Glugor; and I myself '^^' enjoyed many agreeable evenings at the houses of Captain Ricards and Mr. M'Pherson, officers in command of the garrison and Fort. And whilst on the subject of leave-taking, I will here express how much I regret that I shall not have an oppor- tunity of again visiting Hong Kong, where I re- ceived much kindness and hospitality from Major- General D'Aguilar, the lieutenant-governor and commander of the forces, and aUo from the re- sident merchants, including Matheson, Kerr, Dent, Rawson, and other gentlemen, whose houses were always open to the royal navy. DiclzedbyGoOgle S34 CAPTAIN MDNDT'S JOXmSAL. [Cbac. XU. CHAP. xn. BBUARKB ON THE ULAKD OF LABUAS. — GEOGRAPHICAX. POSTTIOIf. — SUPERFICIAL AREA. CHARACTER OP THE OHODXH. 30IU TTOODS AHD JtmGLE. TBE CAHFHOB TREE. RATTAMB. .— SrPPLT OF WATER. — VICTORIA HABBOCB. DETACHED IStETS. — COMPAKISON OF BINQAPORE WTTH LABDAK. FU- TURE TRADE. POLlCr WHICH SHOULD BE PURSUED. COIC- UUMCATION WITH THE WILD TRIBES OP BORNEO. — KAXUAS RIVER. PRODUCTIONS. — GUTTA PSRCHA. — EXTENT OF THE SUPPLY. CAMPHOR. — BEES'-WAZ. — BUCAR-C AHES. — COFFEE. BETEL. — COCOA-NUTS. — LEECHES. — COAL. ANALTSIS OP THE COAL. — LABUAN COAL BEAMS. — D£FOBTS IN DEMAND AT BKUM^. — NATIVE CDBBENCT. April 7. — PiNANa. The Wolf has arrived from La- buan, and Lieutenant Heath has rejoined the Iris ; a day later and he would have missed his passage to England, and instead of going home first lieutenant of the frigate, have found himself supernumerary on board the Vernon. From him I have received a full account of all that has occurred on the coast of Borneo since my departure, and from his report joined to my own observations, I have been able to form some estimate of the general character of our new settlement, and having purposely abstained from recording my remarks on the island of La- buan till my opinion had been matured by a more :dbv Google Chap. Xn.] BEUABES OH LABUAK. practical acquaintance with its capabilities, I will now give a abort account of its present state and condition, and of the advantages it presents as re- gards its locality to the great producing districts of Borneo, and of its position as a naval station from which we may act vigorously against the pirate communities. It was during Mr. Brooke's visit to Brun^, in November, 1844, that Labuan was first offered to the British Government by the Sultan of Borneo, and in June, 1846, the Earl of Aberdeen, then Minister for Foreign A£fiEiirs, after satisfying himself of the value of the position, acquainted Mr. Brooke, that her Majesty's Govern- ment proposed to adopt early steps for the occupa- tion of the island, and for the establishment of a naval station. The change of Government, however, took place about this period, when Viscount Palmerston, im- mediately transmitted instructions to Sir Thomas Cochrane to take possession of Labuan, in the name of the Queen. The island of Labuwi extends from latitude 5° 11' N. to latitude 5" 25' N., and from longitude 115" IC E. to 115' 22' E., running in a N. N. E. direction. It is about eleven miles in length, and at its southern extreme has a breadth of five and a half to six miles, from which, taking it as the base of a triangle, it gradually narrows to a point at the north end. It contains an area of forty square miles, with a coast line probably of thirty miles. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAITADI HOFDT'S JOUBNAL. [Cup. XIL The Burface of the ground is everywhere undo- latory, and the height of the highest hill about eighty feet. The soil appears moderately good, generally a light yellow clay and sandBtone, the whole space being covered with a jungle composed of a great variety of trees, some of the largest size, and of much value, especially the camphor tree and the rattan. I had an opportunity of examining some of the finest of the camphor trees, and was surprised at the nobleness of their structure. They have a straight stem, which rises almost perpendicular to the height of a hundred feet, when branches jut out in every direction, covered with a thick and luxuriant foliage. The camphor is found in solid masses in different parts of the wood, and in order to obtain it, the trees are cut down, and the stem and branches split into several pieces, when the valuable gum is bit by bit extracted. The rattans are also of the finest quality, and are in general use with the natives for cordage and the rigging of their prahus. Every sort of household furniture is made from this species of cane, from the enormous mats to the most delicate basket, and it is moreover exported in large quantities from such parts of Borneo as are under a steady govern- ment. Of the young cocoa and betel nuts which I planted some months ago, I am not able to make a decisive report, sufficient time not having yet DiclzedbyGoOgle Chat. XII.] SUPPLY OF WATEB. 887 elapsed to form a correct opinion. I am, however, i**?. conscious of haying neglected to provide efficient fences to protect them firom the wild hogs and deer, and believe they will not have feir play. The soil itself is everywhere adapted to the growth of all description of palms. Flowers of many species appear to grow luxuriantly in the jungle, and pa* rasitic plants are so numerous, as to threaten the destruction of the larger trees by their treacherous embrace. There had always been a doubt respecting the supply of fresh water on the island, and fears were entertained that during the dry season very little, if any, would be obtained, as it was well known that the rivulet which flowed through a portion of the cleared ground on Point Pasley, was the drain- age of the swamps from the distant marshes in the jungle. I am able, however, to state, after a^care- ful examination of every part of the island, that there are two streams which we have every reason to believe never faU throughout the year, the one being a large body of beautiful water, which falls in a cascade perpendicularly over a rock at the north point into the sea below, and underneath which a boat may ride and take in a supply ; and the other is a small stream whose mouth is opposite the small rocky islet on the west side of the island. There is also a small spring round Point Hamilton, but this I believe is influenced by the seasons. Whilst our ships were at anchor in Victoria Bay, from December to April, we recdved on an average VOL. 11. z sdbyGoogIc S88 CAFTADf MVNDT'S JOUBNAL. [Cup. XH. )M7- twelve tona of water per diem from wells dug in " the vicinity of the flag-st^. Some of this water has now been two months in the hold, and is as good as ever; but of course, from the manner of collecting it in pits dug a few feet below the surface of the sand, it cannot be so pure as the water of the springs on the more distant parts of the island. The entrance of Victoria harbour is about fifteen miles from the entrance of the Bruni river, with good anchorage three or four miles distant from either shore. The detached islet of Daat is ad- mirably adapted for a fortified poution, as it com- pletely commands the harbour channel. A martello tower erected here would be the best sort of defence. On Malankassan and Eurunan islets there are - fine trees, and on the latter a permanent stream of good water. The seas around abound in fish of various kind, and turtles are numerous. Wild pigs and deer were occasionally met with ; but we saw very few birds excepting pigeons, wild fowl, and birds of prey. Large bats, and flying squirrds were also seen in the dusk of the evening. Labuan has never been regularly inhabited, and no attempt has been made to cultivate its acal. There is, however, every reason to believe that it is equal, if not superior to that of Singapore, and as these two insular possessions must, from their position, necessarily hold much commercial inter- course, and I trust from this circumstan<» be mu- DiclzedbyGoOgle Chap. XU.] GROWTH OF SINOAPOBB- 389 tually beneficial to each other, a few remarks on '^^' their relative merits may not be out of place. The sudden growth of Singapore from a nest of pirates to a rich, mercantile emporium, has raised the supposition that the colony of Labuan mil, with similar treatment, prove equally prosperous, and, moreover, that its prosperity will be equally sudden. A comparison of the circumstances at- tending the early days of Singapore with those of Labuan will, however, show that such is not likely to be the case, but that the growth of Labuan will be more gradual and less dazzling. Singapore owes its prosperity, as much to the ill-advised measures of the Dutch, as to the sagacity of Sir Stamford Baffles; it was the strong contrast between Dutch rapacity and English liberality, which told in its favour. Singapore was like a shop opened in a crowded thoroughfare, where there had been previously no shops, whilst Labuan may be compared to the same shop opened in the same thoroughfare, but, with the disadvantage of eager rivals in its neighbourhood. In former days, the Dutch loaded the native traders with heavy harbour dues and all sorts of exactions ; but they have now in some measure thrown open their ports, and are endeavouring to rival us in liberal . offers to native traders, at least the journals of Batavia announce that Makassar will henceforth be a free port ; but even if the Dutch are sincere in this intention, the new regulations will probably be fettered by some additional clauses which will DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN HDNDY'S JODBNAL. [Chap. XII. neutralize the advantages which might otherwise " arise to the commerce of Singapore. The trade of Labuan will, for the present, be confined to an exchange of commodities with the Malays of the sea-coast, and the aboriginal tribes in immediate connection with them: there will also be a small trade with China, in what are technically called straits' produce ; but the greater part of the junk trade will probably continue to frequent Singa- pore, on account of the certain profit attending the carrying of Chinese emigrants to the Straits of Malacca. No doubt, when the Bomean Govern- ment, influenced by our neighbourhood, becomes more settled, its territory will be a fevourite field for Chinese emigration, and this branch of trade will then proportionally increase ; but I think we may safely af&rm that the junk trade, as a trade, is now ftdling off^ and will eventually be succeeded by a trade in European vessels. The future prospect of Labuan trade will depend much upon the success of attempts which should be made to open a communication with the wilder and more savage tribes inhabiting the interior, of whom the Malays themselves know but little, ex- cept that they are numerous. Well conducted boat expeditions up the various rivers would soon create confidence, the parent of successful trade. Nothing could exceed the good will shown by the natives of KaUias towards an exploring party under the direction of Lieutenant Heath, acting in command of the Wolf, which ascended that river in the month DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. Xrr.] FRIENDLY DISPOSITION OF THE KATITES. of February. They insisted upon the boats' crews loading their boats with cocoa nuts, whUst presents of ducks and fowls, and honey, were poured in upon the officers. These were people who had never before seen a European. Much, however, will depend upon the conduct of those employed in these expeditions ; first impressions are always the most lasting, and those who are the first to communicate with the new tribes of the interior, will, for a long time to come, be looked upon as the type of their countrymen; they cannot be therefore too careful to leave a good name behind them. The inhabitants of Eallias are the nearest neigh- bours of Labuan, and we obtain a great portion of our supplies from them. The river is broader and deeper than the Sarawak, with about two fathoms over the bar, the town being thirty-four miles from the entruice, and from thence the river con- tinues under the name of Kapala Panyu or turtle's head, until it enters the sea west of Quallalama and Monti Bowan, thus making all the land forming the east aide of the Labuan channel an island. There are two other towns on the banks, viz. Karu- kan and Garamak, the inhabitants being about seven or eight thousand. Pepper and rice are the staple commodities. There is no doubt that the friendliness of those natives with whom we have as yet become ac- quainted is mainly attributable to the exploring visits which we made in the Phlegethon, and all DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MUNDY's JOOBNAL. [Chap. XU. who have known Mr. Brooke in this country will consider that his kind-heartedness and nrbanily are the main springs of the extraordinary success which attends all his dealings with savages, and his example cannot be too closely followed by those whose duty it may become to conduct such ex- peditions. The prindpal products of the north-west coast of Borneo are sago, pepper, rice, bees' wax, camphor, birds' nests, tortoiseshell, betel-nuts, cocoa-nuts, coal, and other mineral and vegetable productions, such as gutta percha, v^etable wax, timber of first quality, oils, ebony wood, &c. ; but when there shall be confidence given to the natives, and security to the European capitalist, this island will become the natural field for the growth of cotton, sugar, coffee, and other tropical produc- tions, free labour being abundant and cheap (com- pared with the labour of slave states) both &om China and India, the labourers coming and re- turning with their free will and without difficulty ; at present, production is reduced to the lowest point from oppression and bad government, and the great object to be attained is the development of its resources. Sago will probably be the principal article of export : it is grown in great quantities in various places on the marshy banks of rivers, and is a small shrub, averaging from twenty to thirty feet in height, having a rough bark covered mth im- mense thorns which act as a protection agtunst the sdbyGoogIc Chap. XII.] GUTTA tEBCOA.. wild animaU of the jungle. Like the elder-berry tree of England, it contains a soft pith in the centre of the trunk, and from this the sago is made. I have seen quantities of it on board the native prahus which ply on the coast from Ambong to Bnrnfe, stowed in bulk in the hold in rough globules aboat the size of a pea. The Borneans are great adepts at its manufacture, and its price in the Singapore market is yery high. In former days pepper was the staple commodity of Borneo, and fetched a large price at Singapore ; but it has gradually dwindled away to a price so unremunerative to the grower, that its cultivation is &st being abandoned. Rice is the common food of the population at large, and is generally pre- ferred to sago. Considerable quantities were found in store during our expedition into the interior, in pursuit of the saltan, and also in the Mambakut and other rivers ; and the modem history of Sara- wak shows that Borneo, under good government, will probably become an exporter of that staff of Eastern life. Gutta percha is a remarkable example of the rapidity with which a really useful invention becomes of importance to the EngUsh public. A year ago it was almost unknown, but now its peculiar properties are daily being made avulable in some new branch of the useful or ornamental arts. The history of its introduction should urge the new colonists of Labuan to posh with energy DiclzedbyGoOgle CAFTAIK Mmn)T*S JODBNAL. [Cue. XU. their researches into the as jet almost untroddai path of Bomean botany. Dr. Oxley, of Singapore, has famished the most complete description which has yet been published of the tree, and the manner in which its gum is collected by the natives. He describes the tree as being sixty or seventy feet in height, and two or three feet in diameter at the base ; it is most com- monly found in alluvial tracts, at the foot of the hills. In order to obtun the gum, the trees, when full grown, are cut down, and circular indsions are made in the bark at distances of from twelve to eighteen inches ; the sap which exudes is collected in cocc»-nut shells, or other basins, and is then boiled, in order to clear it of water, and to in- spissate it. One tree will produce from tax. to twenty-five pounds weight of the gum. Its colour, when pure, is greyish-white ; the reddish hue is occasioned by the pieces of bark which tumble into the boiling mixture ; it is usually much adul- terated, but can be easily purified by boiling it in water, and then rolling it flat, and picking out the impurities. Gutta percha is not affected by boil- ing alcohol, but is readily dissolved in boiling spirits of turpentine ; also in naphtha, or coal tar. When immersed for a few minutes in water above ISO* Fahrenheit, it becomes plastic, and may be moulded into any shape, which it will retain when cooled. This property has led Dr. Oxley to apply it with success, instead of spUnts and bandages, in the setting of broken limbs. DiclzedbyGoOgle cbap. xu.] bbtbl and cocoa-ndts. 345 It is already extensively used in England for '^^- aoles of boots and shoea, and for driving bands in machineiy ; it bids fair also to supersede all other materials in the manufecture of picture-framea, and other ornamental mouldings. The extent to which this gum may be obtfuned in the neigh- bourhood of Labuan is as yet unknown ; but it is to be hoped that the extravagant manner of col- lecting it adopted in the Straits of Malacca may be avoided in the new settlement, and that the na- tives may be early taught the impolicy of wasting thia valuable material in so improvident a manner. The camphor of Borneo is of that sort called " barus ;" it seUs in Singapore at thirty-three dollars per catty for the Chinese market. Bees' wax, birds' nests, and tortoise-shells, are plentiful ; but as they vary mnch in quality, it is impossible to quote their market price ; a further intercourae with the interior will probably greatly increase the quantity of bees' wax for exportation. Sugar-cane is grown; but both its cultivation and its manufacture are rude and unscientific, though it is very probable that at a future day it will give large returns to the European capitalist. Coffee is more rarely planted; the orang-kaya of Kimanis was, however, when the Iris left the station, about to commence its cultivation, with a view to the Labuan market. Betel and cocoa-nuts are largely planted, and may be increased to any amount ; cocoa-nnt oil is even now made for exportation. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAFTAOI HUHDT'S TODBNAI.. [Cbaf. XH. It may, perhaps, be thought very specnlatiTe to consider the chances of leeches becoming an article of export ; but they are ho very plentifiil, and ao valuable a remedy in the diseases pecutiar to those climates, that an improved state of the medicinal art in these countries might cause a demand for them in China, and in these days of inter-com- munication, some good market will surely be found for BO useful an article, which may be got for nothing; they abound moat in the country about ITimiLTiin and JBenoni. Whilst the Iris was at anchor off the former river, the surgeon being anxious to renew his stock of leeches, one of t^e officers, who was going to visit the village, was furnished with a supply of long doth, wherewith to obtain them. On his arrival at the orang-kaya'a house, he stated his wants, and offered a yard of long cloth (value four pence) for every hundred. Off started all the little boys in the place, in great glee at the prospect of obtaining such riches, and, in less than a quarter-of-an-hour, returned with cocoa-nut-shells full of fine large leeches. On inquiry, it was found that they waded into certain marshes and pools near the river's banks, and thus took ad- vantage of the animal's appetite to capture them. Coal is the last article in our list, but it is certunly, politically (and perhaps also commer- cially), the most important of all. It has been found in several places near the Brun^ river, and also on the island of Labuan. The Hon. Company's DiclzedbyGoOgle CHiP. XIL] ANALYSIS OF THE COAL. 347 steamer Nemesis wbs recently coaled from the '**'• seam discovered by Lieutenant Heath in the latter place, and the engineers report it to be the best coal for steaming purposes which they have met irith in India, its chief merit being an absence of clinking, and the little necessity for raking or poking, besides which it has the advantage of leaving only a small quantity of light white ash, and is cleared out with comparative facility. This coal was first noticed cropping out from the western shore in March, 1845, as described in Mr. Brooke's journal, and a large specimen of it was forwarded to the Museum of Practical (ieology in the following July, which, upon analysis, was found to contfun — Putt. Carbon 4*52. Hydrogen 4-74. Sulphur 1-45. Nitrogen 0-80. Oxygen 20-75. Ashes 7-74. 100-00. Dr. Lyon Playfair, by whom this analysis was effected, haSf, by a late communication made to the Earl of Auckland, mentioned the probability that the specimen analysed might not be a fair sample of the Labuan coal, and certainly, when we con- sider that the mass, when it was detached, rose DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAra mubdt's joubhal. Ica*p. xn. throagh the sands like any other rock, and might have been subject to tbe influence of the sea for a length of time, we cannot expect it to be a fw'r specimen ; at the same time its occurrence on the shore, unremoved by the action of the breakers, and its firm condition after so long a transport in part upon the back of a camel from Suez across the desert, prove a great degree of hardness, a quality of importance when employed for steamers. An analysis was also made (by Richardson) of a variety of parrot, or canal coftl, sent from Edin- burgh to this museum, which was found to re- semble Labuan coal more than the Newcastle. It is now ascertained that the Labuan coal-seams merely form portions of the great beds which were discovered by Sir Thomas Cochrane and Mr. Brooke, and which are themselves the continuation of the eleven and three-feet beds which cross the Eiangi stream, at a very short distance from the city of Brun^. It is curious that these two beds, which nearly join each other, should be so different in composition, as will be seen by the following analysis : — Carbon 70-3 64-3 Hydrogen 5-4 50 Sulphur 1-2 - 11 Nitrogen - 07 10 Oxygen 20-0 24-2 Ashes 3-2 14-3 100.0 100.0 D,t„db,Googlc ,db,Google D,t„db,Google CuF. Xn.] IHFOKTANCE OF COAL DISTRICT. It will be observed that the eleven-feet bed is much the best as to ashes. In continuation of these remarks, I will add, that Sir Henry de la Beche has further expressed his opinion, that the coal of Labuan should be system- atically and carefully worked, so that a haaty and inconsiderate extraction, near the surface, may not impede or damage subsequent workings at greater depth. A dip of 24°, and a nine-feet bed, are con- ditions for much care while under them, but with due precautions a large amount of coal might be obtained in the distance firom which the coal-bed is supposed to run. Should there ever be another war, the command of this coal district will be of vast importance ; and in the mean time, the quickly increasing numbers of steamers in the neighbouring seas will probably draw their supplies from thence. The price of coal at Singapore and Hong Kong, at present, averages from thirty to thirty-five shillings a ton ; whilst the coal from the bed on Labuan, notwithstanding the disadvantage of bad tools and unscientific arrange- ment, is now supplied to our war steamers at seven- teen shillings ; a calculation has also been made, that the coal from the mainland may be stacked on the river's bank, ready for shipping, at six shillings a ton, which will probably be about the price to which the Labuan coal will eventually fall. It is, moreover, probable that, in a country whose sur&ce is covered with vegetation, and whose inhabitants are, from the abundance of firewood, unacquainted D,„l,z.d-byG00gle S50 CAFTAIN HnKDT*S JODBNAL. [Cur. XH. 1847. even with the use of coal, there are many outcrop- f\og seama still undiscovered, which will reward a careful and diligent searcher. Lieutenant Grordon, in his recent examination of Pulo Tiga, found evidence of the neighbourhood of coal-fields. The imports at present in demand at Brun^ are longcloths, coarse crockery, iron pans, called qual- lies, bar-iron, brass-wire, salt, and gamblers; to which may be added, firearms of all descriptions. The small currency of the town of Brunfe, for marketing purposes, consists of square pieces of bar-iron ; bat the natives are well acquMnted with dollars, and, in some cases, prefer them to thdr value in cloth. The pikul and the catty are the weights of the country: the pikul is equal to 100 catties, each catty being 1} pound, avoirdupois. The yard and the fathom are used in measuring. The brig Amelia was the first trading vessel which arrived on the coast subsequent to Sir Thomas Cochrane's recait operations. She was chartered by Baba Hinting, one of that enterprising race, the straits Chinamen, who are the descendants, by Malay mothers, of the last generation of China- men, which emigrated to our various settlements in the straits of Malacca and Singapore. As I strictly prohibited settling at Labuan, he took his brig up to the town of Brun^ and there opened a barter traffic, with eager customers. He describes the natives as remarkably well behaved; their curiosity was a hinderance for the first few days, but that sdbyGoogIc Chip. XII.] FUTUBB SPKEAB OF CFTILISATION. aoon wore off. The prices obtained by him were as follows ; but it must be recollected, that being the first in the field, he received the reward due to his enterprise, in higher prices than can be reckoned on for the future. 1 Pital gambler = 3 pituls black pepper. 1 Piece belacho cloth = 5^ pikuls saga 8J Pieces belacho cloth = 1 pikul bees' wax. Belacbo cloth is a species of coarse nankeen well known at Singapore. In connection with the probable prospect of La- buan trade, it may be mentioned, that in former days, large junks of 600 tons were buUt at Brunfe. Labuan offers good inducements to Chinese ship builders ; timber well suited for the purpose, and dammer, a sort of resin, used instead of pitch, abound on the island. The protection afforded by the English Grovemment, and the excellence of Victoria Harbour, wiU leave Uttle wanting but Chinese skill and industry to revive this ancient source of prosperity. As the spread of civilisation, and the extension of British commerce, are the principal induce- ments to coloninng Labuan, let us hope, that these twin daughters of Britain may advance, hand in hand, amongst the, as yet, untutored children of Borneo. DiclzedbyGoOgle CAPTAIN MDMDT'S JOUENAL. [Cbap. Xllt CHAP. xin. SUCCESS OF SIB TBOKAS COCHBANe'S FOUCT. — ISIS BAILS FOB EITQLAHD. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. — BT. HELENA. ASCENSIOir. ABBIVE AT SFFTHEAD.— INTELLIOENCE FBOM BOBMEO. — HB. BBOOKE AT BBUN±. ACTION OF THE NEHEeiS AtfD BALAKim FIKATE8. — - OALLANT COMDTICT OF OOmiANDEB OBET. — AD- MIBABLB DEFENCE OF THE PIRATEB. — THEIB DEFEAT. BE- LEASE OF CAFTIVEB. EXECDTIOIT OF PIBATES BT THE SUL- TAN. HB. BBOOKE BETUBNS TO 8ABAWAK. — >mB*«ga FOB SNOLAND. — DETENTION AT CETLOK. — ABSIVES AT 800TH- AKPTON, AFTEB A» ABSENCE OF NINE TBABS. REHABXS <»I HB. BROOKE'S CABEEB. — FLATTEBING BECEPTION IN ENQLASD. TlSrt TO HKB MAJKBTT AT WINDBOB. — APPOINTED GO- VEBNOB AND COUMANDEB-IM-GHIBF AT LABUAN. — BBCEITES THE FBEEDOH OF THE CITT OF LONDON. — lOSSIONABT MEET- Mas. — OONOLUBIOH. 1847. PiNANQ. During my stay in this harbour I have had the opportunity of looking over the English journals and periodicals at the public library, and I observe therein many mistakes relative to the late policy pursued in regard to Borneo, and the consequent operations on the north-west coast by the British fleet under the orders of Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, which these journals represent to have berai the result of the opinion wid advice of the Governor General of India. The fact, however, is exactly the reverse, as Lord Hardinge, occupied by the momentous state DiclzedbyGoOgle Cbap. XIU.] SUCCESS OP 8m T. COCHHANE 8 POLICY. of aflws of northern India, and holding his court at Simla, was necessarily quite ignorant both of the plana and intentions of the naval commander-in- chief, to whose firm and energetic policy the late commercial prosperity and establishment of secu- rity on the Borneo coast is solely attributable, and who, foreseeing the danger of waiting for definite instructions fix)m home, took upon himself the great responsibility of acting at once vigorously against the sultan, and thereby (as mentioned in the journals of Mr. Brooke) " prevented the retro- gression to barbarism of the native community, and secured the rising commerce of the great island of Borneo." Ol^ects are not frequently seen through a similar medium at 14,000 miles' distance as when close at hand, and vicarious duties are, moreover, burdened with the risk of not being exactly performed in the manner that the ruling powers in Downing Street and the Admiralty would wish ; it must, therefore, have been a source of much gratification to the commander-in-chief to have heard that both his policy and plan of operations had met with the approval of her Majesty's government. I also observe that some of the minor periodicals to the eastward of the Cape are inclined to dwell unfairly on the loss of life which has been occa- sioned by the admiral's proceedings on the coast of Borneo, and they seem to imagine that the same Iiappy results might have been obtained by a dif- ferent line of action. When, however, the nature VOT,. II. A A sdbyGoogIc 854 CAFTAEN HDHD-r'S JOmtHAL. [Cbap. TtTTT. 1847. of the service, the climate, and the necessity of combined operations on so extensive a coast are maturely considered, I am faHj persuaded that we have every reason to be thankfiil that we have not to deplore the lose of a still greater number of valuable lives. The total amount of casualties during the several expeditions undertaken by Sir Thomas Cochrtme, amoimta to about fifteen killed and forty-five wounded, to which we may add, between twenty and thirty more, inclusive of six officers who fell victims to the climate, a total which surely may be considered less than could have been anticipated, when the necessity of acting against the pirate com- munities, and subaeqaently against the sultan, was at first resolved upon, and certainly it was the general opinion of all engaged in forcing the bat- teries of the river Bmn^, that the plan of attack adopted by the admiral alone prevented a heavy lc»B to the naval forces engaged in that service. M«7 2». May 23. — Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. I took my departure from Acheen Head, Sumatra, on the 12th of April (a memorable day in my family), and after a passage of forty-one days, ar- rived here yesterday, and found in the anchorage the President, 50, Captmn Stanley, with the flag of Kear Admiral Dacres, and the steamers Spiteful and Rosamond. I was glad to have this opportunity of renew- ing my acquaintance with the commander-in-chief, whom I had not seen for many years. I found him DiclzedbyGoOgle Catr. Xm.] THE 8MTEFDL SAILS FOE SPITHEAD. 355 busily engaged about the arrangementB for the "^^- light-house on Cape Agulhas, and anxiously ex- pecting news from the frontier relative to the Kaffre war, which, fiwm existing circumetances, appeared little likely to be brought to a speedy termination. May 29. — The Spiteful steamed away to-day at M»y 2*. noon for Spithead. She will have three days' start of the Iris. Yet I have been bold enough to make a small bet with my young friend. Sir William Hoste, her intelligent commander, that I shall land in Eng- land before him ; he calculates on gaining several days by working out systematically a plan of his own for reducing the expenditure of fuel, and which, I understand, he has already tried success- fully in the Indian seas. June 1. ■ — . This morning I sailed fiwm Simon's batu, and in the bed of a small rivulet, which empties itself into the Kundap river, are found stream tin, and lead, with some grains of gold; the former predominating. Following the same direction eastward, into the Sadong river, we find gold and diamonds. In the territory of Sarawak, the latter are principally and most abundantly obtained at Santa, near the Sldean Hills. (See map). The stratum in which they are found is a bed of black gravel, from twenty to twenty-six inches in thickness, covered with about ten feet of yellow, and nine feet of white felspathic clay, largely intermixed with quartzose pebbles. From the beds where the diamonds are found, the DiclzedbyGoOgle ANTIHONr ORE. natives collect pebbles, with which, when reduced to a fine powder, they polish these and other pre- dous stones. The pebbles selected for this purpose are of a dark brown colour, and when brofeen have a saccharine texture. Again, referring to Jaang, Buao, and Bow, where gold-dust is collected fixtm the soil, we may ob- serve, that antimony ore is to be added to the list of metallic productions of these districts. From Bow to Bubo, the vein lies nearly horizontal, in the limestone formation, and is easily traced, skirting the rocky cliff, some miles eastward of the latter place ; where it appears to be very much dislocated and broken, until it finally enters the Jaang valley. Here it is entirely lost sight of as a lode, but it is found in large boulders of limestone and felspathic rock. For a considerable number of years, and during the governorship of rajah Muda Hassim, the Malays obtained their antimony from Jaang only ; but when it was discovered, in a solid seam, at Buso and Bow, they abandoned the mines at Jaang, the ore being considered superior, although, that of Jaang surpasses, in quality, any of our continental home produce. Intermixed with the soil and boulders of an- timony are lumps of iron ore of liie scoriolace- ous character already described. The aborigines (Dyaks) manufacture their best parangs, or swords, firom this description of ore, by the following pri- mitive, but rimple process. A small clay pit is dug, twelve inches deep, three inches square at the sdbyGoogIc GKOLOOT OF SARAWAK. bottom, and iocreasing to about nine inches at the top, this serves for the snelting furnace: tben, with two large bambo canes, about three feet long, Emd three to four inches in diameter, for cylinders, — a smaller cane inserted at the bottom, to act as the tweer, and a bundle of feathers as a piston, — tlie apparatus is completed. The tweers are so placed as to admit the jet of blast, about two and a half inches above the bottom of the pit, — the pistons are set in motion by the hand, and, when all is prepared, the pit is about half filled with wood charcoal, on which is placed a certain quantity of iron ore ; and in about the space of an hour and a half, the whole is fused. The slag is then allowed to run off, and the metal being partially cooled, it is taken out and placed in another ^milarly con- structed furnace, where the process of heating is repeated, for the purpose of refining it. Whilst in a liquified state, the metal Is puddled, and then forged on a latge stone, (an iron anvil is preferred, if avtulable). By this process, from two to three pounds of iron is made, sufficient for the mana&c- tore of one parang, and when finished, the fibre is found to be fine and closely arranged ; and the steel thus produced is equal to any made in Europe. The state in which the iron ore is found bears strong evidence, of its having been, at some period, subject to the action of fire, and afterwards to the influence of moving water. This inference is drawn from the scoriolaceous appearance of the mineral, from its rounded and abraded form, and from sdbyGoogIc LEAD AND TIN. the locality and detached manner in which it is discovered imbedded in the alluvial soil. The same description of metallic ore is met with, in like manner, over a very considerable area of the country; extending from Raat mountdn, west- ward, to Sadong, a distance of about forty miles, and from Sarawak, southward, to Sennah. It is observed, also, to be more abundant in the vicinity of the porphyry sad igneous formations than in any other locality. The Nanbi valley, as far as Jaang, and thence eastward, to Malikin, about six miles from Sadong, is most prolific in this ore, and its quality is, in every respect, far superior to that obtained at Bow, Buso, or Jaang ; but some, which is found near the siliceous formation at Gingang, appears to be very superior, even to this; its positive and negative polarity being much more powerftil than any other. The discovery of lead and tin in the territory of Sai^wak being but recent, does not admit of much being said on the subject of these metals. The stream specimens of the former description of ore, which were obtained from the bed of a small rivulet running at the base of Gunong-japang-Batu are, of what is denominated native lead — almost pure, and is found in the igneous district Stream tin is known to exist in large quantities east of Sarawak, in the Sarebas and Sadong territories. These minerals when fairly developed, there is every reason to infer, will prove of great importance as an article of commerce for the China market. sdbyGoogIc GBOLOOT OF BBTmi. To the south of Sennah where the limestone de- poBit is overlapped by the sandstone and clay shale formations, there is strong evidence of the existence of coal between that place and the Sambas boundaiy. The shales which are seen at Sennah closely re- semble those of the coal formations of England and Wales. At Sungan, a Dyak village, about nud-way between Timah and Sennah, the same descripticm of shale is observed, dipping south at an angle of about 30° ; but here the ^lales are very much dis- located, and large boulders are observed inter- mixed with those of sand-stone. The abraded and fluted appearance of these rocks, although now &r removed from the influence of tidal action, lead to the inference that the sea formerly washed their base. From the presence of clay formations in these localities, it is but reasonable to antidpate that a very favourable result will follow a diligent search to the southward. From the territory of Sarawak we now proceed to the coal formations on the Brunfe river, whidi runs from Pulo-Cherimon, at its mouth, to the dty of Bnui^ a distance of about nine miles, between a ridge of hills ran^g from 300 to 400 feet in hedght, which are covered with long grass, jungle, and forest trees. At the back of these hUls lies the Eian^ valley, drained by a small stream of the same name, which empties itself into the Bmn^, near the city. Following the windings of this little river for about three mUes from the town, layers of shale and sand-stone, with small particles of lignite DiclzedbyGoOglC J are met with ; and farther east from the city, and about a third of a mile from the banks of the river, we find a seam of coal crossing its coarse nearly at a right angle. On clearing the banks on both sides of the river the thickness of the seam was most satis&ctorily ascertuned to be eleven feet, inclining N. W., at an angle of dip 80°. On either tide of the seam are six inch thick layers of soft blue shale, containing foliated plates of coal ; th^ a soft sand-stone. About 220 yards to the south-west, and in the direction of the strike of the scam of coal, a dyke or fault exists, composed of inflammable rock, forming a perpendicular diff of about 250 feet in height. This &ult crosses the strike of the coal, and in all probability disarruiges its course in that tUrection. Following the channel of the river for about 120 yards S.E. through soft sand-stone, we find a non-bituminous seam of coal three feet four inches in thickness ; then a seam of yellow clay two feet thick, lying upon two feet of clay shale, containing very thin foliated plates or layers of coal. About eighty yards further up the stream we come upon a vein seven inches thick of bituminous shale, lying on, and covered with light sand-stone. At Buwong-Manis, which is about a quarter of a mile from the southern bank of the river, and about three miles from Brun^, there are beds of bitu- minous shale, precisely umilar in character to those already described in the Eiangi valley, largely sdbyGoogIc GEOLOOr OF BSTrafe. intermixed with light soft sandstwie. The strati' fication is in a very disturbed and dislocated con- dition, and the same obBervation applies to the whole dbtrict westward as far as Ganong Si, and northward of that point as far as the city. West of Buwong-tuyuruk, on the north side of the river, the red mineral water ia seen in the flat, marshy lands. S(»ne small thin beds of shale and iron- stone are likewise found in the same vicinity. On the south side of the river and nearly at the south- western end of the city, indurated clay and bitu- minous shales are traced lying on a soft, red sand- stone, similar to that found at Buwong-tuyuruk, but very diflFerent to what is seen at Eiangi and Buwong-Manis. Following the river seaward, there axe no indi- cations of coal formations to be found until we come to Fulo-Cherimon, a small island at its mouth. Here a seam of coal exists ten int^es thick, resting on a bed of bituminous shale, four feet in thickness, which is eauly separated into thin plates. The feces of these plates bear impressions of plants im- perfectly mailed. The coal is hard and bright, and of a non- bituminous quality; it dips north-east nearly perpendicularly ; within about thirty yards from the place this seam of coal shows itself, there are large boulders of soft sandstone containing pebbles of coal. About three quarters of a mile north of Pulo-Cherimon is a small islwid, Pulo-ka- Jngaran, so called, from the quantity of coral found on its eastern shore. On the western side a small DiclzedbyGoOgle seam of coal has been discovered ten inches thick, dipping at the angle of 80° eastward, and lying between two beds of bituminous shale ; which bears a very strong resemblance to that at Buwong Manis. The associating Tocks are a light soft sand- stone, indeed the whole of this kland is of the same formation, and very much contorted ; it does not lie more than fifty feet above the level of the sea. Some miles to the north-west is situated Pulo-Mo- arra, where traces likewise of coal have been dis- covered, and when time shall have developed these districts, the seams of Moarra wiU doubtless be found to be a continuation of those at Kiangi. On viewing the position of the coal from Kian^ to Moarra, uid its connection with the Brun^ river, there can be but little doubt that a large coal field exists, and that upon further research it will prove far more extensive than is at present known. And should it appear that the coal at Moarra is the same as that at Kiangi, large and profitable works may be established on the island or on the mainland contiguous to it. Near the northern end of the island of Labuan we again find coal, at high tide level, at the base of the cliff; the thickness of the seam was as- certained to be only twenty inches, dipping at an angle of about 18°. Subsequent search being made through the jungle to the westward, the seam has been discovered to crop out to the surface ten feet in thickness; instances of vdns at the crop being considerably thicker than at a deeper DiclzedbyGoOgle OBOLOOT OP LABUAN. level are not infrequent. About 300 ytada south of the coal there exists a bed of sandatone, inter- mixed with pebbles of coal in every respect siinilar to that found at Pulo-Cherimon ; and south of thia point the whole is found to be composed of a sand- stone formation^ containing likewise particles of coaL It should be observed that these beds are at least a hundred iathoms below the coal ; it may therefore be inferred, that, at the period when they were deposited, the coal in the vicinity must have been subject to abrasiou from tidal action. But as coal beds do not appear on the island of Labuan below that already discovered, it may be inferred that these pebbles of coal, which are found in the bed of sandstone, have been extracted from a seam or seams on tlie mainluid. The presence of coal in the Bnmh river, and at Pulo-Moarra warrants the supposition that this abraded matter may have been transported hy tidal action from these points, and deposited in the bed of the sea where the island of Labuan is now found. On the beach about half a mile north of the har- bour we may observe new matter almost in the course of formation, by the amalgamation of its various materials, such as sand, shells, and pebbles; with a spring of water, holding a very considerable quantity of calcareous matter in suspension. Du- ring the fine weather, the intense heat of the sun causes the ^roter of this spring to evaporate ra- pidly, and the lime which is necessarily deposited, fills the interior of the shells, and cements the DiclzedbyGoOgle FOBUATIOn OF SHW UATTBB. whole together. The violence of the waves, how- ever, during the wet monsoon, throws it all into a state of confusion, which on the return of fine weather, reforms itself into more detached masses, and on a lengthened exposure to the heated atmo- sphere, becomes as hard and solid as limestone. It is rangular, however, that the action of calcareous spiings is not observed elsewhere to be so rapid and powerful. sdbyGoogIc LOMDOHI SnmuwooDM and Suaw, Maw-*tt«>t-Squv«. DiclzedbyGoOgle xCE D,t„db,Googlc ,db,Googlc D,t„db,Google list of taSKorfts in General X^tteratuce MR. MUEBAY, ALBEMAELE STREET, LONDON, HISTORY. OairdUTii 1 iiteouaivavi.etJ'—QuarUrtp Btvii HISTORY OF GREECE. Bf aBJMt Owrtt. WlthUipt. 4voU.Svo, I GiKk Pnftnot lAAet, In 1917. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Bt HmuT Huj,iii. TifOi Eittia*. ( Tate. Rvo, Mi . " Hi. HaUun hu giHl IdOuiIij ud «cit unlgiieii. Hit knowledge li aiUDilie, luloui, ■■'-—'-"- -BsJljdl^llDgolibrd k^iii' -iiip mind II eqiullr dlatlDgaliE >p tMi. dillsMT ar lu taueh. inlOundi ■ HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Prom th* Paoa of Utinht (1713) to tba Pwo« of Pub (17(3). Br Lou IUhoh. Stcgnd Kdllion. 4 tdI*. Rto. EK>. "Lord Uihon tan Kirtrjrjuftjadfsignt or Iblngi. He STATE PAPERS DURING THE REIGN OF KlNEl HENRY Vm. S tdU. 4U. aOi. awb. PirilWwd RANKE'S HISTORY OF THE POPES. TruUlated rrom the OermHi b; Hn. SUUH AWTU. TTiird £ili(lim. S ml*. 8vo. itt. mm Aticim HISTORY OF INDIA, THB HINDOO AND HAHOHMEDAN PERIODS. \j Hon. MoDHTwniiiiT Blfhuikrhii. Sfeond fdJKim. Authodtj Hnd Iftunlnv— oi ■KE' — 5ir Aoltrt PhJ, WAR OF THE SUCCESSION IN SPAIN. By LonD HiBoir. UetniEHam. Hap. Bns U>. "Lord Hahon-i i..r™il.e telloeti a tin kuUiIt wall ordeiedmJnd— ItlicomoicheoilTe, eleu, and Uielf."— SPAIN UNDER CHARLES THE SECOND i i%ntol7«0. BrLouHABOH. Aiwiut £JilJ«ii. P«t Bn, HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY, the Birlta ot ChrUt to the SiUnotlon of Pagaolini 1 Rsmaa Brnptn. Bf Her. B. H. Milium, Siiila. ~ " A aila book for all Is nut, TbedlTtne orialn ofciirli- tianlt]:, and the auiboill)' of tlie Holy BeiTptuni, are eTerywheieiniiDUIniid."— Pr^uile M> JnirinaS^ SIEGES OF VIENNA BY THE TURKS. From the Oemao. Bjr Iakd Eixaaiiaaa. Poatan. U.td. " A laluable eoBtrlbatlon ID the hlnairofaalinponanl peTlDd."-^Mnw«. SKETCHES OF GERMAN LIFE, AND SCKNBS PROM TlIK WAR OF LIBEBATION. Bj. Bia A. U THE FALL OF THE JESUITS IN THE litth CBNTinty. F^m UeFreDBh. Poat8vo.ei.6d. " A candid and modeiala ni\."~Ct.tiUnWam}a^m^. HISTORY OF THE SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR. Br JoBii DHHawaiin. St^EAMon. PoM Svo. Ii. M. he trnlr a If Etnd of I he United SerilCM of tbe da; ."— .,l.:.dbXj003lC lift. HURRAY'S LIST OF BOOKS.~«togw«r. BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. LORD HERTEY'S MEMOIRS OF THE rOL-RT OP GEOHDK U. AMU 4)UEBM CARULINR. mm Jlrtt tmNiilitd A»> '*< •JrcJtiiM ml /ckwrt*. BdltMl bj ]U(hi IlBB. J, W. Cmm. Ponnlt. RTeli.Srs. •uHdad bt DO vcirt Ihu bu ■pp»r«d."— JfmiUjif I'—t. LIVES OF THE LORD CHANCELLORS nPKNQLAMD.noM raa unum Ti-H «il83S. By L«d Cumau- T TOUi 8. Kip. Sio, 111. " A atmtlT* tljwululr wuchlna ud itciUiig."— CHOKER'S BOSWELL>S JOHNSON. Indndliv tba Tour to tin Uabrlda. A Km BdUiim, rttlmt, i*im mM* ad4iU»nal maUtr. PwtniU. I lOL ■"ftsawiU'iLUIior Jahiuan,' inlaTgHl ud lltnmlnitod br Mr. Cniktr,li, without daubl, tbatEnfllib book wbLch ■lU b« moit filMi In Mhir dtyt ud nDncriu. b) tl LIFE OF THE GREAT CONDfi. Bj Lou Mahh. PoM Hto, «f . " A Toij ikU'ul and lati^mtlBg bumiIh."— QiuFl(rl|r LIFE OF BtSLISARIUS. By LomD MuHM. ASmSMCien. PottSm. '■ An obli ud TiliuUo ixcTarDuiiM."— l(i>iu»r JI«irtiK. SIR JOHN BARROWS AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Fnnn Kuly LIfa to Adnnotd Age. Portnlt. Ufa, lb. ■'Hut Ii anotbcr plinuni lL«t\Mt book to ba addad '• A work irbleb m lion ol tba UMoty of Engllab LIFE OF REV. GEORGE CRABBE. By hi* Sm. Pnrmlta. Fa^. ant, U. ~ ■ man Intenatliif plaea at MoBiapl > ' LIVES OF BUNYAN AND CROMWELL By RouiT Bootflbir, Pciat an, Ir. sd. MEMOIR OF LORD SYDENHAM. By O.P. SuOF^ H.P. Swuul BMIeit. nvtomlL Bra.!! U- "Wa luTa riaaa tnni tba paruaal of tliii work ■.:. BBOb utiitbcllon.-^nvHr-iJfBjosfH. EARL DUDLEY'S LETTERS TO TBI BlfiHOPOFLLANDAFP. 5k«w( XXUioia. >n>. l*t Ci ■■Amo»tlnHMtlngToliimB."~mgary Owf It. THE NAVAL WORTHIES OF QUEEN KLIZABBTB'B RBION. By JOHB Biuoir. am, Id '*Tfila n&UonAlly IntenttUv volnjBA," — IMvr} LIFE OF EDWARD GIBBON ; WlthNotai. ByRai. B.ailiuuH. Portnlt. ■».» I "A Taluihla ud DDcaflaary compaiUan to Iba i>ro.* OIU FalL--M., and Bsr. C C. Bociiit Portnlt 3 talk Sw>. «U. ADMIRAL SIR P. DURHAM'S LIFE- ByOaplsln A. UiiaAK. Itn,t*.*^ " A Toy iBleroaHu M)d wall wtliiMi Mnlr-"- j AtmUmJtunul. I LIVES OF GALILEO, TYCHO BRAHt ANDXKPLBR. By ait D. Dannrn. SMMrfS'A- , • ■ Oam-llk* Bottraiinna of tbntaitnonlliivT cc^uib. -.UMrary OualW. | MEMOIR OF wTlLIAM SUITH, THL OEOLOOIBT. ByJaiiiiPBiu.in,PRJ. Vf0.7i.M " A CTMaTBl and (nlU>ini racsUastton."— ttf . CMMi '■ CORRESPONDENCE OP D>. BENTLE1 ■' Uilntilui Baaugy-a blgta cbanOM LIFE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. Uf JoHH Bumnr. Poat Sro, tt. H. 'laDrMbadantlilotnpblnlUten'i.: Ub. HCItltAY'S LIST OF BOOkSv-VejkKM and VtmnU. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 1. ! NOTICES ON CHINA, utd our ComnienUl ', iDtosonneitlUi tbU Coontrj. BjSiiiaioiiamBTAUimN. . ' StcoTut BdUllm. Otd, Ui. " The ]0»™i of ooe wioM 1017 niint llghUni np tht «f ■, uuA gl>dd«D4 t1» ipliltx-of one, whoiv ' ilorr ilull tit goai nun »U bli wo'-ih. ion™] of oor Mgh. THE SIKHS ANd'tHE AFFGHANS. "^^^'^^^^^^""jj-^'^-i'^''^'^^'' '. : THE CLOSING CAMPAIGN IN CHINA. ' NiniHs. BjCArni. O. a.LoCB, RN. 'uap. PhCSfo. \Si.9d. LetebMofChlneHchuKtoc in IbonKHtttrlk. THIRTEEN YEARS' RESIDENCE AT rBB CODRT OP CHINA. BrFiniaiRiFi. Fromtho EtallBii. Bj FoKTUHlto Pmunn. Pa« Sro, It, Sd. " Tho nliublo imw»phl«l deuila vUch Uiut. Wowl hu collsctnl, and bli cIck ikncbai of fodat;, laadai hli It ■ciwM* ud InitiDdln of iu A JOURNEY THROUGH INDIA. Bj tho lata BuEor Hasn. 1 tcHj., P«t Bra, 111. ' •■ W( laTT ibow vbo md Ib«> ehumlmi; Jouiuli Isr th« itit ilBM."— EimiriM/-. BfANNESS AND CI^TOUS OF INDIA Bj R«T. C1UI11.U AcuHD. Poat«TO,>t,M. "TrrltUn In an auj anisecled *t;Is : ■Ml thatkstcbM ^•hleli H tlm of Eoroimn llta ud munan ondu u eaucrn inn miut luttml HI wbo hiT* Moodi ia lodl*. 01 itor* of lltonrr •dUiuId HINDOSTAN. flaograpbioillj. lUUMIollT, a By WALTnBiMiLTon. Mipt. Inli. 41a,4L SKETCHES OF PEBSIA. Br the laM Sia John U^uout. P«t Sro. but without Uh uric JBSba."— QHrtirlir A THREE YEARS' WAN[)ERtNGS MOHTHGRN PROVINCES ntCBINA. WltbaVWIlo Seeimd Edition. FUUo. Sro. 1B(. ;oapClB( Bon^w't dlfalo to Spain.* BORNEO— THE LATEST JOURNALS OF RAJAH BROOKS, of EVENTS IN BORNEO domi to Iba OoonpitkiD of Lilmui. and of iTltlt to theCaltba; tO(Othar vltb ■ Hanntln of tfaa EijiadlUon of H.lLa, law. B]r Oatt. RoDim Hinmr, R.N. Portrait of Hi. BBDOnit. JOURNAL oTk RESIDENCE at tha CAPE of GOOD HOPE ; irtlb Notfa on tbs Nitnna HIKorr aod Nallte Tribal. B7O. J. P. Buiibdsi,F.L.B. Woodeuti. Po«Bto.,9>. WESTERN BARBARY, WITH ADVEN- TDRBB IN MOROCCO AND AMONQ THE MOORS. B7 Uhdiiiiohd Hit. Foat Sto. b. M. " A atm and iilglilT iDicraitlog work."— A-«iaKk II It li aniptjr ol pralan CLASSICAL TOUR IN ATHENS AND ATTICA. Bj Rar. C. Woaannum, D J>. SwoHd EdWim. Plata*, arc llf-i »1«, FAC-BIUILEB OF ANCIENT WRITINGS OB tba WALta of Poin-au. Btcni EMUm, an. U. M. A VISIT TO THE IONIAN ISLANDS, ATtlENS, AND THE UOREA. Bj VawAto Qtmn. PlMoi. PoirtSro, m. " Ut. QUIkrd'i wut l> lar; cradltablc to ila aothot "— Quarterlf RaiiK. jiGooylc Uju MURRATS list of BOOK!U-V*ymcM m»A SrmT«lB. AN EXCURSION IN ASIA MINOR « fdillon. PlitM Imp! to pamlTi tbit LfiKi I, ol •Ueli ha li« onlj RESEARCHES m ASIA MINOR, PONTDS, AND ARMENIA [ with •Dma Aooount at tbg AnttgnlttM ud amtocT of Iboa CooBtrlw. Bj W. L lUwLraH. FMto. 1 ToUi tTO, 3(<. " Mr. UmlltcKi'i uebiMlsKlul ia«rc)i*i, ud til ur- ntlTB Ifl ftnanl, hkia oui waimMl wmmtiidattoiu."^ DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO; witn A JoinmaT n Hoanm in HnnuoTiiM, **d Ruunu OH TBI BuTOFic Ntmn. By BiK Otuiin Wiuimon. Plata uid WooAonU. I toU. Sto. Jfurly ftad/- ■CTPt uM^rla. EASTERN LIFE, PRESENT AND PAST. IH TIB NtLI. IH TU DIU«, AUB OH THB UDI.( DILU. Br Hauir UuniUAti. 9 tbIi. put eta. TRAVELS IN EGYPT, NUBIA, SYRIA, AND THE HOLY LAND. B; CapHiIIi* lur ud lUnoui*. F«t flTO, If . U. •' OiiE of tbe in»t ir*M]B| ud popnlir woilu of tlw preieni ttBtarj."—Aitr it " Hn. Ksaditb li B book dfiltti tall Dih WjM."-*ff(«'o'. NEW ZEALAND. Wllh aaat» AeetKmt if a n-ginitiin of til* Britlab Colonlnllon cd Uh Iitait. i ByB-J. WHarjiLo. WiUiHw 1 nila- Sro, Mh BritlibColoalaalloBtnMawZaaland which haa^igmaf TRAVELS IN NEW ZEALAND, _ J Sontaa Ibroutb Iha Intarior, with the NMonl Hi toiT of tba lalandti Bj B. Diarmnuca, ILD. FUtt. INCIDENTS OF TRAVEL IN CENTRil AHBRICA. ;s BngrBiinti. ■ ToU. »n>, 31r. AlKm SECOND VIBIT TO VDCATAN. By Josh l. Bman TRAVELS IN MEXICO : with Atmsme MB Bociv HDU)r»nia. By Q. F. Rdictoii. PoatSn.'i JOURNEYS ACROSS THE PAMPAS. B< BlxTXAIKMEttO, Piiat Btd, If . Slj. "Ttalibook haaall tha lolamlofa no««l."~-£(liai BaliK. JOURNAL OP A PASSAGE FBOU TBI PACIPIC TO THS ATLANTIC, oraiitaB Iha AsdHi \ tba NorthBrnPntfaKeatif Paii,Bnd dHDWdlncthsFw . It Lam Haw, BJ«. VOYAGE OF A NATURALIST ROUST THE WORLD. By Gbulu Dahwjh. FoM Cts, at t- ■'Tba aalhortBaflnt-n'B laBduap* painter. maS 3- dreBriat •olltudei Bie nude lo Mem with Intamc.'- Cworflrly Rtniew. VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY TO THE BODTE POLE; l«l»-*3. By Capt. fini Jahu Clabe Hoaa. ILN. PUtaa and Mapa. i tolA. Atp, Xr. ■■rhaoilrMti wt hue giren will ipcik batter thBO wb — wbleb iccraB antinly wulbyaf hli high profctilonal eharacler and ilinal Htrlcn."— QBarfBd M LETTERS FROM CANADA AND THE DNITBD BTATBa B; J-ILOodlct. «TDU.p(»tSTa,IBf. "HflW f» •! iBMt ow English MEMOIBS OF A CHURCH MISSIONARY INCANADA.BrRaT. J.Auorr. Pom are, if . (W. '■Tba Utile work before ui la iiEDUIntiKniunl of wbat ■ mlukiuUT'i UA itDOH Id Cinidi. Uadrr an InroDted ■Us pewu ol doeiiptioD."— OiwrdiBii. TOUR THROUGH THE SLAVE STATES, trata tlu RlTar Folonug. la Teui and tlia Pnmliara of Hailco. Bj O. W. FiAninaraHBAi lilQlng."— VflD «( ■tingiHodhli jde ■1*4 Uagnln. EXCURSIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND. Th> Cod nah1(. Ktiroad."— Tlaa. DATES AND DISTANCES! Showlst "hat ma; be done Id ■ Tmir of Bbitesa Hmtlia upon tfas CiuiUiiait of Eunipf. Poat »ia, ti-Bd. RUSSIA AND THEURAL MOUNTAINS ; KiaolottttHj niDitiatod. BrSnB. MDHCHiaaif, O.C.B CDloDnd Hapa, Flataa, As. I rela. nrtll Vo. •• Manr admirabla neninln h*Ta rtanltad fkvB tkna H, iHit tbcerowiilnttliaBDblatbarnatwock nOMESTIC MANNERS OF THE RUSSIANS. DeacTlbad Itom b Tar^ RaaldaiHe In Ifaat Coimtrjr. Bj It«T. RL.TllUBLBa,H.A. Fnat Bn, Bi. M. RUSSIA UNDER NICHOLAS. Truiilsted from lbs OnnuiB. Bj Captain Avthoht C. ** Uvalr and com|i»lien>iH."'-i<(*n*iiH. LETTERS FROM THE BALTIC. nrALaDi. Flataa. t Tola. poM Sro, SM. Ot Cluf i?dillim. poat »n, Si. Sd. "AaenaaotabBmllntilaBeriiillflH. TbaatjUlltoU ct «■!• Bad mthDHB."— Eaamtmtr. NORWAY AND HER LAPLANDERS; Wllta BfDU to th* SalnKn Flaba. fij tomx Uiuvbd. «T0, Hu. td. •• A pleaunltwok, PDa 'err pleiunt intt)Ht ; tbaobaer- THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES OF BTRVRIA. Tlienault of ■ereral Toun made for tba pDipoae of Inreatlgatlnf tti THE BIBLE IN SPAINj nlBta tlu SerlptDtoa n luigllah Aalbor of OATHERINGS FROM SPAIN. Being Bx- FBota baa tbe Hand-book of Spain. With mnob ewmttlar. B; Kicuu Pou. PoalSra,at. " Tbe beet EocUib book, berood cooipailBon, that anr •1 Biipeared (Or tbe lUutnilon, notmaieir of theECDe. bBrBcrerBDd manneraofSiiiilD."— Oi»rnd tbaTTROL-BAVARIA— AUBTRIA-BALZBinta -Thg ADSTBIAN ud BATARIAN ALPS, Hill thg DANDBE,troiiinLMMUisBLACKaBA. Ihp. PHt . PhIStO, 11*. ILLUSTRATIONS to thi HAND-BOOKS FOB GERMANV ^HD BWITZBRLAND. A BertM of Mapi ud Pluiu of tba mciit CnqBiDUd R«adi, C ■Dd Town*, As. PoM tn. HAND-BOOK FOR MALTA AND THE BABT. tb* IONIAN laLANDB, TDRKBT, ASIA MINOR, ud CONSTANTINOFi;^ Uipa. P«l Bra, Ui. HAND-BOOK FOR EGYPT.— THE NILE, ALKXA>'J>1(1A, CAIRO, tha fYRAMIDS, MOUNT 8INA1, and TSgBES. Dj Bin Qiaiixu Wiuuraoii. Hap. l«t. HAND-BOOK FOR NORTHERN ITALY •ad FLORENCE. BAIWINIA, OBNOA, TBB RtVI- BRA, VENICE, LOUBARDY, aad TUSCANY. Map. HAND-BOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY and ROME, Uia PAPAL BTATES, ud CITIES ETRDRIA. Hi^w. P«t Bvo, tb. HAND-BOOK OF PAINTING — THE TALIAN 8CHOOI& Fram tha Gennaa of Kinm. dlUd,'vltbN6tu flnC namlas blm of Enflland j If be foaiid him iffMnat would btd blm itaj at homa, aod know hta own CiKmErT Int."— I'll Complemi OnttaMns, if Htmrf Ptrnttmrn, IMi. HAND-BOOK TO THE PICTUR£ GAU CtitlcxI 6ptniani an Q|( Ksidi'ltoaU. " Mr. Uumy'i aertet of Basd-bDoki Hcm deillned to ambraca all tha ilgbu of Uw wt " Tha uieful ictlM of Haod-twiAa tHucd tij Mr. Mumr."— Aramliin'. "Ut. Hiunj'iH«UiintMtlc>. CompDid ~ loag hlitotkal dMail^ itcnit, prenntad !■ a ptals, B and DaoCul InrormatloD nlpMtlng all plana rcquln); and iDppUat IB aoint to aniT dlfflgulIT which «aa poaalUjulae.' —LUrrarr Oamlli. Hinlitj of Ibt m^tar ."— BnHiA tfaffu liaTciie half Itaa ■ ofthalra It or Bunpa with Ihem wflhoal aiklng m DidilzedbyGoO^IC , MURRAY'S LIST OF BOOKS^l RELIGIOUS WORKS, THEOLOGY, &c. THE ILLUMINATED PRAYER-BOOK. Wlib Bordan, laltUlt, vlgnitUa. TllLn. &o.. In guld ud H>loun, 8T(h dotb. mDTixao or vallunl. DE.^N COMBER'S FRIENDLY ADVICE TO THE ROMAN CATHUUC8 UP BNOLAHD. A UtiB BdUiim. •rllb Pnb« ud NotM. Br W. P. Uooa, U.D., VIcutTLMd*. Fiap.aTD,3f. ON THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH. knows to thtolc^cul (li of HolT Wrli. Whoen lehsd wocki otU- SUQOESTIONS TO THE STUDENT tINDBR PRBSB.'lt TBEOLOOICAL DIFPJCULTUtS. B/ A. C. Tut, D.CX. FoM Bto, b. Sd. ToluiDi."— C^umtiwl StttiQaitUt. fObetloliUei La (Obfl mL^lcI dvcltlne."— JlcmAv /"oi*. PRAYERS. FROM THE LITURGY, A THREE-LEAVED MANUAL or FAMILY FRAVBIt 1 unuiiad « u Co an Uia trouble ot tamlof lb* fv* btokmrdi ud lOiwuili. ROfiL Btd. iMUud, li. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LITURGY 4ND RITUAL Of TUt CHURCH; aelcclcd from II a xorki of smlocnl DItIsoi of Ibe I1\h Canlurjr. By "A miwc vidgibla uddJilon to ovcri churclitDU'i li- CATHOLIC SAFEGUARDS lOAim mb Itl. HICjt. "'C«nai.icBir(ao«BO*:> BSdantnn ottba iblMt —aukif if l.«A«'i CiUrfi. THE BOOK OF THE CHURCH , With Nntea ooDtolDlDf RcfanDsaa lo tba AuthoilLlaa, luid ■n Indox. B/ UouHT Baonur, i.T.n stxa EUUao. " 1 offai to thoaa who nfard wtEb Ion uid raTeianca tho Mribot compRbeDai>« mwd, dlllseotlr, fUthtulIx* ud cooiekuUiHuIj oompaiad,"~Pr4/a«. REMARKS ON ENGLISH CHURCHES, ■Dd on Randorini Sepnlelinl HamorUi aotaarrlmt to plan* ud Chrlatiui Dm*. By J. K, Hukuhd. -^aurlk Bdlllm. Woadonti. P«p. Sto. Oi. M. iuRli-i]ritamuuntua."-Owu-trrff Rniew. REVERENCE DUB TO HOLY PLACES. BISHOP HEBER'S PARISH SERMONS; ID tba LMwai. tba Ooapd, ot tb* Epiatia, tut Bferj undij In the YgK. SIxUi SdiUaK. S mla. poat Hro, ISi HYMNS FOR THE CHURCH SERVICE, I 'Mdun on Plata a THE NESTORIANS, oa LOST TRIBES, With ninaMUona of Boriptan Ptapbacj. Bj Aauai. '. M.D. ninl BdUim. Foap. a*o, «i. ._.! Imporunt acceHlDD lo outilona of (aograpUeil kQOwl«lge."'^'jtiircA ^ Ennlnnd Snirw. deiHh, ud Until."— JE^fl'i* CAHrntntm. PSALMS AND HYMNS, 8elaotad,mjrran|ad,ULdadapt«d to the Tirlona Bolamnitlaa ol tba Chnrob. Br W. B. Bolujid, ILA,, Farpatul Ciinia of W4lnMr. MnmUM- DiciilzedbyGoO^^k Mb. MURRAY'S LIST OF BOOKS.— »o»tex, th« DrunA. 4kr. POETRY, THE DRAMA, &c. &otA »rt«n-B Uft MM Wort*. LIFE AND WORKS. Collcotod udwnnscd wltb NoU> tir l[00Ta,Ellli.Hebw, ■av. Oeaiv* er»bba*B UA *nd W«rt*> LIFE AKD POETICAL WORKS. Ilttnit EtlUii.) tlm. fniM. Imp. an, 1^^ or 1iiilaaioet»,*ai. CAMPBELL'S SPECIMENS OF THB BBL nSH POBTB. JTtlc Edilfan. BoTll Bto. ISi. "Rich In flxqDltllF vximiplFi of EAf;ll>h pottrx, bbI iug(s>llia of dcllghtrnl Ihoughti twyonil mj -nkBrnt Im HEBER-S POETICAL WORKS. luoluilliig PALBBTINB— KUBOPE— TUB RED&El, ;o," niri Balllim. Pvrtrmit. FuKp. gm, 7*- S*. " Blihop Hsber bu UkRi a eranlul bUIIoti Annnkg Ibe iToandbardaoTlhvdAf'** — Uttrarj QmMt/te. MILMAN'S POETICAL WORKS. CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. llh BlitjF Vlfiutta EottmTliiI* b/ antnnit Artli "A iplVDiIld work— mnth Oliutntinf, ud vonbl TALES AND POEMS. I. Glim™. 1 «. Htm. t. BMDior Arrvo*. 7. lUurpA. i. CoUUIb «. IlUHD. t. LiLiiA. ft PAitiim. i. Binoi or ComiiTii. | 10. PMumu ol C With VIgDdttL 1 TOIL Nmo. U. DRAMAS. I. lUHrXED. I S. Tva FOHAIU. a. tUmiia Piuiiio. & DsrhihidTiuii Vi\tk VIgMlU*. a Toll. lima. Si. "Alna, eluilcd, morml, and iilIclDni pact.*'— LiTnvi Omntt: MILHAN'S HORACE. WlthanOriilaalLifs. niiutnled with Tiewi, T^neCls, ColOBiwl Bunltn, ka. Crown Sto. Ktarlf rtrndg. LOCKHART'S SPANISH BALLADS; >iii. Ulumlutsdlltlca, Borden, «ic 4lo,«.I(. "AinoniLppropiliildyBiiitllMbcsullfunyeinbTUIiW^ Sf Mb. ManiiiT aloDe pofseraeB the Copy- light of Ldbd Btkon's Wobki, ftnd no edition, illnatrated or otherwiBe, can except it bean his name on the title-page. ALLAN CUNNINQHAM'S POEMS ud BOHSa. Mmo, «(. M. "Tbe wocki ot th( moM MDdar and pktbctie tt tki Bcaiilih mloiUtli, In ■ cbcap >nd •lecint tMB."— REJECTED ADDRESSES. With Notta bjr (he Anlhon, and PorlnJu «r tkm TvMbl-frtt BiiXian. Feap. tTD,Sf. SPECIMENS OF ITALIAN SONNETS ENGLISH HEXAMETERS ; from the Genus. Hiu, D*. HiwnwT, ud J. O. Lockhakt. an, ii diM, VBua Tumunom. Did, b.Bd FRAGMENTS FROM GERMAN PR06E WRIIBRS. By atua AiiKfH. F«Mani,l erKa CTtt. Witb niuatratlona IwalTodaalgii (bllofaieaDeDlhaiDoiir c™pl.t.pic urai, and till the itorj THG CHARMED ROE; Dt OmSmTU. Wltb Uluitntloo'. I6mo.M. " A book TBI kindly lemambnnraa.'— Xiferatr OoRtfa. THE FAIRY BJNQ t A Collection ol Tuia luul Siouh for ToonR ParaoDa. Wltb lUnatnUoni bf KicnuD DOTu. EttiMl EdUim. FiBp. «Ta,7i. U. fiilrT lore. Nlcetf Uluiiraleil br Mr. Rlehud Uof le. iiho "Thns tfoEon leKanda, maa]> among Ibem pointed with lldrcn, mate up amoalh'a aatonajniaaal of cban "■'■■■-"'—-■ ,:=db,C,OOgIC Ur. MURRAY'S LIST OP BOOK3.-«rt CLASSICAL AND SCHOOL BOOKS. A DICTIONARY o* GREEK imd ROHAN ANTlQUlTlEa WIUi nimiennu Woodouta. Smmd EJitUm: Bns Xi. A DICTIONARY or GREEK ind ROMAN BlUORAPUV Alio UVIHOLOGY. t Vol*. Std, 3Si. " Th* oDlr ClHBiciL DfcUaBUy, with UT A NEW CLASSICAL DICTIONARY . OP ANCIBNT BlOBRAPHr, MYTHOLOOV, un aBOQRAPnY. Sto. /n PrqMralioiL Thli voTk wUl rompili* ibn lunfl iDbJeetiuineoa- (ijiwd Ln tbe mLI-knawn Dletlonur of LempiUn, inLd- IngJti emri, tDppIjHniltidcddcnDlii, iniledllbidBglD IL vUL thai lupplT I wul UiK bu bHD loD( (alt bj . paiwDi angigBillii taillDa. MULLER-S DORIANS; THE HISTORY AND ANTiaUlTlEB OF ! IXIRIC RACE. Tmulitcd b]r Tuihil uiA Li Saontt Editten. Msp*. aioli.8>0,M BUTTMAN'S LEXILOGUS ( A Critical Biunhutfcn oTUk Mgnniagud Btiniol^nrof TUbnu Wotdi ud Pmimm <■> Omk Wrltan. Truu- latad, iriLli NotM by Fiuum. nird SdUiwi. Sto, BUTTHAITS GREEK VERBS i Wltfa tU the Ti-naiw— their FamutlDD. Uunbg, ud Biact, HODinpiuiM bj in Indsi. Tnmtited, with NolMi bj FuHUEi. (iHsnd Bdf IIdh. STD,7f.Sil. "Bultmu'i CiUloKUS coiildni all tbois promlneni ln'cguluille>iofullr>ndrunilutisuliJ])'lnTciIlKated,tbil CARHICHAEL'S GREEK VERBS. Ihelata A. N. Cauociukl. BteiU BdlUm. PhiStd, WORKS OF HORACE. Willi u Or%liiil UIB' BjR«T. H. H Uiuia. nin- tnl«d with Vlawi, Vlgsitta bom tha Antique SlatiM, 0«iii% t^oliii, THe% ud eolrared bvrden. tTrown Snk HITCdELLS- PLAYS OF ARISTOPHANES, with EiisllihNDta* Sto. CLOUDS. lOt.— >. FROGS, tin. " Wg an not tiitii to trnj tltml Hr. Mllcbtf-sABia- tued tdltlon of Arlataphuei will lorn, vhrncmiplElM, Hoitlilni like ■DcpocblntligUiloiTDf Brltiihastalu- ■blp."— Qwarterly Knfcw. PEILE-S .^SCIIYLUS. THE AQAMEMNON AKD CHOEPBORCF. A Nf* u or tha Text, edited with BnfUib Kotc^ ^ T. W. PsLm D-D.. Btad Itutei of RvpUm 8cbc»l ~ ceiut EdlOtn. Std.EU. tub. "BrfulhemoituKtul edition t*Er pnUUhcd ta Ikii intiT."— 0./.rd Btnli. SUVERN'S ARISTOPHANES. THE BIRDS AND THE CLOUD& W.R.HUDUoii,F.BA pMtBTO,ai. BASE'S ANCIENT GREEKS ; I PtiBiJO aud PaiTiTi Lnri. MuuraHa. m. Tiasilated fiom the Gefmao. Foaj putleiUulT ol ■eeauullf dlffiue, almld af modeni mlteUra, tat MATTHIiE'S GREEK GRAUUAK. Abridged tiK Bdioali by BuMnnD. Ktm EdMam, n- Tind by EHWABIM. lima, St. INDEX OF GREEK QUOTATIONS h MATTOIfS LAROER ORBEK GBAHMAB. SBMl SflMsa. Bra, 7>' Oil' THE GREEK CLASSIC POETS. By Hanar NauaH COLiaiiwa, ILA. Tkird BdM^t. GR£C.£ GRAMMATICS RDDIUENTA PARSFOSTERIOR.SIVESVNTAXIS. BttttldSdilii^ ENGLISH NOTES MB LATIN ELEGIACS; dealmid Tor early proflcduti In the Artol latin Vn^ln- 'Ith Prefatory Rulea of CompoittloB ta m^fc* Mvtre, By Rei. W. OxaaBAM, U.A ,,Cooylc Hr. HURRAY'S UST OP BOOKa— Art, SelanoB, ««. ART, SCIENCE. AND MEDICINE. THE ANATOMY OF EXPRESSION AS CONNBCTEO WITH THH FINE ABTB. B/ tha lata Bib Ghulm Bau. rmrOt BdtUim. niitai. Im- perial Bto. 3]f. " Tlie utiat, tfaa wrIUi of fletlsn, tha dntnstlil, tbs nuB oT uata, will nuivn Iha tmcal tdtIi wltli gntltoda. ■dd paiiua il with ■ UralT lod Inenuing lutanll and deUgbt."— Clrf-"~ " ■ SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF N ABT. BjrLoui LiHHir. 3 nit. aro. Sli.M. 10 Hlitcxr of An, Lord Undn^-i ■umadlDg mltan miv UlDiInta them, tba laHllu llnai or Lard Undiv** Cbul will hIwiti hoDnalaitliEe tbl. lovadp**— Qiur prewnt ni wllb ■ tlow of iha Kbooli of palDtlnf. sod wc lacammaad tbam ■■ nij candid anil vicallant Broinetbtaw.'^-.-LUerarf OmmttU. THE ECONOUY OF MACHINERY AND H ANCPACTDRES. Bj CB4KL«a BAUAei. Ft/Vi XdlUoit. Foap. Bto, b. TABLE OF THE LOGARITHMS OF THE NATITRAL NUMBERS ttoa 1 to lOMOO. BjCMAaua BUBMK auand EiaHtH. Rajral Std, St. CORRESPONDENCE 'OF JAMES WATT, oNunDuannrorTaaCoHniTioiiorWiTui. Br J. P. HuiaaaimEaq.I'.R.a.B. WICh Forttalt. Sre.tOf. U. COSMOS ; OR, PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OP THK WORLD. Bj Biaon Auia. Voir HnBoUT. Tianalatad nndar the nipeiinlendaiHia of UoDt-Calontl BaiiiIiP.B.B. ToLLaodlL PoatVro. IZi.noh. par laqaallt }'al dmnant dailtilToIr Inirvdnlt nwn onviaga dani la lltttnton da Tatn paji."— L« BaraK BMmtfUt i M. Murtap, Dee. U, IMS. THE CONNEXION OF THE PHYSICAL aciENCBS. Bf Kuv aomaTiLu. 8t¥t»a BtUUoM. Plataa. Pcap. Bn, lOi. U. "ThE ttfle or Ihliaitooliblng production li lo clear and DDaBbcled, and »BTe;i Hltb to much ilmpllcilr la grcBI thahandioreTir^joalb IhenioiMntbi hu mulendths ganeial nidlmeDU of educalloB."- Quvter^ Rmlcw. CHEMICAL MANIPULATION; Balnt InaCniotloni to Btndenta In Cfaemletr;, on the Melhoda of parformln; Ekp^rimiota of DamopatiatkB «■ Riaaanb, with AomraoT and Bnooaaa. Bj Uvmii, FuAUv, F.R.e. niri BdiUtn. Bro.IBf. NAVAL GUNNERY ; Uamlnallon or Onoan, aod for e Training of Beaman Onnnara. fif LT>tn'..aaHiBi[. aHoviuDocsuagBart. Baimd BilUi. M. Guaooo, IHO, IN. :.tiKioTR, lg41,lM.M. HAHCBaBaii, IMa,IBi. a Uuntj hl>ti»7 rn fiujlll.h liU'wr'-- ' — ■■ '- " THE EMIGRANT. k nira BtUUtii. Port tra. III. PROQBESSION BY ANTAGONISM. A THEORY. iDTDlTlDg CtontidgnUoiu toncbEng tba Pn- HBl PhIIIcib, Dntlgi, vid Dotlnj of QHt Britain. By THE STORY OP THE BATTLE OF WATBRLOO. B7 RsT. O. R. Oi.ro. Fdattn,ei. ■■ nil McaoBt I* IntUnet with iplilt, and biwit are Ite laDcblBi ucedotai whlcb tit ID »> lalcrot."— Utirwj REMARKABLE CRIMES AND TRIALS. Prom lbs Qernmn. By L»dj Den Omcmi. Sro. 111. HAWKSTONE ; A. Till of Eagluid la tht Tau IM— - nird SdiMk- V TOlB. fcap. 8td, llj. ■■A clna, flalibHl, ud rowtrfOl eoapMllkiB."— itnitinip-iiuli ihLltrtklnre. lllitbcanti SALE'S BRIOADB IN AFFGHANISTaN. By lUr. O. R. Ot.no. Fiwt Bra, to. S<. " Om or thcoDhLiit neurdi or mlllUij wAwtatam Iktf n kooir."-Jfonidllff CArMiA. A Tale of Oe LITONIAN TALES ' Bi tbs AnBM or ' Lnniu VHii nm Bitne." PoM Sto, Si. M. tiflnlaaorUn- BRACEBRIDGE HALL. Br tiUni aiclilleciuiil iimaJni, Uic htogniihy ot Ibalr b;- EDie inhntilKiiili, C0UDtTT"'<> ""■! •«neT7, UttEUon, nilDiil hiitorj, »e."— Zlterwy Outf(>. NOTES FROM LIFE, in Six EauTB. By ON ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. B/ n. Fo» Talbot, P.B.B. Bro, iSi. rae Tii«l Intcroitlnr work nn Ihc dt-lmtloB ■ tlitb IsKfiugevlilch tiM>piM»«>l forminj jei jESOP'S FABLES. New Vanlon, ofakflr tf"" Oriflnal SourMa. r. TROHAa Jako. M.A. With IW Nan n'oi mplttelT ataMtbid ooi InMitn.-— Qa*T. HART'S QUARTERLY ARMY LIST. Sro.Sf. HART'S ANNUAL ARMY LIST. 8to, 21k. 'i ROYAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. BTo.b. I R0YALAQRICULTUBALJ0UIINAL.8tis2.4W. ! HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY. Std, Zt.Ci Mk. MURRAY'S LIST OF BOOES^-WMma NATURAL HISTORY, SPORTING, &c. PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY; or, tho Modam Chancia of the Bartti ud Iti IntuitlUiiUi Br CuuB I.1FBLL, r.aA SnnU sauiim. WoodonU. THOUGHTS ON ANIMALCULES. A GUnpw ■t tba InTMble World, u nnalad bf tb* Hlan»pa. Bj a. A. UuTuj., IkClU n*tMb Cnwn Sn, lOi. M. "Tlu i^«t or thli nUtmt la lo Uw hitbMt dwn* DAYS OF DEER-STALKING IN THE FOREBT OP ATUOLL. Bj WlLUIH SCIOI'I. F.L.S. WogdcuU l« LuDun. nfrd £ifl|jm. Crown tn>, SOi. lef and ImpBTfect aj Iba prandlnc atwiracL li, ve Ihat U vlil ruUj Jmtlfy Ika high pralu we hare fikI m tlili work, and Indurc our ludiri lo alt down ■la ■ pralatwottlii hla aabJact."— Ou THE GEOLOGY OF RUSSIA. Kt Bi» B. MUKOUDK, G.CS. Witli Colanrcd Uap. TiUoa, WoodoBta, «o. i nil. rojal 4to. " Tb* paUlmlon o( tun iTttom fonni u apock In nolofleil naearcb. . . Tha aathor hai dettkpad Uia eapabi* ol aBMtlni n bad rfffctHi ti: "Tha ImpnlM (fici tha'BllarUBBTiMm,- Th* withar at ance to oT faoloalvlap Bat hli aatialMwIlh tha aect THE PRACTICAL GEOLOGY AND ANCIENT AKCBITECrnRE OP IRELAND. By WiLKntOH. PUta» Roy.eTO.aSt. " Tha Taloa of adestllc kDowladja wb« appliod praetlcai pnrpoaa*, ■■ atrLhlnglr ihavn Id tbil Car1< ■' The work ia one whlcb mnit be paruaed with proflt by THE GEOLOGY' OF YORKSHIRE. By Job* Paiuin. Pub L— THE TORKSHIBE COAST. Plataa. ito, II.IK. Sif. Part IL— TOE MODNTAIN- UMESTONE DKTBICT. PUIea. 4to.tLlU.td. JOURNAL OP A NATURALIST. PdwMSdrNiHi.wllhWaodcDU. PoatXro, It.&L "A book that ought to And lla way lolo arary rural nwlBg.tiiom In the UnKdom."— Quorler^F lUtUw. THE NATURAL SYSTEM OP PLANTS i A PoraUR IrrnoDucnoii to Uonanif Bctavv. By LoDDoH. WoodcDti. Fcap. 8ni,S(. ■■ To any ona who wlthee lo comprehend tfaa nainei knd nature or plant!, thli ehanUni Tolume eiB b« uTely NimDieDded."— fifMiKafer. " Tha flaharDian will Hut In THE CHASE— TURF— AND THE ROAD. By NmnoD, Bland ESlHim, wllb Plata by Atau and MAXIMS AND HINTS ON ANGLING, CBRSS, SHOOTING, AND OTHER HATTERS. ByRicHiaiiPaHii,F.R.S. Sfcond AKtfn. With 14 Flatea. FIELD SPORTS OF FRANCE ; or.Hno&jg, hootlDg, and Flihlng on IbeContbwBt ByRomucii I'CaHHDB. Woodouta. ISma, 7t. M. WILD SPORTS OF THE HIGHLANDS. "TbawarklaruUoriDlareil tnaa baelnnlnc to tai. tloHr.Scropa-tDa) I, Iha naleral hlatory ifDrtrBulklBf ■xd MUCK MANUAL FOR FARMERS. Trutliano the Nature and Value of Man hit.. By F. uiiaa. A Vne S4Uim, ohh a alnuuy of Termi. 5*,«J:.''; id with BTldlty for It sdbyGoo^lc Itk. HURRAY'S UST OF BOOKS.-^ POLITICS AND STATISTICS. ■' n« bl|b Htoaa In Kblcll ' ■lut tb«li Incnulni uardCT. I . (wlrnc eoUacUd uii pnbUibcd In Ihii PORTER'S PROGRESS OP THE ■NA.TIOH, - _t. Porttr'i book W >11 iBlemlad In 1. ud who nflud mtr iVMiBt KtiTltr briooi IsplM bioii(U iMdai ooB>U*nlloa." — oimteri THE BANS CHARTER, Aod tha BUM of Ih* Iaw r^paetlni CumDcf ud Buk luf. B;SiiIliiwi[TruL,Bul., K.P. Sto, V POPULAR FALLACIES REGABDING asNKRAL IHrBRESTB. TnuuUUd, wUli Nota^ b; THE SCHOOL, IN ITS RELATIONS TO TUB BTATB, THB CHURCH, AMD THB COKGBE- THE PRISON DISCIPLINE or AMERICA. THE REGULATION OF CURRBNCIBS. "ThliTslwBaitouarinUmnttiiitdoncht to bain Iha tu>d( of ill vlw IsMnU ttwoualn* la Uw luliiiact." THE CRISIS AND THE CURRENCY with It COHFAUUOM hKnn tha Bl«tUi uid Boolal tanu of BKBklDg. Bt Johr Q. Kwmui, ot "t»i|iiii PARLIAMENTS AND COUNCILS OF j BXGLAND. Fnm tha Rai|B Dt Wiiliui I. to Oi «, Br 0. B. Pauv. M J>. tvaitk ESSAY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WHALTH. Put L-RBNT. B7 Rn. Richus Join. iLA. SKowiaiUHo*. Poit bto. ;>. sd. ESSAY ON THE QOVERNHENT OF DE- FENDBMClEfi. Hj O. C. Lmii, HJ. »ro, Ut. " A m«at«Tlaea or lucid inmDnmaDi, of loffol atfit manti,uul of Tl(onMUiaiuaaloc."'-CMsiiHr. DOMESTIC AND RURAL ECONOMY. L RUNDELUS DOMESTIC COOKERY, id Ob PriodplB of BcDncmr, uid Pmetloe, sud ■dmmpUTin rAniina laiksaltlfn. Fop. Hn. Si f lUi Kwrk upwrii tf iM.lloO eivte *aM ttn taM. '— W»«pp»»« J«nKl. d ijcHkUo UUDiil."— Sato/iioi HAND-BOOK OF NEEDLEWORK. I at pnelicil loflinaatlai. nc PEACTICAL HINTS ON DECOHATITE ItBBDLBWOnE. ouilaiBlnf nInBte dliKTHnuai to Iki tha beat Dwthodi of tanplojlaf MY KNITTING.BOOK. Pun' I. k IL CHURCH NEEDLEWORK, VltU Pnotlcal Hsnirka on Ita PrapanlioB and Amatr mcot With iiiunBrani EsgraTlnii. Post Sto. B>. N. u MUEIUVS MONTHLY LIBRARY. PabliAtdMm>ihly,Priei Zt. 6i. ; or in Volama, eccry (dternaU inonfA, PoU 8eo, Si., indiith. THE HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRAKY, >ilBt*d In «>«d nutibla tjFc.on lupcrllTia pipit, ud i TliIiS«1e>,eomprii1iigVojiift>sndTntEli,BIgcTmi itgned lo IWniili Iha kigkat Ltttratm of Iki Aqr, MinDen ud Cailomi, ftc, ud the wa aienlKi iilaling pinlT uroBloiirtL WuBE), andpirtl^ arocw IhBdlactlcin gf voika, Ucelhat vLth 0\t piodanllo tknu «r rornui PuaLicATiam.u tba bnnalpetiM, pr1«. {«■ buhI trntUt <■/ fit Tkirlf SktUiivi), m THI FOLLOWING HA BORROWS BIBLE IN SPAIN. " Then U no iiUnf 1™™ 0' ■ hook like tl Jllunmm. E ALREADY BEBM P 18, LORD MAHON'S LIFE i)F CONDK DRINKWATER'S SIEOE OF GIBRALTAR. UMait itritet Mtgwiin. ..--NartlMK MALCOLM'S SKETCHES OF PERSIA. - Uaa all the Inwml of aiii imiuliit Mead iUJJt Bits. —Qtsrlei'lf Bewltm. FRENCH IN ALGIERS, -or lomaDtlg wd ■bascbl Whit- BRACEBRIDOE HALL. IrrlDg."— Cn»rdd(« Cknmielt. DARWIN'S VOYAGE OF A NATURALIST. ■■ kfr. Darwtn li a flral.nta laDdiapa palalar.*'— Quarttrlg Bnieu. MELVILLFS MARftDESAS ISLANDS. ■• Thla book la aicallaDt— qolle ll»l.|*lc."— £(aeilirsi>^ LIVONEAN TALES. Br i Ladt. THE MISSIONARY IN CANADA. HEAD'S PAMPAS JOURNEYS. FORDS' QATHERINGS FROM SPAIN. " Tha M1E hook nn Spain Uiat haa siei appeared.'-— MELVILLE'S SOUTH SEA ADVBNTUREa MILMAN^ WAYSIDE CROSS. ACLAHD-S CUSTOMS OF INDIA. "Mint Intateit all wao ban IrtSDd* In India."— DidilzedbyGoO^IC Mr. UUURAVS LIST OF BOOKS IN GENERAL LITEUATURE. KiuOa't amam yftittn , Blunfi (H«>. J. J,) Work! . Ik>a*eU'iJa>iDUB,l»Crok>r . Bnabrid«a llaU . ShoiUt'i MutjTi 0( 8dna Briiltli AaoditJan Riinrta ■ Bnwden'i CitholK 8ar^aardi, A Bootiurr't CtjiB of Good INDEX. : I ai*ia> VMUiutoo I I OodJay't CuHte I i aordon-i Oonu LIh I : Ootpal BUdM for CUI tinr « PllBD DlMlpl GnU'lHliloTTolGra HkUva-l HMorM Ua>d-i {Sir P. n ) Tnnb «i — lSlrO.|Tr««li . Bdwr*! Rcnooiu ud IItiiuu . — PoctbalWnk ' irilrt (Lorf) l.ift^_ . (■ol.rid«'. I imbert'a KewUewoTk Doolii MBfordl NimT . MItaua'i BWoiiH . — LUBotOnAoB . MttiAtf ■■ AiMopbuM Maat**! Llla «( I^Tsn Mask Uuml l« Pannan .*• Gaoka of Ri NmitLM Nial*siiF< O'Druii, Nml BlofnpbjF Oimham'g Idtlg Bl^lai^ I'utVi PsrilUHntl FeDa'i Mtcij[m Pannltutoii od "" ~ PeiiD'i nubit. PhDUpi' Gwli» ot Yoriuhin PhBataplut in KHirt . PUtudPwIPoUcT Portor'i Pmgrtm of tlw Nation, Si PnT>r-Book lUumfaiilad . Qua. Is Gennin Trtelt . DknUr'l Hieit* ot Ulbnilu 3SE" • iLordl TtoDBIt FnlirRIng |Th» . Family IteceLpl-Booh . Finulij'i MudpiilitJou Fumliii for Lidln FnlbcrRtpalChhia lUHlCAI. Jounxl Fimll; Prajien LoadoD'a Uardoainguid Roluj . It I — Natunl lllitoir I I Lam'i ISEr H.) Uomafai > j Lyell on *'^*<«' /^ ■ I Mahom's (IdUl IIMoris I Huklud'i I^Uih CtiuKhu 1 Murtfnwi'iHoljLiind ■ M«o on thi Mtad " . ■ . Scnpa'i tlcei Stalking u Starilac^ Raab atniDg^ItaUaBSaimgta . SjdeoluiBi'i (Lmdi HtiM Tait's Thaolii^a] Bnggw Talbot on BtfiB0k«lia . 'nulor^ Nfltai from Life Tarabnll't AiutrU . Tirlu'i Lord Eldon ■ DiciilzedbyGoO^^IC ,db,Google D,t„db,Google I ,db, Google D,t„db,Google