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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY PRIVATE LETTERS OF SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. LBRARY SFP ' 9 IPPi LONDON : PBINTEl) BV W. CLOWES AXD 60NS, STAMPOED VmEXT A5D CIIARUCO CROSS. ^ Q THE AT>LAW, AXD 0!fR OP Tin; MA9Tr.!ld OP HER MAJESTY'S COURT OF EXCIfEtjrF.il. Ne«do, quod ccrtc «t, quod mo til»i !enii«ernl asinini.— PKitfir:*. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: RICHARD BENTLKY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. ^vblitlKT in OrTiinar^ to Drr i^aftstp. 1853. f TV Amtkar nnH l'nl>Ufhrr rttrrfv t>, f.'i' mtclvfM th- riiikt uf rmn*lafiiifj this Vui >■•.] To Vicb-Admiral SIR JAMES GORDON, K.C.B. GOVERNOR OF GREENWICH HOSPITAL. Mt dear Sir James, I KNOW it will be most grateful to Sir James Brooke, that these Volumes of his Letters should be dedicated to you ; and in thus associating your name with that of the Friend whose extraordinary career you have watched with so warm an interest, I am prompted by those feelings of aifection, gratitude, and friendship, which so deeply bind me to you both. Believe me, My dear Sir James, Your ever affectionate Son-in-Law, JOHN C. TEMPLER. Hatcrax Lodge, New Cross : DecEXBEii I, 185.1. PREFACE. I AM aware of the responsibility, that attaches iu making public a private Correspondence, and how rarely it should be attempted, until the chief actors have passed from the scene. I trust, however, to stand acquitted in the present instance, for the fol- lowing reasons : Sir James Brooke was my early and intimate friend, from whose society I have derived the greatest possible advantage, and to whose friendship and example, I attribute much of my success in life. When the outcry was ndscd against him in 1849, I knew how fiilsc it was, and it was my duty, in his absence, to point the defence in the right direction, and to trace the calumny to its source. It was during this period, Sr James Brooke suggested the propriety of pub- VUl PREFACE. lishiDg his Letters, and forwarded to me those to his mother, leaving it in my discretion to lay them before the public, either then, or at any future time. Partly from want of leisure, but more from a natural reluctance to break the seal of so intimate a corre- spondence, for the sake, merely, of refuting Mr. Hume and the Directors of the Eastern Archipelago Company, I at that time refrained ; and the large majorities of the House of Commons, on three successive occaaons, in Sir James Brooke's favour; the strong voice of public opinion out of doors ; and the approval and confidence of Lord John Russell's Government, and afterwards, of that of Lord Derby, appeared suffident to justify the course that had been taken, and to render nothing further necessary. AVhen, however, the pertinacity of Mr. Hume obtained from the present Ministry, their consent to a Commission of Inquiry, under circumstances, that on the part of some mem- bers of the Cabinet, implied at least a distrust in Sir James Brooke ; and when this was followed by Lord Clarendon's Letter of Instructions to Lord Dalhousie, to appoint Commissioners, conceived in such a ipirit, and containing such statements, as evinced a £Beling PREFACE. IX even deeper than distrust; I felt I ought no longer to withhold a Correspondence which, from its intrinsic truthfulness, must carry conviction; and by showing the actions, feelings, and opinions of Sir James Brooke, during his career in Borneo, as given in all the confi- dence of friendship, enable his countrymen to judge between him and his defamers. It may be proper here to correct a misapprehension which has got abroad — occasioned, perhaps, by the tenor of Sir John Pakington's letter to Sir James Brooke, relieving him of the Governorship of Labuan — that a want of confidence was shown him by the late Ad- ministration. The case, however, was quite the reverse. The reduction of the establishment at Labuan, which involved Sir James Brooke's retirement from the Governorship, met with his approval under the then circumstances of the settlement; but, so far from evincing any distrust, the late Ministry expressed their continued confidence, by appointing him, as a part of the same arrangement, to a high ministerial oflBce in the Indian Archipelago, which, by the real power it conferred, was completely in accordance with h X PREFACE. his wishes ; and tlie formalities were all but complete, when Lord Derby's Ministry retired from office, and their successors refused to confirm the appoint- ment. Although deeply sensible of their kindness, I need not express my thanks to the relatives and friends, who have so materially assisted me with the letters addressed to them — our object has been a common one. In conclusion, I may be permitted to say, that never were letters written with more apparent facility (whole pages of the originals without a correction), or laid before the public with a more entire unreserve. J. C. T. Hatcham Lodge, New Croii Decemtier 1, 1853. PRIVATE LETTERS OF SIR JAMES BROOKE, KC.B. CHAFfER I. December 7, 1838, to January 2, 1839. No. 1. John C. Tebipler, Esq. Royal Hotel, Devonport, My DEAR Jack, December 7, 1838. The wind is fair, and I write to bid you fare- well. Dear friend, farewell, may all happiness and good fortune attend you during my absence. Write to me. Watch mc! I need not say how much of affectionate feeling I have for you, — how deeply sensible I am of your friendship and watchful kind- ness, and how amid all changes and chances, it will survive till I survive no more, or till we meet again. Yours, dear friend, with kindest regards to Prior* and your sister, ^ery affectionately, J. Brooke. PJS. Kellf left me yesterday, he saw two shipwrecks. * A brothor-iii-Uw of the editor. f A brother of the editor. ^^ VOL. L B 2 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Margaret* wants you to send her my paper on Borneo : if not copied, the one in your possession. Again and again, adieu. Yours, ever, J. B. The paper referred to in the postcript, was written by Sir James (then Mr.) Brooke, before he left Eng- land, in 1838, and is so explicit as to the objects of the expedition, and so explanatory of many passages in the letters, that no apology is considered necessary for in- troducing it here. It is taken from the original MSS. in the editor's possession, and has never yet appeared as a whole. A brief abstract of it was published in the Journal of the Geoffraphical Society^ in 1838, vol. viii., p. 443. Mr, Brooke's Expedition to Borneo. Borneo (in the language of the natives Bruni), Ce- lebes, Sulu, the Moluccas, and the islands of the Straits of Sunda and Banca, compose what is commonly called the Malayan group, and the Malays located on the sea sliores, of these and other islands, may, with certainty bo classed as belonging to one nation. It is well known however, that the interior of these countries is inhabited by various tribes, differing from * A titter of Sir James Brooke. SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.a 3 the Malays and each oilier, and presenting numerous gradations of imperfect civilization. The Dyaks of Borneo, the Arafuras of New Guinea, and others, besides the black race scattered over the islands (objects here as elsewhere, of traffic,) present an interesting field of inquiry; and it is surprising, whilst our acquaintance with every other portion of the globe, from the passage of the Pole to the navigation of the Euphrates, has greatly extended, we know scarcely anything of these varieties of the human race beyond the bare fact of their existence,* and remain extremely ignorant of the geographical features of the countries they inhabit. Countries which present an extended field for Chris- tianity and commerce — w^hich none surpass in fertility — rich beyond the Americas in mineral productions, and unrivalled in natural beauty, yet continue unex- plored, and s])ite of the advantages which would pro- bably result, have failed to attract the attention they 80 well deserve. The difficulty of the undertaking will scarcely account for its non-performance ; if we consider the voluntar}' sacrifices made on the shrine of African research, or the energy displayed, and the sufferings encountered by the explorers of the Polar regions, yet the necessity of prosecuting the voyage in an anned vessel, the wildness of the interior tribes, the lawless ferocity of the Malays, and the dangers to be a{>- • See Raffles aud PrichanJ. B 2 4 PRIVATE LETTERS OF prehended fix)m the jealousy of the Dutch, would pre- vent most individuals from fixing on this field for their exertions, and points it out as one which can only be fully accomplished by Government, or some influen- tial body. It is not my object to enter into any detail of the past history of the Malayan nations, but I may refer to the undoubted fact that they have been in a state of de- terioration since we first became acquainted with them ; and the records of our early voyagers together with the remains of antiquity still visible in Java and Sumatra, prove that once flourishing nations have now ceased to exist, and countries once teeming with human life, are now tenantless and deserted. The causes of such lamentable changes need only be alluded to, but it is fit to remark that whilst the clamour about educalaon is loud, and extravagant dreams are entertained of the progressive advancement of the human race — ^a large tract of the globe has been gradually relapsing, and allowed to relapse, into barlmrism. Whether the early decay of the Malay states and their consequent demoralization, arose from the intro- duction of Mahomedanism, or resulted from the in- trigues of European ambition, it were useless to discuss ; but we are very certain that the policy of the Dutch has, at the present day, reduced this '* Eden of the Eastern wave," to a state of anarchy and confusion, as repugnant to humanity, as it is to commercial pros- perity. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 5 Enough is known of the harshness of this policy, and there is no need of here contrasting it with the ener- getic, successful, though ill supported sway of Sir Stamford Raffles — ^but it is the indirect influence which it exerts, that has proved so baneful to the Archipelago, under the assumed jurisdiction of this European power. Her unceasing interference in the concerns of the Malay Governments and the watchful fomenting of their internal dissensions, have gradually and effectu- ally destroyed all rightful authority, and given rise to a number of petty states, which thrive on piracy and £eitten on the slave trade. The consequent disorganiza- tion of society arising from these causes, has placed a bar to commercial enterprize and personal adventure, and has probably acted on the interior tribes, much in the same way as this fatal policy has affected the Malays. As far as can be ascertained, the financial and commercial concerns of the Dutch have not been prosperous ; it is easy to conceive such to be tlie case, as it will be conceded that oppression and prosperity cannot co-exist In short, with the smallest possible amount of advantage, the Dutch Government has all along endeavoured to perpetuate an exclusive system, aiming more at injury to others than any advantage to tliemselves, or to the nations under their sway; for where an enlightened administration might have pro- duced the most beneficial results, we are forced to deplore not only the miscliief done, and the mass of 6 PRIVATE LETTERS OF good neglected, but the misery and suffering inflicted on unhappy races, capable, as has been proved, of favourable development, under other circumstances. The policy of the British in the Indian Archipelago, has been marked by vacillation and weakness. The East India Company, with a strong desire to rival the Dutch, aimed at doing so by indirect and underhand means, and shrunk from the liberality of views and bold line of conduct, which was perhaps inconsistent with their position and tenure of authority. It was in vain that Sir Stamford Raffles iu*gcd on them a line of conduct, which, had it been pursued, must eventually have ensured the ascendancy of the British over the space from Borneo to New Holland, and have linked her colonies in the East by a chain of posts from the northern part of India to the southern extremity of Van Diemcn's Land. The timidity of the Company and the ignorance or indifference of the then existing Governments, not only neglected to carry this bold pro- ject into execution, but sacrificed the advantages already acquired, and without stipulation or reserve, yielded the improving Javanese to the tender mercies of their former masters. Ti)e consequences arc well known ; all the evils of Dutch rule have been re* establi:$he(l, and die British wn^clifully excluded, directly or indirectly, from the commerce of the islands. It is true that the settlement of Singapore has SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 7 attracted a large portion of the native trade to its free port, and has become from its happy situation, in some measure an emporium for Straits' produce ; but, with this single commercial exception, our loss of footing and political influence in the Archipelago, is complete, and our intercourse with the natives has gradually become more restricted. We may sum up these remarks by taking a brief survey of the present posi- tion of the Archipelago. The Dutch are masters of a^ large tract of New Guinea at one extreme, and, at the other, have possessed themselves of the coast of Borneo, extending from the western boundary of Borneo Proper, to the southern limit of Matan. A glance at the chart will show that they have stations of more or less importance connecting these points, and that Java, and their settlement on Sumatra, give them exclusive command of the Straits of Sunda. It may likewise be here observed, that their territorial extension b only limited by their desires, for as there is no check from European nations, a title to possession is]too readily ac- y qiured from distracted and contending native govern- ments. But the position of tlie Dutch nation in the ** far East,*' though apparently so imposing, is, in reality, far from strong, and their power would easily sink before the vigorous opposition of any European country. Java, exhausted and rcbelUous, submits, but remem- bers the period of British possession. The wild 8 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Battas, of Sumatra, successfully repel the efforts of the Dutch to reduce them. The Chmese of the southern part of Borneo, are eager to cast off the yoke of masters who debar them every adyantage, and would fain, were it in their power, exact a heavy tribute. Their possessions in New Guinea are nominal rather than real, and their older settlement of the Moluccas, fallen in value, can scarcely be supposed to compensate for the sacrifice of men and money, caused by their narrow-minded views and ill-directed efforts. The Dutch are strong enough to defy any native power directed against them, but their doubtful title and oppressive tenure would, as I have before said, render the downfall of their rule in the Archipelago, certain and easy, before the establishment of a liberal Govern- ment and conciliating policy. Of the Malays, it is sufficient here to remark, that they have ceased to be powerful, and that their distracted and disorganized state, renders it dangerous for friends or strangers to trust themselves in their hands ; but their hatred of the Dutch is unbounded, and there is no reason to think, tliat any insuperable obstacle would be met with in the formation of a strong legitimate Government amongst tliem. Our recent knowledge of the position of the native states, is so circumscribed however, that it is difficult to say much on this subject The Bugis, the traders of the islands, and their SIB JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 9 hardiest and most enterprizing race, are checked and hampered by Dutch restrictions, and this remark, ap- plying most forcibly to them, is true of the whole trading interests, and renders all alike inveterately hostile to the Dutch. It may be fairly concluded from the foregoing remarks, that the injury done to British interests by the cession of Java and the consequent loss of power, has been greatly counterbalanced by the misrule of the Dutch, since their undisputed re-establishment. The field is again open therefore, to any nation desirous of rivalling Holland, and little doubt can be entertained of the success of such an effort, if carried on by a course of policy and conduct the reverse in every respect of that pursued by the present monopolists. The fact must be always borne in mind, that the Dutch are masters of the Archipelago, oit/y, because no other nation is willing to compete with them, and although any attempt by another power might, and would doubt- less, be watched with the greatest anxiety and distrust, and every opposition direct and indirect be levelled against it, yet it could not be considered any infringe- ment of acknowledged right or actual possession. A liberal system indeed, recommended by mutual advantage, would assuredly triumph over any local opposition, if not obstructed by European interest:^ ; nor is there any great reason to apprehend such a pro- bability, unless, going from one extreme to another, we B 3 10 PRIVATE LETTERS OF should attempt hostility, to regain what was foolishly thrown away. Nevertheless, sooner or later, the time mtist arrive, when we shall again be in possession of these islands, and we may accordingly look forward and prepare for the event in various ways. ^ The subject may be divided under two heads, viz., Territorial Possession, and Commercial Prosperity; and these appear so intimately blended, that the second is greatly dependent on the first, for it must be remembered that Sir Stamford Ra£9es, the highest authority on this point, has pronounced^ that no purely commercial settlement can succeed in the Archipelago, and has attributed the numerous feilures which have occurred, to a lack of knowledge of the country, and the non-possession of territory. Many arguments might be urged, and many reasons given, to show the entire justice of this opinion, but it will be sufficient to state, that where a native population exists, and is rightly governed, an in- fluence is insensibly acquired and strengthened, not only over those immediately protected, but also over the neighbouring tribes, and that on tlie occasion of any disturbance or collision with other powers, the means of resistance or the punishment of aggression, are at hand. A commercial post on the contrary, tliough advantageously situated, is liable to the fluctu- ations and distractions of its neighbours, its means of SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.a 11 attack or defence are necessarily limited, and whilst it fiiils to command respect, the natives are rather injured than henefited by its existence. The chief consideration, however, seems to be, that territorial power is constantly opening new sources of traffic, and extending those already established, by disembarrassing trade of the intermediate clogs which tend to limit exports, from the small amount of benefit to the original dealer — and to lessen the demand — from the increased price attendant on passing through various bands. The insular situation of Singapore may be adduced as a proof of this, for all articles of Straits produce before coming into the possession of the British mer- chant, afibrd profits to several classes of natives, in a very unequal degree ; and little hope can be enter- tained of the favourable progress of a trade wherein the original producer or proprietor participates to so trifling an extent in its advantages. It may, indeed, be considered a monopoly by tlie natives inhabiting the coasts, as severe on the interior tribes, as the Dutch restrictions on themselves. For these and many other causes which readily occur it would seem, that territorial possession, is the best, if not the only means, by which to acquire a direct and powerful influence in the Archipelago, but any govenmient instituted for the purpose must be directed to the advancement of the native intcre^sts and 12 PRIVATE LETTERS OP the development of native resources, rather than by a flood of European colonization, to aim at possession only, without reference to the indefeasible rights of the Aborigines. On the second head, viz., the Commercial Prosperity, nothing need be added save that, being dependent on the right working of the first principle, it must un- avoidably in its progress, present a striking contrast to the commercial monopolies of the Dutch, and be the means of bringing the English merchant in contact with the original native dealer. The advantages, political and commercial, accruing from a well-managed territory, need only be alluded to, as every one in the slightest degree acquainted with the country, is well aware of its vast capability. ^ In a political view, the contiguity of the islands to our possessions in New Holland, and India, and the command over Cliina, are sufficiently apparent ; and commercially, it would only be necessary to quote their productions, to prove their value. The difficulty of once more placing our interests, on a footing worthy a great nation, is no doubt considerable, but apt to be greatly overrated ; as the unpopularity of the Dutch, and the weakness of the native states, would ensure success to an establishmeht aiming at sufficient results by slow but steady means. The question, indeed, is not one embracing the acquisition of territory, but its occupation: viz., whether England shall claim and SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.CB. 13 improve lands she holds by as good a title as any the Dutch can show, and whether doing so, she shall use the full ascendancy of her national position, to extend her commerce, and distribute her manufactures, among a people who have always when permitted shown their craving for mercantile adven- ture? A strong government established in Malludu Bay, ^ a British territory, capable of extension, and possessing internal resources, having sufficient authority to culti- vate a good understanding with the native governments, and spread inferior posts over the Archipelago, as oppor- tunities offered, would effect this object, and without in- fringing upon the claims of any foreign state, ensure a commercial footing on a scale never yet developed in thb portion of the world. Malludu Bay, situated at the northern extremity of Borneo, has been men- tioned as best adapted for the purpose in view, on several accounts. 1st. It is a British possession. 2nd. Tliere is no great Malay or Bugis settlement in its vicinity. 3rd. It is the place where in all probability a direct intercourse may be held witli the Dyaks of the interior. 4th. The position relative to China is advantageous. 5th. It forms tlie wcatern limit of the Archipelago, and our new settlement at Port Essington bounds it to the eastward. The climate and soil are well spoken of: a river flows into the bay, and is reported to com- 14 PRIVATE LETTERS OF municate with the lake of Keeny Balloo, and the moun- tsdns in the interior— K)ne of very considerable elevation. Above all, however, the natives are reported to be docile and easily taught ; the servants of the company attached to their settlement of Balambangan were decided in opinion, that this bay was far preferable in every re- spect, to the station chosen and subsequentiy abandoned. Supposing these advantages to be as above stated, yet it would scarcely authorize any active steps being taken without a more accurate knowledge than we at present possess of the particular locality, and of the states in its vicinity ; it is to this point that I would direct attention, remarking, however, that althou^ Malludu Bay, should on enquiry be found to be unfit for the purposes of colonization, yet the general view of our policy remains unafiected, as it would be only necessary to obtain a suitable place. With a settlement at each extremity of the Archi- pelago, we could readily protect the trade of the natives, and obtain minor posts, and free-trade ports, whence the best principles of commerce and good government might be disseminated, and our interests best pro- moted, by the general prosperity of the countries under our sway, or in our own vicinity. It is scarcely neces- sary to say more on this subject, but before closing these remarks, I cannot help adverting to the colony at Port Essington. The former settlement, which existed in the imme- diate neighbourhood of Port Esuogton, was after a SIR JA^IES BROOKE, E.aB, 15 trial (of a few years) abandoned as useless, and the same difficulties which checked the progress of the first, will probably impede the present colony. It was a striking feature of this settlement, that the natives, though frequenting the coasts to the northward of New Holland, seldom if ever visited or offered to trade with the settlement. This has, I know, been attributed to the natives being ignorant of the exist ence of the place, but this reason appears to me impro- bable in the highest degree, and we may with more justice surmise the cause to be, our utter disinclination and local inability to protect traders from the conse- quences attendant on a breach of Dutch regulations. This conjecture gathers confirmation from the facts, that the inhabitants of the Eastern portion of the Archipelago, are not addicted to maritime adventure, being supplied by the traders of the Western Islands with such articles of European or Chinese manufacture, as are suited to their tastes. The Bugis vessels that fre- quent the north coast of New Holland chiefly carry on the trade with the Arafura group, and it is evident that going and returning from this voyage, they arc at the mercy of the Dutch cruisers. Is it probable then, that the Dutch would allow an. intercourse with a British settlement, which it was in their power to prevent ? And whilst the Bugis, are the carriers, is it not in the power of the Dutch to restrict and harass, if not totally to prevent their communication with us? The natives of the Archipelago cannot look to the British 16 PRIVATE LETTERS OF for protection, but they can and do look for Dutch vengeance, and dread it These considerations are not urged against advan- tages to be derived from the possession of Port Essington, but rather as a warning against the over sanguine expectations of its having a trade of any con- siderable extent, whilst our relations with the Archi- pelago continue on their present eclipsed footing. The good to result from this colony, must be looked for on the continent of New Holland, where it will probably extend and make the same progressive strides to import- ance, as the sister colonies in the same country : but with reference to the Archipelago, its government will want authority to control the evil influence, suflSdently to ameliorate the present system. » Not far distant to the westward of Port Essington, is the large and fertile island of Timor, a portion of which, there is no doubt the government of Portugal would cede willingly for the smallest equivalent, as it has been long virtually abandoned, and is utterly use- leas to the mother country. The size and situation would render the possession of tlie Portuguese frontier of this island a desirable acquisition, and the favourable opportunity may not, if allowed to pass over, again recur. ^ The same indeed may be said of Leuconia, which oflfering no real benefit to Spain, would, in the hands of the English, be a lever to rule both China and the Archipelago. Rich, fertile, and blessed with a fine climate, witbm a few days* sail of Canton, and com- ' ■ ■^« SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 17 manding the China sea, it would be an unrivalled jewel in the colonial tiara of England. When our re- lations with China come to be settled, and settled they must shortly be, the importance of Manilla can scarcely be overated. Spain distracted, and torn by internal factions, and pledged to England by treaty and obligation, would readily place Leuconia in our hands, as a guarantee for the sums due, and would probably cede the pos- session in lieu of the claims we have on her exchequer. For such an acquisition, the present is the time, the tide in our afiairs, which taken at the flood, would lead on to fortune, and as I have before stated, that in a political point of view, it is only on an extended scale* that any real advantage, national or local, is to be gained, I must reurge my conviction that it is better to leave the Archipelago in its present state until the next general war, when it will again pass into our hands, than by contenting ourselves with. paltry and insignificant stations, convey false impressions of our national importance, not easily removed from the minds of the natives.* • I may here add a brief summary of the Dutch trading regula- tiooa : — Death was inflicted on traders in spice and opium not first bought from the Company. It is forbidden, under heavy penalties, to export or import the following articles, vix. — pepper, tin, copper, Sormt silks, Indian cloths, cotton yams of all sorts, unstamped gold, Samarang arrack, muskets, gunpowder, ftc, &c. All vessels re- quired a past. No vessel to carry powder or shot in greater quan- titj than specified in the pass. No port was open to any vessel eoAiag from the northward or the Molueeaa, except Batavia. No 18 PRIVATE LETTERS OF ^Vhatever difference of opinion may exist, or what- ever degree of credit may be due to the yiews here recommended, there can be doubt of our future ascen- dancy in the Archipelago, whether attempted at the present time^ or delayed until the fortunes of war ofier a fitting occasion. In either case a previous acquaint- ance will greatly facilitate the result, and must in al^ probability tend to a more just appreciation of these highly interesting countries, for when public attention is once aroused, and a stimulus given to inquiry, it cannot fail in fully developing the resources, and ex- hausting the knowledge of the mine, which has hereto- fore been left to the weak and casual efforts of indivi- dual exertion. It has been remarked by Mr. Farquhar, % that the indifference of the British Government must have originated solely from the want of informa- tion, or its incorrectness, since it is not improbable that the riches of Sumatra and Borneo, are equal to V those of Brazil and New Spain. The lapse of years has by no means weakened the force of this observa- tion, for Borneo, Celebes, and indeed the greater portion of these islands are still unknown, and the government is as indifferent now, to these countries, equal in riches, and superior in commercial advantages to the new world. The apathy of two centuries still reigns supreme with the enlightened people of England, as well as their government, and wliilst tlicy willingly naTigmtion was allowed to be carried on by the veitels of Banka and BiUitoot except to Palembaiig : bo naTi^tioo from Celebes 1 SIR JAlklES BROOKE, K.CK 19 make the most expensive efforts favourable to science, commerce, or Christianity in other quarters, the loca- lity which eminently combines these three objects, is alone neglected and alone uncared for. It has unfortunately been the fate of our Indian possessions to have laboured under the prejudice and contempt of a large portion of the well-bred community, for whilst the folly of fashion requires an acquaintance with the deserts of Africa, and a most ardent thirst for a knowledge of the usages of Timbuctoo, it at the same time justifies the most profound ignorance of all matters connected with the government and geography of our vast possessions in Hindostan. The Indian Archipelago has fully shared this neglect, for even the tender philanthropy of the present day, which originates such multifarious schemes for the amelioration of doubtful evils, and which shudders at the prolongation of apprenticeship in the West for a single year, is blind to the existence of slavery in its worst and most exaggerated form, in the East. Not a single prospectus is spread abroad, not a single voice upraised in Exeter Hall, to relieve the darkness of paganism, and the horrors of the slave trade. Whilst the trumpet tongue of many an orator excites thousands to the rational and charitable object of converting the Jews, and reclaiming the g}7)sie8: whilst the admirable exertions of Missionary eotcrprize in the Ausonian climes of the South Sea have invested them with worldly power as well as religious influ- ence : whilst the benevolent plans of the New Zealand 20 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Association contemplate the protection of the natives by the acquisition of their territory : whilst we admire the torrent of devotional and philosophical exertion, we cannot help deploring, that the zeal and attention of the leaders of these charitable crusades have never been directed to the countries under consideration. These unhappy countries have failed to rouse attention or excite commiseration, and as they sink lower and lower, they afford a striking proof how civilization may be crushed, and how the fiiirest and richest lands under the sun may become degraded by a continuous course of oppression and misrule. It is under these circumstances, I have considered that individual exertions may be usefully applied to rouse the zeal of slumbering philanthropy, and lead the way to an increased knowledge of the Indian Archipelago. Such an exertion will be made at some cost and some sacrifice, and I shall here quit the general topic and confine myself to the specific objects of my intended ▼oyage. It must be premised, however, that any plan previously decided on, must always be subject, during its execution, to great modification, in countries where the population is always wild and often hostile, and where the influence of climate b sometimes fatally opposed to the progress of inquiry. Local information likewise, frequently renders a change both advisable and advantageous, and circumstances as they spring iqi, too often influence beyond the power of foresi^t, especially in my own case, where the utmost care, will SIR JA^IES BROOKE, K.C.B. 21 still leave the means very inadequate to the full ac- complishment of the proposed undertaking. With a small vessel properly equipped, and provided with the necessary instruments for observation, and the means for collecting specimens in Natural History — ^it is proposed, in the first place, to proceed to Singa- pore, which may be considered the head quarters for the necessary intervals of refreshment, and for keeping open a certain communication with £urope. Here, the best local information can be obtained, interpreters procured, the crew augmented for any particular ser- vice, and, if needful, a small vessel of native con- struction may be added to the expedition, to facilitate the objects in view. An acquaintance may likewise be formed with the more respectable of the Bugis mer- chants, and their good-will conciliated in the usual mode, viz. by civility and presents, so as to remove any misconceived jealousy on the score of trading rivalry, and to induce a favourable report of our friendly inten- tions in their own country, and at the places where they may touch. Tlie " Royalist"* will probably reacll Singapore in the month of February or March 1839, at the latter end of the N.W. or rainy monsoon. The delay consequent on effecting the objects above men- tioned, besides gaining a general acquaintance with the natural history and trade of the settlement, and gome knowledge of the Malay language, will usefully occupy • The " Rojalist," a yacht of 142 tons burthen, belonging to the Rojal Yacht Squadron, in which the enterpriie was prosecuted. 22 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF the time until the setting in of the S.E. or dry mon- soon. It may be incidentaOy mentioned^ however, that, in the yieimty of Singapore, there are many islands imperfectly known, and which, during the interval of the rainy season, will afford interesting occupation. I allude more especially to the space between the Straits of Rhio and those of the Durien, and likewise to the island of Bintang, which although laid down as one large island, is probably composed of small ones, a better acquaintance with which might facilitate the voyage from Singapore to the eastward, by bringing to light other passages besides those of Rhio and Durien, and at any rate would add something to the knowledge of the country, in the immediate vicinity of our settle- ment. On the commencement of the healthy season, » I purpose sailing from Singapore, and proceeding with- ^ out loss of time to Malludu Bay. This spot has been chosen for our first essay, for reasons previously enu- merated, and in a country, every part of which is highly interesting, the mere fact of its being a British posses- ion, gives it a prior claim to attention. The objects in view may be briefly mentioned. 1st A general knowledge of the bay, and the cor- rect position of its various points, so as to determine its outline. 2nd. To make inquiries of the settlement of Cochin- Chinese, re]X)rted, on EarFs authority, to be fixed in the neighbourhood of Bankoka ; (an intercourse will if possible be opened nith this settlement.) SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 23 3rd. Carefully and minutely to explore the rivers which flow into the bay, and to penetrate, if practicable, as far as the lake and mountain of Keeny Balloo. 4tlL Every endeavour will be used to open a com- munication with the abori^nal inhabitants, and to conciliate their good opinion. I speak with great diffidence about penetrating into the interior of this country, for I am well aware of the insurmountable difficulties which the haixl reality often presents, pre- viously overlooked, or easily overcome on the smoothness of paper, or in the luxury of a drawing-room. The two points chiefly to be relied on for this purpose, are a friendly intercourse with the natives, and the exist- ence of navigable rivers. It is mentioned by Sir Stamford Raffles on native authority, that a land com- munication of not more than forty miles, exists between Malludu Bay and Kecny Balloo, but neither this com- putation, nor any other derived from the natives, can be relied on, for the inhabitants of these countries are generally ignorant of any measure of distance, and their reckoning by time is so vague, as to defy a moderately certain conclusion. The fact, however, of the vicinity of the lake to the bay is certain, and it follows as a reasonable inference, that the river or rivers flowing into the bay, communicate with the lake. The existence of such rivers, which were from the locality to be expected, are mentioned by Captain Forrest Most of this north |>art of Borneo (he says) granted 24 PRIVATE LEITEBS OF to the East India Company by the Sulus, is watered by noble rivers ; those that discharge themselves into Malludu Bay are not barred. It is by one or the other of these rivers, that I shall hope to penetrate as £eu* as the lake and mountain of Keeny Balloo, and into the country of the Idaan. I have not been able to learn that any Malay towns of importance are situated in the bight of the bay, and their absence will render a friendly communication with the aborigines a matter of comparative ease. The advantages likely to result from such friendly relations, are so evident, that I need not dwell upon them, though the mode of effecting such an intercourse must be left to the thousand contingencies which govern all, and act so capriciously on the tempers of savage races. The utmost forbearance and liberality, guided by prudence, so as not to excite cupidity, appear the fundamental rules for managing men in a low state of civilization. The results of an amicable understanding, are un- certain at its commencement, for they depend on the enterprize of the individual and the power of the native tribe into whose hands he may chance to fall I will therefore not enter into a visionary field of dis- covery, but it appears to me certain, that without the assbtance of the natives, no small party can expect to penetrate far into a country populous by report, and in many parts thickly wooded. Without entertain- ing exaggerated expectations, I trust that something may bo added to our geographical knowledge of the SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 25 sea-coast of this bay ; its leading features, produc- tions, river anchorages, and inhabitants; the pro- \ spects of trade and the means of navigation : and > although my wishes lead me strongly, to penetrate as far as the lake, yet the obstacles, which may be found to exist, will induce me to rest satisfied with the more moderate and reasonable result. It may not be superfluous to notice here, that a foregone conclusion appears to be spread abroad, regarding the aboriginal (so called) inhabitants of Borneo, and that they are usually considered and mentioned under the somewhat vague appellation of Dyaks, They are likewise com- monly pronounced as originating from the same stock as the Arafiiras of Celebes and New Guinea, and radi- cally identical with the Polynesian race. The conclu- sion is not in itself highly improbable, but certainly premature, as the facts upon which it is built, are so scanty and doubtful, as to warrant no such structure. On an island so vast as Borneo, races radically distinct might exist, and at any rate the opposite con- clusion is hardly justifiable ^om the specimens of lan- guage, or the physical appearance of the trilies of the southern portion of the country. We have Malay authorities for believing that there are many large tribes in the interior, difiering greatly in their degree of civilization, though all alike removed from the vicinitj of a superior iKJople. We have the Dyaks of the south, the Idaan of the north, the Kagan warriors and the Panams, a race little bettor than monkey:?, who VOL. I. c 26 PRIVATE LETTERS OF live in trees, eat without cooking, are hunted by the other tribes, and would seem to exist in the lowest conceivable grade of humanity. If we can trust these accounts, the latter people resemble in many particulars, the Orang Benua or aborigines of the Peninsula, but the Dyaks, and Idaans, are far superior, living in villages, cultivadng the ground and possessing cattle ; besides these, we have the names of several other tribes and people, and in all probability many exist in the interior with whom we are yet unacquainted. There are strong reasons for believing that the Hindoo rehgion, which obtained so extensively in Java and Sumatra, and yet survived in Balli and Lombok, was likewise extended to Borneo, and some authors have conceived grounds for supposing a religion ante- rior even to this. If only a portion of these floating opinions should be true, and the truth can only be tested by inquiry, we may fairly look for the descend- ants of the Hindoo dynasty, as well as an aboriginal people. It never seems to have occurred to any one, to compare the Dyaks with the people of Balli, and Lombok ; we know indeed, little of the former, but both races are fair, good-looking, and gentle. Again, re- specting the concluded identity of tlie Dyaks and Arafuras; it is clear, we have a very limited know- ledge of the former, and I may ask, what do we know of tlie Arafuras? In short I feel as reluctant to embrace any preconceived theory, as I am to adopt the prevailing notion on this subject, for it requires a mass SIR JAltfES BROOKE, E.C.B. 27 of &cts, with which we are lamentably deficient, to arrive at anything approaching to a reasonable conclu- sion. To return, however, from the above digression to the proceedings of the " Royalist," I would remark, that it depends greatly on the time passed in Malludu Bay, whether our next endeavour be prosecuted at Abai on the western, or Tusan Abai on the eastern coast. The object in visiting Abai would be chiefly to pene- trate to the lake, which on the authority of Dalrymple and Barton, is not very far distant thence by a water commimication ; but should any success have attended similar efforts from Malludu Bay, this project will be needless, as the enterprize will be prosecuted to the westward, and reach the vicinity of Abai. As Kimanis is the limit of the British territory to the ^ westward, so Point Kenabantongen situated to the southward of the bay of Londakua, forms the eastern boundary, and a line drawn from coast to coast between • these points, is represented as including our posses- sions. A reference to the chart will show the extent to be considerable, and the e^istern coast from Mal- ludu Bay to Point Kenabantongen, is so little known that it is desirable to become acquainted with it> general features and conformation, and to seek thence the means of gaining an inlet into the interior, should it lie denied at Malludu Bay. The rejiorted proxi- mity of Keeny Balloo to Malludu Riy, and likewisi' to Abai, would (supjwsing it to be anything like the size it is affirmed) lead us to expect, that it cannot be C 2 28 PRIVATE LETTERS OF far distant from the eastern coast, and it is reasonable to conclude, that some rivers or streams discharge themselves into the sea, in the numerous indentations, that abound on this shore. However this may be, the coast, with its bays, islands, and bold headlands, is one of great interest, the careful inspection of wliich as far as Point Keneonjon will add to our knowledge. The longitude of Point Unsong and Point Keneonjon will likewise determine the eastern extremity of Borneo, as the latitude of Point San Paniange will give the northern extreme of the island. Much might be added on this topic, especially on the reputed communication by a line of lakes from Malludu Bay to Benjar Massin, which if true, would in all probability place some of these lakes near iiarticular points of the eastern coast, as the whole line from the relative position of the two extremes, must be on the eastern side of the island. These reports, and the various surmises which arise from them, are matters rather of confirmation than discussion, and I will therefore only add, that, tempted by success, I shall not devote less than a year and a half to this object — but in case of finding a sickly climate, or meeting with a decidedly hostile population, I shall more easily abandon the field, and turn to others of not less inte- rest, and perhaps less risk. Equal to Borneo in riches, and superior in pic- turesque beauty to any part of the Arclii|)elago, is the large and eccentric country of the Bugis, called SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 29 Celebes : so deep are the indentations of its coast, that the island may be pronounced as composed of a succes- sion of peninsulas, nearly uniting in a common centre in the district of Palos, and thus, by the proximity of every part to the sea, offering great facilities for brief and decisive inland excursions. The Dutch hold possession of Macassar, and formerly had settlements on the north-west coast and in the Bay of Sawa ; their power appears never to have been very extensively acknowledged, and at present, I have not been able to find any account of the condition of their fisu:torie8. This information will probably be gained at Singapore, and at all events I am by no means ambitious of frequenting their ports further than necessity obliges, and expect but little information from them respect- ing the internal regulations of their colonial Govern- ment, or the trade or productions of the territory under their sway. I propose, therefore, limiting my inquiries to the northern and nortli-eastem portion of the island, more esix^cially the great Bay of Gunong TcIIa. It is impossible to state here, the direction of these in- quiries or any definitive object to which they should be turned, as I am acquainted with no author who speaks of the country save in a general and vague manner. It is reported as rich, mountainous, strikingly beau- tiful, and possessed of rivers abounding in birds, and? like Borneo, inhabited by wild tribes in the interior, and by the Bugis on the sea-shores and entrances of rivers. The character of the Bugis, so variously 30 PRIVATE LETTERS OF represented, gives me strong hopes of rendering them by care and kindness, useful instruments in the pro- secution of these researches, for all writers agree, that they are hardy, active, enterprizing, and commercial, and it is seldom that a people possessing such charac- teristics are deaf to the suggestions of self-interest and kindly feeling. The arrogance and especially the indolence of the Malays, counteract the influence of these strong incen- tives, and the impulse which governs such wild tribes as the Dyaks and Arafuras is a dangerous weapon which cuts all ways, and often when least anticipated. The Bajoos, or sea gypsies, are another race on whom some dependence may be placed, particularly if they be freed from the trammels of debt, swindled upon them by the Malays. Mr. Earl, wlio had a personal acquaintance with this tribe, and could speak their lan- guage, always expressed to me a degree of confidence in their good faith, which must Iiave bad some grounds. I may here conclude the first stage of the expedition, during the progress of which the head-quarters will be fixed at Singapore. During some of the intervals, I liopc to see Manilla, and to acquire a cursory know- ledge of the unexplored tract at the southern extemity of Manilla, called in Norries' general chart, tlic Tiger Islands. The time devoted to the objects above men- tioned, must, as I have before said, be regulated by the degree of fortune which attends them ; for, cheered by SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 31 success, I should not readily abandon the field ; yet if persecuted by climate or other serious detriments, I shall frequently shift the ground to remove myself be- yond such evil influence. It is scarcely needful to continue a detail of projects so distant, having already carved out for myself a work, which I should be proud to perform, and which is already as extended as the chances of human life and human resolves will warrant The contmuation of the voyage would lead me to take the ** Royalist" to Timor or Port Essington, thence making excursions to the Arra Isles, Timor Laut, and the southern shores of North Guinea. That part of the coast conUguous to Torres Stridts I am particularly desirous of visiting, as it has been suggested to me by Mr. Earl, and I think with reason, that a better chan- nel than the one we are at present acquainted with, may be found there. That such a channel exists, and will be discovered when the coast is siureyed, I enter- tain but little doubt, but the navigation is hazardous, and from the westward must be attempted witli great caution. My own proceedings must of course be regu- lated by the discoveries previously made by Captain Wickham and others, and as this gentleman has orders to survey Torres Straits, the field may be well trodden before I reach it. The rest of the voyage I shall consider as one merely of pleasure, combining such utility as circumstances will permit. It b pro- 32 PRIVATE LETTERS OF bable that I shall visit our Australian settlements; glance at the Islands of the Pacific, and return to Europe round the Horn. Before concluding this long paper, I may observe that there are points of inquiry which may be useful to the studies of the learned, which, provided the process be moderately simple, I shall be willing to make, and I shall always be happy to receive any directions or suggestions regarding them. I allude to observations of the tides, to geology, natural history, &c. &c., for the general observer often overlooks highly interest- ing facts, from his attention not being called to them. I^he specimens of natural history will be forwarded from time to time, and information will be sent to the Geographical Society, which may always, if it be of any value, be used as freely, as it is communicated. In like manner, the objects of natural history vnll be open to any person who b interested in such pursuits. I cannot but express my regret, that from pecuniary considerations as well as the small size of the vessel, and the limited quantity of provis*ions she carries, I am unable to take a naturalist and draughtsman, but I should always hail with pleasure any scientific person who happimed to be in the countries at the time ; and I may veutiu*e to promise him every encouragement and facility in the prosecution of his pui*suits. I embark upon the expedition with great clieer- fulness, with a strong ves^l, a good crew, and the SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 33 ingredients of success, as far as the limited scale of the undertaking will permit ; and I cast myself on the waters, like Southey's little book; but whether the world will know me after many days, is a question which, hoping the best, I cannot answer with any degree of assurance. C.3 34 PRIVATE LETTERS OF CHAPTER II. January 2, 1839, to August 20, 1839. No. 2. John C. Templer, Esq. " RoyalisC' Jtn. 2, 1839. Lat 4^ ao' N. Long. 2\^ IC. Mt dear Jack, A HOMEWARD-BOUNDER in Sight, bccalmed ; wc arc walking about two knots up to her ; and if she has no fear of us, I shall be able to send this letter. I am glad to give you an excellent account of ourselyes and all aboard — well, happy, orderly, and proper be- haved. Our weather, since leaving England, has been very light, and the wind scant and paltr}'. We crossed the Bay of Biscay, and ran dovm to Madeira with paltry breezes and occasional calms, being twelve days to the island. Since that time we have liad a pleasant passage and fair ; but it is remarkable that we have had no N.E. trade — the breeze for the most part bang- SIR JA^fES BROOKE, K.C.B. 35 ing far southward of east, and often as far as S.SE. A few days or hours, I hope, will bring up the S.E. trade, the first faint breath of which we have had since last evening. The climate has been delicious — ^balmy days, neither too hot or too cold, and moonlight nights, fit for fairies to bask in. I have been looking for Whorley's Shoal, and took several casts last night, when from our reckoning we should have been on it ; but it is probably (if in existence) wrongly laid down. Our natural history has rather languished, for I never before made a voyage so barren in producing fish. We harpooned a porpoise and delphinus delphis ; and dozens of flying fish have afibrded us good food for breakfast This morning we missed taking a hammer- headed shark I Seeing him betokens that the bank is somewhere in our neighbourhood, as they are not usually inhabitants of the ocean. AVe have passed numbers of outward-bound ships ; but in general they are shy of us. This is a history of remarkable occur- rences I and, following the fashion of Mosbeim, I shall next describe oiu* internal and domestic history. As I before said, we are all well : the only invalid is Iliini- shce,* who, like a beast that he is, caught the mange : but the time passes with all tlic swiftness attendant on tranquil monotony. Our conversation, save when we refer to our friends at home, seldom wanders from Borneo and New Guinea. AVe (I always do) rise at six, or half-past ; bathe ; breakfast at half-past eight ; * A Nevfoondlaod dog. 36 PRIVATE LETTERS OF dine at two; tea four. No drink, save one weak potion, and two pipes at eight bells in the evening. Our mornings are passed in working sights and writing; the afternoons in reading ; the evening is diversified by a game at chess. The hands lark, &c. In the even- ing we talk of Keeny Balloo. I make surveys with Murray, or gloat over the collection of natural history that is to be, with the doctor. I , M , and W are all I could wish them; the two former hard, sea-going, efficient fellows. M will be in- valuable. My stock, dear Jack, is exhausted. I hope the law thrives. I know you will write me. Give my kindest regards to all at Bridport, and to the happy pair on the Heath. Keep a very sharp look-out for I 's boy, for I should like much to get him into the school. James gets on very well, and is, or seems happy. He is a sharp, intelligent, willing boy, and I takes as much care of him as though he were his own son. My kind regards to your uncle and the Greenwich party, Popham, and John Lethbridge, &c. Give Washington * my news, and believe me, my dear friend, in ha^tc. Yours ever sincerely and affectionately, J. Brooke. P. S. Let Mrs. I know, as he may not write. * Captaio Washington, R.N., the then Secretary to the Geo- graphiod Societ}*. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B 37 No. 3. John C. Templer, Esq. " Royalist," R.Y.S., Jan. 21, 1839. Lat. 18^ 40' Long. 30= 50'. My DEAR Jack, I PROMISED to write you long letters, full of the events, or no events, which befel me. In pur- suance of this promise I scratched some hasty lines, when a Dutchman hove in sight near the Equator, and I trust the skipper of the " Anna Catherine " kept his promise, safely to deliver our letters. The more re- gular fulfilment of my promise is at hand ; but I must premise that it is devoid of incidents, for never did vessel keep the smooth tenour of her way more than the " Royalist " since leaung Plymouth. The weather the entire way has been serene, and the sea smooth ; and if we have not advanced so rapidly as we might desire, wc at any rate have passed a pleasant time, devoted to moderate work, and moderate recreation. Let us, dear Jack, be on the same friendly terms as ashore ; and to insure this, you must see me at this precise moment, and from that given point we can, like a pendulum, sway backwards and forwards. Know, then, that it has ju^t struck four bolls (two o*cIock) ; dinner is over, and the sun being vertical, I aui re- posing on my couch, inditing this epistle on my knees. *' Royalist " is going ax knots with a light trade wind, and four more days will see us at Rio Janeiro. This 38 PRIVATE LETTERS OF change in our destination, has arisen from our passage having been long, and our water-tanks having surged a good deal of water out of them during the heavy channel gales. We had about water enough to take us to the Cape, but I did not choose to risk it, and was not sorry to have the plea for seeing so fine a port and country as Rio. Our lives pass in cheerful monotony. I rise always between six and seven ; bathe : breakfast at half-past eight ; compare chronometers, take sights, work them, then read in my vocation till near twelve ; then shoot the sun, work tlie day's work, and dine at half-past one. Dinner over, I read again ; repose for an hour or two ; drink tea at five. The cool of the evening is dedicated to musket, or pistol practice, all hands ; or broadsword ; games, sometimes active, but usually sedentary ; chess amuses us aft ; dominoes or drafts forward. At eight we smoke a cigar or two, converse or read, till half-past ten or eleven, and then reUrc for the night, to begin the same life the next day. The only variety is some stray fish or bird ap- pearing, when we are eager to add to oiu* knowledge of natural history, or the sight of a vessel. Some dap ago we fell in with the " Lord Lowther," the largi» Chinaman ; and to my surprise I found Hew Dalrymple aboard her, a passenger to Madras. I dined and passed the evening with them, and was quite pleased with the unlooked-for rencontre with Dalrj-mple. By tliree o'clock the next day we had run her out of sight to leeward, tliough they had a great fancy they were SIR JAMES BROOKE^ K.C.B. 39 going to beat us. These ships sail remarkably well ; but in the S.E. trade she could not hold the wind as we did, nor could she forereach upon us. Yesterday we spoke a brig, called the " George Bentinck," of Whitehaven, seventy-three days from Cadiz, and it put us in good humour with our own passage from England of forty-two days. I have every reason to be well pleased with my companions. M is as good as F 's certificate warranted. He is quiet, cautious, plodding, and indefatigable; his heart and soul are in the business ; nothing will go wrong with him ; he is as hard as iron, and as patient as Job. I is kind, judicious, and conciliating, fully entering into my views and wishes ; and I could not wish for a better man or a more capable one, as master ; he is an excellent ob- server, and possessed of fine natural abilities. is the greatest character, but the one I have most fear of; he is quite the gentleman, well educated, and of superior talents ; but he has too much imagination, and all its consequent defects in habits and character — all eagerness one day, all slackness the next ; thinks poetically, and talks of writing a tragedy — in short, dreaming more than performing. lie has enough mind, however, to neutraliise this defect ; but his phy- sical j)owers are very defective, and I should say his education had been of the tenderest kind. lie yields to the heat — declares it insupportable — says he can hardly lift an arm. If he comes to hard work he must alter greatly, or else will retire. Such is the brief 40 PRIVATE LETTERS OF sketch of my life and my companions. I can truly say of myself that I am far better than at home — abste- mious, occupied, and happy. Vale. 26th January^ 1839. — I have taken a fine new steel pen to render the crossing legible. The weather, which I praised so highly, changed the very night after, and. since that time we have had calms, with heavy rain and occasional squalls. Our progress has been much delayed therefrom. Tliis evening we expect to sight Cape Frio ; but we have not had an observation for several days, and we may, therefore, be further or nearer, according to the set of the currents. Our natural history has been attended to on every occasion when opportunity offered, and has principally been turned to observations on the flying-fish, of which we have had vast numbers aboard, from being so low in the water. Of the three or four dozen specimens we have examineil in the tropics, they have all been the Mediterranean flying-fish, Exocetus exiliens, which are stated to reach to the edge of the tropics. The oceanic flying-fish, E. volitans, said to be most common, we have not seen ; and I have come to the conclusion that they are not common in all parts of the tropics, though probably the most so about the West Indies. We have preserved some luminous mollusca, caught near the line, the light of which i» brilliant, and they ])06sess the power of extinguishing it at pleasure. They are two or three inches long, like a lump of rock crystal, and when seen below the water their SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 41 light appears as big as a man's head, and would lead one to think the animal far larger than it really is. At night the sea was so full of them, that the ones giving light, enabled us to see myriads of others not lighted. All night they surrounded us. At sunrise they sunk ; not a single one was visible during the day; but at night again (for many nights) they re- appeared as thick as ever. This lasted till we got a breeze. I yesterday examined the Physalia Atlantica, "the Portuguese man-of-war;" the tail, or rather filaments, inflict a severe sting, as I experienced. The animal is a bladder full of air ; when pierced, its ex- tinction is instantaneous. The colours are remarkably beautiful — varying tints of purple and pink. 12 0^ clock. — Land in sight as expected. To-morrow we shall probably be in Rio. Nothing is pleasanter than a good landfall after crossing the ocean — four days without observation — our chronometer rated from Plymouth — we expect land in a particular bear- ing at a particular time, and lo I it appears. I pro- pose enclosing this in a half-sheet of paper, just to give you a little Rio Janeiro news. Our domestic intelligence is favourable. Hart goes on as well and as quietly as usual, always sensible and reesrved. He is a favourite of I 's, though he has become so by degrees. Creswick and Peter* flourish. J M is in high feather — very quiet, so are the rest. Old George has been ill but is recovered. Humshee has got the mange. Billyf has fits like Jark used to « His serrants. t A ball-dog. 42 PRIVATE LETTERS OF have. We set him at a shark on deck. Didn't he tackle it, that's alL Have you read Oliver Twist? K not, pray do so on the first leisure occasion. Now, dear friend, adieu for a few minutes. 27th. — Close off Rio Janeiro. The most picturesque coast I ever beheld — ^mountains heaped, jumbled, and tortured into all shapes — deep indentations, and nu- merous islets, and wooded scenery. We had a try yesterday with a Bra^lian man-of-war brig and a corvette — beat both very easy, when there was any breeze, but with a two-knot air, they held way with us almost. " Royalist," too, is out of trim, from being deep. 2dth. — Rio is, as said, a lovely place — the bay ca- pacious, surrounded by mountains of all heights up to eight or ten thousand feet — studded with islands — green valleys, flowers, trees, shrubs, and birds in per- fection. Yesterday I visited the botanical garden, near which is a fresh-water lake. Tliere I saw, for the first time, the humming-bird, in all its diminutive beauty, flitting around the flowers like the most bril- liant bees — tlie tree they frccjuent is of Malacca I Exotics are cultivated — the Jack-tree, bread-fruit. Bamboo-mango— these are all old acquaintances; but the hill-side, wild and luxuriant from Nature's hand, possesses greater novelties for me. Flowers brilliant, rhododendrons blooming; the graceful and feathery palm, gives the proper tropical aspect, but the vege- tation is new to me and peculiar. 2nd February, — My stay here is drawing to a close, SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 43 SO is my paper, and I must present you with a different domestic picture than when I commenced. and have chosen to quarrel. The former has com- plained to me, and insisted that should leave the vessel or he would do so himself. I replied, as I al- ways would do to a requisition of the sort, that he might go whenever he felt inclined. I have had tears and whining till I am sick, but he does not mean to be so good as his tlireat, which I regret, for I shall cer- tainly discharge him at the Cape if he does not go on better, and pay a little more attention to his natural history. I care nothing about these squabbles, though I think has taken up the cudgels against . Jealousy is the root of it all, and they are both such good men that I should be sorry to have to decide between them. I have seen a great deal of the country — been up the bay and up a mountain — caught in tlie Skimalong* in an awful squall, which capsized plenty of boats and drowned plenty of iKJople. I have collected specimens of natural history — no thanks to for his assistance. Now, my friend, adieu ! Say all that is kind to the circle at Bridport and the Priors. Write me often, and think of me always as your Affectionate friend, J. Brooke. • Ooe of the ** Royalist's" boats. 44 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF No. 4 John C. Templer, Esq. Cape Town. March 16, 18.39. My dear Jack, Instead of beginning a letter at sea previous to iny arrival here, I have delayed (in consequence of bad weather), and my communication will be shorter than usual. Leaving Rio we cruized for two or three days with the " Calliope " frigate, and " Grecian " — one of Symonds's new crackest brigs. The wind was very, very light ; but in a four-knot breeze the brig did not beat us — in an air of wind she had the advan- tage ; but both are ^* Royalist's " worst points of sail- ing, as you know. The frigate we beat Rio is a lovely place, and I left it with regret. I was well received and well entertained — in short, wherever there are men-of-war, we get on well. Our passage to Tristan d'Acunha was very slow from light baffling winds, principally contrary. I was anxious, on several accounts, to visit the island, and I wished especially to see the population who have emerged from the drudgery of civilized life, to inhabit so wild and se- cluded a spot. Tlie approach is grand and im])osing — the peak rises eight thousand feet and upwards from the water's edge, and one thousand is a sheer precipice overhanging a narrow beach. The evening we got under the land, was fine, with a light breeze from the southward and eastward — all right for land- Sm JAMES BROOKE, K.CB. 45 ing— our guns were polished, and we were reckoning the number of sea birds, new to us, to be added to our collection. We only waited for the dawn of day — at midnight the wind shifted, and by dawn — the expected dawn — blew a gale from the northward and westward. I was greatly disappointed ; but, as landing was im- possible, and a week's delay might have accrued, I up helm, and ran for the Cape. You shall have a little natural history. We have decided, beyond a doubt, that there are three distinct species of the albatross — they are mentioned, and not badly de- scribed, by Shaw, but more recent naturalists seem to doubt their existence, or to confound them with the Diomedea exulans, or wandering albatross. We have specimens of all three, and two of them, (Chloro- rjTichos and Fuliginoso), will, I think, be rare in our museums — besides tlicse, I incline to the opinion of there being another species, which we saw ncaring the land, but were uuable to procure. We have some South American birds — two species of pjtrel — one large, and I think not described in any of my books. These specimens, with an African boards head from Natal, a shark's head and backbone, &c., will be for- warded to your address, with a list, to the care of Gardner & Co., where you muit look in and ask about them on receipt of this. The collection, good, bad, and indifferent, may as well be kept entire, and placed in Waterhouse*6 * hands, witli a clear understanding that * The then Cantor of the Zoological Matettm, in Leicetter-fquare. 46 PRIVATE LETTERS OF he is not to use them, or show, or describe them in any way, except with your permission. I leave it entirely with your judgment how far to grant this permission, it might be useful, or liberal, or polite ; in any of which cases, pray do so. Do not be over-careful, for I hate the spirit which is over chary of granting information. The understanding, likewise, must be between Mr. Waterhouse and myself, for a thousand thmgs might happen to render any arrangement with nugatory and void. Will you then see Waterhouse. I should like Jack to be at your elbow when you open the first box ; not that it contains anything rich or rare, but because it is the first box. " Royalist " is very well ; we beat into the bay with the " Camatic " and " Earl Hardwicke," Green's ship's; beat them like sacks, though the latter sails very well. I look for a change aboard, and have no doubt tliat before long I and W will leave the vessel, or I shall have to discliargc them. is as I have told you a nice gentlemanly fellow, but a nuisance aboard ship — ^the other day he exploded hi^ gun in his cabin, shot through the deck, and through the bottom of my new gig, and was crying and whim- pering for three days, because I told him I required care and not apologies. I I like ; be is a good seaman and an upright man, but he has never been accustomed to the management of a ftirc and af^ vessel, and funks her, and sails her ill. He does not like being spoken to, and is very fond of bis own way, ^hich is natural enough, but his jealousy of M is, SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 47 I guess, unbounded, and will break out. M goes on like a man of sense. I have found out that they, every one, had resolved to turn Hart out of the vessel when she arrived at Southampton, but I put such a stopper on the first hint from I , that I heard no more, and now he is popular with all parties, keeps himself to himself, as he forcibly expresses it, and docs his duty in a manner meriting the highest commendation. The crew are all I could wish, as yet, but these divisions do not tend to improve them. The storm js brewing ; it will soon burst, and I shall be glad of it. The second mate, , is good for nothing — more fit for a farmer than a seaman. This is my principal news. The Cape I do not like ; after the tropiciil vegetation and luxuriant verdure of Rio, it presents few features of attraction. Tell me, Mr. Lawyer, your opinion of the following case. Can a Colonial law be at direct variance with the acknowledged principles of the British Constitution ? Would a person (supposing its existence), be liable to an action, in the court at home, for damages for carrying the law into execution. There is a law here, that any seaman found in the streets after nine o*cIock at night, is to be conjined for the night, and Jincd tlie next morning. Tiiough the man be ever so solwr, ever so orderly, ever so respectable, he is fined and imprisoned like a malefactor for being out after nine at night The vilest thief, the worst chimney-sweep, may walk with impunity the li\'e-long night, but the ])Oor 48 PRIVATE LETTERS OF British seaman, "the pride of his country/' must, like some troubled ghost, vanish as the clock strikes, or go to quod. Nothing can be imagined more barbarous, unjust, or at variance with the first principles of justice. If an action would lay, who would it lay against? the watchman^ the magistrate, or the governor? Pray ask Prior about this, and if any of my fellows come imder its operation, I think I will have a King*s counsel's opinion on it. Adieu ! till to-morrow. I7th. — They are giving me trouble to-day, on the score of port dues, as they are pleased to imagine that the privileges of the yacht-squadron do not extend to this colony. I have addressed the Governor on the subject, and shall write to Lord Yarborough if I am not satisfied. Now Jack, it is time to clew up. Give my kindest regards at home, and keep them informed of my news, for I cannot write to all. Say all that is kind to the Priors, and ever and ever, dear Jack, believe me, Your afTectionatc friend, J. BUOORE. No. 5. John C. Te.mpler, Esq. •• Koyalist.- K.Y.S. Table Bay. March 21, 1839. Mt dcar Jack, This is briefly to inform you that the explo- sion has just burst upon my head, and that 1 have dis- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 49 charged I at his own request. It puts me to little, or no inconvenience, as I make Hart master : and am just deliberating whether C can be trusted as chief. I is a good man ; but the jealousy he gave way to, respecting M , jaundiced his mind. His last blow up has been with Hart ; but it is a mere pretence ; I would not have any harm come to him, and wish to treat him with every consideration, present and future, for under other circumstances he would bo a valuable servant You remember how clearly I fore- saw this occurrence, and yet, now that I am acquainted with M , and can see the value of his services, it is impossible for me to part with him unless he com- mits some fault Hart I intend making master, as I said before, for M in that situation would be thrown away, and Hart deserves it at my hands, and is fully competent to undertake the charge. What intends I know not ; I should greatly prefer his leaving the vessel likewise, for he is sure to do so soon, being physically unfit for the undertaking, and morally, with fortitude insufficient to dip his feet in cold water. Believe me, my friend, that this gives me the most unalloyed satisfaction, for to have the foolish fellows at sixes and sevens with their piltry jealousy is not bear- able long ; and the eflfect its continuance has on the good feeling of the vessel, highly detrimental. 2lst AfarcL — I siul to-morrow. TTiesc matters have detained me several days ; and I 's state of imbecility has caused some confusion. vou I. D 50 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF We are all quite right now, and I hope shall con- tinue so ; and at any rate, I do not think we have any- thing to fear from the same ill-feeling. God bless you, dear Jack. I am in a hurry ; but believe me ever. Your sincere friend, J. Brooke. No. 6. John C. Templer, Esa ** BoyaUst," R.T.S. Mardi 23» 1839- Mt dear Jack, This appertains to natural history alone. In the box you will find two Silken Monkeys, and birds according to the list You will perceive how entirely difierent the species of albatross are I There are two Petrels. The boar's head J. have not sent, as it is not quite clean enough, and must go in the first skeleton box. The tusks are enormous, and tar exceeding the Indian wild boar. I M'ish you to give one albatross and tlie smallest humming-bird to Harvey,* with my regards — the brace will be unique ; and I have seen both kinds since I parted from you — the humming-bird, amid bright sun- shine and flowers, the albatross, skimming over roaring seas amid raging winds. Farewell — we lay to, waiting for a breeze, hove short, and ready for a start I anatlicmatise this Cape ; it is a dirty, filthy, mean, * John ilarvey, Esq., of Ickwellbury, Bedfordshire. See letter Ko. 44. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aB. 51 ungentlemanly place, and the best thing they could do would be to shove Table Mountain over Cape Town. Our family is now right, and I doubt not our do- mestic afiairs will proceed better. Had I re- mained he would have greatly injured the feeling aboard. God bless you. Two letters I have already written. Kind regards to Priors, and all friends. Tell Palmes I have seen his friends the N s, who have been very polite. Your affectionate, J. B. No. 7. John C. Templer, Esq. Anger Road, May 14, 1839. Mt deab Jack, A FEW lines by a snap opportunity to say that we arrived here yesterday, and this will be carried by a vessel just come into the roads. I have been unwell — ill — and am yet debili- tated and weak, but improving daily ; the change of diet, especially the acquisition of eggs and fowls is a great relief. From Singapore you shall hear more at large. Let them^ know either at Lackington,* or S. Broom,* the receipt of this — not about the sickness. Farewell, my friend, and believe me, Yours very affectionately, J. Brooke. * The refideiici*s of hii mother and sUter. D 2 52 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Na 8. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, June 3, 1839. My dear Jack, You will be expecting a letter from me, and I take the earliest opportunity (save one, which was the day after our arrival) to assure you of my being restored to health and increasing strength. I am very well internally, and feeling cheerful ; but there are marks about me of not being the robust and hardy man I once was, but I am quite enough so to continue my expedition. I have here to announce to you that leaves me with my full consent and concurrence. He is so unfitted for what he has undertaken — so de- void of all energy, moral or physical — such a Niobe for tears, and such a school-girl in habits, that his departure will be the greatest possible relief. Sliould you meet him after his return^ pray behave to him as usual, for he is a quiet, well-educated, and talented person. Troubles, however, are thick about me. Hart, th whom I have every reason to be well seriously ill with a complaint of the bowels, 8( rhat similar to my attacks. He is better this n ling, and I trust to sec him restored. M I e some reason to be displeased with. He is in fatigably laborious, and capable of pcr- I ; the details of his duty ; but he has a knack I ; every living soul aboard the vessel detest SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.aB. 53 him. Nobody so quiet or so unassuming as long as I am on deck or within bearing, yet I bave bad complaints numerous of bis interfering in duty matters, and try- ing to carry tbings witb a bigb band ; entre nous — strictly — I bave fears tbat be uses tbe grog bottle wben nobody is looking, and wben liquor is in, wit is out, for be gets fretful and boastful. He is not a man tbat will leave, and I sbould be sorry if be so did, but be is not a man tbat will bear mucb en- couragement is a fool and a donkey, but a willing and good-tempered one. Tbe second mate, is turning out very well ; and tbe bands for- ward I bave reason to be satisfied witb, tbougb tbey are inveterate against M ; and unless I put tbe stopper I intend to do on bis tongue, tbey would not sail witb bim. Tbis is tbe dark side of tbe picture, the fine side is more promising. I am able again to * superintend tbe vessel, and be on deck. Hart I trust will soon get round. ^* Royalist " is painting and getting her rigging to rights, and in another ten days we shall be ready for sea. The accounts from Borneo are favourable ; the sultan of Borneo Proper is favourably inclined to tbe English, and hates the Dutch. The government of Singapore have offered ■ me letters for him ; and from Borneo Proper I hope to penetrate the interior, or else fall back on my old plan of Malludu Bay. Of course I visit the latter place at any rate ; but from the capital, and with the kingly protection, much may be done. Before I sail I sliall 54 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF have another opportunity of writing you, mentioning details. The state of a&irs in China is awful — two millions sterling worth of opium has been ^ven up without a struggle, and it is doubtful whether this con- cession has had the desired effect We have no news here later than MarcL llie opium. clippers are at a stand-still, &a, &c., all of which you will learn from the public prints. I received two letters from Jem,* the last notifying his intention of proceeding to Sydney. No opportunity offers of sending him letters. He seems in raptures with Manilla I Singapore is a very pleasant little place ; the resi- dents are homely and hospitable. I live with Mr. ^ my agent, a young man, pleasant, and very kind. The country is diversified ; the state of native society extra- ordinary; the commercial importance of the place considerable ; the neighbourhood unknown ; in natural history confined — snakes, insects, and fish, abundant — birds few, and animals fewer. God bless you. My kind regards to all friends ; and believe me, dear Jack, your attached friend, J. Brooke. P. S. I have not, and ought to have, heard from you ; the February overland despatch liaving arrived. Doii*t forget there is an overland mail once per month. * James Lethbridge Templer, the Editor's eldest brother, and the etii}' friend of Sir James Brooke, ilis untimely death in New I, in the year 1845, is alluded to in a subsequent letter. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 55 Na 9. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, June 18, 1839. Mt dear Jack, En avant marchons — With re-established health I am equal to anything — singing and chirruping from mom till night, and my bosom's lord sitting lightly on his throne. Some changes have taken place since my last — the principal one is having left me, as I anticipated and wished. I cannot give you any account of this island just now, further than to say that it is a pleasant place, and the inhabitants very kind and hospitable — too much so — as they invite me out to dinner much ofbcner than I like, or prudence renders correct. I have setded to sail for Borneo Proper, on or before the 1st July. The nijali of the country is represented as favourable to Europeans, and lias lately behaved in a civilized and proper way, to a shipwrecked crew, wlio fell into his power. On my way to the capital, I propose looking at the coast as minutely as circum- stances will allow, and visiting Sarawak — the place whence small vessels bring the ore of antimony. I know not how far I may be led, provided I am temptcil forward by moderate success. Failing Borneo Pro])cr, I shall make my way to Malludu, aa originally pro- posed. Since my arrival, you must know, there have been several deliveries of Europe letters and intel- 56 PRIVATE LETTERS OF ligence as late as the 25tb March. I am quite at a loss to know why I have not received your epistles — feeling, as I do, sure that you have written some. I am inclined to attribute it to your ignorance of such a thing as the overland mail existing, or that Gardner is carefully pocketing all the letters, that they may come at once. This last is a very foolish plan, and, at any rate, the consequence now is, that I must remain without hearing from home, until I return from Borneo, three or four, or even five months hence. There is another question I wish to ask you, about boats. — In your reply, pray tell me the shortest time, in still -water, an eight-oar, six-oar, or four-oar, takes to pull a mile N.B. still-water, and no wind or tide). They have some very fine native sampans here, about thirty feet long— pulling four oars, and with a paddle astern, being equal to another. They fancy they can beat all the world — ^I am going to pull them to-morrow, but am certain of being beat in my gig (now called the '* Lily," and painted white) as I have had a private trials and got beaten by one of their first boats. They are no exact match for any of our boats — bigger than a four-oar — smaller than a six. I forgot to tell you, that the government here are to give me letters for Borneo and other places, which, I daresay, will assist us a little. Singapore is pretty well known, and most parts of it have been surveyed by Captain Ross and Captain Franklin (not the Polar ones). There is, however. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 57 about ten miles which I am going to run over, and then form a chart with the materials already at hand, giving soundings, and finishing it up. The Gillat shore opposite to this, requires to be surveyed, for it is utterly unknown. I will not finish this to-day, the ship not sailing imtil Thursday (to-day is Tuesday). 20th June, 1839. I must put a finishing touch on this letter. Though having very little to say in addition to what I have written, it will extend to the length of a lady's postscript Whilst I think of it, let me say a word on winds and tides, all of which I will send to Mr. Whewell in proper time, and when time shall have ratified the correctness of our first im- pressions. Mr. "Whewell says, in his letter to you, that he has had good and satisfactory observations from Singapore. I have been unable to find out by whom made, and conclude, therefore, it was done by some man-of-war's master. The tides here are so much influenced by local circumstances, especially the monsoons, that I should hardly consider any set of observations, made at one season of the year, could be conclusive. The general result of our observations go to prove the strong influence of the current You must know that the tide from the China Sea, meets the tide from the Indian Ocean, at Pulo Pesang, or some- where near the Caramons, in the Straits of Malacca. Consequently, when flood-tide is flowing here from the eastward, the flood sets from the westward at the above places. The current from the China Sea, d3 58 PRIVATE LETTERS OF coming in with flood-tide, causes a great occaaonal rise of water above the tide mark, and is checked by the westerly flood from the Indian Ocean ; but when the tide ebbs, the current is too strong for the tide, and causes the flow and ebb, by the shore, to dis- charge themselves the same way. I explain in a hurry, but mean to say, that flood and ebb-tide both apparently run from east to west, the current, often for many days at a time, setting that way, and the accumulated water being carried off* by the ebb of the Malacca Strait. AVhat do you think, likewise, of the sea-breeze being hot and sickly — the land-wind cool, refreshing, and healthy — the sea-breeze blows from the southward, dry and parching, and is called here the Java wind, but the small Island of Java cannot be supposed capable of heating the wind, and I feel some difficulty to account for the dr}iie8s and heat of the wind whidi blows over so large a space of water. The land-breeze, on the contrary, sweeping over a continent — loaded with marsh and jungle, is cool and chilly, but not injurious as in other places. Farewell. My kind regards and wishes to your family, and our many common friends. How often, dear Jack, I wish for you, but, at any rate» I shall look forward some day or other, to meeting you again. Tell Washington my views and projects, and in the mean time. Believe me, jour affectionate friend, J. BaooKE. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 59 P.S. I forgot to tell you, that on my return from Borneo, when I have some information and some specimens worth having, I shall expect an article in the morning papers, just to keep people aware of my movements. It is better then, than previously — Adieu. Na 10. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, July 16, 1839. My dear Jack, See me doomed to the inaction of Singapore whilst the fine season tempts me towards Borneo, and hear the reasons of this delay. 's departure threw so much work on my hands, and such a load of responsibility, that I resolved, if possible, to procure a substitute. I now wait for an answer firom Penang, which to me appears a most tedious nangation, but, in the mean time, a young Dane has offered his services, and if I get not the one firom Penang I can ensure him. Both the Dane and the Englislimen are good natural historians and suited to the pursuit. I have addressed Waterhouse a letter about my collections. I fomard them to you, and will you, when you have seen as much as you wbh, let him have them. Boxes 2 and 3 will be despatched directed to Gardner, perhaps 4 likewise with 60 PRIVATE LETTERS OF shells. There are some fine birds, but I think not rare, being the produce of Malacca and Singapore, partly bought — partly shot. From Borneo I shall be able to send some better worthy, for I expect treasures, though very difficult to get at My intention is first to visit Sarawak— a river whence they get antimony ore, as yet unknown and unmarked on the charts. At Sarawak I hope to get hold of the Rajah of Borneo Proper and go up to the capital with him, and, if possible, make an excursion up the river. I feel ccnfident something is to be done, though the field is one remarkably difficult to get at From the character of this Borneo rajah, I am led to believe, he may be made by good management and some presents, subservient to my views^ but in case he fails, I shall proceed according to my original intention to Malludu Bay, and return by Celebes, thus making die entire round of the island. I am happy to say that I conUnue well, and exercise myself a good deal at fives every morning fix)m six to eight o*clock. Tlie weather, though hot, is delightful to me, and I never wish to exchange it for the chilly climes of England. Indeed had I not my mother, sisters, and some good friends like thee. Jack, I should be tempted never to trouble it again, for be it sdd, I am always happier and better in a warm climate. My affairs aboard go on pretty well, but not so sa- tisfactorily as I could wish. is very useful, but the cause of much evil, and hated by every soul aboard. ■ n w^f^g-M^pM iw n y ■, t . w » ■ v r t '^wa* ■w^--^-^' II ■ ' ■"•—•"i^^T^i^F^^^""^ Sm JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 61 Arrogant, overbearing, and drunken, behind my back — quiet, modest, and abstemious to my face, and I fear I must pronounce him a bad man. I regret to find it so, and shall, probably in the end, be obliged to curb him tight, or discharge him. I shall probably send Washington an account of some of the places in Borneo when I return, and then I shall expect a good notice in the papers. The proceedings of the expedition should be kept before the public. Since being here M has surveyed the comer of this island as yet imdone, and I have been up the Peloi river on the Peninsula, a sketch of which is by me, I have no time to enter into particulars, save to say that it is a noble stream, but unfortunately barred at its entrance. We traced one and chief branch of the river to its source, and another very high up to the residence of a Malay rajah, brother of theTumagong, or hereditary High Admiral of Singapore — he was very civil, and we " swore eternal friendship^* I have pretty well made myself acquainted with Singapore, its laws, government, &c. The country is undulating — the highest eminence, called Bukite-Timah, or Tin Hill, is 448)Vi feet from the sea level — I tried it twice — the second time it came out 446tq, but the tide was at the height of the spring. And now fare-thee-well for to-day. ilst July. — Away at last to-morrow. This i& my Ceurewell to dvilised life for a term, so you must not expect to hear of me for some time to come, perhaps as 02 PRIVATE LETTERS OF much as four or five months. I must harp on an old string, and tell yoti, again and agam, that though letters of April have been received in this colony, I have not a line from one living soul — friend or foe. Now mark me, Monsieur Jaques, I should be savage with you and all my own fiimily, and all the corres- ponding drcle of my acquaintances, but that I know and feel assured you are quite innocent. One of the most provoking parts of this detention of my letters is, that my mind constantly dwells on the folios which your kindness has written, and is writing. All intelli- gence of importance contained within a single sheet, should be sent to me overland, more especially from February to October. I could write a very long letter but have not space or time. The French expedition has been here, but only stayed two days. I made their acquaintance. In natural history they will do good. In geography I have my doubts — and I think some of their claims to the discovery of lands to the south- ward will be disputed. It appears to mr to be a great error running over the ground in the way they do. Two days to this place — a week for the south coast of Borneo I and the like. Monsieur Dumont D'Urville, tlieir commodore, published a brief account of hb pro- ceedings in the newspaper here, and I took the liberty, on the following week, to cut him up gently for what I considered an unwarrantable attack upon Weddcll. I e little to add*— Peter is well grown and liappy, and lot want to come home, for I liavc just asked him. SIR JAMES BROOKE, ICCB. 63 Before closing, I have to advise you that Nos. 2 and 3 of birds and 4 of shells will be despatched per " William Parker " to Gardner. I have written to Waterhouse about seeing them. The French ac- count and my letter I will put in the shell-box, pray hand them to Washington, and give him, with my regards, the news I send you. When I return I trust to send him some interesting papers and information. Mr. Whewell is not forgotten — pray learn if you can, who made the observations on the tides at Singapore. My kind kind love to all at Bridport collectively and individually. I came here a poor wretch. I go strong and well — anything but cold. God bless you^ dear Jack — say all that is kind to the Priors, and Believ^ me, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. 64 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 11. John C. Templer, Esq. Sarawak, 35 miles in the interior of Borneo, Aogust 20, 1839. My dear Jack, I commence a letter for two or three giMxl reasons : first, because it gives me satisfaction ; second, because I promised so to do; third, because I am going to make a boat excursion into the interior, and may never come back ; as yet the highest success has attended us, and although we have not done much, we have done it well. From Singapore, which we left a month ago, we crossed over in two days to Tanjong Api, discovering an bland not Iiud down : at Tanjong Api we formed a base line, and laid down the Bay between it and Tanjong Dattu. We then proceeded into this Bay, landing at various places, aud sounding in sundry directions, and found it quite clear of danger. After two days we proceeded to Tanjong Dattu, and by sets of sights verified the trigonometrical survey. These agreed quite well, and being but a few days from Singapore, and the chronometers going well, there was no fear of them. Tanjong Dattu of the charts, is from seventy to eighty miles, too far to the £• and N. I do not mention particulars, for I have them not at id. From Dattu we entered the next Bay, and d a fresh base (no isUnds in the ofl^g allowing SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 65 US the advantage of the first) and surveyed with great care between Dattu and Sepang. The Bay comprised between these points is about four hundred miles in extent, and of some depth. The two islands of Talong Talong are situated in the centre of the Bight The mountain of Poe (Anglice Poa) rises on the main of Borneo, close to its brink, not less than four thousand feet. At one corner is the river Lundu, and near the extremity of Sepang, the noble mountain of Santobong, close to which is the entrance of the Sarawak river. The entrance of the river is somewhat difficult, but has quarter less three fathom at the first of the ebb. We anchored just inside, in seven and half fathom, and dispatched a boat to the Rajah Muda Hassim. After many inquiries of our boat people, he despatched a Pangeran of rank to wel- come us up. 'i'he scenery at the entrance of the Sarawak is noble, tlie peak of Santobong clothed in riclicst verdure, rises close to the right bank ; straggling trees, mixed with clifis, crown the. summit, a white beach, fringed with casuarinas, light and elegant, finishes the whole. AMld hogs in abundance, but as shy as though they had been fired at all their lives, and some tine grey pigeons, very large, but we got none. We dropped up the river, taking a Jiasty survey, to the town of Kuchin (or Cat Town), the distance is thirty-five or thirty-seven miles, water generally deep, but here and there with awkward rocks; on one of these, being ignorant of the river, we were swept by an 66 PRIVATE LETTERS OF eddy of tide, but got off without harm, though had the ebb been running, our position would have been critical ! The following morning we anchored off the town, and fired one and twenty guns to the rajah ; we went on shore and visited him, and were received with marked distinction, he always addressing me as ^' Tuan Besar,'* or "great man," The limits of a letter forbid my giving you details, but I must say a word of Rajah Muda Hassim — a little man, mid-aged, with a plain but intelligent face. He is the uncle of the Sultan of Borneo, and virtually the governor of the vast country lying between Point Dattoo and the north of Borneo. He is a man of first rate ability ^ and very partial to the English. Sarawak or Kuchin is a newly esta- blished place, and one likely to prove important in a commercial point of view. Antimony ore is produced in any quantity — gold, tin, rattans, beeswax and birds* nests are likely procured from the surrounding country, and at the place itself is a white clay, excellent for ppes, and which the Dutch would prize. In short, in the opinion of the Malays, it is richer than any other locality along the whole line of coast. Two days were wasted in ceremony, the rajah visited us, and we visited the rajah's brother, Muda Mabommed, a sulky savage. In the evening of the same day, I intimated my wish to be allowed to visit various places in the rajah's territory, particularly some Dyak tribes. I reodved his permission, to my surpri^, to go to Samaralian and Lundu — the latter fiill of Dyaks, but SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 67 he informed me that he would not answer for my safety gomg up the river, as he was at war with some rebel- lious subjects. I was too glad to get this permission, and t(Hmorrow morning we start on the first of these excursions. On the evening of the same day, we were surprised by a visit from the Pangeran Makota, the third in rank, and the governor of the place when the rajah is absent. He came after dark, and stayed till ten, and we had a most interesting discussion on the trade and future prospects of this place. He in- formed me in the first place, that he had received a letter from the Sultan of Sambas (t. e. Dutch), ofiering to assist in opening the mines, and requesting permis- fflon to trade with this country ; he had not yet answered the letter ; he did not himself like the Dutch, but feared to take on himself the consequences of a refusal. The rajah had told him to act as he thought proper, but he wished the rajah to authorize him ; would I speak to the rajah on the the subject. Certainly, I replied, I would do so with pleasure if he wished it. He then went on to say that three English vessels from Singa- pore had already been here and taken away a cargo of antimony ore ; but when tlie couutry was established, and its resources brought into action, could I answer for a sufficient number of English vessels coming here to take the produce ? I replied, that if protected from outrage, it was a matter beyond doubt; and that wherever there was a profitable trade, ships in plenty would be found. His next question was, in case the Dutch attacked them, would the English government. 68 PRIVATE LETTERS OF in consideration of the trade with the territory of Borneo Proper, enter into a treaty to give them aid — in short a defensive alliance? I replied that I had no warrant to answer such a question, but that my opinion was, that they would not interfere in the concerns of a foreign power, adding that their not doing so, was the best proof that the Bomeons could have that in trading with them, they had nothing to apprehend. I continued, that he must well know that the Dutch had never esta- blished themselves on the territory of any Malay prince without ultimately laying claim to it : I in- stanced Sambas and Sumatra; and that they were doing the same at Balli and Lombok. I told him they were always ready to make large advances in money for trade, for which they took a mortgage of land ; they assisted in opening a country, and founded claims on the assistance so given, that it was easy to let them come, but I feared he would find it difficult to get rid of them ever after, and that the most fatal con- sequences might ensue to his country, which (he knew) was the last Malay state of any power not under Dutch influence. He granted all this — ^allowed their extreme jealousy of the Dutch, but — but in case they went to war ? I replied, did he ever remember an in- stance when the Dutch had made war without first having a footing in a Malay state. He did not re- member, and I told him so open a violation was not the danger ; the danger to the rajah was tiieir coming here on friendly terms. 27th, — We have returned from our trip fromSama- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 69 raban — a noble river navigable for fifty or sixty miles. Inhabitants few, but most of the land cleared, pro- ducing quantities of rice of the finest quality. We have been one hundred miles up this stream, and turned back with regret, on our attendant Pangerans insisting on it, but the abundant river had dwindled into a stream not broader than just to allow us to pull clear of the trees in the Skimalong. The geological fea- tures of the country are primitive granite mountains, filled in with a rich alluvial soil of great extent, which is in every part intersected by fine rivers. Close to this are the rivers Samarahu, Moratabas, Quop, Riam, Sarawak — most of them rivers equal to the Thames, in width and depth save at their entrances- I am writing this in haste at Sarawak, having an o[)- portunity of sending it by a Malay proa, bound to Singapore. Muda Hassim and James Brooke arc great friends, and I think I shall get a passport either now, or at some other time, to visit the whole of his kingdom. The day after to-morrow we start from Lundu to visit three tribes of Dyaks — Uie tribes of Lundu, Sibuyou and Karah, the latter in the territory of Sambas under the Dutch. I could cross to Sambas, but I dislike the idea of placing myself at the mercy of die Dutch of that place. As a summary, dear Jack, say, we have already executed a survey of fifty or sixty miles of the coast, which may be culled entirely new. We have been one hundred miles, or nearly, up the 70 PRIVATE LETTERS OF noble river Samarahu, never before mentioned, and through many parts of the country, and many new rivers ; we are on the full progress of research, and this cruise I hope to finish this coast, and see a good deal of the country besides. My great object is to get among the Dyaks of Rejang and Bintulu ; the latter are tattooed, and use the sumpit or blow- pipe. I am forming a vocabulary of their difierent languages, and lean strongly to the opinion that they are not the same race — ^language^ habits, manners, being difierent, so I am told. Soon I hope to tell you some- thing from personal observation. Tell my family of this letier ; send it to them and yours, for I have not time to. write another. Our next civilized place will be Manilla, whence you shall hear. Natural history does notfiourish, for there is no shooting or seeing any- thing in these jungles. Birds and monkeys are plenty, and I am told when we get among the Dyaks we shall get plenty of all sorts ; I doubt, but I hope. My love to all — kind regards to Washington, who shall have a regular budget soon. I must not omit to mention that the climate here b very healthy and cool, the thermometer often at 78^, sometimes 7G? ; never more tlian 85^, and that ver}' rarely. The nights are so chilly that in the boat I am glad to have my boat-cloak wrapped round me. Once again adieu, and ever believe me, Vour afifoctionatc friend, J. Brooke. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 71 CHAPTER III. October 19, 1839, to April 23, 1841 No. 12. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, Oct. 19, 1839. My dear Jack, I commence this not in the best humour in the world, in the hope it will rid me of some of the weary time, which hangs like lead upon my hands. Know then, my friend, that I quitted the Moratabas river on the coast of Borneo eight days ago, and, Iiaving beat every inch of the way across to the mouth of the Sin- gapore, we had the inexpressible gratification of three days' calm — most anxious for my letters, and the in- telligence from home. Short of provinons, and void of the luxuries of life, this delay is beyond conception, vexatious. It is, however, the lot of all who sail these summer climes, and though as I before said, I am 72 PRIVATE LETTERS OF * sadly out of patience, I endeavour to fortify myself with a thousand pleasant dreams of futurity. Have you received my last letter written from Kuchin, and dispatched by a Borneo proa ; methinks you have not, but till I am sure of the fact I shall not restate any- thing I therein said, but give you a brief and general account of our late cruise. In the first place I have been able to establish the most intimate and friendly footing with the Rajah of Borneo, — the ruler of the country — and I have every prospect of being able in the ensuing season, to see the whole of his country. An unfortunate rebellion prevented my penetrating so far as I intended into the interior of Borneo, but neverthe- less, we have done a good deal. We have surveyed 130 or 140 miles of coast, never before risited by Europeans, and laid down minutely the rivers, pro- minences, &c., from personal inspection, and I have lived amongst a Dyak tribe called the Sibuyaws, for ten days, and have seen and visited other Dyaks so as to become well acquainted with their habits, manners, customs, and in some mea8iu*e their language. I have ascended various rivers (the entire country is a net- work of rivers) to the distance of thirty to seventy miles ; the principal ones are the Sadung, Sarawak, Sampealean, Lundu, &c., and some of them, streams navigable for large vessels, and all, affbrding excellent means of communication. These rivers have been re- du 1 to our survey, and as far as they go, will give an ent idea of the country. The geological charac- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 73 ter of the country consists of granitic mountains, once probably islands, filled up with a fine alluvial soil — the interior, as far as I have seen, presents the same features, but I have not been able to ascertain the extent of any mountain range, though I conceive such must exist. The native account of the locality of the various and varying tribe of Dyaks I have been very attentive to, and our present cruise has terminated not far from the country and river of Rejang, inhabited by the Kyans. Between Sadung, where we left off, and Rejang is the locality of the Sarebas Dyak s,a power- ful, wild, and piratical tribe. It is a curious fact, and one I have established, but which I can develope in future, that the languages of the Dyak tribes all vary greatly. Tlie Kayans are a tattooed people using the sumpit or blow-pipe, tlie Sarebas Dyaks, their next neighbours are not distinguished by either of these pecu- liarities. I must mention too that the Dyaks are scru- pulously honest— their women chaste — polygamy dis- allowed — and I incline to the belief tliat their custom of preserving heads, is similar to the practice of the North American Indians, and to be considered as so many warlike trophies, rather than the brutal and indi:jcriminate slaughter of friends and strangers, for the purpose of taking their heads, as has been generally represented. I do not mean to say that heads are always, and only, taken in war, but that they usually are, and when otherwise obtained are vol.. 1. E 74 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF passed ofl^ as tokens of a sacoesBfiil ibray against some enemy. I believe thisis thereal stateof what is called ** Head-Honting/' and with tribes like the Dyaks of Sarebas, who are robbers by land and pirates by sea, thdr hand is against every man, and every man's hand against them. They gave ns a specimen of their cun- ning by surprising a boat with the Panglima Rajah laying under the guns of ^ Boyalist," at the mouth of the Moratabas river, the Panglima Rajah being in attendance upon us. I would have given the fellows a lesson, if I bad bad an opportunity, but they came in darkness, under the shadow of the hill, and in darkness departed, on our firing a gim and showing a blue light Out of twelve men in the Malay boat, they wounded four — Panglima severely, with a spear, in the breast- but were gone off before I got to the scene of action in tbe gig. All's well that ends well — Panglima was re- covering — I, when I cooled, rejoiced I had shed no blood, and moreover I possessed myself of a bundle of their spears, left in the Malay boat Rude instruments they are ! To make this intelligible, I must inform you, however, that the boat was laying about fifty yards from tlie shore, whilst our vessel was anchored near half a mile from her in the middle of the stream. It was a capital lesson for me, for I had no guns loaded. Since that, the watch has always been armed, and in future always shall be. To continue my history. In natural history I consider we have been somewhat SIB JAMES BROOKE, E.C.6. 75 saccessful, though our stock of birds and beasts is but smallf; probably amongst them there will be some rare, perhaps new specimens. Some information I have gained respecting the Ourang Utan, will I think go to prove that the Pongo of Bufibn, is not the fabulous animal represented by our modem writers of natural history. I have a young Ourang on board, larger than those in the Zoological, and of the same species ; but the natives of Borneo Proper, are positive in asserting, that there are two entirely distinct animals, one called the Mlas Rambl or smaller Ourang, which we know in Europe, the other, Mlas Pappun, as big or bigger than a man, and with a round face. To confirm the truth of this assertion, I have got the hand of a Mlas Pappun, larger than the hand of any man in this vessel, and I cannot persuade myself that age could ever develop the smaller species to the same size. I have likewise got the iiead (not perfect) of an adult Mlas Rambl, which goes further to est^iblish this distinction, and certainly the head of this adult animal never belonged to the same species as the hand. The Mlas Rambl is represented as attaining the height of four to five feet — the Mlas Pappun to six or seven — and the size of the hand would fully warrant the belief! I..ook into Cuvier, and you will see what is therein stated on this topic, and you will perceive how little real ground there is beyond a dangerous mode of analogical reasoning, to prove that the skeleton in Paris is the £2 76 PRIVATE LETTERS OF adult animal of the young specimens in the Zoological Gardens. I treat fully on this subject, because I know it will interest you, and the discovery will be worth making. Perhaps the proofs in my possession will not fully establish the fact, but I feel confident I can pro- cure a dead adult specimen and perhaps a living young one. You shall see the hand shortly. Betsy Mlas I shall not send home, but consign to the care of some friend at Singapore, as the genial climate will probably allow her to attain to years of maturity, whence a fair judgment can be formed of the real size of this small species. I have a Wau-Wau, a species of long-armed ape, but the species are very little known. I fear he will never live home, being very delicate. In trade I have been able to accomplish an excellent footing with the Bomeons, and a free permission that English vessels may trade with Borneo. The Dutch are making great efforts to effect the same objects, and / have possessed myself of their correspondence with the governor of Sarawak, the Pangeran Indra Makota, on this subject. They arc positively excluded now^ and well will it be for the last independent Malay state if they have firm- ness enough to withstand all their tempting overtures of money and assistance. The English might, to- morrow, enter into a treaty with the Bomeons, which would give them the trade of their country. Our apathy is astonishing, for it not only disdains present I tagcs, but neglects prospective benefits. You y judge from wliat you know of my sentiments, how SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 77 far I have thought right when asked my opinion to ex- press it to the native prince. As an English gentleman, without interest or partiaUty, I have for his own safety strongly recommended him never to allow any govern- ment, or any body of white men to settle in his country. Now, my dear Jack, I beg of you to stand up and let me hit you in the face ! I Are you not a pretty fellow ? I left England in December, and in October following, I have received only one letter from you — dated in March. I must explam to 3'ou, that the com- munication to Singapore is speedy, if letters are for- warded by proper conveyance. From February to September, letters ought to be sent by the overland mail, and in the other season likewise, occasionally. If ships do not sail directly, keep not your letters but forward tliem by Calcutta. Parcels, of course, may come by Singapore-bound vessels. Another thing, mon ami. Here am I, an author ! and you never send me a single copy of my Anti Papistical !* I have not much more to say, except that you must not trust to Gardner, or AVise, to forward the letters ; and mind you get all the boxes out of their hands as soon as they come, and when you have Siitisfied your own curiosity, make them over to Watcrhouse. If the boxes of specimens are left long in Gardner's office, they will be rotten when opened. I sail hence in a few days for Malacca and thence to Celebes, after * A pamphlet written bj Mr. Brooke, and which was in the preM when he leA Kngland 78 PRIVATE LETTERS OF which, I retum in the proper season, to the north-west coast of Borneo. My kind regards to all your party at home ,and ever, dear Jack, believe i^e, Your afiectiouate friend, J. Brooke. P. S. — ^I hare some boxes of birds and curiosities coming to you soon, but you shall receiTe due notice. No. 13. John C. Templer, Esq. Sing^K>re, Nov. 12, 1839. My dear Jack, A few lines before I depart for the north-east coast of Borneo and Celebes, to say that all is well. At the same time let me apprise you of two boxes of birds and curiosities. The former of course can go, after you have inspected them, to the Zoological. Some specimens amoDgst our Borneo collection, will be found scarce if not new. A list of these things you will find in the larger box. Gardner will give room to the curiosities if you cannot There are some articles I want tested by chembts, or commercial men. AVhen I have gained more information I will send a paper to the Geographical Society, to let the world know what I am about, and on that occasion these curiosities, with many more which I have got, or shall get, c«in be dis- played. Pray present Harvey the suit of Borneo armour to adorn his ancient hall, and the large lUanun SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 79 sword to match. They may as well, however, be shown at the proper time. Give him at the same time, my kind regards. In the box likewise, are sundry mats — ^the white one gaily trimmed with red, will do admirably for your sister, and any of the Dyak ones you like to keep for yourself, pray do. I rejoice to hear you are so comfortable and get on so well. I would fain have you with me, provided it was for your good. We should then indeed lead a pleasant and agreeable life, and a life of some hard- ships, would be enlivened by companionship. Stick to the law, however, dear Jack, and the law will stick to you. The history of my late cruise to Borneo, has agitated the society here, and whilst the merchants have pre- sented me with an address of thanks — the government, or rather the governor, has been cooler to me than before. He would fain have me lay aside all politics, but whilst I see such treachery and baseness on one part, and such weakness, imbecility, and indifference on tlie other, I will continue to upraise my voice at fitUng seasons. I m ill not leave my native friends to be deceived and betrayed by cither white nation and, (what tlie governor does not like) I will speak bold truths to native ears, convinced tliat it is the best means of preserving the independence of the Malay states, as it is the only line an English gentleman could take, who seeks their friendship, and enters tlieir country with no other object than their good, and his own improvement. Don't think, however, that I would 80 PRIVATE LETTERS OF intrude, or force opinion or advice. Until asked, I am silent. K I was governor of the Straits, with power to restrict the Dutch, I would spread the British name and commerce through many channels now shut, or unknown. One thing I regret not having tried to effect whilst at home, and that is getting a knighthood, a civic knighthood. You know me well enough to believe that such a distinction would never be sought by me except to answer some purpose. I believe the mere name would be very useful to me with natives and Europeans in this country — ^at home, I would not accept it, or wear the title, and though convinced of its utility, I will not beg or ask it ; there are beggars enough in England. If they please to give it me on public grounds, as a barren reward, to facilitate a praiseworthy object, I would accept it I have written to Washington, but in haste. After another visit to the north-west coast, I will send a paper to the Geographical, as I before said, and he will then be able to follow me — kec]) him, however, informed on all these matters, and let liim, or any of his friends, inspect the curiosities. Many kind regards to all your party at Bridport and Greenwich. Poor , how I grieve for liim, yet I cannot assist him. Such a propensity must be his ruin particularly when carried to such a desperate extent. — Desperate, I may, indeed, call it, for I am sure that, after being obliged to quit the service, he will lose SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 81 all self-respect, aud hurry forward in his fatal career. Carry my kind remembrances to his good aunts. I was pleased to hear that I 's boy contrived to get into the school, for he is a good man, though never fitted to command a clipper. Hart is well, and gives satisfaction. All hands well and healthy, and con- tented. M better. Creswick has quitted me, not choosing to bear some restrictions which I thought necessary to lay upon him. He is a ruined man, from his own stupid folly. You never mention Iiow Billy* gets on, yet I wanted to hear. Ever dear Jack, affectionately yours, J. Brooke. P.S. Drop a line to South Broom, to say you have heard. I wrote my sister two or three days since. No. 14. Fragment of a letter addressed to John C. Templer, Esq., tlic first part luiving been lost. (Date uncertain, supposed — ) Singapore, June, 1S40. A 8UIP sails to-morrow morning for Calcutta, and my letter is already so long, that. I have not much time to add to it. Let me proceed at once to my own pro- ceedings. Leaving Singapore, we made a wretched passage to Boutliian, a small Dutch settlement, ou the south of Celebes. It is distinguished by the mountain of Lumper-Batang, or Big-Belly. A party ^ A brother of the Editor. e3 82 PRIVATE LETTERS OF from " RoyaUst," were the first Europeans who ever reached the summit Scenery grand, and most lovely — the barometric height nearly eight thousand feet From Bouthian, we proceeded into the Bay of Boni, by the inner passage, which is clear, without any rocks, as stated by Horsburg. This bay is one hundred and eighty miles long, by an average breadth of from forty to fifty miles — ^the survey is quite new. It abounds in coral reefs, to lay down which was beyond our power ; but we sailed up, and surveyed one side, and down the other. The geographical features of the country must be briefly stated. The range of Lumper- Batang divides the southern limb of Celebes, and nearly meets a range from Lybayang to the north. Between this range, of about two thousand average feet, are lower mountains to the eastward, and an alluvial plain, differing, at the southern part of the bay, from three or four miles to twenty, in breadth. The mountains running to the S.S.W., beyond the kingdom of Boni, form a more extensive plain, with the fine river of Chiarova, as marked in the chart, Boni. Up this river is an inland lake, or lakes, of some extent, in the Wajo country, and an undulating plain, from a ridge of low sandstone mountains to the sea. Beyond the basin of the lake, towards the north, the strip is gradually curtailed, and the mountain of Lybayang sends its spurs to the sea-side. Ly- bayang is certainly not less than ten thousand feet In the N.W. angle of the bay is Palepo the capital of Luwn, tlie most ancient Bugis state, situated amid SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 83 mountains, which likewise surround the head of the bay, and run down its eastern side. On the eastern side is Gunang-Susana. The eastern side is a wild, beau- tiful region, inhabited by wild people — one part called Menkoka« They are a sort of Dyaks. The wild tribes about Luwn are known as Turagahs. The latter I had only an opportunity of seeing in Luwn, as the country is greatly distracted by internal factions. The navigation is awful. I thought "Royalist" would have left her bones there, but she escaped untouched. Sometimes we could count thirty coral-patches from our masthead, and we had to sail through them by eye. These coral -patches all follow one rule of forma- tion. From whatever water the mud-buttom is com- posed of, the first cast shallows, and thence runs steep to the crown of the reef. For instance, the first cast from twenty five fathoms is seven, the next two, and then the crown of the reef, about four or five feet all over. You see how briefly I am obliged to state. The natives are more interesting than their country — bold and enterprizing — the population numerous — in parts dense — their institutions feudal — elective monarch — hereditary chiefs — ^acknowledged freemen, not of noble blood — right of .freehold property. Pon- garas, or tribunes of the people, not noble, and chosen by tlie people. The chiefs, surrounded by their followers, slaves, or freemen, in their sendee, make petty wars, and each possess the power of life or death. A council of forty nobles, besides tlie six great here- ditary chiefs, and a general coundl of all classes, in 84 PRIVATE LETTERS OF cases of emergency. No chief can call the freemen to war — not even the monarch — without the mandate and consent of the three pongaras. I will only add that this is Wajo — ^the freest of the Bugis states. It is impossible to give this information in a letter, but I flatter myself it is both new and interesting. I went first to Boni, and met with nothing but hostility, armed boats and men, were ready at every point to oppose me. I left them and went to Wajo, where they feasted me. I passed six weeks in the interior — visited the lake, &c., and gained much knowledge of their customs and manners. Thence I returned to Boni, on an invitation, and was most sincerely and politely received. I was most anxious to visit a cave, which was said to be Hindoo, but proved natural ! Thence to distracted Luwn, down the east side, saw Dyaks, head -cutters, &c , and out again from starvation ! We have four or five hundred miles of coast-line, and a good deal of the interior laid down — native states — customs — manners. No. 15. Mrs. Brooke.* Siugaporc, June 9, 1840. My loved Mother, It is a great delight to tell you that I have returned in good health from my second cruise, which has been quite as successful as the first, though longer. I was * Tbe moUicr of Sir James Hrook«. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 85 for four months ia the Bugis countries, in the deep Bay of Boni, at the south extremity of Celebes. These countries are beautiful, much clearer of wood than any. other part of the archipelago I have seen, and diversi- fied with mountain and plain. We ascended one mountain, called Lumper-Batang, which was eight thousand feet high — the most lovely scenery, combining the charms of an upland region, with the luxuriant vegetation of these favoured climes. The navigation ef the Bay of Boni is intricate and diflScult, and I often feared " Royalist" would leave her bones there, but with care, we escaped untouched. Had the vessel been lost, we should have been quite safe ourselves, for the natives are an open-hearted and hospitable race. My health, dearest mother, continued remark- ably good all the time I was out I will not tell you anything more about my voyage, but let me set your mind at rest, by assuring you I have not the slightest intention of proceeding to China. Every one seems to conclude I shall go, and I shan*t, just to disappoint them — what should I do there ? I want not to smell gunpowder, or look on at slaughter. Tcinpler will tell you j)lenty about me sour, was in\ great object; but it was necessary at the same time, to guard aigainst offending the pride, or the pre- judices of the Malays, finding the rajah very willing, wv next turned over the ancient laws of Borneo, the laws by which they profess still to govern, and there we found all tiiat was neccss;iry for our purpose. On my return then, I propose thr :ugh the mjah, promul- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 101 gating this old code, and visiting all the Dyak tribes, to make them acquainted with it. The produce of their labour will then be at their own disposal, and an encouragement, offered to industry ; as it is, the poor Dyak, labours, but is robbed of his produce, by some chief, who gives him a mere nominal price for the most valuable articles — for instance, a small cup full of salt, is exchanged for five pounds worth of beeswax, or bird's-nests With these gentle reforms, I have strong hopes that the poorer Malays and Dyaks, will be rapidly raised from their present state, and that a happy population, and cultivated country, will succeed the present wretched state of affairs. I need not say, that Sarawak is eminently rich in produce ; amongst the most valuable commodities is gold, which is pro- curable in large quantities. The eiiterprizing and industrious Chinese, are settled in the country recently, and tlieir numbers will s^oon increase. From these people, I have received the most pressing solicitations, to take up my abode at Sarawak, for they are well acquainted with the value of English counsels, and English integrity. Where a Chinaman is found, there the land flouri.-hes, mines are dug, and produce of every description i> ]>rocured. The Chinese are highly calcu- lati'J, to dev.iope the Dyak ; neither, have any preju- dice of religion, they intermarry, and the Dyak falls into the habit- of the Chinese, and imitates their industry. The trade with the Chinese ought to be very great, and in three years they will yield revenue by means of a direct tax, which will coropeni^ate for a!l 102 PRIVATE LETTERS OF the toils and trouble of the first year or two. I propose then, dearest mother, to take up my abode at Sarawak for a year or two— my visits to Singapore will of course be frequent I shall have my letters as usual, and I sliall be employed in a good work ; if success attend me it will probably be considerable ; if not, I can only reflect with pleasure, that my failure must go far to benefit the natives, and increase the trade of England. I do not like the idea of a longer absence ; I shall find happiness, after failure, in embracing you again — in case of success, I shall run home by overland in three months. To continue, my loved mother, let me ask you, whether these views and endeavours, do not deserve the support of my countrymen. If the Government, by placing me in an easy portion, were to try the plan fairly, I am assured that perfect success would attend it They might, by making me their envoy, form a commennal treaty with Bomea The very fact of which, would ensure Borneo her independence, and make me the reudent commissioner. On public grounds these things would be highly dcdrable, but my share in the transaction would be greatly dimi- nished. ^Vhen my memorandum comes home, read it with attention, and do work for me, fight, dear mamma, like a hen for her chicken, and do make our relatives interest themselves in our behalf. They will be proud of me as a relation, even tiawy but I will make them even prouder yet ; and they are good people too, and I like them because they are kind-bearted and gentle ; SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. s 103 you know, I want to be a knight, though you laugh at me, because Sir James would be an immensely-im- portant person here. Indeed, it is difficult to tell you, how great the advantage would be, but you know what I have done, and whatever I may do, is in spite of the most adverse circumstances. So, mamma, do stir yourself, and I will write a little more to-morrow. In four or five days I return to Sarawak. I purpose writing to dear Margaret ere I leave. Many, many loves. South Broom is in beauty now, and when this reaches your dear hands, you will have the enjoyment of summer. Adieu I loved mother. Ever your affectionate son, J. Brooke. No. 21. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, April 23, 1841. Mt dear Jack, I CANNOT leave Singapore,.without sending you a few lines, though they be few and far l)etween. It is a shame I have not written before ; but I am usually a good correspondent, and you must forgive me tliis time, on promise of a non-like offence. Your last was from Bridport, dated 29th April. Many have gone astray to Manilla, and are daily expected back ; but I shall be gone, as I sail for Sarawak to-morrow morn- ing. I thought of writing a sort of memorandum, to 104 » PRIVATE LETTERS OF let you and all the world know my future intentions ; but I thought it best to delay it till I was a little more settled, as there is many a slip betwixt the cup and the lip. I wrote Grardner rather a long account, which I dare say he either has, or will, show you. It is curious in one of your letters, that you mention, that these countries must be developed by trade. I agree, and am going to try ; but besides trade, there must be some degree of good government, as the poorer class are only ground, without profiting. I am going to try this too, dear Jack, bold as the enterprize is ; but I should be very proud to open the resources of Borneo, and to ameliorate the condition of its inhabitants. Tlie Rajah Muda Hassim is a good and a kind man for a Malay. I could hardly have believed I could have liked any native so well. He has offered me the country ; and tliough I shall not take it openly, I hope to sway him, to govern it well. By degrees the trade must be thrown open. I think, if the govern- ment are at all awake to the importance of the island, they will give me some assistance when I ask for it. I sail, as I said, to-morrow, and shall take up my resi- dence for some time ; if successful, for a long time. God bless you. When settled, I shall be able to indulge in a long — very long — yam. With kindest love to all, affectionately. Your friend, J. Brooke. P.S. I give C , a fricml of mine, a letter of in- troduction to you. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 1 05 CHAPTER IV. July 24, 1841, to December 10, 1841 No. 22. John C. Templer, Esq. Sarawak, July 24, 1841. My dear jACk', It is very troublesome writing when one's affairs are in so uncertain a state, that all that is conveyed one clay, the next may cancel. You know, I tliink. how greatly I have served the Rajah Muda Ilassiui, and the unqualified promise he made me, agreeing to give me the country, and to assist the government, which I thought best. On these promises I bought a second vessel, and put into her a cargo, in all costing me a great sum ; and when I arrived here, with many friendly professions he took the cargo, and was to give me tlie antimony ore in exchange, at a favourable but fair riite. So far all went smooth ; but arrived at this f3 106 PRIVATE LETTERS OF point, I first obsenred a slackness, then a slight shade of coolness, and then an evident wish to evade all dis- cussion about the settlement of the country ; and, last, a measure to try me, which went to the ruin of the country. It was nothing more or less than allowing 120 piratical Dyak boats, to go into the interior here, to attack the Dyaks of tins country. When I resisted indignantly this gross breach of our agreement, he denied all knowledge of it ; but his knowledge was no less certain, and the measure his own! You must know that antimony ore is easily and readily got ; but though he has taken this cargo of mine, he has delayed giving me the return, and has not allowed the natives to work the stone. Now if this was a European, I should be sure he wanted to deceive me : and I believe this friend is false, and thinks to weary me out, and thereby cheat me, and get me away in disgust ; but he is mistaken. I have taken my measures. One vessel, partly full of ore, has returned to Singapore for pro- visions. The ^' Royalist" has been despatched to Borneo Proper to demand a shipwrecked crew ; and I remain here with Mr. , and Peter, and another, to watch my friend and creditor. If I conclude that he wants to break his promise, and cheat me too — and there can be no surer proof than that he could give me the full return in one month, and keeps me five, with- out allowing, nay, preventing his people working »if, as I say, I am sure of this, I will fleece him to his very SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 107 bed-clothes ; and if he resists, fight it out. I regret this very much, because, in the general calculation of the feasibility of the plan, we reckoned the chances of success against failure, and with the same chances again, though greatly against success, I would, on the same ground, do as I have done ; but when the iminvited proposer, the unsolicited giver, turns at the very first step, of course all previous calculation is defeated, and the scheme has no fair field. I have done this man many benefits ; and if he prove false after all his promises, I will put that mark of shame upon him that death would be lighter. So much, my friend, for my present prospect — ^no pleasant one. I have nothing, dear Jack, to say after these few lines. God bless you. My kindest regards and remembrances to my friends at Bridport, Greenwich, &c., and be- lieve me, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. 108 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 23. Mrs; Brooke. Kachin,** Sarawak, Sept. 14, 1841. My LOVED Mother, This is written in haste by the steamer ** Diaiia," which has touched here on her return from Borneo, where she has been to rescue a shipwrecked crew detained by the sultan. You will very shortly hear of me again more particularly, and in the mean time I may assure you that I am quite well, and if not quite prosperous, yet as prosperous, perhaps, as circumstances will permit ; but, as you know the en- terprize is a bold one, and liable to failure, more par- ticularly at the outset, and really I could not swear now, that it will succeed any one week with another. I neither shun, or fear the diflSculties, and if left clear to act, I should have no doubt of complete success ; but I have mbgivings of Muda Hasdim ; that he is a very weak, and a very indolent man I know, and perhaps he wants to throw me overl)oar(l if he dare ; but still I hoi)e better things, and if promises could satisfy, and oaths assure, I have plenty. To bo with you once more, will at all events repay any pe^rsonal disappointment, and even should I succeed here. I must make arrangements to return home soon, for a time- Charles seems to have formed the most exalted notions of my country, but if fine countries could bo * The native name of Sarawak. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aB. 109 had, with industrious subjects, and gold to work them, so many would be on the look-out, that I never should have had a chance. Here it is a hard fight to do g(K)d — a harder fight to act rightly and coolly ; any fool could imbroil matters. The tinith is, dear mother, that I might see needful to withdraw at any time, but I do not see the necessity yet, and if I can rouse Muda Hassim to exertion, and a proper course of action, the country will develop itself, if not, I must withdraw. I have a very comfortable house, and the Chinese are my greatest allies with the people of the country. Many, many loves. I am, in great haste, having much to finish and despatch, ever, dearest mother, Your affectionate sou, J. Brooke. No. 24. John C. Templer, Esq. Sarawak, Sept. 14, 1841. My DEAR Jack, I UAVE a long letter in progress for you, but without the time to finish it. I am in the most uncertain and uncomfortable state in the world, which means, that I do not know whether Mudii Hassim is cheating me or not, or whether I shall remain or not. These imdertakings are ever liable to these unforeseen terminations, and I the more regret it, because I believe the field a noble one and success as very probable ; but this hitch is unforeseen 1 10 PRIVATE LETTEBS OP indeed, for who could foresee that the very man who invited me to come, on whose part the offer was volun- tary, and to whom I have been of sudi essential service, could torn round on me. Yet, though I say so much, I must add that I consider it more ^^ Tes'* than ** No,'' idleness in preference to deceit There are, however, difficulties with one or two rascals. My great allies are the Chinese. I have built a palace fifty-four feet square with the dignity of planked floors and walls 1 1 very comfortable and cool, though the climate is so cool that I sleep nightly almost, with a blanket over me. May I not thank you, my dear Jack, for the generous opinion of me whidi your last letter expresses. If fine countries wherein fine gen- tlemen could make money, were every day to be picked up, there would be so many claimants that I should have no chance when it came to elbowing and interest. Here it is a fight — ^it wants patience, and coolness, and resolution ; any fool could embroil him- self by hasty measures ; yet I am almost out of my stock of ])aticnce, having for five months put up with delay after delay ; and the worst is, all my people are urging me on, but I won't be driven, though I have a happy knack of letting everybody talk. Many kind remembrances. I have a letter unfinished for you. Thank Billy for his favour, which shall meet with my early attention. Ever yours affectionately, J. Brooeb. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 111 No. 25. JoHM C. Templer, £sq. Kuching, Sarawak, Sept. 25, 1841. My dear Jack, I HAVE written you very short letters, because I wished to say something certain, and put off in con- sequence till the last, by which I gained nothing, and you lost a long letter. Now, though still plunged in uncertainty, I take time by the forelock, that at any rate you may know as much as I know myself. I cannot go back very far, but you have doubtless learned the particulars under which Muda Hassim promised me this country of Sarawak. In conse- quence of our agreements, I piu*chased another vessel, and fitted her with goods of all sorts, and came here, and when here, I really could do nothing, and have been able to do nothing, for the last four months and more. Muda Hassim was civil and kind, but would neither do anything himself, nor allow me to do anything, and the consequence was that with a very heavy expense, I got no return, and had the com- fortable prospect of being made both a fool and a loser. It has been a difficult, game to play. Jack, and the more difficult, because I could not fathom the adversary's hand, but I have played my cards with patience and firmness (excuse boasting). On every account I am most anxious to give the undertaking a fair trial : tlie amelioration of the condition of the 112 PRIVATE LETTERS OF native population, the development of the rescmrces of the country, my own interests, and the extension of geography, will all be benefited if it succeed, and if after a fair lapse of time the enterprize fails, only one of these, viz., the personal one, will be injured. I have, therefore, been patient as a saint, though the inner man has often been tortured with the vapours of a devil ; ^* hope delayed sickeneth the heart," says the proverb, and uncert^iiiity is worse to bear than the worst certainty. It lias been trying, and now that it is nearly over, I may say so to you, to be on the threshold of an experiment, to test and retest all your former calculations, and to be baulked by the very person who invited the trial. It has arrived, how- ever, at a climax. Irritated and offended, I have for the last six weeks withdrawn from intercourse with Muda Ilassiro, and I find that he cannot do without me, and yet fears to entrust me with tlie authority he formerly promised. I wrote him a long letter detail- ing what he had promised, appealing to himself whe- ther it was so or not, and insisting on his either per- forming his promises or repaying me all my outlay, and that if he would mother do one nor tlie other, I could find the means to force him. He allowed fully alt I said, and I think will yield to all my demands, which, indeed, are strictly what he has him- self promisen bands, and by holding a monopoly of it in the European markets, the price will never sink below lOs. a cwt., and will probably be higher. By this ore I shall derive a revenue of 1,800/. or 2,000/. a year, clear of expcnces of carriage, duty, commission, &c. There is besides a considerable quantity of gold, and the immignition of Chinese will increase that lie PRIVATE LETTERS OF quantity, so another branch of trade will be open, as well as small quantities of bees-wax, birds' nests, and the like ; by these extra profits, I propose paying my household expences, and my household native senrants — ^add to this the trade with the coadt, which will cer- tainly flock here if prices are moderate, and you have my prospects for the first year. Each year will how- ever add to the immigration of tlic Chinese, and to the growth of rice, which the country is well calculated for, and after the first year, I shall put a rice tax on the Dyaks and Malays, and either a rice or gold tax on the Chinese ; all this being in prospectus, I will not dwell upon. I cannot, however, help telling you the sincere pleasure I feel, when I think of the gradual amelioration of the Dyak tribes, who are cruelly ill- used by tlie Malay government My militia will con- sist of Chinese and Malays ; ^' divide and govern** is the motto. I must govern each by the other, and when I am rich enough, procure a body guard of fifty Bugis, who are at any time a match for two hundred Malays. So much, dear Jack, for the kingdom of Sarawak, and your friend, who has underuiken to rai^e it. 28/A. — Since writing the above, my dear Jack, all is settled, and in a manner most satisfa(*tory. Our agree- ment to the following effect has been signed, sealed, and delivered by the high contracting powers. It states that with a clear conscience and integrity, Muda Uassim makes over the entire government and revenue of the country of Sarawak and its dependencies to mo, SIR JAMES BUOOKE, K.C B. 117 on condition of my holding it under the crown of Borneo, and on the payment of certain specific sums (amounting to 500/. a year). No person is to meddle or interfere witli my government on any pretence, whetlier of politics or trade, &c., and on my part I am to preserve their laws, and not meddle with their reli- gion. I am pleased with this, and more with the con- viction of Muda Ha^sim's sincerity, and the entire de- votion of the people of the country to my side. Indeed nothing can he more flourishing than the present state of my affairs, and I have only one other rock a head on which there is any chance of splitting. Makota is the most mild, the most gentlemanly rascal you can conceive, and through his intrigues I have been no dis- tressed and delayed. I found him out by degrees, and gathered up a little treasury of grievances all ready for use, but in the mean time we were beating him hollow, and he every day became more stupid in his devices to thwart us, till at last he tried poison (arsenic mixed with tlie rice), but this likewise was discovered, and though I could not convict him in an English court of justice, yet there was plenty of evidence to convince me ; first, because he is the only man interested to poison mc, and second, because it was traced to an emissary of his who was in our camp. However I chose he should bear the blame, and so opening my grievance box with this monster grievance to lead the way, I armed, guns loaded* men passed tu and fro, and protesting my affection for 3[uda Hassim, 118 PRIVATE LETTERS OF I swore vengeance on Makota. This demonstration tested public opinion, and two hundred of the natives immediately joined me, and not a single man joined Makota. This brought matters to a crisis. Makota was discarded, and I walked over the course. The day following the settlement,* came the installation : — all the principal people were assembled, and the chop being read to them, the rajah informed them that thenceforward I was to hold the government I ex- pounded my principles to them, and really believe they are well pleased. We had great firing and rejoicing. 4th October. — I must bring my letter to a close by telling you that everything goes on excellently well, and I have suled past the rock which threatened ahead. This rock was, that Muda Hassim held cap- tive as hostages the whole of the women of the late rebels, and I of course was obliged to liberate them, as the first proof of good government He has consented, without a demur, and I have had the satisfaction of lettmg loose upwards of one hundred unhappy women and children, and restoring them to their husbands. Is not this a retrospect to pillow my head on ? To balance against misfortune ? Now to business, you have got my journal kept during the ^ Royalist*' cruise in the Mediterranean : on the first page is the direction of a roan who makes very neat circles for observing latitude, and I have written to my mother to send me one, and to apply to jrou to get it I think it is in Devonshire-street, Portland-place. * Letter of iiutructioDs. SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 119 To be of use here, it must of course observe at a very high altitude of the sun. We are at a very great loss for latitudes, the stars being rarely clear enough to observe. For months together, we have not a clear sky I I want also a rifle with eight barrels, on a wheel which can be shifted for eight more, and so on ad in- finUum. I should like wheels enough to carry fifty or sixty charges. With Dyaks it would be invaluable, and I may owe my life to it, when it comes. The maker I do not know, but there was an account of its trial, inserted in the "Times," either at BatterseaRed House, or the other pigeon shooting place. I have begged my mother to send me likewise a large magic lantern or phantasmagoria, a good peep-show, (battle of Waterloo, with Bony to the right on his white charger, &c., well magnified,) and an electrifying ma- chine. Perhaps she will commission you, dear Jack, to execute these orders. I apply to my mother, for I do not like to throw away more money, and whatever / can get, must go on the country, and these things will not distress /ter. My natural history goes on slowly, but I have a pretty menagerie, a wawa, a black Bugis monkey, two young bears, an orang-outan (young,) besides paroquets, concals, &c. The pre- served collection consists of about forty or fifty speci- mens, some excellent specimens of the pole cat and weasel kind ; one magnificent pheasant which I never saw before, something like the Impeyan, and a Kayan or proboscis monkey. 120 PRIVATE LETTEKS OF Give my. kind regards to alL If I spedfied the list, it would be too long. I have so mucb of my own news, that I do not dwell upon yours, but tell me ereryihing. I expect a letter from Waterhouse in reply to my last communication. Tell him I will search the questioo to the bottom. If my affairs goes on well, and T likes to join me, I would receive him with open arms, but the chance of failure prevents my making the offisr at once, .because I might inflict an injury where I intended to benefit ^^ Royalist" will be sold. God bless you, dear Jack. And believe me, Your affectionate fnend, J. Brooke. No. 26. Mrs. Brooke. Kachin, Sarawak, Sept. S7, 1S41. My loved Motuer, Mt last letter must have caused you to think that my present undertaking was coming to an an- timcly end, but I am now glad to tell you, after much suspense, I have brought everything to a most satis- factory conclusion. I liave written so long an acooaot to Charles Johnson which you will read, tliatit is use- less to repeat any of .the details, and I will therefore SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 121 only add) that whilst I contiuue to enjoy the highest health, I have a mind buoyed up with the hopes of doing good. In such an undertaking we must act on a large scale, or as large a scale as we can. It is a grand experiment, which, if it succeeds, will bestow a blessing on these poor people, and their children's children will bless my name. If it fail, what is it but personal inconvenience, the sacrifice of style and luxury, but I shall not sleep the worse for my bed being harder, nor shall I be less happy in a cottage than in a mansion. For the rest let me refer you to my other letter. Several letters of yours have reached me, and I shall soon have the satisfaction of receiving others. Your surprise at the first intelligence of my having entered into this scheme was natural, but I derive great happiness in knowing that my mother ap- preciates the motives on whicli I have acted, ami believes that I have that devotion of character, which would lead me in the path of good, even at a sacrifice. Success will justify me to all, but it is those alone who, seeing and knowing the diflScultics of the undertaking, approve it on the whole, in spite of some prudential twinges whose opinion is reallv worth having. My dear uncle's * illness has, I trust, long since left him, and that he is restored to his usual health. I propose giving him a letter by the next return of my vessel, and I would rather have his judgment on what I am doing than that of any other ])erson in the world. I * Major Stuart, of IlilliDgdon, near Uxbridge. VOL. L G 122 PRIVATE LEITEBS OF must try to write to dear Margaret this time, thou^- my time is cruelly taken up by public affiurs. She will delight to bear of so fine a field for the q)read of Chris- tianity — a finer field cannot be imagined ; a people so ignorant and so illused with no reli^on of their own, and hardly any prejudices, ofier the best opportunity for converrion to the truth. If I hold here a year, I propose entering into communication with some intel- ligent missionary, and taking his opinion on the best and most feasible means of establishing some of his brethren. I am inclined to believe the American nua- sionaries, in general, superior to the English, not in religious qualification, bat in their general system. They aim almost solely at the education of the young, and ingratiate themselves with the older people by the practice of physic — some knowledge of which they almost all acquire. My little Dyak is a charming fellow, and has quite lost all the subserrient timidity of the native. I have likewise a Bugis, somewhat older, a very intelligent boy, but very passionate, and these two are taught daily to read English, and liave progressed to ba-be-bi. The former of these boys I will, when lu* ;icquires a little more knowledge, have baptised at Singapore — the latter is already a Ma- homedan. Your domestic news I know not whether to regret or rejoice at The reasons for leaving South Broom are good ones, and even you, dearest mother, do not seem to SIR JAMES BROOKE, E:.C.B. 123 have attached yourself much to the place, and being both expensive and non-productive, and without any particular claim on your affections, it is better perhaps to have got rid of it than to have remained. I really hope Anthony will purchase a place, because till that is the case, he will never be fixed, and always chang- ing. I have the same feeling so strongly, that I de- clare, I would rather have a cottage, a freehold of mine own, all and entirely mine own, than a mansion and park on lease for five himdred years, with a vile land- lord somewhere or other, with big prying eyes, and an intelligent agent, close at hand to see you did not convert oaks into firewood. I shall -shortly commence indulging my imagination with the idea of a nice country-house^ more country than South Broom, not so near the village or town, some three, four, or five miles from Cheltenham or Bath, which is not large or expensive, but boasts of a pretty pleasure-ground sort of farm, and is dignified by a snug little lodge. If you are in want of a lodge-keeper pray give it to my poor captain's widow, Mrs. . 1st October, — I must now bring my letter to a con- clusion, with begging, and conveying to you my first act of government. The unfortunate people who were conquered in the urar — the rebels— gave their wives and children as hos- tages for their future obedience, and they have since been held captive. My first act has been to release these unfortunates from their miserable dungeon and to 124 PRIVATE LETTERS OF restore them to their husbands. Is not this alone a recompense form any evils which I have, or may, suffer. To restore upwards of one hundred women and chil- dren, to their husbands and fathers — to bestow liberty on the captive, and happiness amid an entire popula- tion, may surely bring comfort on reflection, and a,Sard a pleasing retrospect. Now for my beg^ng : I am very poor, aud I have resolved not to encroach any more, but I want some things from home very much, so I must trust to your being rich enough to afford them to me. Imprimis, a circle for taking the lati- tude (Templer knows the direction). 2nd. An elec- trifying machine of good power. 3nL A large magic lantern or phantasmagoria. 4th. A rifle which carries fifty balls (Templer knows). And last, a peep-show. These articles will not ruin you quite, but do not put yourself to inconvenience about them. The circle and rifle I want very much, and the others are all for pa- liticdl purposes ! Many loves to alL I shall have one more opportunity for writing before we are shut in by the N. E. monsoon for three or four months. God bless you, loved loved mother. If I succeed here, with what pride and pleasure I shall clasp you in my arms ! and if I fail^ you will not love your son tlie less, or be less proud of him. I will not hope too much, but till you receive bad news you may l)e very content about me. Ever, my own mother. Your affectionate sod, J. Brooke. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 125 Na 27. John C. Templer, Esq. Kuchin, Sarawak, Nov. 10, 1841. My dear Jack, The reform in the postage induces me to write on half- sheets as they are more convenient, and afford a succession of stepping-stones to assist the arrange- ment of ideas. First, led me beg of you to afford me your assistance in procuring me the following vocabularies to help me in my philological researches. J St. Sanscrit. "2nd. A paper and tables, by Marsden, published by the Society of Antiquarians in vol. 6, of the Ar- chajologia. 3nl. Description of the Philippine Islands, by Mor- timer dc Tunigo — Marus translation — vocabularies therein contained of Chili, Peru, &c. &c, see page 175 '' Life of Sir Stamford Raffles." 4th. Ancient or modem vocabularies of South America, particularly the wild tribes of *' Guiana." 5th. Recent vocabularies of one or two languages of the South Sea, New Zealand, and Madagascar. Cth. Anything furtlier which may throw any light on the origin of the insular language, which extend;: from the Straits of Malacca to the Philippines, and from the Sandwich Islands to Madagascar. 7th. The language of the Philippines. 126 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Marsden's History, Grammar, and Dictionary, I have already got, as well as Raflaes' History of Java and Memoirs, Crawford's History, Ellis's Polynesian Researches, Williams' Missionary Enterprises, Earl's Eastern Seas, Cook's Voyages, &c. &c. I have a rare and excellent Bu^ vocabulary, and am ac- quainted with the character. Malay I am pretty well at home in. You will see in the Geographical Journal, vol. 9, part 1, page 153, the following words: ^* It is placed on the comparative list under the date 1803." If this comparative list contains anything to the purpose, let me have it. Where the devil does the radical portion of the East insular language come from? Marsden says it is original, and challenges any one to show its resemblance to any known con- tinental language ; Raffles and Segden bring it from the continent of Asia, but tiieir philology fails them ; Signor Tunigo traces the source to South America, and it is worth enquiring into. Our first and most natural inference is, that the population of the Islands emigrated from a continent ; but if they did so emi- grate, the traces of the language must l>e discoverable. Whether the tide flowed from cast to west, or west to east, must be decided by an identity in the radical portion of the languages ; but if we cainiot trace this resemblance to either continent, we niu^t presume tht* language and people original (i. e.) a language so far original that we cannot resolve it into any otlier lan- guage. Marsden was a first-rate (*astem scholar, with SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 127 a hard bead and excellent reasoning powers. The other authors I have seen on this enquiry appear to me to fluctuate backwards and forwards without stick- ing to the stern point of philology. Sir Stamford Raffles asserts that the language of the wild tribe of Borneo, resembles that of Laos and Camboga on the con- tinent Earl, following Raffles, says it is the language of the Dyaks, which it certainly is not, nor do I believe in the resemblance of the dialects, for it is not subject for assertion but proof When we consider the number of fine scholars who have pursued this enquiry without bringing home the radical portion of the Insular or Polynesian language to the western continent, we must consider it almost decisive that it cannot be done, but I am not aware that the same pains have been taken with regard to the dialects of South America. The east wind of the Pacific has always appeared to me to favour the notion of the current setting from east to west, and one fact we may be pretty sure of, that as the language of the South Seas has no mixture of Sanscrit, the emigration, if it took place from the westward, was in very remote times, previous to the arrival of the Hindus in tlie Archipelago. Tiie emi- gration from west to east is possible, but difficult even now for a bad sailing European vessel. \Miat nonsense it is, therefore, in Mr. Williams in his Missionary Enterprizes, referring to the native state of Acheen in 1573, as proof of the Islanders possessing vessels capable of the navigation from west to east When 128 PRIVATE LETTERS OF the ablest scbolan are unable to trace the language of the islands to the Aaatic continent, what is gained by proring this pos^bility ? On the other hand, it is easy for a canoe to come from South America to the island before the wind, and nobody that I am aware of has turned his attention minutely, to deriring the insular language, from the Eastern continent. I think some of the dialects of the Kyans and other tribes, will throw some interesting light on these par- ticulars; for these dialects appear to me, though possessing some words in common with the Polynesian, to differ very widely in their ^wiera/ character — in their genius, if I may so say. I have got much information I want to disgorge, but partly from its being not so conclusive as I could wish, and partly from want of time, I delay it ; however it shall come soon. One fact I must state to you : the Dyak — the wild Dyak — name for God, is the same as the Hindoo — as that of Riti. in the present day (viz.) " Battara," (the Avatara of tlie Hindoos). I am pleased at getting this fact a? it proves at least, that the Dyaks have, and long hnvo had, a notion of the Deity, and |)oints out the soura* whence they derived their knowledge. Let me beg of you to read tliis dry question with patience, consider it, and give me your opinion, and get such information of what has Ix^en done and wliat is the prevalent opinion as you can. Mr. G will help us, and Colonel J will, I doubt not, give you his aid, both on the question itself, and to procure the vocabularies. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aB. 129 I can speak favourably of my rising Carthage, though I am at present engaged in a contest with the Sultan of Sambas, backed doubtless by the Dutch. The desire of these two authorities is not only to seize this country, but to prevent anything like a liberal Govern- ment or free trade from flourishing here, on account of the effect it must necessarily have on their opium and salt monopolies. I think, however, I sliall hold fost, in spite of their intrigues, and I trust to be enabled to do good in the long rmi, and to make manifest how a little intelligence and honesty exerted in these unhappy countries may affect their future destiny, and be the means of advancing them in the social scale, whilst it at the same time tends to the benefit of our own com- merce, and to the spread of our religion. It is a matter of the utmost surprise to me, that the ii-land of Borneo should attnict so little attention, and that it should be so little known. Sir Stamford Raffles re- marks, that its soil is not only as rich as any in the world, but that its mineral productions ri\al those of South America ; and I may add that this section of the north west coast is unmatched within the same given space by any country. ^Ve have dimnonds, yold, tin^ iron and antimony ore certain — we have copper reported^ and these mineral mountains are as yet un- searched by any man of intelligence. Besides the mineral wealth, we have a soil fit for the cultivation o.'* the richest vegetable productions. Coffees, nutmegs cotton, would all flourish here, Rice, sago, and G 8 130 PRIVATE LETTERS OF any other grain grow in abundance and perfection, and the country is greatly cleared of wood and jungle by the industry of the Dyaks. Our chief want is inhabitants, and of these we shall have enough, provided the government is just and fair in its dealings. The Dyaks or wild tribe of the hills are, taking them generally, one of the most interesting and easily to be improved races in the world. You must be careful, however, not to confound these hill Dyaks with the predatory tribes of the coasts, for although they likewise have many excellent qualities, yet they are fireat pirates and head-hunters. Tliese (the hill Dyaks) are an industrious, quiet, and strictly honest people, in which last particular they present a striking contrast to the South Sea Islanders. Their wars, one tribe against another, do little mischief, even to them- selves, save that the fear of surprise, prevents their cultivating an ex|K>sed ground. It is a war of skir- mishing carried on by small parties, who steal on the enemy *s ground and cut otf a stray head or two, as opportunity offers ; but this Iiead-huntiny^ as it has been foolishly called, is the effect and not the cause of hostility ; antl it is nothing more tlian the tclago by the development of thh place, and more decided ^till, on the vast field for Cliristianity. In a native state the missionary does not succeed, because his efforts are counteracted by the contempt and the indolence of the Malay rulers* and the oppressions practised on the Dyak tribes render theui averse to all instruction NNliich flows from the Malays, or through tlioni, and it is quite out of the power of the poor missionary to bring tliem relief or happiness. Here, however, this power would be his — he would be tlieir guardian angel ; he would be tht* local authority to encourage them, and to repress the unjust demand of tlie Malay. In short, he would havt* every advantage, and his doctrine would be beneficially introduced by the amelioration of the temporal condi- tion of a moAt unhappy race. Indeed, from what I have seen of these jieople, I should expect a rapid ad- vance in Cliristianity, when once they were relieved from oppression. Itt December, 1841. — The preceding was written before the arrival of your letter bringing the sad new8 SIR JAJIES BROOKE, K.C.B. 137 of your family loss,* in which I sincerely sympathize, and the effects of which I trust are now mitigated. I have been very busy writing a paper for the Govern- ment, or the public, as may be ; and 1 will ask you to forward my views in every possible way you can. Your father knows Lord W , Sir T. A , &c. You, as well as I, can interest Harvey and his set. In short, dear Jack, I have resolved to make a push, be- cause the objects in view will be greatly advanced, if 1 can be placed above the hateful necessity of trading ; and these objects are so little selfish on my part, that I have a right to speak out on the subject, and to be heard. The paper has been sent to Gardner, who is to endeavour, or who has promised^ to lay it before the Secretary of State. For such ends surely a great nation, profuse in its charities, will not hesitate ; and, God knows, 1 desire none of their money to find its way to my own pockets. I tell Gardner, if the paper be puhlislied or printed^ to let y9U look over, alter, and amend it, for it is written in hurry, and amid ten thousand distractions. I hold well here, and doubt not the result, if I do not break down in money matters. There is the rub ! As a man of commerce, I am a fool ; fit to talk about the national debt ; but as for saving ^^ixpence, I cannot do it ; and you cannot know my situation. Daily poor wretches, in the last stage of starvation, float down the river, and crawl to my house, and beg a little, little rice ! Choke * This refers to the death of the Elditor's youug brother, Frederick. 138 PRIVATE LETTERS OF me with gold. Jack, but I have not the heart to say nay ; and this runs away with hundreds. The crop, however, will be ripe in three months, and then I shall be relieved from this doleful spectacle. To say the least, my bed is a bed of thorns, and I do assure you nothing but the sense of doing right could support me through my difficulties ; and I am o/bne, for thou^ my companions, or rather followers, are really good and faithful, yet they are not society. Whether I get any aid or not, I am going to put down piracy next year ; and if that fifty-barrel gun comes, so much the better ; such a state of things cannot be allowed to exist near a gentleman^ and it will be easily put an end to when the said gentleman applies himself to the task in person. Those idiots, the Dutch — those thick-skinned, muddle- headed canallers — encourage this vile traffic, because it prevents the natives smuggling, and because it in- jiu-es the trade of Singapore. Many, many loves to you all. Fear nothing for me ; the dedaon is in higher hands, and I am as willing to die, as live, in the present undertaking, if my death can benefit the poor |)eople. Pray, help me the whole hog, and do, if pos- sible, relieve me from the pecuniary burden of this task, for it is that, I do not like. Poverty I care not for ; but |)ecuniary doubt is hateful. God ble;is you. Write constantly, fiiUy, about everybody, Jem in par- ticular; and I want to licar about the ourang-utau theory, which Watcrliouse has not sent me. Ever yours alTectionately, but in haste, J. BfiOOKE. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 139 P.S. I open just to say that a box of birds is coming. Never mind the vocabularies now ; but keep the letter as a reference. Do turn your mind to the paper, and don't be bashful, and you might even, as my intimate friend, get an interview with the*Secretary of State. G and the Geographical will assist. Flourish trumpets ; consult with Gardner and the mer- cantile body ; but rouse the sleepy public. N.B. I want my geographical journals, not one of which has ever been forwarded. lO^A December. — All well. The paper sent to Gardner, with some memorandums, I wish you to peruse. I think I have not asked too much ; and by a little good management, it may readily be effected. I think you will like the substance of the paper ; but it has been written under pressure from without. Pray distribute it to all, and see as many friends on the subject as you can. Write or see R , for I know he will enter into my views. My kind regards to him and his. Peter is well, and behaving well ; very fond of a poultry-yard, and he diddles all the Pan- gerans out of cocks and hens ! Many kind regards to Prior, your sister, and the dear folks at Bridport. Politics I laugh at ! /am the ministry ! I am glad, however, there is a strong Government, though I would rather it was t'other way up. You must pass the (>orn Law Amendment in a few years. Yours, J. K 140 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 28. Mrs. Brooke. * Kuchin, Sarawak, Dec. 10, 1841. My loved Mother, Your welcome letter of June reached me here, and I have not long to reply, and am, moreover, pressed with other matter. You will see that I have resolved to api>eal to the Government, or to the puhlic, or both, and request that support and assistance which I con- ceive myself entitled to on public grounds. Pray assist me in every way ; agitate those you know ; solicit those you have a chance with, for the more publicity the better, and these countries are attracting attention. My rising Carthage shows symptoms of reviving from the trance in which it has been plunged by intrigue and violence. Of course I am greatly interesteil — with excellent liealth and plenty of energy for the task. I have everything here to make me as comfortable as circumstances permit — not many luxuries, but food enough and clean water ; but these things never did, and never can affect me ; and I feel myself supported by the consciousness of Iwing engaged in a worthy ta^k. one tliat has already relieved much misery, and which aims at extended good. My house and my mcnaffe are not uncomfortable. My private room contains my books, my guitar, my instruments ; and as for the demon Time, I know not SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 141 how he flies. Day succeeds day, month month, and I have no ennui — none of that longing to be doing some- thing, and the aversion to be employed on the merest trifles. The house consists of wood, supported on pillows (as Miss wrote) without number, and comprises a square of fifty-four feet. I have pets of all sorts — bears, monkeys, deer, dogs, and during the evening walk they are loosed, often to our great amuse- ment, I was very glad to hear you liked Treacher so well : he is an amiable and gentlemanly person, and a great favourite of mine. His successor, who has now left me, turned out very quarrelsome, and chose at last to quarrel with me, after being on bad terms with everybody else. Companions, I may say, I have none. There is a little interpreter, called AVilliamson, country born, good tempered, but uneJucated, a clerk, who, by misfortune and shipwreck, was reduced to great dis- tress, who is a useful, pleasant, and trustworthy person ; he is the son of an officer on half- pay ; wanted to better liimself by going to Sydney ; got wrecked, lost his all, and bliipj)ed aboard the " Royalist ;" since which he has risen by good comluct. M*Kenzie is master-at- arms and bh'd stufFer-general ; Peter, a great, big, stout man, an especial favourite with the natives ; and one other European. You will read my paper with interest, as I think even an indilferent person will likewise do. My wish is to get the Government to assist me, or at any rate to recognise the place, and to enter into my general 142 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF views of policy. The mercantile body may then safely form a j pnbliahcd under the direction of the Editor in tlie year 1S4S. It b too Important a testimony to tbe motiTet of iti author to be omitted here. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.Ca 145 such as may ultimately flow from the improvements of the country. Of the time I have already devoted, in order to acquire a knowledge of tliis island, and of the pecu- niary sacrifices I have made to benefit the people, you are well aware; and it is only for me, in alluding to these circumstances, to add that although anxious to see a settlement under British influence and protection established here, I am indifierent whether it be formed under my own superintendance or under the direction of others, and am willing to transfer the rights and interests I have acquired to any successor who, .with better means and better support, shall be able more eflectually to carry my views into execution. I wish it tlierefore to be understood, that on pnblic grounds only, I request the support of Government, or the assist- ance of the commercial community ; that my objects are to call into existence, the resources of one of the richest and most extensive islands of the globe ; to relieve an industrious people from oppression, and to check, and if possible, to suppress, Piracv and the Slave Trade, which are openly carried on witliin a short distance of three European settlements, on a scale and system revolting to humanity. These objects are by no means so difficult to accomplish, as may at first sight appear ; and whilst I devote myself to this task, I cannot but hope it will excite the interest which it appears to me to deserve, and that, as I have already borne all the brunt, I shall not be led to bear all the VOL. L n 14G PRIVATE LETTERS OF burden likewise. It is evident that the success of sudi an undertaking must depend greatly on the means which are employed, and though the limited resources of an individual may render the result doubtful, yet, with means better adequate to the end in view, it may be reduced nearly to a certainty, and the advantages flowing from success, must overpay, a thousand fold, the moderate outlay dictated by humanity, and risked for the extension of commerce. Convinced as I am of the good that must result both to Malays and Dyaks* from even my own endeavours, and resolved to persevere in them, (as if I fail in all I propose I shall at least pave the way for future im- provement, and leave, I trust, a favourable impression of English character) yet to enable others to judge of die reasons for my conviction, it will be necessary for me to enter into some brief details on the following points : 1st. The government of Borneo ; 2nd. The description of the countr}', its inhabitants and produce ; 3rd. My own past and present proceedings, and future prosi)ects, the di£Sculties yet to be encountered, and tlie means necessary to ensure success. 1. The government of Borneo Proper y\ like tliat of every other Malay state in the present day, is in the * The Djak tribes Are the aborigines of Borneo, inhabiting tlie interior of the island, and are in snbjagatioo to the Malays who line the coast. f Borneo Proper is the northern and north-western part of the island of Borneo, and is completely an independent state, valnfln- enoed by any European uatioo whatsoerer. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 147 last Stage of decay and distraction, without internal power or external influence ; and to such a degree do their intrigues and dissensions extend, that for the last twenty years, the sultan and the four hereditary officers of state of the royal family, have merely held nominal titles, being each unable to obtain the legal investiture from the jealousy of the others. The capital, once a place of importance, is now greatly reduced, and wretched in the extreme, and though formerly con- taining thirty thousand inhabitants, it is now reduced to four thousand. The trade there is nearly at an end, both with China and the European settlements, and is con- fined to a few native proas : throughout the territory, the same distraction prevails. A few chiefs hold pos- session of the mouths of the rivers, war with each other without check or control, and oppress the inhabitants, especially the hill Dyaks, until trade is reduced to its lowest possible limit, and produce only gathered in the smallest possible quantity; and countries abounding with the richest gifts of nature scarce feed a scanty and diminishing population. Nor does the evil cease here, for a swarm of petty Pangerans or chiefs, by their rapacity, frequently drive the people into rebellion, or reduce them to the most abject state of distress and even starvation. I am unacquainted with any parallel state of society ; for though in other countries rapacity, corruptiqn, and intrigue, may be very general, there is usually some power, some rallying }X)int for aggression or protection ; but here all arc rapacious, all are poor, n2 148 PRIVATE LETTERS OF and all so weak that fifty Europeans would take the whole country from end to end. Borneo Proper has scarcely held any communication with Europeans, and I believe the only treaty was entered into with the English in the year 1775, which certainly was little adhered to by either party. The Dutch have had no footing or no treaty, and the Bomeons* are jealous of their neighbours, as they well may be ; for the Dutch governments of Sambas and Pontianak, however advantageous they may be to Holland, in a pecuniary point of view, do not even aim at the improvement of the natives, or the exteusian of trade. It is in consequence of this slight intercourse with the civilized world that the Darneons are more rude and more ignorant than the other Malayans ; and the demands of commerce, instead of improving the country generally, have had the opposite effect, and have rendered the chiefs and traders jointly, the op- pressors of the poorer classes. I may here be allowed to offer a few remarks which apply generally to the Eastern Archipelago, but more particularly to the country of Borneo. Commerce has been indiscriminately described as an important medium of improvement, and no doubt it is so, in many (perhaps all) cases where it is unshackled and left to the impulse of the people ; but there are ex- ceptions to this rule, and amongst them must be * Borneoot. Thete tre the Malay inhabitantt of Borneo Proper, mud molt be considered as quite distinct from the Dyakt, or aboii- giaal pofmlatioD. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 149 reckoned the commerce of the Eastern Archipelago, which is generally in the hands of the native chiefs, and often is the most fatal instrument of oppression. Space forbids my entering more largely on this ques- tion ; but if we were to inquire into the benefits con- ferred by trade within the last two hundred years in the Archipelago, it would be difficult to point out one single Malayan state either more civilized, more powerful, or more happy than they were formerly ; whilst the examples of the contrary, either from this or other causes, are unhappily too numerous. My experience here enables me to affirm, from the dis- tracted state of the government and the depression of the people, that trade, instead of being a blessing, is a curse ; and that the richer a country is, and the greater the demand by European vessels for any staple com- modity, the more wretched are the inhabitants, and the more rapacious the chiefs, who drive the people to unrequited labour, as long as there is any demand, to the neglect of their agricultural pursuits, on which they depend for food. The chief grows rich ; but the people are abjectly poor ; and the country is ruined, by the desertion or rebellion of its inhabitants. The trade from the coast, carried on in the native proas, leads to less mischief, although it confers little good on the poorer classes : as I have remarked before, the trade is confined to a few chiefs and Nakodahs, and as the Dyak producers derive scarcely any advantage, the export produce is limited to the smallest possible quantity, which will ser>o to satisfy the demands of 150 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF their rulers, and to purchase that mdispensable neces- sary of life — salt I may here menticm the usual prices demanded of the Dyaks, besides other extortions to be noticed hereafter. One gantang of salt for three or four gantangs of rice, the value of the two articles being fourteen dollars for a royan of salt, and fifty for a royan of rice I When the chief has reduced the tribe to starvation, he returns the same rice and demands ten pekuls of antimony-ore for one rupee's worth of paddy or rice in the husk. Each pekul of antimony- ore may be sold for one and a half, or two rupees, on the spot Half a catty of birds' nests, are taken for one gantang of rice, being a moderate profit of 2,000 per cent I would call the attention of intelligent men to this subject, and will only add that until the merchant can deal with the producer, or at any rate till the producer has the liberty of taking the best price ofiered for his goods, there can be no hope of amehorating the condition of the Dyaks, by develop- ing the resources of the country. To wliat extent this end might be effected I shall hereafter have to mention. 2nd. Tlie Bomeon territory is comprised between Tanjong Datu, in lat 2 dog. 7 min. 17 sec. N., long. 109 deg. 43 min. 57 sec £., and Malludu Bay ; but the northern part of the inland is inhabited by a num* ber of piratical communities, formed from a mixture of the surrounding countries, and the autliority of the Bomeon government is scarcely recognised to the northward of the capital of Borneo Proper river, the SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 151 entrance of which lies in lat 5 deg. 6 min. 42 sec. N. and long. 115 deg. 24 min« OO sec. E. Between Tanjong Data and the Murah Basar, or principal entrance of the Borneo river, are the follow- ing rivers: — Samatan, Lundu, Sarawak, Samarahan, Sadong, Linga, Sakarran, Serebas, Ealaku, Niabur, Kejang, Kanowit, Palo, Bruit, Matto, Oya, Muka, Latow, Bintulu, Men, Barram, Birah, Balyit, Tutong, Pongit, Murah-damit (small entrance), and Murah Basar or Borneo river. Several of these rivers are navigable for European vessels ; many of them connected with each other in the interior, and diver^ng into numerous streams, which descend from the range of mountains, separating the north-west coast from the Pontianak river. It is not my purpose to enter into any detail of these countries, of which it will be here sufficient, to say that they arc generally inhabited by Malays, at the entrance of the rivers, and Dyaks in the interior ; and that they are all in the state I have before described, with the exceptions of Serebas and Sakarran, two powerful Dyak tribes, who having thrown off the authority of the Malays, have turned pirates, and ravage the coasts even as far as Celebes. Sarawak, the more immediate subject of attention, extends from Tanjong Datu, to the entrance of thi* Samarahan river, a distance along the coast, of about sixty miles in an £. S. K direction, with an average breadth of fifty miles. It is bounded to the westward by the Sambas territory, to the southward by a range 152 PRIVATE LETTERS OF of mountidns, which separate it from the Pontianak river, and to the eastward hy the Borneo territory of Sadong. Within this space there are several rivers and islands, which it is needless here to describe at length, as the account of the river of Sarawak will answer alike for the rest There are two navigable entrances to this river, and numerous smaller branches for boats, both to the westward and eastward ; the two principal entrances, combine at about twelve miles from the sea, and the river flows for twenty miles into the interior, in a southerly and westerly direction, when it again forms two branches — one running to the right, the other to the left hand, as far as the mountun range. Besides these &cilities for water communication, there exist three other branches from the easternmost en- trance, called Moratabas, one of which joins the Sama- rahan river, and the two others flow from different points of the mountain range already mentioned. The country is diversified by detached mountains, and the mountmn range has an elevation of about three thousand feet The aspect of the country may be generally de- scribed as low and woody at the entrance of the rivers^ except a few high mountains ; but in the interior, un- dulating in parts, and presenting fine level plains. The climate may be pronounced healthy and cool, though firom the six montlis from September to IMarch, a great quantity of rain falls. During my three vints to this place, which have been prolonged to eight months, and since redding here, we have been clear of sickness ; and during the entire period, not one of three deaths, could SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.R 153 be attributed to the effects of climate. The more serious maladies of tropical climates, are very unfi'equent ; from fever and dysentery we have been quite free, and the only complaints have been rheumatism, colds, and ague ; the latter, however, attacked us in the interior ; and no one has yet had it at Kuchin, which is situated about twenty-five miles from the mouth of the river. The soil and productions of this country are of the richest description, and it is not too much to say, that within the same given space, there are not to be found the same mineral and vegetable riches in any land in the world. I propose to give a brief detail of them, b^inning with the soil of the plains which is moist and rich, and calculated for the growth of rice, for which purpose it was formerly cleared, and used, until the distractions of the country commenced. From the known industr}' of the Dyaks, and their partiality to rice cultivation, there can be little doubt that it would become an article of extensive export, provided security were given to the cultivator, and a proper remu- neration for his produce. The lower grounds, besides rice, are admirably calculated for the growth of sago, and produce canes, rattans, and forest timber of the finest description for ship-building, and other useful purposes. The Chinese ex]>ort considerable quantities^ of timber from Sambas and Pontianak, particularly of the kind called Balean by the natives, or the lion wood of the Europeans : and at this place it is to be had in fcr greater quantity and nearer the place of sale. Tlie 154 PRIVATE LETTERS OF undulating ground differs in soil, some portions of it being a yellowish clay, whilst the rest is a rich mould; these grounds, generally speaking, as well as the slopes of the higher mountains, are admirably calculated for the growth of nutmegs, co£^, pepper, or any of the more yaluable vegetable productions of the tropics. Besides the above-mentioned articles, there are birds'-nests, bees'-wax, and several kinds of scented wood in demand at Singapore, which are al] collected by the Dyaks, and would be collected in hr greater quantity, provided the Dyak were allowed to sell them. Turning from the vegetable, to the mineral riches of the country, we have diamonds, gold, tin, iron, and antimony ore certain. I have lately sent what I believe to be a specimen of lead ore, to Calcutta, and copper is reported. It must be remem- bered, in reading this list, that the country is as yet unexplored by a scientific person, and that the inquiries of a geologist and a mineralogist would throw further light on the minerals of the mountains, and the spots where they are to be found in the greatest plenty. Tlie diamonds are stated to be found in considerable numbers, and of a good water, and I judge the state- ment to be correct from the fact that the diamond workers from Sandak come here and work secretly, and the people from Benjcr Massin, who are likewise clever at this trade, are most desirous to be allowed to work for the predous stone. Gold of a good quality certainly is to be found in large quantities. The eager- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.CB. 1 55 ness and perseverance of the Chinese to establish them- selves, is a convincing proof of the fact ; and about ten years since, a body of about three thousand of them had great success in procuring gold by their ordinary mode of trenching the ground. The quantity of gold yearly procured at Sambas is moderately stated at 130,000 bunkals, which, reckoned at the low rate of 20 Spanish dollars a bunkal, gives 2,600,000 Spanish dollars, or upwards of half a million sterling. The most intelligent Chinese are of opinion, that the quantity here exceeds the quantity at Sambas, and there is no good reason to suppose it would fall short of it, when once a sufficient Chinese population is settled in the country. Antimony ore is a staple commodity, which is to be procured in any quantity. Tin is said to be plentiful, and the Chinese propose working it, but I have had no opportiinity of visiting the spot where it is found. The copper, though reported, has not been brought, and the iron ore I have examined, is of inferior quality. The specimen of what I supposed to be lead ore, has been forwarded to Calcutta, and it remains to be seen what its value may be. And besides these above-mentioneti minerals, there can be little doubt of many others being discovered, if the mountain range were properly explored by any man of science. Many other articles of minor importance might be mentioned, but it is needless to add to a list which contains articles of such value, and which would prove the country equal in vegetable and mineral productions to any in the world. 156 PRIVATE LETTERS OF From the productioiis, I turn to the iDhabitants, and I feel sure, that in describing their sufferings and miseries, I shall command the interest and sympathy of every person of humanity, and that the claims of the yirtuous and most unhappy Dyaks, will meet with the same attention as those of the Afiican. And these claims have this advantage, that much good may be done without the vast expenditure of lives and money, which the exertions on the African coast yearly cost, and that the people would readily appreciate the good that was conferred upon them, and rapidly rise in the scale of civilizadon. The inhabitants may be divided into three different classes, viz., the Malays, the Chinese, and the Dyaks ; of the two former little need be said, as they are so well known. The jMalays are not numerous, and, generally speaking, with the exception of the Borneo Pangerans, are well inclined to aid me, as far as lays in their power. The Chinese are about four himdred in number, and the only im- pediment to their immigrating is their poverty and the present high price of provisions. The Chinese, as it is well known, are divided into kunsis or companies, and a rival company to the one at present here, offers to bring three thousand men in a few months, provided they can get permission to do sa The Chinese are so industrious a people that the aspect of a country sood changes wherein they settle; and as they are most desirous to gain a footing here, there can be no doubt of success ultimately in developing the resources of the soil, and working the minerals to great advantage. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aB. 157 The Dyaks, by far the most interesting portion of the inhabitants, are confined almost entirely to the moun- tainous country where they have fastnesses to which they fly on the slightest alarm. These people are mild, industrious, and so scrupulously honest, that a single case of theft has not come under my observa- tion, even when surrounded by objects easily appro- priated and tempting from their novelty. In their domestic lives they are amiable and addicted to none of the glaring vices of a wild state : they marry but one wife, and their women are always quoted amongst the Malays, as remarkable for chastity, nor are they degraded as in [many communities. The head-hunt- ing, or taking tlie heads of their enemies, is a feature m warfare by no means new or extraordinary, and, like the scalping of the North American Indian, is a trophy of victory and prowess. Amongst the hill Dyaks, this custom is confined entirely to the heads of enemies, and is the effect, and not the cause of war ; their wars are by no means bloody, and are never carried on but by small companies, who enter on the enemies' ground, and lay in ambush for parties or individuals of their foes. The exaggerated accounts of some travellers have been drawn from the more savage and predatory tribes of tlie coast, but these tribes have forsaken their original customs, and have joined piracy to their former practice of taking heads, and tliey are not different fit)m other pirates who destroy as well as plunder. The hill Dyaks, such as 158 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF I have briefly described them, are a most interesting race, and present more facilities for the amelioration of their condition than any other people. In general, however, they are sunk in misery, and too frequently exposed to famine; but when only moderately op- pressed, I have seen tribes, who brought to mind the simplicity, if not the happiness, of primitive society. The number of these people in the country of Sarawak may generally be stated at ten thousand; but with the slightest protection, numbers who have retired beyond the reach of their cruel oppressors, w^ould return to tlieir former habitations. Their freedom from all prejudice, and their scanty knowledge of religion, would render their conversion to Christianity an easy task, provided they are rescued from their present sufferings and degraded state, but until this be done» it will be in vain to preach a faith to them, the first precepts of which are daily violated on their own persons. Never, indeed, were people more oppressed or more wretched ; and, although to those fisur removed from witnessing their suffering and their patience^ the enthusiasm I feel, and cannot help expressing, may appear exaggerated, yet ^probably were they them- selves to change situations with mo, tliey would per- haps speak, if not feel, more warmly than I do. In order, however, to give a clear idea of the past and present state of the Dyaka, it will be necessary to revert to the customs by which they are governed Tliey are always coondercd an inferior race* and a SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.a 159 heavy penalty is imposed on them for committing any ofience against a Malay ; to kill a Malay, under any circumstances of aggression^ would subject them to death, or even worse punishment ; to strike or scuffle with a Mahomedan, though he be caught in the act of stealing their property, would likewise be a grave offence, and so far is this carried, that should a Malay be hurt by one of the traps laid by tlie Dyaks for wild boars, the Dyak would gladly compound this crime by making over two-thirds of all his property to the person so injured, and he would be lucky to escape at so cheap a rate. On the other hand, a Malay killing a Dyak is rarely punished, even by the im- position of a small fine, and the only inconvenience he suffers, is being unable to visit that particular tribe, from a just fear of retaliation. The direct tax paid by the Dyaks to their local rulers is trifling in amount, but they suffer afterwards, from all sorts of exactions carried on by means of artifice or violence. It would be impossible to describe all these exactions, and I shall therefore confine myself to such as arc most oppressive, and the effects of which arc most ruinous. The Dyaks, as I have already mentioned, are exten- sive cultivators of rice, and it will ap|>car from what follows, how necessary a precaution it is to save them- selves irom the consequences resulting from a failure to meet the demands made on them by tlie Malays. The local rulers have the following rights : — First, the monopoly of all the Dyak trade in bees'-wax, birds'- 160 PRIVATE LBTTEBS OP nests, &C.9 &c.f the price of these articles heing fixed by the purchaser at a five-hundredth part of theur value in the market, — ^nor dare the Dyak refuse this nominal remuneration, or accept a better firom another purchaser. They have likewise the right of indirect taxation, which is carried on to a very great extent, and in the following manner : — ^An article, say a piece of iron two feet long, is sent to the head of the Dyak tribe with orders for him to buy it at two, three, or even four pounds sterling, and he dare not refuse. Another is sent in the same way, another and another, until the rapacity of the chief is satisfied, or, which is more frequently the case, the victim can no longer meet the demand. All their valuable produce is thus wrested firom them, rice is taken in the same way, and to finish this list of exactions, they are called upon to labour at antimony ore, or any work too heavy to suit the lazy habits of their tyrants. AVhen the demands of the chief have been met^ the herd of petty Pan- gerans and worthless followers, flock to the plunder of the Dyaks, and by threats, violence, and fidse accusa* tions, extort what remains of their provision, until the cultivator, who supplies rice for export^ at the end of each year, has not suflkient to feed his family, and lives on raw sago, fi*uit, or vegetables, and too often is reduced to a state of famine, as deplorable to contem- plate, as it is difficult efiectually to relieve. I wish for the sake of humanity I could stop here, but the worst feature of cruelty yet remains to be stated The SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 161 Dyaks, reduced tx) starvation, sometimes are unable, sometimes refuse to meet these multiplied demands ; at other times, the Malays bring some trifling accusa- tion, and often are not at the trouble to seek any plea to justify their proceedings. The result is the same, the Dyak tribe is attacked and plundered, and their wives and children seized arid sold as slaves I This practice is carried on to an extent revolting to humanity^ — not only here, but throughout the Bomeon territory, wherever the Dyaks are weak, and their op- pressors strong; and the unwarlike Malays do not incur risk, as they generally employ the Serebas and Sakarran Dyaks, aided by a small party with fire- arms, to make the attack The terms of the agree- ment are, that the Malays get two-thirds of the pro- perty and slaves, whilst the predatory Dyaks get the other third, and all the heads. A few facts which have fallen under my own observation will speak for themselves. Of twenty Dyak tribes under this govern- ment more than half have been robbed of their wives and children in part ; and one tribe is without women or children amongst them, upwards of two hundred having been led away into slavery at Sakarran and Sadong. The chief of this tribe, when he met me a short time since, described their former, and their present condition with great truth and force, and con- cluded his appeal in the following words : — " For more than a year we have asked the Pangerans to restore our wives and children : they Iiavc promised, 162 PRIVATE LETTERS OF and deceived us. If you will get our &mllies — ^if you will give us oiu* wives and children back — ^we will be faithful in prosperity and adversity : we will work for you, and all that we have or can get, shall be yours." I may perhaps be pardoned for saying, that I am now in treaty for the release of these unhappy victims, and have hopes I may ultimately succeed in restoring them to their husbands. A short time since, the following case came before me : — A Pangeran extorted a slave from a Dyak chief, but left him with his tribe ; when a few months after, a Malay, representing himself as sent by the same Pangeran, demanded and took the slave away. The Pangeran denied having sent, and ordered ten slaves to be paid in lieu for the one lost ; and would have succeeded in getting them, had I not heard of the circumstance. No comment need be made, except that it is probable he sent for his slave himself; and at any rate, the man who took him remains unpunished. One more fact and I will con- clude this branch of my subject Several of the Borneo Pangerans, about six months nnce, invited a large party of Sakarran Dyaks to the plunder of the tribes up this river, but before their call was answered my arrival in the ** Royalist " disconcerted their plan in some measure. A hundred war proas of the Sakarrans carrying some fifty, and none less than twenty-five men, and in all certainly a body of three thousand men, arrived, however, at Kuchin, and requested permission to make the arranged attack. SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 163 The Rajah Muda Hassim, who is incapable of such an act, was worked upon by fear to give over the management of the business to another, and retired into his seraglio. I was all along assured that the Sakarrans could not ascend the river, and the first intimation to the contrary was the departure of the war proas^ attended by sixty Malays, to guide them to their prey. They had, however, reckoned too much on my forbearance ; for the instant I was apprized of the circumstances, I loaded the schooner's guns and armed her boats, and threatened, not only to attack the Sakarran Dyaks, but to make the Pangerans answer- able for their act After a vain attempt to convince me the Dyaks were too powerful to be resisted, they quietly yielded to my peremptory demand ; and I had the satisfaction, on the following morning, to see the fleet return. The consequences would have been lamentable indeed, had these Pangerans been allowed to carry their iniquitous scheme into execution ; and I cannot but rejoice, in having been instrumental in saving the Dyaks from this aggravation of their mise- ries. Since that time, another native chief has sent tlie Sakarran Dyaks to attack a tribe called Sunpro, and, after a night surprise, they captured forty women and children, killing about the same number of men, and burning their village. Such is the sad condition of the Dyak tribes : such the sufferings of an innocent and industrious race, which are scarcely to be matched in the annals of nations. 164 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF and unequalled, even on the coast of Guinea ; for there, the lot of slavery falls only on a portion of the commu- nity, whilst here, it is the wanton butchery and the wholesale slavery of entire communities. I need make no further comment of my own, save that I have endea- voured to render this statement as plain and matter-of- fact as possible ; and have sought, instead of exaggerat- ing, to soften the features of a most horrible picture. After residing amongst this people, and becoming in- timately acquainted with their characters and many virtues, — ^after witnessing their suffering and patience, and being firmly convinced of the fiu^ilides with wluch they might be improved ; after struggUng for a year to protect them, and after acquiring their slowly-bestowed confidence, it cannot be a matter of surprise, that I appeal in their behalf^ to that generouty, which I am led to think, aids the distressed and commiserates the sufferings of our fellow-creatures. If a case of misery ever called for help, it is here : and the act of humanity which redeems the Dyak race from their condition of unparalleled wretchedness, will open a path for religion, and for commerce which may in ftiture repay the charity which ought to seek no remu- neration. If the British public be indifferent to the sufferings of this unhappy race, now for the first time made known to them ; if, when tlie means of ameliorating this in- human state of things, and alleviating the miseries of an innocent and much abused people, are pointed out. SIR JAMES BBOOKE, K.C.B. 165 they turn a deaf ear to the appeal, they are not what I believe them to be, and what they profess themselves. It now only remains for me to state my proceedings since my first arrival at this place, and my views as to the best mode of suppressing the atrocities I have de- scribed, and of developing the resources of the country in a commercial point of view. In doing so, I shall confine myself to the lowest possible limit which may offer a fair prospect of success ; and I shall be better pleased if the plan is enlarged so as to embrace a more extended field of operations. The rebellion of this place arose out of the intrigues of two or three Borneo Pangerans, conjointly with some of the Pangerans of Sambas, and the Rajah Muda Hassim came from Borneo to suppress it, and to prevent the alienation of the territory. I may say of this prince that he is mild, humane and just ; wishing to do well, without the re- solution or energy of character necessary, and deci- dedly partial to the English. On his arrival here he found a most diflBcult task ; and after four years, from the lukewarmness of his followers, the deceit and in- trigues of his rivals, and the falseness of some of those about him, he was reduced to circumstances of great distress and diflBculty. I first visited Sarawak in 1839, and in July 1840 returned, with the intention of re- maining ten days, but my stay was prolonged week after week at the urgent entreaties of the rajah. IlaWng at length intimated my intention of taking leave, a re- quest was made to me to assist in the war, which I 166 PRIVATE LETTERS OF refused iu the first instance, but afterwards acceded to, the following reasons inducing me to alter my deter- mination. The Rajah Muda Hassim's cause was undoubtedly just, and was identical with the indepen- dence of Borneo : and on the continuance of this inde- pendence, depends the considerable trade between tlie coast and Singapore. I had a good opinion of the Rajah Muda Hassim's character and intentions, and could not but lament to see an amiable prince, who had shown himself partial and friendly to our nation, re- duced to such difficulties. The rajah himself urged upon me that he was deceived and betrayed by the intrigues of Pangeraiis, who aimed at alienating his country, and that if I left him he should probably have to remain here for the rest of his life, being resolved to die, rather than yield to the unjust influence which others were seeking to acquire over him ; and he ap- pealed to me that after our friendly communication, 1 could not, as an English gentleman, desert him under such circumstances. 1 felt that honourably, I could not do so; and tliough reluctantly enough, 1 resolved to give him the aid he asked ; — small indeed, but of consequence in such a petty warfare. After a three months' campaign, the rebeU surrendered at discretion, and the difficult task of saving their lives was imposed upon me; for although their lives were forfeited by the law of all countries, I could not reconcile it to myself to allow tlieir execution, when I had been a party to tlieir capture. Tliose who know tlie Malay SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 167 character will appreciate the difficulty of the attempt to stand between the monarch and Ids victims ; and to the kindness of the rajah's disposition, my success may be attributed. I may here mention that the women and children of the rebels, were taken as hostages, and kept confined for nine months, when I had the satisfaction of releasing them, and restoring them to their families. At this period Muda Hassim offered me the govern- ment of the country, and we held several conferences on the subject, when it was finally settled that I should bring from Singapore, a supply of all the necessaries required, and in return receive antimony ore, and that on my return Muda Hassim should give the grant which he had volunteered. I could at once have ob- tained this grant, but I preferred interposing a delay ; because to accept such a boon when imposed by neces- sity, or from a feeling of gratitude for recent assistance, would have rendered it both suspicious and useless ; and 1 was by no means eager to enter on the task (the full difficulties of which I clearly foresaw) without the undoubted and spontaneous support of the rajali. In the month of April of this year, I once more arrived at Kuchin, but it was not until the 24th of September that Muda Hassim affixed his seal to the deed whicli made over the government into my hands. This delay arose in a great measure from the intrigues of those about him, from his own procrastinating disposition, and from his fear of releasing the rebel families, on whicli I insisted as a necesi^ary prcliminar}*. 168 PRIVATE LETTERS OF The agreement is to the following effect "That the country and govemnient of Sarawak is made over to me (to be held under the crown of Borneo,) with all its revenues and dependencies, on the yearly payment of two thousand five hundred dollars. That I am not to infiinge upon their customs or religion ; and in re- turn, that no person is to interfere with me in the management of the country/' This agreement is made only by Muda Hassim ; and it may be objected that he alone is not capable of granting without the consent of his nephew the sultan ;* but let it be answered to this, that there is no sultan in Borneo, and that the Rajah Muda Hassim's claim is as good as that of his nephew ; and secondly, that he holds a deed from his nephew for the disposal of this country according to his pleasure. From the imbecility of his nephew, Amar Ali, the affairs of Borneo are entirely in the bands of the Rajah Muda, and no difficulty will be found in gaining the additional signature, if required. I may add, that since the 24th of September I have issued a brief code of regulations, a translation of which accom- pany this paper, and have instituted a Court of Justice, where the brothers of Muda Hassim sit with myself to decide on cases. I have also had an interview with most of the Dyak chicfis, to whom I have explained minutely my wishes in their favour, and my intention ^ Amftr Ali it the nephew of the Rajfth Moda lUfdm, and claims tlie title of aultao, but has hitherto been unable to make his claim food. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 169 of substituting a fixed rice tax, in lieu of the system of robbery which is yearly carried on. These measures have all been successful ; and our further progress is now only checked by the arrival of a brig from Sambas, with the avowed purpose of recovering a debt from the Chinese, and the real one of disturbing me here. In the latter attempt, however, they have met with little success ; for although causing some anxiety, my in- fluence has been strengthened, rather than weakened by this interference. The only excuse I can plead for this egotistical detail is, that it will be found necessary to the right understanding of my present position ; and I escape with pleasure from prosecuting it further, in order to lay before you what may be done by a moderate outlay, in furtherance of the three great objects already mentioned, viz. the extension of trade, the propagation of Christianity, and the suppression of the atrocities practised in the Dyak tribes. The riches of the island of Borneo are not to be questioned ; and it possesses a population of some millions of inhabitants shut up in its intiTior, who are debarred the use of British manufactures from the restrictive policy of the Dutch, and the state of war- fare they live in with the Malays. It will be fouud impossible, however, to o])en an effective communica- tion with these people, or to develop the resources of the island generally, without the previous amendment of its internal condition, and until the cultivator de- rives some adequate remuneration for his produce. VOL. I. I 170 PRIVATE LETTERS OF To effect these objects, it is not required that any ex* pensive establishments should be m^dntained, or any great capital risked, but only that a fiiendly inter- course snould be opened with the chiefe, a knowledge gained of their country, and a free trade encouraged at a station like Sarawak, where the small native canoes might resort, and whence an island commum- cation might be carried on. It was with these views, I accepted the government of Sarawak ; and in order to carry them out, I propose the following steps : — 1st. To encourage the immigration of Chinese and Javanese, and after twelve months to tax them at the yearly rate of one real, or 35. 6^. per head. The same light tax, or its equivalent in rice, to be imposed like- wise on the Malays and Dyaks, whenever the former people can afford to pay it The industry of the Chinese will insure the pros- perity of the country ; and there can be no doubt they will crowd here in vast numbers, when any go v e rnm tni is established, as they have already persevered in form- ing settlements spite of repeated disasters arising firom the disturbed state of the country. The Javanese, like the Chinese, would easily be procured, and form a body distinguished for their peaceful habits and fondness for agriculture ; whilst the Bugis,^ from their luve of commerce and enterprising disposition, have expressed a desire to come here, provided I * The liugU are the trtding races of the Eutem Archipelago. SIR JAMES BEOOKE, K.C.B. 171 resolved to stay. In short, there can be no doubt that a country eminently calculated to support a large population, would be rapidly filled, should there be a government sufficiently strong to save them from being plundered, and to clear the sea of pirates. Time, however, is requisite to settle a population, and to allow them to gain some profits from the soil, and the expense in the interim, is the question which occupies my attention, and forms the principal obstacle to suc- cess. If left entirely to my own resources for the future, it is necessary that I depend on trade, to defray the charges of the establishment which I am obliged to keep, and being forced to trade, is contrary to my wishes, and my avowed objects, and may weaken my influence, by creating jealousy, and must include a monopoly of antimony ore. I must therefore repeat, that only whilst forced by circumstances, will I mix myself up with commerce. 2ndly. I propose to open a friendly communication with the different chiefs, and with the interior tribes, by visiting them either once or twice a-year, and in- spiring a confidence in our good intentions ; and there will be no difficulty in so doing, as from their know- ledge of me, they are already well disposed to take any steps which I may point out Srdly. To return with the Rajah Muda Ilassim to Borneo Proper, and through his means, to stop the dis* tractions and intrigues of the capital, and establish an English influence. 12 1 72 PRIVATE LETTERS OF 4thly. By a free trade to remove the oppression practised on the cultivator, by giving him a proper participation in the profits of his produce. This will be efiected, in a great measure, by a post like Sarawak, which they can reach in their small boats, (as the poorer classes of Malays and Dyaks will then trade themselves, which they are now unable to do, in con- sequence of the distance from Singapore,) and from the visits of the European merchant to the numerous ports on the coast. When the producer is remu- nerated, the resources of the island will be called into existence, and certainly not one five-hundredth part ever finds its way to market, even from the rivers of the caast I need not dwell longer on this point, for whoever remembers the former accounts of the city of Borneo, with its European and Chinese trade, and compares them with the present state, will be able to judge what the country might be. Stilly. The extirpation of piracy I No remark is necessary on this head, except that the slave trade *and piracy are carried on openly on this coast ; that each year fleets of piratical Lanoons, wait for the proas* bound for Singapore, and reduce their crews to slavery, after capturing their vessels. Nor is this slavery of that mild description which is often attributetl to the Asiatics, for these victims are bound for months, and crowded in the bottom of the • The LftDooDt are piratet inhabiting the small duater of islaoda between Borneo and Magindano. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aB. 173 pirate vessels, where they suffer all the miseries which could be inflicted aboard an African slaver. Besides the Lanoon pirates, the Dyaks of Serebas and Sa- karran yearly sweep the shore, even to Celebes, murdering the men of all nations, and capturing women and children, rendering the communication along the coast dangerous, and preventing the cul- tivation of the soil near the sea shores. It is suffi- cient to say, that all this has been going on for years, within a few days' sail of Singapore, and that it might be suppressed in a few months by vigorous measures. The protection of the Dyak race in Sarawak would quickly follow the residence of Europeans, and indeed, already their condition has been improved in some measure, and in future the residence of missionaries amongst them would give them confidence to resist the unjust demands with which they are now forced to comply. In the present day, I know no field for the missionar}' which promises such a harvest as the Dyak tribes, if their condition be ameliorated simultaneously with the introduction of a new faith. Tliese are the advantages which may result to com- merce and humanity, by the establishment of a proper British influence in Borneo; and I conceive that policy dictates these measures at the present time, because, in case of any delay, it will no longer be in our ]K)wcr. From die distractions of Borneo, some European state must very shortly interfere in their concerns, and the supremacy of the Dutch government 174 FRnrATE LETTERS OF would be the knell of the British trade which now is carried on, and efiectoally stop all measures of im- provement A steam-boat of 100 tons, drawing little water, and properly manned and armed, would suffice to cany these measures into effect. This vessel, be- sides being employed in suppre8singj>iracy and*keepii^ open a communication with Singapore and China, might survey the coast of Borneo and the Palawan passage. This survey is greatly required, to prev^it the yearly loss of life which occurs ; and a knowledge of these seas is daily becoming important, from the increased communication which will follow our present struggle with China.* The recent discovery of coal in Borneo (the capital) may attract attention, as facilitating our steam inter- course ; and at any rate it is fully time, that a know- ledge should be acquired, and a check put, to the depre- dations of the pirates who issue from the northern ports of Borneo, Magindano, and Saluk. The estabhshment ashore, could not be less than six Europeans, ten Javanese, and one hundred Bugis, and the amount yearly for wages at 2,000/. to 2,500/. sterling, making in all a total of 4,000/. to 5,000il yearly expense. I do not dwell on this topic, but the amount here mentioned is proUibly the lowest on which the undertaking could be prosecuted, so as to ensure a * I meDtioD 1 ttetmw at the m whilst he confidentially intimates his intention to a third party, never breathes a word to me on the subject, and actually offers to send British manufactures, gums, &c. &c., a brig, and Heaven knoM-s what else, on credit ; and furthermore offers to take lialf of the vegetable oil, which it appears is likely SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 193 to turn out important ; even to the amount of 1000 tons, authorizing me to draw on him on consignment ! His notions are perfectly inexplicable to me, and as you may imagine, annoying enough ; but less so consider- ing that diu'ing the first year, after the first loss and with everything against me, I have held my own very well, and reckoning the ore in store and a cargo which is in store too, I am before the world, with wages, revenue, &c. &c. well paid up, and debts due to me to a considerable amount which I do not reckon on, but which I may receive something from. I want you, when you have time, to carry the enclosed note to Mr. Wise from me, as there are some things which are nearly indispensable, and must be sent out directly. My antimony ore I consign in future to Messrs. S and Co., but Wise will not object to act as my private agent in a small way, for old acquaintance sake, and at a future period, if prospects open, I may make it better worth his while. I hold my own gallantly, and the condition of the country is wonderfully improved, and everything going on, satisfactorily. Muda Hassim very true and faithful, and seeing the improvement, getting more resolute every day. Within I have nothing to fear and everything to hope. Externally I am at present involved with the Serebas Dyaks. Earl calls them the Sirbassian Dyaks. Tlicy are awful pirates, and their depredations are most frightful. We came to loggerheads with them about a month ago, near the entrance of our river when they were on a VOL. L c 1&4 PEHTATE LEITEBS OT piratical cmise, and with three boats— one smaU attad^ thiiteen of their large war boats, amne cany- iog seirentj to eigfatr men. We killed a head Panglima and some others, and woonded a good many with only three discharges, when they fled beyond readL I was not present, and only two Eoropeans — Peter one of the party. I happened to be up the country. These Dyaks are now collecting a force to attack us, and it cannot be less than one hundred war boats, with from tliree thousand to five thousand men. However, if they come, we shall be ready in six orseren days, and I hope to teach them a lesson, which will keep them quiet for some time to come. Beades this, I am much plagued by Sheriff Sahib, who is in our next river on the coast, a regular underiiand pirate, who send;? others to pirate, furnishing the arms and means, and sharing the profits. A Pangeran of high rank, with a small boat, came here from thence a short time since, to recruit for a piratical cruise, which was of course kept secret. Going out he attacked a Chinese boat within our very river, and wounded two of the men severely. I immediately manned four boats and pur* sued in |>er:fon for eight days and caught him. His Panglima or fighting man, was a Lanoon, and would not be taken prisoner, and as lie threatened to run a muck, and was dancing hi:« war dance on the sand, a desjieratc rascal, I * took time by the forelock and de- * air Jaincti Hrooke here upeaks id Uie fint penoo ; and it might appear an if he haii himself destroyed the Panglima ~that this bow- SIR JAMES BROOKE, ILCB. 195 spatched him. The rest of the crew I brought here, and Muda Hassim in six hours executed the Pangeran and another man of rank, and the rest are in chains. I have now sent to Sheriff Sahib to complain of his harbouring pirates, and at the same time, in a friendly way, to inform him, that should the government of Bengal become aware of his river being the rendezvous of pirates, they will certainly implicate him and attack the place. The Borneo treaty lags, but it will take place, and probably as you have laid a sketch of my proceedings before Lord , he will put it into my hands, as has been proposed to him. I am natu- rally very anxious to learn the fate of my paper, and how far the higher or mercantile powers, have acquiesced in the views. I can hardlv believe, that amid all the rich, the charitable, the religious bodies, such an appeal will be altogether neglected, and amongst the commercial, it must be important. Alas, if one of the ever was not the case, is evident from his journal, in which the full details of the death of the Panglima are given, and show that the Lanoou fell, not hy Sir James Brooke's hands, but by those of Patin^i Ali : — ** He danced his war-dauce on the sand, his face l>ecame deadly pale, his wild eyes glared, he was ready to amok — to die— but not to die alone ; his time was come, for he was dangerous, and to catch him was impossible; and, accordingly, Patiugi Ali, walking past, leaped forward and struck a spear through his back, far between his shoulders, half-a-foot out at his breast. I had no idi-a that, after such a stab, a man could, even for a few instants, exert him- self, but the Panglima, aAer receiving his mortal wound, rushed forward with his sfiear, and thrust it at the breast of another man, but strength and life failed, and the weapon diil not enter. This was the work of a few seconds." See Muudy's Narration of Kvents in Bon.vo and Celebes, vol. i. p. 30*.). See also Apitcudix « 1 .. k2 196 PRIVATE LETTERS OF doomed steamers of the Afirican Expedition had been sent here, what a saving of life — what different results might have accrued. Here, we have the finest climate — a. country so rich — a people so willing to be im- proved ; and who can doubt the result, when he reflects that one Englishman with five followers, has ruled the country for a year — that he has restored peace — sup- pressed robbery — and protected life and property — and that this has been done with miserably cramped means, and struggling against the most adverse circumstances, in consequence of being obliged to hold a monopoly. To do real good I ought to be clear of all trade, and the part ought to be free. God bless thee, dear Jack ; be happy, for you are virtuous, and believe me. Your affectionate fnend, J. Brooke. No. 33. Mrs. Brooke. Sarawak, Jane 2S, 1842. .' My loved Motuer, I HAVE a little time to scribble, and 111 not lose the opportunity, for I have much to say, and when pressed by other matter, I cannot manage to say it. I am getting on well, and as far as my internal government, have been perfectly successful, and en- abled to bestow a great benefit on tlie people at large, but I am now externally involved with my neighbours. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 197 who are rascals and pirates. This I have long foreseen, but I had hoped that they would have allowed me a greater time for preparation. My next neighbour is a Sheriff Subudeen, who governs at Sadung, and whose chief revenue is derived from aiding and abetting pirates and Dyaks, and sharing in their plunder. A pirate-boat from his river, after being here for a week, committed a barefaced piracy in ray river, at the same time wounding two Chinese. I followed for eight days, killed one, and took the rest prisoners, and on arriving at Kuchin, Muda Hassini ordered the two principals to be executed. They were men of rank. This act of justice has touched my neighbour, and we have likewise some other mat- ters of difference, as I have prevented him sending his people to plunder my Dyaks. Sheriff Sahib, however, is not bold enough to attack us openly, but has laid a plot with the Sakarran and Serebas Dyaks, who are to come with a large force, and try what they can do in the dark. In the meantime, he sent a Dyak boat to tamper with the fidelity of the people, and thu^ the whole plot was blown. I am about taking strong measures with him ; and threatening him with a war in earnest, and insisting upon retorting upon him ;iny attempt made by the Dyaks. How it will turn out, who can say ? I have no objection to the war, fur these piratical Dyaks and their piratical chief, mu^^t be taught a lesson, even for the sake of humanity : but the expense b serious, and will be troubIesc>me to 198 PRIVATE LETTERS OF inc, unless I get some assistance from the folks at home, or from the Indian government. It seems but little to ask of one's country, or its government, to put down the most frightful system of piracy which can be con- ceived, and yet I put no trust in governments, for they are not moved by motives of humanity and right. AVhether this war comes about, or not, I propose going to Borneo in the "Royalist" when she comea^ and settling these matters there in a very favourable way to myself and Muda Hassim. As the government is threatening them with a visit, perhaps a hostile one, they will be glad to see me and receive assurance that there will he no war if they accede to moderate demands. These are my imme- diate news, which, as you will see, are chequered with good and bad, but wherein the former preponderates as yet. For myself, I meet occurrences with calmness, and I hope with decision, and I believe that when my means are compared to the ends, that it will be seen I liave not been deficient in ])crformancc. I have now a sacred obligation to perform to the people of this river, both Dyaks and Malays, for I am, in the strictest sense, their only protector. If I be removed, their sufTerings will be worse than ever, and if I wilfully leave the ))o$t, I shall have much to answer for to God, and my conscience. You know I am not very boast- ful, but I will say that I conceive what I have already done with my means, is almost wonderful ; the people aro obeermanent and 204 PBIYATE LETTERS OF beyond the readi of every petty disturbance, I see not exactly how I can leave. As I have said before, you cannot appreciate the enthusiasm I feel for this people, whom God has, as it were, placed under my care, and I declare to you, dearest mother, there is no sacrifice I would not make to see the blesring of a permanent government established here, and whether for good or bad — for life or death — I shall fight on with the firmest assurance that I am doing right, and that any other line of conduct would be a betrayal of the sacred trust I have undertaken. Though you may know that I have a great deal to do, yet I continue most of my lazy habits, and I generally compress a good deal of work into a short compass. I read daily and nightly several hourb, and my studies are very Theological, and I have now gone so fisur as to write a treatise against Article 90 of the *' Oxford Tracts," which is a Jesu- itical performance. I have absolutely read every work in my library, many of which, of a tough sort, I certainly should not have managed to go regularly through, amid the distractions of civilized life. We are now in the month of June, our hot weather as well as yours, and I am not yet settled enough to fly to the top of a mountain. Perhaps, dearest mother, you are enjoying the country either at Lackington or Ilillingdon at this season. I revert with pleasure to our many ex- cursions, and always consider you as well and cheerful, taking the evening stroll in the fields, and relishiDg SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 205 the morning bouquet. Summer presents a pleasing picture to my mind — let those enjoy winter who can ; but to you and to me it brings nothing but its cheerless aspect and its biting cold. June 8th. — I will briefly finish this long letter by saying that I go to-morrow to meet the Serebas Dyaks, who are reported to be at the mouth of our river in force, do not let your maternal heart tremble ; to fight these piratical and head-taking vagabonds is necessary in my situation, and hereafter, I and all my people, and the entire coast will enjoy peace, if these Dyaks can be taught a lesson. I apprehend no danger, and yet danger and death is ever near to man, and if it be the latter overtakes me, remember, my mother, that I have died as I have lived, with the purest feelings of afiection towards you, and that I have died nobly, tiying to benefit my fellow-creatures. Farewell then to you all, and believe me in life or death. Your afiectionatc son, J- Broore. July 13^A, 1842. — Since writing the above long letter, I have received your most welcome one of March or April. Tliis is not to notice it. I close by saying that to-morrow I start for Borneo, and my next letter wiU be a conUnuation of this — both despatched together. 206 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 34. Mrs. Brooke. Sarawak, Aagost 19, 1842. My loved Mother, This is a contmuation of my former letter which was finished just as I started for Borneo Proper. To Borneo we went, met with a most cordial reception, and gained every object we desired. Tlie first was a reconciliation between Muda Hassim and the saltan, the second the sultan's ratification to my holdingt this country, and the third to get the shipwrecked crew of the Lord Melbourne. All this is done, and I am the Governor of this country by as good a title as it is possible to conceive. Every other news is good inter- nally, and externally we are at peace. Ihe Serebas Dyaks have not once been out of their river in force, and I may say it with pride, that this year only there have hardly been any lives lost, every other season two or three hundred heads were a moderate prize for the Dyaks. In fact I liave no trouble at present, aod I foresee none. I cannot tell you, loved mother, what pleasure your letter gave me — its cheerful tone, its affectionate encouragement, its appreciation of my plans, and its latent enthusiasm, and now that I can convey to you such cheerful news, such complete success, such good pros|>ects for the future, 1 know I shall make your heart glad, as you have done mine. So you were pleased that I wrote home for the gun and the circle. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 207 and the magic lantern ; but if you make this the test of my confidence, perhaps I shall be induced to abuse it, however, 1 am going to confide in you by writing for more things, which though not expensive, are very needful and very difficult to be got. Here is the list, first, cutlery, scissors of all sorts, a dozen or two ; knives, from pen-knives to pruning knives ; and a pair of black-handled razors ; second, a house-wife, con- taining thread, pins, needles of all sorts, buttons (very complete) ; third, shoes (Mr. Bone of Bath has my measure), let them be easy, and not fashionable ; half a dozen pair thick shoes and lace boots ; fourth, a paint box, not expensive ; fifth, good pencils, and half a dozen small albums, such as Moonie uses ; sixth, a sword, with a fine temper, powerful cut and thrust; and a gold and red belt for the same. Another commission I have for all the ladies, which is to make a quantity of cloths from fifteen to eighteen feet long, and from nine to fourteen inches wide. The material to be coarse Russia duck, such as seamen wear, each end is to be worked about a foot and a half, in different fashions according to the ladies ta^te, either in gold or red threads, spangles, beads, shells, or the like, and some may be fringed with red, or gold, or blue, in worsted or silk. Now, I have given you all my commissions, I have little news, except that I am re- joiced to return once more to my house, for ** Royalist" was uncomfortable in the extreme, having a hundred men aboard, twenty-four in crew, twenty-three liberated 208 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF captires, and the rest, followers of two of the rajah's brothers I had with me. I hope to be another year without moving to Borneo or elsewhere. We have just got in hand a small garden, which is a source of amusement to us all, and I hope will at a future day, supply our table with vegetables. I have now a flock of axteen goats, and one cow. My fium and diamcmd mine in the interior get on badly, being badly man- aged ; as yet we have not lifted the diamonds, and the dam which stops the river has, I hear, been washed away. I have had no news as yet of the ** Wolverine," though I dare say by tliis time she has proceeded on her way to China. I wrote to , and one or two other friends to have Charlie* ashore, and make much of him, and should very much have liked to have seen both him and Willes.t All the news at the beginning of March was very good, and I hope the return of ** Royalist" will likewise bring me accounts of all those I love, being in good health. You will be a little fid- getty perhaps by the non receipt of letters a month after they are due ; if after the receipt of this, two more montlis elapse without letters, you must not be uneasy* as I shall probably have to send *' Royalist*' to Borneo again. ** Royalist" will sail in six or seven days, whidi runs me hard with my correspondence, as I have a long letter to write to Sngapore about my Borneo • Charlet Johnson, Sir James Brooke's nephew, t Cnpuin WiUes JohMOo, R. N. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 209 trip, and moreover, many other matters to engage my attention, so many indeed, that I can hardly finish a single letter without several interruptions. I shall now bid you adieu, dearest mother, and add a few lines when ^^ Royalist" sails. Give many loves to all with you at Lackington and Hillingdon, may every blessing be with them. God bless you, loved parent Believe me ever your affectionate son, J. Brooke. No. 35. John C. Templer, Esq. Sarawak, August 22. My dear Jack, I CANNOT thank you enough, and therefore will not attempt to thank you at all, for all you have done and are doing, but I am well aware amid your increas- ing professional engagements, my work must be a tax on your time. Your last was written during the honey- moon, and after my paper had gone to the printers. Your design upon Mrs. Fry is most laudable, and I trust she will lead all the religious world. Oxford and Cambridge I have no hopes' from, because they are not interested parties, and as a body, they are bigots and book worms, who think more of their own squabbles than anything that is going on abroad. Don*t forget 210 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Sir Fowell Buxton, though Sir Fowell must be dis- heartened by his African expedition, yet for all he is a man of influence, and stands in the place of Mr. Wilberforce. With all this, I think if the paper at- tracts attention, you should submit it to the gorem- ment, for fear they should say they were neglected, and besides they might be in a good humour after they have got the property tax. You do not say anything about the press, though of course you will not neglect it, and the mercantile body, though never moved by generous or disinterested motives, are alive to their own interest, and if they see an opening likely to in- crease trade, they will assuredly pour in and help with money. AVhen the vagabonds are laying out millions in mining speculations in the mountains of South America, cannot we get them to supply our exchequer with some dirty thousands. The press — the press — agitate, agitate, ding dong, knock it into their ears, and perhaps after a time, they will awake like an alderman after a surfeit* and with a few grunts think that a penny may be turned. Ah Jack, it is a hateftil world in detail ; with so much good in the lump^so much virtue in the mass, yet the detail is all meanness. However to business : you tell me to have patience, and to hold on, until the result of your efforts are visible, and that the earliest we can exi)ect will be in 1843. Now this will be no trouble or inconvenience to mc, and the only fear is, that if the folks at home are dila- SIR JA3IES BROOKE, K.C.B. 211 tory, that I shall have made such rapid advances to- wards prosperity, that I shall be reluctant to hold by the terms I at first offered them. My exchequer is very flourishing, the antimony ore gives me 6,0007. a year. I have a revenue of rice, mats, fowls, cocoa-nuts and the like, besides a little money. The Chinese are flourishing, and have got gold, and I can foresee every prospect of an improving trade. I must, however, go a little into particulars to make you comprehend all I have been about since my last. You know that the government of India had resolved to send an embassy to Borneo, and proposed a settlement, or at any rate a treaty including the possession of the coal. The pres- sure of the China and 'Affghan wars, has however caused long delays, and as my affairs did not allow me to wait longer, I resolved on going myself to Borneo. I had before represented to the government, how injurious it would be to the permanency of any arrangement, if they treated with one faction only, of the Borneo chiefs to tlie exclusion of Muda Ilassim, who is cei*tainly the most worthy and the most friendly. My object in going was threefold, first, to effect a reconciliation be- tween Muda Ilassim and the sultan ; secondly, to gain the sultan's signature to my holding this country ; and thirdly, to release a number of captives of the ship- wrecked crews. Muda Ilassiro's two brothers accom- panied roe, and in ten days everything was arranged. Muda Ilassim and the sultan were sincerely reconciled, 21 2 PRIVATE LETTERS OF and Muda Hassim's par^ in Borneo were strengthened. In &ct the only reason for any separation between the parties, seems to hare been jealousy of each others in- tentions. The sultan gave me his signature as the governor of this country, but I cannot by stipulation alienate it without his consent Thus, you will perceive my right here, is now as good as that of the East India Company to Singapore. The captive native seamen have all come with me, to the number of twenty-four, miserable half-starved devils. This being accomplished, we returned here three days ago, and I hope in four or five days more " RoyalUt" will be on her way to Sin- gapore. What I foriRcrly said of tlie condition of Borneo, falls far short of the reality, and to say it is in the last stage of decay, gives but a faint picture of the condition. There is no government. The chiefr are poor and rapacious. The people oppressed and miserable, the territory is occupied by any adventurers who arc strong enough. The pirates ravage the coast and tlireaten the capital, and in one year the Bomeons assured me, that six hundred men had been carried away into slavery, from the mouth of the Borneo river, and from proas sailing in the vicinity. In short, it is in that state, that it must fall into the hands of an European power, and it is a pity for want of moderate aid and assistance, which would ensure us tlie trade and a paramount influence, that it should pass to the or the , yet rather than sec it in the hands SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 213 of the former, I would help the latter to acquire it, and they are seeking a settlement. Is it doomed that we are to be so obstinate and dilatory, as to allow so fine a country to slip away from us ? a country superior to Java in its produce ; it produces everything, and to the list I before sent you, may now be added saltpetre. Coal alone, so rare a feature in these climates, may be a formidable acqmsition in the hands of a rival trading power, a most advantageous one in our own. Borneo is centrical between Singapore, China, and Manilla, and a steam line must extend to India on one side, and Australia on the other. If my views were magnified, if I talked of millions, or hundreds of thousands, or regiments of soldiers, or fleets of ships, then they might look, and hesitate before they leaped, they might doubt the advantages which should repay so large an outlay ; but the objects I propose are greater than may be supposed, they are dictated by humanity, the outlay is nothing, and that outlay would be added to the amount of commerce. Can the government hesitate ? Will they not even inquire ? We shall see. I propose soon to send you a paper on the Dyaks — their customs, manners, habits, &c., and another on the geography of the coast between Tanjong Datu and Borneo Proper. I have been obliged to clip some hundreds of miles of habitable land off the charts, and though my chart will not aim at minute correctness, it ^11 be sufficient for all the purposes of navigation. The number of vessels 214 PRIVATE LETTERS OF which are lost amid the reefe of the Palawan passage is lamentable, and I think a course along the N. W. coast of Borneo, and from thence outside, or inside Palawan, would avoid the greater part of the dangers. I received a long and kind letter from R . I hope you will keep up an acquaintance with him, for he is really an amiable and estimable person, and such are not very plenty, and he is unfortunate. Of our folks at home I received the most pleasing accounts ; my mother writes in excellent spirits, and encourages me to proceed. Charles Johnson, always sanguine, seems to expect that a gold mine will ex- plode at my feet. AH the children are getting beyond my knowledge. Little Charlie, the Middy of the " Wol- verine," has, I apprehend, gone on to China. What would I not give to see the boy? and I daresay if the China affair is settled soon, will by hook or crook manage to come along this coast, and find me out I liave a great mind to write to Jem, but I do not know where to find him, and perhaps my letter will go wan- dering over Botany Bay. Is he really getting on? that is, is he making money, or is it but a stagnation? I am afraid Jem is a real bad hand at money-making. Of personal news I have very little to tell you. I am well. I am content I am employed. I Iiave lately made a garden which I take pleasure in, and intend to have a plantain grove — the large fresh green leaf is always pleasant to the eye, and to the mind. It is con- SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B 215 nected in my mind with many associations and scenes and company. Besides my garden, I have a flock of goats, which I cherish and intend to increase. My diamond mine as yet is a failure, not from want of diamonds, but from the dam washing down, and in truth the manager is a bad one ! How, dear Jack, do you thrive? you must be an old man by this time ! So long married, that I pre- sume you have given up all the follies of your youth, dancing, and fiddling, and quoiting, and leaping, and running. I, who have no wife, have a full right to continue young as long as 1 please or can. Offer my kind regards to your lady, whose acquaintance I hope to make some day or other ; to Prior and your sister, and to all the Bridport party. I hope all are as well and as happy as I wish them. You know I prophesied that Prior would be Lord Chancellor, and you may be sure he will be that^ or something else great. Which same remark is so much in the style of my favourite, Mrs. Bennett, in " Pride and Prejudice," that I can- not help asking you whether you ever read Miss Austen's novels ? if not, get them all, and set to work ; for my part, I have read them a dozen times since I have been out, and as books get scarce, am likely to read them a dozen times more. They are unique and inimitable. As for reading, you can scarce conceive wliat a reader I am, what tough morsels I can swallow of theolog}' — such books as civilized life never permits 216 PRIVATE LETTERS OF one to reacy, and wratli and fury to the evil doer, and they are so accus- tomed to be ill-treated, that they arc obedient under * See Appendix (1). SIB JAMES BROOKE, K,C.B. 221 most circumstances. I hold the same views that are published after a better acquaintance. They are an honest, industrious, frugal race, and remarkably true spoken ; their vices are distrust, poor fellows, and a touch of obstinacy. From eight to ten thousand have come in to request my protection and trade, and 'said through their ambassadors, " We have heard — the whole world has heard — that a son of Europe had arrived, who was a friend to the Dyaks/' By my faith, Jack, through your exertions, the savage was not so far wrong. These were all interior tribes, who had never even in their traditions, been within the limits of the tides; they inquired why the water ran up the river, and being told it came from the sea, refused to drink it for fear of falling sick. I would fain say nothing of , as in " Nicholas Nickleby " he takes " demnition " interest in my af- fairs now, but when lie thought my chances bad^ he positively did write to , confidentially^ that he would accept no more of my drafts, and iu*ging the madness of my undertaking, and what was worse, stating that I was largely in his debt; whereas he knew that arrangements had been made for payment of all his advances, and that I was, on the arrival of a law document, much on the right side of my books. I regret this, because he was an old acquaintance and a useful man of business, and, in my present position, admirably calculated to fomt^ard my concerns; but what could I do under the circumstances ; my resources 222 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF stopped, my credit injured, and writing me that the bills which I had already given, he had kept back to give me time. may and probably will tell you that has cut him out of the business and behaved badly, but so far from that, I was never even applied tOj to ship antimony orfe to and ^*8 correspondents at home, and one small lot which was inadvertently consigned to them, was made over to J without an objection of any sort. Further, you know me well enough to believe how loth and unlikely I should be to slight an old acquaintance for a new one, even if I had got any advantage by it, and you are aware that with many conveniences and your recom- mendation to back it, I would not employ Wise because had given no reason for leaving him. As for and f I would serve them the same if they acted the same, and so I would any agent I employed. I say all this, because may be fractious, and will likely try and injure me (but he will not do so till be has appealed to me again), and you can answer if he is saucy. With respect to *8 mercantile views they are narrow, and would ere long be ruinous to me. The antimony ore is a safe article at 14/. the ton, and the consumption steady, but by his monopolizing and harshly keeping up tiie price to 20/. and 23/. per ton, he would raise opposition from the Spanish antimony mines, and when this opposition was raised they would run a purse muck against us — prices would come down, and before they would be raised again I sliould be SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 223 seriously injured, if not ruined. Yet he seems, by his letters, to be blind to tliese consequences. Add more- over to this, that the consumption is in exact ratio to the price, and with high prices and risk, you will not make more than with moderate demands and safety. For the rest, the trade looks up^ and directly Muda Hassim goes away, besides our own trade we shall have a considerable trade with the coast There is a great deal said about my giving up my advantages, but surely it never could be understood, that I would yield all I had done to the first adven- turer who demanded it; but suppose a merchant or merchants with a large capital wished to locate, it might easily be arranged with advantage to them and to me. For instance, they must guarantee the ex- penses of the government in the first place, and iu the second, they would not expect me to quity or to work for nothing ; so they ought to give me a sum of money and then take the trade as it is into their own hands, (t. e.) an open trade in everything but antimony ore, and the anti- mony ore they might monopolise for three or five years. It nnist be a trading concern, for to derive for a hundred or two hundred years any amount of revenue is not to be looked for — it will I hope be sufficient to maintain, me shortly, but for a company they could not look to it. These are my views at present, but I would modify and alter them if necessary ; but after a Govern- ment recognition, of course I shall rise in my demands. I could not leave the country, for at present it is only 224 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF the personal affection of the natives which insures obe- dience and good conduct, and any English ferton, ignorant of their language and habits, and with abstract ideas of legislation, would soon embroil himsel£ I would not wish you to conclude anything, but if I remain in my present trading concern, I must have a partner with a small capital, and one well acqudnted with the native trade, but, dear Jack, those dreams of 's are not sound, and what is more not oyer honest, for all his letters to me, and his conduct about the draft, (all I think arose from the same idea,) show, what he tries to disguise, that he wanted to have we in his own hands. Now the sovereign of Borneo (I bow to the *^ Morning Herald^^) is not to be a servant of 's Place, but will only treat with Downing Street. The misfortune is, I am no trader, my head can compass general views about it, but the detail is a jmII I cannot swallow ; not from pride, not fix>m its interfering with my regal dignity, but from being both from art and nature unfit for it This is all I have to say and enough, about myself and my afiairs. From your letters I learn that you are getting on well, but you give no particulars except of your home. I want to learn about your debut at the bar — how you speak, how you felt when you first spoke, something about the circuit, &c. &c I want you likewise to send me information of Bridport, of your dear father and mother, and all. Your home is a happy one, and I rejoice to hear it and to read of your walks and read- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 225 ings. Your wife must be my friend — it is an obliga- tion entailed on her with marriage. I must beg you to convey to her my regards, with a hope that some day when we part after meeting, I may add remembrances- I have written to Jem, and I keep in mind that if Sydney is not good for his spec, perhaps he will find this better, and that I shall be able to forward his views. This letter goes to-morrow by a 500'to7i ship, which has come here on her own account! I My correspond- ence will not all be finished, and if my mother does not receive a letter by this post, you must send her this to read, with my love. God bless you, and Believe me, ever dear Jack, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. No. 37. Mrs. Brooke. Sarawak, October 16, 1842. My loved Mother, Your letter is the last I have to write of a very long series, and, like a plum, 1 have kept it to the last, in order that you may have the very latest news. All the news is good — from home very encouraging — from Bengal rather favourable, and here we *are peaceable and progressing. I do not intend entering on long dc- l3 226 PRIVATE LETTERS OF tails about Sarawak politics, for I have dwelt largely on them to Terapler, who will let you know all about it ; and I shall turn my attention to our more domestic matters. Your two letters, of April and June, reached me together, and there is much in them to reply to— first, that rascally hoax about Johnny,* which I have no doubt was a mere sally of some light-headed comrade, who never thought of parents or relatives — ^however, all is well that ends well, and Emma is not the worse either for grief or joy. I shall be delighted to see the gun and the circle, but the other things I do not care about, and only mentioned, supposing you had plenty of money to spare ; and pray let this be your criterion in sending anything that costs money. Labour I must impose upon you all, you must all work at needle- work, and make me housewives, and all that sort of thing, for you will all be immortalized amongst the Dyaks. Seriously though, dearest mother, do not put yourself to any expense on my account, for these things that I ask of you are not needful to me, and rather ctuiosities, than anything better. Tou know bow has used me, and that I have cut him for it, as I would any other man who played such a game, I will beg you, dearest mother, to insist that these ar- rangements shall be carried out, provided they be not already, for I can*t help thinking, that law paper is lost, as otherwise, it ought to have arrived in England long since ; and when one considers the » John Brooke Jofansoo, Sir James Brooke'i nephew. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 227 number of hands it passes through, it is nothing so yery wonderful, for I am convinced much of my cor- respondence goes in the same way. I dislike trade because I am so ignorant of it ; but you may rest as- sured, I shall not foolishly throw away any chance to benefit myself, which is consistent with the benefit of the country. You must at the same time bear in mind that had I acted on the principle of a trader^ I should not have held my present position, and in grasping at my own advantage I should very likely lose the moral influence I possess over the people. If fortune is an effect, resulting from security and good government, I will not, be certain, throw it away ; but I have always endeavoured to take an enlarged view of the subject, to hope that thousands will be benefited when I am mouldering in dust ; and that my name will be re- membered, whenever it is thought of, as one whose actions showed him above the base and sordid motives which so often disgrace men in similar circumstances. No personal consideration has deterred me from pro- ceeding ; and if I can govern with a moderate fortune, clear of trade, my influence would be very great ; but expenses must be paid, and what is worse, I must hold the monopoly, which is wrong on principle, and any- body who succeeds me ought to insure me a mainte- nance^ and, I think, repay me ray expenses. To yield the government would be madness, for my influence is as yet per:K)naI ; and my mantle could not suddenly be transferred, especially as it is incumbent that a sue- 228 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF cessor should be Yersed in the natiye languagey t of curious and searching ques- tions. Many arc already answered in the *^ Paper on the Dyaks," which will have been published ere thb reaches you ; the others, of a more domestic nature, amuse me very much, as showing your idea a very pleasing person. I anticipate a lia]>py ex- cursion with him to Sarawak, and perhaps afterwards along the coast. I had a letter from Sarawak yester- SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 253 day (which keeps me easy), saying that they were all well and happy, and the rice crop being garnered, all hands have abundance of food. I am sorry to be away now, for at the time of harvest home, the Dyaks hold high festival, which I wanted particularly to see. Fancy a carouse with the wild Dyaks. I have written to Jem, but as yet have got no an- swer. Matters in New South Wales appear to be in a sad condition from a rotten system of credit, which is only another word for a system of swindling. Edward Stonehouse, whom you may remember as a shipmate of your brother's, will, I think, likely enough join me, that is if he can find nothing better to do. I bad a letter from complaining of hard times, and the pressure of a young and rising family. My accounts from home were delightful — my mother in good health and spirits, and all busy in making a box of fancy fair articles for the Dyaks. It is quite refreshing to me to read their hopes and fears, and I verily believe they live more profoundly retired in the centre of England than I do in Borneo. I was quite disappointed that uiy Charlie, the midshipman, was not here when I arrived, for I have quite a yearning to see him, as he was always an especial favourite of mine. uants and is trying hard to get down here, but I fear will not succeed. I rejoiceil tliat your family circle were so well and so happy, and it is really a pleasure to know that there are a few who take interest in the affairs of one living beyond the confines of civilization. 254 PRIVATE LETTERS OF You would haye been amused to read an entire sheet of questions sent from Lackington, the answers of which are requested-— each member of the family asks something. " Do you lie down in your bed at night in security?" **Have you any good shooting?" "Do you get venison?" "What are the Dyak articles of faith ?" " Should I be useful as a school- mistress of the Dyak children?" "Do you think I could lick any Dyak boy of my age with my lefl hand?" These are very characteristic, and I wau busy two hours yesterday in answering them. I forgot to say that yesterday arrived the Britomart man-of- war, Captain Stanley; she is to be sold here — ^you may remember she was employed in forming Port Essington, and Earl, I believe, went out in her. He speaks very poorly of Port Essington, no inland sea, no trade, no Bugis, natives shy ; in short, a mere port which people do not visit, and useless as a harbour of refuge. I >iTote you, I think, about McKenzie, who has gone home sick in the *^ John Knox," and carries witii him a letter to AVise. I told him to see you, and you may get a good deal of information from him, for he has been with mo all the time, and is an intelli- gent fellow. Peter is a great character, and has the com- plete knack of managing Uie natives, who are all fond of him. It would not be wise to Iiave his brother out yet, but you may tell his fatiicr if I have an oppor- tunity of serving the lad, I will. Warn him at the same time not to listen to foolisli stories about making SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 255 money in a hurry. Peter has his 31. a month and nothing else. Really the mania for an £1 Dorado is so universal that I should not be astonished if such a place was discovered — a mountain of gold with nothing wanting but pickaxes — or some other such vulgar heaven upon earth. Everytliing distant seems to attract the imagination ; distance lends enchant- ment to the view — distance of time softens down the crimes and errors of the dead — and Hope, herself, is but reality at a distance. In short, distance is a great and undiscovered principle ! I have no space for any more gentle cant or gentle sentiment. I am writing in haste. Offer my regards to Mrs. Templer, and all your family circle. I should be very glad to hear from Harry, for his letters give me a complete picture of persons and things at Bridport. Farewell. Yours, &c. J. Brooke. P.S. You did not enclose a letter for Peter. Ruppel daily expected, and the vessel ought to have been here before. I do not think I ever mentioned to you the death of Mrs. Page and her little girl, bom during the Borneo ciiptivity ; there is a report that Captain Page is like- wise dead on his passage home. The two Portuguese, Mr. and Miss , through whose intrigues much of the miscliief arose, are both confined in a mad-house. 256 PRn^ATE LETTERS OF The chief mate, Mr. Gill, called on me a short time since, and it was flattering to hear that he attributes their safety entirely to my being at Sarawak. Did I tell you, likewise, that on my return from Borneo, I brought twenty-two shipwrecked native seamen, who would otherwise have been consigned to hopeless slavery.* I forgot to mention that I proposed to Wise to sound whether a public company could not be formed, and that in his letter of the 6th February, he, without receiving my letter, proposes the same thing. By this opportunity I write hSm to proceed, but cautiously, and not to act now, without keeping the Government informed of his motions. This letter ought to reach you very soon, as yours of February was received in April and answered as you see. By the commencement of June you should get this. I have no time for more — the vessel sails at four o'clock, ii is now three. I have just heard from my friend Robertson, who has proceedee, a ma- licious brownie. This ri'sponsible head is, or ought to SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 269 be, Muda Hassim, because he is well inclined, mode- rately honest, and has a clever younger brother, Budrudeen, who is fitted by nature to govern, and will go the entire hog with us. He is a very clever fellow for a native, and far more clever than many bet- ter educated and more experienced Europeans. The sultan, so called, has no wits, is influenced by every paltry vagabond about him, and is ignorant of Eu- ropeans. Pangeran Usop, in his heart, is opposed to Europeans, and has no title from birth, to rule the state. Mind, I am not recommending a violent change, but merely that British countenance should place Muda Hassim in a situation to become the virtual ruler of the state. On the next point, dear Jack, I wish to be serious, as it in some measure affects me ; or, at any rate, I shall be held responsible, right or wrong. I know not what statements have been made ; I know not what expec- tations are raised, but it does appear to me, judg- ing from Mr. AVise's letters, and the steps he has taken, that some exaggerated hopes are entertained, and hopes as unreasonable, as exaggerated. As &r as concerns Wise, this agnifics not ; for, being in com- munication with me, he must bear the consequence of measures taken, without my consent or approval ; but I would not on any account have this mania spread, nor do I desire that the truth should in any way be con- cealed or heightened. In fact, Jack, I will become no party to a bubble ; or gain, or accept any negodation 270 PRIVATE LETTERS OF from Government upon false grounds. Of course I am totally ignorant of the statements which have been made to Sir Robert Peel, or how far the steps now in progress, may have been based on these very state- ments ; but I perceive that an immediate and eonsider- able opening for British commerce, is expected. My own opinion of the capabilities of the country remains unchanged. I believe it a very fine, and naturally a very rich country y but (as I represented it in the printed letter,) torn by civil war, uncultivated from bad governments, with a scanty and wild population^ what is it to produce ? or rather, how is the produce reason- ably to be expected to pour itself into the lap of the first merchant, who, sitting snug in some dusty den in the city, fancies that the course of trade runs as smooth in Borneo, as in London, and that by only sending a vessel, he can command a return cargo in a country where the numbers of inhabitants arc not sufficient to gather him a cargo till tlie expenses of delay have swallowed up all the profits of price ? He fancies that if he can only gain the start of his compatriots, (forgets ting that tliey be as cunningly silly as himself), he shall gain Heaven knows how much per cent, but he never calculates that in a rude and ill-governed country, the mass of the people are afraid to barter for his goods, that the chidfs have profits of their own to guard — native traders, jealous of his advent — a rude ami simple people, who barter in a most fanciful and paltry manner. He forgets all this, and being out of pocket. SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 271 by his own folly, abuses the country and its inhabitants. All experience is set at nought The Indian free trade — the opening of the South American markets — the tea market — all injured the silly dealers, who glutted the markets with British produce. China, provided the treaty be satisfactorily concluded, will follow the same rule. Vast as that country is, nith developed resources and a fixed system of trade, yet will our madly industrious manufactiu*er8, over-export to injure themselves and benefit the Chinese. What must it be, when the same game is to be played in Borneo ? Bah ! it makes me savage. Let me tell you too, tliat to attract to Sarawak, the trade which goes already to Singapore, is only robbing Peter, to pay Paul. The object is to give confidence to the natives to reach, the produce of the country, which now, never comes to market — to civilize the Dyak, and make him in time a trader. How very slow is tliis process — how it requires patience and time — and how in my hands it may fail altogether, I need say no more; for with the heads, you can puzzle out the argument I have not patience to detail, and you can protect me from mbconstruction on this point. If the meteor flag of England waves, the progress of civiliza- tion will be quicker, but not ^uick ; and to expect any immediate advantage, is a delusion. Oh the green and greasy public. Jack, how I should like to gull them to their heart's content, if one could only do so, without hurting them ; and would it not be worth while to ro}'S- 272 PRIVATE LETTERS OF tify them, only to see their common-place green eyes, after believing all, beginning to doubt and open. Some few, new and unheard-of truths, ought to be impressed on the gentle public; the first is that to work mines, to cultivate land, to civilize wild tribes, to encourage immigration, requires time and capital, and involves some risk. Secondly, that when they play such a game, they ought to be gifted with patience, and not grumble if the chances go against them individually. Thirdly, Tliat good govemment slowly, but surely^ wins the confidence of oppressed people, but that the evils of bad govemment do not cease with the bad govemment itself; for governments impress their characterbtic stamp on the people, and a distrustful dog snaps or slinks away, long after he is blessed with a kind master. Let them ponder these tmths, new and unheard-of though they be, instead of turning up their noses. I am tired of these politics for the present, and must turn to your letter. The Dyak paper I am happy you approve of, and I hope it will appear in the Quarterly. You need say nothing about altering ; I am not jealous, and no author ; so, if you clip and cut I care not I will desire^to for* ward you a Singapore paper, where you will read a brief paper on Keppel*s proceedings, and some general thoughts on piracy. Really, the good done with little eflbrt, and little loss on either side, is beyond calcula- tion. I should like to play the same game with others. I can say no more, for time presses, and I have Sm JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 273 several letters yet to write. May every happiness attend thee, dear Jack ; so farewell. Do not forget about young ^ if it come in your way before the regular time. In the " Samarang" I found a young distant connection, named Brereton, only thirteen years, of age, a nice intelligent boy ; he has lost everything he had in the ship, exept a few pair of trowsers. My kind regards to your lady, and believe me ever Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. No. 47. The Rev. Charles Johnson. Sarawak. July 12 to 21, 1843. My dear Charles, Your letters of February and March afforded me much pleasure, and although you choose to imagine me, grumbUng at the number of your letters, I did not cease to bless you for being a good correspondent. Events crowd so thick upon us, that I find it difficult to keep you fully apprized of all that occurs, and you ^ve me occasion for a long explanation, in order to set you right, on many important points. You are, as I have told you all along, over sanguine, and Wise seems to be mbleading you entirely, and to be as san- guine, as yourself. To begin however with your letter, n3 274 PRIVATE LETTEBS OF you advise me to get Sarawak ceded in perpetuity, — to make money,— to take care of myself, not to let others reap what I have sown — in short, to be wise, prudent, and knowing. This is all excellent advice, but you forget that the leopard changes not his spots, and thai much of your counsel is opposed to my character. Yet I do not say that I will n^lect the advice, or that I will not make money, if the chance comes in my way, but I do not value money except as a means. To tell you candidly, I think I am much altered — ^I do not value money or wish for it — I do not value rank, or desire it, and in my retirement, with the conscious- ness that I am doing good, I want but little that the world can give, and feel sure in the struggle after wealth or rank, there is more misery than poverty itself can inflict. Do not fancy me over philosophical ; but do not endeavour for, or ask any honours for me. • I want them not ; and although I would, a year ago^ have sought to be made a knight, because it would have been useful, yet now being useful no more, I do not care about it, and would rather 110^ be tapped oa the shoulder. Another thing surprises me, which is, your talking of my being made Consul. If being made Consul, or called Consul will do any good, I will not refuse it ; but I do not like swallowing this pill, for I should not like to be less, than I am, though I care not much about being greater. Wise's conduct has surprised me more, than I can express : doubtless he means everything for the best, SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 275 and doubtless, he is very zealous to promote my views rather than his own, but how in the very teeth of my printed letter, he should fancy that I should give up the monopoly, of antimony ore ; cede the manorial rights over the diamond soil, and in short, without one stipulation, abandon the very revenue, which maintains the infant settlement, I cannot guess ; yet that is what he coolly asks. What does he propose in return for all these expected concessions ? — To admit me as a partner, and give me a share, when I have the whole ; — to lend me money upon my paying an interest of 5 per cent., and to send the " Ariel " here with a cargo to ^* further my ohjectsj* How the deuce can the " Ariel " or her cargo, or the cargo of any number of ships affect me ? Trade is a matter best left to itself, and when we have returns to make, we shall command as many ships as we like. Had Mr. Wise viewed the question in a sensible and proper light, he would have seen that all my statements about the resources of the country and soil, are accompanied by remarks on the means by which they may be developed, and knowing the ex- pences that I am necessarily put to, he ought to have provided for these, embarked capital to encourage industry, and run the same risk of success and failure that I am doing. On thde terms, he would have found me ready enough to concede all rights, I may have, for what I might consider the good of the country. As it is, what does he do? He comes to barter, like any other merchant, without seeking my 276 PRIVATE LETTERS OF opinion or advice — without reflecting that there are plenty of other merchants, who wonld hare been here before him, had the time been ripe. He has been most rash and predpitate ; and nothing shows it more, than that gingerbread nonsense of bringing Binmng- ham tokens with my crest, to pass current, here. You will not be surprised to learn that I have prohibited all tokens — base deteriorated tokens — as I found on in- quiry, that they have been introduced too largely at Sambas and the other Dutch ports, much to the injury of trade, and at prices higher, than is proper. Intro- ducing a copper currency is a serious matter, unless we are assured of its intrinsic value, and this value how am I to know ? At any rate. Wise should surely have asked me, before coining for my realms. It is really child's play, but I do not like sugar I Let the British flag be once hoisted, and you will see trade and prosperity follow its footsteps ; but witli my govern- ment, the development must be slow, and not very sure —depending as it does on my life ; for although I might have the country in perpetuity, would my suc- cessor be able to manage it? I am not sanguine about the Government taking the place; but they may give me some support We shall see in time. I here finish my explanations, and shall pass on to our proceedings for the suppression of piracy. I told you in my last that I was coming over here in II. M. S. ** Dido,'* with my friend Keppel. On our way over, I was proud to guide them to their prey, and we had SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B 277 some little fighting with boats. She st^dd some time here, anchored ofi^ my house, and Keppel, as well as his officers, was delighted with the country, after making an excursion in the interior. He expressed himself astonished more especially, at the degree of power, which he saw me exercising daily. I had planned all sorts of pleasant trips, and was as gay and happy as a prince, with every chance of having the " Dido " backwards and forwards for the next two years, when a most untoward order came from the Commander-in-Chief for the " Dido " to join him in China. You may imagine how sorry I was, but orders must be obeyed, and the poor Didos obeyed with reluctance. Before her departure Keppel attacked the piratical horde of Serebas — the horde which has so long been a curse to this coast, and who^e depredations have been carried even to the coast of Celebes. — The boats of the ^' Dido '' accordingly ascended the river, carried their forts, and penetrated upwards of one hundred miles up their river, giving them in a week's work, a lesson, which will prevent their piratical excursions for a year or two, and very likely bring them to their senses altogether. Keppel's management is excellent, it is to give a severe lesson, and subsequently to conciliate, if there be an opportunity. Amongst the Malays, piracy is a national feeling, it is a part of their code of honour, encouraged by their education and liabits, and too often fostered by impunity. The object is to cor- 278 PRIVATE LETTERS OF rect, as well as to punish, and the mode of doing so, is by going to their strong-holds. Merely banting them at sea, is tedious, less efficient, and only causes them to baffle you, by changing their cruising-ground. Had Keppel remained, I should hare hoped the best, now I am rather abroad again. I wrote Charlie, a long letter by the ^^ Dido," and Keppel has promised to take every care of him, and should Keppel return here, he will get Charlie into his own ship. I have likewise written to , though it is probable, ere this, he has started for England. I fear he has made a mess of it, and will now have no chance of his promo- tion« You see how long a letter I have written — ^I have no larger space for tittle tattie. Grod bless you, my dear Charles. Believe me, yours ever afiectionately, J. Brookb. SIR JAT^IES BROOKE, E.C.B. 279 CHAPTER IX. August, 1843, to December 22, 1843. No. 48. John C. Templer^ Esq. Aogust, 1843. My dear Jack, WuEN I wrote last, I told you of the untoward accident which had happened to the ^^ Samarang." I am now happy to add, that she has been got afloat after an immersion of eleven days, and it is hoped, without serious damage. H. M. S. " Harlequin," and " Royalist" entered the river yesterday, the latter havmg made the passage to Singapore and back, in the short space of twelve days. Directly the ^^ Samarang" can be refitted, (three weeks or a month,) we all* sail in company to Borneo Proper. I do not exactly understand what there is to be done, beyond looking at the coal beds ; but what 280 PRIVATE LETTERS OF they want, they can obtain, and the show of force will make a proper impression. You will probably sec in some of the papers, our doings at Serebas, and I assure you, the impression made, by the attack on that piratical tribe, is quite extraordinary. Keppel is a fine fellow, and I like him much, and always get on very well both with him and his officers. Even yet, I cannot help regretting that circumstances obliged him to return to China. Serebas I hope to pacify, and whilst they are deterred from committing any further acts of piracy, to bring them, at the same time, under the power of the Rajah Muda Hassim. The difficulty, I have at present to contend against is the intrigue carried on by two Arab sheriff*^ who are the fairest spoken fellows in the world, but who use the worst influence over the natives generally, and the Dyaks, particularly. I think, (my eyes being open,) that by making speeches fairer and softer than their own, I shall get proofe the most damning, of their countenance of piracy, and their advice to the Serebas people both before, and since their defeat, to resist to the last. Whether I can get such proofs or not, these two sheriiis must be routed out of thb part of the country, for there is little hope of any pacificatioo of the coast, until their vile influence is destroyed. I mentioned in my last that, my impression is thai Sir *s report is favourable. The letter I addressed to Sir ^ will I hope put him and the members of Government, in a proper mind at to SIR JAMES BROOKE^ E.C.B. 281 the resources and future prospects of this place. If the mad merchants and manufacturers like to send out their own productions here, let them, but they assuredly have not been misled by me. In &ith, Jack, they want to make an El Dorado — an antimonial £1 Dorado — of this place, but with all their madness and keenness after gain, they will not, I observe, run the slightest risk of their dear pockets being touched, and whilst with the most praiseworthy magnanimity, they throw all the onus and expense upon my shoulders, they quietly vote away all means, by which I can support myself and my people. In short, these wise people, with their wise schemes, would, situated as I am, ruin me, to obtain gains them- selves, and then, when they had forced me to retire, they would find out, (and too late,) that the country returned to its former state of anarchy Seriously, however, my friend, I wish you, whenever, and wherever you have an opportunity, to state plainly and roundly my opinion on this subject, viz; that the N. W. coast of Borneo offers no immediate opening for British manufacture, beyond the quantity yearly sup- plied from Singapore ; that until the government be British, no merchants can trade with prospect of gain, amongst the natives ; that Sarawak is in my hands, and so will continue ; and that if they come, they must do so upon their own responsibility. I will not be a party to any bubble, or encourage any foolish mania which the public may take into their 282 PRIVATE LETTERS OF heads, and indeed I will oppose myself, as far as lies in my power, to both, for it has been objected by some good judges, that our former Governments are not sufficiently acquainted with the localities which they colonize ; and that the want of this knowledge leads to great expense, and often to great misfortune. Until I know the views of Government, I cannot offer more than a mere skeleton of my views ; for if I advocate the matter on a large scale, the Government may have no intentions of the kind, and if I show the way on a small scale, they may already have decided on the contrary. I wish, however, that the good folks would not take the bit into their own teeth, and raise their heads in the air, for this must produce mischief ulti- mately, for the reaction is always to be dreaded, when such false and exaggerated hopes are fostered. As imr as any Government measures are concerned, I am quite easy. I have no right to demand any terms, or even to make any suggestions till called for ; and as I am not playing a game of mere personal aggrandisement, I can trust that the interests of the natives will be pro- tected, should the Government decide on taking the place. It would amuse you to read Johnson's letters. He mounts on a Pegasus, and spurns the vile realities of this nether world. I laugh, and certainly get no letters so amusing as his. Whilst I, fully aware of the difficulties of my position, am forming plans to relieve the inevitable pressure of circumstances, he, with an unbounded faith, is dreaming of gold and diamonds, SIR JAMES BROOKE^ K.C.B. 283 and writes, as though I were proprietor of an entire English county. After all, it is delightful to have our friends encouraging us, and to me the buoyancy of a sanguine temperament urging roe along, is advan- tageous. You know I am not sanguine. I see diffi- culties, and even amid the din and glare of pleasure, or of pomp, I should catch glimpses of old age, and death, passing from a wreath of flowers ! How delighted was I to hear again from Jem, after a lapse in our correspondence of some years. I hope he may get on well, and that we may all have a chance some day of meeting. Shall we meet as we have met before ? — when life had something to give, or, at any rate, something to grumble at. I could exclaim with Saul, in the tragedy, '* Oh miei passate giomi. Deh I dove or sete voi ;" but all exclamations and all regrets are fruitless, except such as teach us to be better boys in future. Writing about boys, I have got a sick one with me, of the name of Brereton, a distant relative of mine — he being a great nephew of the Bishop of Cal- cutta ; a fine little fellow belonging to the '* Wanderer/' but, at present, a supernumerary aboard the '^Sama- rang.'' I have got quite fond of him since he has been here ; and somehow there is something in the position of a young volunteer of thirteen years of age, which rouses one's kind feelings ; so young, yet forced into manhood, to share privations and fatigues, when yet a boy. Since my nephew, Charlie, has embarked in the same line, I feel doubly inclined to be friendly with all the mids ; 284 ' PRIVATE LETTERS OF but Charlie is a healthy and hardy boy, whereas Brereton is weakly, and of a quiet and reflective turn. I was delighted with a letter I have just received from the youngster, an entire sheet full of scrawl. The " Wolverine" is the pride of the station ; they borrow the officers' horses at Amoy, and hunt dogs; they have a good berth — a jolly good set* of messmates — and what could a man wish for more. I am really in hopes of seeing " Wolverine" down here ; it would give me great pleasure, for I should much like to see 1 and to meet the youngster. I have not mentioned Mr. Wise, because, I really have nothing to say very agreeable about him. I give him every credit for good intentions, but I cannot patronize his line of conduct, or prevent a suspicion that other motives besides those on the surface, are actuating him. He is, however, ignorant of my cha- racter, and, I can see, builds much upon my ignorance of business matters, and because I am no merchant, be concludes I have no sense. I may just mention that he has presented powers of attorney for my signature, which I shall not sign, and you may rest assured, I shall never mix myself up with any parties in pecuniary liabilities, or give away a greater degree of power* than I see fit, upon a clear understanding. I trust, that what I have written will moderate his over zeal, and prove to him that a wild country cannot be developed without pun and risk, — a risk, he by no means seems inclined to incur. My budget is nearly exhausted, so is my SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 285 paper, and I will oDly add my sense of how much I owe to Sir James Gordon, and to your lady and kind rela- tives. May every happiness attend you all, and, dear Jack, believe me ever to be, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. 99 No. 49. John C. Templer, Esq. 0£f Borneo Proper, Sept. S, 1843. Mt dear Jack, Just before I left Sarawak, I got two letters by the June midl, but yours did not reach me. The account of the *' Samarang's '* accident caused a large fleet to assemble in our river. H.M.S. '* Sama- rang," H. M. S. " Harlequin," H.M.S. "Wanderer, H. M. Steamer " Vixen/' H. C. Steamer *' Diana, together with " Royalist " and " Ariel," lay at one time in the Sarawak river. "Samarang," "Harle- quin," and '* Vixen," with " Royalist " and " Ariel," are now here, much to the astonishment of the Bomeons. « • « « I am glad to tell you that Keppel's proceedings on this coast have been highly approved of, by the admiral. Sir W P , and he wishes, I am led to be- lieve, to send him here again. I made the passage from Sarawak in the " Sama- 286 PRIVATE LETTERS OF rangy^ and to-morrow we meet the sultan, but for what express object, I am yet ignorant. I am trjring to get some coal for the steamer, but although I may write or talk about the distracted, dissolute state of Borneo Proper, it is quite in vain to convince that he cannot get coal just in the same way, as though laying in Portsmouth dock-yard. I have not yet seen the sultan, but I understand he is in a state of perturba- tion at the idea of so large a force, being so close to him. Pangeran Usop, who is a clever fellow, \s at present absent I know not whether to be glad or sorry for it I am glad, so far that it will prevent the chance of any intrigue, being got up. I am more and more convinced, if we desire to have any thing to say to the good folks here, we must have some tangible person to represent the Government, and support him in his authority. At present there is no government ; and really an idiot like the sultan can hardly be ac- counted a responsible agent, more especially in these times of monomania. I am writing in haste, and in the most desultory style, but really I have nothing to say, except that I sigh and long for a little peace and quiet ; for ever since the capsize of the ship, I have lived in public. Tlie oflScers of the , I like much, and I have had the pleasure of making the acquaintance of II and S , both excellent and gentlemanly follows. I hear charming accounts of Charlie Johnson. He is a great pot of mine, and in especial favour at present, having written nie a sheet SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 287 full of his boyish pranks and thoughts. Such a letter from a midshipman is a compliment I fully appreciate. I was in hopes Charlie would have been lent to the " Dido," and he absolutely came down from Amoy to Hong Kong to jom her, but for some reason, at pre- sent unknown, he has returned to his brig, the " Wol- verine." I wrote you about young , and I want you to find out whether he will be made a Ueutenant when he passes. Keppel says he is certain of being made. If not, I must make some interest for him, for he is a great friend of mine, and deserves promotion. JVIr. Wise's brig, the " Ariel," is here, and I hope will do very well trading. Her chief obstacle is that the managing man has such foolish notions, and expects such large profits as are unknown in the world now-a-days. These people have an idea that the Malays are savages, ignorant of the relative value of difiercnt articles of trade ; and they find by experience that they are a shrewd people, as well informed of prices as themselves, and regulated in a great measure by the price of goods at Singapore. Wise has made a sad mess of it ; but I hope his eyes are open long before tliis. I expect fully he will turn round and quarrel with me, because he has been imprudent and sanguine. If he does so, you must take care of , who is at home, and may want your aid. He is an old servant, and, for tlie life I am leading, has some valuable qualities, which in my eyes fully balance his occasional excesses. Hart, whom 288 PRIVATE LETTERS OF you doubtless remember, is very ill with a general dropsy. I have ^ven the command of ** Royalist" to young D , and his cousin is a mate with him. Ruppel is a treasure ; I trust, provided we are left to our own resources, that I shall be able to tempt him to stop. I have written to S to join me, provided his CSana- dian &rm is a dead failure, and he can get nothing eke to do. It is really a melancholy reflection, that with wealthy parents, a good &mily, and many personal good qualities, that he should have been launched into the world to labour at a farm. I have only room to wish you all sorts of good. Offer my kind regards to your Seimily party, both at Greenwich and Bridport Write to me very often, and believe me, dear Jack, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. No. 50. The Rev. Charles Jounsox. Borneo Pkiiper, SepUmber 18» 1843. My dear Charles, Sarawak is mine in perpetuity, that is to say, the heir of my appointment succeeds when my perpe- tuity ceaseSb Good luck be with my heir, and I hope the luck will be equal even to your sanguine expecta- tions, but you know how little I expect You must bear in mind that this contract with the rajahs is sab- sequent to tlie period when the Government iotereslad SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.aa 289 itself in my situation, and therefore, that no claim can honestly be founded on it Should the Government desire to take Sarawak, of course my claims will be in their hands for decision ; and even should the money laid out in the acquisition never be returned to me, I shall not grumble. Two evident reasons induce me to this. The first is, that no claims of mine can, or ought for an instant, to be put into competition with benefits which I sincerely believe will accrue to the natives; and, secondly, nothing is so contrary to my feelings, and in reality so contemptible, as a man who aims at being of some benefit to his fellow-creatures, haggling for the price of what has been done volun- tarily. The world may preach for ever, and we may listen to the soft voice of the syren, clinking yellow gold, yet there is a difference between the motives that prompt actions — ^the difference between porcelain and common hardware — one is right in the world's eye, the other really right ; the one gives riches, the other mental satisfaction. Yet, Charles, with all my philanthropy, the vision of wealth is pleasing; it is pleasing to our ambition, it enlarges our sphere of action, it affords fair play on the theatre of life, but nevertheless, although I am poor, I would choose the latter, rather than the former satisfaction, and readily sacrifice both ray ambition and my avarice at the shrine of pride. I tell you all this that you may not be sanguine ; but to comfort you, I send the transla- VOL. I. 290 PRIVATE LETTERS OF tion of my agreement with the Sultan and the Pan- geran Muda HasKim,* which you will doubtleas read with much satisfaction. The rest of my public Tiews you will hear firom many quarters, so I will only relate it in brief. Keppel*8 decisive conduct on the coast has been highly approred by the Commander-in-chief, and the local government of Singapore, and it is gratifying to me that he has gained credit, and his first lieutenant a chance of the step. I regret, however, that he has been sent to China, and is not likely to return, for I could act with him with the best effect * * * I am now delayed here in order to get rid of the cargo of the ^^ Ariel,*' — that mad speculation of Wise's, entered on without taking my advice. So badly, indeed, has the plan been concocted, that they have not a competent man of business, or a linguist with them, and the two partners are so opposed to each other that they are not on speaking terms ! I hope to write more letters, * The agreement referred to :— " His Majesty the Saltan of Borneo, grants to James BrookCt Eaq., the country and government of Sarawak. James Hrooke, Esq., consents to gorem according to the ondong ondong (t>. the native law), and to be responsible for the good goTemment of the plftec, upon the understanding that no person or persons are to disturb tbe said country of Sarawak ; and it is to be widerstood that this grant extends only to the country of Sarawak, and that James Brooke, Ei^ is not to govern any other dependency of Borneo. And it is Iwthcr agreed that no Eoropean is to hold the government of Sarawak without permission from the sultan, or before such permissioQ has been obtained. — Borneo. August 1, 1842." SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 291 and to give some of the party further news, so my dear Charles, I conclude for the present, with many kind loves and wishes. Yours, ever affectionately, J. Brooke. No. 51. Mrs. Brooke. " Royalist," September 24, 1843. My loved Mother, It is a dead calm, with a broiling sun over head, and we lay lazily rolling on the sea between Borneo and Sarawak. I am very anxious to arrive at the latter place, to enjoy a little rest and quiet, and to get out of the " Royalist," and the crowd she con- tains ; yet I am afraid I must for a few days more arm myself with patience, as the want of wind delays a quick passage. I have written so much about my own afikirs to others, that I shall not dwell on them to you, and indeed there is little or nothing to tell, and less to do. At present, indeed, I am laying on my oars, until the Government decide how much, or how little it intends doing, and how far I am to become a party concerned in the arrangements. In the mean time I endeavour to gain all the information I can, and to lay matters in the fairest possible train by keeping up an interest and influence over Pangeran Muda Ilassim. I do not find much difficulty in this task, for he is well inclined to 02 292 PRH^ATE LETTERS OF the English, and desires us to protect and support him, and >vill pay in territory for this assistance. Besides this, my sway over him is very great, and just such a sway as a moderately firm mind and firm conduct, with conciliation, will ever acquire over a vacillating and timid person. I wish you could know the Pangeran Budrudeen, who with the amiable and easy temper of his brother Muda Hassim, combines decision and abilities quite as- tonishing in a native prince, and a directness of pur- pose seldom found in an Asiatic As a companion, I find him superior to most of those about roe, and there is something particularly interesting, in sounding the depths and the shallows of an intelligent native mind, and observing them freed from the trammels of court etiquette. I have, however, one or two good and intelligent companions. First is Ruppel, whom I formerly knew in Bridport, a man highly respectable and pleasing, with a cool temper and matured judg- ment. Next is Steward, Mr. Wise's partner, who proves to be an old schoolfellow, and is a gentlemanly and adventurous person, with good temper, good sense, and conciliating manners. * * * This point is essential to the good government of natives, and on this point it is that most Europeans are so grossly wanting, lliey always take their own customs, feelings, and manners, and in a way force the natives to conform to them, and never give themselves the trouble of ascertaining how far these manners are repugnant to the natives. I SIR JAMES BROOKE^ E.aa 293 have seen so much of this, and the pig-headed ob- stinacy with which it is maintained, that had I power I would be careful in the selection of persons to govern a new native country, and very severe upon any faults of harshness and severity. When we desire to improve and elevate a people, we must not begin by treating them as an inferior race ; and yet this is too generally the style of our Indian rulers, with a few brilliant exceptions. Sir Stamford Baffles, Mr. Crauford, and Colonel Farquhar, especially the former, are still re- membered with affection by the elder natives, and in places where they were unknown they are respected and talked of. Well, well, we shall see what the future brings for Sarawak, and I am sure of one thing, that exaggerated hopes and statements must lead to disappointment and reaction. I now often think of, and wish for a return to England; and my desire, loved mother, to embrace you again seems to acquire force, as my position appears more settled. The world, to me, would be a gloomy one without you, and all my reminiscences of the past, all my best affections, are centred with you. ^Vhat should I ever have been without your love and your teaching? Nature, and books, and flowers are doubly loved, because I have enjoyed them in your society so often, and now as my morning nosegay is brought me, I revert to you as naturally, as though you were near to enjoy them with me. 1 he world may offer ambition and riches and troops of soi-disarU friends, but sure am I, it offers few pure affections, and the more we see of it, the more we 294 PRIVATE LETTERS OF cliog to those we have loved always. No one has less reason to complain than myself on this score, for I retain most of the friends of youth, and still feel for them^ and believe they feel towards me the warmest regard — and the world in general, the self-interest world — ^has not as yet used me ill, and therefore I have no right to abuse it. Do you remember, when young at Bath, that people did not understand me; now everybody understands me, and I really think I have acquired, or am acquiring, the most plausible and pleasing manners ! ! I am not the least shy or reserved to outward appearance, and I really do all I can to shake myself clear of this inherent complaint Re- straint and company I bear far better than formerly, and if I get the morning to myself, I am content to devote the rest of my time to any body or everybody, to talk sense or nonsense at their pleasure, and to receive or to impart as much information as possible. My health is surprisingly good. I really never ail, nor do I require doctors or physic, and this blessing I duly appreciate, though I may not guard it so carefully as I ought ; my habits I can say nothing in praise o^ for I keep very bad hours, seldom rising before nine, and seldom sleeping till two in the morning. Night, however, is the time when business is best conducted with tlic native rajalis, for it is the time when they live, and arc really awake. I read, my loved mother, with regret of your ailment, yet I cannot but rejoice to think that you have periods when life is sunny and enjoyable, and that your ills are not of a scriouB SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 295 character. I am very glad that Martha is with you again, for she is gentle and sensible. Pray give my remembrances to Tier, and thank her for her addition to the " Fancy Fair." I am sorry to think I have nothing to send her as a token of my good wishes, but my country produces no shawls, nor silks, nor bonnets: you never mention poor Charlton, yet I want to hear of the dear old creature ; poor old Anne must be inunortal, for she had arrived at the verge of life (apparently) twenty years ago. * * * I will just leave a small space for a line to be added at the latest date ; and believe me, dearest mother, ever to be Your affectionate son, J. Brooke. P.S. September 29, 1843.— I have nothing to add but melancholy intelligence; poor Hart died some days before my return. Thus an old and faithful ser- vant has fallen a victim to intemperance, which habit has grown on him since he got command of the schooner. How little do we know what is good for us. This command was what the poor fellow greatly desired. Under the circumstances it is better he died than lived, for I fear he would have lived a life of pain and poverty. Love to all. Yours, dearest mother. Affectionately ever, J. Bkoore. 296 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 52: John C. Tbmpler, Esq. Sarawak, October 4, 1843. My dear Jack, I BELIEVE I told you in my last of the ** Sama- rang*s" departure from Borneo Proper. I passed some days in the city, and quitted it with a firm con- viction that, unless something be done, they will very shortly be at loggerheads. The sultan, as I have be- fore told you, is an idiot ; Pangeran Usop is aiming at the throne ; and, unless Muda Hassim returns, will pro- bably obtdn his object, and at any rate will try, unless overawed. I hope, if anything is to be done in the vid- nity of Borneo Proper, that a good locality will be se- lected. Labuan and Moara are the best spots ; the latter rather small, but in other respects excellent Labuan is well situated likewise, and seemed to prefer it, but his examination was very cursory. I was convinced, during my stay, of the great riches of the place ; and the countries to the northward and eastward are reported to abound with rich produce. I became acquainted with an Arab sheriff, who is constantly trad- ing on the north-east of Borneo, and he spoke of tlie trade as being plenty and profitable. He liad often visited the fine harbour of Sandukam. The natives he reports as a harmless and poor race ; and the Suluks, who frequent the coast and expel the Bomeons tlience, Bitf I understand, not a bad ]>eople. Of course a post Borneo would attract and open this trade, which w does not find its way to Singapore. This same SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 297 sheriff told me for certain that a European lady or woman was in captivity at Abuan, to the N.W. of Borneo. It is so shocking to think of, that I have commissioned him to redeem her. coute qui coule. It is a base mode of redemption, and vastly unknightly, but the only mode to effect the object, unless some other gallant captain, like Keppel, will come and help me. A captive damsel ! Does it not conjure up images of blue eyes and auburn hair of hyacinthine flow? and after all, a fat old Dutch frau may be the reality ! Poor creature I even though she be old, and fat, and unamiable, and ugly, it is shocking to think of such a fate, as a life passed amid such savages. Poor Captain Hart died during my absence, having before we sailed been sent ashore ill in Sarawak. He was carried off by a dropsy, brought on by his intem- perance. I have lost an old and faithful servant, and a good one, till he took to drinking. Sarawak is quite quiet ; and being fast month with the Malays, we have very little to do. I am quite delighted to get back to my quiet mode of life, and want no niore disturb- ance until April next, when I shall be quite ready to become again a volunteer in any one of our boats that comes pirate hunting. • • * * In a few days I propose making an excursion in the interior, and passing some days at my cottuge at Suntab, the Dia- mond River. The scenery there is attractive. Cliffs and mountains and clear sparkling water, and fine trees ; and I revel there in visions of the beautiful. The *•*■ Ariel " is now here, and has made a mess of the 03 298 PRIVATE LETTERS OF whole business, as was to be expected The specula- tion was entered on with the expectation that I should become a partner, and having failed in this point, the concern will be broken up. It was weakly concdred, and worse executed. The cargo is unfit (the greater part) either for this market or that of Singapore. Tie partners disagree to such a degree, that a separation is unaToidable. ♦ ♦ ♦ * Wise has shown himself very foolish, and in nothing more than fancying that I could be tempted by offers of profit to enter into a trading concern. I dislike it sufficiently, even en prince^ as I conduct my monopoly; and supposing the Government will not take any measures, I shall certainly let my monopoly of ore for a given sum yearly. You must not fancy that I say little alxmt the country, for the truth is, I have nothing to say, as we are living in a state of profound quiet ; and now I have got rid of my bad population, I have not even the trouble of dispensing justice ; as, for the last four months I have not even had one serious case of theft brought before me. When the *^ Samarang^s '' stores (and tliey were tempting) lay exposed in every direo- tion, there was not a case of complaint against a native for theft, and the officers all agreed that the popuIatioQ was the most honest imaginable. The Dyaks (the {H)or oppressed Dyaks) are really quite fat and happy looking, and improving yearly. Do you know I have committed one great mistake in my printed letter, in saying that they are free from prejudices, whereas I find that they liave plenty of prejudices. Tlib I have SIB JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 299 in part corrected in the paper on the subject. I am anxious now to get an opening to the Kayans ; and oh ! if I had the means at my disposal ^ how I should rejoice at any opportunity of crossing the island from west to east. However, these are bat schemes at pre- sent — shadows of the future — dim shadows of a doubt- ful future ; doubtful in a worldly sense. My domestic news may be briefly given. Ruppel, I regret to say, is at present laid up with chicken-pox, or a mild descrip- tion of small-pox. He is better, and in no danger. Douglas has got command of the schooner, which would be an excellent thing provided it was permanent Peter is well, and steady, and I hope will go on so ; but it is impossible to do anything to better him, as he cannot read or write. I am thinking of acquiring or rather perfecting my education by reading Malay. I read now badly, and I want to be clever in the ver- nacular. I need say very little about yoiu* domestic circle, for you are sure to be happy, and the chances are to be well. I should be very glad to be acquaiated with Sir James and his family. ^Mloever knows the naval history of our country is acquainted with him publicly already, and must feel proud of his exploits. Only a day or two ago I was reading in James* the account of the " Seahorse's " ascents of the Potomac. I have nothing more to say, except, dear Jack, that, with every kind wish, I am, Your affectionate friend, J. Brooke. * James's * Naval HiHtory.' 300 PRIVATE LETTERS OF No. 53. John C. Templer, Esq. Snmwak, Norember 10, 1843. Mt dear Jack, I PROPOSED sending you a letto*, but it must be curtailed to a mere note, acknowledging your long and kind communication of the 3rd July last The reasons are, that for a few days past I have had the ague, or the shakes as they derisiyely call the com- plaint in China, and though I have managed to orer- come it, yet only about an hour since, when in the bathing-room, the floor gave way, and horrible to relate^ I was precipitated into the pool below, followed by four heavy water-jars, or their debris. I kept my nose out of water, and thus called for assistance, and was picked out a little bruised, scraped, and cut, but not materially the worse from my tumble. There is not much to answer in your letter, as you were at a stand for Sr 's report ; and I am now at a stand for a dedsion on the report. Let us therefore be quiet, and allow things to take their course, only you roust endeavour to steer the craft at home, whilst I do so here — remember, however, that a small helm is the right thing. In other words, let us not be over anxious, or appear so. I believe the case may rest on its own merits, and the results must de- pend on the wisdom of those who carry out wliat I have begun. There is a point which I would not pass. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 301 not for the faTour or patronage of all tlie porcelain upon earthy and I believe any one who solicits impor- tunately, has passed that point, or is in danger of doing so. I would not therefore have you do, what I would not do myself. My coming home at present is out of the question, for you know not how shy and cunning the natives are, and those of other rivers, whom I now rul^, would make it a handle to disturb all I have done. One of their modes of intimidating the Dyaks is, that I am a bird of passage ; they themselves, per- manently attached to the soil — "Wait," they say, " till he flies away, and then — " There is, no doubt, a fear of a foreign nation stepping in, provided we are very dilatory, and I believe the chance of such an event now or hereafter, has its due effect upon our Government. I am too good a subject to be the agent, unless our own country positively would not take any interest, and tliat I was very hard pushed myself. Ruppel heard from some persons, that provided Eng- land declined, that if I offered the place to , they would accept it, as was seeking a colony, or colonies in the East. What is to be apprehended, however, is that a foreign power (France or Holland) might step into the field with some thousands, and, in spite of my influence, might purchase obstructive rights. Money with these rajahs, especially the sul- tan, will do any thing. I do not mean vast sums, but a few thousands only. I hope in a short time to have a brig of war or two, to operate against the pirates 302 PRIVATE LETTERS OF and the pirate protectors. Sir William Parker wrote me a very flattering letter, thanking me for my atten- tion and assistance on the occadon of the ** Samarang " disaster. Ruppel is an excellent fellow. Wise is coming round, he finds that he is in the wrong box. I agree as to his character generally, but he is useful and active for drudgery ; the fear is that he may be too active. I shall be delighted when the day arrives, that I no longer am a trader, and a subject of conten- tion amongst these commission hunters. I rejoice to hear such excellent accounts of you all. May you be as happy, dear Jack, as I wish you. McKenzie will be able to afibrd you information on the details of Sarawak. Jem I had a letter from, dated in May. My kind regards to all, and believe me Your afiectionate friend, J. Brooke. Ruppel sends kind regards ; he says be has not once heard from Bridport since he left, and only waits for receipt of letters to answer them. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 303 No. 54. John C. Templer, Esq. Sarawak, November 14, 1843. My d£ar Jack, I LATELY wrote, and should not have troubled you with another communication but for certain reports in the papers, and at Manilla, of the intentions of the French GoTcrnment in this quarter. These rumours state that there is an intention of taking Suluk (or Sulu) under French protection, and that for this pur- pose three French vessels of war are in these seas, and three more expected — their head-quarters being Ma- nilla. Captain Rosamel, of the ^^ Danaide *' corvette, was out for several years with a roving commission, and passed a great portion of his time at Manilla, and what he might be doing, it is difficult to surmise, as it is rather a distant point whence to watch British opera- tions in China. I conceive the possibility of the French Government taking such a step beyond question ; as, from their present policy, they seem inclined to take native states under their protection, (to prevent other nations occu- pying the field,) and, in the long run, these protected states will become French, just when, and how it is their pleasure. The possession of Sulu by the French, would materially interfere vrith any operations of the English on the coast of Borneo and cramp our trade, 304 PRIVATE LETTERS OF as well as limit our territorial extension when necessary. If, therefore, we act, we ought to act without unneces- sary delay. — Take Sarawak and Labuan, or Labuan alone, and push our interest along the coast to Sulu, and from Sulu towards New Guinea, gaining an influence with such states (and acquiring dormant rights) as are clear of the Dutch on the one hand, and of the Spaniards on the other. Celebes should not be excluded, but we should foster the Bugis trade, and protect it against Dutch exactions, and allow the inde- pendent native states of the island fair play, which they are at present debarred from. I mention these views, to you, because you may find an opportunity of stating them in high quarters. You will be pleased to hear that Sir William Parker sent me officially a letter of thanks, for my exertions in belialf of the ** Samarang,'* — kind and flattering. I am going over to Singapore, and shall probably meet him there ; and I shall be glad to meet him, because I like wliat I hear of his character. I received a letter from my friend Keppel, from Macao, and was glad to learn tliat he may prol>ably be sent again to the Straits in his ^^ Dido" She is. without exception, the handsomest vessel I ever saw. Kcppel is well suited to act with me, for he will take the trouble to make himself acquainted with local politics I have little else to tell you uf tlie politics of Sarawak; except that I liave been enacting a little diplomacy with the native Malay states, in the interior of the Pontiana SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 305 river, the mouth of which is hermetically sealed by the Dutch. As one day's walk by land conducts from oiu* waters to theirs, I propose opening a trade, and you will see by their letters how much they desire it, and what good friends we are. Could I get a little time to myself I should meet them, which they are anxious for. My next-door neighbour. Sheriff Sahib, is a rascal, and I must rout him out of his piratical haunt. His place, Sadung, is a sort of nucleus for pirates, where they gain information, and where they plot their excursions. He tries to screen himself, but I have evidence enough to hang half a dozen men, and shall use it against him ; nothing Muda Hassim desires so much. I enclose you the copy of a letter from the Foreign Office, in reply to Captain Page's memorial, and I really shall be most sorry if harsh and abrupt measures are used, after a lapse of years, and after the Government authorizing to meet the sultan on friendly terms. Nothing could be better than this claim, held in terrorem over them, or, if necessary or desirable, compounded for Labuan. Properly managed, the rod might be applied with effect ; but rashly used, it could only weaken our in- fluence — ^if influence we desire to have. I told you in my last that I bad been unwell for a fort- night : I am now better, and the trip to Singapore will re-establish my health. News I have none, and but little time, if I had, to write it You shall hear again 306 PRIVATE LETTERS OF soon, and in the meantime, with my kind regards to you and yours, ever, my dear Jack, Affectionately yours, J. Brooke. P. S. Let me add what will please you to hear, as it has pleased me to effect. Two years ago I prevented the Dyak tribes making war, or taking heads within my territory. Now I have advanced a step, and hare threatened to withdraw my protection, from such tribes as continue addicted to head-hunting excursions. In another year or two, I hope openly to put an end to their right of making war, one tribe on another ; but I desire first to increase the difficulties, until head- taking becomes nearly a dead letter. These poor Dyaks are great favourites with everybody who has visited them, and now they are happy here. It maketh me complacent to witness it, No. 55. John C. Templer, Esq. Singapore, December 22, 1843. Mt dear Jack, Since the first* part of this letter I have crossed from Sarawak to Singapore, making a wretched pas- sage in the ^' Ariel,'* thus missing the January mail. * This letter was enclosed in the last. SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 307 You will see from the enclosed translations the tenor of my correspondence with the rajahs of the interior, and they will proTe to you the impolicy of Dutch restric- tions, and the facility with which our trade might be extended, wherever the natives of the interior have a safe and free communication with the coast On my arrival I had the pleasure of receiving your kind letter of August the 7th, written just as you were starting for Scotland. I agree entirely in all your views, and thank you a thousand times for not thrusting my afiairs before the Government needlessly. The Government is now aware that any exaggerated statement about the coal did not proceed from me ; and for the rest, they may, if they think fit, receive every information I can supply. I do not wish to appear as a suppliant, and I am convinced the views I am bringing to their notice will be more beneficial, if eflFected, to them, than to me. I desire greatly, to see Sarawak placed beyond the thou- sand evils of Malay misrule, and the chance of Dutch mortification ; but to attain this object I will not swerve from the path of my own will, or mortify my own pride. Wise is certainly very sanguine, and I do not doubt sees vast advantages for himself, as well as for me ; and all I can say is, I hope they will be realized. I have, in my letters, clipped his flight already, and in my next, shall caution him not to act without my previous 308 PRIVATE LETTERS OF sanction. I agree on the whole in your estimate of his character, but he is stirring, active, and intelligent, and fitted to drive forvxird the details of business when necessary. For these qualities I desire to make him useful, and I feel some compunction in quarrelling with him. His tone about you is quite altered, and should he fail seeing you, it will be from the workings of false shame. The truth is, that Mr. Wise thought me of more pliable materials, than he finds on trial to be the case, and he had resolved in his own mind to be my sole keeper and guardian. I heard from Keppel a short time since, who had it from Sir himself, that he had recom- mended my being made consul. Keppel told the knight tliat he would find I should refuse the appoint- ment ; and from what I wrote you before, you will likewise conclude that I shall do so. Should tliat line of policy be pursued, Ruppel would be a very proper person for the appointment, and would accept it, and be glad of a small salary. The more I think of it, the less I like the proposi- tion ; for, laying aside all other considerations, it must materially injure me in the natives' eyes, for they are quick enougli to know and inquire, the relative ranks bestowed by different situations. I am told that Mr. Crawford prefers Labuan to SIB JAMES BROOKE, KCB 309 Sarawak ; I believe will be of the same opinioDy and many persons will agree with them in selecting a small island in preference to being on the main. There is no reason, indeed, that Sarawak and Labuan should be compared, but it is a very short-sighted view which ties us up in small islands. The mainland affords (with an equal expense) the power of opening new resources from the interior ; of benefiting the aborigines ; of affording to British ca- pital the advantage of a fine soil as well as commerce ; and of rapidly increasing the number of inhabitants, and bringing the country to a degree of civilization never to be obtained by sticking ourselves on an island on the coast. I shall not enlarge on tliis topic, as your mind will catch the distinction quite sufficiently for my purpose. You will enjoy yourself much in Scotland. I should like to feel the bracing breezes of the north in your company. How much obliged I am to your wife for all the trouble she takes, and the kind offices she does in my behalf. I shall look forward one day to thank- ing her in person, and becoming known to her is one of the pleasures I anticipate on my return to England. * • * * * I heard last night from Sarawak, and am glad to tell you that fifty women and chil- dren of the Dyaks have been wrung from the fears of 310 PRIVATE LETTERS OF Sheriff Sahib : fifty more yet remain. You niay ima- gine how much pleased I am in restoring these poor creatures to their husbands and their homes. Adieu. Eyer yours affectionately> J.B. p. s. S will be here in a few days, and the " Dido "—the well-beloved " Dido "—will follow in January. I regret to say, howerer, that my friend Keppel will probably return overland, in consequence of the death of his father-in-law. I am pretty well again. Adieu. The two following papers, showing the heads of an interview with Muda Hassim, in 1841 — ^and the rough draft of a written law. Sir James Brooke proposed to issue for the state of Sarawak, in 1842, — are too interesting to be omitted. Heads of an Interview with Muda Hassim, 1841. 1^ About the debt to me. Say that I do not wish to be repaid by the rajah and his brothers, for if they )iaid me, they would be poorer, because they would luve to pay the per;K)n8 who worked the stones,* and what advantage would it be to me, to take money from my brothers. 2nd. About sending Alalays and Dyaks to work on*. * The antimony ore. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.& 31 1 This proposition came from , and he knows that the effect of it would be to unsettle t/ie country again. Whilst the Pangeran honours me with his confidence, I will never listen to such a proposition ; and when it is done^ I shall consider that I no longer hold the government. And why should they desire to force the Dyaks to work, when it is only to pay me, what I do not want to be psdd ? I can never consent to this proposition, because I have issued a law, and I have told all men, that they were free to work or not, at their pleasure ; and if I once deceive them, they will never trust me again. The Dyaks are very averse to the work, and unless they are brought by force will not come. They are en- tirely ruined, and it is only from their confidence in me, that they have lately left their jungles, and are building houses and settling themselves. If, aft^r telling them they need not work ore, unless they liked, I now force them to the work, what will they think ? will it be right ? The probable consequences ^ill be, that they will disperse, as before, and by hiding in the jungle, avoid being caught Now they are happy, and will improve, and in the course of a few years cultivate rice largely — and rice is more valuable than ore : with the Malays it is much the same, only worse. They are obedient to the rajah and my government, but if, after we have given a law, permitting them to work for their own profit^ we make them work for us, or to work without being paid///// value, their mindti will bo 312 PRIVATE LETTERS OF unsettled, they will lose confidence in their own datos, and in me, &c. ; if they do not like the work, they will walk away to Pankalong Nebong. , when he made this proposition, knew the mischief it might do, and that it would weaken the rajah's power and mine ; and he thinks, if he can get his finger in, his whole body will follow. AVhen he held the government, he went himself with the Orang Rajah di Gadong, to collect men to work the stones : but how did it end ? he could neither get Malays or Dyaks. What he would not do himself, when he had the government, he wants me to do now. In short he wants to disturb the rajah and myself, and he knows this is the best way of doing it. 3rd. Any other measures I do not care to meet, whether for war or peace ; but on any question with the rajah or his brothers, my heart is unsettled, because it may afiect our good understanding, and they may be {kechil fiatij) out with me. The great misfortune is, that we are poor — the country new, and his family very numerous (t. e. he has thirteen brothers). A new country can never support so many rajahs. Only ten thousand pikuls of ore will sell in a year — if we sell twenty thousand the second year, we shall have none bought, and the price will be low : the Cliincse must be supported, and have large advances, which they can partly pay in stones. Men say the Chinese have gold, and that tliey take it to Sambas, but it is not true. The Chinese require SIR JAMES BROOKE, E.C.B. 313 to be fostered, if not they will run the country. If the rajah *s brothers pay for the ore, the profit will be a mere nothing. If I give them goods at Singapore prices, to buy stones with, then to me there will be nc* profit on the stones, and it will not be a small quaritity. The only way that I can see of making the rajah's brothers comfortable, is by supporting them from Samarahan, and if the rajah held Samarahan strictly, and prevented and others from taking every thing of value, the rajah's brothers might be com- fortable. About the stones the Chinese owe the rajah, I will speak to Atien, to pay as soon as they can ; but these stones will be of no use, if the rajah pays me with them. When the Chinese pay the rajah his seven hundred or eight hundred pikuls, I will buy them from him ; let our old debt remain — ^for I do not wish to be paid by him or his brothers — till they are all rich. Strictly speakings there can be no debt between us. I only wish that he was very rich, or that I was richer. About the debt from ^ I have no such feelings : and though I cannot ask him to pay the are^ because* he cannot get it as formerly, yet it is just and right he should give me back the goods he took, or pay me the Singapore prices, with an addition for the freight here. This I will ask of and the others, but the good ones may take their time. VOL. I. 31 4 nOYATE LETTEBS OF Laws and Customs of the Country of Sarawak. THE people. The Orang Bonsi are governed by the Patio^ The Awaog Awaug are governed by the Bandar. The Hamba Rajah are governed by the Tumangong. The right hand, as well as the left hand rivers, and the various Dyak tribes residing in them, with the exception of Ningy on the right hand, and Li Nankan and Thana on the left, are governed by the Patingi. Lingey, a Dyak tribe, on the right hand river ; and Li Nankan and Thama, Dyak tribes, on the left hand river, are governed by the Bandar. Towards the sea, and the Dyak tribes there residmg, are governed by the Tumangong. The Bunsi, Awang Awang, and Hamba Rajah, are free people under the government of Borneo, and can on no account be made slaves. The Dyaks, or Orang Benna, are likewise under the government of Borneo, ruled by the Patingi, the Bandar, and the Tumangong; and on no account can they be made slaves, neither they, their wives, nor children. The Chinese are foreigners allowed to settle in the country, and cannot govern or interfere with the Malays or Dyaks ; nor can they take lands already oociqMed ; nor can they prevent the people of the country working. SIR JAMES BROOKE, K.C.B. 315 MURDER AND ROBBERY. Murder is to be punished by death. Stabbing, or cutting, or wounding with crease, or any other weapon maliciously, is to be fined 60 reals 6 sukus ; failing the payment of which in four days from the time of sentence, the loss of the right hand. The person who shall wound another shall be charged with his support, till he be recorered, or in case of the person being disabled, as long as he shall live In many cases, provocation may have been given, . . . punishment will be lowered or remitted according to circumstances, . . . accompanied by violence (rampas) to be redeemed . . . tion of the property, or a full equivalent ... 60 i*eals 6 sukus ; failing the ... in four days, the loss of the right . . . and sold as slaves, whether Malays, Chinese, or Dyaks, must be restored, as no equivalent can be accepted.* A period of twenty days will be allowed from the time of sentence, for the restoration of the person seized, and the payment of the fine of 60 reals 60 sukus ; failing which, tlie punishmont is the loss of the right hand, as before. No person convicted of robbery can be allowed to go at large, till the fine be paid and the property restored ; and according to circumstances, they will be chained * A portion of tlie originml it torn away. 31 6 PRIVATE LETTERS OF ir Otherwise confined, upon the responsibility of tbeir relatiyes. Robbery committed in a dwelling-house is to be re- deemed by the restoration of the property, or a full equiyalent, and the pajrment of 30 reals 3 sokns; failing which in four days firom the time of sentence by the loss of the left hand. Simple theft, without the house, by a fine of 10 reals, or less, according to circumstances, and the restoration of the property, or a full equivalent. In case of fiulure, the perpetrator to be chained, or otherwise confined, till the amount be paid. Ill case a robber enter a dwelling-house by night, and be killed by tlie inmates in the act of stealing, an inquiry will take place ; and if it be shown that the person killed was there for a bad purpose, and refused to answer when called upon, the person or persons who kill him, will be held guiltless. Property of all sorts, which has been stolen within the country, will still belong to the person from whom it has been taken, and no other person can, by buying it, set up any claim to it, nor can he demand anything in lieu of it. Stolen property must be given up to the governor or datus when demanded, in order that it may be re- tume