Full text of "Journal of the Federated Malay States museums"

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JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS.

i\ T I (J E .

This Juurual tiikos the phuri; of the " Perak Museum Notes";
•' the first number of which was issued in 1893.

Uii^<tf-<-^

JOUENAL

OP THE

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

MUSEUMS.

VOL. II.

December, 1906, to March, i909.

KUALA LUMPUE:

PRINTED AT THR F.M.S. GOVERN'MEXT PRINTIN'G OFFICE. •^

1909.
275/8-09.

CONTENTS.

No. 1.

Page.

Notes on the New Anti-opium Drug, by L. Wray ... ... ... ... 1

A Visit to the Aroa Islands, with a List of Birds found there, by Herbert

C. Robinson ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8

" Kain Pclangi," by L. Wray 17

Reports on Corundum from Perak, F.M.S., by Prof. Wyndliam R. Dunstan 19

Report by Director of Museums, F. M.S., 1905... ... ... 26

Report on the Perak Museum, 190.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 27

Report on the Selangor Museum, 1905... ... ... ... ... ... 44

No. 2.

The Malay Varnish called "Getah Luli." by L. Wray 49

"Biak:"' An Opium Substitute, by L. Wray .53

" Snji Timba," by L. Wray 56

Two Rubber Pest?, by L. Wray 59

Die Inlandstamme der Malayischen Halbinsel, by Dr. Rudolf Maitin ... 61

The Food of the Hamadryad, by L. Wray ... ... ... ... ... 64

Report on Erythro.rylon Coca Leaves from Perak, by Prof. Wyndham R.

Dunstan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65

A Hand-List of the Birds of the Malay Peninsula, South of the Isthmus of

Kra, by Herbert C. Robinson ... 66

Report on a Sample of Lead Ore from Pahang, by L. Wray ... 83

Report by Director of Mitseums, F.M.S., 1906 84

Report on the Perak Museum, 1906 ... 87

Report on the Selangor Museum, 1906 97

No. 3.

On Mammals collected by ^Mr. IT. C. Robinson on Tioman and Aor Islands,

S. China Sea, by Oldfield Thomas 101

On a Collection of Plants made by H. C. Robinson and L. Wray from

Gunong Tahan, Pahang, by H. N. Ridley and other Botanists 107

New Mammals from the Malav Peninsula Resion, bv C. Boden Kloss

143

11.

Page.
A Pi-ovisionnl List of tho Mnmmnlg of tlio Ppninsiilnr Re^'on. hv C. Bodpn

Kloss 147

A List of t)ie Bats ocrurrinj; in tlic Peninsular Bepfion witli a Key to the

Genera, by C. Boden Kloss 151

No. 4.

On a Now Siwcies of Cyot-nis horn the Mountains of tlie Malay Peninsula,

by Herl)ort C. Robinson 163

The Birds at present known from tlu» Mountains of the Malay Peninsula,

bv Herbert C. Robinson ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 164

NOTES ON THE NEW ANTI-OPIUM DEUG,

By L. VrRAY, i.s.o.

A PAliTY of Chiuese wood-cutters, working iu the jungle near
Seremban in Negri Sembilan, ran out of tea, and to supply its
place took the leaves of a jungle climber, dried tlieni and made an
infusion in the ordinary way. This, however, was not successful, as
the beverage made the men ill with sahit i^enit — i.e., bowel comjilaint.
The leaves were then roasted and a fair substitute for tea was obtain-
ed, which had no ill effects. Then, for some obscure reason, tengJco,
opium dross, or the refuse opium after being smoked, was mixed with
it, and the men continued drinking the mixture for a week or more in
place of tea. After this time it was found that all desire for opium
smoking had been lost. Friends of the mtn were told of the dis-
covery, and so the news was spread and others were induced to try
the remedy.

The above is the history of the way in which the properties of the
plant, which is now quite extensively used as a cure for the opium-
smoking habit, Avas discovered. It was told to the writer by two of
the men now in chea-ge of the factory of the Selangor Anti-opium
Society in Weld Road, Kuala Lumpur, where the drug is being
prepared and distributed.

The plant which was thus used by these wood-cutters is a large
climber with a long woody stem, attaining in old specimens a dia-
meter of 6 to 7 inches and a lenu'th of a hundred or more feet. It
grows in the jungle and climbs up to the tops of the trees, so that
iu the forest itself it would be very difficult to collect, as the branches
and leaves are far up out of reach. A very fine example of this great
climber is to be seen in the town of Kuala Lumpur, near the railway
station, growing on the river bank and climbing up a large tree which
has escaped the destruction which has befallen its fellows when
the jungle was felled. In secondary forest, or hlaha, it only
attains small altitudes and is easy of collection. The plant
appears to be quite common in and around Kuala Lumpur. It was
collected in 1894 on Waterfall Hill, Taiping, and the specimen is in
the Herbarium of the Perak Museum. Botanical specimens of the plant
in use at Kuala Lumpur were kindly obtained for identification by

Dec, 1906.

Mr. Chi><> Chonic Kliav, nf the Bldiidiu Mine, Suui;'<n Kravoug.
Au oxrtiiiiuatiou of those proves that the plant belongs to the order
Combretaeeae ami is Conibretum snndiacum. It is thus desci'ibed iu
the " Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula," l\v Lieiit.-
Colonel Sir Greorge Kiug, k.c.i.e., f.r.s., page 387 :

"3. CoMBHETUM suNDiAcuM {Miq. Fl. hid. Bat., Suppl. 327). — A
very powerful climber ; young branches closely covered with deciduous
scales. Leaves opj^osite, thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic to elliptic-
orbicular, abruptly and very shortly acuminate; the base rounded,
raivly slightly cuueate, sometimes unequal-si<led ; l)oth surfaces gla-
brous, the upper punctate and with very sparse scales, the lower with
the scales more numerous and white with dark centres ; main nerves
about six pairs, olilique, curving slightly, not prominent on the upper
surface, but slightly so on the lower when dry ; length 2.75 to 4 inches,
bi'^adth 1.8 to 2.75 inches, petiole .4 to .8 inches. Panicles axillary
and terminal, umbellate, longer than the leaves, the branches ending in
dense glodose. minutely bracteolate spikes. Calyx-tube about .35
inches long, minutely pubescent, not scaly, four-ridged along the ovary,
above it cylindric, expanding upwards into a funnel-shaped mouth
with four narrowly triangular-acuminate reflexed lobes ; calyx inside
with a ring of hairs at its base, but not filled with long coarse hair,
narrowly ovate and very acute in bud. Petals much shorter than the
calyx-lobes, oval, not clawed, glabrous. Stamens exsei*ted. Fruit
about 1 inch long and nearly as broad, with four coriaceous horizon-
tally-striate shining wings, and with a few minute scattered scales.
Clarke in Hooker, /i/., Fl. Br. Ind. I, 4o8.

" Malacca ; Maingay, 648. Singapore ; Hullett, 89 ; Ridley, 4668.
Perak ; Scortechini, 1016. King's Collector, 4360, 4452, 5864, 7827 ;
Wray, 4272.

" Readily recognised by its panicled inflorescence, the branches being
uml^ellate and each ending in a globose spike of flowers with very
acute buds which are not scaly."

Its Malay name is given In- Messrs. N. Ridley and C. Curtis in
*• Miilay Plant Names " in the " Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society," No. 38, p. 58, as akar yeyambar. Two
species of the genus, Combretum decandrum and C. nanum, are men-
tionerl by Sir George Watt in " A Dictionarj' of the Economic Pro-
ducts of India " as being used in native Indian medicine, but without
any details as to their properties or the diseases for which they are
pres<:Til><-d

The method of preparing the drug for use is as follows: The
branches of the plant are collected in the jungles around Kuala
Lumpur and brought in. It at first fetched M- per pikul ( 133! lbs. )

in the grceu stale, but the price subsequently fell to .'^2. About 120
pikuls ( 7 tous 3 cwts. ) have been used during the three weeks iluit
the society has been in operation. On arrival it is coarsely chopped
up — twigs, leaves and all — into pieces about an inch to an inch and a
half in length. This is done cither with an axe or a Chinese chopping
knife on a block of wood or by means of a pair of large shears, such as
are used by Chinese apothecaries, resembling the instrument employed
to cut cardboard. That is, there is a steel straight-edge fixed hori-
zontally to a block of wood and a movable knife-blade, pivoted at one
end and furnished with a handle at its free extremity, by which it can
be brought dcnvn scissor-wise against the fixed blade.

The chopped stuff is allowed to dry for three or more days and is
then put on large circulai- bamboo trays of about 2o feet in diameter,
and by the same winnowing action as is applied to padi after husking
the woody portions are separated from the leaves. The latter being
light are thrown off the tray, and the stalks by reason of their greater
weight remain on it. The two qualities into which it is thus divided
are put into separate sacks or baskets.

The next process is roasting. This is done on a large plate of
sheet iron, set in brickwork, over a charcoal fire. The iron measures
about 9 feet by 3 feet and has a low brick wall of about 1 foot in
height around three sides of it. The remaining side, a short one, being
left open to enable the roasted leaf to be easily scraped off into baskets
at the completion of the operation. The object of separating the
material is that the leaves are not roasted quite so much as the sticks,
though in both cases the process is carried so far that a very consider-
able proportion of the whole is reduced to charcoal. According to the
latest practice the roasting is not pushed quite as far as formei'ly.
While roasting, the charge is kept in motion by two men armed with
wooden hoe-like implements. When sufficiently roasted the drug is
removed fi-om the roasting furnace and the two portions, the leaf and
the stick, are mixed together again.

The infusion is prepared by taking from 6 to 8 tahil of the roasted
drug and pvitting it into a kerosene oil tin filled with water. That is,
8 to lOf ozs. avoirdupois to nearly 4 gallons of watei-. The tins are
set in a double row on four square-sectioned parallel, horizontal iron
bars supported on brickwork at about 9 inches from the floor level
and are heated by charcoal fires kindled beneath the suj^porting bars
on a grate composed of closely placed round iron rods. The tins are
kept boiling for about three hours, being covered during that time by
loose-fitting squares of tin-plate. The liquid is then poured through
a fine rattan sieve, having meshes of about one-eighth of an inch
square, into large wooden barrels. The sieve retains all the grosser
portions of the spent drug, which is then thrown away. The infusion
is next ladled up, by means of bucket-shaped ladles made of tin-plate

and tixt^-d ou lo the eud ol Kmg wuodcu haudlt's, ;iud is tlieu straiucd
through a piece of white cloth iuto other ItarreLs. This completes the
process, and the infusion is bottled by dippiug it out with the before
nieutioued ladles and pouring it through a fin funnel into square gin
or other bottles which are brought by the patients. It is a brown,
ratlier turbid, tea-like fluid as thus prepared.

A complete series of specimens, illustrating the preparation of the
drug, have been collected and pr.'pared foi* exhibition in the Peralc
Museum.

This decoction is prescribed as follows : Whatever the amount of
opium a man habitually smokes, that amount is to be mixed with the
infusion. It may be mentioned here that the average opium smoker
takes from 2 to 3 chi (llOj gniins to 175 grains) of chaudu per diem.
This quantity is often exceeded and in one case H tahil (875 grains.)
is stated to be the daily allowance of a particular smoker. Cliandu,
which is the opium as prepared by the Chinese for the use of smokers,
is less potent that the official B. P Extract of Opium. In the act of
smoking a considei'ablo quantity of the alkaloids contained in the
chandu is certainly destroyed and only a mere fraction is absorbed
into tlic system of the smoker. To proceed, if, for instance, a man
has l^een in the habit of smoking 2 chi of chandu per day, then two
reputed quart bottles (a) and (b) of the infusion are taken, and into
one (a) is p\it 2 chi of burnt chandu, roasted on an iron skewer-like
instrument in the same way as it would be if being jirepared for
smoking. Then a Chinese tea-cup is half filled from bottle (a) and
taken by the patient, and half a tea-cup from bottle (?>),the one which
does not contain any opium, is put into («). This is repeated each
time a dose is taken, so that the liquid in (a), while maintaining its
bulk, continually decreases in its opium contents, until l)ottle (b) is
exhausted. The dose is to l^e taken as many times a day as the
patient has Ijeen in the habit of smoking, usually three or four times,
until the two bottles are finished ; when the man should, it is stated,
be cured of all wish to smoke. If this is not the case, then the treat-
ment is t<j Ixj repeated, but with a smaller initial proportion of burnt
opium in I)ottle (a), the amount being again decreased if a third
course is necessary. It is stated that sometimes two courses are suffi-
cient, but generally three are required.

It will probably fje of interest to go more fully into the curious
.system of dilution and dosage adopted in this instance. A Chinese
tea-cup holds about three fluid ounces and a reputed quart bottle
approximately 25 ounces, so that each bottle would contain some
16 doses. The decrease in the amount of opium would be ^^^th of the
total amount after the first dose and j'^th of the remainder for the
next, and so on for each succeeding one, up to the 17th dos.-, when
the dilution would remain constant to the 32nd dose. At 2 chi of

opium, and three doses per day, the strength of the first 21 doses would
be as under —

T-v TA Amount of opiuin , , , t\ -i /i„„.,„„„„

Dars. Doses. ^ ' Ainoutit per day. Daily decrease,

per dose. ' • "^

1 ... 7.2i>l grains

2 ... 6.830

1 ... 3 ... 6.419 „ 20.540 grains

i - tiot " ••• f 3.690 grains

5 ... 5.633 „ ... l

2 ... 6 ... 5.209 „ 16.850 ., {

7 ... 4.950 „ ... /oqOfi

8 ... 4.641 „ ... (^-^^^ "

3 ... 9 ... 4.351 „ 13.942 „

10 ... 4.079

11 ... 3.824

12 ... 3.585 „ 11.488

13 ... 3.361 ,,

14 ... 3.151

15 ... 2.954 „ 9 466

16 ... 2.769

17 ... 2.596

18 ... 2.596 „ 7.961

19 ... 2.596

20 ... 2.596

21 ... 2.596 „ 7.778

2.022

0.183

This last sti-ength would continue till the two bottles were
exhausted on the lltli day, when the whole of the 2 chi, equal to
116.666 grains would have been taken. In the above computation,
figures beyond the third place of decimals were discarded, so that it is
only approximately correct. If anyone takes the trouble to check it,
it will be found that only 116.604 grains of opium are accounted for.

As the infusion contains no preservative, it is very subject to
fermentative and other changes, so that it often becomes putrescent
and has to be thrown away before the end of a course. A fresh supply
then has to be ol)taiued. This is stated to be of frequent occurrence,
consequently only a portion of each supply is taken by the patient in
many cases.

About 130 gallons of infusion are being made and distributed to
the Chinese per day and the niimber of patients being treated is now
(24th Nov.) from 260 to 270. The society began work on the 3rd
November and from that date to the 23rd November 6,130 people applied
for and were given the infusion. This is equal to a daily average of 292
patients. Accurate records appear to have been kept by the society,
and there would seem to be no reason to doubt the correctness of these
figures. The whole woi-k is most methodically carried out. Each
applicant receives a printed slip of paper containing the directions in
Chinese as to the use of the drug and a wooden check, at the office ;
the latter he presents at the factory and receives in exchange two

bottles of the iufusiou. The chocks are subsequently returued to the
oflSce and are used in preparing the records.

From the IGtli to the 23rd of November about 396 patients had
Imported that they were ctmipletely cured of the habit. Previous to
the former date uo records on the subject were kept. Many patients
natiu'ally do not trouble to return and make a report.

Besides the Weld Road Establishment of the Selangor Auti-opium
Society in Kuala Lumpiu-, to which the above figures alone relate,
branches of the society have been opened at Kepong, Kawang,
Serendah, Suugei Besi and Kajang.

It is also being prejtared and distributed at the Methodist Episcopal
Mission Hall in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpiu", and at an independent
place in Kuala Kubu. In Peuaug, Sereinbau, Malacca and Singapore
it is in use. The drug is sent fi-om Seremban to Malacca and from
Kuala Lumpur to Penang and Singapore.

The Rev. W. E. Horlev writes, under date the 6th December, that
" alx)Ut 8,000 people have applied for the medicine at our Mission
Hall" in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpur; and "over 7,000" in Ipoh,
Perak, " within the last few weeks."

The official opium returns for the State of Selangor show a very
considerable reduction during the months of November and December.
The figures for the period from June to December are as follows :

Muuth.

June

July

August
Septemljer
October
Noveml>er
Decern Ijer

Taking the average of the five first months, as a standard, the
consumption during Novemlxr shows a decrease of 38 chests and the
revenue collected during the same period a decrease of $21,449. The
figures for Decem1x?r show a decrease of 22 chests, which is 16 chests
more than the November total. This increase is probably due to a
return of a certain number of the patients to their opium pipes.

It is assumed by those interested in the matter that this large
falling off is directlv due to the effects of the anti-opium drug which

Chests of

Total duty and

opium.

handling charges.

141.00

... 879,365.00

153.00

... 86,090.00

146.00

... 82,155.00

136.00

... 76,382.50

145.00

... 81,590.00

106.00

... 59,667.50

122.03

... 68,840.50

949.03

... 534,090.50

has beeu distributed. It is undoubtedly difficult to put forward any
other cause which would satisfactorily account for such an extensive
decline ; for there has been no change to speak of in the mining
industry, the price of tin has beeu well maintained, there has not been
any labour trouble and no exodus of Chinese from the State. It
api^ears, therefore, that the cause is attributable to there being less
opium smoked, not of necessity, but from choice.

The details above given appear to go far towards pi'oving that
there is some efficacy in the treatment, and further, that it is not
merely the substitution of one drug habit for another. Whether the
active ingredient is the anti-opium plant or the burnt opium adminis-
tered internally in gradually decreasing doses, is a subject worthy of
investigation. The latter is possibly the true cause and the anti-opium
plant may only act as an astringent, preventing the distressing intes-
tinal troubles which usually supervene on a stoppage of a customary
supply of opium. The amount and nature of the alkaloids present in
burnt opium is also a promising field of enquii*y. The charred state of
the anti-opium drug, which was in use up to quite recently, suggests
that any alkaloidal principle which it might possess had been destroyed
in the process of roasting, or rather charring, to which it had been
subjected. Should the above suimise prove correct, it is possible that
gambler or some other astringent might, with advantage, be substitu-
ted for the anti-opium plant.

The favourable results so far attained appear to warrant the experi-
mental trial of the treatment on the opium smokers who, from time to
time, find their way into the various lock-ups and prisons of the
Federated Malay States. These wretched people, as all those who have
either seen or heard them must be aware, suffer very severely during
the first few days of their incarceration from the compulsory cessation
of the supply of opium. It might be argued that pity was thrown
away on them, but it shoidd be remembered that the innocent suffer
as well as the wrong-doers ; for it is by no means everyone who is
detained in custody who is either guilty or is subsequently convicted
of the charge brought a^'ainst him. Besides these humane considera-
tions, it w^ould be a most favourable opportunity of testing the efficacy
of the treatment under circumstances where the results could be
watched and recorded.

The writer wishes to gratefullv acknowledge the kind assistance
which was given to him by Mr. H. C. Eidges, Protector of Chinese,
Selangor ; the Eev. W. E. Horley, of the Methodist Episcopal Mission;
Mr. Choo Cheng Khay ; and the representatives of the Selangor
Anti-opium Society at Weld Road, by furnishing information,
supplying sj^ecimens and affording opportunities for personally
investigating the ])rocess of the preparation and distribution of the
drug.

A VISIT TO THE AROA ISLANDS, WITH A LIST OF
THE BIRDS FOUND THERE.

By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, m.b.o.u., c.m.z.s.

n'^HE Ai'oa Islauds, as they are called on the British Admiralty
charts, though the name is uot known to the local Malays, are a
small group of islets in the Straits of Malacca some twenty-five miles
to the oast of the Sumatrau Coast, south of Asaluiu and aliout the
same distance due west of One Fathom Bank, the well-known light-
house on the fairway for large shipping between Penang and
Singapore.

The majority of the islands arc of metamorphic formation, sand-
stones, shales and schists, thougli there is reason to believe that the
southernmost islet, Pulau Tokong, which rises abrviptly from the sea
and on which I Avas unable to land owing to heavy sui'f, is of
granite. The elevation of no one of the group exceeds eighty feet and
most of them are much less than that, some of them being mere half-
tide rocks.

Navigation in the Archipelago is difficult even for small launches,
owing to the very strong tides and to the large quantity of mud from
the Sungei Rokan estuary hiding the position of sunken rocks, which
are numerous. There are onlv two anchorages which are at all safe :
one to the nortli of Pulau Jemor in four to six fathoms of water,
which can he used in the south-east monsoon ; and another in deeper
water to the west of the same island, which is safer during the north-
east monsoon, though in both the holding ground is somewhat iowl.

Pulau Jemor, or Long Aroa, is the only island we visited and is
the only one which has permanent water, though this is uncertain in
quantity and indifferent in quality. In shape, the island is long and
narrow about half a mile in length by a quarter in maximum breadth,
and contains perhaps a hundred acres. Near the centre it is cleft,
almost to sea level, by a narrow gully, which connects two sandy
Ijeaches on which large numbers of turtles deposit their eggs. The
privilege of collecting tuz-tle eggs on this and other islauds of the
group is farmed to Malays by the Sultan of Siak for the annual sum
of 8400 and 12,000 eggs, and two or three tumble-down huts in the
gully are more or less regularly inhabited by men on the look-out for
the eggs which are laid, fairly uniformly throughout the year.
Othensise the group is <j[uite uninhal)ited, though formerly it was much
resorted to by pirates from Linggi and Selangor, by whom the fine
grove of coconuts existing on Pulau Jemor was probably planted.

Vegetation is very scanty, and in the more exposed situations
consists merely of a coarse and wiry sedge-like grass growing in
isolated tufts on the sandstone, interspersed with a few stunted Pan-
dani and the almost universal Straits Rhododendron or Senduduk
( Melastorna nuilahothricnm).

in the gullies it is rather more luxuriant and one or Iwo largo
trees and palms occur, while the undergrowth is chiefly a c<->ar.se bracken-
like fern (Gleichemalinearis). The sea-shore trees are the usual
Calojjhyllum, overgrown with orchids, ferns (Davalia, s|>.) and two or
three species of Myrmecophilous plants.

The largest tree on the island was a specimen of Ptcrocarpus
indic^is, and there were also several fine mango trees.

Turning to animal life, the only mammal is a large rat, which was
very abundant and which, in the present days of minute dilferentiation,
will probably be honoured with a new specific name. Neither
squirrels nor tree-slu-ews occur.

Lizards of three species — viz., a gecko, a skink ( Mahuia mnltifas-
ciata) and a monitor (Varanus salvator) — were common; the latter
feeding on the small crabs, which scurried in millions over the smooth
sand near the water's edge. A toad was also noticed in a small
swamp, though specimens were unfortunately not brought home.

During my first visit in August, with the exception of sea and
shore birds, very few varieties were noted ; but during our second stay
in November, the island was frequented by many species on migration,
and as little or nothing is known of migration routes in Southern
Asia, I have thought it worth while to give a complete list of the
species observed or obtained.

Insects were scarce ; no butterflies were seen, and only a few moths,
principally Cramhidae and Tineidae. Two or three dragon flies,
belonging to wide-spread mainland forms, were observed and several
species of grasshoppers including a large species of Acridiuvi.

LIST OF BIRDS.
* 1. PTILINOPUS JAMBU-'ilUl PINK-IIEADED FRUIT DOVE.

Ptilinopus jambu (Grm.); Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi., p. 80
(1893).

Leucotreron jambu (Gm.); Sharpe, Hand-list of Birds, i., p. 56
(1899).

. A single male was seen and shot during our first visit in August,
but fell into the sea and could not be retrieved.

This fruit pigeon, though formerly common in the old Malacca
collections, is now decidedly rare and local in most parts of the
Peninsula with which I am acquainted. It is found at all elevations up
to about 4,000 feet, but appears to frequent by preference the vicinity
of the coastal belt of mangroves. In such situations, I have, on one
or two occasions, seen it in considerable numbers, notably at the mouth
of the Linggi Eiver on the borders of Negri Sembilan and the terri-
tory of Malacca in December, 1904.

C. AMirJiORyiii PnAKXICUKA-'rHK WHITK-BRKASTED AVATEH HEN.

Amauroruis ))haeuicura (Forst.); Shatye, Cat. Birds, xxiii., p. 15(5
(1804) : (■(/.. Hand-list of Birds. I, p. lOG (1899).

A siuyfle adult was shot iu a small swamp. Very common iu suit-
able localities at all seasons of tlio year throughout the Malay Peninsula.

3. STERXA DOUGALLI-rilE ROSEATE TERN.

Sterna dougalli (Mont.); Hoivard Saunders, Cat. Birds, xxv., p. 70
(1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, l, p. 135 (1899).

Probably nesting on some of the smaller islands of the group.
Three specimens in full breeding plumage were shot in August, when
the species was very abundant, though not a single tern of any kind
was seen in November.

4. STEIiXA AyAESTIIETA-niE I'ANAYAN TERN.

Sterna auaestheta (Scop.); Howard Saunders, t.c, p. 101 ; Sharpe,.
t.c, p. 136.

One specimen.

Fairly abundant iu August, but not so common as the KoseateTern

5. NUMEXIUS VARIEGATUS-THE EASTERN WHIAIBHEL.

Numenius variegatus (Scop.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxiv., p. 361
(1896) : id., Hand-list, i.. p. 158 (1899).

A single female was shot on 13th November.

Along the mud-flats and estuaries of the Selaugor coast both
wliimbrels and curlews are enormously abundant during the winter
mouths, the former occurring in flocks of several hundred individuals,
while, on the other hand, it is rare to see more than forty or fifty
curlews together.

«. TRiyoOIDES llll'OLEi'CU.S-TliE COMMON SANDPIPER.

Tiingoides hypoleucus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxiv., p. 456
(1896) ; id.. Hand-list, l, p. 161 (1899).

A single female.

Common on river banks and the sea-shore during the winter months.

• 7. AEDEA SUMATRAXA-'SRE DUSKY-GREY HERON.

Ardea sumatraua CKaffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxvi., p. 68 (1898) ;
id.. Hand-list, i., p. 194 (1899;.

A hingle specimen was seen, but not secured. Elsewhere in the
Peninsula it is vei-y abundant among the mangroves edging the tidal
rivers, and is occasionally met with along open stretches of sandy beach.
In the former situations it is remarkably fearless and can be ap-
proached within very few yards.

8. DEMJEGRETTA S.ICHAHUV REEF HERON.

Demiegretta sacra (Gin.); Shariie, i.e., p. 136; uL, Uaiid-li-^f, t.,
p. 198.

Very coiumou. All the specimens shot or seen were in tlie yrey
phase and those obtained in August were in nuptial pluniaye.

!i. GOBSACIIIUli 3[ELAN0L01>lIUS-rm& MALAY BITTERX,

Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles) ; Sharjje, t.c, p. 16G ; id., Hand-
list, l, p. 199.

A single immature specimen was shot among high bracken at dusk.

Owing to its skulking and nocturnal habits, this species is rarely
obtained and is not represented in the Singapore or Perak Museums or
until recently in the Selangor Museum, Avhich, however, has just receiv-
ed a fine adult from Kuala Selangor. I doubt if it is really by any
means rare and in past years numerous specimens seem to have been
obtained in the vicinity of Malacca.

10. NYCTICORAX XYCTICORAX-'n\^ NIGHT HERON.

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 146; id.. Hand-lid,
i., p. 198.

One immature bird was obtained.

11. BUTORIDES .JAVAMCA-'mV. LITTLE GREEN HERON.

Butorides javanica (Horsf.) ; Sharjje, t.c, p. 177 ; id., Hand-lid, i.,
p. 199.

Several specimens are in the collection.

Very common throughout the coastal districts, especially among
the mangroves.

12. DUPETOR FLAVJCOLLIS-THE BLACK BITTERN.

Dupetor flavicoUis (Lath.); Sharjje, t.c, p. 247; id., Hand-list, i.,
p. 203.

An adult and an imniatui'e bird were secured, also from among
high bracken.

Somewhat uncommon in the Peninsula.

1.3. SULA SVLA-TUE BROWN GANNET.

Sula stila (Linn.) ; Oyilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds, xxvi., p. 436 ; Sharjje,
Hand-list, i., p. 236.

Very large numbers of this gannet roosted on a small rock known
as Pulau Tokong, rising vertically from the sea to a height of forty or

fifty foot, some miles south-east of Pulau Jemor. where our main
colleotious were formeil. The entire colony, cousistini; of some hun-
dreds, appeared to bo adult birds.

In tho immediate noit,'hbourhood of the coasts of the Malay Penin-
sula gannets are very rarely seen. An adult bird in the Selangor
Miiseum was caiight bv ilying under the thwarts of a boat at Pulau
Jarak. in the centre of the Straits of Malacca, about a hundred and
thirty miles south of Penang.

Ml. FREGATA AQUILA-TliE LARGER FRIGATE BIRD.

Fregata aquila (Linn.); Ogilvie-Grant, i.e., p. 443; Sharpe, i.e.,
p. 237.

Immense flocks of frigate birds were met with round the islands,
but none could be obtained. They are not often seen in the southern
half of the Straits of Malacca, except during the prevalence of strong
winds, and I have only noted them once o\\ the east coast of the
Peninsula, near Senggora in December, 1901, during a strong gale
from the north-east.

15. ACCIPITER VIIiGATUS-THE BESRA SPARROW HAWK,

Accipiter virgatus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, i., p. 150 (1874) ;
id.. Hand-lid of Birds, i., p. 253 (1899).

A constant stream of these small sparrow hawks, nearly all imma-
ture birds and evidently on migration, was passing over the islands
during our visit in November and over thirty were shot. They were
obviously half starving and showed extraordinary boldness in chasing
and striking down birds much larger than themselves, several being
captured in the act. They were observed feeding on Pitta cyauoptera,
Coccystes coromandus, Surniculus lugubris, Dicrurus annectens and
Hierrococcyx fugax ; the mimetic resemblance, the latter bird is said
to possess, is thus evidently no protection against the actual model.

With the possible exception of the Brahminy Kite and the White-
liellied Sea Eagle, this is the commonest bird of prey in the Malay
Peninsula and is found everywhere from the top of the highest moun-
tains to sea level, and in the densest jungle as well as on open grass
plains.

Ifi. l-'ALCO I'EREGIilXUfl-'THE PEREGRIXE I'ALCON.

Falco i>eregrinus (Tunst.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 374 ; id.. Hand-list, i.,
p. 273 (1899).

Two males and a female were shot, but the two fonner fell into a
tide-rip and could u.it be recovered. The specimen secured is not very
dark and cannot be refeiTed to the Soudaic and Papuan race, Falco
erfusli (Sharjx*, Ibis, 1894, p. 548).

17. I'EUXIS I'TILOXORHrNCHUS-THli (JRESTKU HONEY-BUZZAlll).

Peruis ptilonorhyuclius (Ternm) ; Shai-jje, i.e., p. 347 ; id., Hand-
Ust, l, p. 271 (1899).

A single immature female.

»18. IIALIAETllS LEUCOGASTUR-TRE WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE.

Haliaetus leucogaster (Gm.) ; Sliarpe, t.c, p. 307 ; id., Hand-lid,
i., p., 267 (1899).

Seen, but not secured.

10. NIXOX SC[/TULATA~-THE HAWK OWL.

Ninox scutulata (Raffles) ; Sharjje, Cat. Birds, ii., p. 15G (1875) ;
id.. Hand-list, i., p. 290 (1899).

One very dark-coloured adult male.

One or more pairs of this owl are genei-ally to be found on the
small islands in the Straits of Malacca during the winter months,
picking up a precarious existence by feeding on the smaller birds that
may halt on the islands during migration.

♦20. SCOPS, sp.

A very small owl, probably a Sco])s but possibly a species of
Glaucidi^im, was observed, but not obtained.

21. CEYX TRIDACTl'LA-TRE THREE-TOED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xvii., p. 174 (1892) ;
id., Hand-list, ii., p. -52 (1900).

One adult female.

A somewhat unexpected find on a tiny island like Pulau Jemor
with no running water.

22. HALCYON COROMANDVS-'YR^ RUDDY KINGFISHER,

Halcyon coromandus (Lath.) ; Sharps, t.c, p. 217; id.. Hand-list,
ii., p. 56 (1900).

One adult.

23. HALCYON PILEATUS-TUE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER.

Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.) ; SJiarpe, t.c, p. 229 ; id., Hand-list, ii.,
p. 57 (1900).

Two males and tliree females, all somewhat immature, as is shown
by the black edgings to the feathers of the breast.

■>i. ATA'J'.srO.Ur.v CALoyiX—THK :\ll(xl{AT()l{Y llOLLKR.

Eiirvstomusciilonvx (IIcxli>-s., M.S.) : Shar/x'. /.c, p. 38, pi. ii., fiii;. 2 ;
iil., Hiuuj-li^f, ii., p. 47 (1900).

The seven speciineus obtained are all immature birds in moult,
but seem to belong to this sub-species.

25. CAPRFMULGUS JOTAKA-THE JUNGLE NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus jotaka (Temm. & Schleg.) ; Hart., Gat. Birds, xvi.,
p. 552 (1892) ; S'harpe, Hand-Iht, ii., p. 88 (1900).

Common on the island, four specimens having been obtained; on
the mainland of the Peninsula it is decidedly rare, and in the low
countrv is met with only during the winter months, though it is
possilile Ihat it is resident throughout the year on the higher moun-
tains.

2i;. COCCYSTES COROMAXDUS-THE RED-WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO.

Coecystes coromandus (Linn.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds, xix., p. 214
(1891) -.'Sharpe, Hand-list, ii., p. 155 (1900).

Very common.

27. SURXICULUS LUG UBRIS— THE DROXGO CUCKOO.

Surnicidus lugubris (Horsf.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 227; Sharpe, t.c,
p. 156.

One specimen brought to ground by a sparrow hawk.

2S. JIIEROCOCCIX FUGAX-JKE MALAY HAWK CUCKOO.

Hierococcyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 236 ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 157,

A series of nine birds, of which three are very adult, as shown by
the luiiform deep lead grey of the upper surface. All the specimens
agi'ee in having a narrow terminal band of bright rufous to the tail.

2;>. CUCULUS MICROPTERUS-IHE INDIAN CUCKOO.

Cucnlus micropterus (Gould.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 241 ; Sharpe, t.c,
p. 158.

Four immature and one adult specimen.

:j.i. CUCULUS IXTERMEDIUS-THE HIMALAYAN CUCKOO.

Cucidus intermedius (Vahl.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 252.
Cuculus saturatus (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 158.
A single adult male.

.■}!. EUDlXAXrS IIOXORATA-THE KOEL.

Eudynanis honorata (Linn.); Shelley, t.c, p. 316; Sharpe, t.c,
p. 164. '

Extraordinarily abundant on most of the small islands of the
Straits of Malacca from October to April.

.•52, PITTA CVANOPTERA- -THE LESSER BLUE-WINGED PITTA.

Pitta cyanoptera (Tomm.) ; Sclater, Cat. Birdu, xiv., p. 420 (1888) ;
Sharpe, Hand-list, iii., p. 180 (1901).

Very numerous ; also common in the winter months on Pulau
Jarak and the Sembilan Islands, together with the succeeding species.

3.3, PITTA CUCULLATA—TH'E HOODED PITTA.

Pitta cucullata (Hartl.) ; Sclater, t.c, p. 442 ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 184.
Not quite so common as the preceding, but very abundant.

34. LARVIVORA CrAXFA—TRE SIBERIAN BLUE CHAT,

Larvivora cyanea (Pall.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i.,
p, 181 (1889) ; Robinson, Journ., F.M.S. Mus., i., p. 28 (1905).

A single immature male, in plumage precisely resembling the adult
female, was obtained on 14th November, and an adult male was also
shot on the same day, but at such close quarters that it was found im-
possible to make a skin of it.

Between November and April the species is not uncommon in the
mountains of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, at altitudes varying from
2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, bvit, so far as my experience goes, it is never
met with in the low country. It has not hitherto been recorded from
Sumatra,

35. LOCUSTELLA LAXCBOLATA—TRE STREAKED GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER,

Locustella lanceolata (Temm.) ; Oates, Farm. Brit. Ind. Birds, i.,
p. 353 (1889) • Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 186 (1903).

Three specimens of this warbler, which is called by the natives
hurong Ulcus or rat bird, were collected among long grass and bracken,
being very shy and secretive in their habits. Two of these have the
tail coverts uniform, while the third has them thickly streaked with
blackish-brown, the streaks on the flanks being also much more pro-
nounced. Of a pair collected on the coast of Selangor, the male has
the under coverts streaked, while those of the female are uniform, so
that the difference is possibly sexual. The species has not apparently
been recorded either from the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra, though it
is probably common in both countries in suitable localities during the
winter months.

36. TURD us OBSCUEUS-TUE DARK OUZEL.

Turdus obscurus (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 140 (1903).

Merula obscura (Gm.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii., p. 134
(1890).

Numerous individuals were seen on the day of our departure, after
a somewhat stormy night, and a single specimen secured. The species

wa.s verv connnou on Puluu Jarak iu Deceiulit-r. b'U4. ami occurs al)uu-
Jaiitlv on the mouutiiius of the Peuiusula thvovi^'hout the ^vinter
mouths, but ap|-ears to make only a very brief stay iu the lowlands ou
arrival and departure.

ST. lIEMICnELIDOX FERRUGTXEA-TnV. FERUGINOUS FLYCATCHER.

Hemichelidou ferru«,'iuea (Hodi^'s.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iv., p. 122
(1879); Oaies, Faini. Brit. Ind. Binh, ii., p. C (1890); Sharpe,
Hand-Iii'l. iii.. p. 20-i (1903).

A single female.

Very common on the high mountains of the Peninsula, being pro-
bablv resident thi'oughout the vear above 4,900 feet.

;js. ALSEOyAX LATIR0STRJS-1\iE BROWN FLYCATCHER.

Alseonax latirostris (Raffles.) ; Sharpe, t.c, iv., p. 127 (1879) ;
Oates, Fa\m. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii., p. 35 (1890) ; Sharpe, Hand-list,
iii., p. 206 (1903).

One male.

Common in the low country in the Malay Peninsula throughout
the year, but much more abundant in the winter months.

:&>. TERPSIPHOXE AFFIXHS-inE BURMESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Terpsiphoue afl&nis CHay.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 349 ; Oates, t.c, p. 47 ;
Sharpe, Hand-list, iii., p. 263 (1903).

An adult female, probably belongs to this sj^ecies, though it is
extremely difficult to distinguish between females and young males of
T. affinis and the closely allied T. incii (Gould).

*). DICRUBUS AA'XECTEXS—TRE CRONV-BILLED DROXGO.

Dicrurus annectens (Hodgs.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i.,
p. 312 ri889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iii., p. 271 (1878) ; Robinson, Journ.,
F.M.S. Mus., i., p. 28 (1905).

Numerous specimens, both adult and young. Very common also
on Pulau Jarak in Decemlx;r. 1904, and April, 1906. Widely distri-
buted throughout the Malay Peninsula in the winter months up to an
altitude of about 3,000 feet, but scarce at other seasons.

• 41. CORVLS, sp.

A crow, proljably Corvus macrorhynchus, but possibly Corvus enca,
the Slender-billed Crow, which I have recently ascertained to be fairly
common in the Malav Peninsula, was also observed.

'"PHIS appropriately name J cloth if
Malays of the Straits and th

"KAIN PELANGI."

By L. WRAY.

is now much in fashion with the
the Federated Malay States. It
would appear to be of quite modern inti-oduction, thou^jh it has
oln'iously ])een developed from the much older tie-and-dye work so
extensively employed in India for the decoration of clotli. The
earliest examples of it, in the Native States, came under my observa-
tion in about the concluding vear of the last centurv.

■■&

The Malay name means " rainbow cloth." It, however, dit¥ers
very materially from the cloth which was brought out in Europe
under this name some few years ago. This had no pattern, but was
dyed to represent the colouring of the spectrum, the colours grading
one into the other. In the " kain pelangi," on the other hand, there is
a regular pattern, but the colours employed are the brightest tints
obtainable with aniline dyes of various hues ; hence its name.

The cloth is almost iuvarialily silk. In Singapore, the white silk
is bought, and comes either from Japan or China. In Tringganu, it is
locally woven, especially for this purpose. The work is done entirely
by female labour. In Singapore, the women are Boyanese, from the
island of Bawean, off the coast of Java ; and in Tringganu, thev are
natives of that State. This manufacture is also carried on in
Kelantan, and possibly in other localities, but the svibject has oulv
been studied by the writer in Singapore and Tringganu.

The silk is spread on a short-legged table, haviug a padded top.
The pattern is then printed on it, in ovitline, by means of carved
wooden stamps. These are cut out of comparatively soft wood and
are not so well finished as those used in stamping the " kain telepoh."
The design is also only in outline, no broad-printing surfaces being-
left. The stamp is pressed on to a pad of wet rag impregnated with
red ferruginous earth bought from the Kling shops. This sub-
stance is called " khavi," and is the pigment used by the Hindus
for making the caste-marks on their foreheads. The stamp having
been charged with colour is next rubbed on a stiff brush, which is
fastened with its bristles upwards on the tray containing the pig-
mented pad. It was a common European boot-brush. The stamp
after brushing is applied to the cloth. The stamps are small, contain-
ing only a single flower or a portion of a border, and considerable
judgment and skill is required to build up the pattern with them. It
is all done by eye, no register marks being used as in England when
printing patterns by means of wooden blocks. The outline is thu.s
formed in rather pale-red lines which wash out in the subsequent
process. The stamping of the outline is done by the same people wlio
do the dyeing.

J)ec,y 1906,

TIk' iliitli rnav he single, hut usiuilly several tliiekuesses an.' tacked
toijother at their edges aud are done at once, the upper one alone
havini:; the outline printed on it. This, of course, saves labour aud
time, hut prohahly the result is not quite so good as when a single
thifkness is treated at a time. The outlined cloth is given to other
wt>nien who prepare it for the dyers. A good deal of the pattern
is produced hy stitcliiug the cloth firmly togetlier in puckers, aud
larger spaces which are intended not to take the dye are tied \ip
ti*ditlv in pieces of the skin of the leafstalk of tlie banana. The
workers are, of course, guided l)y the outlined pattern which has been
printed on the cloth. When finished, the cloth has a curious crumpled-
up appearance ; a piece, sufficiently large to make a sarong, will have
contracted to about 8 inches in diameter in the tying process.

The tied cloth is then given back to the dyers, who immerse it for a
short time in the dye for the ground colour of the piece. Favourite
colours for this purpose are yellow, green and red. As previously
stated, the pigments used are all aniline ones. After the first applica-
tion of the dy.j the cloth is allowed to dry, the tying and stitching is
then undone and all the thi-eads are pulled out. It now presents the
api>earauce of a coloured cloth with a white pattern on it.

It is now ready for the next process. For this, it is stretched on a
wooden frame with short legs. It may be mentioned that the Malay
women, when working, sit or squat on a raised platform, like tailors,
8o that this frame and the printing table, previously mentioned, are
furnished with legs about 9 inches high, to be of a convenient
height for working at in that position. The frame is provided with a
number of sharp brass pins round its outer edges for the purpose of
holding the cloth. Further development of the pattern is now
carried out on the stretched cloth by means of different coloured dyes
applied with the brushes used by the Chinese for writing with. Most
of this embellishment is drawn in free-Jiand on the white spaces left
by the last process, but some of it is put on to the ground colour itself.

The clotli after this is taken off the frame and is ready for sale.
No attempt is made to fix the colours and, as a consequence.', they are
fugitive and nm badly when the cloth is washed, or even accidentally
damped or wetted. Although both the makers and buyers are well
aware of this fact, it does not appear to interfere with either their
manufacture or sale. The brilliancy of colouring is the great point
in their favour in Asiatic eyes. To the C[uestion of why they did not
use their own j>^*rmanent dyes, the makers answered that it would be
a great deal more trouble and that the results would not be nearly so
beautiful.

The idea that the harmonious colouring of the old Eastern art-
work was due to the possession of a fine colour sense, is undoubtedly
not borne out hy facts. It was simply a matter of necessity, as they

could not produce the puror and crudor oolour^f, Now that aniliiio, in
all its varied tints, is obtainable, colour effects, whicli to educated
European eyes are excruciating, are produced and much admired by
Malays, Chinese and Indians of all nationalities. The Japanese alone,
amongst Easterns, appear to be able to deal with these brilliant
colours with taste and discretion.

Besides the above described cloth, a curious mixture of two separate
methods of tie-and-dye work is sometimes combined in one a-armeut
That is, a piece of cloth is woven with a part of the warp thread
treated by the tie and dye method, which is used to produce the so-
called "kain limau *," and the remainder of the length is left white.
This portion is subsefjuently tied and dyed as above described. If
the ground coloui's of the two portions harmonise, the effect is by no
means displeasing. There is one sarong in the Perak Museum, which
was collected in Tringganu, of this composite cloth ; the ground
colours being a rather dull red for the " kain limau " part and a quiet
yellow for the " kain pelaugi " division. Another example, said to have
been made in Kelantan, had the grounds of two different shades of red.

There is another species of cloth, produced in Singapore by the
same people, which is also called " kain pelangi," though the technique
of its manufacture is quite different. The basis is also white silk,
which is sti-etched on the frame already described. The pattern is
then drawn on it, in various shades of aniline by means of Chinese
writing brushes. No staiups or guides are used, the work being
entii-ely done by free-hand drawing, without even a preliminary
sketch. In one specimen, in the possession of the writer, the colours
employed are violet, red, green and yellow. The patterns are mostly
conventionalised floral derivatives.

REPORTS ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK,
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, m.a., k.r.s.,
Director, Impb:riai. Institute, South Kexsington., Loxdox, S.W.

130-35. Imperial Institute Road, London, S.W.,

27th Septemher, 1904.

OIR,— I have the honour to send herewith a report on specimens
of corundum from the Federated Malay States received from Mr.
L. Wray. The report also refers to other specimens of the same
material received from Mr. Cecil Wray and from Mr. Alma Baker.

* See " Notes on Dyeing and Weaving as practised at Sitiawan in Pei'ak,"
by L. Wray* in the " Journal of the Anthropological Institute," vol. 32, Jannary-
Jime, 1902.

It will bo soon that tin' result of the investigation of the substance,
which has Ijeen oorchu'ttil here, rontlor it probable that there may be a
reniuuerative eomuiercial demand for this corundum, and I propose,
with your approval, to proceed further with the matter on the lines
suggested in the report.

I would suggest that this report should be shown to Mr. Scrivenor,
with a view to his assistance in the further development of the subject
being secured since it is possible that deposits of this mineral occur
elsewhere in the Federate<l Malay States.

I would also ask that the information contained in the report be
conveyed to Mr. Leonard Wray and the other gentleman who sub-
mitted specimens.

I have, etc.,

WYNDHAM E. DUNSTAN.

H.E. THE High Comriissionkr, F.M.S., Singapore.

A SPECIMEN of grey-blue corundum, weighing about •] ounces, was
forwarded to the Imperial Institute by Mr. Leonard Wray, the
Curator of tlie Perak Government Museum, and in the accom-
panying letter, dated the 28th November, 1903, he stated that he had
collected it near Ipoli in the Kinta District, where the mineral occurs
in more or less waterworn lumps in the drift which is woi'ked for tin.
At present no use is made of the conmduin, but it was thought that,
if it proved to be of marketable value, considerable quantities
could be procured. Mr. Cecil Wray, the Resident Magistrate of
Kinta, ha<l also collected a large quantity of the mineral at
Koban Sungei Kaiadi.

On Mr. Leonard Wray's return to Perak he forwarded to the
Tmjjerial In.stitute a larger sample, weighing nearly 5 lbs., which
he had collected at Pulai, Sungei Raia, also in the Kinta District. In
the letter accompanying the consignment, No. 13/04, dated the 24th
February, 1904, he stated that the mineral occurs in quantity at or
near Pulai, and thought thei*e would be no difficulty in getting from
10 to 20 tons per month, judging from the amount he saw in the
mines.

These two samples, the colour of which varies from pale V)lue to
bluish-grey, are exactly similar in characters. No well-develo]>ed
crystals are visible to the naked eye, the mineral occurs in compact,
finely granular masses made up of microscopic crystals. Most of the
pieces are more or less roimded by water action, though .the exact
manner in which this was brought about is not apparent.

SIO.,

.15 per cent.

Al,03 ..

7.10

CaO

.50 „

Mc.0

trace

H,0

2 41

The mineral is rather harder than sume well-crystallised corundum
from Ceylon, which was available for comparison. Its specific gravity
varies from 3.75 to 3.90 according to the degree of the compactness of
its texture. The higher figure is e.xceeded by few specimens of corun-
dum, except ruby and sapphire, which reach 4.06.

An analysis in the Scientific and Technical l>epartment of the
Imperial Institute gave the following results :

Silica ...

Alumina

Lime ...

Magnesia

Combined water ..

The percentage of alumina is greater than in any sample of
corundum which has been analysed, except ruby and sapphire. The
amount of water is, however, rather high.

Corundum is used mainly for abrasive purposes in the same
manner as emery. The finer qualities are also employed in place of
gemstones in the movements of clocks and watches. It has been
pi'oposed to utilise it as a source of metallic aluminium, but at present
other less refractory and cheaper compounds of the metal are
preferred.

In determining the value of coruu<lum for abrasive purposes,
whether it be employed as a loose powder or embedded in cement in
the form of discs, a trial on a large scale is absolutely necessary. In
no other way can it be ascertained if the mineral satisfies industrial
requirements, as not only hardness but toughness is important. The
liability of some varieties to split into thin plates along the pseudo-
cleavage that follows certain planes of decomposition is very objection-
able, as instead of irregular points and edges Avhich are effective for
grinding piirposes, flat surfaces aiv produced.

This characteristic seriously diminishes the value of Indian corun-
dum, which was formerly exported in considerable amount to Europe,
but is now unable to compete with the extensive deposits of the mineral
which have been developed in the United States and Canada, and the
artificial products carburundum and alurundum. Corundum is now
mined in India mainly for local use and for export to China, only a
small quantity being sent to Europe or America. On the other hand,
the granular structure of the corundum from Perak seems calculated
to increase its value for abrasive purposes.

The material from Kinta was sent to a commercial expert dealing
in corundum for his opinion as to its value. He stated that he
believed the material might be of value for abrasive work and it
might be woi'th from iil5 to =£25 a ton fur such purposes. If it

would take a high poHsh, it could be used for the moveiueuts of
docks and watches and might be sold at a higher price. Actual
trial on a commercial scale was, however, uecessary.

lu June, 1904, a further sample of conindum, weighing 32 lbs.,
was received from Mr. Alma Baker, of Batu Gajah. Perak. This is in
large lumps, some weighing as much as 8 lbs., and is in all respects
similar to the previous samples.

There seems every reason to believe that, if this corundum can be
obtained in the amounts which Mr. Leonard Wray believes to be the
case, it could be sold either for abrasive purposes or for use in the
movements of time-pieces at remunerative prices; but, in order that
its capabilities may be properly determined by trial on a large scale, a
consignment of not less than three or four hundredweight would be
necessary in order to determine its precise commercial value as an
abrasive agent, together with a smaller amount — say, 7 lbs. -of the
clearest and most compact material for trial in the manufacture of
watches and clocks.

If, therefore, it is considered advisal>le to proceed further with this
euquuy, I should be glad to be informed whether these larger consign-
ments can be supplied, in which case I shall endeavour to make
arrangements with experts to carry out practical trials on the lines
indicated above.

•27th September, 1904. WYNDHAM E. DUNSTAN.

Federal Secretariat.
No. H.C. 8875 04. Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S.,

8l8t October, 1004.
subject :
REPORT ON SPECIMENS OF CORUNDUM FROM F.M.S.

Sir, — I am directed to forward for vour infonuation, in connection
with the shipments of specimens of corundum which have been made,
a report by the Director of the Imperial Institute of the United King-
dom, the Colonies and India, giving the results of his investigations.

2. I am to ask you to report whether you can supply the larger
consignments asked for, with a view to the cairying out of further
trials by experts.

I have, et

A. K. VENNING,
LEuyAED Weat, Es(i., Perak. Federal Secretary, F.M.S.

BatU GrAJAH,

6th November, 19U4.

SiK,— I have the houour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of 31st October (H.C. 8875/04) and to inform you that I will collect
and send to the Inij^erial Institute the large sample of corundum asked
for by Professor W. Duustan.

I have, etc.,

The Federal Secretary, L. WRAY.

Kuala Lumpur.

Taipino, Perak,
22nd Fehrvary, 1905.

My dear Dunstan, — I send you by this post, in two boxes, a
sample, weighing 18 lbs., of what apjjears to me to be the best (quality
of corundum for the movements of clocks and watches. I shall be
much obliged, if, after trial, a sample of the stone, which proves to be
suited to the purpose, could be returned to me. Also a few cut
" jeAvels."

I am also sending, in three boxes, the large sample you ask for. It
weighs about 5 cwt.

I went to Pulai, in ITinta, on the 1 7th February, and collected the
whole sample from refuse heaps on one mine, in quite a short time. I
am sure it could be obtained in considerable quantities if there was a
demand for it, at a price which would cover cost of collection, bagging
and freight to England.

I found a few pieces, with small well-formed hexagonal crystals on
them, of the same form as that of the sapphire. I also found one
large lump, with a portion of the matrix adhering to it. This appears
to be a mica-schist.

I am, etc.,

Professor W. Dunstan, f.r.s., L. WRAY,

Director. Imperial Institute.

IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM,
THE COLONIES AND INDIA.

Imperial Institute Road, London, S.W.,
9th October, 1906.

Sir, — I have the honour to forward a report on a consignment uf
corundum from Perak, which was sent for examination to the Imperial

lustituto In the Direetur of Mustuuis at Taipill^^ with letter, dated
the 22nd Febniai'v, 1905, iu accordance with the suggestions made in
the previous report, dated the 27th September, 1904, on this subject.

The investigation has shown that this corundum, although of
unusual character, is likely to be of value for abrasive purpose, but,
before further action can he taken, it will be necessary to know what
fpiautity i.s available and the approximate price at which it can be
placed on the market.

I shall l>e glad to receive infoi'ination upon those points and, if
possible, to be placed iu communication with a tirm willing to woi'k
the deposits in Perak.

I have, etc.,

WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN.
H.E. THE High Commissionek. F.M.S., Singapore.

SECOND REPORT ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK,
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, ji.a., k.k.s.,
Director Imperial Ix.stitute, South Kensington, London, S.W.

In accordance with the recommendations made in the previous
report (dated the 27tli September, 1904) on corundum from Perak,
further samples of the mineral were forwarded to the Imperial Insti-
tute by the Director of Museums, Taipiug, Perak, iu order that the
material might be submitted to manufacturers for technical trial.

DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLES.

The samples consisted of (1) 18 lbs. of selected coiiindum pebbles
which were thought to be specially suitable for the preparation of
l>earing for the " movements " of clocks or watches, and (2) about
•5 cwt. of ordinary corundum.

The larger consignment consisted of pieces of corundum of rather
irregular size, which had a (pumtity of dust and clayey material
a^lhering to the .-iurfaces. The quality of the samples appeared, how-
ever, to Ije equal to that of the previous specimen, about 95 per cent.
Ijeing genuine corunduui.

The smaller sample, supposed to consist of corundum of superior
quality, was in smaller pieces, but was practically identical with the
main bulk.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION.
Samples of the two consignments were submitted to a firm of
mineral brokers, who reported tliat the small pebliles of corundum
would not fetch a higher price than the large consignment. This firm

submitted samples tt) three mauufacturers ushig furuiiduiii, all ui'
whom expressed the opii]i(m that the mineral would be of no value
for abrasive purposes. Two of the firms also stated that th^y did not
consider the material to be corundum. On this point, however, they
were reassui*ed and informed that the (examination of the material at
the Imperial Institute showed that it was an unusually pure corundum,
containing 97.1 per cent, of alumina, whilst in hardness it was equal
to any other variety of the mineral, except ruby and sapphire. The
unusual appearance of the corundum, which probably gave rise to the
doubts expressed, is due in part to its gi'auular character and in part
to its freedom from decomjiosition by silicitication along certain
plashes, which causes a tendency to split into small flat plates. Both
these characteristics, they were informed, ought to increase the value
of the corundum as an abrasive.

The communication of these facts to the firms in question resulted
in an offer from one of them to make a thorough test of the mineral.
Before going to the trouble and expense of such a trial, the firm desires
to know the price at which corundum could be delivered in London.

Another firm asked for a quotation for the 5-cwt. sample which
was available, and also for quantities up to 1,000 tons per annum :
(1) c.i.f. Liverpool, and (2) f.o.b. at port of shipment.

The firms wex-e invited to make offers, but this they declined to do.

It is now necessary, therefore, that an approximate quotation should
be given of the price at which quantities of corundum equal in quality
to the sample can be delivered at London, Liverpool and Ne^v York,
or placed on board ship at Singapore or other convenient port.

Subsequently, a sample of this corundum has been submitted to
a firm of merchants with whom the Imperial Institute was in corres-
pondence in regard to other minerals. This firm sent a j)ortion to
a customer on the Continent, who reported that the mineral is of good
quality and would have a value of about ^820 per ton, c.i.f. Hamburg.
The Imperial Institute is also in correspondence with a firm in the
United States with regard to this coruudiun, and it appears ])robable
that a fair market for the material can be found if it can be supplied
in large quantities at reasonable rates.

It would be an advantage if the Imperial Institute could now be
placed in communication with some firm in the Federated Malay
States willing to take the matter up, so that their name cuuld Ije
given to firms in this country desirous of buying supplies of the
mineral.

Utli October, 1906. WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN.

KEPOKT OX THE MUSEUM DEPARTMENT FOR

THE YEAR 1905.

I'ERAK STATE MlSErM.

T^^EYOND a few slii?ht improvements, nothing wa« done to the
buildinsr itself. These included brick drains round the ethno-
logical w"iug and guttering roimd its lautern roof. Guttering was also
put round the roof of the porch, while the exterior of tlie whole was
painted and colour washed. A small detached skinning shed was
built in the grounds to relieve the workshop of the dirtier portions of
the work.

'2. In all the departments the rearrangement, which was begun in
ilX>4. was carried on, and, except in a few instances, the various
collections were placed in the order which had previously ])een deter-
mined on. A great deal more work, however, remains to be done to
complete the details of the installation.

3. Considerable additions were made to most of the sections — by
collection, exchange, purchase and donation. The sections to which
the greatest increases were made ai"e the ethnological, minera logical
and economic.

4. The registration and cataloguing of the collections, which was
l>egun in De<.ember of 190-i, was carried on, and by the end of the
year the nunil-»er reached was 3,800, equal to about 8.000 cards,
inclu<ling the guide-cards.

•5. The library was also re-catalogue<l, which involved the tvpo-
writing of about 4,0<X> cards. This new card catalogue is worked on
the same system as that for the other departments, which was
mentioned in my last Annual Report, and explained in detail in a
paper, entitled " A System for the Registration of the Contents of
Museums," contrilnited to the *' Museum Association " and rejninted
in the third number of the 'Journal of the Federated Malav States
Museums."

6. The number of visitors admitted during the year was 55,103,
and, as the Museum was open to the puV>lic on 295 days, this gives a
daily average attendance of 188.83.

7. Mr. E. Keilich, the Taxidennist. returned from eighteen months'
leave on the 21st of Septemljer, and from then to the end of the year
the staff was at its full strength.

8ELANG0K STATE MTSEUM.

8. The new Museum was not finished by the end of the year, but
the ca*..-building had progivssed in a satisfactoiy manner and the
■woodwork f-r ^Y'- ^^ i^l ■hs'-s "f the two long exhibition rooms was

practically ready for erectiou by December. The amount expemled for
case-buildiuLr and fiiruiture was 32,472.66. This included the cost of
a safe, the construction of a trap-door and hoisting tackle to enable the
furniture, etc., to be raised to the upper floor, a supply of glass-topjjed
boxes for storing the skin collection and cabinets to iiold them, as Avell
as some almeirahs and office furniture.

9. Collecting was actively carried on throughout the year and
many specimens new to the collection and several new to science were
obtained. In January and again in Feliruary the high mountains in
the neighbourhood of Gunong Batang Kali were visited bv the Curator
and his collectors, in May the Gunong Tahan expedition started, and
at the end of the year a visit was paid to Linggi in Negri Sembilan.

10. Owing principally to its dilapidated state it was decided to
close the old Museum to the public in Septemljer and use the whole of
it as a store. Many of the specimens were packed up, as this appeared
to l>o the best means of preserving them from deterioration.

11. The number of visitors admitted during the first eight months
of the year amounted to 20,930, against 23,219, for the corresponding
months of 1904.

(lEXEKAL.

12. The most important event of the year was the Gunong Tahan
collecting expedition. It started on the 11th of May and returned
early in Septeniber. Although the Director of Museums was compelled
to return, owing to an attack of dysentery, on the 19th of July, the
Curator of the Selangor Museum remained on the mountain and
brought the work to a satisfactory conclusion. It is impossible to
give any results at the present time. The specimens collected were all
sent to the British Museum of Natural History, as previously arranged,
and it will naturally be some considerable time before the material can
be worked out by the specialists of that Institution.

13. Three numbers of the "Journal of the Federated Malay
States Museums'' were issued during the year: containing 108 pages
of letterpress, five plates and one plan.

L. WRAY,

Director of MvMuins, F.M.S.

EEPORT ON THE PERAK MUSEUM
FOR THE YEAR 1905.

THE BUILDING.
T?ARLY in the year the scaffolding and ataps v,^ere removed from
the foui" towers, which had been under repair dui-ing the greater
part of the previous year. The result from a practical aspect is so far
satisfactorv, there being no sign of leakage up to the present.

The brirk tirain avDUud the new wiiiix. provided for in the Estimates,
was built and completed in February.

The Estimates also provided for galvanised iron guttering around
the lantern roof of the new wing, along the front verandah, and around
the porch, and this was completed in March.

In May the whole of the exterior of the building was white-washed
and the wood-work painted.

A new skiuniug-shcd was built, in close proximity to the existing
work-rooms, for the skinning, etc., of the larger animals and general
Avork of a dirty nature.

The floors of the laboratory and dark room were re-cemented in
parts where they were badly damaged ; and numerous shelves, j&xed by
means of angle-irons, were erected to inci'ease the storage capacity.

CASES.

The cases throughout the Museum are now all numbered a separate
.'r^et of ninnbers being employed for each room. This has been done
principally to facilitate registration ; and by its means it is easy to state
correctly and locate at a moment's notice the exact position of any
specimen in the various collections.

The scheme successfully adopted in the etlmological galleries and
explained in my last report, of a glazed title for each case, has been
canied out in all departments. It has proved highly effective fi'om a
practical point of view, and improves the general appearance of the
rooms.

New double, brass winders for the window and blind-cords were
fitted on to the new wall-cases wherever necessary. In the older part
of the building the old winders and unsightly screw substitutes were
discarded in favour of the new oues.

In the Geological Department the table-case interiors were given
two coats of fresh white paint previous to the re-arrangemcnt of the
collection.

With a view to obtaining a reliable paint or distemper to replace
the old white oil-colour, the large wall-cases of the Economic Depart-
ment have been experimented on. In changing the contents of a case
it has always l>een necessary to give the interior a fresh coat of paint,
owing to the yellow marks made wherever an object has stood on the
painted surface for any length of time ; and in other ways it has not
l)een satisfactory. In the cases under notice Morse's Calcarium of a
French grey shade has Ijeen applied, and has in every way proved
satisfactory up to the time of writing. It is inexpensive, and the

colour cliosen gives a warm and pleasing aspect, to the general appear-
ance of the room. It also forms an admirable background for whatever
objects have, as yet, been exhibited against it. Should the experi-
ment stand the test of time, the distemper will be used luiiversally
throughout the exhibition galleries, with a probable slight variety of
colours to suit the circumstances.

Another innovation in the wall-cases has been the substitution, in
certain cases, of plate-glass for the old wooden side-shelves. These
shelves are cut out of broken sheets of plate-glass which were origin-
ally intended for case-fi'onts. Tliey give a decidedly liglit and airy
appearance to the inside of the cases. As there is a good deal of this
broken glass still in hand, it will be possible to extend the "use of it in
this way into all the collections where the opportunity presents itself.

THE COLLECTIONS.

1. Zoology (Rooms D and E) and Osteology
(Part of Room B).

The mammalia were registered and catalogued, re-classified in
some orders, and cleaned throughout. A list of the collection was
compiled and will appear, in due course, in the "Journal of the
Federated Malay States Museums." This list gives the total number
of mammalian specimens at the end of 1905 as 297, representing eight
orders, 27 families and 93 species.

Part of the spirit collection (snakes and batrachia) were installed
in the passage leading into the new wing, in two of the old-fashioned
cases with small panes of glass ; but the impossilnlity of arranging the
specimens without the interference of the wood-work places the ]n'e-
parations at a great disadvantage. A few rectangular preservative
jars have been introduced here in place of the round ones. A stock
of these jars is in hand, and all the batrachian specimens will eventually
be remounted in them, in addition to introducing them into other
parts of the Zoological Department.

The first of an instructive series of preparations, illustrating the
evolution of different animals' lives from the embryo to the adult
stage, has been placed in this case, and shows the metamorphosis of
the frog {Rana esculenta) from the egg, or spawn, to the fully deve-
loped animal. Similar series obtained from England during the year
were: the honey-bee (Apis mellifica) and the crab (Carcinus maenas).

A table-case will also be at the disposal of the reptilia when the
birds' nests and eggs have been embodied in the general ornithological
collection. The larger specimens of the chelouia already occupy half
the case.

A f»>rtni_ijht's cnlloctin>;- on ilio Larut Hills in Mareli was productive
of a small collertion of manimals, l>ir(ls. reptilos and invertebrates.
In a moruiug'.s visit to B\il<it Gantaiij^ a specimen of the Idackwing
kite {Ela)iu!> caentleus), Avitli nest and egg, was secured. A specimen
of a new flying-sqnin-el was procured at the Tea Gardens by Mr.
W. Boomgardt. On being sent to Mr. Oldfield Thomas of the British
Museum for identification, this proved to be a specimen of Pteromys
punctata, of which only one has before been ol)tained: the type in the
British Museum, wliich, I think, was procured in Malacca. A
specimen of the grey musk shrew (Crocidiira caerulea), not before
represente<l in the collection, and a hill rat (Mus vociferans), new to
Perak. were other notable additions.

A uumV>er of young adjutant, or marabout-storks {Leptoptiluii
jarauicus), were purchased from a Malay in April, some dozen or so
nests having been destroyed by a strong wind in the neighbourhood of
Bagan Seiui. One of these birds was killed and mounted at the time
of purchase, and another some two or three months later, whilst the
remainder are still at large in the Museum grounds. They will even-
tually form an instructive life-history group of this remarkable genus
of birds.

A native collector by the name of Alang Sagab was employed in
the neighbourhood of Kota Lama during the months of May, June and
July, and a large collection of land mollusca, araehnida, lepidoptera,
coleoptei-a, (jrnithoptera, rliynchota, chilopoda and diplopoda was the
result. Most of the coleoptera have kindly been examined and identified
by Mr. Robinson of the Selangor Miiseum, and a selection from the
rest of the collection has been sent to the British Museum for this
purpose.

Word was received in January of the discovery of elephant remains
at Ulu Briah, but on visiting the spot they were found to be those of
the living race (Elephas indicun), and in an advanced state of decay.
A small selection of the l»etter presei-ved bones was made, however.

2. BOTANT.

Early in the year the herltarium cabinets wei'e thoroughly over-
hauled, and the damage done by white ants to the panelling and backs
was repaired. In this connection I am glad to report the complete
success of the experiment Cdescribed in my last report) to frustrate
the attacks of the ubiquitous termites. Not a single instance of attack
has to l>e recorded, although signs of unsuccessful attempts by the
little pests were evident.

Ten sheets of botanical specimens were received late in the year
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. These, with those received
during 1P04. have been mounted, labelled and incorporated in the
herbarium.

Mauv f^-ifts of botamcal and agricultural literature were received
i,nd will he found duly acknowledged under the library donations for
the year.

3. Geology and Minebalogy (Rooms A and B).

Both of these collections have been entirely re-arranged, w^hich
has not only added greatly to the attractiveness of the collections,
but has permitted of the inclusion of a number of specimens previously
stored up for w^ant of space. Noticeable amongst these is, the
collection of fossils presented by the Trustees of the British Museum,
of Cornish minerals presented by Mr. S. Wickett of Redruth, and of
a more general collection of minerals and fossils presented and loaned
by Mr. Leonard Wray. Reference to the donation list will also show
the indebtedness of the Government to Mr. Cecil Wrav for his many
gifts to this department.

The arrangement in this denartment consists of two main divisions —
local and general. The geological collections are arranged strati-
graphically and the minerals alphabetically. In all cases new titles
have been printed iu lai'ge type and placed in position inside the
cases, so that any group of minerals, or a geological stratum, can be
fiuickly discovered. As in other collections each group is separated
from its neighbours by thin strips of black wood. To effectively
carry out the scheme of arrangement in this department, the front
verandah (room A) has been used, and the cases there run conse-
cutively wdth those in the main (room B).

A large amount of registration and cataloguing was done during
the year, that of both the general and local mineralogical collections
being nearly completed.

4. Economics (Room C).

During the year under review the final arrangement of this section
was made. Progress, however, is somewhat slow ; but a good amount
of work w^as accomplished, and the registration and cataloguing of the
collection was brought up to an advanced stage.

Wherever possible specimens of leaves of the various economical
plants have been introduced into the body of the collection. These are
mounted on white card, and glazed iu frames made in multiples of the
boxes containing the pi'oducts amongst which they are exhibited.
Besides adding largely to the attractiveness of the collection, this series
proves highly instructive to the observer.

Many new plaster models have been added, both to the fruits and
to the vegetables. Amongst these may be mentioned : the papaya or
"buah betik" (Carica papaya), bullock hearts (Anona reticulata),
white egg-plants and purple brinjals or " trong " {Solanum melongena) ,
sword beans or " kachang parang," and two varieties (Borneo and
Ribbon) of the sugar cane {Saccharnm officinarum).

Valuablo juLlilions wovo inad"' to llic luhlxr oxliihits, thanks to
the vorv weU-omo eo-oporation of tlic l"*lantatioiis ])opartmeut, throiif^h
the courtesy of tho Superinteiulont, Mr. J. W. CainphoU. Details
of these pfts will lie found in the list of donations for 1905.

A series of marble slabs were piu-chased early in the yeai* from the
Ipoh Marble Quarry Company, and have been placed in the case for
economic minerals. They show very effectively the different grades, or
varieties, of marble which are pro<nirable from the quarry. Photo-
{.ifraphic enlari^ements of the quarry and works were made and hung
on the wall contiguous to the case.

5. Ethnology (Eooras F and G).

Progress in this department is still proceeding steadily, with the
result that the local section has already advanced to the critical stage
when extra space has become a serious matter.

Most additions in these rooms have been made by purchase, and
the actual amount thus expended wall be seen under " Financial."

In the lower, or comparative, ethnological room amongst the more
prominent accessions are : the new Chinese nail chair ; the two carved
Cliinese figures of Buddha, one in the attitude of contemplation
(gilded and painted), the other in that of praying (in the plain wood) ;
the handsome series of Satsuma ware from Japan ; the various Arabian
oVqects brought back from Mecca by the Muliammadan pilgrims ; the
interesting series of Batak sarongs in different stages of manufacture,
with the implements and. materials for making and dyeing the cloth ;
the large series of wooden stamps used in printing designs on sarongs,
etc. ; the set of Sudanese bamboo xylophones called " anklung," and
other musical instruments ; and the pair of quaint Sundanese puppets,
resembling in idea the old-fashioned marionettes, and called " agu
menui-a" (male figure), ami " raden ankowi Java" (female figure).

The collection of photograi>hic enlargements of oriental races was
augmented by four portraits of Semangs and two of Javanese.

In the historical section a collection of Perak bvittons has been

formed, derived fn^m various sources, and representing the Pei"ak

Armed Police, Perak Sikhs, Perak Police, Federated Malay States
Police and Perak Civil Officers.

In the local ethnology section a valuable and handsome series of
old Rembau (Negri Sembilan) carving was procured, and forms a
conspicuous exhibit on the right-hand side of the room. Many
weajKms were added to the already comprehensive series ; and on the
occasion of the Sultan of Perak's visit to the Museum His Highness
was careful to inspect these weapons very closely, and afterwards
expre8se<l his great admiration for the collection.

3§r

Some aclditious to the Semang and Sakai specimens were derived
from an expedition, made in November, to the Ulu Plus, the objective
of the trip being to enquire into the conditions of life, etc., amongst
the aboriginal tribes of the district. Besides the objects secured for
the Museum collections, some valuable informations and statistic
wore obtained concerning these people.

Registration and cataloguing was continued at intervals throughout
the year in both branches of ethnology.

THE LIBRARY.

A large amount of time and laboiir was spent on the librai-y during
the latter half of the year in re-cataloguing and mmibering the books
throughout. For this purj^use a small oak cabinet, similar in design
to that used for the Museum catalogue, was procured through the
Crown Agents at a cost of $75.91, together with 6,000 cards and two
sets of guides — one alphabetical and the other uumei'ical. After
roughly cataloguing and numbering each volume, the finished cards
for the catalogue and register were carefully type-written. The
alphabetical catalogue contains three or four cards for each volume,
so that a book may be found either by referring to the author or by
looking up the title under its varioiis headings. ' The register, arranged
numerically, is formed of cards, giving the author's name for the head-
line, with full particulars of the book.

An extra Clerk was sanctioned by the Grovernment to assist in
this work. In all 701 books were catalogued, uecessitating the typing
of over 4,000 cards.

A revised set of Library Regulations was drawn out, approved 1)y
the Resident and duly gazetted. A copy of these, printed at the
Grovernment Printing Office, will be pasted in each volume.

There were many additions made during the year, mostly by pre-
sentation, the smallness of the book vote prohibiting large accessions
being made by purchase. Amongst the latter wei-e live more volumes
of the Indian Fauna series — a three-volume work on " Museums :
their History and their Use ; " " Play and Politics : Reminiscences of
Malaya;" "'The Real Malay;" Maxwell's "Manual of the Malay
Language;" and four numbers of the "Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Sti'aits Branch "—replacing lost volumes.

With the free distribution of the "Journal of the Federated
Malay States Museums" into the various parts of the civilised world,
it will be noticed that the list of library donations has increased
and expanded.

There were 25 Ijook loans to approved applications during the year.

heo., 1606,

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PERAK STATE MUSEUM
LIBRARY FOR 1905.

Anxandale. Mr. Nelson :
" Coutributious to Oriental Her-

petolog-v," parts 1 and 2.
"Additions to the Collection

of Oriental Snakes in the

Indian Museum."
" Notes on an Indian Worm

{Chaefogastor).''
"The Hvdra of the Calcutta

Tanks."
*• On Abnormal Ranid Larvae

fr<,»m North-east India."

Ceylon Royal Botanic Garden :

" Circulars and Agricultural
Journal for 1905."

Egyptian Government Zoolo-
gical Gardens, Giza (per
the Director, Capt. Stanlev
S. Flower) :
" Report of the Giza Zoological
Gardens for 1904."

Indian Museum, Calcutta:
" Catalogue of the Indian De-
capod Crustacea," Part 11,
AnoTiiura.
'• An Account of the Deep-sea
Holothiu'ioidea, collected bv
the ' Investigator.' ' '
•• Annual Reports for 1903-
1904.'

Indian Royal Botanic Garden,
Calcutta :
" The Aconites of India."
"A List of Laccadive Plants."'

Keilich, Mr. E. :

*' The Adveutiires of Louis de
Rougement."

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens :
" Bulletin of Miscellaneous In-
formation for 1905."

Leicester Corporation Museum
AND Art Gallery (j^er
the Curator, Mr. Montagu
Browne; :
" 14th Rej^ort of the Museum
andAitGallerv.1902-1904."

Lloyd, Mr. C. G. :

" Bulletin of the Lloyd Librarv
of Botany, Pharmacy and
Materia Medica." Nos. 4-G.

'• Mvcological Notes." Nos.
iO-19.

" Puif Ball Letter," No. 5.

" Louisiana Planter " (per the
Editor) :

Complete Issues for 1905.

Mac GrectOr, Mr. R. C. (Bureau
of Government Laboratory.
Manila) :

" Birds from the Islands of

Romblon, Libuvau and

Cresta de Gallo."'
" Further Notes on Birds from

Ticao, etc."
" Birds from Mindoro and small

adjacent Islands."
" Notes on three rare Luzon

Birds."

Manchester Museum (per the
Director, Dr. W. E. Hoyle) :

" Manchester Museum Report
for 1904-1905."

Missouri Botanical Gardens
(per the Director, Mr. W.
Trelease) :

" Annual Report of the Missouri
Botanical Gardens." 14th.
15th and 16th.

Muhammad Ta.judin bin Haji
Abdullah :

" Sa-air Mamhaugunkau Himat
orPikiran Bagi Laki Laki."

Montevideo, Museo Nacional
(\}er tlie Director; :

" Flora L^ruguaya," Paris i and

ii.
" Geogratica Fisica y E sf erica

del Paraguay."

Otago University Museum :

" Curator's Annual Re])ort tor
1904 " (2 copies).

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PERAK STATE MUSEUM
LIBRARY FOR 1905— (cont)

" Peeak Pioneer "' (per the
Editor) :
Complete Issues for 1905.

Raffles Library and Museum,
Singapore :
" Annual Report for 1904."

Sarawak Museum (per the Cura-
tor, Mr. R. Shelford, m.a.) :
"Report on the Sarawak
Museum for 1904."

Secretary to Resident, Perak :

" Agricultural Bulletin of the
Straits and Federated Malay
States," vol. IV (1905).

" Journal of Indian Art and
Industry," vol. IX, Nos. 72
and 73, 75 and 7<o.

" Diagnosis of Phytophagous
Coleoptera " (Fasiculi ma-
lay ensis).

" Abstract of Proceedings of
the Linnean Societv of New
South Wales for 1905."

"Singapore Free Press" (per
the Editor) :
Mail Editions, complete for
1905.

Smithsonian Institution.

U.S.A.:
" The Birds of North and Middle

America," Partiii.
" An Account of the Buildings

occupied by the National

Collections."
"United States National

Museum oVnnnal Report for

1903" (2 copies).

Smithsonian Institution,
U.S.A.— (com/.)

" Contributions from the United
States National Herba-
rium," vol. IX.

" Catalogue of Geological Types
in the United States Na-
tional Museum."

" Progress Report of the United
States National Museum."

" Proceedings of the United
States National Museum,""
vols. XXVI and XXVII.

" Annual Report of the United
States National Museum,
1901 and 1902."

"American Hydroids, Part ii,
the Sertu laridae."

Syed Abdullah :
" Um-al-Mazhab."

"Times of Malaya" (per the
Editor) :

Daily Edition, complete for

1905.
Weekly do. do.

ToKio Imperial Museum (per
the Director, Prof. C. Ishi-
kawa) :

" Proceedings of the Depart-
ment of Natural History."

West Indies. Imperial Depart-
ment FOR Agriculture :]

" West Indian Bulletin for
1905."

1. Under the

EEGTSTEATIOX.
Book Registration Order in Council, 1895.'

There were two publications issued in Perak during the year, both
in the Malay vernacular :

No. 9. — " Sa-air Mamhangunkan Himat or Pikiran Bagi Laki
Laki," by Muhammad Tajudin bin Haji Abdullah, pu-
blished at Ipoh by the Author ;

No. 10.— •• Um-al-Miizliab." by Syed Abdullah, Chief Kathi,
published at Kuala Kaugsar l\v the Translator. As this
book deals exclusively with the Muhainiuadan religion, a
special exemption from Section 3 (ii) was granted, and
the name and address of the Printer and Publisher was
omitted from the work.

"The Perak Pioneer" (No. 1) was issued as a daily from the
1st March, and " The Times of Malaya," daily edition (No. 7), was
enlarged to eight pages.

In January copies of all the Perak publications issued during 1904
were packed and sent to the British Museum, an<l henceforth they
were forwarded quartei'h-.

2. Under the "Inventions Okder in Council, 1896."
Five petitions for grants of exclusive privileges were registered
during the year :

No. 23. — Mr. Fred. Arthur Turner, for "Improvements in. <>.i
connected with, Vapour Generating Lam])s for Hydrocar-
bon Oil or Si)irit " (Amended) ;

No. 24. -Mr. A. Grant Mackie, for a "New Form of Puddler
Harrow ; "

No. 25. — Messrs. David Christie and Lai Tet Loke, for " Im-
provements in Puddling Machinery ; "

No. 26. — Mr. Charles Ernest Cnmming, for " Improvements
in Puddling Machinery (Centrifugal Puddler) ; "

No. 27. — Mr. Charles Ernest Gumming, for " Improvements
in Puddling Machinery (Percussive Puddler).".

Thtj inventi(jns register was Ijrought up to date. All past specifi-
cations, nut previously registered, were procured from tlie Secretariat,
copied, and the copies tiled.

.VCOtlSSlOXS.

There was a considerate increase in the number of donors and
donations during 19U5, as a comparison of the list given below with
that of 1904 will show. Througl) the courtesy of the Editor of " The
Perak Pioneer," all donations have been publicly acknowledged
monthly in the columns of the local newspai)er; and this has, per-
haps, been largely instrumental in recruiting fresh donors. There
is still lacking, however, the co-operation on the part of otficials
in other Government Departments.

Many valuable accessions have been made by purchase and collec-
tion. The small stajft' of Malay collectors at Bukit Gantaug in parti-
cular have been untiring in their efforts to increase the Museum
collections. Attention has, however, already been drawn to the more
important accessions of the year, so there is no need \'><v further
comment.

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THK PEHAK STATK ML'.SELTM FOR 1905.

Ah Kwi (Simgei Siput) :
Specimen of Galena.

Ahmat (Orderly, Sanitary Board
Office) :

Indian Mangoes (Mangi/era
indica) .

Archer, Miss :

Perak Doo- Tii-kel.s foi- 1902
and 1903.

Barnard, Mr. B. H. F. :

Gecko Lizard (Gymnodactyins

pulchelli(s).
Common Malayan Porcupine

(Hysfriv lonyicavda) '' Babi
landak."

Birch, Mr. E. W., c.bt.g. :

Small collection of Insects fi om
" The Box,"' Larut Hills.

Bird, Mr. G. F. :

Red Hematite from Salak,
Kiiala Kaugsar.

BoDGBR, Mr. William :

Head and Horns of Bangalore
Goat {Ovis aries).

BOOMGARDT, Mr. W. :

Large Malayan Flying- S(purrel
{Pteromys jicfc'i'ii^t") " Gra-
bah."
Malayan Spotted Flying-Sipiir-

rel {Pteromys punctata).
Large Malayan Squirrel {Rata-
fa bicolor) " Tupai nanding."
Indian White-backed Vulture
(Pseudoijyjjs bencjalciisu^) .

Bourne, Key. J. B. :

Dusky Leaf Monkey (Seinno-
jjithecvs ohscurus " Lutong."

Skull of Crested Monkey \S.
cridatus).

Chinese Commemorative Brass
Disc.

Bratt, Mr. E. H. :

Sheet of Para Eul'ber (Hevea
braziiietisis).

Brown, Mr G. Gordon :

Three Sheets of Para Rubber

{Hevea braziliensis) .

Campbell, Mr. J. W. :

Larvae attackino- Caladiums on
Maxwell's Hill (Pplo.j'olytes) .

A small collection of Inverte-
brates from Maxwell's Hill.

Two Sheets of Para Rnl)ber
(Hevea brazilievBis).

Two Sheets of Ram bong Rub-
l^er (Finis ejastica).

Two Sheets of Ceara Rubber
(Manilwt glazioire).

Two Sheets of Castilloa Ruljber
{Castilloa elastica), coagu-
lated from washed Latex.

Two Sheets of Castilloa Rubber
{CadiUoa elastica), coagu-
lated from unwashed Latex.

One Ball of Scrap Rambong
(Fie us elastica).

Latex of Para Rubber Tree
(Hevea brazil iensis) .

Choc Chak Sang, Towkay :
Common Leopard (Fetis par-
dns), black var., juv, " Remau
knmbang."

CoATEs, Mr. W. J. :

Two Avocada Pears or " Alli-
gators " (Persea grofissima).

CuMMiNG, Mr. C. E. :

Vein Tin from the Hydraulic

Workings, Bruseh.
Tin in Decomposed Rock from

Bruseh.
Coal from Selebiu, near Ipoh.

Deputy Commissioner of

Police, Perak :
Perak Government Buttons.
Perak Sikh Tunic Buttons and

Poucli Badges.
Perak Armed Police Buttons.
Perak Police Tunic Buttons and

Badges.
Bronze Cape-Buttons of the

Perak Sikhs.
Tunic Buttons and Cap and

Helmet Badges of the Malav

States Police, Penik.
Three §10-Hongkong aaid

Shanghai Bank Notes,

Forgeries.
Three. J 65-Governraent Notes,

Forgeries.

LIST OF DONATIONS TO Til
FOR 1905

DisHMAN, Mr. a. :

Stone luiplemeut from Biclor.

Brown Garnet from Ipoh Dis-
trict.

Small collections of Minerals
from Kinta and Batang
Padang.

Ephraitms, Me. W. :

Marabout, or Adjutant, Stork
(lje2)toj)tilv s jav aniens)
" Burong babi."

FURNIVAL, Mr. H. :
Stag Beetle, sp. inc.

Gay, Mr. E. M. :

Eeticulated Python (P//f/to/i r^^t-

adatus), juv., " Ular sawah."
Leaf Insect and Eggs, sp. inc.
Long-tailed Lizard {Tachydro-

mus se:cli7ieatu><).

Gerrard, Dr. P. N. :

Malayan "Wood Ovrl (Syrnium

selopvto)
Burrowing Snake (Cylindrophis

rut lis), juv.
Cicada {Dunchibia sp.).
Fresh Water Bug (Behstoma

sp.).

Gowland, Mr. H. J. :

LimVj Bonos of Common Leopai'd
( Felis pardus) .

Graham, Capt. A. McD. :

Bronze Helmet-Badgo of the
1st Perak Sikhs.

■\VTiite-metal Tunic Buttons of
tlie Malay States Police,
Pei-ak.

White-metal Helmet and Cap-
Badges of the Malay States
Police, Perak.

Geat. Mr. N. T. :
Combs of Honey-bee.

Hale, Me. A. :

Shells of River Sna,ih (Paludina

sp.).
Malayan Sword Bean (Cana-

va.Ua ensifnrwin) " Kachang

parang.*"

E PEKAK ST.V'J'K .Vll'SEUM
— (cont.)

Harper, Mrs. J. P. :

Snake (Macropisthodon ftavi-
ceps).

Harrison, Mr. C. W. :

Malay Fishing Net, " Ambai."

HoGO. Mr. W. :

Tree Snake {Dipsas hoops).

Hume, Mr. W. :

Bug {Etirostws sjj>.).

Keesino, Mr. J. C. :

Eastern Purple Heron (Ardea
maniUensis).

Keilich, Mr. D. :

Burmese Wattled Lapwdng
(Sarcogra mm as atrinuchnlis) .

Common Snipe {Gallinago
coeli.'itis).

Moth (Anisoneura sp.).

Khye Guan and Sons, Messrs. :
Three Chinese Shell Figures

from Amoy.
Fungi (Lejitinus sp.) " Susu

rimau," abnormal growth.

Knocker, Mr. Fred. "W. :
Collection of Marine Inverte-
brates from Port Dickson,

Negri Sembilan.
Collection of Reptiles from

Negri Seml)ilan.
Small collection of River Fishes

from Negri Sembilan.
Small collection of Chilopoda

and Diplopoda from Negri

Sembilan.
Common Scorpion (Bnthus

spnriuier).

Sword Beans (Canavalia ensi-
for mis), var.

Wliite Egg Plants (Solannm
melangena) " Troug."

Negri Sembilan Dog Tickets
for 1902-1903 and 1904.

Perak Dog Ticket for 1905.

Five-cent Ceylon Coin, 1870.

One do. do.

I-IST OK DOXATlOxVS TO THK PEKAK STATK ML^SKUM

FOE U)05-(con^)

Kydd, Mr. Jas :

Larvae of Butterflies (Delias
hypareff).

Laidlaw, Mb. CI. W. :

$5-Governiiieut Note, Forgery.

Mackie, Mr. a. Grant -.

Tin Ore from Suna^ei Besi
(Selangor).

Maddon. Mb. L. J. B. :
Cicada (Dtmduhia sp.).

Master-Tailor. Malay States
Guides :

Perak Government Buttons.

MoiR, Mr. George :

Specimens of Horse Fly (Taha-
nus sj}.).

Moss, Mr. p. :

Four- tailed Grey Moth (Nyc-
tfdemon patroclus).

Nelson. Mrs. P. J. :

Long-tailed Lizard {Tnchydvo-
mus sexUneatiis).

No Boo Bee, Towkav :

Two Framed Photog-raplis of
Ng Boo Bee's Tin Mine at
Kamunting and Visit of H.E.
the High Commissioner to
the Mine.

Nicholas, Mr. F. W. :

Guinea Worm ( Filar ia ntedi-

nensis).
Nematodes or Thread Worms

{Anchylostoina dnodenale) .
Thread Worm, sp. inc.

OSMAN :

Malay Humming Top made
from the Fruit of the
" Klium" Tree (Sorodocarpvs

hortieensis) .

Pearse, Mr. Cecil :
Cubic Iron Pyrites.

IIethinasamy Pillay, Mr. M. :

Silver Dart worn pierced
through the tongue during
the Hindu penance known as
" Alagu."

Double-pointed Silver Dart
worn pierced through the
cheeks during the Hindu
festival known as " Alagu."

EoBiNSON, Mb. H. C. :

Nest of Bronze-ljacked Imperial
Pigeon (Carpophaga hadia).

Rowley, Mb. T. W. :

Long- tailed Lizard (Tarhy-
drcnnus sexlineatus) .

Sayebs, Mb. Wm. :

Stick Insects and Young, sp. inc.

Secbetaby to Eesident, Perak :
Perak Revenue Officer's Badge.

Selangor State Museum :
Collection of Minerals.

Shelfobd, Mr. R., m.a. :

Fruit Bat (Cyuoptena^ iiianji-
imtns).

Two Suakes and one Young
( Ma c roca la m nft lateralis) .

Two Bull Frogs (Kana macro-
don).

Horned Toad (Megalojjhry.^
lowjipes) .

Scorpion {Buthus t^piniger).

Five Burrowing Spiders {Cte-
nizidoe, sp. inc.).

Sheffield, Me. J. Newton :
Sakai (? Semang) Bamboo Spear.
Bird-eating Spider (T/uigmo-

poeus sexlineatus).
Reptiles from Gunong Grah.

Stoney, Mr. B. O. :

Pupae of Butterfly (Euploea
midanus).

Stbonach, Mr. A. :

Specimens of Tin Money.

Tahtb :

Nests of Malay House Swifts
(Cypselus suhfy rcafus) .

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PERAK STATE MUSEUM
FOR 1905— (coH^)

Taylor, Mr. F. E. :

Caudle Nuts {AUnrites moUnC'
cona) known in the F.M.S.
as " Buali kras.''

Watsox, Mr. E. Lauder:

Tree Snake (Dip-fas hoops).
Smaller Atlas Moth (AftacHs

cynfhia).
Abnormal growth of branch of

a Para Kubber Tree (Hevea

hraziliensia).

Wilkinson, Mb. W. A. :

Hamadryad {Naio hmujarns).

Wilson, Mr. A. Wallis :

Indian Mongoose {Heiyedes
nniacjo).

Wray, Mr. Cecil :

Quartz containing Auriferous
Copper, Lead, etc., from
Kechau, Pahang.

Ditto ditto 1 oz. of gold per
ton.

Quartz containing Auriferous

Galena, Blende, etc., from

Kechau, Pahang, 1 oz. of

gold per ton.
Auriferous Quartz from Mount

Morgan, Australia.
Auriferous Pyrites from Celebes,

2 oz. of gold per ton.
Auriferous Copper from Kechau,

Pahang, loz. of gold per ton.
Blende Ore from Kechau,

Pahang.

Wray, Mr. Cecil — {cont.)

Antimony from Mei'bau Lode,

Silinsing. Pahang.
Thorianite from Bamberabos-

luAva District, Ceylon.
Two rough cut Eo.se Catseyes

from Ceylon.

Three specimens of Corundum

from Ceylon.
Garnet Kock frum Kandy,

Ceylon.
Gem Rock from the Gem Mines,

Ratnapura, Ceylon.
Two specimens of Plmnbago

from Ratnapura, Ceylon.
Zircon from Kandy, Ceylon.
Blue Apatite in Limestone from

Kandy, Ceylon.
Magnetite in Limestone from

Kandv, Cevlon.
Rock containing Garnets from

Niuwara Eliya, Ceylon.

Wr.\y, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. :

Bamboo Bottle for holding

Mercury (Chinese).
Gambler {Uiicaria yambier).
First Class Perak Officers'

Buttons.

Wright, Dr. M. J. :

Larvge of Moth (Gynautocema
8p.).

YoNG FooK, Mr. :
Young King Coconut.

THE FOLLOWING SPECIMENS WERE ON LOAN :

Bourne, Rev. .J. B. :

Brass Jar of the time of the
Ta Ming Dynasty, a.d., 1426,
from Wei-hai-wei.

HoDSON, Me. a. W. :

Skull and Jaws of Tiger (Felis
tigriif).

Knocker, Mr. Feed. W. :

Japanese Three-stringed Musi-
cal Instrument.

Japanese Lady's Chop-sticks in
Case.

Pack of Japanese Playing
Cards, "Hanahuda."

■i]

SPKCJMEX8 WEEK ()X L(JAN -(>o/W.)

Maxwell, Mr. W. Gr. :

Head of Malay Tapir (Tajjirus

indicus) .

Head of Javau, or Smaller one-
liorned, Rhinoceros (Rhino-
ceros sondaicHs).

Head of S\;matrau, or two-
horued, Rhinoceros (Rhino-
ceros sumatrensis) .

Wray, Mr. Cecil :

Gold with Iron Pyrites.
Wray, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. :

Eight specimens of Agate.

Specimen of English Amber.

Malachite (green carbonate of
copper).

Wray, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. —
{cont.)

Serpentine from Cornwall.

Labradoi'ite from Canada.

Seventy-four Stone Imple-
ments collected in Kent.

Stone Implement from Ireland.
Two Drinking Cups made of

Buffalo Horn.
Elephants' Tooth found at

Gapis, Perak.
Chinese Chop-sticks and Knife

in Case.
Two Plates of old Chinese china.
Two Chinese Tin Cups.
Chinese Fan Knife.

ATTENDANCE.

The attendance [for the year was greater than it has ever been
before, and, though at times it is very erratic, it would appear that a
steady annual increase has set in from 1902, the figures being :

1902. 1903. 1904. 1905.

40,022 ,.. 46,685 ... 52,854 ... 55,103

A rough analysis of the attendance would probably show that
Tamils far outnumbered other native races ; and then, in order of
numbers: Chinese, Malays, Indians (exclusive of Tamils), Europeans
and Eurasians, and Siamese and Bm-mese in small numbers.

Experimental opening on public holidays ^\as successful only in
the case of native festivals (excepting the Taiping race week), and
towards the end of the year opening on European holidays was
discontinued.

An examination of the attendance Iwok gives the following
interesting statistics :

The largest monthly attendance was 6,017, registered during
March. The largest weekly attendance was 2,622, registered during
the Taiping race week. The largest daily attendance was on the
Hindu festival of " Pangini Utram " (21st March), the number being
1,074.

Other large daily attendances were recorded as under :

Race Week, 1st day, 15th August 1,025

Tai Pusum (Hindvi festival), 21st January ... 800
H.H. the Sultan of Perak's Birthday Celebra-
tions, 20th June " 569

Race "Week, 2nd day, 17th August 554

Chinese New Year. 6th Februarv ... ... 512

Tlu' Mviseuiii wiis (tpfii thiuuylioul the ynv mi 29o davs. and this
makes a daily average attoudaiice of 188.83.

Mean daily average of visitors to Museum during 1905 :

Month.

Days

Maxi-

Mini-

Total,

Daily

open.

mum.

monthly.

averasfe.

January

800

117

4,784

191.36

Februarv

512

127

5,706

259.36

March ...

1.074

135

6,017

222.85

April

28y

114

4,063

184.68

Mav

268

104

4,233

162.80

June

569

100

4,101

170.81

Julv

210

3,595

138.26

August

1,025

5,414

216.56

September

227

3,777

145.26

Octol^er

185

100

3.601

116.16

November

300

4,514

188.08

December

427

168

5,298

230.34

Means ...

24.58

490.50

106.50

4,591.92

185.54

The total for the year is 55,103, the niunber of days the Museum
was opened during the year is 295, giving a mean daily average of 185
visitors.

H.H. the Sultan of Peralc, Sir Idris Mersid-el-Aiizam Shah,
G.C.M.O., and suite, visited the Institution on the 24th June : H.E. the
Higli Commissioner of the Federated Malay States, Sir John Anderson,
K.C.M.O., on the 4th August ; the Resident-General, Sir W. T. Taylor,
K.c'.M.G., on the 5th and 6th December; and the British Resident,
Mr. E. W. Birch, c.m.g., with Lieut.-Colonel R. S. F. Walker, c.m.g.,
Oommaudant of the Malay States Guides, on the 1st February.
Mr. R. Shelford, late Curator of the Sarawak Museum, made a
prolonged inspection of the collections in March, on passing through
Taiping, and the thanks of the Government are due to him for
afterwards obtaining the valuable Javanese ethnological objects already
mentioned.

Classes from the Central School visited the Museum on the
3rd April and 2nd June. On the former occasion the Curator was able
to give the pupils a short address. Pupils and Sisters from the
Klian Pau Convent School paid a visit on the 2nd Aiigust ; and on
Sunday, the 5th Februar}', the Museum was opened, by special request,
to the Penang Convent Scliool.

STAFF.

Mr. E. Keilich, Taxidermist, returned from leave and resumed
duties on the 2l8t September, after 18 months' furlough.

All extra Clerk was fiuplojed duriug the last five months ami
eight days of the year, and paid for out of the extra clerical assistance
vote.

One Malay Attendant was added to the staff from the 1st January,
being provided for in the Estimates, to watch and patrol the new
wing.

FINANCIAL.

Owing to the circular issued in January from the Resident-
General's Office disallowing rice allowance to Orderlies, Peons, etc.,
joining Government Service after 1st January, there was a balance in
liand of 824 on the rice allowance vote of 696. The total saving on
the expenditure of the department for the year was §1,014.55, §662.42
of which was saved on exchange compensation allowance vote.

The revenue collected by Taxidermist's fees, etc., amounted to
$50.45 : 45 cents in excess of that estimated.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
The gift of a pair of slow loris (Nycticehiis tardigradus) — com-
monly known in the Peninsula by the misnomer of " Sloth " — was
made to the Zoological Society of London in August, and they were
safely deposited in the Society's Gardens in September.

A young leopard (Felis j^ardvs) of the black variety, which was
presented to the Perak Museum by Mr. Choo Chak Sang, of Seremban,
was sent to the Egyptian Government Zoological Gardens at Giza,
where it arrived in excellent condition in October and was warmly
acknowledged by the Superintendent, Captain Stanley Flower.

A pair of argus pheasants (Argusianus argus), procured for a
similar pui-pose for the London Zoological Gardens, failed to siirvive
for more than a month or so, and their skins were therefore added
to the Perak Museum collections.

A specimen of the Malayan flying- squirrel ( Pteromys petaurista)
was pi'esented to the British Museum in May.

A portrait of the late Sir Hugh Low, g.c.m.g., founder of the
Perak State Museum, was framed and hung up ; and the portrait of
Mr. James Wheeler Woodford Birch, first British Resident of Perak,
was hung at the entrance of the comparative ethnology room.

Towards the end of the year a new style of typewriter of the
Hammond make was noticed, and one was immediately ordered through
the Crown Agents. This machine writes only nine letter to the inch,
instead of 11 to the inch as in the ordinary Hammond typewriter ;
and as the one drawback to type-written labels is their inrlistinctness,
due to the closeness of the type, it was assumed that this machine
would be of great assistance in coping with the labelling question.

FRED. W. KNOCKER,

Curator.

KKPOKT ON THE SELANaoJI STATE MUSEUM.

1905.

EXPEXDITURE.
N the vote of .>j6,096 for personal emoluments there was a
savimr of 82,31(3.06, owing to the non-appointment of a taxider-
mist as provided for in the estimates and to the rise in exchange.

2.- Under other charges, annually recurrent expenditure, J>3,600 was
voted, which was spent as follows :

(1) Collecting trips and transport ... ... ;^8tI1.34

(2) Specimens 830.75

(3) Glassware 422.05

(4) Preservatives, collecting and cleansing

matei'ials ... ... ... ... 303.18

(5) Mounting birds and mammals ,.. ... 98.82

(6) Plates for " Museum Journal '■ 82.52

(7) Books and periodicals ... ... ... 136.15

(8) Postage and petty cash ... ... ... 108.03

(9) Freight and insurance charges ... ... 54.71

(10) Repairs and sundries ... ... ... 55.26

3. Under special expenditure, i^l,000 was voted for the purchase
of instruments and specimens and utilised as below:

(1) Purchase of ethnographical specimens ... ."5735.00

(2) Microscope ... ... ... 193.88

(3) Eifle 60.00

(4) Freight charges ... ... ... ... 10.77

Total .. S999.65

4. .*10.200 was revoted for purchase of furniture and much pro-
gress was made with the construction of cases for the new building ;
bv llip eml of the year the whole of the hardwood framing for the
wall cases of the main galleries was practically ready for erection and
the construction of talile cases well advanced. A further supply
of glass-topped boxes for containing the study collections of birds
and small mammals, similar to those used in the British Museum,
was obtained from the Crown Agents, and three zinc-lined cabinets,
designed to be practically air tight, were ordered from the Public
Works Dej-artment Factory. It is hoped that this method of storing
specimens will be 8ucces.sful in preserving the valuable collections of
the Museum from the ravages of a climate which is peculiarly
destructive to zoological specimens.

A further stock of chengai was purchased at the end of the year
and f-ta^ked to season, as it has been found that it is hopeless to
attem])t to make satisfactory cases unless the wood of which they are
built has been cut approximately to size for at least a year.

The followdug charges were iucun-ecl on accouut of this vote

(1) Labour 81,043.24

(2) Factory Eugiiieer. ahneirahs, bird cabi-

nets ami office furniture ... ... 4U8.75

(3) Timber 359.1U

(4) Supplying trap-door and hoisting tackle

to upper floor of Museum ,., ... 69. OS

(5) Iron work fur cases ... ... ... GO. 00

(6) Safe 1(50.00

(7) Shipping and handling charges ... . 9.83

(8) Glass-topped boxes 272.66

Total ... .1^2,472.66

REVENUE.

Including a balance of .^14.46 from 1904, the revenue realised
from work done for private persons and sale of surplus specimens was
>?370.88.

Under authority, previously obtained, .s384.67 was expended, prin-
cipally on freights on specimens sent t(» England for examination, on
ethnographical collections and on expenses connected with the Gunoug
Talian expedition, leaving a debit balance carried to the 1906 account
of 813.79.

VISITORS.

A large portion of the Museum was closed throughout the year
and the entire building was closed from the 8th September. Notwith-
standing this, the total attendance for the first eight months of the
year amounted to 20,930 compared with 23.219 for the corresponding-
period of 1904, but it shoidd be pointed out that these figures are
merely recorded by a native watchman and, as he was under no Euro-
pean supervision from May to September of 1905. the figures should
probably read considerably higher.

Of the total number of visitors the percentage distribution accord-
ing to race works out as follows :

First t'iiilit inuiiiji.'?.

Europeans
Eurasians
Bengalis ,.,
Tamils
Malays . , ,
Chinese . .

1903,

1904,

1905,

per ceut.

per cent.

per ceut

1.3

1.8

1.5

2.5

3.5

3.9

5.3

6.1

16.7

16.2

18.9

22.7

20.1

17.5

52.9

53.1

52.1

Total ... 100.0 ... 100.0 ... 100.0

It will be noted that the atteudauce of Europeans and Eurasians,
taken together, is practically a constant proportion while that of
Malays is diminishing; the variation, however, is probably due to
changes in the constitution of the population of the town and not to
any other cause.

LIBRARY.
No im}»ortant additions were made to the library during the current
vear. Contributions were received from the Tiustees of the British
Museum, the Smithsonian Institution and the Philippine Museum, as
well as several small pamphlets and annual reports from other
sources. A duplicate set of " Stray Feathers," a journal of Indian
ornithology, which contains much matter dealing with the Malay
Peninsula, was pmx-hased from the Singapore Museum and a few
other books were ordered through the Crown Agents.

APPARATUS.
A Zeiss microscope and a dissecting microscope were purchased
from the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, Limited.

EXCH.\isGES.

During the present period of transition it has not been feasible
to arrange any very important exchanges, but a small collection of
reptiles, desiderata of the Museum, was received from the British
Museum as well as a few tubes of named termites.

PUBLICATIONS.

Two numbers of the " Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums " were issued during the year, consisting of about 70 pages
of letterpress illustrated by two plates and a plan. Material for two
other numbers is under preparation.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY.

A few insect pests were submitted and identified during the year
including the larva of a small beetle of the family Boisirichidac, which
was causing much damage to seriali furniture manufactiu'ed by the
Public Works Department Factoxy.

ADDITIONS.

I. — ZCOLOGICAL.

In January and February two brief expeditions were undertaken
to the high mountains in the neighbourhood of Gunong Batang Kali
and small collections were obtained from a height of over 5,000 feet.
Amongst other specimens, new to the Museum, may be mentioned,
Cryptolopha trivirgota, a small green warbler ; Cyanops ramsayi, a
brilliantly plumaged barbet ; Cholcarus Inrqjiuatus, a fine peacock
pheasant only known fi-<.m two ^peohneiiH obtained by the Hon. Walter

Rothschild's collector iii Ulu Pahang; and a blue whistling thrush,
new to science, which has been descril)ed by ]\Tr. W. K. Ogilvie-
Grant, of the British Museum. A small squirrel proved to be (S'ci»y (ts
riifUfenis, hitherto not known from the Malay Peninsula and supposed
to be confined to the uiountain districts of Burma and Teuasserim.
Another extremely rare squirrel, Rhinosciurus laticaudafns, was also
obtained within the town limits of Kuala Lumpur.

The collections made un Gunong Tahan and in its vicinity have
been sent to the British Museum, in accordance with the terms of the
agreement whereby the Trustees of that institution paid a consider-
able proportion of the expenses of the expedition ; but it is anticipated
that the balance remaining after the first set has been deposited in the
national collection will provide a number of species not hitherto
represented in either the Perak or Selaugor Museum. The numerous
other additions. vertel>rate and invertebrate, call for no special remark.

II. ETHNOLOGICAL.

As in 19U4 very special attention was paid to this department, and
the accessions, mostly from Negri Sembilan and Pahang, are very
numerous. The collection of native wood carving has been much
extended and further additions have been made to the series of
handmade pottery, which now (.-omjirises examples of nearly every
fabric known from the Federated Malay States, including two beautiful
specimens of a type of incised work now no longer made. A large
number of spears, showing the development of the blade from a wcioden
model, were purchased and numerous specimens of the less common
types of weapons. Several examples of old brass and silver work were
also secured, including two waist buckles of silver, "jadam," the
manufacture of which is now a lost art on this side of the Peninsula.

Mr. Cecil Wray, Resident of Pahang, kindly purchased for the
Museum a most interesting set of miscellaneous ethnological specimens,
mostly from Pekan. including a curious tuinhok Jada, or dagger, "with
a bronze blade.

Whilst at Kuala Tembeling I also made a small but varied collec-
tion, amongst whicli there may be mentioned a set of the dies used in
making the pottery for which the district is famous and several fine
specimens of " batvi lintar" or neolithic celts dug out of the sand
banks which border the Tembeling in several places. At the end of
the year a visit was paid to Linggi, where several unique and curious
objects were purchased, inckiding a set of the implements used in the
" zunnat " operation.

III. MINERALOOY, GEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC PROBUCTS.

Works on these groups was entirely suspended, pending the trans-
ference of the collection to the new Museum, but arrangements have
been made wherebv the technical collections made bv the Mines,

Geological, Agricultural aud Forests Departments will be placed on
view in the central hall of the new Museiun ; in the meantime,
h<>wever, no storage room has been available.

DONATIONS.

Considering the out-of-the-way situation of the existing building
and the fact that it has been impossible to exhibit specimens to
advantage, it is not surprising that donations to the Museum have
been few and unimpoi-taut. It is hoped, however, that on the removal
of the collections to the commodious premises now practically finished
this will be altered and that the general public will assist in making
the Museiun really representative of the resources of these States by
contributing any specimens of interest that they may be in a position
to obtain.

CONSERVATION.

The collections have throughout the year been cleaned and where
necessary repaired, aud many of the more perishable articles have been
l-acked up in tin-lined cases, as the increasing dilapidation of the
building has rendered their further exposiu'e inadvisal)le.

A large number of rare mammals and birds were sent home for
motmting by an experienced taxidermist, and the former have been
safely received back in a most satisfactory condition, the results in the
case of a large male siamang and a wild cat being particulaidy
fortimate. Mounting from the dried skin, however, can never show
such good effects as when the specimens are taken in hand immediately
after death, and in a humid climate like that of the Federated Malay
States the drying and subsequent relaxation of the skins are attended
with special risk to the specimens, due to incipient decomposition.

STAFF.

The Dyaks attached to the Museum worked hard and well during
the year, their duties on G-imong Tahan being specially arduous ; Imt
the Beuj'ali watchmen were not satisfactorv.

'o^

The Museum clerk absconded in September after pawning the
silver mounts of several spears aud krises ; he was, however, captured
and sentenced to nine months' rigorous imprisonment, and fortunately
the majoi-ity of the stolen articles were recovered from the pawnbi'oker
with whom they had teen pledged, whilst the value of the balance
was made good by the Government Officers' Guarantee Fund.

H. C. KOBINSON,

Curator.

THE MALAY VAKNISH CALLED *• GETAH LULl'*

By L. WRAY.

A/f'R. E. M. HOLMES, f.l.s., Curator of the Museum of the Phar-
maceutical Society, writes iu the Museum Eeport for 1903-6,
p. 32, pubhshed iu 1907 : " Nearly eleveu years ago I described iu the
Journal of this Society (3), 25, a specimen of a varnish used by the
Malays of the Straits Settleiuents, which is there considered to be the
best in use, forming a white brilliant hard varnish. It was received
from Mr. L. Wray, the Curator of the Perak Museum, who sent with
it a leafy branchlet of the tree, but with fruit only, uot flowers. From
the specimens then sent, so far as I could determine, the tree yielding
the varnish was either Garciuia menjuetisis, Wight, or nearly allied to
it. Now Mr. Wray has sent specimens of flowers, and, on submitting
the flowers to Mr. J. T. Duthie, b.a., the Assistant for India, at the
Royal Herbarium, Kew, he has confirmed my supposition as correct."

This species is thus described iu the " Materials for a Flora of the
Malayan Peninsula," by Sir George King, k.c.i.e. :

"2. Gakcinia meroubnsis, Wight, HI. 122, Ic, 116. — A tree 30 to
40 feet high ; young branches thin, terete, dark brown when dry.
Leaves : ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, bluntly caudate-acuminate, the base
cuueate ; upper surface when dry shining, dark brown ; the lower didl
pale bi'own, the midrib distinct on both ; nerves indistinct, thin,
spn.'ading, about .075 inches apart ; length 3 to 3.5 inches, breadth 1.1 to
1.4 inches ; petiole .25 inches. Male flowers : .15 inches in diameter, iu
rather dense axillary minutely bracteolate 3- to 6-flowered cymes longer
than the petioles ; pedicls .2 inches, buds globose ; sepals fovir, fleshy, the
outer pair small, ovate-orbicular, sub-acute ; the inner pair orbicular,
all concave ; petals four, orbicidar, fleshy, concave, covering the stigma in
bud ; anthers numerous on both sides of four flesliy processes ; sessile,
oblong, dehiscing suturally ; rudy-style long, cylindric, thick ; stigma
discoid, smooth, flat. Hermaphrodite flowers : sepals four, the outer
pair, as in the male, ovate-orbicular, thin ; petals four,orbicular-reniform,
fleshy, not covering the stigma ; stamens numerous on both sides of four
triangular fleshy processes ; anthers sessile, sub- orbicular, dehiscing
vertically by the sutures ; stigma sessile, very large, hemispheric,
convex, smooth, covering the anthers when young. Female flowers :
sepals four, the outer pair much smaller than the inner, all thin and con-
cave ; petals four, orbicular, about the same size as the inner sepals,
concave, thinly coriaceous, with a thick-ended coloured patch at the
base; staminodes and disk O; stigma semi-hemispheric, almost cover-
uig the whole ovary. Fruit: pcdicelled, globular, .75 inches in

Die, I'M).

diamoter, smooth, covered by the coucave smooth stigma. Hook., fil.
Fl. Br. lud., I., 267 ; Km-z., Fl. Burm., 1, 89 ; Pierre Flora Forest,
Coch.-Chiu. Fasc, VI., p. VI., tab. 68, 69, 91, D.

" Malacca : Griffith, Maingav, No. 155 ; Kew Distrib. Perak : Scor-
techiui, Nos. 224a ami 812 ; King's Collector, No. 2660 : Wray, 1075.
Pouang : Curtis, No. 900."

Professor Wyiidham R. Duustau, f.r.s.. Director of the Im])erial
lustitute, furnished the following report on this substance in 1905. It
is printed in the " Bulletin of the Imperial Institute," Vol. III., No. 2,
p. 1-49 :

"GARCINIA KESIN FROM PEKAK, FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

"This material was forwarded to the Imperial Institute on Ijehalf
of the Grovernmenl oi the Federated Malay States by Mr. Leonard
Wrav. Curator of the Perak Museum. The specimen was accompanied
Ijv a letter, giving the following information with regard to the extrac-
tion and preparation of the resin :

"The resinous substance is the dried sap oi a Garcinia. The sap
is obtained bv making incisions in the bark of the trees. It is then
boiled until it is as thick as cream, when a little turpentine is added,
and it is ready for use as varnish, being applied to the wood by means
of a pad of cloth.

" As pi-epared, it is an emulsion of a jjale yellow colour ; if boiled
till all the Avater is evaporated it solidifies, and cannot be dissolved
ai'ain with turpentine ; Ijut if w^ater is added at once it may again be
made into an enudsiou. It will only keep in good condition for a few
days, fermentation of the watery portion of the sap readily setting in.

•• This Malay varnish is, Avhen dry, nearly white, very hard and
l)rilliant. Ijeing ([uite ecpial to the Japanese lacquer. The tree which
vields it is a wild one, and as it fruits freely there should be no difficulty
in planting it.

• CHEMICAL EXAMINATION.

" The sample of this product forwarded has been examined in the
Scientific and Technical Depai-tment of the Imperial Institute. The
specimen weighed about 4 ounces, and. consisted of a semi-solid resin
contained in a porticm of a bamboo stem. Internally tlie material was
soft and opa(j[ue, and had a pale yellowish colour, and an odour re-
sembling that of "t'ung" oil: but externally it was dark-brown in
colour, and was covered by a \ery thin layer of brittle material, prob-
ablv produced by the action of the atmosphere on the resin. This hard
outer layer, which is probably identical with the insoluble resin pro-
duced by evaporating the whole of the water from the sap, constituted
oulv a minute proportion of the whole: it was insoluble in turpentine
oil and the usual solvents, but the small amount obtainable precluded
its further investigation.

" The resiu, when freed from the thin outer layer of altered material,
was soluble in turpentine oil, chloroform, benzene and ether, and
ahnost completely so in alcohol. It melted at (35" C (15!/^ F.), and on
ignition furnished 0.21 per cent, of ash. One grain of the resin required
89.2 milligrams of potassiiun hydroxide for neutralisation, and 93.5
milligrams of this re-agent for complete saponification. It contains,
therefore, a large proportion of free resin acids, and a comparatively
small amount of resin esters.

" When dissolved in turpentine oil and the solution applied as a
varnish to wood, there was left on drying a hard almost white ' coat,'
similar to that produced by damar varnishes.

" A small sample of the resin was submitted to a firm of varnish
makers for technical trial : they reported that it could probably be
used as a substitute for damar resin in the preparation of varnishes
suitable for in-door woi'k, but that it would be necessary to carry out
experiments on a large scale before a definite commercial value could
be assigned to the material.

" These results indicate that this Garcinia resin is a product of
considerable interest and likely to prove commercially valuable, and
it has been suggested that a larger sample of about 14 pounds of
the material should be prepared and forwarded to the Imperial Insti-
tute for further examination, technical trial and commercial valuation.

" At the same time a similar sample of the hard insoluble resin
prepared by evaporating the whole of the water from the saj), as de-
scribed iu the letter accompanying the present specimen, has been
requested, since it is possible that a process might be devised for jn'e-
paring a resistant varnish of the copal type from this material.

" It is desirable that steps should be taken to identify the particular
species of' Garcinia from which this resin is derived. In this connection,
it is of particular interest to note that this resin appears to be quite
different in constitution from the gum-resin, gamboge, obtained from
the nearly allied plants Garcinia hanhitrii and Garcinia Dtorella.^'

I will now supplement the above particulars as to its collection
and use with further details obtained from some Perak Malays.

The method of collection is as follows :

Small horizontal notches are cut in the bark of the trees down to
the wood. Each notch is made by a double cut, one with the knife
held with the edge turned upwards and the next with it pointing
downwards. The result being that a wedge-shaped piece of bark is
removed. The tapping is to be done about 5 p.m., and it is essential
that the trees be visited early in the morning as soon after sunrise
as possible, otherwise the small bees, called Jcehdat, will carry away
all the gummy sap for use in their nest building. During the night
the sap oozes out and there is found in the morning a small quantit

.^2

of (jetah iu each cut. It is removed by the tiuger tip and theu scraped
off iuto a bamboo. The getah is of a creamy cousisteucy and of a
pale yellow colour, Avith a characteristic smell. Examined under the
microscope it is seen to be an emulsion.

It is next run out of the bamboo into a piece of white cloth, This
is folded up lengthwise, the ends gras])ed by the two hands and the cloth
twisted tightly, till all the fluid has been rung out; leaving only the
chips of bark and other refuse in the cloth. To one i)art of the getah,
two parts of spirits of turpentine are added, and the whole put into
either a brass cooking pot or an iron knaJi. This is placed over a fire
and the contents brought to the boil three times in succession, when
it is ready for use as a varnish. As thus prepared, it retains a
considera1.)le amount of water and is still an emulsion of a pale
yellowish -Itrowu colour. Some Malays say they use minyak kapor
harus, or camphor oil, but the oil I have been shown under this wauie
appears to be only turpentine, with possibly a little camphor in it. In
Larut. any way, common spirits of turpentine is used. It was called
miitijnk kayn pideh l)y my informant, which is the Malay name for
Cajeput oil, but turned out to be turpentine on examination.

Foiinerly, it was considered that it should be cooked only at
midnight and the operator had to woi'k in a state of nature ; otherwise
the process could not be brought to a successful termination.

To apply the varnish, a rag is sometimes used, but the best results
are obtained by laying it on with the ball of the thumb, which has
l)een previously smoothed by rubbing on a sharpening stone. If this
is not done, the grain of the skin leaves marks on the fiaished surface
of the varnish. No oil is emjiloyed to prevent sticking, as in the
somewhat similar process of French polishing. Having been coated,
the article is hung up to dry, usually under the eaves. This takes
from three to five davs according to the state of the weather. As first
|)ut on, the vaniish is translucent from the admixture of water ; but, as
it dries, the water evaporates and it becomes transparent.

The wood, previous to varnishing, is i-eudered as smooth as possible
by means of a knife, and the final finish given to it by ruljbing it down
with the leaves of a white-flowered climber, called inamjdas kasaj)
(Dclima mnnnutom, Linn.;, or those of several species of rough-leaved
tigs may be employed instead. These leaves give a smoother surface
than the finest glass-jjajjer can ini[)art. With hard, close-grained
woods like kainiuuag {Mun-aya exotica, Linn.), one coat of the varnish
is sufficient ; but with softer and more absorbent woods two are
required. Nothing in the way of size is employed by the Malays to
fill the grain l>efore varnishing, as is done in Eui'ope. It has, therefore,
to be filled with tlie varnish itself.

The ai-tides wljicl} are UKj.st fre<|uently coated with tliis varnish
aiv the: scabbards and l)andles of weapons. The surface is bright and

hard an<l will stand mncli wear. No Eui-opoan varnish, that I am
acquainted with, can be compared t(^ it in tliese respects.

The tree is not a large one ; it is found growing in the big forest
of the low hills and some way up the sides of the bigger ranges. It is
nowhere plentiful, though it is scattered sparsely over a large area of
country .

About eleven years ago I obtained some seeds and raised four
plants from them. Of these, three are still growing in the Museum
Grrounds, Taiping. The soil is very liad. the land having been previously
mined, so that they have proliably not made the growth they would
have done under more favourable circumstances. The largest tree is
now 21 feet 7 inches in height, measures 9| inches in circumference,
at 6 inches from the ground and 7 inches at 3 feet from the
ground. The branches are long, slender and drooping, quite unlike
the sturdy growth of the familiar GTarcinias, such as the mangosteen
and the glxga. U\) to the present time the trees have not flowered.
According to the Malays they are quite big enough to tap.

I have been unable to comply with Professor Dunstan's request fo)-
a l4-])0und sample of the getoh ; although $5 per gallon has been
offered to the Malavs for it, no one has vet undertaken to collect it.

"BIAK": AN OPIUM SUBSTITUTE.

By L. WRAY.

nnHE leaves of an indigenous tree are sometimes used in Malaya as
an opium substitute. In the State of Perak its use is said to have
declined in recent years, owing to the introduction of cheap opium ;
but it is still reported to be much in vogue in Patau i and other
Northern States. This native report was corrol^orated l)v Pliya Sri
Sahabhel), Vice-Minister for the Interior, Siam, who lately visited
Perak. He described a tree, the leaves of which were used in place of
opium, in the Siamese-Malay States of the northern part of the Malay
Peninsula. From his description, I have no doubt, that the tree is
jJoJco hiak. He said it was a much worse form of drug-habit than
opium smoking, the eifects on its halntual devotees being far more
deleterious.

Puko biaJc is a medium-sized tree, with large leaves and balls of
greenish-w^hite flowers. It is widely distributed in Perak. and there
is a place near Salak, in the Kuala Kangsar district, named after it.
It is known as Keton in Patani. It occurs in the jungle and is planted
in the kampongs, and also has been preserved when the other trees
were felled and cleared away. Consequently, it is frequently seen in
and around villages. Specimens of the dried and powdered leaves, as
prepared for consumption, have been shown in the economic collection

of the Perak State Museum for ovor twenty years, and botanical
specimens of it wei-e collected in the year 1888. Mr. E. M. Holmes,
Curator of the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society, kindly
examined and identified them as Miiragyne speciosa of Korthals.
This was subsequently confirmed by the Botanists of the Royal
Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, to whom I also sent them. The follow-
int? description of the tree appears in Sir George King's " Materials
f(n' a Flora of tlie Malayan Peninsula: "

"2. MiTRAGYNE SPECIOSA, Korth., Obs. de Nauclces Indices, p. 19
(name only). — Young branches usually dark-coloured, compressed.
Leaves meml^ranous, ol>long-obovat« to oblong, shortly and abruptly
acuminate or sub-acut«, the base broad and rounded or rarely slightly
and suddenly contracted ; l>oth siirfaces glabrous, the lower minutely
reticidate and sometimes pulierulous on the 12 to 15 pairs of slightly
curved ascending nerves : length 4 to 5.5 inches ; breadth 2 to 3.5
inches ; petiole thin, .8 to 1.2 inches long ; stipules lanceolate, sparsely
pul)escent. Corolla .3 inch long ; tube of calyx wide, ridged, its
mouth about .075 inch across. Anthers sagittate at the base. Stigma
mitriform.

" Haviland, in Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXIII., 69 ; Stephegyne 82)eciom,
Korth., Verb. -Nat. Gesch. Bot., p. 160; S, parvifoUa, K. Schum,
fl. Kaiser- Wilh. Land., p. 127 ; Nouclea speciosa, Mig., Fl. Ind.
Bat., II.. 140.

"Pahang: Ridley, 2190. Perak: Wray, 1896, 4280 ; Scortechini,
616; King's Collector, 1770, 10029, 10459. Distrib.. Sumatra;
Forbes, Borneo ; Motley, 1169 ; Korthals. Philippines ; Cuming,
Motley ; Vidal, New Guinea."

It wiU be noticed that the geographical range of the species is very
wide: embr.K'ing the whole Malayan Archipelago and Peninsula.

A reference to the supposed properties of the plant appears in the
"Kew Bulletin," No. 5 of 1937, p. 199, where it is stated: "A com-
munication from Mr. D. Hooper drawing attention to an article
bv Mr. H. N. Ridlev in ' Journal of the Asiatic Societv ' for Julv, 1897,
wherein the writer refers to the leaves of Miiragyne speciosa, Korth.,
as being employed in Perak as a remedy for the opium habit." It
appears, however, that in the July number for that year there is only
one article by Mr. Ridley, and that is " Malay Plant Names," and at
p. 58 occurs the only mention f>f the plant, which is as follows :

"'Biak' (Perak): Miteagyne speciosa, Korth. (Rubiaceae). —
Leaves used as a sub.stitute for opium in Perak, according to
Mr. Wray."

This is quite another matter ; " remedy " and " substitute " being
words of such widely diverse meaning. It only shows, once again,
h<^»w very necessary it is to k>ok up references.

Thcro are two distinct ways of preparing the drug for use. In
the first, tlie leaves are picked and put out to dry in the siui. until
they become crisp, when they are reduced to a powder by rubbing
between the hands. The fibrous ribs and veins of the leaves being
removed during the process. The resulting powder may then be
stored for future use.

The dose was, characteristically described by an old Malay to be,
about ionr-duit ayioiia weight of the powder. A diiit ayam is a
small copper coin having on the obverse the figure of a cock. It was
issued by the East India Company at several dates at the beginning of
the last century. They weigh on an average 34 grains each, so that the
dose would be 136 grains, or, say, 2 j drams Apothecai-y's weight. The
powder is mixed with cold water in a cup and the whole drunk ; or an
infusion is made with hot water and it is taken like tea. It is usual
to take it twice a day, before meals.

The second method of preparation is to dry the leaves as before
in the sun, then boil them in water so as to form an infusion. This is
strained and the clear filtrate is evaporated to a sirupy consistency.
This extract can be kept a long time, and is usually stored in the little
horn boxes used by opium smokers for keeping prepared opium in. It
is called chandu by the Malays, which is also the name of opium when
prepared for smoking. This extract of hiah is mixed with hot water
before taking. The dose is said to be one Imn, which is equal to 5.83
grains Troy. Some people just put it on to the tongue and wash it
down with a drink of water.

The extract may also be smoked, somewhat in the same way as
prepared opium. The pipe employed for this purpose is made of the
bamboo known to the Malays as hnloh minyah (Oa'ytennnthera sinvata),
and is 14^ inches long and ^ths inch in diameter. It is closed by
a natural septum at one end, and is open at the other, this is the end
which is applied to the mouth in use. Near the closed end a brass
tube is inserted, which projects at right angles to the bamlioo, and is
If inch long, with a liore of j inch in diameter. There is in the
Museum collection an opium pipe of Patani pattern, almost exactly
similar to the one described above, only the bowl, if it may be so called,
is of tin in place of brass. The extract is prepared for smoking by
mixing it intimately with the finely shi-edded leaves of the Palas palm
{Licuala pahidosa) , cut in the same way, and with the same implements,
as native-grown tobacco. This mixture, which is a sticky, fibrous>
brown mass, is called madat.

A lamp on a tall foot completes the outfit. A specimen in the
Perak Museum has a wooden base in the form of a conventionalized
four-lobed flower, of 5 5 inches square and 1| inch thick. The upper
part consists of a piece of bamboo 2f inches in diameter, cut so that
the upper portion forms a shallow cup, closed beneath by a septum.

r>olow this the ii;voat<^r i>art of tlio walls of tlio haniboo have been out
awav, leaviutj only four equidistaut evlin<Irical-shaped pieces, the lower
ends oi which are mortised into the wooden base, the whole being
9 inches in heisj^ht, the cnp serves to hold the oil contjiiner which
is a valve of a Huvio-niariue shell. The wick is of twisted cotton
cloth, kept in place by a metal support. Coconut oil is burned in it.

The method of smoking- is as follows : The smoker sits tailorwise
on the tioor, with the lamp in front of him. He then takes a small
piece of the madaf, rolls it with his fingers into a })ellet, the size of
the bore of the brass tube, into which he inserts it, then putting his
mouth to the other end of the bamboo he brings the madat in contact
with the flame of the lamp and inhales the smoke of the burning pellet
through the pipe. From twenty to thirty pellets are smoked at a time.

The effects of the drug, whether taken internally or smoked, are
said to resemlile those of opium, and in large doses it is ]>oisonous,
producing stupor. It is also snid that users of it suffer from perma-
nent enlargement of the abdomen. This is attril)uted, by some, to the
indolent life which is induced by indulgence in the hiak habit.

Besides the purposes already mentioned, the leaves of this ti*ee are
used medicinally for worms in children. They are made into a povdtice
and applied externally over the upper portion of the abdomen. It is
held that, if applied to the lower portion, the worms are driven upwards
and escape by the mouth ; but if confined to just beneath the termi-
nation of the ribs they are expelled downwards and are passed in the
ordinary way. Of their efficacy as a vermifuge, applied in the manner
indicated above, I have very grave doubts.

Some time Imck I sent about 16 pounds' weight of the dried leaves
to Mr. E. M. Holmes for examination. He, however, reported that no
poisonous alkaloi<l had been found in it. A further consignment has
now been sent, and it is hoped that the active principle will bo success-
fully separated from the drug.

"SUJI TIMBA."

By L. WRAY.

''PHIS is a form (ti gold-thread embroidery, much used by the
Malays for the ornamentation of mats and other articles. It
appears to be veiy closely related tf) the so-called " gold lace " on
Civil Scrvif-e and some other uniforms ; though whether it is pro-
duced in the same way, I am not in a position to say.

The design is drawn on white paper, in free-hand, for the most
part ; but where there is a pattern which consists of two or four
.symetrical divisions, the ]»apcr, or, in the case of a large design, a

.separate smaller piece of paper is folded in half or quarters and the
motive is drawn (m one section of the folded paper. It is then put on
to a- board and cut throuj'-h all the folds by means of a sharp-pointed
knife. It is subsequently unfolded and laid on the lar^e pattern,
being kept in place by means of a few small fragments of bees'-wax
placed between the two papers, and a pencil nni round it, when it
may l>e removed. The drawing of the pattern being completed, it is
cut out with a knife, all those portions of the paper which are to
appear in gold thread l>eing left and those which are to show the
foundation are to be removed, care being taken to leave narrow strips
of paper to support the pattei'n where necessary, and a circle, scjuans
or other border is to be left to enclose the whole. This latter is called
the tali-ayer, or water-course. These paper templets are called achu
in Kuala Kangsar.

Strong cai'dboard is then built up l)y pasting several thicknesses
of brown paper together, with two sheets of white for outside covers.
When dry the paper templet is laid on this card, being kept in place
as before mentioned by a little wax here and there, and the design is
carefully traced by means of a tine-pointed pencil. The templet
heing removed, the pencil lines are cut through with a knife.

To make cording, narrow strips of rattan of the kind called rotcm
segur are taken. These are then passed through holes punched in a
piece of tinned iron. First through large holes and then succes-
sively through smaller ones, till the strip becomes round and of the
required size.

This process much resembles wire drawing, l)ut differs from it
mainly on account of the physical characteristics of the two materials.
In the case of wire, the diameter is reduced by passing it through a
series of conical holes, whereby its length is augmented at the expense
of its section ; while in the rattan, the sharp edges of the tin-plate
scrape oif portions of its substance without adding anything U) its
length.

The cardboard pattern, which is called temjmlok, is put on to the
cloth, usually velvet, which is to form the foimdation of the design,
and tacked down with stitches from a quarter to half an inch apart.
The stitches are taken transverselv across the card and not throug-h it.
Where lines are required to complete the design, the prepared ratta)!
is stitched on in the same way.

It should be mentioned that the foundation cloth, with its backing
of coarser material, is stretched on a horizontal work-frame before the
application of the card pattern.

The next step is to cover the pattern with gold thread. For this
purpose a winder is used consisting of a piece of bamboo about 9
inches long, across one end, and about H inches from it, a shorter

pioco of hmulH>o about 3 inches louif is soriiroly tierl. This
iinpleineut is called in Perak oJak-olel; Init it is known as rfiohnu
in Pahaujj: where it is, or rather was, made of many fanciful and
graceful shai>es ; in silver, brass, horn and other materials. A fine
series of these was collected bv the writer and is now in the Perak
Museum.

On to the cross is wound the gold thread, usually a. double strand,
the other end of the implement serving as a handle. A sniall needle
with tine Avhite or ground coloured cotton is also necessary, as the gold
thread is not passed over the card pattern and through the foimdation
and up the other side after the manner of crewel work, but is only
carried over the front of the card, being stitched down on either side
of it with the needle and cotton. To do this neatly requires some skill,
as the cotton must not show and the gold thread must be laid evenly
so as to completely cover tli<' whole surface of the card. The Avay it is
done is, after having tixed one end of the gold thread, to lay, by
means of the winder, Avhicli is held in the left hand, the thread across
the pattern, then the needle is brought up through the material at the
edge of the card on one side of the thread, then over it and back again
down through the material. This fastens the thread down on that
side, then the winder is moved to the other side, so that the thread lies
evenly next to that first laid, the needle is brought up again, over and
down through the material. This process is continued till the whole
of the card pattern is covered evenly with gold thread. As the support-
ing pieces of card previously mentioned are come to, they are cut off,
and the sun*ounding outer ring, if it does not form a part of the design,
is also removed l)y undoing the tacking cotton, when it is no longer
required for the support of the pattern.

The jiieces of rattan are covered in the same Avay as the card. As
many as five of these strips of rattan are laid together to fonn a border
in some cases. At other times two, three or four are used. In cover-
ing these borders the thread is carried across from No. 1 to the
next, perhaps six times, then the same is done from No. 2 to
No. 3, then again from No. 1 to No. 2, and so on alternately
so as to form a chequered pattern, as is done in English gold
lace. The gold thread is stitched down as already described.
Occasionally single pieces of the rattan ai'e covered by coiling thread
round them before applying it to the work.

Beads, usually white, and spangles are freely used in this work to
fill up all empty spaces. In this, as in most classes of oriental design,
there appears to l>e a feeling that the whole surface should be covered
with work of some sort. The restful effect of an lui broken back-ground
does not seem to appeal to an Asiatic.

Sometimes the representation of coloured flowers is attempted by
filling in spaces, which have Ijeen purposely left in drawing the design.

with a closely packed mass of coloured beads. It is probable that this
shows Chinese infliience, and it is not bv any means an improvement
on the plain gold ; particularly as in many cases the choice of colours
is apt to be anything but haj^py. Filling is also done with silver
thread, which is much more harmonious.

When completed the result is a raised design in gold, on a founda-
tion of some dark-coloured velvet or cloth, usually red, green or purple.
Of the square mats the whole central portion of the upper one is
generally embroidered in this method, Avhile the edges of the top fold
and of the lower ones are covered with some figured clotli of a
different colour for each fold. It may be mentioned that these mats
are made somewhat like the conical bellows of a photographic camera,
with sometimes as jnany as six folds, each one being smaller than the
one below it. The better class sleeping and praying mats are also
made after this fashion, but usually have only two folds. In these
long mats the portions that ai*e ornamented by suji timha are the head
piece and a row on either side of moi'e or less triangular- shaped pieces.
These are worked separately and then cut out and sewn on in their
proper places. The centre of the mat, to the edges of which these
pieces of embroidery are applied, is most effective Avhen of plain or
watered silk, but the Malays often use figured silk with not such good
results ; at any rate, from a European's art point of view. Th^ bag
at one end of a praying mat, which contains the praying staff, is also
extensively embroidered.

Pillow-ends of circular, octagonal or rectangular shapes, and also
bags, shoes and purses are frequently enriched with ^uji timha.

TWO RUBBER PESTS.

By L. WRAY.

Q OME years ago a large number of caterpillars appeared on the Para
'^ rubber trees at the Grovernment Plantations at Pondok Tanjong,
and did very considerable damage by defoliating the trees. Some of
the caterpillars were sent to me, and I endeavoured to rear them,
but they all died in a few days' time : apparently because they had
had rough treatment before reaching the Museiuii.

The second outlireak of this same pest was in the early part of
this present year at Gapis Estate, Padang Rengas, belonging to
the Kuala Kangsar Plantations Company. Here again very marked
damage was done to some twenty acres of young trees. Four of
the caterpillars were sent to me in a tobacco tin, which had had some
holes punched through it with a nail, the rough jagged edges of
the tin projecting inwards. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to state
that they all died a few hours after arrival. Although I was promised
more of the insects, thev have never been sent.

Tho followiupf snporfieial dosoriptii^n. Avliich will l>e suffioient to
ideutifv the pest when it occurs elscwbere. was taken <lowii when
the insects were received :

" General colour aliove lilack, minutely spc^tted and lined with
wliite, sides with a brit;ht yellow, Avaved line, starting froni. just behind
the third pair of legs and continuing to the tail. There are some
conspicuous white spots on the shoulders and on the last segment but
one of the body. Head and legs bright reddish l^rown, prolegs blaclc,
largelv spotted with pale reddish brown; beneath black largely sjiotted
witli dull yellow. 'JMio largest spor-imeu was some inch and a half
in length."

In both cases the fields attacked were next to some young secondary
jungle, or hluhi, and the caterpillars were also found numerously on
much of the vegetation composing it.

The remedy I proposed in both instances was the well-known one
of poisoning the leaves by sj^-ayiug them with water containing Paris
green held in suspension, and the Museum spraying apparatus was
lent for the purpose. It was reported tliat the treatment was quite
effective and rapidly killed the pest.

It may be mentioned here, as a good deal of misapprehension exists,
that this poison acts by being eaten with the natural food of the
insect— that is the leaf. Consequently it is necessary in applying it to
mix with the water some substance which will make it adhere to the
leaves. Otherwise, when they become dry, the powder wull fall off, or
at any rate the first shower of rain will wash the leaves quite clean.
The material I have found effective is a paste made with flour, or some
other form of starch, which has been well boiled. A small quantity of
this mixed with the water serves to fix the poison to the leaves suffi-
cientlv firm to withstand the rain.

The mere contact of the poison with the body of the insect has no
effect, it must reach the organs of digestion and be absorbed before
it becomes operative. The object of spraying is, therefore, to deposit
a film of poison on the leaves which will sulisequently be consumed by
the leaf -eating pest which it is wished to destroy.

Recently considerable damage has been done to some young rubber
trees at Lauderdale Estate, Matang, by the attacks of a green leaf-eat-
ing weevil, which I identified as Astycvs chrysochlorns, Wied.

In 1897 this same Ijeetle did a very large amount of damage to
many acres of Lil:)erian coffee at Gapis Estate ; and at the request of
Sir W. H. Treacher I worked out its life history. The report, which
was dated 27th July, 1897, was published in " Perak Museum Notes,"

Vol. II., Part I., p. 61-8. From this I will «|uote the suiiiinary, which
will be suffifieut here :

" The egg is lai(,l in a small hole in the surface of the ground. On
hatching, the grub burrows into the soil and lives on the well-rotted
roots and other vegetable matter contained in it. Having attained a
size of about £ of an inch in length, it forms for itself a chamber in
the earth, about 2 iuches below the surface, in which it undergoes its
metamorphosis. The perfect insect burrows its Avay out of the earth
at night and flies, probably the next day, in search of food. Having
found a tree on which it can live, it stays on it while there is any leaf
to eat, the females leaving the food plant from time to time to deposit
their eggs in the ground.

" The results of digging showed that the grubs were most fre(juent
in the cleanest land. I dug in grass and weeds in many parts of the
estate, but could not find one. The same results followed digging in
scrub and lalamj land, and also luider the hedges ... In the
clear land, in one place, as many as six grubs were found within an
area of less than one square yard ; but, on an average, there are not more
than one or two per square yard. Of course, the younger ones being
vei-y small undoubtedly escape observation when turning over the
soil. At one per square yard we get 4,840 per acre, which is a suffi-
cientlv large total to account for a verv extensive destruction of foliage."

Takmg into account the life history of the insect, there appears to be
only one period of its life when it is [)ossible to attempt tj destroy it —
and that is when it has attained maturity. Then it might be collected
by hand picking or killed by poisoning its food supply with one of the
arsenical powders applied as previously mentioned. Mr. E. Lauder
Watson informs me that he has nearly exterminated it l)y handq)icking.
The same method was also reported by the late Sir Greame Elphin-
sstone to be effective in ridding the Liberian coffee on Gapis Estate of
the same pest.

DIE INLANDSTAMME DEK MALAYISCHKN
HALBIN8EL.

iJY Dk. JIUDOLF MARTIN.

T"N this work — which covers two volumes and is extremely well
printed and illustrated — Dr. Martin discusses the data that he
has obtained, either personally or through the reports of other obser-
vers, regarding the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula. He does not
do more than touch upon linguistic questions, but, except in this
important branch of research, his work is very thorough, and is only
inconclusive Ijecause the data that we ]>ossess are insufficient to lead
to any very positive results.

It is customarv to divide the wild tribes of tlie Malay Peninsula
iuto three distinct classes : the " Seniaug," or black woolly-haired
aboriL,'iues of the North : the " Sakai," or fair wavy-haired aborij^ines
of tlio Biitani; Padauij; mountains ; and the " Jaknns," or Indonesian
aboriifines of Malacca and Jolior. Of the Jakuns, Dr. Martin has little
to tell us — he saw nothing of them : but confined his personal obser-
vations to a few men of the Blanda. Besisi, Senoi and Scmang types
— the liest-known or stock types of " aborigines." Quite apart, how-
ever, from the " Jakun " omissions, it is extremely doubtful whether
Dr. Martin has reully done more than deal with the outer fringe of
the '• Sakai" «|Uestion. The " Semang," in the North, are cei-taiuly
a highly specialized race ; but between them and the Scuoi of Batang
Padang lie other important tribes — the " Tembe," of Clifford ; the
" Bastard Semang," of Anuandale and Robinson — who differ from
both Scnoi and Semang, and who are not at all adequately discussed
in Dr. Martin's bot>k. In the valley of the Nenggiri there is said to
Vm a lai'ge community of Sakais ; very little is known about them, and
Dr. Martin adds nothing to our knowledge. In the little-known country
between the Tembeling and the Kuantan, there are more Sakais, but
nothing whatever is known about their language, and the little that is
known aljout their blowpipes and their costume shows a great difference
between them and the other wild tribes of the Peninsula. In Selangor,
the dialect of the Sakais behind Rasa has some niarked peculiarities,
while that of the Oraug Kcuaboi between Sungei Lui and Jelebu is
(if our vocabularies are to be trusted) totally unlike any other known
hur'naire. The numerous Sakai settlements between Johol and the
Upper Rompin have also to be investigated. In any case, it is
quite clear that the three stock divisions — " Semang," " Sakai " and
" Jakun" — are not an adequate description of the aboriginal races of
the Peninsula, and will have to be extensively modified in the future.

Dr. Martin's work is, therefore, not by any means " the last word"
on the wild tril)es of Malaya, but it is an excellent summing iip of all
that we know at ]>resent about them. Our information hitherto has
Ijeen largely of the nature yf travellers' tales ; Dr. Martin has subjected
those tales — (.'Specially the tales of "Professor" Vaughan-Stevens — to
scientific analysis and distinguishes to some extent between the true
and the false. He begins by giving us 7o pages on the Greography,
Greology, Climate, Flora and Fauna of the Peninsula — a section of the
work which is called for by continental ideas of thoroughness and not
bv any sf)ecial light that it throws on the questicms at issue. He then
goes on to discuss the data about Pre-historic Malaya. Who made
the stone implements that we find in the Peninsula Y Dr. Martin
gives good reasons for Ijelieving that the Sakais did not make them.
He then discusses the hist<jrical data, frc^m Herodotus to the last cen-
sus returns : but they throw no light on the origin of the Sakais. We
thi-n get a very u.seful 'J<,> }»ages on the History of Sakai Research, in
Ashich Dr. Martin discusses very thoroughly the work of Vaughan-

Steveus and tiually dismisjses the "Professor" by ([Uotiui,', with some
show of approvril, a casual remark that he was " the bit>;gest liar iu
Asia." It was certainly time that the " Pi*ofessor's " statements
should begin to be taken with the salt of incredulity. Dr. Martin's
account of the distributions and divisions of the wild tribes (pp. 177-
218) comes next. It is the least satisfactory part of the book ; he
mentions very few tribes, confuses the Blandas and Besisi, and devotes
for too much attention to trivial points, such as the spelling of tribal
names. How can it really help us to know that the word " Semang "
has been spelt in no less than seven different ways ?

The consideration oi the " Physical Anthropology " of the Sakai
and Semang takes up no less than 483 pages, and is by far the
most valuable portion of Mr. Martin's Avork. Of course, we need more
data. No single aboriginal tribe has yet been exhaustively studied ;
many tribes are still practically unknown; the material that we
possess is of unequal value. The " Evgology " of the wild tribes
is discussed in about 350 pages, and Dr. Martin completes his work
with 41 pages of " Concluding Remarks " on the anthropological
position of the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula. His conclusions
are mainly negative. A good bibliography and some excellent
plates are included in the second volume of Dr. Martin's work.

There can be no question of the utility of Dr. Martin's book.
Except iu the matter of linguistics, it completely supersedes every
existing work, and is an excellent statement of the results obtained up
to the present by the study of these little-known wild tribes. But
they still remain little known. The great desideratum — a full account
of the distribution of the aborigines and of their differences — is still
lacking. Three tribes — Senoi, Semang and Besisi — loom far too large
in all accounts of the wild tribes of the Peninsula. We are left
to jvidge the others by these three. Yet there are immense diiferences
that are not to be so easily dismissed. The Kenaboi language differs
far more from the language of the neighbouring Besisi, than the
Besisi differs from Semang. What again is the exjjlauation of
the common element in the language of the Besisi, Semang and
Senoi, when the racial diiferences are so great Y What is the explana-
tion of the ergological diiferences, the different types of blowpipe
coming from different parts of the Peninsula, tlie differing poisons, the
various ways of making fire ? What is the true relation between
the so-called "Bastard Semang" and the Senoi and Semang? Mere
admixture of race will not explain the differences. Sakai Research
is too much confined to " stock " ti'ibes ; we want to know more about
the men of the Ncnggiri, of Kuautau, of Ulu Rompin and the Kenaboi.
There are numerous questions still remaining to be answered ; and until
more data are available any ambitious work on the wild tribes
must run the risk of being considered premature.

R. J. WILKINSON.

'I'HE FOOD OF THE HAMADJiYAD.

''PHE HHUiiulniul. Noia hiuHjariis, Schley-., is the lart>-est of poisououb
snakes. Lvtlekker iu the "Koval Natural History" gives the size
as Vo feet aud states that it probably grows larger. The longest oue
iu the collection of the Perak Museum, measured in the flesh 14 feet
i* inches. I have heard of larger specimens, but have had no means
of verifying the measurements.

0^)hioi)lia(jus, one of the synonyms of the Hamadryad, means
" suake-eating," iu allusion to its well-known habit of devouring
mcud)crs of its own order. It, however, does not appear to have been
recorded that it eats, not only innocuous, but poisonous snakes as well.
Two instances of this have come under my observation. In the tirst a
Hamadryad of aljout 10 feet in length was caught by hitting it with
a stick, when it disgorged a 6-feet long Sun-snake (Adeniophia
birinjofus, Boie.), which had only just been swallowed. The second
case was t)f a Hamadryad which was caught and killed while in the
act of eugluttiug a Bumjarux fasciatus, Cantor.

The Sun-snake is, although poisonous, not -jf a very virulent type,
aud has sdch a small gape that it would be no match for a powerful
snake like the King Cobra. The Bumjarus fasciattis, on the other hand,
'is one t.f the more poisonous species, and is. according to the Fauna of
British India, a snake-eater itself. Cantor in his " Catalogue of Kep-
tiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands " writes : " A fowl,
four minutes after it had been bitten on the inner side of the thigh by
a Butitjarus fanciatus, fell on the wounded side and was shortly after
seized with slight purging. The eyes were half closed, the pupils
alternately dilated aud contracted, immoVtilc. In seventeen minutes
slight spasms occurred, under which the bird expired forty-tliree
minutes after it had Ijeen wounded.

"Another fowl, w^ouuded in the same place as the former by the
same seri)ent, but, after an interval of seven hours, expired under
similar symtoms, only more violent spasms, in the course of tweuty-
eitrht minutes."

'o'

B<-ariiig on this subject, 8ir J. Fayrer, Bt., k.c.s.i., in the
•■ 'J'hauatophidia <jf India" writ^'s : "I have not Ijeen able to satisfy
myself positively, after many experiments made on purpose, that the
poisonous snakes are absolutely iusensiljle to their own, or to the
venom of others, but to a greats extent they certainly are so.

" I have repeatedly made Cobras and Daboias bite themselves, and
«u;h other, and they never seemed the worse for it. But I believe
that the poison does take effect on snakes of a less deadly chantcter,
aud although T have generally seen the Binujunix escai>e, I have seen
a^i occasional death of this snake after a bite bv a Cobra thai. I think,

might, with some reiisou, be attributed to the poison. Tlie non-venom-
ons snakes die rapidly — the Ptyas, a large, vigorous and fierce snake,
though non-venomous, succumbs within an hour or so to the bite of a
Cobra."

From the fact that, in natural circumstances, a Hamadryad has
been foimd to have killed and almost swallowed a large Bnngartis, it
appears that it may be assumed that the poison of the latter is not
effective against the former, while the venom of the former is fatal to
the Bnngarus. The Hamadryad being a much more agile reptile than
the other, it may rely on its quicker powers of movement to enable it
to inflict a fatal bite on its prey and escape a bite itself ; in the same
way as the Mongoose does. There is, therefore, still some doubt
respecting the first assumption, though, I think, that the second is
clearly proved.

Two cases of Hamadi'yads, caught in the act of eating non-poison-
ous snakes, have also come under my notice. In one the prey was a
Coluber radiatm of -5 feet 5 inches in length, while the Hamadryad
measured 9 feet 7 inches ; and in the second it was a common Rat
Snake.

L. W.

REPORT ON ERYTHEOXYLON COCA LEAVES FROM

PERAK.

By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, m.a., f.r.s.,

Director.

n~^HE sample of coca leaves which is the subject of this report was
forwarded for examination to the Impei'ial Institute by the
Director of Museums, Federated Malay States, with letter No. D. M.
56/1907, dated the 15th April, 1907. The leaves were procured from
the Kamuning Estate, Perak, where about half an acre has been
planted with Erytliroxijlon coca.

DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLE.
The sample consisted of about 15 lbs. of brownish-green leaves,
which varied in length from 1 to 2 inches ; they were brittle and very
much broken. The leaves resembled those of Erythroxylon coca, Lam.,
var. spruceanum, as cultivated in Java, but were rather browner than a
good sample of the latter.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATION.
Chemical examination of the leaves gave the following results :

Moisture at 100= C 9.19 per cent.

Ash 6.95

Total alkaloids 0.64

Bee, 1007.

The percentage of alkaloids present is quite equal to tlie average
amount found iu commercial supplies of coca leaves from other
sources.

COMMERCIAL VALUATION,

A sample of the leaves was submitted for valuation to a firm of
manufacturing chemists, who reported that the colour was not parti-
cularly good, and that at present similar leaves containing 0.6 per
cent, of total alkaloids would fetch 7UJ. to Sd. per lb. on the London
market.

The firm stated that they had recently made a considerable pur-
chase of Java leaves of the same alkaloidal strength, but of superior
coloiu" at the above-mentioned price.

CONCLUSIONS AND KECOMiMENDATIONS.
These coca leaves from Perak were not very well prepared, being
much broken and discoloured. To obtain the best price, the leaves
should bo bright green, unbroken, and of good ai*oma, and these
characters can only be obtained by collecting the leaves carefully aud
drying them fairly rapidly.

It is stated that, in Java and Ceylon, the best qualities of coca
leaves are dried quickly by means of a current of w^arm air produced
by a fan.

The price obtainable at the present time for coca leaves is fairly
remiuierative, l)ecausc the trade, outside South America, is in a few
hands and there is no over-production of the leaves. The total
demand for coca leaves is, however, small, aud there would be great risk
of overstocking the market and so reducing prices if further extensive
planting is undertaken. In these circumstances, if it is proposed to
plant Erj/throo'ijloii coca in the Federated Malay )States, the enterprise
should be started on a small scale aud afterwards extended, should
circumstances point to the desirability of this being done.

(Sd.) WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN.
Joth July, 1907.

A HAND LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE MALAY PEN-
INSULA, SOUTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF KKA.

By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.v.,
CuBATOE, Selangor State Mcseum.

OINCE Huiue published his three papers i on " The Birds of the West-
-^ em Half of the Malay Peninsula" in 1879 and 1880, no general
list of the birds of the region has been issued, though a very consider-
able amount of collecting has been accomplished, more especially ou

' Slruij Fcutlicrs, viii., pp. y7-72; loin, cil., pjj. 151-1G3; op. cit., pp. 107-132.

the main mouutain range, in central Paliang, and on the north-east
coast. In view, therefore, of a work on the Vertebrate Fauna of the
Malay Peninsula, which is shortly to be undertaken under the auspices
of the Government of the Federated Malay States, I have thought it
well to bring together a revised list of the species at present recorded
from the area. Considerations of space have prevented me from giving
the distribution of the species, either local or general, nor have I, except
in very occasional instances, thought it necessary to give any references
to descriptions or authority for occurrence.

My sources of informations have been the collections of the Perak,
Selangor and Singapore Museums (the two former of which are very
rich in birds), the "Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum" and
various papers on recent collections which I have cited in a former
article ^ and need not here repeat.

For the convenience of local students, species, which are represented
in one only of the local museums, are marked with an asterisk for
Perak and a dagger for Selangor, while those, which are desiderate to
both collections, are printed in antique type — e.g., Rheinwardtius
nigrescens. In addition, those forms which, though included in
the list, are of somewhat doubtful occurrence in the Peninsula, are
printed witliin square brackets.

Order GALLIFOR .V^-S'-G AME-BIRDS.

1. Rhizothera longirostris

{Temm.).

2. Arboricola charltoni {Ei/ton).
fS. Arboricolacampbelli, i^ott»so/t

4. Caloperdix oculea (Temm.).

5. Kollulus roulroul (Scop.).

6. Melanoperdix nigi*a (Vig.).

7. Excalf actoria chinensis

(Linn.).

8. Aconius erythrophthalmus

(Raffles)."

9. Lophura rufa {Raffles).

10. Gallus gallus (Linn.).

11. Polyplectrou malacceusis

(Scoi).).

12. Polyplectrou inopiuatus

(Rothsch.).
18. Argusiauus argus (Linn.).

14. Rheinwardtius nigres-

cens, Rothsch.

15. Pavo muticus, Linn.

16. Turnix taigoor, Sykes.

Order COL UMBIFOIiMES-VlGEO^H.

17. Butreron capelli (Temm.). 1 +19. Sphenocercus korthalsi

+18. Sphenocercus robinsoni.
Grant.

(Temm.).

3. High mouutains of South Perak and Selaugor.
12. Mountains of Selangor and Pahang above 3,000 feet.
14. Ula Dong, Gunong Tahan, and possibly the vicinity of Kuala Lipis, Pahang.

18. Gunong Tahan, Pahang; Semangko Pass and Gunong Mengkuang Lebah,
Selangor.

19. The only specimen certainly knoAvn from the Malay Peninsula is one shot
on Pulau Rumpia, one of the Scmbilan Islaiuls, off the nioutliof the Perak Kivcr,
in April, 1906.

' Juiirn. Fid. J/"?. S("lc.< Jil'.-'., i.. p. 15 (IL'OG.)

20.

t21.
22.

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
[28.

[29.

PIGEONS

OsDiotrerou fulvicollis

(WagL).

Osmotrerou biciucta {Jerd.).

Osinotreron vernans (Linn.).

Osmotrerou olax {Temm.).

Treron uipalensis, Hodgs.

Ptiliuopus jambu (Gm.).

Carpophaga a3uea (Linn.).

Carpophaga badia ( Raffles).

Carpophaga griseicapilla
(Wald.).]

Columba grisea, G.

B. Gr.]

\—(cOHt.)

30. Columha punicea {Bhjth).

31. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.).

32. Macropygia leptogrammica

(Temm.).

33. Macropygia ruficeps

(Temm.).
[34. Turtur humilis (Temm.).]

35. Turtur tigriiius (Temm. and

Kni2}.).

36. Geopelia striata (Linn.).

37. Chalcopbaps iudica (Linn.).
t38. Calcenas nicobarica

(Linn.).

Okuer JiALLIFOBMES-RAlLS

39. Hypotaiuidia striata (iiw;i.).

40. Ralliua fasciata (iJaj^es).
t41. Ralliua superciliaris (Eyton).

42. Porzana auricularis,

Rclmih'.

43. Polioliinnas cinereus

(VieiU.).

44. L i m n o b Ee n u s f u s c u s

(Linn.).

45. Amaurornis phseuicura
(For St.).

46. Gallinula ch lor opus
(Linn.).

4:7. Gallicrex cinerea (Lath.).
48. Porphyrio edwardsi,

Elliot.
t49. Heliopais personata (G. B.

Gr.).

Oeder podicipedidifobmes-grebe».
50. Podicipes philipplnensis (Bonn.).

21. One specimen was shot at Kuala Sclangor on the Selangor coast in
December, 1904.

28. The inclusion of tliis species in the Peninsular list rests on a specimen 8o
identified by Colonel Bingham, which was obtained at an altitude of 1,1500 feet on
Bukit Serudum, Kuantan, Eastern Pahang. Tlie species will not improbably be
found on the mountains of the northern half of the Peninsula, which have not yet
been properly explored.

29. I believe I have seen this pigeon in the mountains of South Perak and on
Pulau Jarak in the centre of the Straits of Malacca, off the mouth of the Perak
River. Mr. Boden Kloss has also obtained a specimen on Pulau Taya, a small
island of the Lingga group, south of Singapore (Juurn. Straits Branch Roy. Aniat.
Soc, No. 41, p. 58 (1904)).

34. The only specimens recorded from the Mala\- Peninsula are three in the
British Museum (Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mtis., xxi., p. 436, spms. r ',s',t ', (1893) ),
obtained at Malacca by Wallace and Maingay. The bird is imported from South
China to Singapore as a cage-bird, and I am inclined to think that these speci-
mens were escapes from captivity, as the species is not one that is at all likely to
be overlooked and no recent collector has met with it.

38. The only authentic locality for these species within the limits of the
present paper is Pulau Jarak, where I obtained two specimens in December, 1904.
The specimen frrun Khota Bliaru, Kelantan, listed by Bonhote (P.Z.8., 1901 (i),
p. 77), is almost certainly a cage-bird.

42. Recorded only from Singapore (Raffles Museum, Singapore) and from
Patelung on the north-east coast.

.50. One specimen from Patelung is on record.

OUDKK LARTF0R3TES -GVLLH anu TERNS.

au glica

51. Hydrochelidon leucop-

tera, Meisn. aud Schinz.

52. Greloclieliclou

(Mont.).
63. Seena seena (Syhes).

54. Sterna tibetana, Smmders.

55. Sterna lougipeunis, Nordm.

56. Sterna dougalli, Mont.

57. Sterna media, Horsf.

t58. Sterna bergii, Licht.
t59. Sterna sinensis, Gm.
t60. Sterna minuta, Linn.
t61. Sterna sauudersi, Hume.

62. Sterna anaestheta, Sco^).

63. Sterna melanauclien, Tenim.

64. Anous stolidus (Linn.).

65. Micranous leucocapillvis,

Gould.

Order C^.4J2.1 Di2//f 07? J/B-S— PLOVERS and WADERS.

t66. Arenaria interpres (Linn.).

67. Sarcogrammus atinniichalis,

Jerd.

68. Squatarola helvetica

(Li7in.).

69. Charadrius dominicus

(P. L. 8. Mull.).

70. Ochthodromus geoffrovi

(Wagl).

71. Ochthodromus mongolus

(Pall).

72. Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax

(Gonld.).

73. Ochthodromus veredus

(Gould.).

74. ^gialitis dubia (Scop.).

75. J^]gialitis alexandrina

(it'?m.).

76. Numenius arquata (Linn.).
t77. Numenius phseopus

(Linn.).

78. Limosa novse-zealandise,
G. B. Gr.
t79. Limosa limosa (Linn.).

80. Himantopus bimantopus

(Linn.).

81. Maerorhamphus taczon-

owskii (Verr.).
t82. Totanus calidris (Linn.).

t83. Totanus stagnatilis, Beclist.
84. Tringoides hypoleucus

t85. Glottis nebularius (Gunner).
186. Pseudoglottis gvittifer

87. Rhyacophilus glareola ( Gm.) .

88. Pavoncella pugnax

(Linn.).

89. Limonites minuta

(Leisler.).

90. Limonites ruficollis

(Pall).
191. Limonites damacensis
(Pall).

92. Ancylochilus sabarquatus

(Gilldenst.).

93. Tringa crassirostris,

Temm. and Schley.

t94. Limicola platyrhyneha
(Temw.).

95. Gallinago stenura (Kulil).

'd6. Gallinago gallinago (Linn.).
*97. Scolopax rusticula, Linn.

98. Rostratula capensis

(Linn.).

99. Hydrophasis chirurgus

(Scop.).
100. Glareola orientalis, Leach.

51. Noted ill the Perak River estuary in November, 1906.

80. A specimen labelled as coming from Jelebu, a small State in tlie centre of
the Peninsula, east of Selangoi", is in the Singapore Miiseum.

81. Also in the Singapore Museum from the Bindings.

86. Two specimens shot at Kuala Kedah, December, 1907.

88. Also in the Singapore Museum from Malacca.

97. I have examined the remains of a Woodcock shot at Parit on the Perak
River, and have also heard of occurrence at Province Wellesley and Malacca.

1' A M I r.Y a nil />. 7;-('U AjN' ks.
lt>l. Antigone sharpii {lihinf.).

Famii.t /«/^/>//>.K-IBISKS.
102. Ibismolanocephala (irtM.). 104. Thaumatibis gigantea

108. Graptocephalus davisoni

{Hume).

(Oust).

Family C/C0.V7/Z>.j:-ST0RKS.

tlOr^. Pseudotantalns cinereus j 107. Leptoptilns clubiiis

(RatfJt'."). ! (Gm.).

106. Dissoura episcopiis *108. Leptoptilns javaiiicns

(Bofld.). I (Horsf.).

109. Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Lath.).

Famii.v ARDElD.I^-HERO'Sfi Axn BITTERNS.

110. Pyrrherodias nianillensis

{Me yen).

111. Ardea sinnatrana, Baffien.

112. Ardea ciuerea. Linn.
'113. Mesophoyx intermedia

(WagJ.).
+114. Garzetta garzetta (Linn.).
llo. Demiegretta sacra (Gin.).
tllfi. Nvcticorax uvoticorax

117. Gorsachius melanolophus

(Ba-ff^es).

118. Bntorides javauica (Horsf.).

119. Ardeola grayi (Syhes).

120. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).

121. Bubnlcus coromandus

(Bodd.).

122. Ardetta sinensis (Gm.).

123. Ardetta cinnamoniea
(Gm.).

(Linn.). \

124. Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.).

Family AXATTD.K-DVCKS axd GEESE.

*125. Asarcoruis leucoptera 127. Dendrocvgna javanica
(Blyth). ( Horsf. )'. '

126. Nettopus coromaudelianiis +128. Spatula elypeata (Linn.).
(Gni.). I *129. Quercpiedula circia (Linn.).

130. Nyroca fuligula (Linn.).

Family PZ027i>,^— DARTERS.

131. Plotus melanogaster (Gm.).

101, 109. Recordod from Pcnano- (e.r coll. Dr. Cantor), but in both eases pro-
oably importod.

10.J. By no means uncommon on the Helangor coast, but almost unprocuraWo
owing to the depth of mnd on the fiats it frequents. Also seen at Kuala Kedah.

106. Very common on the eastern side of the Peninsula, but almost unknown
on the west coast, .south of Kedah.

119, 120. Both these Pond Herons are also very rare on the west coast.

12.5. Very rare in the southern portion of the Peninsula, but commoner
towards the north.

ShoteUe^ specimen shot near Kuala Lumpur in 1898 is the only record for the

129. Occasionally met with on the Perak River, but rare.

130. A specimen shot some years ago at Tomerloh, Central Pahanp, was ( /i.fe
A. L. Butler} identified as this spcj-ios bv :Mr. F. Fian.

FAMir.v piiALACRoroR.icrn.T:-coRM(m\-s'rs.

*132. Phalacrocorax carbo,
Linn.

133. Phalacrocorax javaiiicus

(Horsf.).

Famu.y FREGATID.E-¥Ria\VK BIRDS.

134. Fregata aquila (Linn.). \ 135. Pregata ariol (Gould.).

Family PIRETITONTIB.E-TJiOTIC BIRDS.
136. Pheethon indicus, Hnmp.

Family SULIDyE— GARNETS.
137. Sula sula {Linn.).

Family PELECAXID.E—VE\JS.Ch.T!i^

138. Pelecanus roseus,

Gm.

*139. Pelecaniis philippinensis,
Gm..

Order ACCIPITRIFORMES.

Family VULTURID^E-WJUYVR^E^.
*140. V u 1 1 u r t e u u i r o s t r i s

(Hodgs.).

*141. Pseudo^-Vps beug-aleiisis
(Gm.)7

442. Otogyps calvus (Scop.).

Family FALCOXTD.E-EAQLEt^, and HAWKS

143. Circus spilonotus, Kaup. \ *150. Accipiter nisus (Linn.).

tl44. Circus nielanoleucixs, For.'d.

145. Circus pygargus, Linn.

tl46. Circus seruginosus, Linn.

147. Astur trivirgatus (Temm.).

tl48. Astur soloeusis (Lath.).

149. Astur badius (Gm.)

151. Accipiter giilaris, Temm.
and ScMeg.
tl52. Eutolmaetus pennatus
((?m.).
153. Lophotriorchis kieneri

*154. Ictinaetus malavensis (Gm.).

132, 133. The shores of the southern portion of the Malay PeninsiiLa arc
not suitable for Cormorants, and the most southerly recorded locality is Pulan
Lalang, one of the Sembilan Islands, off the mouth of the Perak River.

134. Noted off the coast of Senggora, November, 1901, and near Pulan
Tioman, S. China Sea, September, 1907.

135. Seen off Batu, Selangor coast, November, 1906, and at the Area Islands,
Straits of Malacca, November, 1906, and Jnne, 1907.

138, 139. Very local and occasionally disappearing for years at a time.
Fairly common at Patani, north-east coast in June, 1901.

140, 141, 142. The southerly limit of the A'ultnre in the Malay Peninsula
appears to be Kuala Kangsar on the western side and the north bank of the
Pahang River on the east.

140. Shot near Taiping about fifteen years ago, and not met with since.

149. Recorded from Singapore by Dr. Hanitsch, but probably belonging to the
Burmese race, A. poliopsis, Hume.

150. Two specimens in the Perak Museum, shot near Taiping many years ago,
undoubtedly belong to this species.

151. I have followed Ogilvie-Grant in regarding the Malayan Besra as refer-
rable to A. gularis and not to the typical A. virgatus. In the mountains, however,
a small richly coloured bird is found resembling .4. nifotihial {.•< from Kina Balu,
which may possibly be a distinct species. Furtlier material is wanted before the
point can be decided. ,

EAOLES AMI

1 55. S p i z a o t u s 1 i iini a"* t n s

{Horf<f.).
1 50. S ] I i 7. .1 e tn s a 1 b o n i g e r

{BJijth).

157. Circaetus hypoleucus

(PaU.).

158. Spilornis pallidus (Wald.).

159. Spiloruis baeha {Daud.).
flGO. Butastur iudicus (Gin.).

161. Buteo desertorum (Davd.).

162. Haliaetus leuco£raster

(Gm.).

tlG3. Haliaetus leuc<K-orvphiis
(Poll.).

1 64. Haliasl u r i n t e r m e d i u s ,
Gurney.

165. Milvus govinda (Sykett).

166. Elauus caeruleus (Desf.).

167. Machaerliamphus alciuus,
Westerm.

168. Peruis cristatus, Temm.

169. Pernis tweedalei, Hume.
tl70. Baza lopliotes, Temm.
*171. Baza jerdoni (Biyth).
tl72. Cerclmeis saturata (Blyth).

173. Microhierax fringillarius
(Z>rap.).

174. Falcus peregrinus, Tunst.

175. Falcus severus, Horsf.

Family P^.Vi>70.V/Z>.E— OSPREYS.

176. Pandion haliaetus (ii?i?i.). *178. Polioaetus liumilis (Miill.

177. Polioaetus ichthvaetus a,nd Schleg.).

iHor^f.). ' \

Order STRTGIFORMES— OWLS.

179. Asio otus {Linn.).

180. Huhua orieutalis

(Horf:/.).

181. Ketupa ketujia {Horsf.).

182. Scops malayaua, ifa^.
[183. Scops sunia, Hodgs.]

184. Scops lenipiji {Horsf.).

185. Scops sagittata, Casein.

186. Scops rufe.scens {Horsf.).
+187. Heteroscops vulpes,

Grow/.

188. Niuox scutulata, Kaffies.

189. S V r n i u m s e 1 o p u t o

[Horsf).
*190. Syrnium newa reuse
{Hodgs.).

191. Syrnium maingayi,

192. Gr 1 a u c i d i u m b r o d e i

{Hutton).

193. Phot^dilusbadius (fiors/*.).

194. Strix javanica (/for*/.).

1.57. The species is recorded from Anipang, near Kuala Lumpur, Seiangor,
by Mr. A. L. Butler, but the specimen is no longer extant.

161. Two specimens, adult and immature, obtained many years apjo near
Taiping, are in the Pcrak Museum. A third has recently been obtained near
Kuala Lumpur.

163. Equally common with H. leucogaater at Langkawi, 70 miles north of
Penang, in December, 1907.

171. A very immature bird from near Taiping.

172. Though very much faded, two mounted specimens in the Singapore
Museum appear to belong to tliis race. I obtained a third specimen in Langkawi
in November, 1907.

179. A specimea was shot some years ago by Mr. H. N. Eidley in the Botanic
(hardens, .Singapore, and is now in the Raffles Museum.

180. Specimens of Bubo cm-omanduM of reputed local origin, and attributed to
this specie.**, are in ilie Singapore Museum. Some mistake has probably been
made aVjoul locality.

187. So far as is at present known, confined to the high mountains of Selangor
and Pahang,

t)Ri)ER PSITTACIiORMES -PARROTS.

tl95. Palceoruis fasciatus
(P. L. 8. MiilL).
196. Palseornis lougicauda
(Bodd.).

, 199. Loriculus galguhis (Luwh).

197. Psittiuus iucertus (Shmv).
*198. Loriciilus vernal is
(S2yarrm.).

Order C0RACIIF0BME8.

Family PODA BGID.E— FR0GM0VTH».

f 200. Batracliostomus a u r i t u s
(Gray).

201. Batrachostomusstellatus

t202. Ba.trachostomus affinis (Blyth).

Family CORACIIDyK-ROLL^RS.

203. Coracias aflanis, McClell.

204. Em-ystomus o !• i e n t a 1 i s
{Limi.).
205. Eurystomus calonyx, Sharpe.

Family ^ZCJ?2)/ATi).«'— KINGFISHERS.

206. Pelargopsis amauroptera
{Pears.).
*207. Pelargopsis malaccensis,
Sharpe.

208. Pelargopsis burmanica,

Sharpe.

209. Pelargopsis fraseri, Sharpe.

210. Alcedo bengalensis, 6^«i.
*211. Alcedo eiii'yzona, Temm.

212. Alcedo meniutiug, Horsf.

213. Ceyx tridactyla (PoZ/.).

214. Ceyx euerythra, Sharpe.

215. Carcineutes pule hell us

(Hor.sf.).

216. Halcyon coromandus

(Lath.).

217. Halcyon smyrneusis

(Linn.).

218. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.).

219. Halcyon armstrongi,

220. Halcyon humii, Sharpe.

221. Halcyon cone ret us

(Temm.).

Family BUCHR0TID.E—H0KNB1LL&.

222. Buceros rhinoceros (Linn.).

*223. Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.).

224. Anthracoceros convexus

(Te>um.).

t225. Anthi-acoceros malabaricus

(Gm.).

226. Anthracoceros malavanus

(Baffles).

227. Cranorrhinus corrugatus

(Temm.).

228. Rhytidoceros undulatus

(Shaw).

229. Ehytidoceros subruficollis

(Blyth).

230. Anorrhinus galeritus

(Tejrtm.).

231. Berenicornis comatus

(Baffles).

232. Ehinoplax vigil (Forst.).

195. Seen at Trengganu by Davison, but not aiDparently procured.

198. A northern form extending as far south as Larut, and doubtfully to Klang.

203. Only recorded at present from the vicinity of Patani.

211. Confined to mountainous districts and very rare.

225. Not met with south of Keduh. Numerous on Langkawi — an island on the
coast of that State.

229. Met with in large flocks along the west coast during the north-east
monsoon, hence Maingay's name " Hydrocissa migratorius."

•1

1- A M 1 1, Y TP I PflK t:~ h oo FO F,S ,
238. Upupa indica. Tieichenh.

Family .VA'/fOP/fl.^-BEK-KATKUS.
l':U. Melittopha^us swiuhoii 28(>. Meroi^s philippinus,

(Hume). Linn.

28.5. Merops s n mat i* anus

(Rnffles^).

237. Nyctiornis
(Temin.).

a m 1 c t a

Family C.lP7?/.Vf.LG/7> .^-GOATSUCKERS.

*238. Lvncornis cervineicep.s,

' Gould.
280. Lvncornis temniincki,
' GovM.

240. Caprimul<(us aml)i^uu8,
Hartert.

+241. Caprimuljj^us jotaka, Temm.
and Sell J f (J.

Family CrPSELW.?:—H\\IYT%.

+242. Collocalia innomiuata,

Hartert.
+248. Collocalia iuexpect at a,

Hione.

244. Collocalia linchi, Horn/, and

245. Collocalia gigas, Hartert.

246. Cliaetura ^iijautea (Temm.).

247. Chaetura iiidica, Hume.

248. Chaetnra fuchiuoliinensis.

249. Chaetura leu cop vgi alls,
BhjtJi.
t250. Cypselus pacificus {Lath.).

251. Cvp.selus subfurcatus

' (Btyth).

252. Tacliornis infumata,

Sclater.
258. Macroptervx longipennis
(Rafiii.).

254. Macroptervx comata
(Temw.).

( )Ri)ER ri206!O.Vi?,S'— TROGONS.

255. Pyrotrogon neglectus,

Forbes and Rohinsfon.

256. Pyrotrogon Ic a s u m b a

' (Raffles).

257. Pyrotrogon erythrocepha-

lus (Goiiht).

258. Pyrotrogon d u v a u cell

(Temm.).

259. Pyrotrogon orrophseus,

Cah. and Heine.

260. Pyrotrogon orescius

"(TejHw.j.

Order C'OCCl'GS<S'-CrCKOOS.

261 . Coccystes c o r o m a n d u s i 268. Hierococcyx sparverioides

(Linn.). j (F'V/.).'

262. SurniculuK lugubris +264. Hierococcyx nisicolor

(Horsf.). ! (HodgH.).

2.33. A line drawn from the month of the Kedah River on the west coast to
the month of the Parani on the east seems to be the southern limit of this species.

2.38. Penang is tlie most southerly locality for this species.

241. Possibly a resident in the mountain districts throughout the year;
common on migration during the winter months.

246, 247. Both formn .nre found in the Malay Peninsula, Chwtura indicn being
commoner during the winter months and in the more northerly districts.

248. Becorded from Semangko Pass, Selangor, and from Taiping, Perak.

250. Until quite recently a specimen in tlie British Museum from Penang was
the only authority for the occurrence of this species in the Malay Peninsula. In
October, 1907, liowever. it appeared in immense flocks in the vicinity of
Koala Lumpur.

2.59. Not known north of Klang.

2t)5. Hierococcyx nanus, f27C^. Chalcococcw nialavauns

Hinne.
*26<x Hierococcyx bocki, Warcll.-
Bams.

267. Ciiculusmicropterus, Gould.

268. Cuculus canorus, Linn.
t269. Cuculus saturatus, Hodgs.
t270. Cuculus poliocephalus,

Lath.

271. Penthocervx sonnerati

{Lafh.).

272. Cacomantis merulinus

(Seoih).

273. Chalcococcyx zauthorhyn-

chus (Horsf.).

274. Chalcococcvx maculatus

(Gm.). '

275. Chalcococcyx basilis

277. Eudyuamis lionorata
(Linn.).
t278. Ceutropus rectunguis,

279. CeutroiJus sinensis (Sfeph.) .

280. Centropus javanicus

(Dh motif).

281. Zanclostouius javanicus

(Horsf.).

282. Rhopodytes tristis (Less.).

283. Ehopodytes diardi (Less.).

284. Rhopodvtes sumatrauus

(B«/;^f?s).

285. Rhinortha chlorophsea

(Baffles).

286. Urococcvx ervthroj^nathus

287. C a 1 o r h a m p h u s li a v i

(J. E. Grey).

288. Chotorhea ('hrysopogon

(Temm.).

289. Chotorhea versicolor

{Baffles).

290. Chotorhea mystacophanes

(rewiw.).

291. Cyanops henrici (Temm.).

292. Cyanops r a in s a y i

(WahL).

v\ MILT c^p/roATi). j:-i}arb?3ts.

293. Cyanops oorti {Midi.).

t294. Thereiceryx lineatus

{VieilL).

295. Mesobucco duvauceli
(Lesg.).

296. Mesobucco cyanotis

(Blyth).

*297. Zantholsema hsemato-

cephala (P. L. S. Midi.).
298. P s i 1 o p o g o u pvrolophus
{S. Midi).

Family /A'7>//7,jrOi?/7>.7';-HOXEY.GUIDES.

299. Indicator archipelagicus (Temni.).

Family PICIB.f:— WOODPECKERS.

300. Gecinus vittatus
(VieiU.).

301 . Gecinus viridanus

(BJyfh).

266. A somewhat immature specimen from the Taiping Hills has, Mr. Wray
assures me, been identified as this species by comparison at tlie British Museum.

270. High mountains of Selangor, January, 1905.

282. Not occurring south of Kedah, except on the high mountains of Batang
Padang.

292, 293, 298. All confined to the zone above 3,000 feet.

294. On the western side not i-ecorded south of Kedah ; on the east, it has been
met with in central Pahang.

299. One of the rarest of all Malayan birds, the only Peninsular specimen being
the one obtained by Davison, near Klang, and now in the British Museum.

301. Like so many other birds, this species attains its southern limit in Patani
and Kedah,

AVOODPECKERS-(wH/.)

302. Gocinusrobinsoni, Grant.

303. Gecinus rodgeri, Hartert

ami BiiiJer.

304. Gecimis observandus, Har-

teii.

t305. Gaiiropicoides rafflesi ( Vig.) .

306. Gecimilus viridis, Blyth.

307. lyngipicus pumilus,

Hargitt.

308. Ivngipicu.s canicapillus,

'Bhjth.

t309. lyngipicus auritus (Gm.).

[310. Dendrocopus analis

(Horsf.).-]

t311. Pvrrhopicus pyrrhotis
[Hodgs.).

312. Pyrrhopicus porphyromelas

\Boie.).

313. Miglyptes grammitliorax

{Mdlh.}.

314. Miglyptfs tukki {Less.).

315. Micropternus brachvurus

(Vieill).

310. Micropternus phoDoceps,

Bl,/th.

317. Tiga javanonsis {Ljung).

318. Clirysoplilegnia malaccense

(Lath.).

319. Chrysoplilegma humii,

Hargitt.

320. Chrysoplilegma wrayi,

Sharpe.

321. Clirvsocolaptes gutticrista-

tus {Tick.).

322. Clirysocolaptes validus

{Temm.).

323. Hemicerciis sordidus (-£/?/-

ton).

324. Hemicercus canente

(Less.).

325. Aloplionerpes pulveruleu-

tus {Temm.).

326. Tliripouax javensis

(ffor«/.).

327. Picumnus

{Burton) .

innominatus

328. Sasia abnormis (Temm.).

Order HUH rL.EMIF0R3IES-B&0A DB I LLS.

329. Calyptomena viridis, Baffles.

330. Psarisomus dalliousise

{Javieson).
t331. Serilophus rothschildi,
Hartert and Butler.

332. Euryla-mus javauicus,
Horsf.

333. Eurylaenius ocliromelass

Raffles.

334. Corydon sumatranu,

{Raffles).

335. Cymborhyuchus inalaccen-

sis, Salvad.

Ordee p./i,s'/S'Bi?i;/S— perching birds.

*336. Pitta cserulea {Raffles).
337. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm.

t338. Pitta megarhyncha, Schleg.
339. Pitta coccinea, Eyton.

Family />/rr/Z>zS:-GR()UNDTHIlUSHES.

340. Pitta cucullata, Hartl.

341. Eucichla boschii, Mull, and

342. Eucichla gurneyi, Htime.

302. At present known only from the types from Gnnon<? T.ahan.

306. From the vicinity of Tongkah only.

310. This Woorlpecker is recorded from Malacca, but I very much donbt
whether it really occurs there ; no recent collectors have met with it.

327. The only recorded specimen from the Malay Peninsula is one from the
Lamt Hills, obtained by Mr. Wray, and now in the I'.ritish Museum.

330. Larut Hills, Perak ; Semanjrko Pass, Selangor ; Gunong Tahan, Pahang.

331. Known only from the four original specimens obtained by Mr. Butler on
Ounoncf Ijau, Perak, and from two males from Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,.300 feet,
shot in November, VM7.

Family IlIR C/^A'D/A'/D.E-SWALLOAVS.

t343. Hirundo rustica, L'mn.
344. Hiruuclo gutturalis, Scoi).

345. Hirimdo javtinica, Sparrni.

346. Hirimdo balia, Cass.

Family MUSCICAPin.E—TLYCATCRMRH.

347. Hemichelidonfuliginosa,

Hodys.

348. Hemichelidon ferrugiuea,

Hodgs.

349. Alseouax latirostris

{Raffles) .
t350. Cyornis concreta (&'. Mull.)

351. Cyornis ruecki, Oust.

352. Cyornis unicolor, Blyih.

353. Cyornis tickellia?, Blyth.

354. Cyornis frenata, Hume.

355. Cyornis erythrogas-

ter, Sharpe.
366. Cyornis sumatrensis,
/SVtrtr/je.

357. Cyornis turcosa,

Brilggem .

358. Nitidala hodgsoni

(Moore) .

359. Anthipes malayaua,

Sharpe.

360. Niltava decipiens, Salvad.

361. Muscitrea cinerea,

Blyth.
t362. Erythromyias muelleri

(Blyth).
t363. Poliomyias luteola (Pall.).

364. Muscicapula ni a 1 a y a n a ,

365. Muscicapula westermanni,

Sharpe.

366. Gerygone modiglianii,

Salvad.

t367. Xauthopygia xauthopygia
(Hay).

t368. Cyanoptila bella (Hay).

369. Hypothvmis azurea

(Bodd.j.

370. Ehipidura albicollis

(Vieill).

371 . K li i p i d u r a p e r 1 a t a ,

s. Man.

372. Ehipidura javanica

(Sparrni.).

373. Terp si phone affiuis

(Blyth).

374. Terpsiphoue p r i u c e p s

(Temm.).

375. Terpsiphone incii (Gould).

376. Philentoma velatum

(Temm.).

377. Philentoma pyrrhopterum

(Temm.).
t378. E/hinomyias pect oralis
(/S«Zya(Z.).

379. Culicicapa ceylonensis

(Sioains.).

380. Ciyptolopha trivirgata

(Strickl).

381 . Cryptolopha b u 1 1 e r i ,

Hartert.

382. Cryptolopha d a v i s o n i ,

Sharpe.
t383. Abrornis schwaneri
(TewHi.).
384. Stoparola melauops (Vig.)-

385. Stoparola thalassinoides (Cab.).

Family C'^3/POP^.4(?/i>.iE;-CUCKOO-SHRIKES.

386. Artamides laruteusis, 388. Vojvocivora negleeta

Sharpe. (Hume).

387. Artamides sumatrensis j 389. Pericrocotus flamniif e r ,

(S. Mull.). ! Hume.

366. Known only, so far as the Malay Peninsula is concerned, from two
specimens, both from Pahang.

381. The types arc from Guuong Ijau, Pcrak, and uo other specimens are
known.

382. Recently obtained in numbers at Ginting Bidci, Selangor, 2,300 feet.

390. Pericrocotus fraterculus,

Siciiili.
'SVl. Pericrocotus m out aims,

Salvad.
392. Pericrocotus zautliogaster

(Baffles).

CUCKOO-SHRIKES-(co»«M

393. Pericrocotus igueus,
Bhjth.

394. Pei'icrocotus ciuereus, Lafr.

395. Lalaj^e t^rat (Bodd.).
39(1 Lalage culminata

{Hay).

Family PYCNOyOTID.E -BL J.BLLS.

397. ^4:ilgitluuu viridissima

(Bp.).

398. ^githiua tipbia (Li tin.).

399. ^thorhvuchus lafresuavei

(Hartl).
4UU. Chloropsis liardwickii,

Jard. aud Selhtj.
•lUl. Chloropsis zoster ops

( Vuj.).

402. Chloropsis choloroce-

phala, Wald.

403. Chloropsis icterocephala

(Less.).

404. Chloropsis cyauopogou

{Temm.).

405. Irena cyauea, Betjhie.

406. Irena piiella iLnth.).

407. Heniixus cinercus (Bhjth).

408. Hemixus uialaccensis

(Blyth).

409. lole olivacea, Bhjth.

410. lole j>eracensis, Hartert.

aud Butler.

411. lole virescens, Bhjth.

412. Eu2>tilosus euptilosus

(Jard. and Selbij).

413. Microtarsus luelauoce-

phalus (Gvi.).

414. Microtarsus cinereiven-

tris (Blyth).

41"». Microtarsus melauoleucus
( Eyton).

416. Criniger salangae.

Shar2)e.

417. Criniger tephrogcuys

(Jard. and Se.lhy).

418. Criniger ochraceiis,

Moore.
t419. Criniger finschi, Salvad.

420. Alophoixus phseocephalus

(ffar//.).

421. Tricholestes criniger

(Blyth).

422. Trachvcomus ochroce-

phalus (Gm.).

423. Pvcuonotus anal is

(Horsf.).

424. Pvcuonotus tinlavsoui

}Strirkl.').

425. Pycnonotus blanfordi,

Jerd.

426. Pycnonotus robinsonl,

427. Pvcuonotus pluniosus,

Blyth.

428. Pycnonotus simplex, Less.

429. Pycnonotus salvadorii,

Shar^^e.

430. Otocompsa emena (Linn.).

431. Otocompsa flaviventris

(Tickell). '

432. RuLigula cvaniveutris

(Blyth).

433. Rubigula weWri {Hume).

3U1. Fericiocotng v.ruiji, Sharpc, and P. croceun, Sharpe, have been shown to be
synonyms or aberrations of this species, originally described from the mountains
of Sumatra.

402, 406. Oidy known fronj the e.xtreine nortli of the Peninsula.

418. Criniyrr ^onliiluy, Eichmond, Proc. 1.'. S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 320 (1900),
is probably a synonyTii of this species, the author having evidently compared it
with the yellower loMland form, C. teplirmjenii'', J. and S.

42.'5. Listed by Bonhote from Biserat Jalor in the interior (f the I'uiani
States ou the east coast of the I'eninbula. {/'. /. .S'., 11)01, (i), j). 02).

420. As yet only known from the tyiiet Lo)l<el(d m llie coas.1 of I'atuni.

Family TIMELIID.E-BABBLERs.

434. Eupetes ui a c r o c e r c u s

(Temm.).

435. Troclialopterou peuiusulae,

Sharjje.

436. Poinatorhinus borneeusis,

Cab.

437. Pomatorhinus olivaceus,

Blyfh.

438. Pouiatorliiuiis Avrayi,

(Shavjye) .

439. Melauociclila lugubris,

(S. MM.).

440. Rliiuocielila luitrata

(.S'. Man.).

441. Timelia jerdoni, Walden.

442. Pellorneuui subochraceum,

Swiiih.

443. T II r tl i n u s olivaceus

{Strkhl.).

444. Turdiuus magnirostris,

Moore.

445. Turdinus macrodactylus,

Strickl.

446. Turdiuus 1 o r i c a t u s

(8. Milll.).

447. Erythrocichla bicolor

(Les,.).

448. Dryniocataphus nigricajdt-

atus (Eyton).

449. Dryniocataphus t i c k e 1 1 i

{Bhfth).

t450. ^tliostoma r o s t r a t u m
(BIyth).

451. Setaria magna (Eyton).

452. Setaria cinerea (Eyton).

453. Setaria albigularis,

(BlytJi).

454. Setaria affinis (Blyth).

455. Setaria melanocephala

(Drtctso// ).

456. Auuropsis nialacceusie,

Hartl

457. T u r d i n u I u s li u ni e i ,

Hartert.

458. Turdinulus granti,

Rich in.

459. Corythociclila leucosticta,

Sharpe.

460. Alcippe peracensis, Shai-_pe.

461. Alcippe cinerea, Blyth.

462. P s e u d o ni i n 1 a s o r o r

(Sharjje).

463. Stacliyris davisoni, Sharpe.
t464. Stacliyris poliogaster,

H^ime.

465. Stacliyris poli ocepliala

(Teinin.).

466. Stacliyris nigricoUis

(Temm.).
t467. Stacliyris leucotis
(StricJd.).

468. S t a c li y r i s in a c ii 1 a t a

(Temm.).

469. Stacliyris cliryssea (Blyth).

470. Stachyris chrysops,

t471. Kenopia striata (Blyth).

472. Cvanodernia erytliopteruui

\Blyth.).

473. Mixoruis gularis (Ba^es).

474. Macronus ptilosus, /cwy?.

and Selby.

475. Myiophoneus dichrorhyu-

chus, Salvad.
+476. Myiophoneus robinsoui,
Grant.

437. Not known south of Keclah.

439. Melunocidda peninstdari.'<, Sharpe, from the mountains of Pcrak and
Selangor is identical with this Sumatran specie.s.

442. Tlie most southerly recorded locality i« Taipijig.

446. Hitherto known only from Sumatra. A single female was obtained at
Ginting Bidei, Selaugor, 2,300 feet, in dense bamboo jungle.

449. The only Peninsular localities at present known are Bukit Kutu, Ulu
Selaugor, at a height of 3,000 feet, and Gintiug Bidei, 2,.3O0 feet.

455. Only known from the type and one other specimen, botli from Pahaug.

458, 470. Prom tlie mountains of Ti-ang, northern part of tlie Peniusula.
Uui({uo in the United States National Museum.

470. High mountains of SeUuiii'or.

8(1

BABBLERS— (ro»/.)

477. Brathypteryx wrayi, Grant.

478. Sibia simillima, Salvad.

479. Siva malayaua. Hartert.

480. Siva sorclidior, Hartert.

481. Herpornis zantholeuca,

Hodgs.

Family TROGLOHyTID.J-:—\MXF,y>i.
t486. Pnoepyga lepida, Salvad

Family TURDID.E-THUlSHEi^.

482. Cutia cervinicrissa, Sharpe.

483. Pterytliius ocralatus
(Tickell).

484. Pterytliius tahauensis,
Hartert.

485. Mesia argentauris, Hod/js.

487. Geocichla interpres

(Temm.).

488. Geocichla citrina {Lath.).

489. Geocichla innotata

iBlyth.).

490. Cichloselys davisoni

(Hnme).
401. Oreocichla affinis, J?ic/rm.
492. Tardus obscurus (Gm.).
t493. Petrophila solitaria

(P. L. S. Mali.).
*494. Petrophila gularis (Somih.).
495. Henicurus leschenaulti
{VieilL).

406. Henicurus schistacous
(Hodgs.).

497. Hydrocichla ruficapilla

(Temm.).

498. Hydrocichla frontalis

(Blyth.).
t499. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.).

500. Copsychus music us

(Raffles.).

501. CittocincLi macrura ((hn.).

502. Tricliixus pyrrhopygus

(Less.).
t503. Pratiucolti uiaura (Pall.).
t504. Pratiucola caprata (Linn.).

Family SrZF/iX».E-AVARBLERS.

505. Acrocophalus orientalis,
Temm. aud Schleg.
t506. Locustella lanceolata
(Tewm.).

507. Sutoria sutoria (Forst.).

508. Sutoria mac u 1 icol 1 i s

(Moore).

509. Orthotomus atrigu-

laris (Temm.).

510. Orthotomus ruflceps

(Less.).
oil. Orthotomus cineraceus
(Blyth.).

512. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.).
t513. Cisticola exilis ( Vig. and
ifor.s/V).

t514. Franklinia rufescens

(Blyth.).
515. Arundinax sedon

(Pall).
51(3. Acanthopneusto tenolli-

bes (Sii-inh.).

517. Acauthopneuste trochi-

loides, Sundev.

518. Acauthopneuste borealis

(Bias.).

486. Ganong Batu Puteli, South Perak ; Gunong Tahan, Pahang.

489. As Hume liimsolf considered, it is more than doubtful if this so-willcd
species can be separated from C. aibcricu (Pall.).

401. From Trang. United States National Museum.

494. The Perak Museum possesses a single specimen of this rare Hock Thrush
from the Taiping Hills.

496. Recorded from Gunong Ijau, Perak, and from the vicinity of the Scmangko
Pass, Selangor.

5<J3. At present only met in Singapore.

.501'. Sporadic in winter in the northern parts of the Peninsula.

.">06. Latu, Selangor Coast ; Aroa Islands, Straits <f Malacca; Singapore.

AVARBLERS-((w«#.)

t5l9. Acauthopneuste coronatus ! 521. Phyllergates eiuereicollis,
(Temm.). i Sharpe.

520. Acanthopneuste magni- 522. Suya waterstradti,
rostris (Blyth). Hartert.

523. Burnesia flaviveutris {Deless.).

524. IIemipusoljscurus(ifors/".). ) 528. Laniusbentet (Horsf.),

525. Hemipiis picatus (Syhes). 529. Lanius tigriuus, Drap.

526. Teplirudoruis gularis ! t530. Lanius luconieusis (Bp.).
(Ka0es). \ 531. Lanius cristatus, iiwn.

527. Platyloplius ardesiacus,
Cah.

532. Lanius superciliosus,
Lath.

Tamily P.LR/D.K-TITMICK.

533. P ar u s

(Vie ill.).

cine reus

534. Melanoclilora fiavocristata

(Lafr.).

Family .y/2T/i>.i'— NUT-HATCHES.
535. Deudrophila azurea t536. Dendruj^liila frontalis
(Less.). (Sn-ains).

537. Deudro])Iiila saturatior, Hartert.

Family C'OK T7i>^'-CR0M'S.
538. Corvus macrorlivnchus, | 540. Cissa robiusuni, trr«/</.

Wayl.
539. Corvus enca, Horsf.

541. Crypsirhina varians

{Lath.).

542. Platysmurus leucopterus (Temm.).

Family DICR URIV^E—Kl^G-CROWS

543. Dicrurus anuectens, Hoihjs.

544. Dicrurus nigrescens,

Oates.

545. Dicrurus leucogeuys,

Walden.

546. C li a p t i a ni a 1 a y c n s i s
(Hay).

547. Bhriuga reujifer (Temm.)

548. Disseniurus paradise us
(Linn.).

Family OEIOLIJj.E-OUlOhEii.
541>. Oriolus iudicus, Jerd. ] 551. Oriolus zautliouolus, Hursf,

550. Oriolus melanocephalus,
Linn.

552, Oriolus con sanguine us,
Wardl. Bams.

Family STVBXID.ESTXRLiyGii.

553. Eulabes intermedia

(Hay).

554. Eulabes javancusis
(Osbeck).

520. Higli niountains of Perak, Selangor and Pabaug.

522. Guuoiig Tahan, Pahaiij^.

525. Mountains of South Perak and Pahaiig.

533. Coast line of the northern parts of the Peninsula only.

540. Gunong Tahan and high mountains of Selangor.

541. Coast of Patani.

550. Nut known south of tlio vicinity of Tungkiih (Junk CcvlouJ,

Viv., iwr.

555

556.

[557.

STARLIXGS-{(•(y«^)

Caloruis chalybea 1 [558. Sturnia nemoricola

(Horsf.). I (Jerd.).]

Sturnia sinensis (Crin.). j t559. Agrospar sturniuus (PaZ^.).
Sturnia malabarica 560. Aeridotheres torquatus,

(Gin.).} I Davison.

561. ^thiospar fuscus (TFo^Z.).

562.

[563,

564.

565.
566.

578.

Family I'LOCHIB^E—WEAVEn BIRDS.

567. Muuia maja (Linn.).

568. Muuia acuticauda, Hudyg.

569. Muuia leucogastra (Blyth.).

570. Muuia puuctulata (Linn.).

571. Erythura prasina
(Sparrin.).

572. Chlorura borneensis,

S1iarj[)i;.

Sporseginthus amandava

(^Linii.).]
Sporseginthus flavidi-

ventris (WaUace).}
Ploceus inexpectatus,

Hadert.
Muuia orvzivora (Linn.).
Mimia atricapilla (VieilL).

Famu.v FJiiyOILLin.E 'Vl'SVliEti.

Passer uioutauus, i 574. Pyrrliula waterstradti,
Linn. Hartert.

t575. Emberiza aureola, Pall.

577.

578.

Family .VOr.lC'/Xi/i'.K-nAGTAILS.

Motacilla feldeggii,

Mich.
Motatilla uielauupe, Pcdl.

Motacilla borealis,

S (I It dec.

579. Motacilla taivanus,

Swinh.

580. Limouidromus iudicus
{Gm.).

t581. Autlius riciiardi, VieilL

582. Autlius malayensis, Eyton.

Family yECTARiyiIDJi->i\:'SBl^\iii.

583. Chalcostetha pectoralis

(Tern Id.).

584. ^thopyga wrayi, Sharjje.

585. ^thopvga temmincki

(Horsf.).

586. .^tliopygasiparajafifo/-*/.),
t587. ^tboijyga cam, Hume.
t588. ^tbopyga anomala, Bichm.

589. Aracbuectbra hasselti

(Temni.).

5.57, 558. 15oth these species occur (Jkle Hanitsch) in Singapore,
not been met with elsewhere in the Peninsula.

Tliey have

ofjO. As ret known only from tlie type from central Tahang.
.">62, 563. The records of these species from Singapore are probably due to
escapes from captivity. Hoth are found in large numbers in the bird shops of the

citv.

571. Rare; the only authentic localities are Klang, Selangor, and Bentong,
Pahang.

572. The only sijccinien as yet secured is a female from tlie Telom valley
Imrders of Perak and Paliang at nearly 4.00(} fcot.

.587. Obuiine<l on Uukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 feet, by Mr. A. L. Butler, in
Noveniljcr, 18&H, and the only record for tJiis .si)ecies in the Peninsula.

r,bK Described from Trang in the noilh of the Feninsulu, but also found on
Bukit Kutu with the preceding.

SUNBIRDS-(eoM^)

590.

591.

592.

59"

O. i

594.

t595.

59G.

G04.
605.
006.
607.

Araclmectlira pectoralis

(Horsf.).
Araeh uecthra fl a m ni a x i 1 -

laris (Blyth.).
Antliothreptes hypogram-

inica (8. Mull.).
fVutliotlireptcs inalaoceusis

(Scop.).

Authothreptes rho(Iol»ma,

Shelley.
Authotlireplcs simplex

(S. Midi).
Chalcoparia phaiiiicotis

{Gm.).

597. Aracliuothera magua,

Hodijs.

598. Aracliuotliera modesta,

Eyton.

599. Aracliuothera lougirostris

{Lath.).

600. Aracliuothera chrysogeiiys

iTemm.).

601. Aracliuothera fiavigastra

(Temni.).

602. Arachuothera crassirostris

{Reichenh.).

603. Aracliuothera robusta, MiUL

and Schley.

I'AMiLV l)IC'.l!!II).E-YLO\V]iR PECKERS.

Dicajum crueutatuin

(Linn.).
Dicseum trigouostigma

(Scop.).
Dicteuui chrvsorrheiiui

(Temm.).
D i c 38 u lu i g u i p e c t u s,

Hudijs.

608. Dicseuui olivaceum,

Walclen.

609. Priouochilus ignicapillus,

Eyton.

610. Priouuchilus maculatus,

Temm.
toil. Priouochilus thoi'acicus
(Temm.).

612. Piprisoma modestum, Hume.

Family ZO>STEEOPID.E—V,'}ilTE EYE8.

t613.
t614.

Zosterops palbebrosa

(Temm.).
Zosterops aureiveuter,

Himie.

615. Zosterops tahanensis,

Grant,

616. Zosterops simplex,

Sivinh.

613, 61G. Fouiicl only in the north of the Peninsuki and possibly seasonal
visitors.

SUMMAEY.

Total number of species in Fauna

Kepreseuted both ill Perak aud Selaugor Museums ...

ill Selaugor Museum oulv

Total iu Selaugor Museum
Kepreseuted iu Perak Museum only ...
Total in Perak Museum

376

616

464
399

REPORT ON A SAMPLE OP LEAD ORE FROM PAHANO.

By L. WRAY.

"V/TR. CECIL WRAY, the British Resident, Pahang. sent me a

sample of galena, obtained from the alluvial in the Kuantau

District, for exaiuiuatiou. The ore, which is in small •watei'worii

fragmeutt;, without any admixtiue of gang, came froiii Suugei Jambu,

Kuiiutiin. The vallev is rather small with low hills ou either side.
The kanuKj or wash-dirt, which was being worked for tin, as the
miners approached the high ground on the north side of the valley,
held more and more galena, mixed with the tin oxide, and when the
foot of the hill was reached, the lead ore was found in masses. It
is reported to be the outcrop of a lode.

Lead occurs, associated with tin oxide, iron pyrites and copper
ores, in the Pahang Consolidated Company's lode deposits at Suugei
Limbing, so that it is just possible that lode tin ore may be discovered
at Suugei Jambu also.

Taiping, Pkrak,

:^dth October, 1907.

SiK. — I have the honour to inform you that I have assayed the
sample of alluvial galena, from Kuantau, that you sent me some time
back, with the following results :

Lead ... ... ... ... 78 per cent.

Silver ... ... ... ... 1 oz. 12 dwt. 6 grs. per ton

2. The galena is of good quality, as far as its lead contents are
concerned ; for not only is the percentage high, 1)ut the metallic
button obtained was soft under the hammer and evidently free from
impurity.

3. The proportion of silver is so small that it would not pay to
extract. It is, in fact, the j)oorest galena I have ever assayed from the
Malav Peninsula.

1 have, etc.,

L. WRA-Y,

Thb- Bkitish Kesident, Director of Mmevim, F.M.8.

Pahang.

REPORT ON THE MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEAR 190(3.

PEKAK STA'JE MUSEUM.

isJATISFACTORY progress was made in all the departments during
the year, the greatest additions being made to the ethnological
and economic sections. Pahang, Tringganu, Negri Sembilau, Selangor
and Malacca were visited, and large Cf)llection8 made in these States:
while the Singapore Agi'i-Horticultural Show yielded, as did the
previous one held in Kuala Lumpur, quite an extensive series of
specimens.

2. Tlio local ethnological room, certainly, now contains the most
complete Malayan collection in existence. It is still, of course, far
from perfect, but since the newer portion of the building was available
for the housing of it, very satisfactory progress has been made in
filling up the gaps which previously existed.

3. The economic section has now assumed, as it should in a
State like Perak, quite an important position. The room is not yet
finished, but a great deal has been done towards its completion, by
the collection of the necessary specimens, and in the year 1907 the
original intention will l>e nearly fulfilled. It is the only collection of
the kind which has been, so far, attempted in Malaya.

4. A point has now been reached in the history of the Museum,
when it again becomes necessary to consider the question of additional
space. The last enlargement, which was begun in 1900 and finished
by the end of 1903, is at present practically full, as is also the space
which was rendered available in the older portions of the building by
the rearrangement of the collections, when the new galleries were
occupied. Adequate space is also urgently I'equired for the proper
accommodation of the librarv, herbarium and the study collections:
and some provision should be made for a small reading room. An
inexpensive block, very similar to that last added, only 20 feet longer,
would meet the reqviirements of the case.

5. The Perak Museum was founded in January of 1883, so that
the year imder review is the 24th of its existence. The central
portion of the present building was begun in 1886, and it has been
added to from time to time as it became overcrowded. When con-
sidering the progress which has been made, and comparing it with
that of other institutions of a similar character and age, it should be
remembered that the funds available for general expenses have been
very limited in extent, and that out of this small annual vote the
whole cost of the case building and fittings has had to be defrayed.

6. The registration and cataloguing of the contents of the
Museum was proceeded with, and 2,700 specimens were registered ;
846 of these being new accessions. Up to the end of the year, 13,000
cards had been used, exclusive of guides and subsidiary entries. It
was found necessary to obtain a second eight-drawer card-cabinet, as
the first had become congested. This should give sufficient accom-
modation for the next three or four years, at the present rate of
progress. Five hundred and eleven new labels were typed, poisoned
and mounted on cards. This work Avas much delayed in consequence
of changes in the clerical staff, neither of the new clerks knowing how
to use a typewriter at the time of appointment, and one lieing, up to
the end of the year, incapable of using-the instrument. There are many
thousands of old and dirty labels which require replacing with new
ones, and thousands more of manuscript ones which should be typed.

7. The iiuinhcr of visitors coiitiimps to iuoroase. year hy year, in
the most satisfactory manner. Tlie total for tlie year was 61,449,
being the greatest number ever recorded. It is also pleasant to be
able to i-eport that there has been no case of damage to the Museum
or to the exhibits, or of misbehaviour on the part of any of the many
persons who have visited the Institution.

8. The Curator, Mr. Knocker, was absent on leave from the 1st
of March to the end of the year. Mr. E. Keilich, the Taxidermist,
acted for the Cui'ator, and Mr. Yong Fook, the Assistant Taxider-
mist, for the Taxidermist. There were three changes in the appoint-
ment of Caretaker and Clerk, and from having a man at the top of
Tirade III, the present occupant is at the very bottom of that Grade.

9. In consequence of the fixing of the dollar at 2s. 4r7., a saving
was effected on the estimates of 8715.15, from the salaries of Messrs.
Knocker and Keilich.

SELAXaOR STATE :\[ITSEUM.

10. The new Museum building was handed over by the Public
Works Department during the year, and by the end of it the greater
part of the case building was finished. A portion of the painting,
glazing and fitting remained to be done, and some of the cases in the
central hall were not comj>leted. The sum of ii^7,378.56 was expended
on cases, and the general effect of the galleries, considering the low
cost of construction, is hy no means bad.

11. The collections were removed from the old building to the
new. The old cases and fittings were sold and realised 8340.93.
The work of installing the specimens was begun ami carried on, as far
as the state of the cases would allow.

12. Collecting proceeded throughout tlie year and many addi-
tions wore made to all the departments. An Assistant Ctirator was
appointed and arrived in August. He has already made very con-
sidemble progress in collecting and mounting various zoological
specimens, but it will necessarily l>e some years before this portion of
the collection is brought up to a satisfactory standard. In the early
part of the year, prior to his appointment, a good many birds and
mammals were sent to be mounted in England. Nearly the whole of
the old collection of mammals will have to be discarded as soon as
l)ett€r mounted examples of the various species can be procured.

13. The wing set apart for the ethnological collection, although
this is strictly local in character, is already becoming congested.

GENERAL.

14i One numl)er of the " Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums " was issued during the year, and the MS. for another was

sent to the Government Printer in December. Material for other
numbers was in liand, and the preparation of a g'uide to the Perak
Museum and the report on the Cxunono- Tahan Expedition, to-
gether with the iHustrations for these two latter works, was far
advanced.

15. Tlie birds and reptiles obtained daring this expedition have
been Avorked out at the British Museum, and the Federated Malay
States share has been returned. These specimens will add many
novelties to both Museums.

16. A considerable number of botanical specimens of economic
plants have been collected and sent to the herbarium of H.H. Prince
Eoland Bonaparte. Including one consignment sent in December,
1905, 114 plants have l>een forwarded up to the end of 1906.

L. WRAY,

Director of Museinns, F.M.S.

REPORT ON THE PERAK MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1906.

THE r.riLDlNG.

WING to the ravages of the white ants, the roof of the Laboratory
and Workshop had to be removed, and a new one built in its
place, the galvanized iron rooting tiles were used again. Two Dormer-
windows were at the same time built in the eastern side of the roof,
this has greatly improved the light in the building. Before the old
roof was removed, a temporary atap roof was placed over the building,
thereby preventing the interior and the contents from being damaged
by rain.

The Museiim was closed to the public for two days — the 26th and
27th of July — for a general cleaning, and all the wooden floorings were
washed, and afterwards dressed with earth oil and kerosene.

CASES.

Nine shallow wall cases, size 3 ft. by 1 ft. 11 ins., were made and
fixed on the walls of the Economic Botany room, four of which
contain fibres, two native medicinal plants, one native drugs and two
specimen blocks of native woods. Twenty frames, size 12| ins. by
9| ins., were also made for showing mounted botanical specimens, and
there are 34 mounted specimens awaiting the completion of more
frames. Eight two-drawer cabinets, size of drawer 3 ft. by 1 ft. 9 ins.
by 4 ins. deep, have been made and fixed under one of the table cases
in the upper Ethnological room.

Z00I,0(1V.
The foUowinsa: mamnials and birds were added \o this soction :

MAMMALS.

A Malayan Bear, female ( Ursus malayanns) ;
A Burmese Civet, male (Viverra megaspUa) ;
A Flying Lemur, male (Galeojyithecus vnlans) ;
A Grey Agile Gil>lx>n. female (Hylohate>< agilis) ;
Tavo Bats, male and female (Meijodenita s^pasuui).

BIRDS.

A Black Bittern, male (Dnpeior favicollis) ;
A Lesser Coucal, male (Ceniroims hengahiisis) ;
Three Yoimg Coucals {Ceniropns hongalens^h) ;
A Crested Goshawk, female (Lophospiziaa trivirgafiis) ;
A Burmese Peafowl, male (Pavo viuticus) ;
Two Argus Pheasants, male and female (Argnsiaima argus) ;
A White-breasted Kingfisher, female (Halcyon ^myrnensis) ;
A Malayan-pied Hornbill, male (Anthracoceros malayann) ;
A Malaccan Yellow-naped Woodpecker, male (ChrysopJilegma
malaccensifi).

The alcohol in all the jars of the reptile collection was changed,
and the discoloured spii-it was re-distilled in the Laboratory ; alto-
gether over 40 gallons of clear alcohol passed through the still.

r.OTANY.

About 66 specimens were mounted and added to the Herbarium,
some more additions were made to the rubber exhibits, by the
Superintendent of the Government Plantations, Mr. T. W. Main.

A very fine collection of fibres, medicinal plants, essential oils,
etc.. were given V)y the Manager of the Kamuning Estate, Mr. A. D.
Machado.

Seventeen plaster of Paris models of fruits — i.e., machangs,
mangoes and pisangs — were cast and coloured to nature for the fruit
collection.

Nineteen framed botanical sj^ecimens, a good many produce samples
in glass-topped tins and a series illustrating the newly discovered anti-
opium plant and its use were added to this section.

GEOLOGY.

Five verj' handsome specimens were presented to this department
by Mr. E. Gervais, of the French Tin Mining Company, Lahat;
Mr. Cecil Wray contributed three specimens from Pahang, particulars
of which are given in the donation list; and a large number of

81)

specimens have been transferred from the Selangor State Museum.
Messrs. G. and C. E. Cumming gave specimens of tin ore, the former
from SaUxk South, Selangor, and the latter from a tin vein in granite,
showing polished surface of slickensides.

ETHNOLOGY.

Quite a large number of valuable specimens have l)een added to
this section, the result of some collecting trips made l>v the Director of
Museums in Pahang, Tringgauu, Negri Sembilan and Malacca, and
a visit to the Agri-Horticultural Show, Singapore. The Cin-ator,
Mr. F. W. Knocker, also obtained a few Sakai specimens in his trip to
Ney:ri Sembilan in Febiiiarv.

-n'

Twelve papier-mache models were made from four iron implements
found in Selangor and Batang Padang. One set was presented to the
British Museum and another to the Selangor Museum. Plaster casts
of eight cannon balls, found in various places, were made and
coloured.

EECIISTEATIOX AND CATALOGUTNCI.

A new eight-drawer card-cabinet was obtained, and registration
and cataloguing has been carried on throughout the year in all the
sections of the Museum. The total numl^er of thiugs registered
amounts to 2,700, the total number of cards written to date, exclusive
of guides, etc., is 13,000. The number of new accessions registered..
during the year was 846. The number of cards added to the Library
Ca.talogue was 75, and 511 tickets were typed.

THE LIBRARY.

There were many additions to the Library by presentation, and the
additions by purchase are as follows :

" British Malaya," by Sir Prank Swettenham ; " Museums Journal,"
Vol. 3 of 1903-4," Vol. 4 of 1904-5; "Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Straits Branch " ; " Philippine Journal of Science " ; " Colonial
Office List"; "The Straits Directory"; " Whitakers' Almanac" for
1906; "Who's Who" for 1906; "Who's Who in the Far East" for
1906; "Vocabulary of Malay Medical Terms," by Dr. P. N. G-errard;
" Carchester : a Tale of West and East," by a Pilgrim ; the second
edition of the " Living Races of Mankind," 2 Vols. ; " Journal of
Indian Art and Industry," Vol. X ; Bland's " Historical Tomb-
stones of Malacca " ; Giles' " Religions of Ancient China " ; " The
Life of Sir Andrew Clarke " ; " Chinese Porcelain," by W. G. GuUand ;
" Pottery and Porcelain Marks," by Hooper and Phillips ; " Elephant
and Seladang Hunting in Malaya," by T. R. Hubback ; " Heroes of
Exile," by Hugh Clifford.

LTRT OF DONATIONS TO TTIE PERAK STATE MUSEUM LIBRARY

FOR 190G.

Biological Society of Wash-
inoton, u.s.a. :
" Proceedings of the Biological
Society, Description of a New
Species of Acordium from the
Philippines," by Oakes Ames.

Egyptian Government Zoolo-
gical Gardens, Giza (per
the Director, Captain Stanley
S. Flower) :
" Eepoi-t of the Giza Zoological
Gardens for 1905."

Federal Secretary:

" Blood-s\icking Flies, Ticks and
how to Collect Them" (bv
E E. Austen).

Government Printer:

" Enactments, Pahang, 1905."
„ Negri Sembilan,

1905."
Selangor, 1905."

Perak, 1905."

HoBSON, Mr. S. G. :
" The Ball."

Indian Museum, Calcutta (per
the Tnistees of the Indian
Museum) :
" Annual Report for 1 904- 1 905 . "
"Catalogue of the Indian
Decaj)od Crustacea in the
collection of the Indian
Museum," Part III, Mac-
rnra.

Kew Eoyal Botanic Gardens :
"Bulletin :«f Miscellaneous In-
formation " for 1906.

King, Colonel Sir George,

K.C.I.E. :

" Materials for a Flora of the
Malayan Peninsula." Nos.
16, 17 and 18.

Kyoto Imperial University (per
the Secretary, Hajime Ishi-
kawaj :
"The Kvoto Imperial Univer-
sitv Calendar" for 190.5-
1906.

Lloyd, Mr. C. G. :

" Bulletin of the Lloyds Library

Mycological Series," No. 8.
" Index of the Mvcological

Writings," bv C. G. Llovd,

Vol. 1, 1898-1905.
" Mycological Notes," bv C. G.

Lloyd, Vol. 1, 1898-1905.
"Mvcological Notes," by C. G.

Llovd, Mav, 1905.
" MvcologicalNotes," by C. G.

Llovd, June, 1905.
"The Tvlostome*," bv C. G.

Lloyd.

" Louisiana Planter " (per the
Editor) :

Complete Issues for 1906.

MacGregor, Mr. R. C. :

" Birds from Mindoro and small

adjacent Islands."
" Notes on Three Rare Luzon

Birds."
" A Hand List of the Birds of

the Philippine Islands."

Manchester Museum (per the
Director, Dr. W. E. Hoyle) :

" Notes from the Manchester
Museiim."

" Calendar of Lectures and Ad-
dresses for 1906-1907."

" Manchester Museum Report
for 1906-1907."

Montevideo Museo Nacional
(per the Director-General) :

" Anales del Museo Nacional de
Montevideo."

Otago University Museum :

" Curator's Annual Report for
1905 " (2 copies).

" Perak Pioneer " (per the
Editor) :

Complete Issues for 1906.

Plymouth Museum and Art
Gallery (per the Curator,
Mr. E. E. Lowe, f.l.s.) :

" Annual Report for 1905."

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PE

FOK 1906

Eaffles Library and Museum.
Singapore :

" Amnial Report for 1905."
Royal Colonial Institute :

"Journal of the Roval Colonial

Institute."
"Sessions, 1905-190()," Nos. 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
"Sessions, 1906-1907,"- No. 1.

Sarawak Museum (per the Cura-
tor, Mr. J. Hewitt, b.a.) :

" Report of the Sarawak
Musenm for 1905."

SCRIVENOR, Mk. J. B. :

" Fossils from Singapore," bv
R. Bnllen Newton, f.g.s.

Secretary to Resident, Perak :

" Agricultural Bulletin of the
Straits and Federated Malay
States," Vol. V, 1906.

" ProgTamme of the Presenta-
tion of Colours to the Malay
States Guides."

" Federated Malay States Civil
Service List " "for 1906.

" Bulletin of the Imperial Insti-
tute," Vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 2.

" Scenery Preservation," the
Government of New Zealand.

Selangor Museum (per the Cura-
tor, Mr. H. C. Robinson) :

" Catalogue of the Selangor
Government Library."

"The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History," Vol. XV,
Nos. 86, 87, 89, 90. 91, 92,
98 and 94.

RAK STATE MUSEUM LIBRARY

"Singapore Free Press" (per
the Editor) :

Complete Issue for the half of
year for 1906.

Smith, Senator the Honour-
able Staniforth : •

"Report on the Federated
Malay States and Java."

Smithsonion Institution,
U.S.A. :

" Bulletin of the United States
National Museum," Nos. 54
and 55.

" Annual Report of the Smith-
sonion Institution," 1904.

" Proceedings of the United
States National Museum,"
Vol. XXVIII and XXIX.

" Contributions from the United
States National Herl)a-
rium," Vol. X, Parts 1 and 2.

" Contril)utions from the United
States National H<n-ba-
rium," Vol. XI.

" Times of Malaya " (per the
Editor) :

Complete Daily and Weekly
Issues for 1906.

West Indies, Imperial Depart-
ment FOR Agriculture
(per the Commissioner, Sir
Daniel Morris) :

" West Indian Bulletin for
1906."

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PERAK STATE MUSEUM FOR 1906.

Bailey, Inspector H. :

Amat Taseh, Penghulu :

Wooden Shoes for a Child from
Lower Perak.

Assistant Commissioner op
Police, Pahang -.

Buttons and Badges of Pahang
Police.

Three Samples of Scrap Para
rubber.

Barnard, Mr. H. C. :

Malacca!! Yellow-naped Wood-
pecker (ChrysojMegma ma-
la ccensis), Taiping.

LIST OF nONATTOXS TO THE PERAK STATE ISITSEUM

FOR 1906— (o.«f.)

Birch. Mr. E. W., c.m.o. :
A Peacock.

Bird. Mr. G. F. :

One Beetle (Cockchafer) from
K. Kan^sar.

Bourne, the Rev. J. B. :

Three Female Kerringas from

Taiping.
Water from a Mineral Spring,

Ulu Bernam.

Campbell. Mrs. J. W. :

Snake { Dnliophuo bivirgatiip).

Campbell, Mr. J. W. :

Two Cater]Mllars from Max-
well's Hill.

Fruit of the Calabash (Cres-
cent ia cnjpfp) from Kuala
Kangsar.

Cheah Kee Ee, Mr. :

Micaceous Iron Oxide from
Tambuu, Kinta.

Choc Cheeno Klay, Mr. :

Botanical sp«H-imens of the
Auti-opiuiu Plant (Goitihre-
turn snndiacvm) from Kuala
Lumpur.

Chulan, Ra.ia :
Silver Cup.

Commandant, Malay States
Guides, the :

Buttons and Badges of the
Malay States Guides.

CuMMiNo, Mr. C. E. :

Tin Vein in Granite, showing
polished surface of slicken-
sides,

CuMMiNrt, Mr. G. :

Tin Ore from Salak South,
Selangor.

Davidson, Mrs. :
Covered Jar of Siamese Ware.

Director of Posts and Tele-
graphs, Federated Malay
States :

Two 1-cont Stamps (all green).
Two 8-cent Stamps (all brown).
Two 25-dollar Stamps.
Two F.-si/e Registration En-
velopes.
Two G.-size „ „

Dishman, Mr. A. :

Specimens of Viviauite from
Tanjong Malim.

Foster, Mr. R. :

Thirteen Copper Coins.

Gerrard, Dr. P. N. :

Elephant Beetle {Xylotrvpes

ijideon, Linn.)
Grasshop])erfrom Parit Buntar.
Caterpillar ,, „

Gervais, Mr. E. :

Fluor Spar, Arsenical Pyrites
and Tin Ore from Ayer Daun
Sang, Lahat.

Tin Ore in Limestone from
Lahat.

Calcite with Iron Pyrites, Lahat.

Tin Ore from Lahat.

GowLAND, Inspector H. J. :

Chinese Apparatus for Inject-
ing Morphia.

Nine Counterfeit Dollars taken
in Taiping.

One Counterfeit .'^5-Note taken
in Taiping.

One Counterfeit slO-Note taken
in Taiping.

Greig, Mr. G. E. :

Moth (Anthernea up.), Kendong
Valley near Grit.

Harper, Master Greame :

Beetle.

HoBsoN, Mr. S. G. :

Skeleton of Glass Sponge
" Venus Flower Basket "
{Evplertella anjyergillum).

LIST OF DONATIONS TO TILE PERAK STATE MUSEUM

FOR 190(3— (c-onf.)

HoDsoN, Mb. a. W. :

Argus Pheasant from Bruas.
Mantis from Penang Hill.
Scorpion from Bruas.

Hume, Mr. W. J. P. :

Hawk Moth {Elihia daUcJms),
Pikat from Maxwell's Hill.

Ismail, Ha.ji :

Boyanese Basket.

Red Iron Oxide from Sungei

Siput.
Javanese Silver Brooch and

Earrings.

Keilich, Mr. D. :

Hawk Moth (Calyinnia jxtno-

pus) .
Smaller Atlas Moth {Attacns

cynthia).
Crested Goshawk {Lajjliospizias

irivirqatus).
Five "White Ant's Nests.

Knight, Mr. B. C. N. ;

Snake {Jdetnojjhis intestinalis).

Knocker, Mr. F. W. :
Coloured Sleeping Mat.

Lee Yen Fat, Mb. :

One Siamese Copper Coin.
Five Anam Copper Coins.
Four Cambodia Copper Coins.
Two Silver Indo-Chine Fran-

caise Coins.
One si Indo-Chine Francaise

Bank Note.
Ten Indo-Chine Francaise Cop-
per Coins.
Six „ ,, ,,

Two

Machado, Mr. A. D. :

One Sample o£ Betel Nuts.

,, Copra (Sun-

dried).
„ Cotton.

Machado, Mr. A. D. — (cont.)

One Sample of Silk Cotton.
Two Samples of Liberian Coffee.
,, Pepper (Black

and White).
One Sample of Patchouli.

Coconut Oil.
Collection of Fibres.

„ Medicinal Plants.

„ Essential Oils.

Madden, Mr. L. J. B. :

Nightjar's Egg.

Main, Mr. T. W. :

Grlass Jar of Latex of Hevea
hra?Miensis.

Grlass Jar of Seeds Pods of
Hevea hrazUiensh.

Specimens of Para Sheet
Rubber.

Specimens of Ram bong Rub-
ber.

Master-Tailor, Malay States
Guides :

Obsolete Turban and Cap
Badges of the Malay States
Guides.

Matsoho, Titsan :

Calc-Siuter from Hot Spring at

Nagasaki, Japan.
Model Japanese Clogs.

Methodist Episcopal Mission,
Kuala Lumpur :

Anti-opium Plant {Combrdum
sundiacum) from Sereniban.

Moss, Mr. p. :

Smaller Atlas Moth {Attacns

cynthia) .
Butterfly (Amathusia pliidiii-

])iis) and other specimens.

Nelson, Mrs. P. J. :

Snake' (MacrojtJiisthodoii flavi-
ceps) .

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THK

FOR 1906—

Nin-soN, Mk. K. : S

Coliimbite or Tautalite from
Australia.

N«} Ann Thye. Mr. :

Malayau-pieJ Horiibill (An-
thracoceros m a hiija n a) .

Nicholas, Mk. F. W. :

Tjiir!j;e Spider.

tSiiake {Coluber radiaiux).

•Salisbury, Mr. E. R. :

Flviuy Lemur {Galeop'dhecus
volaus).

Saykrs, Mr. W. :
Siau)ese Maugo.

Secretary to Kesidknt, Pekak :

Twelve framed Photographic
Views of Taipiug.

Selangor Anti-opium Society,
Kuala Lumpur :

Specimeiis of the Auti- opium
Drug.

Selanoor State Museum :

Piece of Saudstoiie used for
filing teeth.

Da mar Chingal.

Two Tambourines made in
Singapore by Tamils.

Old Chinese Plate.

Chinese Fighting Irons.

Small Chinese Fighting Irons.

Native Sulphur from Crater of
a Volcano.

Large Baml>oo Flageolet from
Negri Sembilan.

I'our Tobacco Pouches, made
by Sakais under Enropeau
suj)ervisiM)!. JVoin JJataug
Padang.'

PEKAK STATE MUSKUM

(co)lt.)

elangor State Museum —
(cant.)

Pair of Rice Bags made by

Sakais, Batang Padang.
Bullets found in the Fort, Kuala

Selangor.
Two White Metal Buttons of

Selangor Police.
Two White Metal Buttons of

F.M.S. Police, Selangor.
Sapphires from Ceylon.
Verde Antique Marble from

San Bernardin Co., Cali-
fornia.
Fibrous Gypsum from Paris,

France.
Petrified Shells, Twigs, etc., by

deposit of Carbonate of

Lime.
Gypsum from France.

,, Paris, France.

Encrinal Marble, Les Ecaus-

siucs, Belgique.
Selenite (Sulphite of Lime) San

Joaquim Co., Calif oi'nia.
Two Stalactites from Cave,

Calaveras Co., California.
Skull of Simla Satyrus, Linn.,

the Orang Utan or Mias

from Borneo.
Skull of Babii'usa {Bahirusa

alfurus) from the Celibt's.
Twenty-three Species Fossils
from Paris, Basin.

One Sterna dougalli.
One Cyanojjs ramsayi.
One Stcrnd luelauauchen.
One Poliollitinns cinereus.
One Alophoims i)haeoce'phcdus.
One Aathothreptes hyiwgram-

mica.
One Anuroptiis mcdaccennw.
One Turdhnilus humei
One Rhipidura perlata.
Obsidian Bombs from Kuantau,

Pa hang.
Mineral and Rock Speci-

]ucn:5.

LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PKHAK STATE MUSEUM

FOR 190G— ('-/W.)

SUMNEB, Mb. H. :

Two pairs of Brass Stirrups
from Pekau.

Stoney, Mr. B. O. :

Portrait of Sir Frauk Swctteu-
hani.

Taylor, Sib W. T., k.c.m.g. :

Seveuteeu Dutch East ludiau
Coins of tlie Eighteenth
Century.

ToH Khay Beng, Mr. :

Iron Pyrites from Pulau Laug-
kawi.

Twiss, Mb. F. R. :
Cicada.

Upton, Mr. H. S. :

Paddle from Port Dickson.

Vadamalia Thamby, Mr. :
Lizard.

Wagner, Mb. C. :

One Cap Badge of the First
Perak Sikhs.

One Worked Badge of the First
Perak Sikhs.

Wbat, Mb. Cecil :

Chert Kock from Beiiiis, Ben-

tong, Pahang.
Carbonate of Lead from the Duff

Development Co., Kelantau.
Amaug containing Monazite

from Sungei Lima, Uhi

Dong, Pahang.

Stanniferous Grarnet Rock from
Triang, Pahang.

Wray, Mb. Leonabd., i.s.o. :
Comb of Large Malay Bee.

YoNG FooK, Mb. :

Lizard.

Four small Chinese Coins,

Young, Mb. C. :
G-rasshopper.

GENERAL.

A gift of the following animals — a male grey white-handed
Gibbon (Hyhhafes Jar), collected Ijy the Curator, Mr. Knocker, from
Sakais in the Ulu Plus ; a male Leopard Cat {Felis betujalensis) ; and
also three Macaque Monkeys {Macacus fascicular is), an adult female
with young and a young male — was made to the Zoological Society of
London. These animals were taken to England by Mr. Knocker and
arrived safely in the Society's Gardens by the end of March.

N'lSlTOlvS.

The number of visitors during the year has exceeded those of all
previous years. The figures for the last five years are as follows :

1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906.

40,022 ... 46,685 ... 52,85-1 ... 55,103 ... 61,449

This shows yearly increases of i^,Wo, 6,169, 2,249 and 6,o46
respectively.

The f(.)llowiug tiil)le gives the details oi' lulniissioii

Mouth.

Davs

Maxi-

Miiii-

Total.

Daily

oi)en.

111 u in.

iimm.

average.

Jaiiuarv

418

131

5,593

233.04

Februarv

520

5.519

239.95

March ...

26i

246

110

4,405

166.22

April

1,445

107

5,300

252.38

Mav

343

100

5,276

202.92

June ...

343

150

4,697

204.21

July

390

119

4,221

175.87

August

500

4,451

178.04

September

250

4,250

170.00

October

2,118

7,725

286.11

Noveml)er

342

4.889

203.70

Deceuil)er

359

164

5,123

222.73

Meau

24.29

606.16

104.33

5,120.75

211.26

As the total number recorded by the turnstile was 61,449, and the
number of days the Museum was open to the public was 291^, there
was a mean daily average of 210.80 visitors. The greatest number of
visitors lor one mouth was 7,725, registered during October. The
largest daily number was 2,118, this occurred on the 29th October,
the o]>euing of the newlv erected Tanda-i-Thapani Temple at the
Waterfall.

Other large daily attendances were recorded as shown below :

Hindu Festival, called Panguni Ootharam (7th April) ... 1,445
Chinese Festival, the 15th of the 8th moon (2nd Octoljer) 1,232
Hindu Festival, called Tai Pusum (8th February) ... 520
First day of Race Meeting (23rd August) 500

The Consul-Oeueral for Grermany in the Straits and Federated
Malav States visited the Museum on the 19th of January ; the Earl
and Countess of Carnarvon, the Countess of Lanesborough, and
Mr. Kelway Bamber, the Ceylon Government Chemist, on the 5th of
FebruarA- : H.H. Tungku Mohamed, c.m.g., Yang di }>er Tuan of Negri
Sembilan, H.H. Suleiman bin Almerhum Raja Musa, Sultan of
Selangor. the British Resident of Selangor, and the Resident-General
on the 12th of Febiaiary ; Professor Engler, Director of Botanical
Gardens, Ik-rlin, on the 24th of February ; Seuator the Honourable
Stanjiifoi-th Smith, C<Mnmonwealth of Australia, on the 14th of Mai-ch ;
H.S.H. Prince Heinrich Von Reuss on the 24th of March; Mr. T.
Tanaka. the Acting Japanese Consul, on the 26th of March ; Mr. Suen
Tye Ting, the Chinese Cousul-Geueral. on the 6th of October: Phya

■Sri Sahablieb. Vice-Miuister fur the Interior, Siam, and Mr. J. T.
Westeugard, Assistant Adviser, Siam, ou tlie 27th of October; and
Their Royal Highnesses Prince George and Prince Conrad of Bavaria
and Baron Yon Hacke on tlie 9tli of December.

Some forty pupils from the Klian Pan Convent Scliool paid a visit
ou the 3rd February. The boys of Standards II and III of the King
Edward A^II School, with Mr. Stainer, the Head-master, visited the
Museum on tlie 0th and I4th March, and again during the month of
May ; Standard VII boys visited the Museum on the 9th ; Standard
III boys on the 16th ; and Standard IV boys on the 31st.

STAFF.

Mr. Knocker, the Curator, left on the Ist of March on 13 months'
leave.

Mr. E. Keilich, the Taxidermist, was appointed Acting Curator,
and Mr. Yong Fook, the Assistant Taxidermist, Acting Taxidermist.

Mr. N. Bappoo, the Clerk and Caretaker, was transferred from this
office on the 6th March to Tapah as Chief Clerk to the District Officer,
and was succeeded by Mr. E. B. Carlos, Avho resigned on the 31st
August. The post is nov\^ occupied by Mr. Ooi Khai Chong.

FINAXCIAL.

The revenue collected amounted to .S146. A saving of $884.11 was
effected on the estimates, exclusive of personal emoluments. In con-
sequence of the fixing of the dollar at 28. 4cZ., there was a saving of
.S378.65 on the compensation allowance. While there was a saving of
.S336.50 on the Curator's salarv. this is also on account of the fixing of
the dollar, and •'^117.75 on the Clerks' salaries ; altogether a saving was
effected ou the establishments amountino- to S832.90.

'■n

E. KEILICH,

Adimj Curator.

REPORT ON THE SELANGOR STATE MUSEUM, 1906.

EXPENIHTURE.

/ \N the vote of $6,439 for personal emolumeuts there was a saving
of Si, 880. 15, owing to the rise in exchange and to the non-
appointment of an Assistant Curator, as provided in the Estimates,
until August.

Bee, tiicr.

2. UiultT other charu'es. uunually rciuiTfut cxpendiluiv. iueludiufj:
a siujpk'inentarv sum <>f S23(». s3,8o<» was voted, wliii-h was spent as
follows :

(1) Collecting' trips aud transport ... ... ... Sb'98.72

(2) SiKH?imeus i»92.79

(3) Taxidermist's outfit and stores ... ... 451.29

(4) Preservatives, collecting and cleaning,' materials 325.89

(5) Mounting,' I'irds and nianinials... ... ... 179.64

(Gj Plates for •• Mubeiuu Journal " ... ... 53.24

(7) Books and f>enodicals ... ... 200.00

(8) Postage and petty cash 78.86

(9; Freight and insurance charges... ... ... 101.21

(10) Repairs and sundries ... ... ... ... 159.12

(11) B<-)nus to colk-ctors 108.00

(12) Folding ladder and case fittings ... ... 113.11

(13) Uniforms 41.50

3. Including a snpplementarv provision of SoOO, J<8,223 was pro-
vider! to complete the furnishing of the Museum, and bv the end of
the year this work had been almost completed, all the wall and table
cases for the two main galleries having been finished and glazed.,
while those for the central hall were well advanced.

Tlie follr»wiug charges Avere incurred on tlie vote :

(1) Labour ?2,375.76

(2) Plate glass ... 2,237.15

(3) Painting and i^olishing 1.432.40

(4) Metal work 491.16

(5) Freight and handling charges ... ... 467.19

(6) Tlm^)er ^ 374.90

(7) Glass-topped boxes ... ... ... ... 272.66

(8) Catalogue cabinet 137.29

(9) Office furniture 90.50

(10) Tank in photographic room ... ... ... 25.00

4. Three insect cabinets by a leading London maker were pur-
chased and installed at a total cost of §892.49.

5. The expenses of removal amounted to a sum of S165.02. on
a total estimate of 85<X).

REVEXL'E.

The revenue realised from work done for private persons and sale
of Kur}>lu8 specimens amounted to S142.18.

Under authority previously obtained !^1 34.94, including a debit
balance from 1905, was expended on ethnographical sj^ecimens, leaving
a Ijalance of 87.24 to the credit of the fund. Tlie sale of unserviceable
cases in the old Museum realised a net sum of s34(>.93.

MSITUKS.

During the x'emoval from the old Museum an<l the re-arrau,«;emeiit
of the collections in the new buildings the Museum was closed to the
public throughout the yeai*.

LimJAKV.

A considerable j)rt)portiou of the available sum of if'^.OO was
devoted to binding, but one or two important books were }>iu'chased,
including Dr. Rudolf Martin's monographic wc>rk on the Sakai and
Semang Tribes of the Malay Peninsula. As in previous years several
contributions have been received from the Trustees of the British
Museruu, the United States National Musemn and the Department of
the Interior, Philippine Islands.

EXOBANCJES.

A few reptiles were received from the British Museum in exchange
for others, and a complete set of " Novitates Zoologicse," a valuable
publication containing man}- important monographs, from the Hon.
AValter Rothschild, in return for some rare birds from the mountains
of Selangor.

PUBLICATIONS.

One number of the " Joui*nal of the Federated Malay States
Museums " was published during the year while another was in the
pi-ess. The preparation of the illustrated report on the Gunong
Tahau Expedition was far advanced.

ADDITIONS.

I.- — ZOOLOGICAL.

As in previous years the high mountains in the vicinity of the
Pahang boundary were visited with very satisfactory results, several
extremely rare species of birds having been obtained. In June ten
days were spent on the island of Tioman and a large collection of small
mammals formed, including most of the varieties collected by the
American naturalist, Dr. Abbott, and several others in addition. This
collection, as well as other specimens from the adjacent islands of
Pemmangil, Aor and Tinggi, have been forwarded to the British
Museum and will be reported on in due course.

The Dyak Collectors also visited Rantau Panjaug in the Selangor
low country jungle and Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan with
satisfactory results.

The Curator's duties as Inspector of Fisheries enabled him to
visit several of the small islands in the Straits of Malacca, and several
interesting birds and animals were obtained on Pulau Jai'ak and the
Pulau Sembilan, and a large collection of over 200 skins was formed

by tlie Assistant Curator in Pulau Jem or. <mo of the Area Islands,
whicli includes several littoral birds hitherto luirepresented in the
collection. A visit t.) Batu on the Selangor coast in November
I)roved less successful.

The birds collected on (runong Tahan in 190-5 Avere returned
by the authorities of the British Museum after a representative set
had been selected by them, and, as was anticipated, add several species
of extreme rarity to the local collection.

The following species are now to the collection, those marked
with an asterisk being either new to science or hitherto unknown from
the Malav Peninsula :

* Sphenocercus korthalsi

* Sphenocercus rol)iusoui

* Brachypteryx wrayi

* Muscicapiila malayana
Siva malayana

Suya waterstradti
Pyrrhula waterstradt i
Centropus rectnnguis
Khinomyias pectoralis
Pteruthius tahanensis

* Locustella lanceolata

Pnoepyga lepida
Erythrocichla bicolor
Ouculus poliocej)halus

,, saturatus
Hierococcyx sp.
X^'cticorax nycticorax
Grorsachius melanolophus
Sterna melanauchen

,, dougalli

,, anaestheta

II. — ETHNOLOGICAI,.

A large number of Chinese plates of varying degrees of merit
and antiquity were piu-chased. ihietly from Rembaii and Sri Menanti,
as well as scmie good examples of Malay silver and several fine
weapons. As regards the soiithern portion of the Peninsula the
i-ollections of the Museum are now so extensive tliat it is only
occasionally that a really desirable specimen is oifered for sale and
then at a price that is usually prohil)itive.

The collection of ston<.' implements was further extended, and
several very uncommon types obtained.

At the end of the year a short expedition Avas made to the
uK^untains ot South Perak, and a representative collection made of
the possessions of the local Sakai tribes, including sumpitans and
quivei's, bamboo comb, bark cloth and other specimen of primitive
culture.

STAI'F.

The work of the staif generally was satisfactory, though for jungle
work it has Ijeen foiuid impossil>le to mnploy Malays.

H. C. PtOBINSON,

Ciirator.

ON MAMMALS COLLECTED BY Mr. H. C. ROBINSON
ON TIOMAN AND AOR ISLANDS, S. CHINA SEA.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS, f.r.s.

T HAVE been entrusted l)y Mr. H. C. Robinson, of the Kuala
Lumpur Museum, with a number of mammals collected by him
during 1906 on certain of the smaller islands round the Malay
Peninsula. The majority were obtained on the islands of Tioman and
Aor, off the east coast of Johore ; and in the present paper I confine
myself to these, as those from other localities are of little special
importance.

The mammals of Tioman and Aor have hitherto only been known
from papers by Mr. G. S. Miller on the material collected by Dr. W. L.
Abbott, and now in the U.S. National Museum. In his first paper on
the subject * Mr. Miller gave a list of the species obtained on Tioman
in 1899, while the Aor ones and some additional Tioman species are
included in a later paper.f

Mr. Miller's Tioman list is as follows :

Sciurus tenuirostris

Macaca " cynomolgus " { =

fascicularis)
Tupaia sordida

Parad oxurus hermaphrodi-
tus

„ tenuis
Mus stridens
„ tiomanicus
oliscin"us

Ratufa tiomanensis + | Tragulus rufulus

§ Mr. Robinson obtained all of these, with the exception of Sciurns
tenuis, Mus stridens and M. ohscnrus, and, in addition, the following:

Pteropus hypomelanus lepi- Rhinosciurus robinsoni, .<s^j. v.

dus Mus surifer

Galeopterus taylori, sp. n. Athemrus tionis, sp. n.
Petaurista melanotus |

* " Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Islands in the South C'hin.T
Sea," P. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii. pp. 203-246 (1900).

t " Seventy new Malayan mammaLs," Smiths. Misc. Coll. xlv. pp. 1-73 (1903") .

X In the faunal list on p. 246 accidentally called tiomn7)icu>'.

§ Tioman was again visited in Sept., 1907, when Mus stridens, Sciurus tenuis,
and a form of Schirus hilimitatus which may possibly prove distinct were obtained.
Several bats vrere also collected, amongst them being Cheiromeles torquatus and
an EmbaUonura very close to E. peninsuJaris which is widely distributed
throughout the Peninsula and adjacent islands. The only species from the
island which has not been secured is Mus pullus, Miller, a synonym of Mus
obscurus, Miller, which is preoccupied in the genus. Dr. Abbott obtained a single
specimen of it. The "species" is very doubtfully distinct from the form of
M, concolor, Blyth, inhabiting the mainland. — H.C.R,

Sept., 3908.

102

Of Dr. Abbott's Aor luaininals no list was published, but all the
species obtained by Mr. Robinson have been described in the second
paper above quoted.

With regard to the vexed question as to whether binomial or
trinomial names should be used for the various closely allied races of
the same type, when isolated in islands, I am strongly of opinion that
the balance of convenience is in favour of trinomials, at least in large
genera such as Sciurjis and Mns, where binomials give no idea of the
relationship of the animals. In certain cases, however, Avhere I am
morally convinced that a subspecific rather than a specific name is
advisable, and yet where I have not had the opportunity or material
to work out the group for myself, I have adopted the compromise of
inserting the parent name in brackets, and so indicating the alliance
of the animal dealt with.

ArVCACA rVSCICrLARIS, Rapf.
? 298. Jnara Bay, Tioman.

PTEROPIS HYPOMELAXrS LEPIDU.«!, Mill.
(?280, 290 (yg.), 329. Juara Bay, Tioman.

I am informed hy Dr. Andersen that this Fruit-bat, described as
P. lejnchiii by Miller, should be considered as a local subspecies of
the widely-spread P. Injpomelanns.

" Not uncommon on this island and on Piilo Aor. but not flying in
great flocks like P. mrnpynia.'" — H. C. R.

GALEOl'TERUS* AORIS, Mii.r..
(? 278 ; ? 276, 277, 280. Pulo Aor.

These specimens are quite uniform in the size of their skulls and
teeth, and differ markedly from the Tioman species. Two are in the
grey phase and two in an intermediate phase between gi'ey and
nifous.

ftALEOPTERUS TAYLORI, sj,.)i.
<J28] (imm.). Pnlo 'J'i.)iiiaii. i:Uli .Innc, 1900. 15. M. Xo. 8. 1. 2o, 3.
I'm"'-

" Ver\' rare in tliis island."

Size greater tlian in G. nnri^, about equalling that f>f the mainland
sjiecies. Tentli very largi'.

Tyi>e in red plmse. In colour and other external characters quite
like a specimen of G. tellonis, Lyon, in the red phase. Hands and
feet finely spotted with white.

Skull of the single specimen, although immature, already decidedly
larger than in G. ooris, and almost eqixalling small examples of the
mainland species, to the size of which when full-grown it might have

•Formerly Gahopithecu". See Thos. Anu. & Mafr. Xat. H).st., March, 1908.,
p. 254.

103

attained. Teeth very large, inuoh larger than in any of the northern
members of the group, and only equalled by those of the very much
larger Javan species.

Dimensions of the Type (immature), measured in flesh :

Head and body, 388 mm. ; tail, 179 ; hind foot. 49 ; ear, 16.

Skull : condylo-basal length, 66 ; basal length, 61.5 ; zygomatic
breadth, 42.3 ; interorbital breadth, 17 ; tip to tip of postorl)ital pro-
cesses, 31.5 ; palatal length, 31 ; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa, 12.3 ;
length of upper tooth series, 35, of anterior maxillary tooth (p'^ ) 7.1,
of second ditto ( p^ ) 5.8. of |)^ and the three upper molars together
15, of Pa 7.2, oi p^ 7.5 ; three lower molars together 12.1.

Hab. and Type as above.

This species is characterised by the great proportionate size of its
teeth, which considerably exceed those of any of the geographically
neighbouring forms, and equal those of the much larger Javan animal.

At the suggestion of Mr. Robinson I have named this new Flying-
lemur in honour of Sir W. T. Taylor, k.c.m.g., Eesident-Greneral,
Federated Malay States, who rendered the exploration of these
islands possible by permitting the use of the Grovernment yacht
" Meran " for the purpose.

TUPAIA SORDIDA, Mill.

T. c. p. 231.

^321; ?320. Jiiara Bay, Tioman,
Topotypes.

PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS, Pall.
(J 297. Juara Bay, Tioman.

PETAURISTA MELANOTUS, Gray.
(J 294, 296; $295. Juara Bay, Tioman.

These specimens differ considerably in the size of their skulls,
that of 294, being about as large as in examples from Malacca, while
295 is little longer than the small P. nitidula of the Natunas.

RATUFA (MELANOPEPLA) TIOMANENSIS, Mill.

P. Wash. Ac. ii. p. 130 (1900).

^283,286,287,288,289; $284,28.5. Juara Bay, Tioman.

Topotypes.

Several characters, external and cranial, are given by Mr. Miller
for the distinction of the Tioman Ratufa, but the only one which
this series confirms is the slightly shorter tail, and as his own
measurements completely intergrade, I should certainly consider
the animal as merely a subspecies of the mainland form.

104

SCIURrS (VITTATUS) TEXriROSTTlIS. Mltl,.

P. Wash. Ac. ii. p. 221, fig. 13c (skull) (1900).

(J307. 3(T9, 310, .'^12, 313, 314, 315. 316. 318; $308, 311, 317. 319. Jnara
Bay, I'lilo Tionian.

Evidently the comuiouest species in Tioman. It is a larger
form than the representative of the same group in Aor and Pemangil.

SCIIRIS (VITTATUS) "AORLS," Mill.

Smiths. Misc. Coll. xlv. p. 10 (1903).

c? 301, 303; ? 300, 302. Pulo Aor.

Topotypes.

Mr. Robinson also collected three Squirrels of this group on
Pemangil Island, close to Aor, and these would represent Miller's
8. pemangilensis, described just before S. aoris. I confess I fail
to see any difference between the specimens from the two islands,
though I provisionally use the name given to the Aor form.

RHIXOSCllRUS ROBINSONI, sp. n.
(J340, 341, 343 ; ? 337, 338, 3.39. .342. Juara Bay, Pnlo Tioman.

More allied to the Bornean B. Jaticavdatus, M. & S., than to the
Malayan B. tvpaioidea. Gray * : the tail-hairs broadly washed with
ochraceous.

General colour above altout as in B. tupaioides, paler than in a
specimen from N. Borneo, which I provisionally accept as B. latl-
caudottis.

Centre of back blackish, rump more ochraceous, especially on sides,
the whole dorsal area less uniform than in laticaudahis. Flanks above
line of demarcation little suffused with buffy, while the belly itself, as
in Jnticaudatvs, is buffy throughout, being more ochraceous buffy
posteriorly. Crown dark grizzled olive. Ears with an inconspicuous
light patch Vjehind them. Limbs darkening terminally, becoming
blackish on the hands and hind toes as in B. laticaudatvs. Tail-hairs
black basally and subterminally, the second and terminal rings buffy
or ochraceous Ituffy, similar to each other, or the terminal ring even
darker than the subbasal ; in the other species the ends are lighter
than the subbasal rings, buffy white in laticavdat'us and nearly quite
white in tupaioide^.

Skull with rather smaller l)ull8e than in -R. laticaudotns, much
smaller than in B. tnpaioides.

* 1 quote this name as of Gray and not Blyth, hiecanse I do not think that
the names in the former's " List of Mammalia," 1843, can be conBidercd technically
as iKymina nuda in the cases where a characteristic English name was appended to
them. The plan of the book not including descriptions in the usual sense. Gray
seems to have done his best to make up for them by applying names by which
the animals could be identified, and no one could any more doubt as to the
identity of the " .Sharp-nosed Squirrel " (p. 19.5) than of those of the " Blackish-
backed," "Ashy-headed," or " Grey-thighed" species referred to on p. 143.

105

DiMENSIONy OF THE TyPE :

Head and body, 199 mm. ; tail, 90 ; hind foot (s. u.), 37.

Skull: greatest length *, 53 ; basilar length, 43.5; zygomatic breadth,
25.5; nasals, 18.5 x 5.3 ; interorbital breadth, 12 ; breadth of brain-case,
20.5; diastema, 15.5 ; length of bulla, 10 ; length of upper tooth-series,
11.8.

Type.— Adult female. B.M. No. 8. 1. 25. 15. Original number 337.
Collected 7th June, 1906, by H. C. Kobinson,

This Long-nosed Squirrel differs very markedly from the Malayan
Ehinosciurus, both iu colour and skull-characters, and is clearly more
nearly allied to the Bornean representative of the genus. The Museum
had already received from Mr. Kobinson a good example of M. tupaioides,
collected by him in Pahang, and this shows well the white belly, buffy
flanks, and white-washed tail which distinguish that animal from the
insular forms.

I have much pleasure in naming this distinct species in honour of
Mr. Robinson, its discoverer, to whom we are indebted for so much of
our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Malay Peninsula and
its islands.

3IUS TIOJIAXICUS, Mill.

^330,333; $331,332. Jiiaia Bay, Tiomau.

A member of the negledm group.

MUS SLRIFER,' Mill.
<? 335, 336 ; ? 334. Juara Bay, Pulo Tioniaii.

These specimens appear to be quite similar to those in the British
Museum, obtained by Mr. C. B. Kloss and mentioned in Mr. Bonhote's
paper on his collection.

ATHERiilirS TlOXISt, sp. )i.
(J 324 (skull only), 325; $323. Juai-a Bay, Tiomau.

Similar to the mainland A. macrourus in colom* and in the detailed
skull-characters which separate A. zyyomaticus from that species, but
markedly smaller, with shorter tail, the skull less inflated, and smaller
throughout.

Skull lower and less inflated than in macrourus, but its shape
othei'wise very similar. Nasals rather larger in proportion, their size
nearly equalling that found in the larger form. Molars smaller in all
dimensions.

* The type is rather a small specimen ; two other skulls measure 56 and 56.5
mm. in greatest length.

t The niiddle syllable of Tioman being long, as in all other Malay names
tlius making such a word as Hovianicus almost unpronounceable, I have permitted
myself the liberty of abbreviating the name of the island.

106

Dimensions of the Type (measured in flesh) :

Head aud body, 516 mm. ; tail, 176 ; liiud foot (s. u.), 60 ; ear, 35.

Skull : upper length, 91 ; basilar length, 77.5 ; greatest breadth, 48 ;
nasals, 27 x 15 ; intertemporal breadth, 26 ; height of muzzle on
diastema, 18.5 ; height of crown above palate, 25 ; palatilar length, 39 ;
diastema, 28.5 ; length of upper tooth-series (crowns), 16.8.

Type.— Old male. B.M. No. 8. 1. 25. 21. Original number 325.
Collected 13th June, 1906.

The specimen which I take as a characteristic example of the
peninsular macrourus agrees closely in its skull-measurements with the
one from Trong referred to by Miller in his descrij^tion of A.
iiygomaiiciis. Of its skull, the upper length is 100 mm., the height of
the muzzle 21, of the crown 29, and the length of the upper tooth-
series is 18 mm. It was obtained at Jalor by Messrs. Robinson aud
Annandale.

This animal is clearly a small insular repi'esentative oiA. macrourus,
and does not show the peculiarities that distinguish the Aor Island
form.

ATHERUllUS ZYGOMATICL'S, Mill.

? 326, 327. Pulo Aor.
Topotypes.

These specimens quite agree with Mr. Miller's description, both iu
the peculiar character of the zygomata and in the dark colour of their
sides and bellies.

Among the Eastern Atheruri iu the British Museum I find
an example of this species which was purchased in 1881 from a dealer,
and was labelled in Japanese writing " Fasciculated Porcupine —
natiA'e name Tea ]jhu Jcoku — India."

TIUGL'LUS liUFULUS, Mill,
t?291, 293, 328 (skull only) : $ 292. Juara Bay, Tiomau.

Topotypes.

"Very common. Caught in fall-traps baited with jackfruit." —
H. C. R.'

These specimens differ from Mr. Miller's descnption by having
their bellies more or less washed with fulvous, but appear to agree iu
all other respects.

They also entirely agree in colour with the type of Gray's Tragulus
do ahy CUIUS, a s|x;cies whose exact locality has, to my knowledge, never
l.)een definitely determined ; but their skulls are so far smaller
that they cannot be referred to it.

Probably T. stanleijaaus will prove to occur on the mainland and
to Ix^r much the same relation to T. riifulus that Atherurus macrourue
does to A. tionie.

107

lExtmcted from the " Linncan Sucietn't: Juurnal'' — Boianu, vul. xxxviii., \>i). 301-33G,
June, 1908.']

ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE BY H. C. ROBIN-
SON AND L. WRAY FROM GUNONG TAHAN, PAHANG.

By H. N. RIDLEY, m.a., f.k.s., 1'.i..s., assisted isy utiiiok Butamsts.

[Read 5th December, 1907.]

r FN 1905 the Trustees of the British Museum made a grant towards
L the expenses of Mr. H. C. Robinson's expedition to Gunong
Tahan in the Malay Peninsula, on condition that the whole collection
made by the expedition should be sent to the Natural History Museum
and that the first set should become the property of the Trustees. An
account of the expedition will shortly be published in the " Journal of
the Federated Malay States Museums." *

The plants, numbering about 250 specimens, were collected from
May to July, 1905, by Mr. Robinson and Mr. L. Wray, Director uf
Museums, Federated Malay States. As Mr. H. N. Ridley, who is
specially interested in the botany of the Peninsula, Mas home on leave
during last year, I asked him to prepare an account of the collection.
He agreed, but having to return to Singapore early in January, left his
paper in an unfinished state ; with Mr. E. G. Baker's assistance I have
compared it with the specimens in the study set at the British Museum,
annotated, and prepared it for the press. The account of the Fenis
and Mosses is largely the work of Mr. A. Gepp, and that of the Fungi
and Lichens has been prepared by Miss A. Lorrain Smith.

(A. B. Rendle.)]

The mountain Gunoug Tahan lies in the north of Pahang, on the
east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and was formerly believed to be by
far the highest mountain in the Peninsula. It proves, however, to be
by no means so lofty as was at first supposed, being only 7,100 feet in
altitude.

Several attempts were made to explore this mountain on previous
occasions. The first of these was undertaken by the author of this
paper, accompanied by Mr. W. Davison, Curator of the Raffles Museum,
Singapore, and Lieut. Kelsall, r.e., in 1891. The position of the
mountain was then unknown, and owing to the limited time allowed,
the failure of the commissariat, the extremely unhealthy character of
the Tahan Valley, and the imsettled state of Pahang, then on the eve
of the rebellion which broke out the following year, the expedition
failed to reach its goal. A good collection of plants, however, was
made, an account of which was published in the " Transactions of this
Society," ser. 2, iii. p. 267, and an itinerary of the trip in the " Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society," Straits Branch, vol. xxv. p. 33. This
expedition attempted to reach the mountain by travelling up the Pahang

* Vol. III. (Feb., 1908).

108

River, then up the Teuibeliug aud Tahau Rivers, which latter stream
is reported to spring from the base of the mtmntaiii.

lu 1898 Mr. H. M. Becher again attempted to reach the mouutaiu
bv the same route, but perished iu a spate of the Tahau River about
live miles above the poiut at Avhich the first expedition stopped. A few
j>laiits were added to the ct)llecti<»ns at Singapore Botanic Gardens by
the Gardens' ]tlant-collector, wlio accompanied Mr. Becher's ill-fated
expedition.

In 1899 Mr. AV. \V. iSkeat, who went with the Cambridge expedition
to explore the north of the Peninsula, made a hasty trip to the mountain
from the north, and after much difficulty and risk reached it.

In 1901 Mr. Juhu Waterstradt reached the mountain in a trip made
chiefly for the purpose of collecting birds. An account of his expedi-
tion was pul)lislied in the " Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,"
Straits Branch, vol. xxxvii. (1902) pp. 1-27.

The collection of plants made by Messrs. Robinson and Wray is one
oi considerable intei'est, and contains a number of remarkable addi-
tions to the knowledge of the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. It has
long been known that the floras of the east and west coasts are very
dift'erent, the eastern side showing a number of Australian and eastern
Asiatic types not met with on the western side, the flora of which
is more accessible and has been more thoroughly studied.

The greatest interest centres round the plants, the geographical
distriljution of Avhicli is further extended. Two of these are specially
noteworthy — viz., Penta])hylax mcdayana, n. sp., and Gentiana mala'
yana : the former is the second representative of a Chinese monotypic
genus of Ternstroemiacese previously known only from Hongkong ; the
latter is closely allied to a Boruean species occurring on Mt. Kinabalu
and to a Javan species.

A curious new genus of Melastomaceie allied to Dissochceta, which
I have called Oritreph.es, is also an important addition. The genus
Xyris is represented in the Peninsula by several sea-shore 62>ecies, but
is seldom met with inland or at any altitude ; it is absent, so far as is
known, from the Perak Hills and Mount Ophir, but one species,
X. RicUeyi, was found by me on Kedah Peak at about 3,000 feet eleva-
tion. Two species occur on Gunong Tahan, one identical with that
from Kedah Peak, the other, X. grandis, n. sp., perhaps the largest
species of the genus, conspicuous from its stiff sword-like leaves resem-
bling those of Cladium Maiiujayi, C. B. Clarke, of Mount Ophir.

There are, as usual in such collections, several species of Didymo-
ca/i'jjus, including two new to science, and a number of Orchids, a good
proportion of Avhich are also new.

Among the previously described plants it is interesting to find
several of those known only from Father Scortechini's collections and
distributed without any specific locality. It is probable that as they

109

have uot beeu met with oii the western slopes of the Perak Hills,
Scortechiui must have collected them ou the eastern watershed of the
main range. Such are Gordonia imhricata, King, Polyosma coriacea.
King, and CakqihijUiim venustum, King.

SPERMATOPHYTA.

DICOTYLEDONES.

POLYPETALiE.

UlhLKXIACEyE.

AcKOTREMA cosTATUM, Juck, lit Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. v. 3(5
il).303).*
Kuala Tekn, 500-1,000 ft. (5536.)

Didrih. — Common in most hill regions of the Straits Settlements
at that altitude and occasionally at lower elevations.

POLYGALACEiE.
POLYGALA MONTICOLA, n. Sp. (j). 80S).

Frutex circa bipedalis, hasi nuda lignosa, superne liaud ramosa.
Folia 3-4 poll, longa, 1^ poll, lata, lanceolata iitrinque acuminata,
petiolata, glabra ant raro pilis trauslucentibus parce munita,
nervis primariis ad 8 paria, ])etiolo I poll, longo. Racemus
subterminalis strictus erectus deusus. Flores albi, carinis roseis,
J poll, longis ; pedicellis brevissimis. Sepala externa ovata
rotundata pubescentia. Petala oblonga, carina cristata. Capsula
immatnra reuiformis biloba ferme j poll, in diametro.

Gunong Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. A small shrub ; flowers white ;
column edged with yellow, pinkish above ; sepals edged with
purple. (5456.) At 4,000-5,000 ft. ; about 2 feet high. Flower
wliite when first opened, afterwards turning pink ; leaf- stalks
tinted piuk. (5384).

Forma major, foliis 6 poll, longis, 2 poll, latis, glabris, petiolis
pollicaribus ; racenio 9 poU. longo.

Flowers tipped rose-red, calyx and flower-stalks white ; mid-ribs o£
leaves tinted with red. At 5,000 ft. (5333.)

Though this has been several times collected in the mountains of
the Malay Peninsula by different collectors, it seems to have
beeu confused with P. venenosa, Juss. Its smaller flowers ou
very short pedicels, as well as its dwarf stem and dense erect
raceme, make it very distinct from the great spreading half-
shrub which is common in the lower damp forests ; and it is
difiicult to see how it could be considered a variety of P. venenosa,
which is really much less variable than would appear from the
number of varieties of it recorded.

* To facilitate citation the original pagination is quoted in italics after each
species. Ed.

r[TTOSl'ORE;K.

PiTTOsPORUM, sp. A small tree 10-15 feet hii"!!, with light-coloured
bouglis and opposite subcoriaceous lanceolate leaves glaborus
with impressed nerves above, strougly reticulate above ami
beneath, petioles pubescent. Fruit solitary, oval, } inch long,
on a slender peduncle Iw inch long.
Ounong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5444.)

Too incomplete to describe, but I cannot identify it with any
Asiatic species. The only species hitherto recorded from the
Peninsula is Pitto^2>orum ferrugineuin, Dryand.

(aXTIFER-K.

Calophyllum spectabile, WiUd., in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Ma<j. v.

(1811) 80 {p. 304).
In fruit, Gunong Tahan, 3,o00 ft. A medium-sized tree 50-60 feet

high. (5344.)
Distrib. — A common and Avidely dispersed species, occiu-ring from

the Audamaus eastward to the Society Islands.

C. VENUSTUM, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Bemj. lix. (1890) 180 (2). 304).
Gi-unong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. A small tree with white flowers

(5340, 5395.)
Distrib. — Perak. Only once previously collected.

t TERXSTR(EiMIACE.E.

Anneslea crassipes, Hooh. ex, Choisy, in Mcni. Sac. Fhyti. Gen. xiv.

(1855) 129 {p. 304).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. A small tree ; calyx bright red. (6322.)
Bistrib. — Found also on Mt. Ophir, and Gunong Batu Puteh and

other mountains of Perak ; also Philippine Is.

Adikandra villosa, Choisy, I. c. 12 (j>. 304).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Tree 30-40 feet liigh ; flowers white.

(5517.)
Distrib. — Tavoy and Perak at high elevations.

A. ANGULATA, n. S^'.

Arbor 4<J-50-i)edalis, ramis compressis, ramulis complanatis angulatia
validis, alabastiis i>arce sericeis. Folia elliptica obtuse acuminata
coriacea, 4-7 poll, longa, 2-4 poll, lata, siccitate flavescentia, uervis
ad 20 paria conspicue reticulatis, petiolo ^ poll, longo crasso.
Flores non visi. Bracteae 2 parva; ovatae. Sepala ovata rotundata
crassa glabra, } poll, longa. Ovarium globosum f poll, longum,
stylo sequilongo coronatum. Fructus in pedicello 3 poll, longo,
supeme incrassato.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. (5518.) A very remarkable species,
with the foliage of one of the large Garcinias, and quadrate stems
with a narrow wing running along eacli edge. The very large
fruits are in pairs.

Ill

Ternstrcemia japonica, Tliunh., in Trans. Linn. Soc, ii. (1794) 335
(i>. 304).

Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. Bush ; flowers wliite ; leaves pale green
beneath. (5328.) 5,000-6.000 ft. Shrub 2-3 feet high ; flowers
greenish w'hite ; anthers brown. (5501.)

Bistrib. — An addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Tern-
straemia japonica talcen in a large sense is a widely spread species
in Eastern Asia, and as T. aneura, Miq. (the type of which
these specimens closely resemble), occurs in Banka.

GoRDONiA iMBRicATA, King, in Joum. As. Soc. Bemj. lix. (1890) 204

(i>. 305).
Gunong Tahan, 6,000 ft. A small tree; the flower cream-colour,

I inch across. (5436 and 5406.)
Distrih. — A rare plant, only collected once in Perak by Scortechini.
ScHiMA NORONHJi, Beinw. ex, Blume, Bijdr. 130.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. A small tree 20-25 feet high, or

a shrub 4-6 feet high; flower white, stamens yellow. (5508,

5525.)
Distrib. — Common and variable at high altitudes, occurring also in

Burma and the Malay Archipelago.

Pentaphylax malayana, II. sp. {p. 305).

Frutex vel arbor parva, ramis nigris. Folia coriacea glabra ovata
obtusa, basi rotundata, nervis inconspicuis, 2 2)oll. longa, 1 poll.
lata, siccitate flavescentia. Spica3 1 poll, longse deusae. Bractese
ovatse 4, marginibus ciliatis. Sepala ovata rotundata ciliata.
Petala linearia oblonga retusa alba. Stamina quam petala bre-
viora, filamentis oblongis, apicibus acuminatis. Stylus cylindricus
brevis ; stigma planum brevissime 5-lobum. Capsula breviter
pedicellata, \ poll, longa. Semina linearia curva, 2 in quoque
loculo.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300-5,000 ft. Bush with white flowers. (5325,
5339, 5405.)
, A very fine addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, the only
other known species, P. euryoides, Gardn. & Champ., being a
native of Hongkong. Specimens of obviously the same species
were some years ago brought by Mr. Barnes from K'luang Terbaug
in Pahang (Journ. Roy. As. Soc, Straits Branch, xxxix. (1903)
1-18). These specimens were in fruit, and the description of the
fruit is taken from them. P. malayana differs from P. euryoides
in its smaller, more thickly coriaceous, blunt leaves, and its shorter
and thicker flower- spikes.

TILIACB^.

Ela;ocarpus monticola, n. sj). (jy. 305),

Frutex foliis ovato-lanceolatis integris glabris coriaceis, 3 poll.
lougis, 2 poll, latis, nervorum 6 paribus, petiolis poUicaribus

KaceuiL bi"eviusculi, 2 pull, lougi, foliis breviores. Flores parvi
(lissiti i>edicellati, ] poll, longi. Sepala 4 ovata pubescentia
roseo-bruunea. Petala vix lougiora quaui sepala, oblonga, fim-
briata, viridesceuli-alba, pubescentia. Stamiua 12, filamentis
brovibus. antheris liuearibus, siue barbis sen aristis. Ovarium
globosuiu, stylo brevius. Torus erassus uudulatus. Drupa glo-
bosa, plus quam ^ poll, louga, rugosa.

Cximoug Tahau, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shrub 10-12 feet high. Sepals
piukisb brown ; j^etals greenish white. (5528.)

Near Elxocarpus punctatus, King, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng. Ix. ii.
(1891) 139 (Malay Peninsula, Java, and Sumatra), but differs in
the more fimbriate petals, longer style, and entire leaves. The
fruit is very different from that of E. punctatus and resembles that
of E. 2J(ii'vifvlii(s, Wall.

RUTACEJi.
EVODIA SIMPLICIFOLIA, It. Sp. (jJ. 806).

Frutex T-pedalis ramosus. Folia opposita elliptica obtusa, basi sub-
cuneata vel rotuudata. coriaeea integra, uervis primariis saepe 1(3,
nervulis reticulatis, 3-8 j poll, longa, If poll, lata, siccitate pallida,
petiolis I poll, longis. Paniculae petiolo vix longiores in axillis
foliorum summorum dispositae. Flores non visi. Capsulse 4-lo-
batte I poll, latae rugosse glabrae.

Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. A shrub 7 feet high. In fmit
(5492.)

Much resembles E. pachyphylla, King, a native of Perak, but is very
distinct in its simple unifoliolate leaves and glabrous capsules.

CELASTRACE^.

Salacia perakensis, Kbuj, in. Jour a. As. Soc. Betuj. Ixv. ii. (1896) 364,
e descript (p. 306).

G-unong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A small tree ; flowers dull red. (5332.)
I have seen no authentic specimen.

Distrih. — Originally collected in Perak by Scortechini, who gave
no exact locality.

ROSACEiE.

Photinia dubia, Lindl, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1821) 104, t. 10
(p. 806).

Ounong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shi-ub 8-15 feet high ; fruit
brownish red. (5486.)

Not recorded in the " Flora of the IMalayan Peninsula " : it was
collected by Griffith at Bukit China, a low hill close to Malacca, and
by myself on rocks by th^ river in the Dindings, where it is a low
straggling bush.

Distrih. — North India.

113

Pyrus granulosa, Bertol., in Mem. Accad. Sc. Bohgn., ser. 2, iv.
(1864) 312 (p. 306).
Guuong Tahan, 6,000-5,500 ft. Tree 15-25 feet. (5520.)
Distrih. — Khasia, Burma, aud Sumatra.

SAXIFRAGACE^.

Weinmannia Blumei, Planch., in HooJc. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847)
470 (p. 306).
Gunong Tahan. Tree; flowers red; leaves green, stalks red.

(5319.)
Distrib. — Higher mountains of the Peninsula.

PoLTOSMA coriaoea, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. (1897) 300

{p. 307).
G-unong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Bush ; flowers whit^. (5388.) A

small tree 20-30 feet high ; flowers yellowish-white. (5493.)
Distrih. — Perak and Kedah Peak.

P. L^TE-viRENS, Griff, ex King, I. c. 303.
Small tree at 5,000-6,000 ft. (5462.)
Distrih. — Malay Peninsula.

hamamelibe.k.
Ehodoleia Teysmanni, Miq., in Versl. fin Med. K. Alaid. Wetensch. vi.
(1857) 123 (2). 307).
Guuong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Large shrub 10 feet high, or tree 18
inches in diameter ; flower rosy pink. (5482, 5506.)

Distrih. — Hill-ranges of Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra.

RHIZOPHORE^.

Carallia eugenoidea. King, in Jotirn. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. (1897)
320(^.507).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small tree.

Distrib. — Perak. Hitherto only known from Scorteehini's collec-
tion.

MYRTACEiE.

B^CKEA frutescens, Linn., Sj). PI. 358 ( p. 307).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5311.)

Distrib. — Common on all hills at this elevation ; also Malay
Archipelago.

Leptospermum flavescens, Sm., var. commune, Benth., Fl. Austral .
iii. 104 (p. 307).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft., on ridges. Trunk up to 2 feet in
diameter, but short and twisted. (5409.)

Distrih. — Common on the hills at this elevation in the Malav
Peninsula, and throughout the Archipelago to Australia.

114

Rhodamnia trinervia, Blmne. Mus. Bof. LtKjd.-Bat. i. 79 (p. 307).

Gunoug Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5500.) A iiiountaiu form with
coriaceous ovate acunnnate leaves, densely white woolly beneath,
less so above, but with silky white pubescence on the upper face
and pubescent fruit.

Diiftrib. — Malayan Archipelago and Philippines to Australia ; Burma.
Eugenia pahangensis, ?j. sp. (]). 307).

Arbor 20-pedalis cortice albescente. Folia coriacea crassa elliptica
petiolata obtusa, costa superne depressa subtus elevata, nervis
plurimis gracilibus sul)parallelis, 3-4 poll, longa, 2 poll. lata.
Panicula brevis terminalis densiflora, 2 poll, longa, ramis" panels
crassis angulatis. Flores flavescentes parvi congesti sessiles vix
J poll, longi . Sepala brevissima crassa, triangularia acuta. Petala
parva caduca orbicularia. Stamina breviuscula. Ovarium ob-
conicum angulatum.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree 20 feet high ; flowers pale
yellowish. (5454.)

Belongs to the same group as Evyenia suhdecnssata, Duth., but is
very distinct in its foliage.

Eugenia viridescens, 7*. sp. (p. 308).

Frutex. Folia coriacea sessilia glabra obovata, apicibus late rotun-
datis vix apiculatis, versus basin angustata, basibus subi-etusis,
2^-3 poll, longa, \\ poll, lata, nervis copiosis tenuibus approxi-
matis, costa crassiuscula. Pauiculse quam folia breviores, ter-
minales, 2 poll, longse, pedunculis brevibus ramulis validulis.
Flores inter minores, \ poll, longa. Calyx canipanulatus, margine
subintegro undulato. Petala 4 calyptram form ant ia rotundata.
Stamina brevia, calycem paullo superantia.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A bush ; flowers pale green, leaves and
young wood tinged with purple. (5338.)

Allied to E. suhdecnssata, Duth., but differs in the form of the
leaves, which narrow towards the base and end in a truncate
retnse manner. Thev are less stiff than those of suhdecnssata
drying of a yellowish colour, and the margins curling back. The
nervation is very fine and close and hardly distinguishable.

MELASTOMACEiE.

Melastoma malabatheicum, Linn., 8p. PL 559 (jj. 308).
. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Flower pinkish. (5514.)

A very large-flowered form of this variable species, the petals being
nearlv as large as those of M. decemfid urn , Roxb., but otherwise
there is very little difference between this and typical M. malaha-
thricum of the plains.

Distrih. — India to China and North Australia.

llo

SONERILA HETEROSTEMONA, NdUfh, in Al))i. Scl. Nat. S('r. 3, XV. (1851)

S26(p.308).
" Kuala Teku, 800-1,000 ft. (5538.)

Distrih. — Common in the woods of the plains. Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra to Borneo.

S. suPFRUTicosA, Stopf & King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixix. ii. (1900)
29.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white or tinted with pink ; leaves
dull green with white hairs, beneath crimson with white hairs.
(5315, 5347.)

Distrih. — Peralc, Gunong Bubu (previously collected by Wray).

S. PARADOXA, Naud., 7. c. 321.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves bright green with metallic l)lue
lights, beneath crimson, hairs on both sides crimson ; flowers
pale pink. (5362.) The very hairy form common at higher
elevations.

Distrih. — Penang.
Anerincleistus fruticosus, n. sp. (p. 309).

Suffrutex multi-ramosus, cortice fusco. Folia subcoriacea lanceo-
lata acuminata glabra, 1-3 poll, longa \ poll, lata, subtus glauca,
apicibus obtusis, ])asibus acuminatis. Flores solitarii vel 3-4 imi-
bellati, pedunculo \ poll, longo. Calycis tubus vix dilatus glaber.
Sepala subulata acuminata glabra, \ poll, longa. Petala 4, rosea
lanceolata acuminata ferme subulata. Stamina 8, antheris elonga-
tis J poll, longis iuaequalibus, basi obscure emai'ginatis, nee appen-
diculatis, antheris sterilibus rubris. Capsida obconica f poll,
longa \ poll. lata.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub ; flower pale pink ;
anthers pale yellow. (5453.)

Allied to A. viacranthns, King, but more glabrous with smaller
leaves and more woody.

Oritrephes, n. gen.

Frutex ; foliis oppositis ellipticis acuminatis, basi cuneatis, triner-
viis. Panicula terminalis pauciflora, floribus majusculis. Calyx
leprosus obconicus, apice constricto, lobis 4 brevilnis connatis,
dentiformibus. Petala 4 obovata unguiculata alba. Stamina 8,
aequalia, similia, antheris elongatis A^ersus apices attenuatis, poro
terminali, basibus breviter hastatis, appendicibus et setis nullis,
dorso processu parvo circulari onustis. Stylus longus, stigmate
punctiformi. Ovarium 4-loculatum ellipticum, ferme ad basin
tubi calycis liberum, vertice depresso-concavum. Fructus bac-
catus. Semina plura, placentis axillaribus suffulta ; adhiic im-
matura.

116

O. PTTLCHRA, 11. Sp.

Fmitex rainosus ; foliis superne glabris inferne rufescenti-lepidotis,
uervis tomeuto rufo tectis, priinariis tribus subtus elevatis, secun-
dariis horizoutalibus circa 26 paribus, 2-5 poll, longis, 1-2 poll,
latis, petiole pollicari. Pedunculus 3 poll, erectus, glaber. Flores
4-6. Calyx iu pedicello asquilongo, j poll, longus, lobis brevibus
couuatis. Petala obovata retiisa nuguiculata, alba roseo-tincta.
Stamina petalis feqviilonga, filamentis pubesceutibus, iintheris
flavis. Frvictiis leprosus immatunis ^ poll, longus.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Petals white tipped with pink.
(5509.)

Closely allied to Dissocha?ta and Anplectrnm. Remarkable for its
8 similar stamens without hairs or appendages.

Medinilla Clarkki, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixix. ii. (1900) 63
(p. 309).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small-sized tree. (5312.)
Distrib. — Malay Peninsula.

Medinilla pahangensis, ??. sp. {p. 3 JO).

Frutex epipliyticus, cortice albo verrucoso. Folia verticillata laneeo-
lata subobtusa vel oblanceolata, basi angustata, coriacea enervia,
2 poll, longa | poll, lata, petiolo ^ poll. Flores in cymis 1 poll,
longis, pentameri, albi, ^ poll, longi. Calyx cupuliformis, granu-
latus, obscure 5-dentatus. Petala obovata rotundata. Stamina
10, filamentis sinuatis glabris, antheris sequilongis Curvis, processi-
bus 2 anticis ad basin corniformibus, unoque dorsali.

Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Growing on trees ; flowers white.

(5896.)
In general appearance resembles M. Hasselfii, Blume, but is pen-

tamerous.

Pachtcentria tuberoulata, Korfh., Ver. Nat. GescJi. Bot. 246, t. 63
(p. 310).
Gunong Tahan, on trees at 3,300 ft. Flowers white, each petal
tinted rosered at the base ; flower-stalks, fniit, and mid-ribs of
leaves l^eneath coral-red. (5237.)

Bistrih. — Malay Peninsula, Burma, Borneo. Common at all alti-
tudes.

Memecylon garcinioides, Blume, Mm. Bot. Lngd.-Bat. i. 358 ( p. 310).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white ; anthers violet. (5352.)
Dixtrib. — Borneo and Sumatra.

M. Mainoayi, C. B. Clarice, in Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Tnd. ii. 567.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper ; fruit chrome-vellow.
(5457.)

Dixfrih. — Malav Peninsula.

117

BKCtONIACE/K.

Begonia sinuata, Wall., List, No. 3680 (j). 3W).

Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers pale pink ; stamens chrome-
yellow ; stalks purplish pink, leaves beneath reddish purple.
(5539.)

Distrih. — Burma, Malay Peninsula.

B. Hekveyana, King, in Jowrn. As. Soc. Benij. Ixxi. ii. (1902) 63.
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5546.;

Distrih. — Malacca.

GAMOPETAL^.

RUBIACE^.
Argostemma muscicola, n. sp. (p. 310).

Herba parva erecta yel suberecta, hispidula, 2 poll. alta. Folia
sequalia anguste lanceolata acuta basi cuneata herbacea, glabra,
nervis tribus et margiuali pilis albescentibus munitis exceptis,
1-1| poll, longa, ^ poll, lata ; petiolo brevi. Flores 1-2 terminales
pedunculati, albi, inter majores generis, I poll. lati. Bractese
lanceolatse, et cum pedicellis hirsutse. Sepala lanceolata acuta.
Petala lanceolata acuta.

Grunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small herb on mossy rocks l>y
streams. (5461.)

The number of Argostemmas in the Peninsula is large and increases
with every mountain explored, as in the case of SoneriJa. This
little erect species belongs to the set Avith equal leaves, but has
somewhat the habit of A. involucratum, Hemsl.

Argostemma albociliatum, n. sp. (p. 311 ).

Herba reptans, gracilis, hispida, 3-7 poll, longa. Folia sequalia
ovata apicibus subacutis vel rotuudatis, breviter petiolata, dense
hispida, | ad poll, longa, {-^ poll. lata. Stipulse breves ovatse.
Flores 1-4 in pedunculo gracili hispido, 2 poll, longo. Bracteae
minutse lanceolatse lineares. Calyx hispidus, lobis brevibus his-
pidis. Petala lanceolata acuminata, hispidula, j poll, longa.

Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white ; leaves pale green, covered
with white hairs. (5229.)

A curious creeping species with ovate hairy leaves.

A.. Yappii, King, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beiuj. Ixxii. ii. (1903) 145.

G-unong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers white ; anthei:^ yellow.
. (5491.)

Distrih. — Perak.

A. HooKERi, .K'w^, /. c. 45.

, Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves dark green, with broad irregular
stripe of light silvery green in centre. (5376.)

Distrih. — Malay Peninsula. Frequent on the hills,

Sept., I'JOS,

118

A. PICTUM. Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey d' Wall. ii. 327.
Kuala Teku. 500-1,000 ft. Flowers white. (5543.)
Distrib. — Malay Peuiusula. Commou iu bill-forests.

Ophiorrhiza Munuos, Litin., Sjj. PI. 150 (p. 311 ).
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5534.)

Distrib. — India, Malaya. A variable species common all over the
Peninsula.

Hedyotis patens, n. sp. {jp. Sll).

Fioitex pai^vus subrepens ramosus. Folia lanceolata carnosula acuta
aequalia, basibus cuueatis, glabra, 2-3 poll, longa, ^-| poll. lata.
Stipulae late triangulares carnosaj acutae persistentes. Panicula
la.xa patens, (i-8 j^oll. longa, saepe 6 poll, lata, ramis trichotomis
patentibus trifurcatis, gracilibus. Flores parvi singuli pedicellati
iu apicibus ramulorum. Calyx obconicus, lobis triangularibus
acutis. Petala linearia alba. Stamina gracilia longe porrecta
corollam multo superantia. Stylus longas porrectus. Capsula
obovoidea -jV poll, longa.

GunongTahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Bush: flowers pale green. (5393.)
At 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub somewhat creeping in habit ; flowers
gi-eenish. (5475.)

Allied to Hedyotis Maingayi, Hook, til., of Mount Ophir, and H.
pedimculariif. King, of Kedah Peak, but much more branched than
either. This group of Hedyotis is very characteristic of our high
elevations, and the species are usually confined to one mountain-
top.

TiMONIUS MONTANUS, 11. Sp. (p. 312 ).

Frutex 8-i>edalis. Folia elliptica vel elliptico-lanceolata acuminata
lasi cuneata, glabra, 2|-3 poll, longa, 1-li poll, lata, nervis circa
G paribus, in pagina inferiore conspicuis, breviter petiolata. Sti-
pulae lanceolatae acuminatae. Flores 2-3 in pedunculo brevi vix
J poll, longo, sessiles, glabri, flavi. Calyx campanulatus pube-
scens. lobis acutis triangularibus. Corollae tubus longus cylindri-
cus glal>er, \ poll, longus, lobis oblongis obtusis. Stamina inclusa,
autheris linearibus. Flores fceminei et fructus non visi.

Guuoug Tahan, 5,000-6,(M)0 ft. Shrub 8 feet high; jxjtals pale
yellow ; anthers rich chrome-yellow ; corolla-tube reddish exter-
nally. f5499).

Kesembling in habit some forms of T. jambosella, Thw., but dis-
tinguished by its long glabrous corolla and short peduncle.

Lasianthus CHiNENsis, Beuih., Fl. Honrjk. 160 (j). 312) .

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shioib 10-11 feet; fruit brownish.
(5524.;

Didrxb. — Perak, Hongkong, Formosa.

iiy

L. coRONATUS, King & Gamble, in Jouni. As. Soc.Beinj. Ixxiii. ii. (lUU-i)

120.
Gunouy Tahau, 5,000-(5,OOU ft. Shrub; flowera white. (55U3,

5438.)
Distrib. — Perak.

GAMPANULACHyE.

Pkntaphragma grandis, n. sp. {]). S12).

Herba 1-2-pedalis, eaule fistviloso, \ poll, crasso. Folia alterua
I'emota elliptica obovata obtusa deuticulata, basi inaequilatera,
supenie glabra, 5 poll, louga, 2j poll, lata, subtiis prsecipue in
venis pilosula deiude glabresceutia, petiolo 1 poll, longo. Plores
^-7 axillares, aggregati, j poll, lougi, sordide albi. Bractese
ovarium subsequautes, scariosse, caducae. Calyx tubulosus, lobis
lanceolatis oblougis obtusis, omuiuo lanugiuoso-pubesceus. Petala
sepalis subsequalia, apicibus recurvis pubesceutibus. Stamina
linearia. Stylus validus, basi pul>escens ; stigma cyliudricuiu
erassum caualiculatum.

Guuoug Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. 1-2 feet high ; flowers dirty white ;
leaves bright green fleshy, pale beiieath. (5408.)

A large plant for the genus, remarkable for its tall fistular stem and
large flowers.

VACCINIACKiE.

Vaccinium PUBICARPUM, //. .Sj>. (j>. S13).

Frutex 4-pedalis terrestris. Folia tenuiter coriacea laneeolata
acuminata acuta glabra obscure serrulata, 2 poll, longa, j poll,
lata, nervis priniariis 6, petiolo 1 poll, longo. Racemi foliis
breviores 2 poll, lougi laxi. Bractese niinutae lineares. Flores
])edicellati, pedicellis \ poll, longis, cum calyce pubescentibus.
Calyx cupulatus, lobis acutis triaugularibus. Corolla omnino
pubescens. Stamiuuni filamentis brevibus, antheris liueuribus
oblongis, processibus 2 apicalibus rectis cylindricis, antheras
sequantibits, omnino glabra. Stylus cylindricus crassiusculus,
apice piano. Bacca parva globosa pubescens sepalis coronata,
\ poll, longa.

Gunoug Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 4 feet high, in shady
ravines. (5443.)

Resembles V. malaccensis, Wight, which is common in the lowlands
of the Peninsula, but differs in the long acuminate leaves and
pubescent fruit.

V. LONGIBRACTEATUM, H. Cj).

Frutex ramis fuscis hirtis, pilis albis. Folia alterua ovata sub-
cordata obtusa coriacea interne pubescentia superue glabra, 1-H
poll, louga, f-lj poll, lata, petiolis pubescentibus 4 poll, longis.
Racemi terminales longiusculi, rhachidibus pubescentibus, Brac-
tese foliacese coriacese lauceolatec acutee pubesceutes, flores multo

120

superautes, ^-1 poll, lougae, j poll, latse. Flores desuut. Baccse
-} poll, lougee globosjB pubesceutes, peclicellis j poll, longis
pubosceutibiis : lobis calycis triaiigularibus acutis 5, iuflexis.

Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5326.)

Remarkable for its jnibesceuce and the large lanceolate bracts.
The leaves are close-set and very coriaceous, hairy beneath with
conspicuous ascending nerves.

V. Tetsmanni, Miq., FL Lid. Bat. ii. 1062.

Grunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers crimson ; leaves rusty beneath,

(5053).
Disfrib. — Perak ; Java.

ERICACE.E.

PiERis ovALiFOLiA, D. DoH, hi Ediiih. Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 159

(p. 313).
Guuong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree 15-20 feet; flowers

whitish. (5476.)
Uiatrlb. — Himalayas to Japan.

Khododendron malayanum, Jacl-, in Mat. Misc. ii. (1822) No. vii. 17
(^>.3l3).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small tree. (5323.)
Distrih. — Common on hills in Malay Peninsula ; Malaya.

Khododendron Wbayi, Kimj & GaitMe, in Journ. As. Soc. Beny.
Ixxiv. II. (1906) 75 (jA 314).

Gimong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. (5387.)

Distrih. — Occurs also in the Kedah, Selangor, and Perak Hills.
E. LONOiFLORUM, LincU., in Journ. Hort. Soc. iii. (1848) 88.

Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Growing on trees ; flowers salmon-
pink. (5382.)

Distrib. — Perak, Borneo, and Sumatra.
K. ELEGANS, n. ejj.

Epijjhytica, ramis tcnuibus undulatis. Folia opposita vel 5-
verticillata elliptico-lanceolata obtusa basi cuneata parva, coriacea,
glabra, ;^'l poll, longa, i poll, lata, nervis inconspicuis, subtus
crebre punctata supenie nitida, petiolis brevissimis — poll, longis.
Flores rubri singuli terminales, | poll, longi, | poll, lati, pedicellis
tequilongis pubesccntibus gracilibus. Calyx cupularis parvus,
lobis brevissimis ovatis. Corolla parva recta crassa cylindrica
rubra pubescens, lobis rotundatis l^revibus. Stamina 8, filamentis
pubescentibus. Ovarium hirtuiu. Stylus cylindricus crassiuscu-
lus haud exsertus ; stigma clavatum.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Flowers bright red ; leaves dark shining
green ; growing on trees. (5429.)

A very elegant little slender-branched plant with small flowers.
I know nothing exactly like it.

121

EPAORIDR.E.

Leucopogon malayanus, Jack, In Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. v, 20
(P' 314).
Grunong Tahan. Small tree. (5316.)

Distrih. — Common on all the liills and on sandy coasts oi the
Peninsula. Occurs also in Borneo and Banka, with a variety
in Tenasserim.

MYRSIXE.E.

Ardisia rosea, King & Gamble, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii.
Extr. (1906) 150 (j^. 314).

Giinong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree ; flowers white, stalks
pui'plish. (5467.) Shrub ; flowers white, flower-stalks red ;
leaves and young wood tinged with red. (5334.)

Distrib. — Perak, on most hill-ranges at high elevations.

A. BINIFLORA, n. Sp.

Frutex validus, ramis pallidis densis. Folia coriacea lanceolata
obtusa basibus cuneatis, glabra, 24 poll, longa, 1 poll, lata,
carina subtus crassiuscula, nervis copiosis, petiolo j poll, longo.
Flores axillares bini vel terni in pedunculo 1 poll, gracili, foliis
breviores. Bractese ad basin pedunculi et pedicellorum foliaceae
parvse ovatse. Sepala i-otundata brevia haud imbricata margini-
bus glanduloso-dentatis. Petala lanceolata acuta, glandulosa,
glandulis magnis, ~ poll, longa. Antherse lanceolatse apiculatse.

Grunong Tahan, in ravines, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10-15 feet high ;
flower reddish pink ; anthers brownish. (5460.)

A shrub with the hal)it of Ardisia littoralis, Andr., but with very
stifE, closely-veined, entire, ol^scurely gland-dotted leaves, and
flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles.

Ardisia retinervia, n. sj). (p. 31d).

Frutex 10-12 ped. alt., ramis validis bruuueis, omnino glaber. Folia
coriacea elliptica, apice rotundata, basi cuneata, 4-4| poll, longa,
2 poll, lata, crebre glandulose-pvmctata in utraque pagina, costa
superne depressa subtus elevate crassiuscula ; nervis superne
inconspicuis, subtus elevatis horizontalibus numerosis valde
reticulatis usque ad margines ; margines integri, glandulis margina-
libus nullis ; petiolo valido brevi, |-1 poll, longo. Cymse pauci-
florse axillares breves. Flores desunt ; pedicelli fructiferi suban-
gulati, t} poll, longi. Sepala 5 ovata obtusa hand glandulifera
glabi-a brevia. Drupa globosa multi-snlcata, j poll, longa ; stylo
brevi.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10-15 feet high. (5502.)

Remarkable chiefly for its stiffly coriaceous, strongly reticulated
leaves. The drupe, which is large for the genus, is marked with
narrow ridges and grooves.

122

STYlJACK.i:.

Stmpt.ocos ADENopiTYi.T.A, W<i]l. cr G. Do}i , Ge)i. Syt?f. iv. 3 (j>. 315),
Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. (5320.)
Distrib. — Malay Peuinsula.ancl Archipelago.

S. ScoRTECHiNii, King d- GnmhJe. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii.
Extr. (1906) 250.
Cxunoug Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Tree ; flowers white, tinged near
the ends of the petals with pink, veins of flowers red. (5392.)

Dixfrlh. — Perak. I have se^n no authentic specimen of this plant,
which has only once been collected, by Scortechiui.

ASCLKPIADACEtE.

Pentasacme caudatum. WaU., in Wight, Contrib. 60 (p. 315).
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5533.)

Distrib. — Common in streams at high altitudes in the eastern side
of the Peninsula ; North India, Burma.

DiSCHIDIA COCCINEA, Gvif. Nofuliv, iv. 45 (p. 315).

Grunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. On trees ; flowers red ; leaves dull
crimson. (5410.)

Djx/n'fc.— Malay Peninsula ; common at high altitudes.

DiSCHIDIA ALBiDA, Grif. Notuhv, iv. 4(> {p. 310).

Gunong Tahan. On trees ; flowers pale yellow. (5399.)
Diiitrib. — Malay Peninsula.

ftENTIAXACE.E.
GeNTIANA MALAYAN a, n. .S2). {p. 316).

Herl)a pusilla 1-3 poll. alt. Folia carnosa congesta acuta lanceolata
sessilia integra glabra, \-\ poll, longa. Flos termiualis h ])oll.
longus. Calyx tubulosus, lobis acumiuatis tubnm corollse super-
antibus. Corolla azurea tubulosa, lobis brevibus sub.spathulatis
apicibus rotuudatis, plicis i.ntegris. Stamina antheris loiigius
hastatis prsedita. Ovarium stipitatum : stylo brevi, stigmatibus
bi'evibus.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers deep sky-blue. Growing
among mo.ss in damp places (5473) ; on wet rocks (5479),

The a^ldition of tlie genus Gentiana to the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula is an interesting one. The species is closely allied to
G. hornecnsis, Hook, fil., from Kinabalu, dittering chiefly in the
quite entire leaves, rounded tips of the petals and entire, not
lobed, folds between them. The anthers are narrower and more
acute.

The plants collected under the two numl)ers seem specifically
identical, but the specimens of No. 5473 are very much smaller
■ than those of 5479.

123

Oanscoea trinervia, n. sp. (p. lUO).

Herba 3-5 poll, alta, caulibus pluribu«. Folia glabra ovata vel
ovato-lanceolata berbacea utrinque acuminata trinei'via, ^-1 poll.
longa, ^-f poll. lata. Flores in axillis superioribus, albis. Calyx
tubulosus snpei'ne angustatus h poll, longus, costis 8 elevatis,
alternis bifurcatis, lo1)is acnminatis. Corolla irregularis alba,
tubo quam sepala paullo longiore, lol>is 4 oblougis rotundatis
marginibus cri.spis, uuo niulto latiore, ] poll, longis. Stamina
fertilia 3, autheris oblongis, uno sterili filiforrai. Stylus sat
longus ; stigmatibus 2 linearibus elongatis.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Herl) bv stream ; flowers white.
(550*7.)

There are two species of this genus recorded by C. B. Clarke in his
description of the family in the "Materials for a Flora of the
Malayan Peninsula,'" one of which — 0. diffum, a common Indian
species — is recorded as belonging to this region only on the
authority of a specimen collected by Lobb in Singapore and
undoubtedly wrongly localised, the other — C. pentanthera, C. B.
Clarke, an endemic species — occurs usually at high elevations ;
it has five complete stamens and a regular corolla, while C.
trinervia has three complete stamens only and a staminode and
an irregular corolla.

OLEACE.E.

Olea capitellata, h. Sip. (p. 317).

Frut^x 3-4-pedalis. Folia opposita coriacea glabra elliptica obtusa
petiolata, basi angustata. "2 poll, longa, 1 poll, lata, nervis 8 pri-
mariis. Stipulae nullae. Flores in capitulis parvis axillaribus
petioUs brevioribus. Bi'actese ovatae rotuudatse, marginibus
ciliatis. Pedicelli breves pubescentes. Sepala ad basin connata,
lobis ovatis pubesceutibus. Corollas tubus brevissimus ; lobis
rotundatis pubesceutibus. Stamina 2, in ore tubi adnata, corollam
multo superantia ; filamentis linearibus, antheris bilocularibus
ellipticis, loculis ad basin paiillo divergentibus. Stylus erectus
simplex quam tubus corollae brevior.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub 3-4 feet high ; flowers
yellowish. (5489.)

A very curious plant with densely set coriaceous elliptic leaves,

closely minutely dotted, and small axillary heads or more strictly

umbels of very small flowers, subtended by 2 rounded ciliate

bracts. I know no species of the genus which at all resembles

this singular plant.

loganiace^,

GrAERTNERA RAMOSA, %. Sp. {p. 317).

Frutex 10-pedalis ramosus. Folia lanceolata acuminata acuta glabra
basi in petiolum brevem attenuata, 6 poll, longa, If poll, lata,
petiolo \ poll, longo. Stipulae amplexicaules per paria connatae
superne bidentatae. Cymae terminales, laxse, 2-3 poll, longae,

124

minis paucis brevil)us. rami brevt-s 1-8-flori. Calyx cupulatus -^,
poll, lougus, dentibu8 4, brevissimis. Corolla ^ poll, longa pu-
bescens, lobis 6 lanceolatis carnosis apicibiis infiexis, pilis sericeis
densis iu ore tubi iufra autlieras prsedita. Stamina 6, autheris
linearibus oblongis, conuectivo iu coruua miuuta producto, fila-
meutis brevibus pilis sericeis celatis.
Gimoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10 feet high ; flowers white.
C54.58.)

G. OBLANCEOLATA, King & Gntuhle, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii.
(1907) 624.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Bush : flowers white. (5843.)
Dhtrih.- -Fei'Ali.

LKNTIBULARIACEyE.
UtRICULARIA NICtRICAULIS, U. «/>. (j). 817).

Folia ot utriculse non visae. Caulis filiformis tripollicaris ater, raro
i-amosiis, squamis paucis lanceolatis subacutis baud infra pro-
ductis. Flores perparvi 2-8 breviter pedicellati, bracteis 2 ob-
longis pedicello miilto brevioribus. Sepala late oblonga obtusa,
corollae tubum longe superantia, purpurascentia. Corollse labium
superius brevius, inferuni lougius : calcar breve incurvum conicum.
Capsula ovata orl)icularis calyce tecta.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; iu damp moss on rocks. Colour
purplish-l)lue, st^m black. (5447.)

Apparently near TJ. minntissima, Vahl, but has larger flowers.
TJtriculaeia orbiculata. Wall, ex A. DC. Prodr. viii. 18. (p. 3 IS).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers blue, mouth of tube yellow.
Growing among wet moss. (5477.)

Didrih. --India, Malaya, South China.

GESXERACE/E,

DiDTMOCARPUS 8ALICINA, Ridl., in TraiiH. Linn. Soc. sor. 2, Bot. iii.
(1893) 329 {p. 818).
Kuala Teku, 500-1.00(1 ft. Flowers pale pink; anthers and j>istil

deeper pink.
Distrih. — Originally found in tlie Tahan Valley.

D. FLAVOBRUNNEA, BifU., 1. C.

Guncmg Tahan, 8,000-3,300 ft. Leaves dark green ; hairs on stalk
re<l ; flowers yellow lined with dull red, becoming confluent in the
tu1.e. r5867.)

Distrih. — Occurs in the same locality as the last.

J). GRANDIFOLIA, W. ep.

Planta valida acaulis, radice crassa lignosa. Folia oblanceolata
magna, apice acuto, basi in petiolum decurrente, margine crenu-
lato, supeme glabra punctata, inferne glabra, 9 poll, longa, 3^-
poll. lata, nervis pul^esceutibus ad 17 paria subtus elevatis, uer-

125

vulis reticulatis, petiolo 2 poll, lougo. Pedunciili validi 8-9
poll, lougi pubescentes parce ramosi, ramis brevibus 1 poll, longis.
Sepala j poll, longa lanceolata acuminata acuta hispidula. Co-
roUse delapsse. Capsula teres acuminata glabra, 3 poll, longa.
Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves green with the bracts, fruit, and
stalk dull purple. (5369.)

Unfortunately there are no corollas on the specimens. It is evident-
ly a fine plant with unusually large leaves for an acaulescent
species.

D. RoBiNsoKii, n. sp.

Suffrutex ramosus ultra-pedalis hispidus. Folia opposita sub-
aequalia lanceolata utrinque acuminata acuta crenulata supenie his-
pidula infei-ne subglabra, nei-vis pubescentibus exceptis, 2 poll,
longa. £ poll, lata, petiolo hirto, j poll, longo. Flores axillares
in pedicellis pubescentibus, 2 poll, longis. Sepala lanceolata
linearia j\r poll, longa, glanduloso-hirta. Corolla longa infundi-
1)uliformis pubescens purpurascens albostriata, macula flava in ore
tiibi notata, f poll, longa. Capsula gracilis cylindrica acuminata,
2| poll, longa.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers purplish streaked with
white, with yellow at top of tube. (5470.)

This species is allied to D. hlninda, Ridl. It is unusually branched
and woody for its group.

LoxocARPus INCANA, B. Br., in Benii. PL Jav. Bar. 120 (jj. 319).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Flowers pale violet, darker in the

throat. (5430.)
Bistrih. — Malay Peninsula.

L. ANGUSTIFOLIA, 11. SJ).

Herba acaulis, foliis lanceolatis acutis subfalcatis plurimis, basibus
in petiohs attenuatis sericeis, f-2 jjoU. longis, j-^ poll, latis.
Pedunculus tenuis erectus sericeus, 2 poll, longus. Flores 2-3.
Sepala lanceolata hispido-sericea, ~ poll, longa. Corollae /^
poll, longse, tubus crassus brevis, lobi rotundati, labium inferius
longius, pallide purpureum. Capsula cornuta curva acuminata,
pilis viscidis tecta.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5504.)

A very distinct plant with narrow lanceolate oblique leaves.

Parab(ea pyroliflora, Bidl., in Journ. Boy. As. Soc. Straits Br. No.
xliv. (1905) 67 (p. 819).
Kuala Teku, 300-1,000 ft. (5545.)
Distrih. — Originally found in the Tahan Valley.

P. RFBIGINOSA, 11. Sp.

Radix crassa lignosa, 6 poll, longa ; caiidex brevis, 1 poll, longus,
lignosus, temento multo rufo tectus vel nullus. Folia rosulata

126

vol opposita ohlauoeolata obtusa basin versus angustata rotun-
da t4i. marijino deutato, nervis 10 paribus, superne atroviridia
hispida, praesertim in marginibus, subtus crebre punctata glabra,
nervis et costa rubiginoso-lomentosis exceptis. Peduuculi 3 vel
plures, graciles, 6-8 poll, longi, rubi-opubescentes. Bractese minutae
lineares pul>escentes. Sepala linearia brt'via, vix -^^ poll, longa.
Corolla alba colore roseo tincta campanulata, j poll, longa, lobis
rotundatis. Stamina brevia 2, antheris subglobosis. Capsula
lauceolata acuminata, f poll, longa.

Gunong Tahau. 4.000-5,000 ft. ; on rocks. Leaves dark velvety
green ; flowers white tinged with pink. (5398.)

Flowers resem1)liug those of P. pijroUflora, Eidl., but the style is
much shorter. The foliage is veiy different and more resembles
that of Didjjmocarpns heterophyUa. Ridl.

Ctrtandba cupulata, Birlh, in Jom-n. Linn. Soc, Bof. xxxii. (1896)
527 (i>. 319).
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5540.)
Biiitrih. — Malay Peninsula.

-ilsCHYNAXTHUS, Sp. (p. 320).

Gunong Tahau. 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper verv fleshv, reddish.
(5483.)

A rather woody plant with pale bark and oval fleshy leaves \ an
inch long. There are no flowers (only pods already dehisced)
and no seed. Doxibtless an undescribed species, but the material
is insufficient.

APETAL^.
NEPEXTHACE^.

Nepenthes Bongso, Kortli., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 19, t. 14 (p. 320).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Flowers didl red-brown ; cups white
tinted pale green at base and spotted with pink. (5411.)

The original plant was obtained on Merapi mountain in Sumatra.
The Tahan plant seems to resemble it very closely, but the
fruit is much larger than it is in Korthal's figure. The male
flowers are small, with 4 oblong obtuse pubescent petals ^, inch
long, the pedicels of the flowers | inch. The raceme is lax
and about 6 inches long. The lid of the pitcher is densely
glandular. The capsules are three-quarters of an inch long.

N. GEACILLIMA, H. Sp.

Caulis gracillimus ~ poll, in diametro. Folia remota sessilia
anguste lanceolata acuminata, lamina 2-3 poll, longa \ poll'
lata glabra coriacea ; petiolulo 5-pollicari ; amphora subcylindrica
angusta, 4 poll, longa, | poll, in diametro, superne glandulosa
paullo constrlcta, annulo angusto, ob.scure costat^. Operculum

127

orbiculare ^-f poll. lon<>inii, cervice ot lamina pubosccntibus,
fornibus ad liasin opercnli fluobiis -f-^ poll, longis, glantlulaD
nullae. Eacemus masculus gracilis plus quam 6 poll, longus.
Flores parvi dissiti, pedicellis ^^ poll, longis. Bracteae lineares
graciles. Petala 4 oblonga obtusa glabra. Racemus fructiferus
circa 6 poll, longus ; capsulse f poll, longse glabrae, pedicellis ^ poll,
longis, valvse ntrinqne angustatse.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Pitchers pale green, tinted in places with
dull crimson, and mottled with dull purple ; lid of cup brighter
green lined with dull crimson. (5309.)

Allied to iV. gracilis, Korth., but is a much slenderer plant; the
st«m is rounded and not angular, the leaves are not decurrent,
the peristome is faintly ribbed on the lower surface, the cup is
differently coloiu-ed, and the lid is not glandular,

LAURACE^.

Dehaasia lancifolia, n. sp. (p. 320).

Arbor 25-pedalis. Folia coriacea lanceolata obtusa (siccitate rufa),
lireviter petiolata glabra, nervorum 9-11 paribus prsedita ; nervis
ascendentibus in margine arcuatis, costa crassiuscula, ^\-T\ poll,
longa, 1^-2 lata. Paniculse elongatse patentes 7-8 poll, lougse,
ramulis paucis brevibus pubescentibus. Flores Q-l perparvi in
cymulas in apicibus ramulorum virescentes dispositi, pedicellis
brevibus pubescentibus. Sejiala 3 minuta ovata obtusa, Petala
alterna ovata obtusa cucullata pubescentia, quam sepala multo
inajora. Stamina 9 filamentis bi-evissimis, antheris ovatis. Stylus
quam stamina longior crassus ; stigma magnum rotundatum
crassum atrum. Drupa elliptica H poll, longa, pedunculo haud
multum incrassato.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree 11 inches in diameter, 25
feet high, flowers greenish (5468). Shrub 8-10 feet, in fruit
(5526).'

This fine plant is represented by two specimens, one in flower and one
in fi-uit, which evidently belong to the same species. The leaves are
bright brown when dry. The main nerves ascend and curving
upwards at the margin connect with each other by a loop, and the
intermediate uervules are conspicuously reticulated. The long lax
panicle of short branches is not like that of any other species
known to me. The flowers are quite those of a Dehaasia, some
unisexual and some bisexual. The stigma is remarkably thick and
rounded for the genus.

LiNDERA c.^siA, Keiuw. ex Vill., in Blanco. Fl. PhiJipp. ed. 3, Nov.
App. 181, e descript (p. 321).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub. (5455.)

Distrih. — Philippines to Borneo.

128

LORANTHAOEyE.

LoRANTHUs PULCHER, DC. Prod. iv. 295 (p. S21).

Gunong Tahau, 5,500 ft. Shrub ; flowers carmine ; calyx and flower-
stalks dull red ; leaves very thick and fleshy. (5337.) The leaves
are more oval in outline and more fleshy than usual. Not rare in
the hill-region.

Dii^frih. — Penang.

L. LoBBii, Hook, fit, Fl. Brit. Inxl. v. 204.

Gunong Tahau. (5485.) Common in the hill-regions.
Distrib. — Penan g.

L. GLOBOSus, Boxb., Fl. Ind. i. 550.

Gunong Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers bright orange-
red ; leave red above and dull green beneath. (5404.)

Diiftrih. — North India, Malay Peninsula, Java.

SANTALACE^.

Henslowia vabians, Blume, Mns. Bot. Lvgd.-Bat. i. 244 (p. 322).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Climber ; fruit green, tinted dull red.
(5349.)

Distrib. — Tenasserim, Malacca, Borneo.

H. Lobbiana, a. DC. Prod. xiv. 631.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper ; berries reddisli. (5484.)
Distrib. — Malay Peninsula.

euphorbiace^e.
Chobiophyllum montanum, n. sp. {p. 322).

Fnitex ramosus, foliis oppositis coriaceis, ellipticis, basibus angustatis,
apicilnis retusis, superne nitidis, subtus pallidioribus 2 poll, longis,
I poll, latis, l)reviter petiolatis, petiolo y\j poll, longo. Flores non
visi. Capsula tricocca globosa, coccis bivalvibus { poll, longis.
Semina \ poll, longa rufo-castanea polita elliptica suboblif[ua, arillo
bilobo, semf'U semitegento, loliis subacutis triangularibus.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5434.) Flowers yellow.

Very distinct from Ch. malayanum, Benth., in its much smaller,
elliptic, very coriaceous leaves.

MYRICACEiE.

Mybica Fabquhariana, Wall. Tent. 61 (j). 322).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shriib 10-12 feet high; flowers
reddish-brown. C5519.)

Distrib. — India, Malaya.

Common in the low country near the sea. This is referred to M. Nagl,
Thunb., in the " Flora of British India," v. 597, but I cannot think
it i.s identical with that Japanese plant.

129

CUPULIFER.E.

QuERCus Kassa, Miq., Fl. Itid. Bat. tluppl. 350 (jj. 822).

Gunong Taliau, 6,000 ft. (5440.) One of the very few oaks which
are to be met with at au elevation of over 3,000 ft.

Distrib. — Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

ORCHIDE/E,

Oberonia (§ Caulescentes) oondensata, n. sjj. {]j. 822).

Caules congest!, 1-2 poll, longi, radicibus deusis tenuibus ad bases
praediti. Folia carnosa decidvia linearia acuta, f poll, louga, \ poll,
lata. Kacemus pollicaris ad basin florifer. Bractese lanceolatse
louge acuuiinatse, ad raceuii basin longiores, superne minores.
Flores citrini, poll. ,'. in diametro. Sepala ovata obtusa. Petala
lanceolata multo augustiora ; labellum sequilongum, integrani
elougato-triaugulare, basi lato. Colunina stelidiis brevibus in-
structa, anthera ovata alba.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; on rocks. (5487.)

A very curious little plant, remarkable for its stiff short stem, its
short, erect raceme, and its quite simple lip.

Platyclinis gracilis, Hock.fil., Fl. Brit. Inch v. p. 708 {p. 823).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers pale greenish, with two
broad stripes on the lip not reaching to the tip. (5498.) A
form with a verv long rhizome and stout distant bulbs.

Distrih. — Perak.

P. KiNGii, Hoolc. fil., I. c.

Gunong Tahan; on rocks at 6,000 ft. Flowers yellow. (5434.)
Distrih. — Perak and Borneo.

Dendrobium longipes, Hook.Jil, 1. c. 713 (]). 828).

Summit of Gunong Tahan, 7,100 ft. Flowers yellow faintly lined
with brown, lip and lobes mottled with crimson. (5529.)

. i)is^/"i&.— Hill-ranges of the centre of the Peninsula.

B. Kelsalli, Eicll,, in Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxxii. (1896) 237.
Gunong Tahan, 3,000-6,000 ft. ; on trees. (5496.)
Distrih. — All the hills of the central range.

D., s])., with rather long bulbs, slender steins and terete acuminate
leaves. " Flower pale yellow, lip spotted and veined with red-
dish-brown and with reddish hairs."

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5481.)

This appears to be allied to D. gracile, Lindl., but there are no
flowers on the specimens.

180

J). ONIFLORUM, iTiijf'. Notiihc, iii. 805.

Guuoui,' Tahan. 5,000-6,000 ft. (5497.) At 3,300 ft. (5842,
5306.) On trees : creamv wliite, lip tinted with green and three
brown liue^ down the centre.

In No. 5306 the leaves are over 2 inches long and half an inch wide,
of thinner texture than those of the other two specimens. The
leaves of No. 5497 are those of tlie Mount Ophir form, short, thick
and oblong.

The Dendrobiums of the section Disfichnjjhylh-v, of the D. unijlorain
and I), revolutinn series, require critical study both in the Malay
Peninsula and in Borneo, whei'e they are also abundant on the
upper parts of the hill-rauges. There is considerable variation in
the form and texture of the leaf and also in the height and habit
of the plant, though the flowers seem to be much less variable.

Dendrobium bifarium, LituU., Gen. & Sp., Orch. 81 (p. 324).

Cxunong Tahan, 5,000-5.500 ft. Lij) creamy white with orange
blotches ; petals and sepals pale cottee-brown, much darker at
the base. (5505.)

I cannot distinguish this from the well-known lowland plant, on
which Lindley based his species, thoiigh Mr. Kobinson's note as
to the colour of the flower (which is usually creamy with a green
lip) shows some variation from the normal. The species occurs
l)oth in the lowlands and the hill-region of the Malay Peninsula
and Borneo.

D. (§ Pedilouum) cornutum, Uook.JiL, Fl. Brit. hid. v. 730.

Guuong Tahan, 5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers bright magenta, stalks

and bracts the same colour; a yellow spot on the lip. (5431.)
Dietrib. — Perak.

This species is closely allied both to D. Kuhlil, Lindl., and D. Has-
seltii, Lindl., of Java and Sumatra. It differs but little from the
latter, chiefly in the naiTower acute sepals.

D. (§ Pedilonum) subflavidum, n. sp.

Caules plures gi-aciles teretes, 18 poll, lougi, \ poll, crassi, internodiis
bipollicaribus. Folia anguste lanceolata acuminata acuta, 3 poll,
longa \ poll, lata, conspicue 5-nei*\'ia, apicibus insequalibus.
Pedunculi e caulibus defoliatis | poll, longi biflori. Bractese
ovatae. Pedicelli cum ovariis gi'acilibus f poll, longi. Flos 1^
poll, longus ab apice sepal i usque ad apieem menti. Sepalum
posticum lanceolatum | poll, longum ; sepala lateralia subtriangu-
laria multo latiora, mcntum cornutum 1 poll, longum, apice curvo.
Labellum lanceolatum, ungue longo et anguste, limbo integro ob-
tuso, 1 poll, longum J poll, latum. Columuae parte libera brevi
lata, alis alte elevatis.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow. (5317.) At roots of
trees; flowers pale greenish-yellow, lip yellow, spotted with crimson

181

near the base on either side ; leaves tinged with dull crirasou
on the under face. (5300.)

E\T[dently allied to D. viegaceras, Hook, til., a little known plant
collected by Maiugay in Malacca and not since found. It differs
chiefly in the lip being quite entire and the limb lanceolate.
D. Anthrene, Eidl, of Borneo is also allied.

BULBOPHYLLUM GALBINUM, RklL, ill JollfU. LiillC. Soc, Bot. XXXii.

(1896) 267 (p. 324).
aunong Tahan, 3,800 ft. ; on trees. (5305.)
Distrih.—PexAk.

BuLBOPHYLLUM (§ Sestochilus) MICROGLOSSUM, )l. Sp. (p. 325).

Caulis longe repens -^\y poll, crassus, internodiis j poll, longis ;
pseudobulbis conicis ascendentibus ^ poll, longis j poll, latis ad
bases. Folia elliptica obtusa, breviter petiolata coriacea 1| poll,
longa ^ poll. lata. Pedunculus gracilis If poll, longus. Sepaluni
posticuni ellipticum cucullatuni, sep. lateralia ovata-lanceolata
falcata obtusa ^ poll, longa. Petala lata oblongo-lauceolata
.obtusa fere subaequalia. Labelluni minimum, basi late emar-
giuato, apice decui-vo, carnosum lateraliter compressum vix j poll,
longum. Columna cum pede longo sursum curvo libero, alls in,
margine pedis elongatis, stelidia obscura.

Gruuong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers dull yellow, lined
and spotted with red, movable lip pink. (5327.)

Rather small-flowered for the section and with a very small lip
which is flattened sideways and narrow, the base dilated and
deeply emargiuate. In the column, the side wings are well deve-
loped along the edge of the foot, forming rather large flanges
running from the top of the column nearly to the point at which
the foot becomes free from the sepals.

B. (§ Monanthaparva) Titania, n. isp.

Khizoma longe repens, pseudobulbis arete appressis tectum. Pseudo-
bulbi oblongi apicibus ascendentibus ut in B. catenario, ferme ^
poll, longis. Folia lauceolata I poll, longa | poll, lata, basi
augustato. Pedunculus gracilis capillaris H poll, longus. Bractese
infundibuliformes, | poll, longge. Sepala lanceolata y\ poll, longa,
6-nei'via, lateralia latiora. Petala minuta ] longitudinis sepali
sequantia, lanceolata uninervia. Labellum liuguiforme, in medio
flexum J longitudinis sepali sequans, carnosum flavum. Columna
validula, stelidiis setiformibus longis.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing among moss in g-ullies.
Flowers and stalks orange, deeper on lip and column. (5471.)

Very near B. catenarium, but with larger flowers and pseudobulbs.
The lip is yellow and not purple, and the stelidia are as long as the
body of tlie column.

132

B. (§ ll;icemosa) ) viriukscenss. a. xjt.

Hhiztima louguiu teiiue, pseudobulbis uuUis. Folia breviter petiolata,
petiolo crasso, lamina elliptiea 1 poll, lon^a f poll, lata crassa
caruosa obtusa. Scapi filiformes 2 poll. lou«^i, fioribus paucit»
reniotis. Bracteae laiiceolatie acumiuatoe ovaria aequantes | poll,
lougse. Flores pallide virides, I poll. lou<ifi, carnosi. Sepalum
postiouni lauceolatiiiu obtusuiu, sep. lateralia ad bases gibbosa
siiblaueeolata subobtiisa. Petala liuearia falcata obtiisa. Label-
him sepalo sequale farnosuni crassimi liuguiforme obtusuin
profuude caualicidatiun brunueuni papillosum. Columua minima,
stelidiis obsruris.

Guuoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; on trees. Flowers pale green, lip brown.
(5313.)

"Kemarkable for the absence of pseiidobulbs and tlie thick fleshy
leaves, unusual in this section.

Eeia nutans, Lindl., Bot. Beg. (1840) Misc. 83 (p. 326).

Grunong Tahan, 6,000 ft. Flowers white, lip and two inner petals
tipi^ed with yellow : sepals tinged with pink ; bracts pale dull red.
(5439.)
Distrib. — A common plant all over the Peninsula.

E. (§ Hymeueria) carunculata, n. sjj.

Pseudobulbi carnosi crassi subteretes, 2 poll, longi. Folia coriacea
lanceolata ad basin augustata, apicibus acutis, 5 poll, longa, 1 poll,
lata. Racemus ad basin fiorifer 5 poll, longus. Flores copiosi
parvi congest!, \ poll, longi. Bracteae ovatae reflexae, ■— poll,
longae. Rhachis cum pedicellis rufo-tomentosa. Sepalum posti-
cum ovatum, sep. lateralia triangularia ovata obtusa, omnia
pubescentia, mentum breve rotimdatum sepali limbo aequale.
Petala ovata, apicibus rotundatis. Labellum sepalis longius
trilobum, lobis lateralibus ovato-lanceolatis, marginibus appressis
caruosis quasi callos formantibus, lobo medio cum ungue angusto
et limbo trilobo obovato, lobulis rotundatis vix distinctis. Columna
brevis lata subquadrata.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. : on rocks. Flower pallid brownish-
Avhite, lip edged with flesh-colour. (5445.)

Allied to E. Maitujayi, Hook. fil. The lip is rather curious in form,
the side-lol^es meet bv their inner faces over the claw of the mid-
lolje, and being very fleshy almost form a callus-like mass.

E. LoNoiFOUA, Hook. fil. , Fl. Brit. Lid. v. 790.

(iuuong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on trees. Flowers white, lip ]>urple,
edge of petals spotted with purple. (5515.)

Distrib. — Not rare on the central hill-ranges.
E. TEKETiFOLiA, OHff. Nottdx, Hi. 298.

Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on trees. Flowers creamy white,
base of lip i^ink ; sweet-scented. (5527.)

133

Distrib. — Common on trees at from 2,000 feet upwards iu the Penin.
sula and Borneo.

E. FEROx, Bl, Mns. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 184.

Guuong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on the gronn<l. Flowers cr<^amy
white, lip mottled with purple. (5510.)

Distrib. — Malav Peninsula, Java. Borneo.

Eria (§ Dilochiopsis) Scortechinii, Hook, fil., FL Brit. Ind. v. 809
(p. 327).
Grimong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Stalks up to 8 feet high ; In-acts white,
flowers white, tinted with pink. (5433.)

Distrib. — Hill-ranges of the Peninsula.

E. (§ Acridostachva) reptans, n. sp.

Rhizoma longe repens validum lignum, radicibus tenuibus. Pseudo-
bulbi ascendentes, pollicem distantes, cylindrici pollicares, cum
vaginis argenteis involutis. Folium in quoque pseudobulbo singu-
lum anguste lanceolato-lineare subaeutum valde coriaceiun 6
pollices longum \ pollices latum. Scapus 12-pollicaris, basi
(7 poll.) nudo rufo-tomentoso cum bracteis paucis ovatis dissitis
vix Y^ poll, longis. Racemus densus 4 poll, longus, omnino rufo-
tomentosus. Bractese minimae ovatse. Ovarium cum pedicello
J poll, longum. Sepalum posticum oblongum cucullatum, sep.
lateralia ovata falcata triangularia subacuta tomentosa. Mentnm
} poll, longum rectum cylindricum subclavatima. Petala lata
ovata lanceolata glabra. Labellum oblongum rotundatum int(»-
grum, marginibus undulatis vix ad basin angustatum, fascia
media incrassata minute papillosa. Columna parte libera brevi ;
rostellum rotundatum subemarginatum.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; on rocks. Flowers j^ale yellow.
(5446.) Rather a striking plant for its section with its lung
creeping rhizomes, distant bulbs, and long wiry roots.

E. (§ Acridostachya) crassipes, n. sj).

Pseudobulbi in rhizomate crasso ligueo congesti conici rugosi
vaginis atrobrunneis coriaceis pollicaribus tecti. Folia bina
coriacea lineari-lanceolata acuta, 5 poll, longa, | poll. lata. Scapus
12 poll., dimidio inferiore nudo, argenteo-tomentosus. Racemus
densus rufo-argenteo-tomentosus. Bracteae sparsse minimae lanceo-
latae acutae. Sepala ovata obtusa piibescentia, lateralia semi-
orbicularia. Mentum breve rectum clavatum. Petala parva
angusta lanceolata curva. Lal^ellum brevius tenue integrum
oblongum flabellulatiim, apice rotundato undulato. Capsula
oblanceolata in uno latere fissa.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. (5336.) Allied to E. brunnea, Ridl.,
but with a different lip. The specimens are nearly out of
flower,

Sept., 1908*

r 134

Ceratostylts gracilis, Bhime, Bijilr. 306 (j^. 5,?r)
Giiuoug Tahau. 5,000-5,500 ft. (5528.)
Disfrih. — Common all over the Peninsula and Java.

Phreatia listrophora, RidL, in Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxxii.

(1896) 307 (p. 327).
Gunong Talian. 5.000-6,000 ft. Flowers -white, strongly scented.

(5469.)
Distrih. — Malay Peuinsnla.

Nephelaphyllijm pulchrum. Blame, Bijilr. 373 {p. 328).

Grunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; on ground among dead leaves. Lip
white, lined in the centre with green and outside with dull
crimson ; petals dull crimson-red ; leaves i*esembling a dead leaf.
(5302.)

Distrih. — .Java.

Tainia speciosa, Blame, Bijdr. 354 (p. 328).

Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; on the ground. Flowers dull pale green

lined with crimson, point of lip yellow ; stalks and pseudobulbs

dull purple. (5308.)
Distrih. — Not rare at high elevations all over the Peninsula, also

Java.

T. vegetissima, ». ftp.

Rhizonia breviter repens, pseudobulbis approximatis \-h poll, longis,

vaginis papyraceis reticulatis tectis. Folium ovatum acutum

margine incrassato, breviter petiolatum, lj-l| poll, longuni

pollicem latum, lucidum purpurascens, nervis parallelis 6, petiolo

kermesiuo. Scapus lateralis ])seudobulbo approximatus gracilis

9 poll, longus, bracteis vaginantibus reticulatis 2 ad basin

proximis, superne uno lineari circa \ poll, lougo. Racemus laxus

triflorus ; bractese floriferae lanceolatae acutae \ poll, longa).

Pedicellus gracilis cum ovario j-j poll, longus. Sepala anguste

lanceolata acuminata \ poll, longa ji poU- lata, inferiora basi

gibba. Petala quam sepala latiora et breviora trinei-via. Label-

lum olx)vato-orlti<'ular(' ^ poll, longum, \ poll, latinii integrum,

disco kermesino margine flavo, callis semi-orbicularibus duobus

ad basin instructo. Columua elongata curva gracilis, rostello

rotundato integro, alis distinctis rotundatis.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. : on the ground. Flowers pale yellow

closely lined with crimson, lip edged with yellow, centre crimson :

leaves shining purplish-brown, stalks crimson. (5314.)

A very distinct and pretty plant allied to no species very distinctly,

but in some points approaching T. (jrandijlorfi, Ridl. Like that

plant its stem and leaves suggest an affinity with Nephela]jhyllum

and there is also some similarity in the column, but the absence

of the spur prevents its being referred to that genus.

135

Spa-THOglottis aurea, Lindl., Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. (1850) 16 (p. 828.)
Guuong Tahau, 5,000 ft. (5441.)
The usual big form described as S. Wrayi, Hook, fil., Fl. Brit. lud.

V. 813.
Distrih. — Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
Arundina speciosa, Blume, Bijdr. 401 (j). 328).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; among brushwood in ravines. Petals

pale pink, lip magenta ribbed with yellow. (5448.) Common in

all our hill-ranges.
Distrih. — From India to Java.

Calanthe Cecilia, Beichevh. /., in Gard. Chron. ser. ii. xix. (1883)

432 (p. 329.)
Kuala Jelai, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers pure white; bracts pale green ;

column and lip tinged with sulphur-yellow. (5542.)
Butrib. — Common in the Peninsula in some localities.

Ccelogyne carnea, Hooh. fil., Brit. hid. v. 838 {p. 329).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; on low stems in shady thickets.

Flowers white, lip and column streaked with yellow. (5451.)
Distrih. — Perak.
C. STENOCHiLA, Hooh. fil., I. c. 837.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers pale red-broAvn veined

with brown on the sides of the lip. (5432.)
Distrih. — Perak.

C. CYMBIDIOIDES, H. Sp.

Rhizoma ci'assum ligneimi. pseudobulbis cylindricis 3-polliearibus.
Folia lanceolata aciiminata longe petiolata basi cuneata, 14-poll.
longa 2^ poll, lata ; nervis conspicuis elevatis 3, cum 2 minus
elevatis, petiolo 3 poll, longo. Eacemus longus pendulus. Flores
remoti magni. Bractese oblongse truncatse papyraceae pallide
brunnese, 1 poll, longse, j^ersistentes. Pedicelli | poll, longi.
Sepaia anguste lanceolata acuta, 1^ poll, longa, j poll. lata.
Petala quam sepaia paullo breviora. Labellum late obovatum
trilobam, lobis lateralibus niagnis rotundatis, lobo medio parvo
rotuudato, nervis tres medianis alte cristatis prsecertim ad basin,
undulato-cristatis in disco et cristato-carnosis in lobo medio.
Columna longa curvula, marginibus clinandrii ovatis lobatis,
lobulis obtusis inaequalibus. Anthera galeata elongata cum
lateribus excisis, quam clinandrium brevior, apice lato obtuso.
Eostellum crassum rotundatum emarginatum.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers whitish, stalks pale brown,
lip striped with brown, white, and yellow. (5465.)

A handsome species, allied to C. Day ana, Reichenb. f., but differing
in tlie Ucxrrower pseudobulb, laxer spike, and long narrow petals
and sepals.

186

Pholipota parviflora, Honlc.fil, Ic. PL 18P1 (p. 329).

Summit of Gl-imou|^ Tahau. 7,100 ft. Leaves glaucous greeu; flower-
stalks greenish, flowers white. (5531.)

Vai*. PUMILA, n. rar. Pseudobulln conge.sti conico-oblongi, h poll,
longi. Folium ovatum, | poll, longum, -^-^ poll, latum. Racemus
2 poll, longus. Flores ferme | poll, longi.
CInnong Tahau. 7,100 ft. (5530.)

So diftei-ent in habit from the typical form as to appear at first
sight a verv distinct species. As, however, the flowers are similar,
I conclude that it is merely a condensed form due to its habitat.

Bromheadia alticola, JRidL, in Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxviii. (1891)
338 {p. 330).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers creamy white. (5428.) Com-
mon at high and low altitudes on trees.
Diatrib. — Selangor. Singapore.

Thrixspermum Scortechinii, Rifll.. FJ. Mnl. Peti., Monocot. i. 183
{p. 330).
Gunong Tahan. 5,000-5.500 ft. : on trees. (5512.)
Diitirih. — Malay Peninsula.

Appendicula kupestris, Rkll., in Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxxii. (1896)
391 {p. 330).

Kuala Tahan, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers yellowish-white : top of column
pink. (5537. ) From the type-locality.

AcRiopsis javanica, Blvme, Bijdr. 337 {p. 330).

Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. (5412.) Fiaiiting sj^ecimen only.
Bistrib. — Malay Peninsula. Tenasserim, Sumatra. Java.

HeT.«RIA ELEGAN8, H. »p. (p. 330.)

Caulis 3 poll, longus. Folia ovata aciuninata acuta trinervia, 3 poll,
louga 1 poll, lata, glabra, petiolo vaginante Ih poll, longo. Pe<lun-
culus cum racemo 18-pollicari, basi (12 poll.) nudo. Racemus
multiflorus, laxiusculns ; rachis albopubescens. Flores vix plus
quam -,',j poll, longi, pedicello cum ovario j poll, longo. Bractese
lauceolatae acuminatse. Sepala ovata obtusa glabra. Petala
anguste linearia api<-ibus dilatatis. Lal:)ellum quam sepala brevius
oltlongiun ovatum saccatuni. cum proceessibus carno.'^is clavatis
phunbus in sacco ; carunculo carnoso in apice )al)elli. Columua
basi angiista, suj^eme dilatata. Rostellum late excisum, loins
latis obtusis.
Gunong Tahan, 5,0(X)-6,000 ft. Flowers greenish. (5466.)
Near //. ^lofa, Hook, fil., of Batang Padang, but differs in having a
laxer spike, nan-ower petals, and a different lip.

Habekaria zosterostyloides, Hook.fl., Fl. Brit. Ind.y'i. 155 (p. 330).
Gunong Tahan. 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers greenish. (5480.J
Bieirih. — Also occurs on Mt. Ophir and other hills in the Peninsula.

137

Cypripedium bakbatum, Lindl., Bot. Keg. (1841) Misc. b'S (jj. 380).

Gunoug Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. Leaves chequered pale green and
■white ; lateral petals spotted with black-purple terminallv. (5442.)
Sj^ecimen in fmit only ; detenniuatiou doubtful.

i)t>fW6.^ Malay Peninsula, Siani.

APOSTASIACE.E.

AposTAbiA NUDA, E. Br., ill Wall. Fl. As. Bar. i. 7(5 {p. SSO.)
Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. Flowers Avhite. (5318.)
Distrib. — Common in the Peninsula ; also North-East India ;
Sumatra, Java.

ZIXGIBERACEyE.

Hedychium collinum, Bidl., in Journ. Boy. As, Soc. Straits Br. xxxii.
(1899) 103 (jj. 331).
Gunong Tahan. 5,000-5,600 ft. Flowers white, stamens brownish ;
strongly scented. (5513.) Apparently the same species as I
obtained on Kedali Peak, but a bigger and taller plant about
5 feet high. I had only one rather stunted plant from a some-
what exposed precipice. The calyx and con)lla-tube are pul^scent
in this plant.

Zingiber gracile. Jack, in Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. i. 1 (p. 831).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5365.) Exactly the ordinary form as far
as the specimen goes, but the field-note says : *' Flowers pale
yellow, bracts yellow, lower ones streaked with green : flower-
stalk dull red." The bracts of this species are normally dull
red.

Camptandra parvula, Biill, I. c. 104 {^i. 331).

Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers white, throat yellow. (5532.)
Distrib. — Malay Peninsula.

CONAMOMUM UTRICULOSUM, Bicll., I. C. 122 (j). 381).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow. (5424.)
Distrib.— Verak Hills.
Geostachys elegans, Bidl., I. c. 160 (j). 331).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Flowers yellow, the sides of the lip

mottled with red, the lower surface of the leaves purple. (5511.)
Distrib. — Mount Ophir.
This is quite like the Mount Ophir plant, but the stamen in the one

perfect flower I was able to examine has a distinct little lacerate

crest.

LILIACE.E.

Drac^na Porteri, Baker, in Journ. Bot. xi. (1873) 262 (p. 331).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white, leaves green ; about 3 feet

high. (5371.)
Distrib, — Common all over the Peninsula : Singapore, Siam.

138

BURMANNIACEyE.
BuRMANNiA DisTiCHA, Linn., Sp. PI. 287 (p. HSl).

Gunoug Tabau, 4,000-5,000 ft. Flowers light greeu ; bracts pale
violet. Growiing amoug low scrub, ou ridges (5383.) Ou damp
jjlaces iu open (5449.) Couiniou at liigli elevations.
Bidrih. — ludia. Sumatra, Cbimi, Australia.
B. LONGiFoLiA, Becc. Maltsia, i. 244.

Guuoug Taliau, 3,300 ft. Flowers aud bracts white, petals tiuted

ou edges pale blue. (5230.) Usually with the last.
Diittrib. — Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

XYRIDACK.K.

Xybis gkandis, n. sp. (^;. 38.'^).

Herba valida : foliis magnis late ensifonnibus acuminatis equit-
antibus subcoriaceis, 24 poll, lougis, f poll, latis. Scapus brevior,
19 poll, longus, teres. Capitulum obovatum magnum ^ poll, iu
diametro. Bracteae exteriores lauceolatae acutse | poll, longae,
atrobrunueaj lucidse. Sepala 3 iuaequalia, lanceolata acuta carti-
laginea atrobrunnea. Petala 3 cuueato-oblouga, marginibus lace-
ratis, flava. Stamina oblonga glabra. Stylus cum brachiis 3
elongatis extrusis.

Gimong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow, leaves green tiuted with
red, brown at the base. (5341.)

This is the finest Xyrls I know ; the great sword-like leaves recall
those of Cl.idinin Malngayi, C. B. Clarke, of Mt. Ophir, aud
are quite unlike those of any other species.

X. RiDLEYi, Rendle, iu Journ. Bot. xxxvii. (1899) 505.

Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft., in damp places ou rocks. Flowers

bi-ight cadmium-yellow, turning white. (5450.)
Distrib. — Kedah Peak.

The original specimen from Kedah Peak is somewhat taller with
slightly larger heads, but the plants from the two localities
are evidently conspecific (A. B. R.).

arace.is.
SciNDAPSus ScoETECHiNii, Hook. fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 541 {p. 332):
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft., climbing on trees. Whole flower pale
yellow. (5307.)

Distrib. — Common in all the hill districts in the Peninsula,

ERIOCAULOXACE.E.

Eriocaulon maceophyllum, Ruhl., in Engl. Pjlanzenr., Erioc. 77
(p. 332).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,000 ft. Flower-heads greyish-white. (5510.)

I take this to be a form of the Javan plant described by Ruhland,

but have seen no type. Plants collected by Horsfield at Rawa

Diyaug seetn to l.>e the same thing.

139
GYMNOSPEKMiE.

CO'SIVERM.

Agathis loranthifolia, Salinh., in Traiis. Linn. Soc. viii. (1807) 312
(p. 332).
GuuoDg Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree from 35-40 feet high, iu
sheltered gullies. (5488.)

Distrib. — Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Dacrydittm elatum, Wall, ex HooJc., Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. (1843) 144
ip. 333).
Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. Tree 60-80 feet tall. (5380.)

Distrib. — Common at high altitudes in the Peninsula and Archipelago.

PoDOCABPUS CUPRESSINA, B. Br. ex, Mirb., in Mem. Mus. Par, xiii.
(1825) 75 {p. 333).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Tree 50-60 feet high. (5354.)
Distrib. — Common at such altitudes in the Peninsula and Islands.

P. BBACTEATA, Bluiue, Eiiiun. i. 88.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree 20 feet high, branches at right
angles to the stem. (5452.)

Distrib. — Not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsula ; Java.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

(With A. Gei'P, M.A., F.L.S.)

Gleichenia dicabpa, B. Br., Prodr. 161 (p. 333).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. (5407.)

G. NoRRisii, Mett. ex, Kuhn, in Liumea, xxxvi. (1869-70) 165.

Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. : climbing fern. Leaves bluish-white
beneath. (5358.)

Cyathea bkunonis, Wall, ex Hook., Sp. Fil. i. 15 (jj. 333),
Gunong Tahan. (5379.)

Alsophila Kinui, C. B. Clarke, ex Bedd. Hanclb. Ferns Brit. Ind. 475
(p. 333).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Tree-fern, stem about 4 feet high. (5425.)

Matonia pectinata, B. Br., in Wall. PI. Asiat. Bar. i. t. 16 (2). 333),
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5351.)

Lecanopteris carnosa, Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 120 (jj. 333).

Gunong Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on trees on ridges. (5389.)

Hymenophyllum polyanthos, 8iv., ill SchraA. Journ. 1800, 102
(p. 333).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing iu damp places ou trees, (5422.)

140

Tbichomanes pallidum, Bhnne, Eniim. PL Jav. 225 (p. S33).
Guuoui: Talian. 5,000-6,000 ft. ; ou damp shady rocks. (5474.)

T. piaiTATUM, Str., Syii. Fil. 370, 422.

Guuoug Taliaii, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; i,'rowiug on rocks. Pale olive-green.
(5401.)

T. Pluma, Hool:, Ic. PL t. 997.

Gunong Talian, 3,300-5,000 ft. (5359, 5385.;

Trichomanes apiifolium, Preal, Hymenopli. 16, 44 {}). 334).
Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; growing in damp places. (5421.)

T. KADicANS, Sc:., in Schrad. Journ. 1800, 97.

Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; growing in damp places. (5419.) Specimen
in very shrivelled condition, but apparently this species.

HuMATA PEDATA, /. Smith, iu Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1841) 416
(f. 334).
Gunong Talian, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5437, 5472.)

Davallia pinnata var. gracilis, Hool-. and Bale, Syn. Fil. 98
(p. 334).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5377.)

LlNDSAYA RIGIDA, J. Smith, l. C. 415 (p. 334).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. (5547.)

L. cuLTEATA, Sic, Syu. Fil. 119.
Gunong Tahau, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on rocks. (5521.)

L. 8CANDENS, HooJc, Spec. Fil. i. 205.

Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; climbing fern on trees. (5368, 5418.)

L. FLABELLULATA, Dryciiul., iu Tvaiis. Linn. Soc. iii. (1797) 41.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5372.)

L. DivEROENs, Wall, ex Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 226.
Gunong Tahan. 3,300 ft. (5373.)

Oleandea neriiformis, Cav., in Anal Hist. Nat. i. (1799) 115
(p. 334).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; climbing fern. (5357.)

DiPTEKis HoRSFiELDii, Bt'dd., Fcrtis Brit. Ind. t. 321 (p. 334).
Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5350.)

PoLYPODiUM HiETUM, Hook., Spec. Fil. iv. 170 {p. 334).
Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft, ; growing on trees. (5478.)

P. STREPTOPHYLLUM, Bakef, in Journ. Bot. xvii. (1879) 42.
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on rocks. (5394.)

P. cucuLLATUM, Nees & Bhnne, in Nova Acta, xi. (1823) 121.
Gunong Tahan, 6,000-5,500 ft. ; ou rocks. (5522.)

141

P. VENULOSUM, Bliime, Enmn. PI. Jav. 128.
Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-0,000 ft. ; growiug on trees. (5463.)

P. (Pbymatodes) stenophyllum, Blumc, Enum. PI. Jav. 124.
Gunoug Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5386.)

PoLYPODiuM Wrayi, Baker, in Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887) 206 (p. 335).
Gunong Tahan : growing on rocks at 5,000-6,000 ft. (5494.)

P. LACiNiATUM, Bhoiie, Enum. PL Jav. 131.

Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on damp rocks. (5459.)

ViTTARiA FALCATA, Kuuze. in Bof. Zeit. vi. (1848) 198 (j). 335).
Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on trees. (5301.)

TiENiTis BLECHNOiDES, Sic, Syn. Fil. pp. 24, 220 (p. 335).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on the ground. (5345.)

Elaphoglossum latifolium, J. Smith, in Hoolc. Land. Journ. Bot. i.
(1842) 197 {p. 335).

Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5464.)

ScHiZi5BA MALACCANA, Baker, Siju. Fil. 428 {p. 335).

Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on the ground and on trees.
(5403.)

Lycopodium casuarinoides, spring, Monocjr. Lycop. i. 94 (p. 335).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; climbing among high bushes, etc.

(5398.)

L. NUMMULARiFOLiUM, BluMe, EntoH. PI. Jav. u. 263.
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5541.)

Selaginella pltjmosa. Baker, in Journ. Bot. xxi. (1883) 144 (p. 335).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on the earth in jungle. (5361.)

S. Walliohii, Sprimj, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 143.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Stalks dull red. (5414.)

S. atroviridis, Spring, I. c. 124.

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Green, stalks dull red. (5366.)

BRYOPHYTA.

(By A. Gkpp, M.A., F.L.s.)
Sphagnum Junghuhkianum, Doz. & Molk., Bryol. Jav. i. 27 {p. 335).
Gunoug Tahan, 6,000 ft. Pale green, the tops pale reddisli-brown.
(5435.)

Eucamptodon macrocalyx, C. Midi., Syn. Muse. i. 346 (p. 335).
Gimoug Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; growing ou 5527 {Eria teretifolia).

Leucobryum chlorophyllosum, C. Mull., Syn. Muse. ii. 535 (p>- 335).
Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing ou trees. (5420.)

Trichosteleum scaurellum, Jaeg. <!• Sauerh., Sp. & Gen. Mmc. ii.
•48-i {p. 335).
(jrimoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; growiug on small tree. (5417.)

Mniodexdron diyaricatum, Liiidb., in Of v. Vet.-AkaJ. Forh. Stockk.
xviii. 18G1 (1862) 375 {p. 836).
Giiuong Tahan, 5.000-6,000 ft. Fruit yellowish. (5490.)

Mastigobryum, ep. (^p. 336).

Gunong Tahau, 3.300 ft. (5374.)
Lepidozia Wallichiana, Gottsche, Syn. Hepot. 204 {p. 336).

Gimoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; oji dead tree. Delicate pale green.
(5360.)

LICHENES.

(By Miss A. Lorbaix Smith, k.l.s.)

Stereocaulon coRALLOiDES, Fries, Sched. Grit. iv. 24, var. (p. 336).
Guuoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing amongst moss. Colour very pale
sea- green. (5348.)

UsNEA DASYPOGA, Nyl. t'.e Stiz. iu St. GolL Ncit. Ge^. (1876) 202
(/'. 336).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on branches of trees. Dull ; very
pale green. (5353.)

Cladonia macilenta, Hoffin. Deutschl. Fl. 126 {p. 336).

Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; on trees. Pale dull green; fmiting
tops bright red. (5402.)

C. RANGIFERINA, Hoffm., I. C. 114.

Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. ; growing on the ground. White, slightly
tinged with green. (5331.)

FUNai.

(By Miss A. Lokeaix Smith, f.l.s.)

Hexagonia TENUIS, Fries, Epicr. 498 (p. 336).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; on dead wood. Shaded with warm brown
alxjve, brown powdered with white Ijeneath. (5423.)

Lachnoclabium brasiliense, Sacc, Syll. Fn/uj. vi. 738 (p. 556').
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. : on dead wood. Very pale brown. (5416.)

Panus, sp. (p. 336).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; on dead wood. White shaded with warm
brown above, pure white beneath. (5310.)

Clavaria FUsiFORMis, Sowerly, Engl. Fungi, t. 234 (p. 336).

Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing among moss, etc. Whole plant
ochre-yellow. (5346.)

143

NEW MAMMALS FKOM THE MALAY PENINSULA

REGION.

Bv C. BODEN KLOSS, K.z.s.,
Cl'hatuu, Skl.vngok Statk MrsKUM.

T N the culleetious of the Selauyur State Museum there are examples
^ cf several Mammals from the Peninsular Region ^ which have not
hitherto received the recognition that the distinctness of their char-
acters requires. Descriptions of four of them are now published.

PAR,Al>OXUllUS (HERMAl'lIRODITl S) MILLER!, sp. mv.

Type.— Adult female (skin and skull), No. 2821/07, Selangor
Museum. Collected on Tioman Island, East Coast, Malay Peninsula,
9th October, 1907, bv H. C. Robinson. Original number 18.

Characteks. — Smaller than Paradoxarits hennaphroditus and
paler throughout, with brown, not black, markings. Dorsal stripes
practically obsolete and upper proximal half of tail like back except
mesially.

Colour. — Greneral colour above a pale silvery di'ab-grey, slightly
suffused with pale-buff posteriorly : hairs with ashy-brown bases and
brown tips. Dorsal region with irregular rows of undefined brown
spots, forming ou back of neck an indistinct dull mottling and dis-
appearing on sides Avith which chest and abdomen are concolorous.
Centre of abdomen suffused with buff. Limbs brown, slightly griz-
zled with silvery except on feet. Muzzle, below eyes, cheeks, chin
and throat, crown, ears and behind ears, brown ; crown and throat
grizzled. A distinct pale brow-band which extends below ears to
sides of neck. A few white hairs below eyes and on chin. Proximal
half of tail like rump above, buffy below ; distal portion blackish-
brown, extending towards the base along the median line of the dorsal
surface : extreme base of tail below grizzled brown.

Skull and Teeth. — When compared with skulls of Paradoxiirus
hertnajjhroditus from the Peninsula that of P. ndlleri shows several
essential diffei'ences. The least breadth between the maxillaries on
the rostrum is much greater, while the posterior extension of the
maxillaries is less : the constriction behind the post-orbital processes
commences more suddenly and is far shorter, giving increased length
to the brain-case. There is a far greater posterior extension of the
palate ; the audital bullae are less dilated and truncated, but are
somewhat flattened on the outer sides, while the anterior extremities
are elongated into distinct spinous processes. Viewed laterally the
upward flare or curvatui-e of the zygomatic arches is much less
pronounced. The teeth are too worn for comment.

} Post, p. 147.

Measukemekts. — Collector's exterual meajiurements : head and
body. 49o (533)1; tail. -4:32 {Ao2); hiud-fwt, 72 (111): ear, 45 (44).
Cranial measurements : greatest len^h. 1<X) (113): basal length, 95
(105.5) ; henselion tv ix»sterior edge of bony palate, 44 (48.5) : dis-
tance from transverse line jc»ining posterior edge of last molars to end
of bony palate, 7 (4.5; : p<jsterior extension of masillaiy to posterior
surface of postorbital process on rostrum, lu.5 (8.5; ; constriction in
front of postorbital processes, 18 (20.5; : constriction behind jx)stor-
bital processes, 11 (12.5) : least breadth between external edges of
frontal lx>ne on rostrum, 8 (6.5) ; zygomatic breadth, 59 (t>7).

fcJpEciMENS EXAMINED. — One. the type.

Kemaeks. — The principal characters of this mu»ang, as exhibited
in an adult female obtained on Tiomau Island by Messrs. Ablx>tt and
Kloss in 1899, were first noted by "Mr. Oerrit S. Miller (Proc. Wash-
ington Acad. 8oi., 19W, p. 228;, after whom, now that its distinctness
has Ijeen proved by the two further examples taken by Mr. H. C.
Robinson (one in the British and one in the Selangor Museum), I
have much pleasure in naming the species.

Sciurus biliinitatug,'Miller: Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. lxv., p. 8 (part;.

Type. — Adult male (skull and skin;. No. 2575 07, Selangor
Mu.seum. Collected on Tioman Island, Southern China Sea, 14th
Octoljer, 1907, by H. C. Kobinson. Original uumlx'r 69.

Chaeactees. — Grenerally resembles Sciurus hiliinitatuis, Miller,
(type from Trengganu;, but smaller and duller ; skull less robust with
rostral region slenderer.

Colo CE.— Upper surface a fine speckle of black and pale buff, the
latter slightly l>righter and somewhat in excess on top of face,
sides of neck, shoulders, thighs and feet. Ears, a ring round eyes,
cheeks muzzle and chin ochi'aceous. Under-parts grizzled bluish-grey.
Ventral area tinged ochraceous. Tail, above coarsely annulated black
and buff-white, forming distinct bands on terminal portion ; Ijelow
yellower. Sides striped whitish buff and black.

Skull. — As in Sciurue biUmitatus, but with proportionately slen-
derer rostrum ; the greatest combined breadth of the nasal bones
Ijeing decidedly less than lialf their median length, while in Sciurua
hilirnitatus they are never less than half. The audital bullse arc
l^rhaps a little narrower and the basioccipal a trifle broader.

MtASDREMESTS. — Collector's external measurements: head and
body, 183; tail, 155; hind-foot, 39; ear, 18. Cranial measurements;
greatest length, 47 ; ba.sal length, 38 ; zygomatic breadth, 28.5 ; cranial
breadth, 22; palatal length, 20; diastema, 12; upper tooth-row, 9:

' Meaiiareineiitfl in parcnthesea are those of an adult male, Puradoxurus
henna phrod-itug, from Kuala Kangsar, Perak (8. M. Ko. 1257/08;.

145

median length of nasals, 14; greatest breadth of both nasals, ^.75:
interorbital breadth, 17.

Specimens examined. — Three from the type locality.

Remarks. — An insular form someAvhat smaller than that occurring
on the adjacent mainland, and further characterised by slightly paler
and bluer colouration, slenderer rostrum and generally less robust skull.

MUS (SURIFER) MICRODON, .<</). nor.

Type. — Adult female (skin and skull), No. 2549/07, Selangor
Museum. Collected at Juara Bay, Tioman Island, 14th September,
1907, by E. Seimund. Original number 57.

Characters. — Like Mas surifer but more tawny : centre of abdo-
men washed with buff-ochraceous ; a tawny band across chest and
white of under-parts not continued to hind-foot. Skull like that of
the mainland race but with longer nasals, lachrymal bones more
developed and palatal foramina larger. Molars greatly reduced in size.

Colour. — Above ochraceous-tawny, plentifully sprinkled with a
black element which is strongest down the centre of the back, where it
forms almost a dark stripe expanding on the rump. Cheeks, sides of
neck, back of neck behind ears, shoulders, thighs and sides along the
line of demarcation almost clear tawny. Under-parts white except the
chest, which is crossed by a band of pale tawny about 18 m.m. wide,
and the fore and hind legs, which are completely encircled with the
same colour, extending almost to their junction with the trunk. Centre
of abdomen washed with clear buff (in some specimens deep ochrace-
ous). Upper surfaces of feet whitish. Tail bicolored with terminal
portion white.

Skull and Teeth. — The skull does not differ consistently from
typical surifer except in tlie larger rostrum, broader palatal foramina
and inter-pterygoid space. The mandible is, however, less robust, and
the crowns of all the molars are much reduced, the last upper molar in
the insular animal being scarcely half the area of the same looth
in skulls of equal size from the Peninsula.

Measurements. — Collector's external measurements of type : head
and body, 178; tail, 163; hind-foot, 38; ear, 25. Cranial measure-
ments of type : gi'eatest length, 45 ; l)asal length, 35.5 ; palatal length,
19.5 ; breadth between anterior molars, 4.75 ; length of palatal fora-
mina, 7; breadth of combined foramina, 4; diastema, 12.75; length
of molar-row, 6.5; length of nasals, 17.5; interorbital breadth. 7;
cranial breadth, 16.

Measurements of an adult male from the type locality: (Sel. Mus.
No. 2551/07). Head and body, 180 (200)i ; tail. 190 (190) ; hind-foot,
40 (40) ; ear, 24. Cranial measurements : greatest length, 46.5
(46.5) ; palatal length. 21 (20.5) ; diastema, 13.5 (13.25) ; length of

' Measurements in parentheses those of an arlnlt male, Sel. Mus. No. 249f) 07,
from the Sembroiig River, East Johore.

146

upper molar-row, 6.7 (7) ; length of lower inolar-row, G.5 (7) ; length
of palatal foramina, 6.75 (6.5) ; combined hreadth of foramina, 4.75
(3.75) ; breadth of palate V>etween anterior molars, 5 (5) ; medium
length of nasals, 18.5 (17) ; interorbital breadth, 7.75 (7) ; cranial
breadth, 17 (17.5) ; zygomatic breadth, 20 (20).

Specimens examined. — Eight from the type locality.

Remarks. — Thi.s insular form is strikingly charactei'ised by the
great reduction that has taken place in the crowns of the molars.
The change, however, does not yet appear to have affected the roots of
the teeth, although the smaller size of the molar-row, combined with
the broader foramina and inter-pterygoid space, causes the palate to
appear wider: the mandible also, though proportionately less robust
and powerful, and with the various processes somewhat atrophied, is
not reduced in length. Compensation for these diminutions has been
given in the form of a larger and hea"vaer rostrum.

MUS VILLOSUS. sp. nov.

Type. — Adult male(skin and skull), No. 1348/08, Selangor Museum.
Collected in the Botanical G-ardens, Singapore, 12th July, 1908, by
C. Boden Kloss.

Characters. — A large member of the Mnelleri group, externally
somewhat like Mus validits, Miller, but smaller, duller and less shaggy,
and with colour of under-parts distinctly margined on sides. Fur long
and moderately soft, devoid of spines, but thickly sprinkled with
long coarse bristles. The skull like that of Mus validus except that
the audital bullae are exceedingly large and dilated, most nearly
resembling in this respect that of the smaller Mm annandalei, Bonh.

Colour. — General colour above a grizzle of black and deep buff
(pale ochraceous buff), darker posteriorly owing to the prevalence
of the long black-tipped bristles which are everywhere present and
which attain on the rump to a length of 40 m.m. Sides and limlis
paler and duller, due to the grey under-fur showing through and
to the absence of dark annulations to the hairs. Top of head and
face and also below eye blackish, distinctly darker than cheeks and
nock. Bflow pure buffy-white, sharply separated from the upper-parts,
extending to the wrists and to the upper lip behind and below
whiskers, but not to the ankles which are like the outer side of thigh.
Along the sides of the abdomen a narrow stripe about 4 m.m. broad of
pure buff. Hands and feet clothed with short dark-brown hairs.
In males a brown prescrotal patch. Tail stout and unicolour, black,
longer than head and body. Ear rounded.

Skull. — Skull like that of Mas validus, but less robust and
slenderer. Audital bullae deeper anteriorly than posteriorly : much
larger, rounder and more dilated than those of any other local rat.

Measureme.vts. — Collector's external measurements: head and
l>ody, 222 ; tail, 251 ; hind-foot, 41 ; ear, 23. Cranial measurements :

147

greatest length, 52 ; basal length, 45 ; palatal length, 25 ; least palatal
breadth, 475 ; diastema, 15 ; length of upper molar-row, 9 ; length of
palatal foramina, 8.25 ; combined breadth of foramina, 3.25 ; median
length of nasals, 20 ; interorbital breadth, 7 ; cranial breadth, 18 ;
zygomatic breadth, 24 ; gi-eatest length of bullae, 8.5 ; greatest depth of
bullae from highest point in inferior edge of squamous bono, 9 ;
anterior breadth of basi-occipital, 5 m.m.

Specimens examined. — Four, all from Singapore Island.

Remarks. — Though allied to Mvs validus this rat may be im-
mediately distinguished by the abruptness of the line of demarcation
between the colours of the sides and abdomen. Its skull notal)]y
differs in the larger bullae and less developed post-orbital ridges.

A PEOVISIONAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE
PENINSULAR REGION.

By C. BODEN KLOSS.

^PHE last and most complete account of the Mammals of the Malay
Peninsula previously drawn up was that of Mr. Stanley S. Flower
(P.Z.S., 1900, pp. 338-351), in which about one himdred and forty
species are recorded from our area. The work of naturalists during
the last ten years, during which period there has been a great revival
of interest in the Zoology of the Peninsula, has added considerably to
the amount, which has been further increased by the discovery of a
number of geographical races in the adjacent small islands that had
hitherto remained unvisited, so that at the moment of writing, and
disregarding reports shortly forthcoming on recent collections, the
mammal fauna is now swollen to a total of nearly two hundre<l and
twenty.

The Peninsular Region as treated here may be defined as contain-
ing the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra and all the
small islands closely adjacent, of which the principal are : — Junkceylon,
the entire Langkawi gi'oup, Penang, Pulo Jarak, Singapore, the Tioman
and Tinggi chains, the Redangs and the group of islands off the Ban-
don Bight : but not the Rhio Archipelago, the fauna of which is more
nearly related elsewhere than to the Peninsula.

Okdkr primates.
APES, MONKEYS AND LEMURS.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

Symphalangus sj).
Hylobates lar (Linn.).
Hylobates agilis, F. Cuvier.
Presbytes ci-i status (Raffles).
Presbytes obscurus (Beid).
Presbytes femoralis (Horsf.).
Presbytes albocinereus
(Cantor).

8. Macaca fascicularis (Raffles).

9. Macaca nemestrina (Linn.).
9a. Macaca nemestrina adusta,

Miller.

10. Macaca rufescens, Anderson.

11. Nycticebus malayanus

(Anderson).

148

Ori.kr CARNIVORA.
CATS, CIVETS. MONGOOSES, DOGS, MARTENS, WEASELS, OTTERS AND BEARS.

12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23.
24.

25.

25a.

2G.
27.

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

Felis tigris, Linn.
Felis pardus, Linn.
Felis uebulosa, GrifHth.
Felis marmorata, Martin.
Felis l^ugalensis, Kerr.
Felis iemimncki.Vig.&Horsf.
Felis planiceps, Vig. rf- Hor.^f.
Viverra zibetha, Linn.
Yiverra niegaspila. Bhjth.
Viverra tangaliuiga. Gray.
Vi verriciila in a 1 a c c e ii s i s ,

Gmel.
Hemigale hardwickii (Gray).
Priouodon maculosus,

Blanford.
Paradoxiirus liermaplirodi-
' tus, PaUas.
Paradoxurus hermaphrodi-

tns macrodus, Gray.
Paradoxurus (hermapbrodi-

tns) millein, Klo.^s.
Paradoxurus niger, Desm.

28. Paradoxurus minor,

Bonhote.

29. Paradoxurus leucomystax

(Gray).

30. Paradoxurus leucomystax

robustus, Miller.

31. Arctogalidia leucotis, Bhjth.

32. Arctogalidia major, Miller.

33. Arctictis biaturong (Raffiea).

34. Gyuogale bennetti. Gray.

35. Herpestes mango (Gmel.).

36. Herpestes brachyurus. Gray.

37. Herpestes javanicus(6'eojf*-.).

38. Cyou rutilans (S. Mdll).

39. Mustela flavigula penin-

sularis, Bonhote.

40. Putorius nudipes (JP.

Cuvier).

41. Lutra cinerea, Illiger.

42. Lutra sumatrana. Gray.

43. Lutra macrodus, Gray.

44. Ursus malayanus, Raffles.

Order UNGULATA.

ELEPHANTS, RHINOCEROSES, TAPIRS, CATTLE, GOATS, DEER,
MOUSE DEER AND PIGS.

Elephas maximus, Linn.
Ehinoceros sondaicus, Ctiv.
Rhinoceros sumatrensis, C^iv.
Tapirus indious, Cnv.
Bos gaurns hubbacki,

Lydekker.
Bos sondaicus butleri,

Lydekker.
Nemorhsedus swettenhami,

Butler.
Cervulus muntjac grandi-

cornis, Lydekker.
Cervus unicolor equinus,

Cuv.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.
60«.

61.

Tragulus canescens. Miller.
Tragulus (canescens) um-

briuus. Miller.
Tragulus (canescens) rufu-

lus. Miller
Tragulus ravus. Miller.
Tragulus (ravus) lancaven-

sis, Miller.

Tragulus (ravus) ravulus,

Miller.
Sus jubatus, Miller.
Sus (jubatus) jubatulus,

Miller.
Sus peninsularis, Miller.

Order RODENTIA.
SQUIRRELS, RATS, BAM«00 RATS AND PORCUPINES.

62. Petaurista melanotus, Gray. I 63. Petaurista punctata (Gray).
62a. Petaurista (melanotus; teru- ' 64. lomys horsfieldi ( Water-
tSLMS, Miller.^ ) house).

' The validity of forms marked a appears to be questionable. Sub-species are
indicated by trinomials but insular races have the typical specific name placed in
parenthPBPfl.

141)

SQUIRRELS, RATS, BAMHOO-U

Go. louiys davisoui (Thomas).

66. Pterouxyseus pulverulentus

(Giiuih.).

67. Sciui-optenis tepliromelas

{Giltdh.).

68 . Sciuropteru s s p a d i c e u s ,

Blyth.

69. Katufa melauopepla, Miller.
69a. Ratufa (melauopepla)

tiomauicus, Miller.

70. Ratufa affinis (Baffles)

71. Ratufa aftinis aureiventur,

(Geof.).

72. Ratufa pyrsonota, Miller.

73. Sciurus prevosti, Desni.

74. Sciurus prevosti liuuiei,

Bonhote.

75. Sciurus liippurus, Is. Geoffr.

76. Sciurus castaueoveutris

gTiseopectus, Blijth.
76a. Sciurus castaueoveutris
rubeculus, Miller.

77. Sciurus erytliraeus. Pallas.

78. Sciurus canieeps, Gray.

79. Sciurus (cauiceps) laucavcu-

sis, Miller.

80. Sciurus (cauiceps) adaugen-

sis, Miller.

81. Sciurus cauiceps epomor-

plius, Bonhote.

82. Sciurus cauiceps coucolor,

Blyth.

83. Sciurus bilimitatus, Miller.

84. Sciurus (bilimitatus) micro-

rbyuclius, Kloss.

85. Sciurus vittatus, Raffles,

80. Sciurus (vittatus) teuui-
rostris, Miller.

87. Sciurus (vittatus)-

permaugileusis, Miller.

88. Sciurus (vittatus) aoris,

Miller.

89. Sciurus tenuis, Horsf.

89 a. Sciurus tenuis surdiis, Miller.

90. Sciurus. tenuis taliEiu,

Bonhote.

91. Sciurus robinsoui, Bonhote.

92. Sciurus macclellaudi

novemliueatus, Miller.

Vi:x AXn I'ORCII'IXKS U-m/.)

93. Fimambulus jalorousis,

Bonhote.

94. Fuuambulus jaloreusis pe-

niusulse, Miller.

95. Fuuambulus rufigeuis bel-

lieldi, Bonhote.

96. Khinosciurus tupaioides,

Gray.

97. Rliiuosciurus, .s^^

98. Rliiuosciurus r o b i u s o n i ,

Thontas.

99. Hapalomvs lougicaudatus,

Blyth. "

1 00. Cliiropodomy s g 1 i r o i d e s ,

Bhjth.

101 . Mus vociferaus, Miller.

102. Mus (vociferaus) lancavcu-

sis, Miller.

103. Mus (vociferaus) stridens,

3£lller.

104. Mus ciliatus, Bonhote.
1(J5. Mus surifer. Miller.

106. Mus (surifer) fiavidulus,

Miller.

107. Mus (surifer) butaugensis,

Miller.

108. Mus (surifer) microdou,

Kloss.

109. Mus pellax, Miller.

110. Mus jerdoni bukit, Bonhote.

111. Mus cremoriveuter, Miller.
\ 112. Mus asper, Miller.

113. Mus klossi, Bonhote.

114. Mus inas, Bonhote.

115. Mus ferreocanus, Miller.
' 116. Mus validus, Miller.

\ 117. Mus villosus, Kloss.

\ 118. Mus aunandalei, Bonhote.

119. Mus jaloreusis, jBo/</to^e.

120. Mus (jaloreusis) jarak,

Bonhote.

121. Mus (jaloreusis) tiomaui-

cus, Miller.

122. Mus (jaloreusis) panuosus,

Miller.

123. Mus .coucolor, Blyth.
123rt. Mus pulhis. Miller.

124. Mus rufesceus, Gray.

125. M\is griseiventer, Bonhote.

Sgpt.j 190S.

150

SQVIRRKLSS. RATS. liAMBOO-RAT.S AXD ^ORCrPINES-(ro«^)

126. Mus deeuniuiuis, P«?/rt^•.

127. Mvis musouliis. X//(».

128. Gimoims variu^, Thoiiiai>.

129. Gunumvs varius varillus.

V^O. Rliizoinvs .siiuiatreiisis

181. Acauthiuu brachyuriim
(Linn.).

! 132. Atheruriis luacrourus
(Linn.).

133. Atherunis (macrounis) zy-
gouiaticus, Miller.
I 134. Atlierurus (macrourus) tio-
uis, Thomas.

135. Atlicn-urus (macrourus)
terutaus, Lyon.

13t). Trichys lipuva, Gnnther.

137.
138.

139.

140.

141.

142.
143.

144.

Orokk INSECTIV'ORA.
TREE SURKW.S, GYMNUR.VS, SHREWS AND I'LYIXG-LEMURS.

Tupaia ferru^inea, Raffles. ' 145. Ci'ocidura murina (Linn.).

Tupaia ferriiginea belau- 14(5. Crocidura muriiia eaerulea

geri, Wagn. {Kerr).

Tupaia (fen-ugiuea) sordi- 146rt. Crocidura fuscipes, Peters.

da, Miller.

Tupaia (f e r r u g i n e a )
pulouis, Miller.

Tupaia malaccana,

Anderson.
Ptilocereus lowi, Gray.
G y m u u r a r a ffl e s i ,

Vig. and Horsf.

147. Crocidura fuliginosa

(Blyth).

148. Galeopterus t e m m i u c k i ,

Waterhouse.

149. Galeopterus (teiumiucki)

pumilus (Miller).

150. Galeopterus (temmincki_)

208.
209.

210.

loris (Miller).

Hylomys suillus,, 151. Galeopterus (tern mincki)
Mall, and Schleg. \ taylori, Thomas.

Oedek CHIROPTERA.
BATS (152-207.)

(Vide post pp. 151-161.)

Oedee CETACEA.

WHALES, DOLPHIN'S AXD PORPOISES.

Balsenoptera iudica, Blyth . 211. O r c e 1 1 a b r e v i r o s t r i s
Physeter inacrocephalus, (Oiven).

Linn. 212. Steuo p 1 u in b e u s ,

Dussumier.
213. Sotalia sinensis (Cr^tnel.),

Phoecana phoecanoides,
Cuv.

214. Delphinus delphis (Erxl).
UuDEK SIREN 1 A,

DUGOXOS.

215, Halicore dugoug, Illiget'.

Orueh EDENTATA.
210, Mauis javanica, Dtffni.

A LIST OF THE BATS OCCURRINd IN THE
PENINSULAR REGION WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA.

By C. BODEN KLOSS.
OO far as I am aware I have enumerated in the following list all the
bats known to us at present from the Malay Peninsula and its
islands. Whilst, however, on the one hand, further investigation may
prove that two or three of the species included Avill have to be finally
omitted, continued collecting will undoubtedly result in further
additions to the fauna as we are now acquainted with it, for the
geographical distribution of several species occurring in surrounding
regions indicates that^they should eventually l)c recorded from the
Peninsula also, where a large extent of country, almost untouched,
may still preserve forms yet undiscovered.

The keys given have been compiled with reference to Peninsular
genera only. There is at present nowhere in the East any collection
of Malayan bats sufficiently complete to work out upon it a key to the
species.

With regard to the abbreviations used : —

(Miller) following generic titles, refers to the most recent work
on the subject. "The Families and Genera of Bats," by Gerrit S.
Miller, Jr., 1907.

Blanford.— "The Fauna of British India. Mammalia," by W. T.
Blanford, 1891.

DoBSON. — "Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera," bv G. E. Dobson,

1876.
Fas. Mal. Zool. — " Fasciculi Malayenses," of N. Annandale and H.

C. Robinson, Zoology, Part 1. Mammals.
P. A. N. S. P. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia.
P. W. A. S. — Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science.
P. Z. S. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
A. M. N. H. — Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London.
J. A. S. B. — Journal of the Asiatic Societv of Bengal.
P. A. S. B. — Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
J. S. B. R. A. S. — Journal, Straits Branch, of the Royal Asiatic Society.
J, F. M. S. M. — Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums.

CHIROPTERA.

KEY TO THE SUB-ORDERS.

A. Neither nose-leaf nor tragus ; margin of ear

forming an unbroken ring ; mandible with
angular process practically absent or broad
and low ... ... ... ... ... Megcichiro^.i era ,

B. Either nose-leaf or tragus, or both ; margin of

ear interrupted at base ; mandible with angu-
lar process well developed, long and narrow Microcluropfera,

1^)2
Sur.-OBi.i:i{ MEGACHTROPTERA.

Family PTEEOPIDiE.

KEY TO THE srB-FAMrLIEi*,

A. Tongue moderate ; iuner margin of nostril

projecting ; upper surface of mandibular
symphysis forming conspicuous angle with
alveolar line ... ... ... ... ... Pteropinie.

B. Tongue very long ; no projecting margin to

nostril ; upper surface of mandibular sym-

pliysis parallel with alveolar line ... .'. Kinrlotinx.

SrB-F.VMiLY PTEROPlXiE.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Nec-k and shoulders much more warmly co-

loured than rest of back : size larger, head

and body much more than loO mm. ... Pteropus.

B. Neck and shoidders not more Inilliant than

rest of back : size smaller, head and body
always less than 150 mm.
o. Five upper and six lower cheek-teeth aside Roniiettos.
h. Four upper and five lower cheek-teeth aside.

riK Two pairs of lower incisors ... ... Cynopterus.

1^. One pair of lower incisors.

«-. Tail present -. rostrum nearly straight

al>ove ... ... ... ... ... Pfenochirus

h-. Tail absent ; rostrum strongly concave

above ... ... ... ... ... Meijit^rrq)ii.

Oi-Ms PTEROPTS (MiLl-ER, p. 50J.

152. Pteropu.s edulis, Geoff.
Pterojms ranijiyrvfi, Linn.
Blanforcl, p. 25f». Dobson, p. 20.

Throughout tlie Peninsular area except the islands of Tioman.
Pennangil and Aor.
152fl. Ptekopus nicobaricus, Fitziinjer.
Blanford, p. 2fiO. Dobson, p. 17.

A female Fruit-bat from Great Redang Islan^l, oft Tringanu,
has been identified by Bonhote (P.Z.S., 1900, p. 875) as
P. nicoharicns, and the species is therefore included.
Further confirmation is desired. P. condwensis, Peters,
another dark Fruit-bat. mav eventual! v be disr-overed.
1526. Pteropus medius, Temm.

Pterop7t8 (jifjontevs, Briinnich.
Blanford. p. 257. Dolison, p. 18.

153

Miller (P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 316) doubtfully refers a young
adult female from Trang to this species. Not otherwise
recorded,

153. Ptbeopus (hypomelanus) lepidus, Miller.

Miller, P.W.A.S., 1900, p. 237.

Islands of Tioman, Pennaugil and Aor.

154. Pteropus (hypomelanus) tomesi, Peters,

Tomes, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 536.

A single male in the Selangor Miiseum from Pul<j Ruuii»ia,
off the mouth of the Perak River, has been thus identified
by Andersen.

Genus ROUSETTAS (Miller, p, 54),

155. Kousetias amplexicatjdata (Geoff.).

Xantharpyia amplexicaudata, Blauford, p. 26.
Cynonycteris amplexlcaudata, Dobson, p. 29.
The Peninsula.

Genus CYNOPTERUS (Miller, p. 17).

156. Cynopterus montanoi, Robin.

Cynoj)teri(s marginatus (Geoff.) ; Thomas, P.Z.S., 1886, p. 73 ;

Blanford, p. 263 ; Dobson, p. 24.
Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl.) ; Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 875 ;

Fas. Mai. Zool. vol. i., p. '14.
The Peninsula and Islands,

157. Cynopterus angulatus. Miller.

Miller, P,A.N.S.P., 1900, p. 316,

The Peninsula (type from Trang). Doubtfully ilistinct
from the preceding species : smaller and projection at base
of outer margin of ear pointed.

Genus PTEXOCHIRUS (Miller, p. 51).

158. Ptenochirus lucasi (Dohson).

Cynopterus lucasi, Dobson, A.M.N.H., August, 1880, p. 163.
Thomas, A.M.N.H., 1898, p, 361 ; Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 875.
The Peninsula and Singapore.

Genus MEG^ROPS (Miller, p, 51).

159. Meg^rops ecaudata (Temm.).

Cynopter^is ecaudatus, Dobson, p. 29; Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool.
vol. I., p. 15,
The Peninsula ; Bidor, South Perak.

Sub-family KIODOTIN^.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. A claw on index-finger ; tail rudimentary ... Kiodotus.

B. No claw on index-finger ; tail distinct . . . Eonyderis.

154

Gkms KIODOTUS (Miller, p. 70).
160. KluDOTCS MINIMUS (Gcoff.).

Car2)0)iycteris minima, Blauford, p. 265.
Mavroglossus minimns, Dobsou, p. 34.

Boubote, P.Z.'S., 1900, p. 875; Fas. Mai. Zool. vol. i., p. 15.
The Peniiisula, Patani and North Perak.

G^NTs EOXYCTERIS (Miller, i>. «!!>).
1»>1. EuNYCTERIS SPEL.^^A, Dobs07l.

Blanford, p. 266. Dobson, p. 33.
Tlie Peninsula.

Sli!-okder MICROCHIROPTERA.

KEY TO THE FA:MILIES.

A. No»e-leaf absent, tragus present.

<i. Second bone of mi Idle finger folded back

towards the upper surface of the wing in

repose ; tail perforating its membrane on

the upper surface, or considerably produced

Ijeyond a much truncated membrane . . . Emballoniiridie.
h. Second bone of middle finger extended in

repose : tail contained witliin membrane or

very little produce 1 beyond it ... ... Vesperiilionidce.

B. Nose-leaf present.

n. Tragus absent ... ... ... ... JRhinolophidx.

h. Tragus present ... ... ... ... Nycteridie.

Family EMBALLONUFtlD.^.

KEY TO THE SUB-FAMILIES.

A. Tail slender, much longer than the slender

legs and emerging above near the margin
of the narrow membrane ; index finger
with two distinct joints ; upper incisors
weak ; postorbital processes absent , . . Rhinopominiv.

B. Tail slender, muci shorter than the slender

legs and emerging above near the centre
of the broad membrane ; index finger
with no joint ; upper incisors weak ; postor-
bital processes present ... ... ... Emballonuriiin'.

C. Tail stout, not shorter than the stout legs and

produced far l>eyond the membrane, which
it leaves at the margin ; index finger with
one indistinct joint ; upper incisors strong :
postorbital processes absent ... ... Molossinie.

1."

.*•)

StJB-FAMILY RHTNOPOMIX^.

GExrs KHINOPOMA (Mii.i.er. p. 81).
102. Rhinopoma miceophyllum, Geoff.
Blauford, p. 351. Dobson, p. 174.
Rhinopoma hardwickii, Greiy ; Cautor, J.A.S.B., 184G.

The Peuinsula, Ghirbi.

Sub-family EMBALLONURIN^.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower

incisors ; size smaller, head and body less

than 50 mm. ... ... ... ... ... Emhallonura.

B. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower

incisors ; size larger, head and body more

than 75 mm. ... ... ... ... ... Tcqtliomv!^.

GExrs EMBALLONl'RA (Miller, p. 86).
1()3. Emballonura peninsulaeis. Miller.
Miller, P.A.N.S-P., 1898. p. 323.
Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 18.
? Emhallonura semicaudata, Blanford, p. 345.

The Peninsula and Singapore (type from Trang).

Genus TAPHOZOUS (Mii.ler, p. 9.3).

1(j4. Taphozous melanopogon, Temm,.

Blanford, p. 347. Dobson, p. 167. Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 349.
The Peninsula ; Islands of Langkawi, Penang and Singapore.

105. Taphozous longimanus, Hardwicke.
Blanford, p. 348. Dobson, p. 170.

Taphozous longimanus albijyennis, Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7,
vol. II., p. 246.

The Peninsula.

100. Taphozous saccol>emus, Temm.

Blanford, p. 350. Dobson, p. 172. Cantor, .T.A.S.B., 1846.
The Peninsula, Penang, Singapore.

107. Taphozous afpinis, Dohson.

Dobson, A.M.N.H., 1875, p. 232.
Dobson, p. 173.

A single example from Singapore is recorded by Ridley
(J.S.B.R.A.S., No. 31, p. 104).

150

Sl-B-FAMILY MOLOSSINA^.
KEY TO THE OENERA.

A. Ears more or less united on forehead before

eyes ; body • clothed with hair ; two pairs of

lower incisors Cluerephon.

B. Ears widely separated ; body essentially naked ;

one pair of lower incisors ... ... ... Cheiromeles.

Genus CHJJREPHON (Miller, p. 244).
Ib8. Ch^rephon plicatus {Buclianan).

Nyctinomus jilicatus, Blanford, p. 354; Dobson, p. 183.
Nydinomus tenuis, Horsf., Cantor, J.A.S.B., 184G.
The Peninsula and Singapore.

1()9. Ch^eephon johorensis (Dohsnn).

Dobson, P.A.S.B., Jan., 1873. Dobson, p. 183.
A single specimen is known from South Johore.

Gencs CHEIROMELES (Miij^kr, p. 24!)).

170. Cheiromei>es torquatus, Horsf.

Dobsun, p. 177. Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 350.
Penins\ila ; Singapore and Penang.

Family VESPERTILIONID^.

key to the suk-families.

A. Tail shorter than head and body Vespertilioniwe.

B. Tail not shorter than head and body Kerivoulirue.

SiB-FAMii.v YESPERTILIONIN^.
KEY TO THE GEXER.\.

A. Only one pair of upper incisors ... ... Parhyohts.

B. Two pairs of upper incisors.

o. Upper and lower cheek-teeth six aside ... My of is.

b. Upper and lower cheek-teeth five aside.

a^. Fifth finger only slightly longer than the
lartrest bone of fourth and middle
fingers ... ... ... ... ... Pterygietes.

fci. Fifth finger longer than the largest and

next bone together of fourth and middle

fingers.
(I-. Outer upper incisor curved backwards Pipistrellus.
h-. Outer upper incisor curved outwards... Glischropus.

157

c. Upper aud lower cheek-teeth four and five
aside, respectively.
0^. Skull noticeably flattened, occipital depth
less than one-third greatest length ; outer
upper incisor level with inner ... ... Tylonycteris.

h^. Skull not noticeably flattened, occipital
depth more than one-third geatest length ;
outer upper incisor directly behind inner Hesperoptenus.

Genus PACHYOTUS (Miller, p. -ilit).

171. Pachyotus kuhli (Leach).

NydiceJMs Iculili, Blanford, p. 320.
Scotophilus temmincMi, Dobson, p. 120.
Peninsula and Islands.

172. Pachyotus castaneus (Horsf.).

Nycticejus Jmhli, Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 346.
Scotophilus castanetcs, Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 17.
Peninsula and Penang.

, CtExus MYOTIS (Miller, p. 200).

173. Myotts hasselti (Temm.).

X^esjicrtilio hasselti, Blanford, p. 330 ; Dobson, p. 126.
The Peninsula.

174. Myotis adversus (Horsf.).

Vespertilio adversus, Blanford, p. 330 ; Dobson, p. 128 ;
Hanitsch, Eep. Raffles Mus. and Lihr., 1897, p. 11.

Singapore.

175. Myotis oreias (Temm.).

Vespertilio oreias, Dobson, Cat. Chir. B.M., p. 305.

Singapore.

176. Myotis muricola (Temm.).

Vespertilio muricola, Blanford, p. 337 ; Dobson, p. 134.
The Peninsula, Penang and Singapore.

177. Myotis emarginatxjs (Geoff.).

Vespertilio emarginatus, Dobson, p. 142. Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900,
p. 876.

The Peninsula, Biserat (Bonhote).

Gexus PTERYC4ISTES (Millee, p. 307).

178. Pterygistes noctula (Schreh.).

Vesperugo nocttda, Blanford, p. 308 ; Dobson, p. 88.
The Peninsula and Singapore.

158

Genus PIPISTRELLUS (Miller, p. 204).

179. PiPisTRELLXjs ABRAMUS (Tenim.).

Vesperiigo ahrarmis, Blanford, p. 313 ; Dobson, p. 97.
The Peniusula, Jalor ; Singapore ; Penang.

180. PiPISTRELLUS IMBRICATUS (Horsf.).

Vesperu^o imbricatus, Dobson, p. 93 ; Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 34.
The Peninsula, Malacca.

181. PiPISTRELLUS TENUIS (Temm.).

Vesperiigo tenuis, Dobson, p. 98.
Kirivoula temiis, Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846.
Penang.

182. PiPISTRELLUS RiDLEYi, Thomas.

Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7. vol. i., p. 361.
Selangor (type from Kepong).

GExrs GLISCHROPLS (Miller, p. 205).

183. Glischropus ttlopus (Dohson).

Vesperugo tylopus, Dobson, P.Z.S., 1875, p. 473. Dobson,
p. 114.

The Peninsula, Jalor (Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 876).

GEXirs TYLONYCTERIS (Miller, p. 212).

184. Tyloxycteris pachypus (Temm.).

Miller. P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 321.

Vesperugo pachypus, Blanford, p. 307 ; Dobson, p. 115.
The Peninsula, Trang (Miller).

Genus HESPEROPTEXUS (Miller, p. 211).

185. Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Dohson.

Vesperugo hlanfo'rdi, Dobson, J. A S.B., xlti., p. 312 ; Blanford,
p. 317.

The Peninsula, Selangor, Johore (Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind.
Mus., pt. 1, p. 133).

186. Hesperoptenus tomesi, Thomas.

Thomas, A.M.N. H., ser. 7, vol. xvi., p. 575.
The Peninsula (type from Malacca;.

SCB-FAMILY KERIVOULIXyE.
GEXU8 KERIVOULA (Miller, p. 2.'J2).

187. Kerivoula picta (Pallas).

Blanford, p. 339. Dob.son, p. 146.
Kirivoula picta , Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846.
The Peninsula ; Penang (Cantor).

159

188. Kerivoula minttta, Miller.

Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 321.
The Peninsula (type from Trang).

189. Kerivoula bicolor, Thomas.

Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. xiv., p. 199.
The Peninsula (type from Jalor),

Family EHINOLOPHID^.

key to the sub-families.

A. A distinct antitragus markedly separated by

a notch from the outer margin of the ear ;
upper and hinder nose-leaf pointed ; six
lower cheek-teeth aside ... ... ... Blihiolopliinse .

B. A slight antitragus not separated by a notch

from the outer margin of the ear; upper and
hinder nose-leaf not pointed ; five lower
cheek-teeth aside ... ... ... ... Hiiiposklerinpe.

SUB-FAMILY EHINOLOPHTN^.
Gknus RHINOLOPHUS (Mh.i.er. p. lOS),

190. Rhinolophos malayanus, Bonhote.

Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 15.

Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 89.

The Peninsula (type from Jalor).

191. Ehinolophus stheno, Andersen.

Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. n., p. 91.

The Peninsula (type from Selangor) ; Penang Island.

192. Rhinolophus afpinis superans, Andersen.

Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 104.

RhinolopTins affinis, Horsf. Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898. p. 819;
Blanford, p. 274 ; Dobson, p. 47.

The Peninsula, Trang and Pallang (type).

193. Rhinolophus refulgens, Andersen.

Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 124.

The Peninsula, Selangor and Perak (type from Gunong Ijau).

194. Rhinolophus minor, Horsf.

Blanford, p. 276 ; Dobson, p. 50.

The Peninsida, Batu Caves, Selangor (Thomas, A.M.N.H.,
ser. 7, vol. i., p. 361), Biserat (Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool.,
vol. r., p, 16).

inn

195. "Rhtnolophus sedulus, Aiulersev.

Aiulersen. A.M.N.H., se}'. 7, vol. xvi.. p. 247.

The Peniusula, Paliaug.

196. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Temm.

Blanford, p. 272; Dobson. p. 41: Miller, P. A.N.S.P., 1898,

p. 319.
Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7. vol. xvi., p. 249.

The Peninsula and Sint^apore.

197. Rhinolophos luctus, Temm.

Blanford, p. 270 ; Dobson, p. ^9 : Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7,
vol. XVI, p. 251.

The Peniusula and Singapore.

198. Rhinolophus ccelophyllus, Peters.

Blanford, p. 272 ; Dobson, p. 53.
Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. xvi., p. 651.

The Peninsula, Kedah.

SuB-FAMii.Y HIPPOSIDERIN^.
KEY TO THE GENERA.

A . Foremost part of nose-leaf not divided . . . Hijiposideros.

B. Foremost part of nose-leaf divided into two

distinct lappets ... ... ... Ccelops.

Gksus HIPPOSIDEROS (Miller, p. 109).

199. HiPPOSIDEROS DIADEMA (Geoff.).

Blanford, p. 284 ; Dobson, p. 64. Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7,
vol. XVI., p. 499.

Tlie Peninsula, Jalor (Bonh., P.Z S., 1900), .Tohore (Thomas,
P.Z.S., 1886), Penang (Cantor).

200. HiPPOSIDEROS ARMIGER DEBiLis, Andersen.

Andersen, A.M.N. H., ser. 7, vol. xvii., p. 37.
Hi]/posidero8 anniger, Hodgson; Blanford, p. 283.
PhyUorhiva armigera, Dobson, p. 64.

The Peninsula (type from Province Wellesley) ; Penang
Island (Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846).

201. HiPPOSIDEROS GALERiTus, Contor.

Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846, p. 183; Blanford, p. 287.
Phyllorina galerita, Dobson, p. 69.

The Peninsula : Singapore and Penang (type).

161

202. HiPPOsiDKROs LARVATUS (Horsf.).

Blauforcl, p. 288. Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 319.
Phyllorhina larvata, Dobson, p. 68.

The PeniusuLi; Penaug (Cautor, J.A.S.B., 1846).

203. HiPPOSIDKKOS BICOLOR (Tl'linH.).

Blaufortl, p. 289 : Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 343.
Phyllorhina bicolor, Dobsuu, p. 70.

The Peuiusula ; Penaug and Singapore.

204. HiPPOSIDEROS STOLICZKANUS {Dohsoil).

FhyUorhlna stoliczkaua, Dobsou, p. 61 ; Dobsou, P.A.S.B., 1871,
p. 106.

Penaug Island (type).

Genus CCELOPS (Milljjk, i>. lia).

205. (J(KLOPs ROBiNsoNi, Bonhote.

Bonhote, J.F.M.S.M., 1908, p. 4.

The Peniubula (type from Guuoug Tahauj.

Family NYCTERIDJ^.
key to the c4enera.

A. Tail long ; nose-leaf slight, consisting of a deep

facial groove bordered by expansions of skin ;
premaxillaries present ... ... ... NycUris,

B. Tail absent ; nose-leaf distinct, loug and erect ;

premaxillaries absent .. . ... ... ... Megaderma.

Genus NYCTERlsS (.Miilek, p. 101).

206. Nycteris javanica, Geoff.

Blanford, p. 295 ; Dobson, p. 79.

The Peninisula, Malacca (Andersen, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.
pt. 1, p. 122), Jalor (Bouh., Fas. Mai. Zool. vol. i., p. 17).

Gexcs megaderma (Millek, p. 103).

207. Megaderma spasma, Lbm.

Blanford, p. 294 ; Dobson, p. 79.

The Peninsula : Penaug and Singapore.

I'.M.S. Governuxeut Pi-ess.

ON A NEW 8FECIES OF CYOBNI^S FKOM THE MOUN-
TAINS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Bv HERBERT V. ROBINSON, l.m.z.s., m.b.o.l.,

DiRixTnK OK MrsKiMs, Feiikkatkd Malay Statks.

CVOKNIS PKNINSILAUIS, .^7^ >i<>c.

»^IMILAR to Cyornis vatesl (Salvad.) from Maui pur and Teuasserini
aud Cyornis viuida (Swiuh.) from China aud Formosa, but
considerably smaller than either; female with the under tail coverts
pale chestnut buff.

Adult Male. — Lores aud a narrow frontal band glossy black ;
crown, rump and a patch behind the ear coverts shining cobalt blue ;
mantle, back and wing coverts very dark purplish l)lue; ocular region, ear
coverts, chin and throat black with a purplish wash, more deiined on the
line separating the throat from tlie breast, which, with the rest of the
\nider surface, the under wing coverts, luider tail coverts and a.xillaries,
is chestnut ; primaries and secondaries l>lack, externally edged with
purplish blue on their outer webs, the inner webs of the lesser primaries
aud the secondaries edged with rufous l»iiff, more clearl}- defined on
the innermost ; tail feathers black, the outer wel )S purplish blue : iris
dark hazel ; bill black ; feet blackish brown.

Total length. 5.8 in. (148 mm.) : wing, o.l in. (78 mm.) : tail. 2.95
in. (75 mm.) : tarsus, .69 in. (17.5 mm.) ; bill from gape, .62 in. (15
mm.).

Adult Female.- Lores, facial and periocular region and throat dull
greyish brown, speckled with rufous and black : crown and nape grey-
ish, the feathers of the furnier with darker edges, presenting a scaly
appearance ; back, mantle and rump brownish ochraceous, more yelloAv-
ish on the rump ; upper tail coverts aud tail dull chestnut brown ;
waug coverts dull brown edged wntli ochraceous ; primaries and secon-
daries blackish bi-own, all except the outer primaries broadly edged
with yellowish brown ; edge of wing and vmder wing coverts pale yellow-
ish buff : axillaries greyish buff" : thighs ochraceous : breast, belly
and flanks greyish : the feathers of the Invast in the centre edged with
ochraceous buff' and with a clear whitish yellow patch in the centre of
the belly : under tail coverts pale cliestn\it l,»utt' ; iris hazel ; bill black ;
feet blackish brown.

Total length, 5.23 in. (182 mm.j ; wing, 2.96 in. (75 mm.; ; tail, 2.65
in. (68 mm.) ; tarsus, .65 in. (16 mm.) ; bill from gape, .62 in. (15
mm.).

Types. — Male and female, Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, South
Perak, Federated Malay States, collected on 28th November, 1908, by
H. C. Kobinson and C. B. Kloss ; only the al>ove [>air were seen though
nearly a mouth was spent in tlie locality.

10 1

Except for the cburacter of the frontal phunes this species, together
with its near allies, C. oatesi aud C. vivida, would seem to be best placed
in the genus Niltava, with which it agrees in tlu; presence of a bright
patch behind the ear coverts in the male, though this is absent in the
female.

THE BIRDS AT PRESENT KNOWN FROM THE MOUN-
TAINS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

I5Y HEKBEHT C. ROiilNSON, c.M.z.s., m.b.u.v.,
Director of Museums, Federateu Malay States.

"XTO connected list has up to the present been attempted of the birds
inhabiting the central mountain zone of the Peninsula, though
various papers dealing with detached portions of it have appeared in
tiie last few ywirs, which are duly noted in the Bibliography.

I have, therefore, brought together all that is known on this region
basing my conclusions on the very large material now in the Selaugor
Museum, which, after the elimiuation of duplicates, amounts to over
8,000 specimens. Systematic collecting, more especially in Selangor,
has been carried on during the last five years, and I think it is now
fairly certain that but few if any more species remain to be discovered
on the main range of the Peninsula, though, as I have stated elsewhere,
it is possible that the mountains of Lakon on the N.-E. Coast may
yield further novelties.

Commencing from the north of the Peninsula, it may be well to
detail the various mountains that have been collected on up to date
with the collectors :

1. Mountains of Trang, latitude 7° 40' N., maximum height 3,000 ft.

Large collections were made on these hills by Dr. W. L. Abbott,
the well-known American Naturalist, in 1899, but no detailed
account has ever appeared ; the following new species have,
liowevei", l>een described from the collection In- Dr. C. W. Rich-
mond :

Oreocic/da o.JJimn

JKthopyga anomala

TunUmdun grant I

Stachyris chrysops (synonym of >S'. bocwjei, postea')

Criniger sordidus (synonym of C. ochraceue, pontea).

'2. Bukit Besar,E. Coast, Malay Peninsula, latitude 6'^ 30' N., maxi-
mum height 3,500 ft.

Considerable collections were made here by Dr. N. Annandale and
myself in 1901 and reported on by Mr. 0. Grant. The mountain
ib isolated and no high level fauna occurs thereon.

3. Giiuuug luas. latitude o 10' N., lioi^lit o,8UU ft.

A peak of the Larut rauge, which rims parallel to, but is not
couuected with, the uiaiu rauije.

A few Dutunlaiu birds were collected here bv Messrs. Yapp
aud Laidlaw of the Skeat Expedition aud reported on by
Bonhote, loc. cit., but the collections were quite small.

4. Gunoug Ijau ; Maxwell's Hill ; Larut Hills.

These peaks are the southern tenniuat ion in about 4"^ 50' N. of
the range, of which Gunoug Inas forms one of the northern
summits ; thcv have been much collected on bv Wrav, Hartert
and Butler, and large collections therefrom are to be found in the
Taipiug Museiun, though unfortunately tliey have never been
properly labelled aud have all been mounted and exposed to
light. Collections from this regi<.>n, which varies in height from
2,000-4,750 ft , have been described by Sharpe, he. cit., (1) and
(2) ; Butler, loc. cit., and Hartert; J.///r. 0., 1891, pp. 379-407.

5. Giuiong Batu Puteli, Telom, Bataug Padang mountains.

These terms cover a district in the main central range of the

Malay Peninsula centering round a point in about 4 15' N.

aud ranging in altitude from about 3,500-7,000 ft.
Large collections have been made here bv Wrav, mvself aud the

collectors of the Selangor Museum, and are partially described

by Sharpe (3) and Grant (1).

(3. Semangko Pass aud neighbouring hills, 2,700-5,000 ft.

A point in the dividing range of the Peninsula between Selangor
aud Pahaug in latitude 3^ 40' N. at a height of, 2,700 ft., from
which hills rise steeply on both sides to over 5,000 ft.
The bulk of the mountain collections in the Selangor Museum
have l)een obtained in this district, which is exceptionally well
situated for collecting.

7. Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunoug Ulu Kali.

Points in the main dividing range of the Peninsula from 4,200-

5,800 ft. in latitude 3" 25' N. ajjp.
Large collections have also been made here and a few specim.ens
are mentioned by Grant (2) loc. cit.

8. Giutiug Bidei, 2,300 ft.

A pass on the main range about 20 miles south of Giuiong

Mengkuang Lebah in latitude 3' 13' N. (q^i. ■

A few birds were collected here Ijy Butler and considerable series
have been obtained by the Selangor Museum collectors, working
from this as a centre from 1,500-4,000 ft.

9. Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilau, 2,600-3,200 ft., latitude 2^ 45' N.
A control station on a spur south of the termination of the main

dividing range.

J (w;

Liirge collectioub have beeu made heiv, but no luoimtaiu funus

OCCUl'.

lU. Mount Ophir, borders of Malatx-a and Johur, latitude 2° 20' N.,
4,100 ft. high.

Wallace and Whitehead made small collections here, and several
species received by Blyth from his Malacca correspondents were
probal>ly also from the vicinity. The lower slopes were favourite
liunting grounds of the old Malacca trade skin hunters.

No moimtain forms are knoAvn from the hill, which is (|uite detached.

11. Gunong Pulai. Johor, latitude 1^ 35' N., about 3,000 ft.

Much collected on by Davison for Hume, whose collections passed
to the British Museum.

1-. <.TUuong Tahan, an isolated massif on the east side of the main
range, latitude 4^ 45' N., 7,150 ft. high.
Collecte<l on by Waterstradt and myself ; the respective collections
descriljed by Hartert (1) and Grant CJ) Joe. cit.

HIBTJUOKAPHY.
yHARPE, K. B. : *

Notes on some Birds from Perak. Froc. Zool. Sue. London, 188<3.
pp. 350, 353. Quoted as Sharpe (1).

Sharpe, E. B. :

On a Second Collection of Birds formed by Mr. L. Wray on the
Mountains of Perak, Malav Peninsula. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1887, pp. 431-447, pis. xxxvii-xxxviii. Quoted as Sharpe (2).

Sharpe, E. B. :

List of a Collection of Birds made by Mr. L. Wray on the Main
Eauge of Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Perak. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1888, pp. 268-281, pi. xx. Quoted as Sharpe (3).

Hartert, E. :

Zur Oi-nithologie von Perak. Joarn. fiir Ornitholoyie, 1889,
pp. 379-407.

Hartert, E., and Butler, A. L. :

Notes on Birds from Perak. Novitaten Zooloyicn% v., i>p. 50(:S, 8.
Quoted as Hartert and Butler.

Butler, A. L. :

Birds of the Larut Hills. Journ. Straits Branch Boy. Asiat. Sac,
xxxii., pp. 9-31 (1899;. Quoted as Butler.

Bonhote, J. L. :

On the Birds collected during the " Skeat Exj>editiou " to the
Malay Peninsula. 1899-1900. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1901
(}), pp. 537-580. Quoted as Bonhofe.

Hartkkt. E. :

Ou Birds from Pahaug, Eastern Malav Peuiusula. Novitates
Zoologiae, ix., pp. 537-580 (1902). Quoted as Harlert.

Ooilvie-Grant, W. R. :

Report on the Birds. FasicuU Malayenses Zool., iii., pp. 65'123
(1905). Quoted as Grant (1).

Ogilvie-Gtrant, W. R. :

Gunong Tahan Expedition, Report ou the Birds. Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mm., iii., pp. 15-57. pis. ii., iii. (1908). Quoted
as Grant (2).

LIST OF BIRDS.

1. ItinZOTIIERA LO.\GIROSTRlS-THE LONG-BILLED PARTRIDGE.

Rhizothera longirostris (Tonini.) ; Grant, Cat. Birdit Brit, Mus.,
xxii., p. 183 ( 1893j.

Giutiiig Bidci. 2.300 ft. ^lay, 1908.

Almost omifiued to l^a.mhoo jungle and not asr-endiug the liills to
more than ahout 3,500 ft. at the outside.

•2. IRBOIilCOLA C'J.VPiiiSiL/ -CAMPBELLS TREE PARTRIDGE.

Arboricola campbelli, Robinson and Grant, Ibis, 1905. p. 165, pi. iv. ;
id., Journ. Fed. Mat. States Mns., i., p. 126.

This very distinct Tree-partridge was originally described from a
pair collected in the Telom Valley on the borders of South Perak and
Pahang at about 3,800 ft. It has since ))een found to be not uncommon
on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu Kali in Selangor at
heights of 4,500-5,200 ft., numerous specimens having been traj>ped in
these localities.

A half-grown bird differs from the adult in having the white
malai" stripe more developed and the grey feathers of the breast and
sides of the abdomen broadly tipped with rufous ochraceous.

The nest and eggs were discovered on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah
in March, 1907, on the ground beneath a small stemless palm. The
former is a loose pad of sticks and dead leaves very flat and about six
inches in diameter ; the eggs, two in number, are pure white and
somewhat glossy with numerous small scattered pores ; they are vei-y
pointed at one end and measure A, 42 x 32 mm. ; B, 42 x 31.5 mm.

3. ROLLULUS ROULROUL-TnB CRESTED GREEX WOOD QUAIL.

Rollukis roulroul (Scop.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 225 : Hartert, p. 539 ;
Grant (2), p. 57.

Bnkit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August ; Gunong Mengkuang Lobah, 5,200 ft. April.

I can detect no tangible differences between these specimens and a
pair collected in April at Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range.

The species is common throughout the Western Malay Peninsula
with the exception of the swampy littoral belt.

i. i'<ii.vri.i:cTR(i\ i.\i)."i\ r/i s uoriisriiiKDs noAri^cK i'iikasant.

Cluikauus iuopiiiatus. Itothsch., Bull. B.O.C, xiii.. No. xcx., p. 41
(1903) ; id., Nov. Zool, x., pi. ii. (1903).

Polyplectron iuopiuatus, Grant (2), p. 55.
'^ Very common both on the mountains above the Semangko Pass,
2,700-4,500 ft., and on Grunong Ment^kuang- Lebah and Grunong Uln
Kali, w'honoo wo have secured a considerable numlior of specimens.
At the former locality the .species l)reeds about January, as very young
spcciluen^< ;xnd chicks just emerging from the downy stage were
obtained towards the en<1 of February.

.-1. JiUEIsnAliDTriS MGJRJJSCEXS-'IHi: OCELLATl- 1) MAl.W

AKOT'S-PHEASANT.

Rheinwardtius ocellatus nigrescens. Hartert. Nov. Zool., ix.. p. 538 ;
G^rrt«M.'2). p. 56.

This species is only known from the three original specimens
obtained by Waterstradt, which came from the Ulu Dong in the Lipis
District of Pahang on the west side of the Paliang River, and the twt>
secured bv mvself at moderate elevations on Gimong Tahan.

I do not think that it will ultimately prove to be confined to the
mountains and I believe that I have heard its call, which is quite differ-
ent from that of the common Argus, quite close to Kuala Lipis at
not more than 300 or 400 ft. elevation.

r.. hrminioy capellei-tue larger thick-billed green pigeox.

Butrerou capellei (Temm.) : Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi.,
p. 32 (1893) ; Bonhote, p. 7& ; Hartert, p. 539 : Grant (1), ].. 122.

One specimen was seen but not secnrerl, flying through the Se-
mangko Pass in Febniary, 1908.

1. SPIIESOCEBCUS JiOJiiy.<IOyi-THF. MALAYAN WEDGE TAILED PIGEON.

Sphenocercus korthalsi, Eohinsoa nee Temm., Jonrn. Fed. Malay
States Mns., i., p. 52 (1905).

■ Sphenocercus robinsoni, Grant. Tiiill. B.O.C, xix.. No. cxxvii., p. 12
(1*^06; ; id. (2), p. 53.

Two ? specimens have l)een obtained in the vicinity of Ulu Kali,
5,000 ft., one of which is the female type of the species. It is distinctly
difficult to ftbtain, as it is by no means common and flies very high
while the country it frequents is very broken. A specimen from
Gunong Ijau, Larut, 4,750 ft., shot on 12th September, 1908, is
marked r? by the native collector, l»ut lias no maroo)! whatever on the
shoulder or cinnamon on the under tail coverts, and is, therefore,
probably very immature or else a ft-male. Wing 6.5 in., tail 5.1 in.

8. .SPENOCERCU.S, up.

The Selangor Museum possesses two skins of a Spevocercvs, which
proV»ably n.-prt-sent a species allied to but distinct froiu S. Kjiheniini>t.
One. an adult female, was shot on the Semangko Pass on 16th

1 oo

February, 1908 ; while anothoi", an inunaturo male in moult, was
obtained in Pulau Evunpia — one of the Sembilan Islands, oft' the mouth
of the Perak River— in March, 1906. Both have the centre of the
abdomen jf>«?"e white, the under tail coverts pale chrome, broadly centred
with greenish olive, and the tail greyish black tipped with paler grey.

The male has the angle of the wing maroon and indications of a dove
grey collar on the hind neck. The base of the feathers on the side of
the neck is rufous. Wing of female about 5.9 in.

The species is almost certainly distinct, but until more specimens
are obtained I prefer not to describe it.

!i. TRKROS .\rPALFX,SIS~THE THICK BILLKD GREKN I'IGKON.

Trei'on uipaleusis (Hodgs.) -, Solvach, Gat., p. 34 ; Grant (1), p. 122.

Semaiifjko I'asss, Sclangoi'-PaliaTig border, 2,7(>0 ft. February, March, 1904,
1908.

During February and March on dark and x-ainy nights, accompanied
by wind, this species often flies in numbers into the window of
the Rest House, which is situated in the middle of the pass with
steep hills on either side. On one evening in February, 1904, thirteen
were thus captured.

The species is abimdant in the foot hills, especially when the haytt
ara, a variety of fig of which it is very fond, is in fi'uit.

10. OSMOTREROX Oi.lA'-THE LITTLE (JREEN PIGEON.

Osmotreron olax (Temm.) ; Grant (1), p. 121.

? . Semangko Pass, Selaiigor-Pahang- border, 2,700 ft. 24th February, 1908.

Very common in the low country, l)ut only accidental on the high
hills. The specimen enumerated above flew to light togethei' with
Ptilhwpus jamhu.

11. PTILTXOPUfil JAMliU-TBE VINK-HEADED FRT'IT DOVE.

Ptilinopus jambu (Gm.) ; Salvad., Cat., p. 80 ; Hartert, p. 539.

2 <? ? . Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang border, 2,700 ft. 24th February,
1908.

Captured at light together with one female of Osmotreron olaoc.

Sporadic throughout the Peninsula, but nowhere very common.

This species seems to perform local migrations at night ; besides
the present specimens, I have heard of one caught at Government
House, Singapore, which is situated on an eminence about 200 ft.
a})ove the sea.

12. CARPOPHAGA BADIA-THE COPPER-BACKED IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Carpophaga badia (Raffles) ; Salvad., Cat., p. 218 ; Hartert,
p. 539.

Ducula badia, Bvfler, p. 29.

This Pigeon is exceedingly common during the greater part of the
year along the ridges of the higher mountain ranges, where its loud
liooming note is constantly heard in the early morning. During the

17U

fruit infj of certain trtH's it. howevor, flesoeiuls to the low oountrv ami the
const, aiiil specimens have lH?eu slv»t among' the mangroves at
Tanjong Karau*,'. Coast of Selangor (Jamiarv) : Dindiugs, Perak
Coast (May) ; andRautau Panjaug low countrv, Selaugor (February).

M. MACROPYGIA LEPTOGRAMMICA-inY. LARGER MALAY CUCKOO-DOVE.

Macropygia tusalia, Sharpe (nee Hodgs.), P.Z.S., 1887, p. 443.

Maoropygia leptogrammiea. Sah'od., Cat., p. 341 ; Grant (2), p. 53.

Faii'ly common on Gunoug Mengkuang Lebali and Ulu Kali,
Selangor, above 5,000 ft., but known elsewhere only from one or two
'>)->e('imens collccteil by Wray on the Larnt Hills.

1 1. M.KROPyaiA niFJCKPS-THK LITTLi: .MALAY CTCKOO l>OVR.

Macropygia rnficeps (Temm.) ; Soh-ad.. Cot., p. 300 : Bvthr. p. 30 ;
Hartert, p. 540: Grant (2). p. 53.

Very common throughout the central portion of the Peninsula from
the foot of the hills to over 5,00() ft., especially in the neighbourhood of
the hot springs which are not uncommon. I can detect no difference
whatever between specimens from 5,000 ft. and those from 200 ft.

15. CHALCOPIIAPS 7.V1>/C.1- THE BROXZE-WIXGED GROUND DOVE.
Chalcophaps indica (Linn.); Salva<1., Cat., p. 514; Butler, ip. SO ;
Bonh., p. 77 ; Hartert, p. 540; Grant (1), p. 120; id. (2), p. 53.

Fairly common throughout the hills, but more so at 2,000 ft. tlian
at higher elevations. TJauges up to 4,500 ft.

W. UALLISA SIPRliVILIAltlS- THI-. IJAXDED ( UAKK.

JJallina superciliaris (Eyton) : Sharpe. Cut. Birdo Brit. 3fy».«.. xxiii.,
p. 76 (1894) ; Grant (1), p. 120.

Apparently visits the high mountains of Perak in winter ; one was
ti-apped near the Telum River in Noveml)or, 1908, two or three miles
from the locality whence a specimen was secru-ed in January, 1902.

17. ACCIPITEK GULARTS~THE V.XLWXS BE.SRA.

Accipiter virgatus (Temm.); Butler, \>. 29; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mas., l, p. 150 (1874j.

Accipiter gularis (Temm. and Schleg.) : Grant. Ihi.i. 1890. pp. 104
et »eqq.

(J. Gunoug Mengkuang Lebah, Sel.ingor, o,200 ft. 3r<l April, J!i<».").

A single very adult male in fresh plumage has the upper parts
jiure slate-grey; throat stripe reduced \o a mere hair line under parts
except throat. l)elly and under tail coverts Avhich are pure white, rufous
salmon; thighs rufous salmon. Wing ti.4 in., tail 4.8 in., tarsus 1.85 in.

This specimen may possibly represent a distinct mountain fonn
bearing the same relation to A. gvlaris that A. rvfotihiolix, Sharpe,
from Kina Balu does to the typical A. rlrgatng. It differs from
A. rufotibialis in larger size and in the almost obsolete throat stripe.

171

IS. /'/;/M7X TWKEDAI.II III MKS llOM;V Ul/./A l{l».

PiTuis tweedalii, Hinne, Stray Feather.^, ix., pp. 44'G-448 ; id., ojj. n't.,
X.. p. 513 (1887).

$ ad. Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. 17th February, 1904.

$ ad. Batn, nr. Kviala Luaipnr. Gth January, 1900.

(? imm. Maxwell's Hill, Taiping, Perak, 3,600 ft. Sth September, 1908.

This bird is very common in the more jungly parts of the country,
but can only occasionally be got. It appears to l)e resident, whereas
the other Malayan species of the genus P. cristatus auct is certainly
migratory.

The two adult specimens agree well with Hume's plate (loc. cit. sup.),
except that there is decidedly more l)lack on the plumage <>f the lower
surface. The immature male has the under surface barred with rufous
buff and white ; breast and upi^or part of the belly with dark brown
sliaft stripes, more marked on the breast ; black throat and mousta-
chial stripes pronounced ; feathers of the sides of the neck broadly

edged with rufous ; crest ])lack faintly ti})ped with white, lores grey.

!;•. ICTINAETUS 3[ALA I'EXSIS -THFj BLACK EAGLE.

Ictiuaetus malayensis (Kheinw.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
i., p. 257 (1874) ; Sharpe (2), p. 433 ; id. (3), p. 268.

Very fairly common in the high hills, especially in Larut, but
practically impossible to secure except wliere there are large clearings.
I have seen it on almost every hill. I have spent raoie than a day or
Iwo upon. Not often met with in the low country.

:>0. SP1ZAET1K ALBOyidEIi BLYTHK TIAWK KAOLK.

Spizaetusallnmiger (Blyth) : Sharpe, Cat., p. 271 : Butler, p. 29 :
Grant (1), p. 114.

Very common on the Government Plantation on the Larut Hills,
Perak, where it is very destructive to chickens, and also met with
though moi-e sparsely in the low country ; much rarer in Solangor
and Pahang.

Spizaetuslimnaetus (Horsf.), mentioned by Sharpe (2), p. 433, but
of wliich he did not examine specimens, is far more probably this
species.

21. IIETEROSCOPFi VULPES-THE MOI'NTAIX SCOPS OWL.

Pisorhina luciae, Hartert, p. 541.

Heteroscops vulpes. Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix.. No. cxxvii., p. 11
(1906); id. (2), p. 51.

2 . Gnuong Meiigkuang Lebali, 4,SU() ft. 13rli Man-li, 1907.

(? imni. Soniangko Pas.^, 2,700-4,000 ft. 7ili March, 1908.

The immature bird is in a dai*k brown, not rufous, phase of plumage
and is devoid of the whitish outer webs to the inner scapulars.

Probably by no means rare on the higher mountains, where the
hoot of a small owl is often heard, but not oft^n obtained.

172

22. GLMCIItn M IlllOhllU TlIK COLLAUl'.l) I'KiMY OWLKT.

Glaut'idiuin brodiei (Biirtou) ; 8harpe, Cal. Birds Brit. Mas., ii.,
p. 212 (1875) ; id. (2), p. 434; Grant (2), p. 52.

Fairly commou ou the Seinaii<,fko Pass and also on the mountains
of South Perak.

23. SrSXIUM .VAlXGAVI-TflY. M.VLAYAX WOOD OWL.

Syruium niaingayi, Hume, Stray Feathers, \i., p. 27 (1878) ; Sharpe
a), p. 470; Grant (2), p. 51.

<? . Giiitins Bidoi, Sclangor, 2,300 ff . May, 1908.

A single specimen from the above locality agrees well with Shaq^e's
flescription of the type. Wing 13.5 in.

24. SYRXIUM .V/?7I-.li?£.VA'^-THE HIMALAYAN WOOD OWL.

Syrnium uewarense (Hodgs.); Sliarjie, Cat., p. 281 ; id. (2), p. 434.

Besides the specimen cited by Sharpe (supra) from the Larut
Hills, I have examined another specimen from the Waterloo Estate
near Taiping, which agrees well with the specimen of S. mainqayi
noted above. In all probability all tbe wood owls of this type from
the Malay Peninsula should be considered to belong to S. niaingayi,
which is at best but a sub-species of >S'. indrani or S. neivarense.

2.1. ALCEDO ErnrZOXA-THV. BROAD-ZOXED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo euryzona (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,x\n., p. 154
(1892): Hart'ert.-p. 543.

Though I have never ()btained a specimen, and though there ai'e
none in the Selangor Museum, I insert this bird in the list, as we con-
stantly met with a single individual on the Semangko Pass in February,
1908, though it was so exceedingly wary that no one of our party was
able to oV)tain it. It was also not uncommon at Kuala Teku at the
foot of Gunong Tahan. There is a specimen in the Perak Museum
from the vicinity of Taiping.

26. CEYX TJUDACTVLA-yALLX'S THREE-TOED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 174.

Though abundant i)n deep jungle streams in the low country, birds
uf this genus are rare on the hills. There are two specimens in the
Museum, iminature and male adult, from the Semangko Pass, shot in
Novemlx?r and February, respectively.

i7. JirCEIiOS RUIXOCEROS-mV. RHIXOfEROS HORXP.ILL.

Buceros rhinoceros (Linn. ) ; Ofjihie-Granf, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas.,
xvii., p. 352 (1892) ; Bvtler, p. 26; Hartert, p. 543.

Common in hills and low country and old jungle, but very hard to
secure.

2% jjiciwcEROs nicoRXifi-i\iV. ho:mrai horxhill.

Dichoceros bicomis (Linn.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 355 : Bntler, p. 26 ;
Bonhot^, p. 70; Grant (V), p. 108.

1 ►-o

I t •)

Often seen I'l-oiu hill t(.)ps tiviug over thu tops of llu- trees beiow. but
not often uot. More abundant in tlie northern half of the Peninsiila.

20. RHl'TIDOCFffOS UNDULATUS-TUE MALAYAN WREATHED HORNBILL.

Khytidoceros undulatus (Shaw) ; Grant, Cat., p. 382.

(? ? . Gunoiig Ulti Kali, Sclangor, -i,800 ft. January, 1906.

Occasionally met with in flocks of up to ten or twelve individuals,
.but rare,

.•30. AXOliJiHryrS GALERITrS-TUV. UrSHY CRESTED IIORXBILL.

Anorrhiuus galeritus (Tenini. ) ; Grant, Cat., p. 391 ; BntJer, p. 26 ;
Grant (2), p. 48.

Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. February, 1904, 1908.
Ginting BiiTei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

A characteristic hill bird, which, though not ascending very high
on the moimtains, is not found in the plains ; common in the above
localities.

31. BEREXICORXIS C03IATUS-THE LOXG-ORESTED HORNBILL.

Berenicornis coniatus (Raffles) ; Grant, Cat., p. 423.

We have no very recent or exactly localised specimens of this
magnificent Hornbill in the Selangor Museum. It is quite common in
the State, but keeps to very high jungle, feeds on high trees and flies
very high, and is, therefore, not an easy bird to procure. Ci-ossiug the
Semangko Pass in a motor car in December, 1908, we observed near a
summit a flock of nine or ten adult and immature birds perched in a
tree near the road. They appeared quite undisturbed at our approach.

.•J2. RHIXOPLAX VIGIL-inE HELMETED HORNBILL.

Rhinoplax vigil (Forst.) ; Grant, Cat, p. 427 ; Bntler, p. 26 :
Grant (1), p. 108.

Also fairly common.

33. XYCTIORXIS AMICTVS-TYiE VERMILION-BEARDED BEE-EATER.

Nyctiornis amictus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mv^.. xvii..
p. 90 '(1893) ; Butter, p. 29; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (2), p. 49.

Common nearly everywhere, in fairly open jungle, up to about
3,500 ft. on the main range of the Peninsula, most abundant at from
1,000-1,500 ft.

at. LYXCORXIS TEMJnXCKT-GOVLBii EARED NIGHT-JAR.

Lvncornis temmincki (Gould.) ; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.. xvi..
p. 606 (1892) ; Hartert, p. 544.

Not so common in the hills as in the low country, but generally to
be met with on the Semangko Pass, where its peculiar note teet-ta-bu
is constantly heard.

174

:i.-,. (M'UIMlUlls .KIT iKA-nW. .11 .\<;l,i: NKillT .lAK.

Capri inulyus jot akii (Tonnn. iiiul Schleg.): Harterf. Caf.. p. 552;*
Groat (l),p. 107.

Caprimulgus iudicus jotalca, Butler, p. 28.

Semangko Pass, 2.7(X) ft. Fcbruarv, 1908.

Tel6ui, Porak-Paliang boidor, 3,o00 ft. Janimrr and Novembei',

PossiWv ivsidcut tliroiiglionl the year 07\ tlie moiiutains. In the
lowlands and ou the islands of the Straits of Malacca it is met with
only in the winter months, when it is abundant.

3«1. COLLOCALTA /.V.VO.V/.VJr.l -HUMES SWIFTLKT.

Collocalia iunominata (Hume) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 503.

SGTiiangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boiindaiy, 2,70<^^) ft. February, 1904, 1908.
CniidTig Mengkuaug Lebab, Selaiigor, 1,800-5,200 ft.. Marcli, 1907.

Terv widely distributed throughout tlie State of Selangor from tlie
mangrove swamps on the coast to the tops of the highest moiuitains :
l^ut. together with other sj^ecies of Cyj^ixe/.ldn'. commonest at tlie
Semangko Pass.

These specimens may not impossibly represent C. gigas, Hartert,
collected by Butler on the Semangko Pass. At the moment I have
not access either to authentic specimens or to the description so prefer
to i-ecord them as C. rnnow'nwia with the description of which they
]>erfectly agree.

S7. rOLJ.OCAIJA A,/.VC7/A-IIORSFIKLl)'S SWIFTLET.

C'ollociilia lindii (Hovsf. an<l Mooroi; Horferf, Cut., p. 508; Btilh'v.
p. 27.

Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.

Equally common witli C. Iniiominata at the above locality, but not
met with elsewhere in tlie State. Abundant on the Larut range near
Taiping.

.•58. Cn.ETlJtA GWASTEA-'iHV. MALA VAX .SPINE TAIL SWIFT.

Chsetura gigantea (Temm.) ; Hartert, Cot., p. 475 ; Butler, p, 27 ;
fjhant (2), p. 46.

Very numerous, both at Ginting Bidei and at the Semangko Pass
in the early mornings and on cloudy afternoons dui'ing and after rain.

:«•. rir.KTCKA fxn/rA-JHi: in'1jl\x spine tail swift.

ChsDtura indica (Humej ; Hoiiert, Cat., p. 475.

A male shot by Mr. A. L. Butler at the Semangko Pass in
NovemV)er, 1900, has the loral spot clear white, while two other from
the same localitv obtained in Fel>ruarv and May have indications of
the same, though iu one case they are very faint. The Perak Museum
also possesses a sj>ecimen of Gh. indica shot iu the neighbourhood of
Taiping.

J. iiiii iiR-liued to think that, while Cli. ijiyuiitea is the ivsideut t'onu,
Ch. indica migrates south in winter, while i>ossil>ly interbreeding also
takes place.

40. CILETUJi.l (OCniNCHIXKySIS-nW. INDO CUI.NKSK SPINE-TAIL SWIFT.

(Jhsetura c-ochinehiueusis (Oust.); Hurfrrf, Cat., p. 491; id., Ibis,
1896, p. 45tl.

Chaetura kkesii (Buttik.) ; Harkrf, Cat., p. 491 (synonym).

Somangku I'tiss, 2,7tH) ft. Noveinbcr, liJOU. A. L. Hiiclcr [c].
Ditto, Fehniiiry, liXKS.

This very distinct species differs from the other large Spine-tail
Swifts iu its smaller size, wing 7.0-7.3 in., its smoke-grey throat,
dearly differentiated from the rest of the luider parts and in having
the centre of the l)ack pale whitish brown. It is by far the most abun-
dant sjjecies of its genus on the Semangko Pass, and is also known
from Larut, Perak.

U. I'Jl.ETHi.i LIJVCOl'lOIM.I.s Till; WIlITi: laJIl'Kl) ,^1'INE TAIL SWIFT.

Cha^tura leucopygialis (Blylh) : Hartnt, Cut., ]>. 490 ; Butler, p. 27.

V. Sciuuuyko Piiss. 2,7U0 ft. IMuy, 1!»U2.

Kare iu Selangor or perhaps easily overlooked. The above specimen
is the only one in the Selaugor Museum. As noted by Butler, its
Hight is not nearly so swift or direct as that of its larger congeners,
more resembling that of CoUocalia.

42. CIPSELUS PACIFICUS-'i'llK L.UIGK WHITE RL.MPLD SWIFT.

Cypselus pacificus (Lath.) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 448.

Very common at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908, and
also at Kuala Lumjiur di.u-iug rainy, windy weather in October, 1907.
Hitherto its occurrence iu the Peninsula has rested on a specimen c^
of the British Museum Catalogue obtained by Cantor in Peuaug.

4-3. TACHOJiXIS INFUMATA-THTi EASTERN PALM-SWIFT.

Tachornisinfumata (Sclat. j ; Hartert, Cat., p. 467 ; Grant (1), p. 107.

Hemaiigko Pass, Selaugor-Pahang boundary, 2.700 fi. February, 1908.

Fairly common, but not so abundant as the two species of
CoUocalia that lly with it.

41. MAVROl'TElilX LO\OII>E.\XI,S THi: CRESTED TREE SWU'I'.

Macropteryx longipennis (Ratin.) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 514; Butler,
p. 28; Sharpe (3), p. 278 ; Grant (2), p. 47.

¥ . Bukit Kutu, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.
2 ? . Semangko Pass, Selaugor-Pabang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.

Ranging as high as 5,000 ft. Macropteryx comata (Tenmi.) has
not yet been met with at any elevation on the Selangor main
range, though common among the foot hills.

176

15. MACROPTKRYX (•OMATA~'Y\\\'. TlTTi;!) TltKK SWIFT.

MiaruplWYX coiuata (Temm.) ; Hortert, Cat., p. 517: Sh<irpe (3),
p. 278; Butler, p. 28; Hartert, p. 544; Graiit (2), p. 47.

Oulv uocitleiital ou the hills, not aseeiidiug them nearly so high as
}[. longipenniti, but very oouimou along their bases.

TROGONID^:.

H.. I'lROTROGOX ERYTIIROCEPHALVS-IYiY. KKl) HEADKl) TROGOX.

Pvrotrogon (Harpactes) erythrocephalus (Gould. ) ; Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mas., xvii., p. 488 (1892): Sharpe (3), p. 280; Butler,
p. 28; Grant (1), p. 106.

Common ou the main range of mountains from 3,000 ft. upwards,
l>ut not met with as yet on Gunong Tahan.

17. I'YROTROGOX XEGLECTIS-'YHE M.\LAYAN TKOGON.

Harpactes diardi (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 432 {partim ex Malacca
and Sumatra).

Pvrotrogon ueglectus, Forbes and Mobinsvn, Bull. Liverpool Mus.,
ii.. p.' 34 (1900) ; Hartert, p. 544.

Bv no means common anywhere, except cjuite in the south of
the Peninsula. The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from low
elevations only.

48. PYROTEOGOX JUUVAUCELI-IHV. RED-RUMPED TROGOX.

Harpactes duvauceli (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 491 ; Sharpe (1),
p. 353 ; Butler, p. 28 ; Bonhote, p. 70.

•Pyrotrogou duvauceli, Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p. lOO.

Recorded by Butler (loc. cit.) from as high as 3,500 ft. on the
Larut Hills. Quite the commonest of the family in the low country.

Jtt. PYROTROGOX ORL'SCICS-Tlli: YELLOW UREASTED TROGOX.

Pyrotrogon (Harpactes) oi-escius (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 494 ;
Sharpe (3;, p. 280 ; Grant (1), p. 106 ; id. (2), p. 45.

? . Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

By no means common and apparently inhabiting a somewhat
restricted zone from about 2,(J00-4,000 ft.

CUOULID^.

:a>. SVRXlCiLi.s LLGLJiRJ.S-THK JjRO>»GO CUCKOO.

Surniculufi lugubris (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mne.,
xix., p. 227 (189) ; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p. 106; id. (2), p. 45.

J ad. Suniaugku Pass, .Solauyw-Pahaug boundary, 2,7fX) It. February, 1904.
e ad. „ „ „ 1908.

:,; pulL „ ,, 24tli February, 1908.

The last-mentioned chick was found in the nest of a Flycatcher —
Cnjptolopha hutleri, Hartert — built under an overhanging bank, and the

177

male foster-parent was sh(.>l while iu atteudauee. The youugster
is clothed throughout Avith black ft.>atliers very broadly tipped with
white, less so ou the back.

31. IllEliOCOCCyX A'Ot'A7-\\.VKUL,A\V KAMS.U'S ll.VWK CUCKOO,

Hierococcyx bocki (Wardl.-Rams.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 234.

I include this species iu the Peniusular list ou the strength
of a mounted specimen from the Larut Hills in the Taiping Museum,
■\viiicli, I am assured by Mr. Wray, the late Curator, was so identified
by Dr. Sharpe. H. sijarcerloUles also occurs in the winter months iu
the low country.

r,-2. llIEROCOCCyX /'tt^.IA'-HORSFIELD'S HAAVK CUCKOO,

Hierococcyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 236; Shai'iie (2),
p. 442.

I have not myself met with this species in the Malay Peninsula, but
it was very abundant on Pulau Jemor — a small islet in the Straits
of Malacca — in November, 1906, together with several other migratory
Cuckoos.

.J3. CUCULUS POLIOCEPIIALUS-TRH S3IALL CUCKOO.

Cuculus poliocephalus (Lath.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 255 ; Blaadfonl,
Faun. Brit. lad. Birds, iii., p. 209 (1895).

(? ad. Guuoug Uhi Kali, Selaugor, 4.,80O-5,SO0 ft. February, 1906.

$ ad. Seniajigko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,.500 ft. February, 19U8,

Shelley and Blandford (loc. cit. supra) both state that this species
is found in the Malay Peninsula, but I do uot know on what
specimens their statement is founded. No recent collector has met
with the species, and there are no specimens from the Malay Peninsula
iu the Hume collection iu the British Museum. The species is almost
certainly a migrant remaining for a very short time ou the mountains
of the Peninsula, as is the case with several other birds,

5K CAC03IANTIS MEBULTNUS-TRT. RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO.

Cacomautis meruliuus (Scop.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 268 ; Bonhote,
p. 74: Hartert, p. 545 ; Grant (1), p, 105.

9 . CHuting Bidei, Sclungor, 2,300 ft. May, 1!)U8.

Common iu the low country from December to May, but not often
found in the hills.

55. CENl'ROPU.S SI\Ey>SIS-THE CROW I'HEASANT.

Centropus smeusis (Steph.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 343; Bonhote, p. 74;
Grant (1), p. 105.

<J . Giuting Bidci, iSelangor, 2,300 ft. May, 19US.

The Crow Pheasants iu the Malay Peninsula are usually found iu
waste ground or in stretches of country overgrown with coarse lalang
grass (Inqteratora Icoenigi). They are. therefore, uot met with as a

nile uu the hills, which ai-e coveivd with pi-iinary jiiuyle, but at Uiutiup,'
Jjidei thciv happens to be a small patch of lalanijj, the site of a former
bmiLralow, in which this l)ii\l was shot.

oi;. KllOPODlTES TlilsTIS-lWV. L.VRGK tiUElCN-IULLED 31ALKOHA.

Khopodvtes tristis (Less.) ; (SV^e/Zt'*/, Cat., p. 886; Bonhote, p. 75;
Hatiat, p. .545 : Grant (1). p. 108.

(7. .Semaiigku ]'as:<, SelaiiL,'or-Pali!Ui^' bouutlury, 2,'tOO t'l. February, 1UU8.
^i* . Tel6iii, Batuiiy railaiig, fjoath Perak, 15,500 ft. Octuln'r. IIWI.
cJ . .. ,, ,. NovLMiibcr, 1908.

The form of BhoiKnlytfs trixth inhabilini;- the mountains of the
Malay Peninsula is probably subspecitically distinct from the typical
race from India differing in its smaller size. Winy 5.9 in. against 6.5 in.,
tarsus 1.35 in. against 1.55. in. However, in the absence of specimens
for comparison of J?, tristh from India and the northern parts of the
Peninsula, where it is common in the lowlands, and of R. elonyattts (S.
Midi. ) from Sumatra, I prefer not to separate the present race, which
will ]ir».)bably be fi'uud to l>c intermediate between the two abovc-
mcutii.'ucd s])ccie!<.

o7. Riioi'uiiirr.a m matuasi .s-vwv. simaiuax (aiEi^x imlllk

MAI.KOHA.

Khopodytes sumatranus (Raffles) ; Shdlei/, Cat., p. 891 • Uartert,
p. 545 ; Gmnt (2), p. 43.

Common on Gunong Tahan up to about 4,(.>U0 ft., hut not met Avith
on other mountains at any elevatiou.

0^. ZAyCLOSTOMlS J ArAXICVS-'iHY. IKSSKK UKI) lUl-LlvD MALKOHA.
Zanclo.stomus javanicus (Horsf.); Shelhij, Cat., \). o80 ; Bonhote,
p. 76 ; Haiiert, p. 545 ; Gnnd ( 1 ), p. 104 : /(/. C2). p. -44.

S . Bukit Kiitii. Uiii Sulaiigor, 3,0O0 ft. Augiibt, ]y02.
6. Giiiiiug likld. Selaii-ror, 2,:i00 ft. May, 1008.

Sparsely distributed from sea level to 5,000 ft., but commonest
about 8,000 ft. Usually met with in ]»amboo jungle.

0!t. lEOCOCCix Kinr/iROoyATj/r.s thk (;ki;atkr ued willed

MALKOHA.

Urococcyx erythrognathus (Hartl.) : Shelley, Cat., p. 398 ; Bonhote,
p. 7Q; Grant (\), p. 104; id. (2), p. 44.

Biikit Kiuu. Liu Selaiigur, 3,000 ft. August, lt»02.

Of onlv accidental <.>ccurreuce in the mountains.

CAPITONID.E.

(W. CALORirAMPIll'S 7/.ll'/-THE UROWX BARBET.
Calurhaiiijdius hayi (J. E. Orey) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Muh.,
xix.. p. 51 (1891) : Butler, p. 25 : Hnrtc-t, p. 51';; Gra»f r2), p. 48.

(Milting Bulc'i, 2,300 fi. -Max. . .

179

Very common iu low country jungle, but becoming much scarcer in
the mountains up to 3,000 ft., above which it does not occur.

(;i. VIIOTORIIEA villi rSOPOGOX-THE GOLD WHISKERED BARBET.

Chotorhea chrysopogon (Temm.); Shelley, Cat., p. 57 ; Butler, p. 25 ;
Bonhote, p. 72 ; Grant (1), p. 108; id. (2), p. 43.

Bixkit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.

Distribution similar to tho preceding species, but much scarcer.

(!-2, CHOTORHEA VFBSWOLOR-THE MANY-COLOURED BARBET.

Chotorhea versicolor (RafHes) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 59; Grant (1),
p. 103.

Megalsema versicolor, Sharjye, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 280.

Rare on the mountains and not abundant anywhere.

m. CTANOP/S OORTI-MIJ LLER a BARBET.

Cyanops oorti (MiiUer) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 71 ; Butler, p. 25 ;
Uartert, p. 546 ; Grant (2), p. 43.

Megalsema oorti, Sharpe (2), p. 442.

Common on the mountains of the main range from Northern Perak
to the Semangko Pass. Also on the Larut Hills and Guuong Tahan,
but not descending below 3,000 ft.

W. CYAXOPS i?-lJ/,S'.ll'/-RAMSAY'S GOLDEX-THROATED BARBET.

Cyanops ramsayi (Wald.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 70; Sharite (2),
p. 442 ; Bonhote, p. 73 ; Hartert, p. 546 ; Grant (2). p. 43.

Distribution identical with the preceding.

05. CVANOPS ^nsrAC'OPHAXE.S-'VRE GAUDY BARBET.

Cyanops niystacophanes (Temm.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 72 ; Bonhote,
p. 73 ; Grant (1), p. 102.

9 . Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

Also from Rantau Panjang in the Selangor low country, but much
commoner in the northern parts of the Peninsula.

Oi;, MESOBUCCO DUVAUCELl-THE CRIMSON-EARED BARBET.

Mesobucco duvauceli (Less.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 85: Butler, p. 24;
Grant (1), p. 101.

Bukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.

Sporadic, but fairly common in the low country wherever met with.
All six specimens before me have the ear coverts strongly washed
with verditer blue. They need comparison with typical M. duvauceli
and with M. cyanotis, which is only a sub-species, from Tenasserim.

Mar., 1900,

180

.;:. I'SjLoi'oaox itrolopjilsthk firk tltti;]) uAunKT,
Psilopogou pyrolophus (S. Mull.); Shelleij, Cat., p. 98; Bvtl>:i\

p. -24 : Sharpe (1), p. 352 : /(/. (2), p. 442 : Grant (1), p. -101 : /(/. (2),

p. 48.

Distribution similar to C. vorti aud mmsayl, except that it does

not occur on Gum>Ui>- Talian and ranijfcs lower down tlie bills? to about

2.200 ft. Exceediiiiilv common wherever met with.

INDICATORIDiE.

*». IXDICATOR 3IALAYAyLS-rHV. -MAL.VY HONEY GUIUK.

Indicator archipelagicus (Tenim.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas.,
xix.. p. 4 (1891) {partim.)

Indicator malayanus, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1878, pp. 794, 795 (Malacca) ;
Hume, Stray Feather;-, viii., p. 155 (Klaug).

A single female specimen of a Honey Gruide was shot in the vicinity
of a bee's nest at Gintiug Bidei, 2,300 ft., on 13th May, 1908, by one
of the Museum collectors.

Like the type of the species from Malacca and Hume's bird from
Ivlang, the present specimen lacks the yellow shoulder spot jn'esent in
both sexes of I. archipelagicus, so that the Peninsular form may well
lie regarded as distinct under Shai'j^e's name /. )uaJayanns.

The bird before me, which is perfectly adult, agrees fairly well with
the type description, but has the breast strongly washed \f\i\\ dull
greyish aud is decidedly small. Wing 3.4 in. against 3.9 in.

PICID^.

W. GECIM'fi nOBGEIil—liiODGTiRii GREEN WOODPECKER.
Gecinus chlorolophvis, Haryitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii.. pp.
(iO, 62 (part, specimen v'") (1890) ; Sharjje (2), p. 443.

Gecinus rodgeri, Hartert aud Butler, p. 508 ; Butler, p. 23 ; Grant
(2), p. 42.

Common on the hills of the Peninsula from 3,000-5,000 ft.
from Larut to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, but not on Gunong
Tahan. Numerous specimens are in the Selangor Museum from
Semaugko Pass, Gunong Ulu Kali and Gunong Mengkuang Lebah.

UK GECIMS PUNICEVS OBSERVANVUS—'IRV. CRIMSON-WINGED GKEEN

WOODPECKER.

Gecinus puniceus (Horsf. ) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 04; Sharp)e (3),
p. 279.

Gecinus piuiiceus observaudus, Hartert, Nov. Zool., iii., p. 542: id.,
t.c, ix., p. 547 ; Grant (1), p. 101 ; id. (2), p. 41.

Common throughout the State, except in the mangrove swamps,
extending up the hills to about 3,000 ft., where it meets aud is replaced
by the succeeding species.

There are specimens in the Selangor Museum from the Semaugko
Pass aud Gintiug Bidei, besides numerous lowlanJ localities.

181

71. GECrXL'S ROni.WSOyi-THK BLACK-CAPl'Kl) WOODl'ECKliU.

(xociniis robiusoui, Grunt, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. c, xxvii.. p. lU
(1906) ; id (2), p. 42.

The types of this Woodpecker, whose nearest ally is Geciuus occipi-
talis which occurs iu Tenasserim, were obtained on Gimoni; Talian
between 5,300 and 6,000 ft., and up to the present remain unique. The
species will, however, not improbably l)e found on the high mountains
in the vicinity of Temong<,)h. where the Kelantan, Perak and Pahang
frontiers converge.

72. OAUROl'ICOWES JlAFFLESl-KXVVLV.'ii THRKK TOKD \V(JODPEC'KEK.

Grauropicoides rafflesi (Vig.) ; Hanjitf, Cat., p. 132; Grant (1),
p. 100; id. (2), p. 41.

A local species, not as a rule ascending the hills to any great eleva-
tion, and commoner in the southern half of the Peninsula.

73. GECINULUS VIBIDIS-'nm GREEK BAAIBOO PECKER.

Gecinuliis A'iridis, Blyth ; Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. BeityaJ, 1862, p. 341 ;
Hanjitt, Cat., p. 136 (1890) ; Bohinsoii, Jonrn. Fed. Malay States Mu-
seums, ii., p. 1&, No. 306 (1908).

Male. — General colour above golden olive green, yellower on the
sides of the occiput and nape ; crown of head and nape rich scarlet,
the feather greenish at their bases ; rump and upper tail coverts flecked
with scarlet, beneath duller olive green ; primaries and secondaries
dull brown : the outer webs margined with olive green, more broadly
on the secondaries, the inner webs with large white spots ; axillaries
and under wing coverts dusky, with buffy white spots ; tail feathers
blackish brown, the outer webs fringed with olive, and the inner
webs with buify white spots ; shafts black ; iris chestnut ; tarsi and
feet plumbeous green ; bill livid bluish grey, whiter at the tip.

Female. — Similar to the male, but with the crown and nape yellow-
ish olive.

Immature. — Three very immature males from Ginting Bidei, shot
in April and May, have the whole under surface brownish black, greyer
on the throat and faintly washed with olive green on the belly and
flanks ; upper surface olive green without the golden tinge of adult
birds ; head greyish brown, the feathers broadly tipped with gf)lden
olive, the occipital region more or less strongly washed with scarlet ;
the rump in all three specimens flecked with scarlet.

Specimens Examined. — Fifteen, Semangko Pass, 2,700-4,500 ft.
(February) ; Tanjong Malim, 500 ft. (April) ; Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft.
(April and May) ; Telom, Perak- Pahang boundary, 3,800 ft.
(November) .

This Woodpecker appears to be not uncommon on the lower slopes
of the Selangor and South Perak Main Tlange throughout almost its
entire length, but seems hitherto to have escaped notice, which is

182

l»robably due to the I'iivt that it is exclusivoly euiitiiiod to dense
bamboo juugle which is almost impenetrable and exceedingly un-
pleasant to collect in, owing to the immense number of large ;iud
venomous mosquitoes which frequent it. The only other place within
Peninsidar limits, from which this species has been I'ecorded, is
Kosscium near Tongkah, so that the pi'eseut localities ai'e an extension
in range southwards of over 500 miles.

71. PYRRUOPJCLS POIiPIIlROMKLAls'-THK MAL.VV BAY WOODl'ECKKU.
Lepocestes porphyromelas (Boie) : Haryitt, Cat., p. 382 ; (Thorpe
(2), p. 443 ; Shorpe "(3), p. 279 ; Grant (2), p. 40.

Has a veiy wide range in altitude from the swamp jimgle near the
coast almost to the tops of the highest peaks of the main range, but
nowhere very common.

In habits it is similar to its congener, keeping <.)n ur near the
gi'ouud. Found in every locality visited on the main range.

7j. PYRUIIOPICUS PIRRIIOTIS-'IHE RED-EARED J}AY WOODPECKER.

Lepocestes pyrrhotis (Hodgs.) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 380 ; Sharpe (3)
p. 27i>.

In the Malay Peninsula, this species, so far as is at present known,
is ctmfiued to the moimtains of the main range above 4,000 ft. from
Tehnu in Batang Padang on the north to GTunong Mengkuang Lebali
to the south.

The Selaugor Museum possesses specimens from th'::' latter locality
and from the hills above the Semangko Pass, where the bird was not
uncommon, being found in fairly dense undergrowth, usually on fallen
timber.

7(J. .VIGLyPTJ'JS TLKKI-1HE BLFF-XECKED JJAKRKJJ WOODPECKER.

Miglyptes tukki (Less.) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 388 ; Sharpe (3), p. 279 ;
Butler, p. 24; Hartert, p. 547.

Very a)mmou up to 3,000 ft., but not higher.

77. MWLyPTES GRAMMITIIORAX THE FILVOU.S RUMPEU JJAUKED

WOODPECKER.

Miglyptes grainmithorax (Malh.) j Haryitt, Cat., p. 385; Sharpc
(2), p. 443 : Butler, p. 23 ; Hartert, p. 547.

Occurring with the preceding and about equally common.

78. MICROPTERSCS BRAClIYURVS-i\iE .M.VL.VV RUFOUS WOODPECKER.

Microptemus brachyurus (Vieill.J ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 396 ; hiharye
(3;, p. 279 : Bonhote, p. 72 ; HarteH, p. 547 ; Grard (1), p. 99 ; id. (2),
p. 41.

Usually found near cultivation or in secondary jungle, feeding on
ants or tree termites, and rarely in high forest. A pair from the Se-
mangko Pass differ in no way from lowland birds.

18:3

70. riTRYSOPITLECOrA MALACCEXSE-TtlT. BANDED RED WOODPECKER.

Chrysophlegma malaecense (Lath.) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 122 ; Shar2)e
(2), p. 442 ; Bonhote, p. 71 ; Grant (1), p. 100 ; 1,7. (2), p. 41.

Chrysoplilegma luiuiatus malaccensis, Harterf, p. 546.

Specimens are in the Selaugor Museum from Telom, Perak-Pahang
boundary, 4,000 ft. ; Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. ; and Gunoug Angsi,
Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft. They appear indistinguishable from others
obtained iu the low country at heights not exceeding 500 ft.

80. CHRYSOPHLEGMA HrJITT-nVMWS GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER.

Chrysophlegma humii, Harg., Cat., p. 126; Bvtler,]}. 23; Hartert,
p. 546 ;' Grant \l), p. 100 ; id. (2). p. 41.

Another low country and submontane form reaching 8,000 ft. on
the main range at the Semangko Pass, above which it is replaced by
C. wrayi. Found on Gunoug Tahan at 3,000 ft. by myself and at
4,000 ft. by Waterstradt in the same locality, where, however, C. irroyi
does not occur.

81. CHRYSOPHLEGMA lVRAYI-WY(.\\')i fiOLDEX XAPED WOODPECKER.

Chrysophlegma wrayi, Sharpe ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 130, pi. ii. : Sharfe
(3), p. 279 ; Bonhote, p. 71 ; Grant (1), p. 100.

This fine species of Woodpecker is confined to the movmtains of
the Peninsula and does not occur below 3,000 ft. It is not found on
the isolated range of Gunong Tahan, nor does it occur at Ginting
Bidei, Gunong Ulu Kali, being the most southerly "recorded locality.
Wherever met with it is a common species frequenting good-sized
jungle trees in pairs. It is very restless, and at the least alarm takes
to flight, emitting a harsh scream or yell similar to that of the English
Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis).

A female by dissection in the Selangor Museum (189/08), shot on
the Semangko Pass on 25th February, 1908, is assimiing the plumage
of the male, having the l>asal portions of the feathers of the chocf>late
malar stripe lemon-yellow.

82. CHRYSOCOLAPTES YALIDUS-THE ORAXGE BACKED WOODPECKER.

Chrysocolaptes validus (Temm.); Hargitt, Cat., p. 458: Bonhote,
p. 72 ; 'Grant (1), p. 99 ; id. (2), p. 99.

Eare on the mountains.

S3. HEMICERCUS SORDIBUS-TRE GREY AND BITF WOODPECKER.

Hemicercus sordidus (Eyton) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 482 : Hartert,
p. 547 ; Gi-ant (1), p. 98.

An immature male obtained at Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft., in
October, 1907, appears to represent the maximum elevation at which
the species occurs in the Peninsula. It is fairly common in the low
country, especially iu bamboo jungle.

184

8J. lUCl'MyVS JXyOMTXATl'/^-THM SPEOKLF-l) riOrLET,

Picumiius inuomhiatiis (Burton) : Hargitt, Cat., ]). 550; Sharpe (2),
p. 443.

Vivia iuuomiuata (Burtou) ; Butler, p. 24.

Three specimeus obtaiued at a height of 4,500 ft. ou the hills above
the Semaugko Pass are the ouly ones obtained in the Malay Peninsula,
with the exception of the two recorded by Sharpe and Butler from
the Larut Hills. At elevations of from 3,000-5,000 ft. the species is
probably not very uncommon, but, owing to the fact that it frequents
the tops of high trees, is very difficult either to see or obtain.

8.5. SASIA ABXOHMIS ErERETTI-TRE MALAYAN RUFOUS PICULET.

Sasia everetti. Hargitt, t.c, p. 559, pt. xv. ; Hartert, p. 547.*

Sasia abnormis (Temm.) ; Sliarpe (3), p. 279.

A submontane bird, widely but sparingly distributed throughout
the Peninsula up to about 3,000 ft. Found among low trees and
brushwood frequently, perching transversely on the boughs, not longi-
tudinally like other Woodpeckers.

I have followed Hartert in adopting the name of the Bornean
form for the species, which differs from the continental race in having a
somewhat larger and more robust bill.

An immature female from the low country near Tanjoug Malim,
obtained in April, 1908, precisely }-esembles the figure of the type, an
unsexed specimen from Lumbidan, Borneo, obtained by Sir Hugh Low.

EUEYL^MID^.

8(5. CALl'PTO.VEXA VIRIDIS-THE f^REEX GAPER.

Calyptomena viridis (Raffles) ; Sclat., Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xiv.,
p. 456 (1888) ; Hartert, p. 548.

Gintinp Bidei, 2,300 ft. IVFay, 1908.

Common everywhere in tlie low country, especially in old secondary
jungle. It does not appear to range far into the mountains, and the
a1)ove elevation seems to be the greatest definitely recorded, thougli
Waterstradt's birds from Gunong Tahan (Hartert, he. cit. } are labelled
2,000-5.000 ft.

H7. PSAIilSOMVS UALIIOUSLE-THK LONG-TAILED EROADHILI,.

Psarisomus dalhousise (Jameson) ; Sclater, Cat., p. 458 (1888) ;
Butler, p. 23 : Grant (2), p. 38.

Common on the Semangko Pass at about 3,000 ft., though on
Txunong Tahan it was met with as low as 500 ft. The only other
recorded localities in the Peninsula aro the Larut Hills, 3,500 ft., and
Telom, South Perak, 3,500 ft.

* Water.'^ti-afU is stated to have obtained the sperios on Gimonj^ Talian at from
."j.OOO- 7,000 ft., bat I think that .some mistake ha.s probably taken place in the labell-
ing. It was probably secured much lower down the range.

1 85

SS. SERTLOPIff'S nOTirsClffLD f-ROTllSCmLWH HROABBILL.

Seriloplius rothsdiildi, ILnierf and Butler, Bnll. B.O.C., vii.,
No. liv., p. 50 (1898) ; id., Nov. Zool, v., p. 508; Butler, p. 22; liohrnson,
antea, p. 77, No. 331.

Male. — Forehead and anterior part of the crown liluish grey,
darkening to dull brownish grey on the occiput and mantle ; back, rump
and upper tail coverts chestnut, duller on the back ; starting from in
front of the eye and reaching as far as the hind neck a glossy black
superciliary streak, broadening posteriorly, the feathers somewhat
elongate ; loral region dark grey ; ear coverts grey with a tinge of
brown ; a white ring round the eye ; under surface silvery grey, bluish
on the breast and white on the centre of the abdomen and under tail
coverts ; tibial feathers glossy black ; tail feathers black, all but the two
centre pairs broadly tipped with white and with a narrow edging of white,
extending some distance up the outer webs ; primaries glossy l)lack,
the innermost narrowly tipped with chestnut on their inner webs with
a speculum of greyish blue on the outer webs, and another white one
on the inner webs, extending just beyond the shafts ; the primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries broadly tipped with white which extends
some distance up the shafts, the white tips succeeded by an ill-defined
band of greyish blue ; remaining primaries, with the terminal portion
of the shaft, white and very narrowly tipped with blue ; secondaries
similar to the inner primaries, but a much broader band of chestnut on
the inner web : tertials chestnut, blackish basally ; wing coverts glossy
black, the lesser ones along the angle of the wing dark l)luish grey ;
under wing covei'ts black ; axillaries white.

" Iris greenish lirowu, mottled with golden specks ; eyelid and
base of mandible for about ^ in. liright gamboge yellow ; bill pale
bluish white, tip and lateral edges whitish ; feet pale greenish chrome;
claws milky blue." — (A. L. Butler).

Total length, 62 in. (158 mm.) ; wing, 3.5 in. (89 mm.) ; tail, 2.0
in. (65 mm.) ; tarsi, .75 in. (19 mm.) ; bill culmen, .62 in. (16 mm.) ;
bill gape, .93 in. (24 mm.).

Female. — Similar to the male, but with a gorget, interrupted mesi-
ally, on the lower neck, formed by glistening white tips to the feathers.

Immature Male (half grown). — Almost identical with the adult
male, but with the occi])ut browner and the chestnut on the tei-tials less
developed; legs in dried skin pale yellowish, not dark greenish.

One of the most noticeable features in birds of this genus is the
curious form of the outer primaries, which are abruptly truncated at
the tip with the shaft extended for about 4 in., forming a sharp point.

Specimens Examined. — Five, Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft.
(May and November), from bamboo jungle.

Until these specimens were obtained in November, 1907, this very
beautiful species was known only from the three original specimens
obtained by Mr. Butler on the Larut Hills between 2,500 and 3,500 ft.

180

in Febniarv and Mardi, 1898. That it has not been obtained
moiv frequently is probably due to the fact that it is largely confined
to bamboo jungle, which, as mentioned previously, is difficult and
unpleasant to collect in.

8!i. EUnVL.EJrUS JArANICUS-HOR&FAnELBS. BROADBILL.

Eurylaemus javanicus(Horsf.); Sclater, Cat., ]^. 4:63 ; Hartert,^. 548.
Bukit Kutu, Ulu Solangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.

Usually found on the foot hills, and. not extending to greater eleva-
tion than the above.

!tO. COIiVDOX Sl'.VATliAXUS-TUK DUSKY BROADBILL.

Corydon sumatranus (Eaffles) ; Sclater, Cat., p. 406 ; Sharpe (3),
p. 278 ; Hartert, p. 548 ; Grant (2), p. 39.

Bukit Kutu and Semangko Pass, 2,700-3,500 ft.

Not found higher than the above limit, and much commoner on the
lower hills, 500-1,000 ft.

HIRUNDINIDiE.

01. lIIRrxnO CfUTTlRALlS~THK EASTERN SWALLOAV.

Hinuido gutturalis, Scop. ; Sharpe, Cat. BirclsBrit. Mus., x., p. 134
0885) ; Sharpe (2), p. 442 ; Bnfler, p. 20.

Fairly common everywhere to considerable altitudes, especially in
the winter months when young birds are in the great majority.

MUSCICAPID^.

'.*2. lIKMjriTELIDOy Fi-LTOTXnflA-'VYiV. SOOTY FLYCATCHER.

Hemichelidon silierica (Um.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds^ Brif. Mva., iv.,
p. 120 (pt.) (1879) ; Butler, p. 18.

The Sooty Flycatcher occurs in migration in the mountains of the
Peninsula on migration, but is not abtuidant, and does not remain long.
Specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Semangko Pass, 3,000 ft.
(January) : Bukit Kutu, 3.000 ft. (December) : TanjongMalim, 1,300 ft.
(April).'

ti.1. jrr.MrCHELIlJOX FERJirai.yEA-THK FERRUGIXOrS FLYCATCHER.

Hemichelidon ferrnginea, Hodgs. ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 132; Butler,
p. 18 ; Hartert. p. 548 ; Grant (1). p. 95.

A migratory species like the preceding, l>ut much commoner and
apparently making a longer stay if not actually resident. The Selangor
Museum possesses specimens from most localities visited on the main
range, dated from Octoljer to March, and Waterstradt collected it at
from 2,000-5,000 ft. on Gunong Tahan, where 1 did not myself meet
with it in July. It has not yet l)een met with in the lowlands of the
Peninsula itself, Ijut I secured one specimen on the Aroa Islands — a
small group of low islands in the Straits of Malacca, about 25 mile.s oft"
the Sumatran Coast — in Novemljer.

187

94, ALSEOXAX LATriiOSTliTS-THV. BROWN FLYCATCHER.

Alseonax latirostris (Raffles) : Hhqrpi', Cat., p. 127; BuHer, p. 19;
Grant (1), p. 94.

A wiuter visitor to the Peninsula. Specimens in the Selangor
Museum are dated from November to February.

!»5. CYOIiXIS COXCRETA-THV, WHITE-TAILED BLUE FLYCATCHER,

Pachvcephala cyanea (Hume) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii.,
p. 224 (1883).

Niltava leiicoprocta (Tweedd.) ; Sharpe (3), p. 272.

Cyornis concretus (Midi.) ; Hartert, p. 549 ; Grant (2), p. 37.

Another characteristic bird of the mo\intaiu bamboo jungle. I
have before me seven skins from Ginting Bidei, collected in November
and Ma}^ and a single male from the Semaugko Pass, shot in April.
Evidently a rare and local species, as besides these specimens only three
others on record from the Malay Peninsula. I regard the occurrence
of the species at as low an elevation as 500-1,000 ft. on Gunong
Tahan (Grant, Joe. cit.) as purely accidental.

KiJ, CrOliXIS JIAL A yi:XSLS— THE 3IALAY HLIK AND CHESTXl'T

FLYCATCHER.

Cyornis malayensis, antea, p. 163.

S ? . Tcloin, Perak-Pahan^ boundary, :'.,.500 ft. November, 190S,

Will probably be found along the whole length of the main range
above 3,000 ft.

it?. ClORXIf! rXICOLOR /XFUSCATA-THK PALE BLUE FLYCATCHER,

Siphia iinicolor iufuscata (Blyth) ; Hartert, p. 215.

Siphia uuicolor, SJiarj^e, Cat., p. 446.

Four specimens before me ( (^ ? , Ginting Bidei, October and May ;
(^ , Bukit Arang, Selangor, 500 ft. ; ? , Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft., June)
agree with Dr. Hartert's remarks on the subject, in that the males are
of small size (wing, 76-87 mm.) and very brightly colovired.

98, CYOItXIS TICKELLI.E-TICKELV^ BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Siphia tickellise (Blyth) ; Shmye, Cat., p. 447.

Cyornis tickelliae, Butler, p. 18.

Fairly abundant at the Semangko Pass in February and at Ginting
Bidei in May. From the latter locality young birds in mottled plum-
age were obtained, so that the breeding season is probably in April.

99. XITIDULA HODGSOXI-THE PIG5IY BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Tarsiger hodgsoni (Moore) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 258.

Nitidula hodgsoni, Butler, p. 18.

Two males shot on the hills above the Semangko Pass in February,
1908, and Butler's specimen from 4,500 ft. on the Larut Hills are the
only records for the Malav Peninsula.

188

VM\ JXTfflPl^s .V.//-.1)M.V.(-THK MALAY AVniTi; fJORf^ETKO

I'LYCATCIIKR,

Digeuea nialayaiia, Sharpe (3), p. 247 ; Butler, p. 18 ; Grant (2),
p. 37.'

Authipes inalayaua, Sharpe (3), pp. 247, 272,

Distribution iu the Peninsula as Muscicayiila westermanni. Com-
mon above 4,000 ft. iu low scrub.

101. XILTArA GRAXDIS BECIPTEXS-'TH'E MALAYAN NILTAYA.

Niltava graudis. Hodgs. ; Sharpe (1), p. 351 ; id. (2), p. 436; id.
(3), p. 272 ; Hartert and Butler, p. 507 ; Bntler, p. 19.

Niltava decipiens. Salvad., Ann. Mv.<i. Civ. Gen. (2). xii., p. 49
(1892) ; Grant (1). p. 94; id. (2), p. 37.

Niltava graudis decipiens, Hartert, p. 551.

Exceedingly common amongst low scrub on all the hills above
about 3.500 ft!

102. ERYTHRO:}IYIAfi MUELLER I-THE SHORT TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Erythromyias muelleri (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 200; Hartert,
p. 551.

Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. October.
Semangko Pass, 2,700-4..5OO ft. Felirnarv.

This species occurs at low altitudes within a few miles of Kuala
Lumpur, and has also been found dead on the beach at Kuantan on
the East Coast (Pahang) after a heavy storm, so that it is not
impossibly migi*atory.

103. POLTOMTIAS LVTEOLA—TRE ORANftE BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

Poliomyias luteola (Pall.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 201 ; Grant (1), p. 94.

Bukit Kutu, .3,000 ft. November, 1898.
.Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. Xovembor, 1900.

The two specimens recorded above, both collected by Butler, and two
adult males from Telom are very much more intense in colouration
than individuals of the same sex collected on PulauTerutau— an island
off the West Coast of the Peninsida, about 80 miles north of Penang —
in December, 1907.

\<n. MUSC'TCAPULA irESTEJlMAXXI-TUK LITTLE MALAY PIED

FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula westermanni, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 280 ; Butler,
p. 52 ; Hartert, p. 551 ; Grant (2), p. 38.

Fairly common on all the hills of the main range, on the Larut
Range and on Gunong Tahan, above 4,000 ft., but not descending lower.

ISO

103. Mr.sCTf'APrLA .V (/..n'.l.V.I-TIIK MALAYAN' RrFOT'S-BREASTEn

ULl'E FLVCATC IIKK.

Muscicapula malayaua, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. exxvii., p. 10
(1906) ; id. (2), p. 38!'

Muscicapula hyperythra, Sharpe (3), p. 270; Hartert, p. 552.

The only locality in Selangor for this Flycatcher is Guuong Meng-
Iciiang" Lebah, 4,800-5,200 ft., where it is comnion. The general distri-
bution in the Peninsula is the same as that of the preceding species,
except that the present form has not yet been met with on the Larut
Hills.

lOfi. GEBYGOXF J/0/>/Gi7^.AY/-M0DIGLIANI'S FLYCATCHER.

Gerygone modiglianii, Salvad., Ann. Mv^. Civ. Qev. (2), xii., p. 71
(1891); Harterf, IK 552

Gerygone pect oralis, Davison, lhi.<i, 1802, ]). 99: Shaipc, Bull.
J?.0.0.,"ii., p. 7 (1892).

Two specimens only, ai'e on record from the Malay Peninsula : the
type of G. ijectoralis from the Coast of Pahang near Pekan, and Water-
stradt's skin from Gunong Tahan, 2,000-5,000 ft.

107. CrAXOPTILA liELLA-HXY^ FAIRY FLY'CATCHER.

Xanthopygia cyanomelaena (Temin.) ; Shnrpe, Cat., p. 249.

Four birds — an adult and two immature males, collected by Mr.
A. L. Butler on Bukit Kutu, Ulu Selaiigor, 3,000 ft., and an adult
male from Pulau Terutau, north of Penang, shot in March — appear
to be the only specimens of this migratory bird hitherto obtained in
the Peninsula.

losi. IIVPOTHYMTS AZUREA—TJm AZURE FLY'CATCHER.

Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat., \). 274 ; Hartert, p. 552 ;
Grant (1), p. 94: id. (2), p. 37.

Three thousand feet is about the superior limit of this species,
which is very common in tlie low country.

](»!!. ItniPinVRA ALniCOZLIS-TRE WHITE THROATED FAX-TAIL

FLYCATCHER.

Rhipidura al1)icollis (Vieill.) ; Sharne, Cat., p. 317; Sharpe (2),
p. 435 ; Hartert and BuiJer, p. 507 ; BUler, p. 19 ; Grant (1), p. 92 :
id. (2), p. 37.

Rhipidura atrata, Salvad., Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen., xiv., p. 203
(1879) ; Hartert, p. 652.

Common everywhere above 3,000 ft., but difficult to obtain in good
plumage.

I have followed Grant in not recognising R. atrata, Salvad.,
described fi-om the mountains of Sumatra and leased mainly on the
wider white tips to the tail feathers as distinct.

190

no. TERPsrriioxE .jff/.v/s-the bt'rmej^e paradise flycatcher.

Terpsipbouo affinis (Bhtli) ; Shorpe, Cat., p. 349; Sharpe (3),
p. 270; Butler, p. 19; Hartert, p. 553; Grant (2), p. 37.

Adult specimeus in -white plumage are in the collection from
Giuting Bidei, shot in May, and also numerous examples in the chestnut
plumage, amongst which may be included T. incii, which, however, is a
migrant and does not probably occur in the Peninsula so late in the
spring.

About 3,500 ft. represents the superior limit of the species,
sjx^cimens having been obtained at that height at Telom in the Batang
Padang highlands, South Perak.

111. PffTLEXTOMA VELATUM-TRE MAROOX-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

Philentoma velatum (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 365 ; Sharpe (3),
p. 271 ; Hoiiert, p. 553 ; Grant (2), p. 36.

Bukit Kutn, August, and Ginting Biclci, 'Max.

Not met with above 3,500 ft.

112. PHFLEXTOMA PTERHOPTERUJf-TaE CHESTNUT -WINGED

I'LYCATCHER.

Philentoma pyrrhopterum (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 366 ; Sharpe
(3), p. 271 ; Hartert, p. 553.

Ginting Bidei. October.

Altitu<linal range as in the two preceding species.

11.3. nfflXOMYIAS PECTORALIS-SALWHOHV^ FLYCATCHER.

Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvad.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 368 ; Hartert,
p. 553; arant (2), p. 35.

Specimens from Tanjong Malim, South Perak, at the foot of the
main range are in the Selangor Museum.

lU. CULICICAPA CEl'LOXEXSLS-THE GREY-HEADED FLYCATCHER.

Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 369 ; Sharpe (3),
p. 271 : Butter, p. 19 ; Hartert, p. 553.

Bukit Kutu, Semangko Pass and Ginting Bidei.

A submontane bird, rare in the low country, but not ascending the
hills to more than 3,000 ft.

11.-,. CRYPTOLOPIIA r7?/r/7?G^r.4-STRICKLAND'S FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

CrA-ptolopha trivirgata (Strickl.) ; Sharpie, Cat., p. 396; id. (2),
p. 435 ; id. (3), p. 271 ; Hartert, p. 553 ; Grant (2), p. 36.

Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 4,800-5,2OU ft.

Not as a rule below 4,000 ft., but fairly common on most mountains
above that elevation.

lui

ik;. cRYPTOLOi'iiA ja'jLEur -mvrLKR'a flycatcher avarblek.

Cryptolopha butJeri, Hariert, Bull. B.O.C., vii., No. liv., p. 50
(1898) ; id., Ihis, 1898, p. 435 ; id., Nov. Zool, v., p. 508 (1898).

(? , 2 ? . Semaiigko Pass, 3,000-4,000 ft. February, 1898.

The type specimen was collected ou Gunong Ijau on the Larut
Range at about 4,000 ft. and remained imique until the above three
specimens were obtained. The nest was also secured among roots and
rubbish beneath an overhanging bank at the side of a path ; it was the
usual deep cup-shaped structure ciiaracteristic of the smaller Fly-
catchers and contained a nestling of the Drongo Cuckoo (Sariiicidn.'s
lugii.bri.^). The male parent was shot in the immediate vicinity of the
nest.

117. CRYPTOLOPHA DAVJSONI-BW l&OyS FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha davisoni, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 271 ; Grant (2), p. 35.
Guuoug Meiigkuang Lebali, 4,800 ft. March, 1907.
In company with C. trivirgata, but much rarer.

us. ABItOHyii^ SCII}FAXJ-:UI -'£RE BAMBOO FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha schwaueri (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 403; id., in
Whitehead's Kinabalu, p. 214 (1892).

Semaiigko Pass, 3,000 ft. February ; Giutiug Bidci, 2,300 ft. October and
May.

Common in bamboo jungle in the above localities, but hitherto
overlooked.

The main distinction between this s]>ecies and the closely allied
Ahrornis superciliaris from Tenasserim lies in the greyish black, not
brown lores, and in the greater extent of the grey crown.

The specimen of A. super ciliaris in the British Museum referred to
by Gates (Faun. Brit. Ind. Bii'ds, i., p. 430) requires re-examination.
If the identification is correct, there is probably some mistake in
locality as it is in the highest degree unlikely that any bird of the
genus occurs in the island.

iiy. STOPAROLA thala,ssixoibi:,s-thy: :malayax verditer

FLA'CATCHER.

Stoparola thalassinoides (Cab.J ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 439; id. (3j,
p. 271 : Hartert, p. 553.

1 c? ■ Semaugko Pass. February, 1908.

Apparently somewhat rare and local in the Malay Peumsula. The
only other specimens in the Selangor Museum are : one shot by Mr.
A. L. Butler at Kuala Lumpur in March, 1900, and one from Telom,
November, 1908.

CAMPOPHAGIDiE.

|-.'i>. AllTAMlUKS LAlU"J'K.\.sr.S THE M<jrX'l'.MN (ICKOO SHKtKK.

Artamides laruteusis, Shaij)^ P.Z.S., 1887. p. 435.
(iraucalus laruteusis (Sharpe) ; Butler, p. 18; Horttd, p. 554;
Lrmni (2), p. 'do.

Fairly cumiuou, replaciujj;' tr. i^Kinatrenais (S. Miill.) above 3,000 ft.

l-Jl. LALAOK CULMiyATA.

Lalage culimuata (A. Hay) ; Sluxrpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., iv.,
p. 104 (1879) : Bull. B.O.c'i.. No. 2, p. vii. (1892).

Cainpopliaga iniuor, Davison, Ibis, 1892, p. 99.

Lalaiije iiinbriata culiniuattis, Hnrtert, Nov. Zoo!., ix , pp. 556,
557 (1902).

(runong Tahau.

122. I'ERICROCOTUS FLAMMlFER-MiWl^O^'i^ SCARLET MINIVET.

Pericrocotus tlammifcr, Hume ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 74 ; Butler, p. 17 ;
Grant (1), p. 90.

Very coiiimou on tlie Seiuangko Pass up to 3,000 ft., but very
rare in the low country, Avliere, however, it is occasioually met Avith.

V2ii. PERICROCOTUS FRATEUCULCS-'niK JJUJIMESK SCARLET iAIINlVET.

Pericrocotus fraterculus, Swinh. ; Shatpe, Cat., p. 73 (1870).

Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus, Butler, p. 17; Hartert, j). 555.

The specimens from Grunoug Ijau, 1,500-3,500 ft., and Grunong
Tahan, 3,000 ft., are the only ones from the Malay Peninsula, with
which I am acquainted ; I have not met with the species myself, nor
is it represented in the Selangoi', Perak or Singapore Museums.

12L PERICROCOTUS JfOXTANUS-WRAY'H MINIVET.

Pericrocotus niontanus, Salvacl., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., p. 205
(1879) ; Hartert, p. 554; Grant (1), p. 91 ; id. (2), p. 34.

Pericrocotus Avrayi, Sharpe (3), p. 269, pi. xv. ; Butler, p. 17;
Bonhote, p. 60.

Exceedingly common on all the Selangor mountains above 3,000 ft.,
becoming scarcer above 4,500 ft.

PYCNONOTID^.

12.>. .ETUORUl'NCHUS LAFRESXAI'EI-THK GREAT lORA.

Jilthorhyuchus lafresnayei (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
vi., p. 14 (1881; ; Grant (1), p. 88.

Bukit Kutu, S.iJUO it., and Ginthig Bidei, 2,-300 ft.

Not very rare in certain localities, but seldom procured, as it keeps
to the tops of fairly high trees. There is a series of six specimens in
the Selangor Museum, including lowland localities close to Kuala
Lumpur.

1 i);J

121;. CllLOROl'.'SlS JI.HiDWIlKII-'VnV) OKANGK-BELLlt;]) GREEN HULBUL.

Cliloropsis liardwiekii, Jard. aud Selb^^ ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 18 ;
6rVa«f (1), p. 89.

iScinaii.iiko Pah;s, (liiiKni^' L'lii Kali antl tiiiuouL;' Meiii^kiuiiig Lcbali.

Fairly abuudaut in the above localities, usually not below 4,000 ft.
In Perak it occurs on the Larut Hills and in the Batany Padans^-
Highlands at similar elevations. It has not yet been collected on
Grunong Tahan, but doubtless occurs there.

IJ7. CIILOROPmS ZOSTEROPS-mV. MALACHITE-SHOULDERED,

GREEN BULBUL.

Cliloropsis zosterops, Vig. ; Sharpe, Cat., \). 24; Grant (2), p. 33.
Chloropsis viridis viriditectus, Hartert, Nuv. ZooL, ix., pp. 212, 557

(1902).

Mr. BiitJer collected a pair on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft., in November,
1898, but it has not since been met with on the mountains in Perak
and Selaugor. It occurs up to 3,300 ft. on Gunong Tahan.

128. CHLOROPSIS ICTHROCEPirALA THK YELLOW-HEADED

GREEN BULBIL.

Chlcu'opsis icterocephala (Less.) ; 8kai'i>e, Cat., p. 30 ; Butler, p. 14;
Hartert, p. 557.

Seniaiigko Puss ami Giiiting Bidei.

Not reaching more than 3,000 ft. The cunimonest species of the
Genus in the Malay Peninsula.

I2y. CHLOROPSIS CrAyOPOGOX—T)l¥. BLUE-W^HLSKEREl^
GREEN BULBUL.

Chloropsis cyauopogon (Temm.) ; Shar^jc, Cat., p. 32 ; Hartert,
p. 557.

Gintiug Bidei, 2,.30U ft. May, 190S. •

The range of this species is similar to C. icterocephala, but it is
decidedly scarcer.

130, IRENA C'F.i.V^.l -THE MALAYAN FAIRY BLUE BIRD.

Irena cyanea, Begbie ; Sharpc, Cat., p. 179 ; Butler, p. 14; Hartert,
p. 557; Grant (1), p. 88 ; id. (2), p. 33.

Very common at low elevations, becoming scarcer on the hills aud
disappearing at 3,000 ft.

i;31. IIEMIXL'S CiyEREUS-THE ASHY BULBUL.

Hemixus cinereus (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Gat., p. 52 ; Bonhote, p. 61 ;
Hartert, p. 557; Grant (1), p. 88; id. (2), p. 32.

Common on almost every mountain visited in the Malay Peninsula
from Bukit Besar (2,500 ft.) near Patani in the north to Mount Ophir
iu the south.

1U4.

The types of the species and of lole terneolor, Hume, fouuded on
Avoru specimeus are stated to have come from uear Malacca, hut are
probably from the slopes of the Mount Ophir. The species is, however,
said to occur near sea level in Johore. Its superior limit is about
4,200 ft.

l.-JJ. JIEMIM (:.■!> MALACCEXSTS-'UHK .STREAKED BULBUL,

Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth) ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 52 ; Ilartert,
p. 559 ; Grant (1), p. 88 ; id. (2), p. 33.

Ginting Biclei, 2,300 ft. October.

Decidedly rare north of Malacca on the W. Coast, the above speci-
men being the only one I have seen from Selangor. Common on
Gunong Tahau.

13.1. 10L£ OjL/f'.lt'i\l-THE OLIVE BULBUL.

lole olivacea, Blyth ; Shaqje, Cat., p. 55 ; Butler, p. 15 ; Hurtert,
p. 558 ; Grant (1), p. 87.

Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

Not found on the mountain beyond 2,500 ft., l)ut fairly numerous
in thick jungle on the foot hills. The specimens before me (seven in
uuml^er) are very typical and show no approach to lole virescens, which
has been recorded from Tonka in the north of the Peninsula.

lU. lOLE PERACEySIS-inV. MOUNTAIN JSTREAKED BULBUL.

lole tickelli peracensis, Hartert and Butler, Nov. Zool., v., p. 50G
(1898j ; Butler, p. 15; Hartert, p. 558.

lole peracensis, Grant (\), p. 87 ; id. (2), p. 32.

lole tickelli, Sluuye (2), p. 4:'67 ; Bonhote, p. 61.

Verv common on most mountains above 2,500 ft. Does not occur
south of Selangor.

i:«, mCROI'lS SIELAXOLEUCUS-THV. BLACK AND WHUIE liULBUL.

IMicrotarsus melanoleucus (Eytou) ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 69 ; Grant
(2), p. 32.

A single specimen was collected on Bukit Kutu by Butler in
November. 1898. It has been met with on Guuong Tahan as high as
6,000 ft., and is common on the Selangor Coast throughout the year.

13«. CRIXIOKR TEPJIROGENiS -THE LOWLAND CRESTED BULBUL.

Criuiger tephrogenys (Jard. and Selby.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 71,
foot-note; Hartert, p. 558; Grunt (1), p. 86; id. (2), p. 31.

Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

Common from the sea coast to alx^ut 2,500 ft., above which its place
is taken by C. ockraceus (Moore).

195

l:i7. VRIMGER OCIIRACISL'S—'rWi: ll'LAND (RKSTKl) lUl.Kl J,.

Criuigor uehraceus, Moore ; in Horx/. and Moore, Cat. B. Mus.,
E. I. Co., i., p. 252 ; Harterf, p. 559 ; Grant (2), p. 35.
Criniger giitturalis, Shar^e, Cat., p. 80 ; Butler, p. 24.

Criuiger sordiclus, Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas., xxii., p. 320
(1900).

Fairly common from 2,000-4,000 ft., replacing the lowland C.
tephroyenys, but found at sea level on Pidau Laugkawi, north of
Penang.

i:58. CRIXWEE FL\SCJnr-VlViiLlV>< I51LI51I,.

Criuiger tinsehii, Salvad. ; Sharjte, Cat., p. 84, pi. vi., tig. 1 ;
Ilartert, p. 560.

Normally a low country form. The Selangor Museum possesses
specimens from the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur and from Tanjong
Malini, Perak. Met with by Waterstradt on Grunong Tahan from
2,000-5,000 ft.

139. TEACIiyCOJlLS OCHROCEFHALIS-'YRV. YELLOW CKOWXED HI LBIL.

Trachycomus ochrocephalus (Gm.) ; Hliar/je, Cat., p. 93; id. (3),
p. 272.

Though this biixl is exceedingly common on the banks of the big-
rivers, it is never, so far as my experience goes, met with in deep
jungle. There is, therefore, probably some mistake in the labelling of the
specimen recorded by Sharpe as from the Bataug Padang mountains.

140. ALOPHOIXUS PIT.EOCEPIIALiS-TUK CRESTLESS M'HITE-THROATED

UULBUL.

Criniger phseocephalus (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 74.
Alophoixus phseocephalus (Hartl.) ; Faun. Brit. Ind., i., j). 259
(1889) ; Hartert, p. 560.

Ginfcmg Bidei, 2,300 ft. October, 1907.

Somewhat local and not extending far up the hills.

lil. TRICHOLESTES CRIXIGER-TUE HAIRY-BACKED BULBUL.

Tricholestes criniger (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 89 ; Butler, p. 14 ;
Hartert, p. 560 ; Grant (I), p. 86 ; id. (2), p. 31.

Biikit Kiitu and Giutiug Bidei.

Common ; found as liigh as 3,000 ft.

U2. rrCXOXOTiS i'/.VZ.l i,S0A*7-FlXLAYS0XS STRIPE TIITIOATED BULBrL,

Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Strickl. ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 144 ; Butler,
p. 15; Bonhote, p. 62; Hartert, p. 560; Grant (1), p. 85.

One specimen from Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft., another from
Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range, and a third from
Kuala Lumpur are the only records of this species from the State
of Selangor. North of the latitude of Taiping it is very abundant,
probably extending soincAvhat further to the south on the East Coast.
It is stated to be common iu Malacca, \\ hence Hume's collector*
obtained numerou;^ opecimeut,.

Mar.,iSOJ.

IDG

143. PlXyOXOTUS SIMPLEX— ^lOORli'H OLIVE 151LBUL.

Pvcuouotus simplex (Less.) ; Shui-pe, Cat., p. 153, pi. ix., Butler,
p. 15 : Bonhot'!. p. &2 : Hartert, p. 560; (h-ant (1), p. 86 ; hJ. (2), p. 31.

Ginting Bidii. May, 1908.

Common everywhere iu secondary and old jungle up to 3,000 ft.

Ul. OTOCOMPfi.i. FLA\nJL\TRIS-Ta¥. HLACK-CRESTEU YliLLOW BULBIL.

Otooompsa flaviventris (Tick.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 161 ; Butler, p. 14.
Sparsely distributed al)ove 2,000 ft. S})ecimeus are in the Selangor
Museum from Bukit Kutu, Semaugko Pass and Grinting Bidei.

Uo. RUBIOILA rj'.l.V/r^.V7'i?/,S-THE GREY-BELLIED BULBUL.

Rubigula cyauiventris (Blyth) ; Hartert, p. 561 ; Grant (2), p. 31.

Pycuouotus cyaniventris (Blyth) ; Butler, p. 15.

Bukit Kutu, ^$,000 ft. August, 1902.

Common iu the lowlands and up to 3,000 It.

140. RUBIGULA WEBBERI-TKV. SCALY-BREASTED BULBUL.

Rubigula webberi (Hume) ; Sharpe. Cat., p. 171 ; Hartert, p. 561 ;
Grant (2), p. 31.

Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.

The above specimen is the only one I have seen from the western
Federated Malay States.

TlMELIlDyE.

117. G^UIPSOIiUlMinS SATUItATIOR~rm: AVJHTE HEADED SHRIKE

BABBLER.

Gampsorhynchus saturatior, Shaiye, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273 ; Butler,
],. U : Grant (]), p. 83.

Semangko Pass, 2,400-3,000 fl.

This species is only known from the type procured by Mr. Wray
iu the Batang Padang highlands in South Perak, and the very
numerous specimens obtained by Mr. Butler, myself and the collectors
of the Selangor Musevuu at the Semangko Pass, where the bird is very
common. It is generally seen iu early morning or evening high among
the bamlxK)8, and is very active and restless in its habits. The zone it
inhabits is very limited, and I have never seen it above 3,000 ft.,
nor much l>elow 2,4<J0 ft.

IW. EUPETES JIACIIOCERV US-TllK .M.VLAYAN El PETES.

Euf>et€s macrocercus (Temm. ) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birch Brit. Mns., vii.,
].. 338 (1883) ; Hartert, p. 561 ; Grant (2), p. 30.

•Semaugko Pass and Giuting Bidci.

A bird that seems to Ije very rarely met with, now that the days of
the old Malacca plumage huuter^s are a thing of the past. I have

197

ucver seen the l)inl invself, but my Dvuk lumtei's tell me it runs about
on the yround anion
with above 3.000 ft.

on the ground aniontr fallen timber like a Pitta. It ha« not been met

ll-.i. TROLHALOPTEROy PEMMSULjE-nW. MALAY LAltilllNC THRl.SH.

Trochalopteron peuinsulte, Shaq^e, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 43(5, pt. xxxvii. ;
Hartcrt and Batler, p. 506; Butler, p. 11 j Bonhote, p. 63; Hartert,
p. 562; Grant (2), p. 30.

Common on all the peaks of the Peninsula Main Kauge, south to
Gunoug Meiigkuang Lebah, and also on Gunong Tahan ; not so com-
mon on the Larut Range from G. luas to the hills above Taipiug ; not
as a rule found below 3,500 ft. A bird with a pleasant clear whistle
usually met with in parties of four or five on low trees and l)ushes,
sometimes nearly on the ground. Peculiar to the Peninsula.

1.50. PO.VATORHIKUS JBOKXEENSIS-CXBXm'fi SCIMITAR BAIJBLER.

Pomatorhiuus borueensis (Cab.) ; Shatye, Cat., p. 411 ; Hartert,
p. 561.

(.lintiiig Bidei. Nuvcuibfr, 1907.

Not rare on the lower hills of the southern portion of the Malay
Peninsula up to about 2,500 ft. Waterstradt obtained it on Gunong
Tahan at 4,000 ft.

151. POMATORlIiyUS WRAYI-WMW'^ SCIMITAR BABBLER.

Pomatorhinus wrayi, Sharpe, F.Z.S., 1887, p. 437 ; Butler, p. 11 ;
Grant (2), p. 30.

Sijariugly distributed on mountains above 4,000 ft. as far south
as Gunong Mengkuaug Lebah.

152. MELAyOCICULA LUGUBRIS-THE BLACK BABBLING THRUSH.

Melauocichla lugubris (S. Miill.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 451 ; Grant
(1), p. 84.

Melauocichla peuiusularis, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 274.

Hitherto only found on the mountains of the main range from
Batang Padaug in South Perak to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah iu
Selangor at altitudes of from 3,400-5,000 ft. Usually on low trees
or among fallen timber near the ground in parties of from three to
seven.

lo-U. RHISOCICIILA JIITRATA-TRE CHESTNUT CAPPED BABBLING

THRUSH.

Rhiiiociehla mitrata (S. Milll.J ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 452 (1883) ; id,
r.Z.S., 1886, p. 352; 1888, p. 274; Butler, p. 11; Bonhote, p. &6',
Hartert, p. 562 ; Grant (1), p. 84 ; id. (2), p. 562.

Common on nearly all the high mountain in Selangor above 3,000 ft.,
though apparently rare on Gunong Tahan, where I did not procure or
see it, and where Waterstradt only got two specimens.

198

154. TURDIXUS AliJiOTTI-XBBOTTii BABBLER.

Turaiuus abbotti (Blytli) ; Shar^>e, Cat., vii., p. 540 (1883) ; Graid
(2), p. 29.

Turdiuus abbotti olivaceum (Striekl.); Butler,^. 12; Hartert,^. 562.

A single specimen fi'om Giutiug Bidei marks the upper range of
this species.

A very common bird in the low country, usually found in parties of
three or four among low bushes in secondary jungle. It is at first
sight easily confused with the succeeding species, which is found in
company with it. Indeed until Mr. Boden Kloss pointed out the
mistake, the whole of the series of both sj^ecies in the Selaugor Museum
had been registered under the above name.

On careful examination certain marked differences present them-
selves Ity which the two species can be at once differentiated ; as the
table of dimensions shows T. ahhotti is a larger bird than T. sepiarivs
with noticeably longer tail and coarser bill, though the tarsus is
slightly longer in the latter. The colour of the upper surface is richer
and darker in T. sej)iaru(s, the head being slightly darker than the
rest of the upper surface. In addition there is a distinct grey super-
cilium, which is quite absent in T. ahhotti. In the latter, the feathers
of the head, more noticeably of the mantle, have pale shaft stripes,
which is not the case in T. sepiarivs.

lo5. TURDIXUS SEPIARIUS-HORHVlELDfi BABBLER.

Turdinus :sepiarius (Hoi'sf.) : Sliarpc, Cat., p. 544; id., P.Z.S.,
1888, p. 275 ; Hartert, p. 563.

Ginting Bidci. October and May.

Also near Kuala Lumpur.

Lucality.

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.

TnrduniB ahhotti.

8e\'. Wiiifr. Tail. Culmcii.

( o

t ')

53 19
57.5 19

mm. mm. mm

Cheius, Selangur (8.6-'08) J ad. 71 55 19
(22.3-'08) J .. 74

6 -

Kimla Lumpur TFebniary,

r.»u7) .".. ci ,.

Taujong Kaiai)'4, Selaugor

Cua.st (]6-l-'U8^ ... J „

Chcras, Selaugor ( 14-o-'U8j J „
Ginting I'idei, Selaugor,

2,:}00ft. (\A\-y)7) ... o' ..
Malacca (trade skiuj ... ... 70

Kuala Temlxiling, Pahang

(Septcmljer, 1907) ... ? 72

76.5 54.7 20

58
53.5

19.5

20.5
20

If*. 5

Hill

from 'J'arsub.

gape.

mm. mm.

25
25
24.7

23.5

20.2 24.5 26

23 25

22.5 24

23 25

23 24

22.5 21.7

100

Tiirdinvn nejiia rlii.<.

Mill
Localitv. Sex. Winy:. 'i'iiil. Ciiliiioii. from ']"nrsns.

Nr. Kuala Linnpur, Selan-

mm. mm. mm. mm. iiini.

gor (8-7-'(>7) c? 67 44.5 18 21 2

(^ 68 48 17..") 20 26.5

(9-7-'07) ? 71 44 18 20 26.5

(7-7-'07) ? 69 41 (worn) 18 21 25

Ginting Bidei, Selaugor,

2,300 ft. (26-10-'07) J 71.5 48 18.5 20 26

(31-10-'07) S 71.5 49 18.5 21 27

(9.5-*08) c? 68 49 17.5 21 25.5

1511. ITKUIXLS .lIACROnACTyLUS-iiTRlCKL\yhii BABBLER.

Turdinus macrodactylus (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 548 (1883).

North of the latitude of Malacca, this species does uot appear to l)e
a very common bird, aud the Selangor Museum possesses but few
recent specimens, three from Grinting Bidei, and another from the Batu
Caves near Kuala Lumpur.

157. TURDINUS LORIC.lTUS—M't\A,V.R'^ B.VBRLKR.

Myiothera loricata, MiilL, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesck. Anisterd., 1835,
p. 348.

Turdinus marmoratus, Wardl.-Bams., P.Z.8., 1880, p. 15.

Turdinus loricatus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii., p. 550 (1883);
Rohimon, Jrmrn. Fed. Mai. States Mus., iii., p. 79 ; No. 446 (1907).

Adult Female. — General colour above rufous brown, the feathers,
except those of the rump, obscurely edged with black, less markedly so
on the head and lores ; throat white, the feathers narrowly tipped with
black, the black tips much broader on the malar region ; ear coverts and
a large patch on each side of the neck bright russet chestnut ; breast
and centre of the abdomen greyish black, each feather broadly and
irregularly barred and tipped with white ; flanks, thighs and under
tail coverts russet l>rown, the latter faintly tipped with whitisli buff ;
primaries dull brown, more rufous on the outer webs ; tail rufous
brown; under wing coverts Jirown with paler margins : iris chestnut ;
l>ill and tarsi black.

Total length, 8.4 in.: wing, 3.9 in.; tail, 3.2 in.; culmen, .85 in.;
tarsus, 1.4 in.

Immature Female. — Similar to the adult, but with the feathers of
the head, hind neck and mantle with rufous shaft stripes, broadening
towards the tips of the feathers.

Specimens Examined. — One adult female from Ginting Bidei,
Selangor Main Range, 2,300 ft., dated 3rd November, 1907, and two
adult females and an immature female from the Semangko Pass,
Selangor, 28th February, 1908.

200

Like Geciniilnn riridts this Timeliiul is an inhaliitant of thick l»am-
Ih.x> juugle aud has escaped notice hitherto for similar reasons. It is
strictly a ground l»ird with verv limited powers of flight, l)ut displays
great agilitv in running along the fallen bamboos and rubl)ish, amongst
which it lives.

I have never shot the species myself, all those obtained having
been secni-ed by a r>yak collector, and have only once canght a glimpse
of it.

Careful comparison with Dr. Sharpe's description (loe. cit.) reveals
no tangible difference between the Malayan and Sumatran form, from
the mountains of which island alone the species has hitherto been
recorded.

1,jS. BniWOCATAPIirS XIGIiTCAPTTATUS—TUE BLACK-CAPPED BABBLER,

Dr^nnocataphus nigricapitatus (Eyton) ; Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888.
p. 276*; Grant (2), p. 29.

Giiiting Bidei, 2,.30O fr.. and numerous other places in the Selangor lowlands.

159. BJlYMOCATAPHrS TICKELLI—TICKELUii BABBLER.

Drymocataphus tickelli (Blyth) ; Shaiye, Cat., p. 557 (1883).

This bird is common at the Semangko Pass between 2,200 and
3,000 ft., and at Ginting Bidei at similar elevations, and a single
specimen was also obtained by Mr. Butler on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft.
It is also abundant in the Bataug Padang highlands. It is only
found in dense jungle and is very shy, which, perhaps, accounts for the
fact that it has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.

IM. fiETAliTA rrXEPEA-rUE SMALLER RED-HEADED TREK BABBLER.

Malacoptemm cinerum (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat., vii.,p. 565; Hartert,
p. 5<34; Grant (1), p. 83.

Attaining its maximnm elevation at about 2,500 ft. Three speci-
mens were collected at Ginting Bidei in May, 1908.

ICl. SETARIA MAGXIROSTlilS-TnE BROWX-HEADED TREE BABBLRR.

Tiirdinus magnirostris (Moore) ; Sharpie, Cat., p. 547 : Rohinson,
Jovrn. Fed. Mai. States Mvs., ii., p. 79 (1907).

Malacoptemm magnirostre, Hartert , p. 5f»3 : Grant (1 ), p. 83 ; id.
(2), p. 29.

Gintiiij? Bidoi, 2,300 ft. May, lOOM.

Range as in the preceding species.

Ifi2. AMROPSIS MALACCEXSIS-TUr. MALAY WREX BABBLER.

Anuropsis malaccensis (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 588: Grant (2),
p. 29.

Very common from the sea coast to al)0ut 2,500 ft., above which
level it is not met with, its place being apparently taken by Corytho-
cichhi leucostida.

201

Ica. TVItDIXlLrf} f.'ff.l.V7'/-GRANTS' WREN BABBLKR.

Turdinuliis grauti. Bichnond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mks., xxii., p. 320
(1900).

Turdiunlns exsul, Grant, Ift?.<?. 1895, p. fiO.

Tiu'diuulus liumei, Hartert, Nov. Zooh, ix., p. 564 (1902); Bohmfton,
Journ. Fed. Mai States My.<?., i., p. 26 (1905).

2 <?,3 ?. Ginting Biclei, Sclangor, 2,300 ft. Oct., Nov., 1907; Max, 1008.
<?. Semangko Pass, Selangor, 2,700-4,500 f(. February, 1908.

? . Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft. April, 1906.

A oomparisou of the above series, which is actually before me, with
Mr. Erichmond's description of the five specimens collected l)v
Dr. Abbott in Trang reveals uo material differences, and T. humei,
Hartert, must, therefore, be regarded as a pure synonym.

Dimensions.— Wing, 2.07 in. (2.10 in.*) ; tail, 1.02 in. (.96 in.) ;
tarsus, .87 in. (.88 in.) ; culmen, .56 in. (.57 in.). The specimen from
Semangko Pass is somewhat darker and more fulvous than the others,
but is closely approached in this respect by a female from Ginting
Bidei.

The species has been obtained by Mr. Kloss in Southern Johore, so
that its range extends practically throughout the whole length of the
Peninsula.

161. CORYTIIOCICHLA LEUCOSTICTA-TttB MALAY STREAKED BABBLER.

Corythocichla leucosticta, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 438; Bntler,
p. 11 ; Bonhote, p. 64; Grant (2), p. 28.

Turdinulus striatus leucosticta (Sharpe) ; Hartert, p. 565.
Common everywhere from the tops of the highest mountains down
to about 2,500 ft. Not known south of Selangor.

100. ALCIPPE PBRACEiVSIS-THF. MOUNTAIN' XUN THRUSH.

Alcippe peracensis, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 439 ; Bntler, p. 12 ;
Hartert, p. 566; Grant (1), p. 82; id. (2), p. 28.

Quite the commonest bird in the mountains, foimd everywhere
about 3,000 ft. in parties of five and six, seai-ching the boughs of low
shrubs for insects. Below 3,000 ft. its place is taken by A. cinerea,
which is, however, a much rarer bird relatively.

106. ALCIPPE CIXEREA-THE GREY NUN THRUSH.

Alcippe cinerea, Blyth ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 622 ; Butler, p. 12 ;
Hartert, p. 566; Grant (1), p. 82; id. (2), p. 28.
Common at G-inting Bidei in October and May.

107. PSEUnOMIXLA SOROR-THE JIALAY TIT BABBLER.

Minla soror, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 439, pt. xxxviii., fig. 1 ;
Grant (2), p. 25.

Pseudominla soror, Sharpe, Hand-l. Birds, iv., p. 47 (1903).

Sittiparus castaneiceps soror, Hartert, p. 25.

Very abundant on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, rarer near
Semangko Pass.

*' Dimensions in parentheses arc those of the type specimen.

202

H». Sr.lCIfVRlS 7>.nW0.\V-DAVIS()XS H.VRRI.KR.

Staebyris ni-rriceps, SItarpe (uec- Hochjs.), P.Z.S.. 1887, p. 440.

StcU'byris davisoui, Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., i., p. vii. (1892) ; Butler,
p. 12; Harfert, Nov. Zoo?., i., p. 471 (1894); id., op. cit., ix., p. 566
(1902); Grant (1), p. 82; Grant (2), p. 28.

Fairly commou at iutermediate olevatious, southward from Central
Perak to Soutliern Johore, the Rhio Archipelat^o and the Natmias.

1«9. STACayiiLf POLIOGASTER-HVSW.'S BABBLER.

Stachvris poUogaster, Hume; Sharpe, Cat., p. 539.

<J . Bukit Kiitn, Ulii Selangor, 3,000 ft. October, 1 898. A . L. Butler [o].

S ? . Ginting Bidei, Solanfjor, 2,.S00ft. Octobor, 1907, and May, 1908.

Besides the type, which was collected by Davison on Guuong Pulai
in Southern Johore, the.se seem to be the only specimens met with up to
the present.

170. STACIIVBIS POLIOCEPIIALl-TmS. OREY-HEADED BABBLER.

Stacliyris poliocephala (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 534; Butler,
p. 12 ; Hortert, p. 566 : Grant (2), p. 258.

Fairly common up to 2,500 ft. in suital)le localities.

171. STACIIYRIiS LEUCOTIS-THT. WHITE-EARED BABBLER.

Stachyris leucotis (Strickl. ) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 537.

? . Sangei Tali, Ulu Benton<r. Pahaiig, 1,500 ft. December, 1904.

Apparently somewhat local, as few recent collectors have met with
it. The only other locality, whence the Selangor Museum possesses
specimens, is Guuong Angsi, Negri Semlnlan, where it Avas found to be
very common in Api-il, 1906. It is also aV)undaut {fide Kloss) in
South-western Johore.

172, STACHYRIS XIGRIC'OLLIS-THE BLACK-NECKED BABBLER.

Stachyris nigricollis (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 535 ; id. (3), p. 275.

Collected by Wray on the Batang Padang mountain. We have only

found it in low country, where it is very abundant in certain localities.

17.5. STACUVRIS CIIRVS^EA ISOCAGEI-THE GOLDEN KA15I5LER.

Stachyris bocagii, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.,xiv., p. 223 (1879).

Cyanoderma chrysaea, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 440.

Staehyridiopsis clirysoea assimilis (Waldonj ; Hartert, p. 566.

Stachvridiopsis chrysa?a (Hodgs.) : Butler, p. 12; Grant (1),
p. 81 ; id. (2), p. 27.

Stachyris clirysops, Ifirhruond, J'roc Biol. Soc. Washington, xv.,
p. 157 (1902;.

Abundant in small flocks on most of the higher hills above 3,000 ft.
On tlie Semangko Pass the species was breeding in February, 1908,
and two half-fiedged young, wliich are uniform olive brown without
a trace of golden yellow, were obtained on the 27th of that month.

20:1

The twelve adult specimens in the 8elangor Museum (7 (^ , 5?)
agree minutely with the (les(;ri])tion of StachyriH chrysopa, Richmond,
from Trang \Proi'. Biol. 8oc. Washimjfoti, xx., p. 157 (1902)], which
was founded on a single specimens.

The birds in freshly- mounted plumage are too bright to be refer-
able to 8. asslmilis from N. Tenasserim, ami I have therefore followed
Grant in regai'ding them as identical with S. hocagei from the moun-
tain of Sumatra, of which, in the absence of further material confii'ming
the species, St. cJiri/)iop.<i must be regarded a synonym.

174. KEXOPI.l STIUATA-TllE STRIPED BABBLER.

Kenopia striata (Blyth) ; S/inrpe, Cat., p. 573 : HitrtevI, p. 5ri7.
Apparently rare. I have not yet met with the bird.

17.5. J[[\0/;\L'< OfLARTS-THE YELEOW-BREASTKl) I5ABJ!LI;R.

Mixornis gularis (Raffles) ; Sliaiye. Cat., p. 108 ; id., P.Z.S., 1888,
2). 27o ; Bonhote, p. 64; BidJn; p. 12 ; Hartert, p. 567 ; Grant (1), p. 8.

Widely spread throughout the Peninsula up to about 2,500 ft.,
but commonest on the sea coast, especially among Gasuarinas. The
Selangor Museum possesses a large series ranging from the Langkawi
group of islands, north of Penang, to Malacca. Specimens from the
former locality are distinctly intermediate between the present species
and the Indian M. ruhricapiJla.

176. MACRONUS PTILOSUS-TRE FLT'FFY-BACKED BABBLER.

Macronus ptilosus, Jard. and Selby ; Shnrpe, Cat., p. 683 ; id. (3),
p. 275.

Batang Padang mountains (Wrai/). Ahnost the commonest of the
smaller Timeliidie in the low country.

177. Mi'lOPHOXET'S BICRORirrXCIirS-TKE LARGER AVIIISTLIXG

THRUSH.

Mviophoneus dicrorhvnclms, Salvad. ; SJiarpe, t.c, p. 10; Grant
(2), p. 27.

Myiophoneus, sp. inc., Sharpe, P.Z.8., 1887, ^j. 436.
Myiophoneus eugenii, Hume; Butler, p. 12; Boiihote, p. 163.

2 c?. Semangko Pass, 2..500-4,.500 ft. Fi-bniarv, 1908.

A large Myiophoneus is common in certain parts of the Malay
Peninsula, but in the lowlands appears to be only found in vicinity of
the precipitous limestone cliffs.

* All the large Myiophoneus from the Malay Peninsula seem to be the
same species, though whether referalde to the Tenas.serim species, M.
eugenii, Hume, or the Sumatran, M. dicrorhynchus, is hard to say.
The former, if distinct, must be very close indeed to the Sumatran
race, wdiich was described first. I have followed Cxrant in his identifica-
tion, but by Sharpe's Key (Cat. Birds, vii., p. 6) all would appear to
belong to M. eugenii.

* Since the above was in type we have obtained very large series of Myio-
phnnci(>< temininrlxi from. the islands of Lansfkawi and Torntan, north of Penanff.

204

17S. 3frropiioyEvs nonrNsoxi the movxtain avristlix*; thrush .

Myioplionous robiusoai, Grant, Jourti. Fed. Mai. States Mas., i.,
p. 104 (1905).

By no means uncommon on the high mountains of Selangor above
3,500" ft.

Spocimeus are in the Selangor Museum from Gunong Meugkuang
Lebah, Guuong Ulu Kali and the mountains above the Semangko Pass.

170. JiliACHYPTERYX n7f.ir/-WRAYS SHORT WING.

Brachypten-x nipalensis, Sharpe, P.Z.S.. 1888, p. 273; Butler, p. 13.
Brachyj>teryx wrayi, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. oxxvii., p. 10
(1906) : id., Jonrn. Fed. Mai. States Mm., iii., p. 26 (1908).

Gxinong ^Icngknang Lebali and Semangko Pass.

Four specimens from the above localities agree well with the
type description, with a skin from Gunong Tahan, and with three males
from the vicinity of the type locality.

180. aiBIA SIMTLLIMA-TV.Y, MALAYAN SIBIA.

Sibia simiUima (Salvad.) ; Slwrpc (1), p. 352 ; id. (3), p. 274;
Butler, p. 13; Bonhote, p. 63 ; Grant (1), p. 8 ; Id. (2), p. 26.

Sibia picaoides simiUima, Hortert, p. 567.

JNIet vritli in flocks of six or seven, and very noisy. Exceedingly
common on the Larut Hills and the Peninsular main range, south to
Southern Selangor, but not found below 3,000 ft.

181. SIVA 3r ALA VAX A— THE MALAYAN CHESTNUT TAILED SIVA.

Siva castaneicauda. Sliorpe (noc Hume), P.Z.S., 1888. p. 275 ;
Bonhote, p. 64.

Siva malayana. Grant (2), p. 25.

Siva strignla malayana, Hartert, p. 567.

Kather rare in Selangor, Avhence the Selangor Museum possesses
only two specimens from Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong
Ulu Kali, dated February and March. Both are in unworn plumage
and differ from the large series of Tahan specimens, which are very
faded and abraded in having the under surface below the throat and
the under tail coverts bright orange yellow clouded with olive on the
Ijreast and flanks ; the head is rich golden olive, deepening to dark
orange on the forehead, and clearly defined from the l»ack, which is
greyish, stnmgly washed with yellowish olive, not almost pure, pure
grey as in the Tahan ])irds. The differences are most striking, but
are almost certainly due to the age of the feathers only.

182. sii'A sonniinoii'nw: Malayan dt'll siva.

Siva sordidior. Sharpe, P.Z.S . 1888, p. 276 : Bnfler. ]>. 13 : Grant
(\), p. 80.

Generally distriljuted over the high mountains of Selangor and
Perak above 4,000 ft., but nowhere verj- commijn.

2(>o

18:{. HERPOliXIS ZAXTIIOLELCA~TUV. WHITK BKLLIKI) HKRPORXIS.

Herporuis zantholeuca, Hoclgs. ; Sharpe (3), p. 275 ; Butler, p. 13 ;
Harfert p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25.

A submoutauc bird, eoniinouest at about 1,500 ft., but fouud as
high as 3,300 ft.

184. CUTIA CERVIXICRISSA-'niE MALAYAN CUTIA.

Cutia cervinicrissa, Shar2)e, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 276; Grant (1), p. 80.

Fouud on the mountains of the main range from Batang Padaug,
in South Perak. to Grunong Mengkuang Lel>ah. in Selangor, above
4,000 ft.

The eight specimens now in the Selangor Museum and many other
duplicates which have passed through my hands all bear out the
diagnosis of the species in haviug the abdomen and lower tail covei'ts
i-ufous tawny, not wdiite as in C. nijialensin.

185. PTERYTHIUS ^RALATUS-'ilQKElAJii SHRIKE TIT,

Pterythius seralatus (Tick.) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; id. (3), p. 276;
Battler, p. 14; Botihote, p. 64; Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 22.

Distributed above about 3,.500 ft.

186. PTERYTHIUS TAHANHNSIS-THIE TAHAN SHRIKE TIT.

Pterythius tahanensis, Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 22.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Semangko Pass, Selangor.
Rare in Selangor and only found well above 4,000 ft.

187. MESIA ARGEXTAURIS-THE SILVER-EARED :MESIA.

Mesia argentauris (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe (1), p. 352; id. (3), p. 276;
Butler, p. 14; Hartert, p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25.

Common at high elevations throughout the moimtains of the
Peninsula to the south of Selansror.

*n^

TROGLODYTID^.

183. PXOEPYGA LEPIDA-THE HILL WREX.

Pnoepvga lepida. Salvad., Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen., xix.. p. 227 ; Grant
(2), p. 24!

Pnoepyga pusilla, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273.

^ ad., $ inim. Hills above Semangko Pass, -1,000 ft. Febiiiary, 1908,

Decidedly rare and only found amongst the very thickest scrub,
whence it is very difficult to obtain specimens.

The immature bird is dull blackish brown, beneath the feathers
with blackish edges, the throat feathers paler, also edged with black.

20()
TROGOLYTID.T-].

1S1>. (lEOCICIIL.i IXTERPJiKS -TVAIMIKCKS (;R()rXlJ THRUSH,

Greocichla iutei-pres (Temiii.) ; Seehohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v.,
p. 1<)7 (1881) : Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 319 (1899).

Known at present from the mountains of Trana;, Northern Malay
Peninsula, and Kenibau (FTuiiie. S. F., viii., ]i. 39) in Negri Senil)ilan.

V.m. GEOCirilLA ISyOTATA-TlW. ilALAV (iRKY AND ORAXfJE

OROrXD THRISH.

G-eocichla iunotata (Blyth) ; Seehohm, Cat., p. 176; Bntler, p. 20.*

It is exceedingly curious fact that no recent collector has been able
to obtain any of the Malay Geocichla. I am not aware of any speci-
mens having been obtained in the last twenty years, nor are there any
in any of the local Museum. Possibly they are confined to the north
of the Peninsula. Butler's specimen noted above was only seen.

101. CICHLOSELYS SriiFRICUS-THE SIBERIAN GROUND THRUSH,

Geocichla siberica (Pall.) ; Seehohm, Cat., p. 180 (1879).

Geocichla davisoni, Hume; Grant (1), p. 78.

Common on the higher Selangor mountains in winter. I have had
through my hands over twenty specimens of this Ground Thrush, of
which thirteen are now before me, and I do not believe that it is
possible to distinguish two races, G. davisoni, Hume, being as the
author himself considered mei'ely the very old male (Stray Feathers,
v., pp. 03, 13(5, 1877). One specimen (Sel. Mus. 679/07) exactly
answers to the description of G. davisoni, but all the others have
much more white about them. I have obtained this species on Pulau
Jarak in the middle of the Straits of Malacca, off the mouth of the
Perak River in December, 1904, but the sk'in was unfortunately
destroved bv rats,

V.r2. OREOCICnLA yirWAV-S'— RICHMOND'S MOUNTAIN THRUSH.

Greocichla horsfieldi. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xx.,
p. 158 ri902).

Mountain of Trang, Northern Malay Peninsula.

111.!. TURDL's oBscrni s 'inv. dark ouzel.

Mcrula obsL-urus (Gm.) ; Seehohm, t.c, \i. 273.

Tardus obscums (Gm.) ; Grant (1), p. 78.

Two females, evidently on passage, were shot on Gunong Ulu Kali,
Selangor, 4,700 ft., in February, 190G.

* Reeontly I have secured three specimens from Terutau and Lanpjkawi,
which are somewhat intermediate hetween CI. citrina (fjath.) and (V. iiinofdtn.
iji respect to the white tips to the primary coverts.

207

1!*4. PETROPHILA ,yOi,7r^ya-l-THE EASTERN BLUE ROOK TIIKUSH.

Mouticola solitavia (Miill.) ; ISeehohm., Cat., i>. ol'J.

Monticola cyaniis soli t aria, Butler, p. 20.

Cyauocincla solitaria, Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1880).

The most southerly specimen recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
Shot in February on the Larut Hills. Also obtained at Ghirbee
(Hume, loc. cit.).

A male of the western form, P. njaneus, was shot by M. Boden
Kloss at the Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, on 3rd August, 1908.

195. PETROPHILA (ilLAlilS-THK ('IIIXE.SE HOCK THRUSH.

Monticola gularis (Swinli.) ; Seehohin., Cat., p. 326 ; Butler, }). 20.

Besides the specimen from the Larut Hills recorded by Butler
{luc. cit.), there is another mounted and undated specimen from the
same locality in the Taiping Museum. A third specimen is known
from Malacca [Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1880)].

uh;. jiidrociciila rufucapilla-the chestnut-backed

fork tail.

Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 319 ; Butler,
p. 19 ; Hartert, p. 572.

3 <? , 2 ^ . Giuting Bidci, 2,300 ft. May, 190S.

Common on clear rocky streams and torrents throughout the
Peuinsida up to about 3,000 ft.

m. IIEXICURIS SCIIISTACEU^-'niE SLATY-BACKEi) FORK TAIL.

Henicurus schistaceus, Hodgs. ; Sharjpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii.,
p. 365 (1883) ; Butler, p. 19 ; Hartert, p. 570 ; Grant (1), p. 79.

Found in similar situations to the preceding, but not as a rule
below 4,000 ft., though Butler obtained it on the Larut Hills at 2,000 ft.
Very abundant above the Semaugko Pass.

198. LARVIVORA ClANEA-'^nE SIBERIAN BLUE CHAT.

Larvivora cyanea (Pall.) ; Seehohm., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v., p. 303
(1881); Butler, IX 13.

This species is met with throughout the Malay Peninsula from
October to April, but is common in the hills than in the low country.
It has also been met with in some of the islands in the Straits of
Malacca, also during the winter months.

199. XOTODELA LEUCC'RA— THE WHITE-TAILEU BLUE ROBIX.
Notodela leucura (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii.,
p. 23 (1883) ; Bulla; Jonru. Strait. Branch Bn>j. A.'<iat. Sv., No. 34,
p. 99 (1900).

A single female collected by A. L. Butler on Gunong Ijau, Larut
Hills, at 4,000 ft. in March, 1898, is the unl\- record for the species in

2m8

the Mala\ lV'iunt.ulii ; elsewhere it is kuuwu from Mt. Muoh.nit in
Teuasseriiu iiiul fruiu Nejtal aiul Sikkim. It has been overlooked bv
nie iu niv Hand-list of the Birds of the Malay Pen insula, antea, p. (iii.

•joo. corsirms .vr.v/cf.s-TiiE straits robin.

Copsyehus luusiens (Raffles) ; Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 75) ;
HarterUv. 575; Grant (1), p. 79.

Copsyehus saidaris (Linn.) : Sharpe, Cat., p. 1 ; Butler, p. 20.

Oceusioually found in large hill elearings and along the roads
crossing the main range, but not a normal inhabitant of mountain
jungle.

201. CITTOCISCLA MACRUUA-TRY. SHAJI.V.

Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.) ; Sharpe, Oaf., p. 84; Grant (1), p. 79.
Kittocincla macrurus (Om.) ; Hartert, p. 572.
The Shama ascends the hills to about 3,000 ft., but is very much
commoner in the low country though not met with in swamp jungle.

•jii-j. TRicuixia I'litiiOpyGis-'mE orange-tailed thrush.

Trichixus pyrropygus (Less.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 32 ; Grant (2),
p. 24

Met with on Grunong Tahan at 3,000 ft. : fairly common in the low
country, but local.

SYLVIIDM.

203. OBrilOTOJlVH AmWlLAHIS-TUY. liLACK-THROATED TAILOR BIRD.

Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm.,
vii., p. 220 (1883j ; Bnthr, p. 10.

Semangko Pass, Februai-y, and Giutiug Bidei, May.
Not met with much above 3,000 ft.

204. SLTORIA MACVLICOLLLS-TRV^ LONG-TAILED TAILOR BIRD.

Sutoria maculicoUis (F. Moore) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 218 ; id. (2), p. 440.
Sutoria maculicauda {bapsu) ; Butler, p. 17.

Common in gardens, etc. I have not myself noted it on the hills
where it has l>een obtained by Wray and Butler.

20.^. rUASKLIMA I{UF£.SC'ENS-BE\yxy'ii WEEN AVARBLER.

Citiscola Wavani (Wald.) ; S/mrpe, Cat., p. 225 ; Butler, p. 16 ; Grant
(2), p. 23.

Franklinia rufescens (Blyth) ; HaH., p. 569.

Common in the lowlands at certain times of the year. One speci-
men was obtained at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908.

.W. ACASTllOl'SEUSTK COAO.V.ir.l-TEMMINCK'S CROMNED
AVILLOW WARBLER.

PhvUoscopus coronatus (Temm. and Schleg.; ; Seebohra, Cat. Birds
I/Wf. itf*'^., v., p. 49(1881).

<J ad. Telom, Pei-ak-Pahang border, 3,000 ft. 12th October, 1904.
Also obtained at Malacca Jliune. Stray Feathers, viii., p. 65 (1879)].

•M7. l'HlLLElWATL:s-Vl.\EREICOLLlli-T\iY. OUANGi; HEADKD WAKJiLKU.

Phyllergiitos ciuereicollis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 471> ; Grant (2),
p. 23. '

Phyllergates cucullatus (Teiniu.j; Sharjje, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas.,
vii., p/229 (1883) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; irf. (3), p. 273; Butler, p. 16;
Hartert, p. 569.

Commou ou the Selaugor Moimtaius above 3,500 ft.

208. .SUVA WATERSTRAIJTI-THE TAHAX HILL WARBLER.

Suya waterstradti, Hartert, Nov. ZooL, ix., p. 568 (1902) ; Grant
(2), p. 23.

So far as is at present kuowu coutiued to the higher parts of
Crimoug Tahaii, where it is veiy commou.

■Jul". JIEMIl'i.i PICATU.S-THV. BLACK I'lLI) SHRIKE.

Hemipus picatus (Sykes) ; Sliarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mhs., iii.,
p. 307 (1877 j ; Hartert, p. 576.

Replacing the lowland H. obscurus (Horsf.) ahove 3,000 ft.,
but not very commou.

•JIO. TEI'HRODOKNUS GULARIS-TllE 31ALAV WOOD SHRIKE.

Teplirodornis gularis (Kaffles) : Sharpie, Cat. Birds Brit. 3h(s.,
p. 278 (1877 ) ; Butler, p. 17: Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 21.

Does uot range higli into the mouutains. Butler got it ou the
Larut Hills at 3,000 ft., aud it is abundant ou Gunoug Augsi
in Negri tSembilan at 2,600 ft.

211. PLATYLOPHUH ARDESIACUS (VAB.J-TRV. JAY SHRIKE.

Platyloplms ardesiacus (Cab.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 317 ; id.. F.Z.S.,
1888, p.' 269; Grant (1), p. 77.

Common at Grinting Bidei.

An immature bird is greyer below somewhat browner ab<jve and with
the greater Aviug coverts tipped with buff.

212, L.iyiLS TIGRLXUS-THE THICK RILLED SKRIKE.

Lanius ligrinus (Drap. j : Gadoic, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., viii., p. 289
(1883) ; Butler, p. 17 : Grant, Nov. ZooL, ix., p. 480 (1902) : Hartert,
p. 576: Grant (2), p. 77.

2 $ imm. Sejiiangko Fass. February, 1908.

Adult birds seem very rare iu the Malay Peninsula. There are
only two iu the Selaugor Museuui collection, one from Gunoug Augsi,
Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft., and another from Taujong Malim at the
foot of the main rauge, both females, aud both shot in April.

210

•21:5. MEL.ISOCIILOUA l'LAJ(JCJiJ^TATA Till; Sll/l'AX i I i'.

Meluiioelilorii sultanoa (Hody-s.) : Gadoir, Cat., ]). (5; Shar2>r (o),
1>. 277: Bntler, p. U: araiit (1), p. 76: id (3), p. 21.

Melauocblora flavocristata (Lafr.) : Hellmays, S err tie 11 Farida,
p. 31 (1903) ; Sharif, Hand-l. Bird.^, iv.. p. 326 (1903).

Abimdaut nearly evervwliere from 2,000 ft. to about 4,<»00 ft., and
oecasiouallv in llu" low eouutry at the foot of tlic main range. It is
usually met witli in flocks of six or seven among high trees at the edge
of clearings or in the jungle.

S1TT11).E.

•Jlt. UEMHiOl'IllLA AZillEA-TRV. DKKl' BLUE MJTHATCll.

Sitta azurea, Less. ; Gadoic, Cat. Birds Brit. Mi(i<., viii., p. 357
(1883) ; Hartert, p. 573.

Deudrophila azui'ea (Less.) ; Butler, p. 15 ; Grant (l),p. 76 ; id, (2),
p. 21.

Fairly common on the Selangor main range, but not found below
3,500 ft."^

•JIO. JiljyDROPHlLA /■ROXTALJS .SATiJiATIOli-TlU-: Jl.VLAY NUTHATCH.

Sitta frontalis saturatior, Hartert, p. 573.
Dendrophila saturatior, Grant (l), p. 76; id. (2), p. 21

Semangko Pass. February, 190JS.
Locally distributed uji to about 3,000 ft.

The above specimen agrees well with a pair from Gunong Angsi,
2,600 ft., Negri Sembilan, and differs from a skin from Trang collected
by Dr. W. L. Abbott in being much more intense in colouration.
Malay Peninsula specimens re<pure comparison with freshly-collected
Javan ones (the type locality) and with Indian skins before the validity
of the sub-species can be considered as established.

CORVID^.

21ii. CI.S.SA lt<Jlil.\S<jSI-'n\\u 3IALAV ULLE MAGPIE.

Cissa robinsoni. Grant, Bull B.O.C., xix.. No. cxxviii., p. 9 (1906) ;
id. (2), p. 16.

This fine species originally described from a single specimen from
Gunong Tahan has since proved to l;e very numerous on the Selangor
mountains, especially near the Semangko Pass, whence a large number
of specimens have been recently obtained : it also occurs at Telom
in the Batang Padaiig mountains. In all localities it is very wild and
hai'd to secure. As is the case with other members of the genus, the
plumage of this bird is extraordinarily sensitive to light and very
slight exposure changes the greenish yellow of the head and body to
pale blue and the maioon of the primaries to dull grey.

211
DICRURIDtE.

217. lJlSS£:MCRi.S PAIiADISEUS-'rnH LARGK RACKET-TAILED DUOXCO.

Dissemurus paradiseus (Linu.) ; Shmye, Cat. Brit. Mas., iii., p. 258
(1878) ; Hartert, p. 579.

Waterstradt (Hartert, loc. cit.) is said to have got this species up to
5,000 ft. on Griiuong Tahau. 1 have uever met with it auywlierc
above 2,000 ft.

218. BHRINGA JIEJITFER-THE LESSER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO.

Bhringa remifer (Teium.) ; Shcnye, Cat., p. 257; id. (2), p. 434;
Bunhote, p. 50 ; Hartert, p. 580 ; Grant (1), p. 08.

Very abundant on all the hills from 2,500-5,000 ft., especially
where there is much bamboo.

210. CIIAFTIA MALAYJiNSIS-TUE MALAYAN BRONZED DRONGO.

Chaptia uialayensis (A. Hay) ; Sliarpe, Cat., p. 44.
Chaptia aeuea (Vieill.) ; Grant (1), p. Q7 ; id. (2), p. 17.

Almost as common in the hills as Bhringa remifer in similar situ-
ations, but unlike that species, occasionally found in low country also.

220. DICBUEUS AyNECTENS—mHE CROW-BILLED DRONGO.

Dicrurus anuectens (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 231.

9 imiu. Gintiug Bidei, 2,300 ft. 29tU October, 1907.

A migratory species, common on the islands of the Straits of
Malacca and in the coastal districts in the winter months. Immature
birds, with a great deal white in the plumage, are always in the
majority.

ORIOLID.^.

221, OlilOLUS COXSAXGUIXEUS-TUE BLACK-AND RED MOUNTAIN

ORIOLE.

Oriolus consanguineus {Wardl.-Bamsay) ; Shmye (2), p. 434 j
Bonhote, p. 59 ; Grant (1), p. 68.

Very abundant on all mountains above 3,500 ft., except Guuoug
Tahan, from which it appears to be absent.

The large series before me confirm Mr. G-rant's remarks, loc. cit.,
about size. The amount of red on the primary coverts varies very
greatly, being almost absent in some individuals.

222. UltOLOXCllA ACUTICAUBA—nOI>Qii01s"!i MUNIA.

Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.) ; Sharije, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm.,
xiii., p. 356 (1890) ; Butler, p. 20.

Noted by Butler on the Larut Hills at 3,000 ft. ; flocks were
occasionally seen at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908.

223. CULOBVRA «^J.-THE MALAYAN GREEN WEAVER FINCU.

Chlorura sp., Grant, Fuse. Mai. ZooL, iii., p. 70 (1905).

A single female of this genus was obtained at Telom, Batang
Padang highlands, South Perak, 3,500 ft., in January, 1902, but though

ji£a>:, 1900,

01')

it has beeu searched fi)i" iu the same localitv uu several occasious
siuco, uo additioual speciineus have come to haud. It is probably
distinct from the Kiiia Balu forui, C. hurneensis, Sharpe.

22-i. PlliRlIULA WATHR,STRAl)TI-'niV. 31ALAYAX BUL]>F1XC1I.

Pyrrhula waterstradti, Hartert; Nov. Zool, ix., p. 577 (1902);
Givnt (2), p. 18.

CJunoiig Ulu Kali, Selaiigor, •1-,800-5,20C ft. February, 1906.

Guuong Mcngkuaiig Lebali, Selaiigor, •i,800-5,200 ft. Marcb, April, 19u7.

Semaiigko Pass, Selangor, 3,500-i,800 ft. February, 190H.

The Malay Bullfinch probably (.)ccurs ou all the higher mountaius of
Selangor wherever Vacciniam and Conifers are found, though it is
nowhere so common as it was found to be on Gunong Tahau. Though
carefully searched for, it has not yet been met with ou any of the
Perak Hills.

•ilo. MOTACILLA MELAyOPE-THiE GREY WAGTAIL.

Motacilla melanope (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Binhi Brit. Mas., x.,
p. 500 (1885) ; id. (2), p. 441 ; Butler, p. 21; Hartert, p. 575; Grant
(1), p. 71; id. (2), p. 19.

Common on roads, jungle paths and streams throughout the
Peninsula from August to April.

22C. LniOyiDROJIU.S iyi)ICU>S-THE FOREST AVAGTAIL.

Limonidromus indicus (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 532 ; (V?. (3), p. 278.

Collected by Wray ou the Larut Hills, probably on migration ; it
has been met with in large flocks among the mangroves ou the
coastal districts of Selangor during the winter months.

227. AXrUUS MAC UL AT i-.S-Tm-. IXUIAX TREE I'lPIT.

Authus maculatus (Hodgs.) ; Sharjje, Cat. Birdii Brit. Mn^., x.,
p. 547 (1885); Butler,^. 21.

Butler's specimen, shot on Larut Hills at a height of about 3,700 ft.
in March, 1898, is the only recoixl of this Indian sjiecies for the Malay
Peninsula. It is only a winter visitor to Tenasscrim, but is found
during that season in Saigon and Southern China.

Omitted bv me in mv Hand-list of the Birds of the Malav Peninsula,
auiea, p. 82.

NECTARINIIDJ^.

228. .LTUOI'lOA irRAlI-WRW'H SUXlilRI).

^'Ethopyga wrayi, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 410, pi. xxxviii., fig. 2 ;
Bull'^r, p. 21 : Hartert, p. 573 ; Grant (1), p. 74; id. (2). p. 19.

Common on all the Peninsula hills, exceeding 3,000 ft. in height,
but not found south of G-unong Ulu Kali in Selangor.

The specimen from Bukit Kutu that I recorded as J'Jthopi/ya ano-
mala (ante<i, p. 82, No. 588j should be referred to this species ; it is a
mounted specimen in bad condition, lacking most of the feather.5 of the
rump.

21 •]

•220, .^nroproA TE}r.irr.ycKr-noR^piF.LT)A scarlet suxbtrd,

iEtliopyga teuiniincki (S. Miill.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
ix., p. 16 (1884) ; Bohinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mas., i., p. 28
(1905).

Bukit Kutu, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. November, 1900. A. L. Biitlor [c].
Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. Novoiiibor, 1907.

Somewhat rare and local, and apparently restricted to a very narrow
zone in altitude. Fairly common on Gunong Angsi, Negri Semlnlan,
at a height of about 2,7<»0 ft. in November, 1904. Not met with
on the higher hills.

2.30. .J7TnOPVGA ^.YO.l/^X^— ABBOTT'S SUNBIRD.

J<]thopvga anoniala, Kichmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns., xii,, p. 319
(1900).

This species has been described as near JE. sattiratior ; it appears,
however, to be closer to J?, vn-ayi, from w^hich it only differs in lack-
ing the yellow rump band.

231. ANTHOTnnEPTEl^i lilTODOL.EMA-finELLEY'^ SrXBTRT).

Anthothreptes rhodolaema, Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin, p. 13;
Harteri, Nov. Zool, ix., pp. 203, 209, 574 (1908).

1 cannot recognise this species amongst the very large series of
Anthothreptes malaccensis in the Selangor Museum.

232. ANTHOTHREPTES HrPOGEAMMICA-TllE BANDED SUNBIRD.

Anthothreptes hypogrammica (S. Milll.) ; Gadow, t.c, p. 112 ;
Hartert, p. 574; Grant (1), p. 73; id. (2), p. 19.

(J . Semangko Pass, 3,-500 ft. Fe1)i-uary, 1908.

2 (? , 2 9 . Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. October, 1907.
Abundant in deep jungle from 200-2,300 ft,, taking the place of

Anthothrei^tes malaccensis, which is never found far from cultivation.

2.33. CHALCOPARIA SIXGALEXSIS-TB.E RUBY THROAT.

Anthothreptes phaenicotis (Temm.) ; Gadoir, t.c, p. 121.

Chalcoparia singalensis, Hartert, p. 574.

Collected by Waterstradt on Gunong Tahan between 2,000 and
5,000 ft. ; fairly common in the Selangor low country.

%?,i. ARACHXOTHERA LOyGIROSTRK-THE LOXG-BILLED SPIDER

HUNTER.

Araehnothera longirostris (Lath.) ; Gadoxo, t.c, p. 103 ; Sharpe,
p. 441 ; Hartert, p. 574 ;■ Grant (1), p. 71.

(J . Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. Februar;-, 1908.
The only specimen I have met with on the hills.

214

•2.«. AliACIISOTIIEn.l MODESTA-THE DILI. SPIDER HFXTER.

Arachuothera modesta (Eytou) ; Gadoiv, t.c, p. 107 ; Hartert,
p. 57-i; Grant (1), p. 72.

Scmaiigko Pass, 2,700 ft. November, 1900. A. L. Butler [c].

Common in the low countrv, but evidently rare on the hills.

2K. ARACIIXOTIIERA J/.IG.V.I-THE STREAKED SPIDER HUXTER.

Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.) ; Gadoiv, t.c, p. 105 ; Sharpe (2),
p. 441 ; ButJer, p. 21 ; Grant (1), p. 73; id (2), p. 19.

Common on all the high hills of the Peninsula above 3,000 ft.
as far south as Guuoug Ulu Kali.

2:17. ARACIIXOTIIEKA CUASSIROSTEIS-'mY. THICK-IULLED SPIDER

HUNTER.

Arachnothera crassirostris (Reichenb.) ; Gadoir, t.c, ]i. 102 ;
Bonhote, p. 64; Grant (1), p. 72.

A male was collected at Tel6m, 3,500 ft. 1st December, 1908.

Widely distributed throughout the Peninsula, but decidedly rare.

DICMIDM.

238. mC.EUM TRTGOXOSTIGMA-THVl ORANGE-BILLED PLOWER-

PECKER,

Dicseum trigonostigma (Scop.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., x.,
p. 38 (1885) : Bonhote, p. 65; Hartert, p. 575; Grant (1), p. 75; id.
(2), p. 20.

(J?, Ginting Bidei, Sclangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.

The upper limit, from which this species has been recorded, is about
3,300 ft. In orchard laud and low country secondary growth, it is
common.

23.0. mC.EUJf IGXIPECTU/i-THE FIRE-BREASTED FLOWER-PECKER.

Dicaeum ignipectus (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 41 ; Sharpe (2),
p. 441 ; Bonhote, p. 65 ; BNfhr,p. 22 ; HarteH, p. 575 ; Grant (1), p. 75 ;
id. (2), p. 20.

Met with on nearly all the moimtains of the Peninsula, but not
particularly common on any of them and not found lx.'low about
3,500 ft.

2K). PRIOXOCIIILUS T/IORAC/CiS- THE Sf'ARLET THROATED FLOWER-
PECKER.

Prionochilus thoracicus CTemm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 67; Grant (2),
p. 19.

The three sj»ecimens collected on Gunong Tahan appear to loe the
only record of the species from the Peninsula in recent years. It is,
however, said to occur in " Malacca."

215

2tl. PRWXOCIIILUS JIACULATUS-TUE SPOTTED FLOWKR I'ECKKR.

Prionochilus luacvilatus (Temin.) ; Sharpe, i.e., p. 69 ; Butler,
p. 22 ; Hartert, p. 575 ; Grant (2), p. 20.

Giuting Bidei, Selaiigor, 2,300 ft. Jlay, 190S.

Not normally found in the hill country at any great height, bufc
fairly common at the above locality, where numerous specimens were
<;-ollected.

ZOSTEEOPID.E.

2t2. ZO.STEROP.^ TAITAXEXSIS-'iaE T'PLAXD WHITE EYE,

Zosterops aureiveuter, Hartert (nee Hume), p. 575; Grant (nee
Hume), (1), p. 75.

Zosterops tahanensis, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix.. No. cxxvii., p. 9
(1906) ; Id. (2), p. 21.

<? , 2 $ . Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. Jlay, 1908.

These three skins, when compared with a series of twenty-one speci-
mens of typical Z. aureiventer, Hume, fi'om the coasts of the Malay
Peninsula and the islands in the immediate vicinity, clearly show the
differences pointed out by Mr. Grant — viz., a darker green upper surface
and darker grey under parts. In addition, the throat is a dull greenish
yellow, not bright clear yellow as in Z. aureiventer, and the white ring
round the eye is not so broad.

SUMMARY.

On summarising the foregoing list, we find that the mountains of
the Malay Peninsula above the height of 2,300 ft. — the altitude of the
Ginting Bidei Pass — are now known to be inhabited by 242 species,
which, with very few exceptions, are I'epi-esented by recently collected
specimens of undoubted authenticity ; of these 157 species are also
met with at lower altitudes, and may be divided into the following'
<--lasses :

A. — Migrants of wide distribution and of no importance for

Poliomyias luteola
Turdiis obscurus
Petrophila gidaris
Larvivora cyanea
Acanthopueuste coronata
Motacilla melanope
Limonidroraus iudicus
15. Dicrurus annectens

faunal discussion :

Eallina superciliaris

Caprimulgus jotaka

Cypselus pacificus

10.

Cacomantis meruliuus

11.

Hierococcyx fugax

12.

Hirundo gutturalis

13.

Alseonax latircstris

14.

21(1

Ceyx trklactyla

CoUocalia iuuominata

Chaetura iuclica

Dichoceros bicoruis

10.

Ehopodytos tristis

11.

Geeiuiilus viridis

12.

B. — Species raiit:ci"i,' from Burma or Tenassrrim to the Malay
Peninsula, but uo further — i.e., species of Contiuental Type -.

Pericrocotus flammifer
^thorhynchus lafresnayei
Pycnonotus finlaysoni
Herponiis zantholeuca
Geocichla innotata
Cittociucla macrux-a

C. — Species distributed from Tenasserim or beyond, through the
Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo — i.e., species of Generalised
Malayan Type :

Calyptomena viridis
Eurylsemus javanicus
Corydon sumatranus
Cyornis unicolor
Cyomis tickelliae
Terpsiphone aflBnis
Philentoma velatum
Philentoma pyrrhoptevum
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Cliloropsis zosterops
Cliloropsis cyanopogon
Heniixus malaccensis
Microtarsus melanoleucus
Criniger tephrogenys
Alophoixus phaeocephalus
Trachycomus ochrocephalus-
Tricholestes criniger
Pycnonotus simplex
Eiibigula cyaniventris
Turdinus abbotti
Setaria magnirostris
Drymocataphus nigricapita-

tus
Copsychus miisicus
Orthotomus atrigularis
Melanochlora fiavocristata
Dissemiu-us paradiseus
Chaptia malayensis
Chalcoparia singalensis
Munia acuticauda
Anthothreptes hypogram-

mica
Arachnothera modesta
Arachnothera longirostris
Arachnothera crassirostris
69. DicsFjum trigonostigma

Rollulus roulroul

36.

Butreron capellei

37.

Treron nipalensis

38.

Macropygia ruficeps

39.

Chalcophaps indica

40.

Accipirer gularis

41.

Ictinaetus malayensis

42.

Spizaetus alboniger

43.

Alcedo eur}zona

44.

10.

Rhytidoceros undulatus

45.

11.

Anorrhiniis guleritus

46.

12.

Berenicornis comatus

47.

13.

Ehinoplax vigil

48.

14.

Nyctiornis amicta

49.

15.

Chaetura leucopygialis

50.

16.

Tachornis infiniuita

51.

17.

Macropteryx lougipenuis

52.

18.

Macropteryx comata

53.

19.

Pyrotrogon duvauceli

54.

20.

Pyrotrogon orescius

55.

21.

Surniculus lugubris

56.

22.

Centropus sinensis

57.

23.

Zanclostomus javanicus

24.

TJrococcvx ervthrognathus

58.

25.

Calorhamphus hayi

59.

26.

Cyanops mystacophanes

60.

27.

Geciuus observandus

61.

28.

Gauropicoides rafflesi

62.

29.

Pyrrhopicus porphyromehis

63.

30.

Miglyptes gi-ammithorax

64.

31.

Miglyptes tukki

65.

32.

Micropternus brachyurus

33.

Chry'Sf)jihk'gnia malaccense

66.

34.

Chrysophlegma humii

67.

35.

Hemicercus sordidus

68.

217

D. — Species ranging from the islands oi Sumatra, Borneo, or Java
to the Malay Peninsula, but not to Tenasserim— ?.(?., species of Insular
Type :

1. Khizothera longirostris

2. Osmotreron olax
a. Ptilinopus jambu

4. Carpophaga baclia

5. Buceros rhinoceros

6. Lyncoruis temmincki

7. Collocalia linchi

8. Chsetura gigantea

9. Pyrotrogon neglectus

10. Rhopodytes sumatranus

11. Chotorhea chrysopogon

12. Chotorhea versicolor

13. Mesobucco duvauceli

14. Chrysocolaptes validus

15. Sasia everetti

16. Erythromyias muelleri

17. Gerygone modiglianii

18. Hypothymis azurea

19. Rliinomyias pectoralis

20. Stoparola thalassinoides

21. Lalage culminata

22. Chloropsis icterocephala

23. Hemixus cinereus

24. lole olivacea

25. Criniger finscliii

26.
27.

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

Rubigula webberi
Eupetes niacrocercus
Pomatorhinus borneensis
Turdinus sepia ri us
Setaria cinerea
Anuropsis malaccensis
Alcippe cinerea
Staclivris davisoni
Stachyris poliocephala
Stachyris leucotis
Stachyris nigricollis
Kenopia striata
Mixornis gularis
Macronus ptilosus
Myiophoneus dicrorliynchus
Geocichla interpres
Hydrocichla ruficapilla
Trichixus pyrrhopygus
Sutoria maculicollis
Lanius tigrinus
Tephrodornis gularis
^thopyga temmiucki
Anthothreptes rhodolaema
Prionochilus thoracicus
Prionochilus maculatus

E. — The following species are peculiar to the Malay Peninsula :
Species.
Sphenocercus sp.

2. Svrnium maingavi

3. Pernis tweedalii

4. Indicator malayanus

5. Irena cyanea

6. Turdinus macrodactj'lus

7. Turdinulus granti

8. Stachyris poliogaster

9. Platylophus ardesiacus

Nearest allv.

Sp. apicicauda
S. indranee
P. cristatus

I. archipelagicus
I. puella
T. rufipectus
T. roberti
S. rufifrons
P. coronatus

D. frontalis

Local it}'.

Tenasserim
S. India
Tenasserim and

Borneo
Borneo
Tenasserim
Sumatra
Tenasserim

>»

Sumatra and

Borneo
Tenasserim

10. Dendrophila saturatior

Out of the 142 species that remain in this section, after excluding
15 migrant forms, no less than 122 are of distinctly Malayan type,
while only 20 are confined to the mainland of Asia or, in the case of
peculiar species, most closely related to species so confined.

218

We may, therefore, conclude that the bulk of the submontane avi-
fauna (and by submontane is meant the region from about 3,000 ft.
in altitude to the limits of the coastal zone) has been derived from the
Sunda Islands to the East, West and South, and has not spread over
the Peninsula by way of Tenasserim and Burma.

The remaining 85 species in the list are, so far as is at present
known, strictly coutined to the mountains above 3,000 ft., and include
the greater portion of the species peculiar to the Peninsula.

On analysing the list in the same manner as the preceding section,
Ave tind that —

Seven species are migrants, met within the winter only :

1. Cuculus polioceplialus

2. Hemichelidon ferruginea
o. Hemichelidon fuliginosa

4. Cyanoptila bella

5. Cichloselys sibirica

6. Mouticola solitaria

7. An thus maculatus
Eighteen species occur elsewhere in the mountains of Tenasserim — viz.,

o.
4.
5.

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Syrnium newarense
Glaucidium brodiei
Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus
Cyanops ram say i
Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis
P.sarisumus dalhousise
Nitidula hodgsoui
Pericrocotus fratereulus
Chloropsis hardwickii

Eleven are high level Sumatran species-

1. Macropygia leptogrammica 6.

2. Cyanops oorti ! 7.

3. Psilopogon pyrolophus j 8.

4. Niltava decipiens j 9.
o. Cryptolopha trivirgata 10.

11. Pnoepyga lepida

Three species are found elsewhere only in Borneo

Criniger ochraceus
Otocompsa flaviveutris
Drymocataphus tickelli
Pteruthius seralatus
Mesia argentauris
Notodela leucura
Henicurus sehistaceus
Arachnothera magna
Dicseum ignipectus

-viz.,

Melauocichla lugubris
Rhinoci(.'hla mitiuta
Stachyris bocagei
Turdinus loricatus
Sibia simillima

1 . Phvllerjrates cinereicollis

VIZ.,

Abrornis schwaneri

3. Muscicapula westernianui
Four are common to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo-

-viz.,

1. Pericrocotus montanus

2. Oriolus consanguineu.s

3. Hierococcyx bocki

4. Picumnus innominatus

Three are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Cochin-
china— viz.,
1. Chsetura cochinchinensis

I 2. Cyornis concreta

3. Bhringa remifer *

* Also in Java.

219;

Two range from Touasscriiu to Borneo— viz.,

1, Hemipus pieatus *

2. Rhipi(lnraalbicollis(:
Salvad.)

: at rata,

One is met with only in Malay Peninsula, Java and Timor — viz.,

1. Dendrophila aznrea

While the remaining 36 species are peculiar to the Malay Peninsula.

Mountain species peculiar to the Malay Peninsula, with their
nearest allies :

Name.

Allied species.

Loc.ility.

Eheinwardtius nigrescens

Ti. ocellatus

Indo-Chiiia

Arboricola campbelli

A. rubrirostris

Sumatra

Polyplectrou inopiuatus

P. chalcunis

Sphenocercus robinsoni

( Sp. korthalsi
( Sp. permaguus

Loo Choo Is-

lands

Heteroscops vulpes

H. lucifB

Borneo

G-ecinus rodgeri

G-. chlorogaster

Tenasserim

Grecinus robinsoni

G. occipitalis

Chrysophlegma wrayi

Ch. tlavinucha

j»

Serilophiis rothschildi

S. lunatus

10.

Anthipes malayana

A. submoniliger

11.

Cyornis malayensis

C. oatesi

12.

Muscicapula malayana

M. hyperythra

13.

Cryptolopha butleri

C. castaneiceps

Himalayas

14.

Cryptolopha davisoni

C. montis

Borneo

15.

Artamides larutensis

A. larvatus

Java

16.

lole peracensis

I. tickelli

Tenasserim

17.

Gampsorhyuchus saturatior Ct. torquatus

18.

Trochalopterou peninsulse

T. melanostigma

>»

19.

Pomatorhinus wrayi

P. tickelli

20.

Corythocichla leucosticta

C. striatixs

>»

21.

Alcippe peracensis

A. nipalensis

>»

22.

Pseudominla soror

P. castaneiceps

»>

23.

Myiophoneiis robinsoni

M. cvaneus

Java

24.

Brachvptervx Avravi

B. nipalensis

Tenasserim

25.

Siva malayana

S. castaneicauda

26.

Siva sordidior

S. sordida

>»

27.

Cutia cervinicrissa

C. nipalensis

Karen-nee

28.

Pteruthius tahanensis

P. melanotis

Tenasserim

29.

Oreocichla affinis

0. horstieldi

Java

30.

Suya waterstradti

S. superciliai'is

Tenasserim

( Cissa minor

Sumatra

31.

Cissa i-obinsoni

( C. Jeffrey i

Borneo

32.

Pyrrhula waterstradti

P. nipalensis

Tenasserim

* Hemipuft i)ifeniicdiut!, Salvad., in Sumatra.

220

Name,

33. Cliloruiu sp.

34. .EthopYga auomala

35. .Ethopyga wravi

36. Zosterops taliaueu.sis

Allied epecies,
C. borneeusis
M. saturata
M. satiirata
Z. aurei venter

LooalKy.
Boi'ueo
Teuasseriin

T e u a s s e r i m ,
Java

With refjard to the range of the eudoinie Peniusulav fonni«, it may
Ix^ noted that thev are verv evenly distributed throiio-hout the main
range, from as far north as has been explored to Gunong Uhi Kali in
Selangor ; south of Gintiug Bidei in Selangor, practically all disappear ;
Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan, 3,000 ft., app., and Mt. Ophir
on the borders of Malacca and Johore possessing none

The hills behind Lakon in the N.-E. Coast of the Peninsula, which
attain a height of over 5,000 ft. and have not yet lieen explored, may
possibly yield fiu'ther species, in view of tlie fact that the Traug hills
on the same latitude on the West Coast, which are, however, of less
elevation, undoubtedly possess certain mountain forms ; the specific
distinctness, however, of a proportion of the forms described therefrom
is open to question.

Further analysis of this list of 77 resident mountain species
discloses the fact that the larger proportion is derived from Teuasserim
and the mainland of Asia, and not from the Sunda Islands, as is the case
with the submontane forms, which is clearlv shown bv the f<^)llowing
tables :

Submontane avifauna, 142 species —

Xo.

Vn' cent,

Peculiar species

7.0

Species occurring on mainland only

9.3

„ ,, islands only ...

35.2

„ of continental facies

14.1

„ of insular facies

122

85.9

outane avifauna, 77 species —

No.

Per cent.

Peculiar species

46.8

Species occun'ing on mainland only

23.4

„ „ islands only ...

23.4

,, of continental facies

57.1)

36.4 [.

6.5)

„ of insular facies

Neuti-al

100

On going through the list in detail, one is struck, ou the whole, by
the lack of differentiation in the species : for, tliough 46 out of the 242
are not found elsewhere, hardly any of them are much more than sub-
species and only nine or ten are really distinct forms. The mountains
of the Malay Peninsula have been about equally well explored with
Kina Balu, and what they lack in height, as compared with tliat
mountain, they make up in area. The present list comprises 242

221

species iueluded in 17G yeuera, while Whitehead records 1-51) sjjecies
ill 124 yeiiera from the Boriieaii mouutaiu.

But the Malay Peninsula contains no peculiar genus, while Kiua
Balu possesses no less than seven — viz.,

ChlamydochEera

Oreoctistes
Chlorocharis

Orthuocichla
AUocotops
Audrophilus
Hsematortvx

Several genera occur both in Tenasserim, Borneo and Sumatra,
but find no representative species in the Malay Peninsula — viz.,
Merula | Staphidia

Garrulax
nor ai*e—

Cettia I Hyloterpe

found on Kiiia Balu, met with here.

On the other hand, Himalayaic genera, not met with in the Suuda
Islands, occur in the Peninsula — viz.,
Seiilophus

Nitidula

Gampsorhyuchus

Trochalupteron

Pseudomiula
Siva
Cutia
Pyrrhula

As do also representatives of the Sumatran genera
Chalcurus (Polyplectron)
Psilopogon

Khinocichla
Melauocichia

which are not met with either in Tenasserim or Borneo.

Those few mammals that are known to be confined to the high
mountains support the view that the fauna of the central chain has
been very largely derived from the continental land masses to the ^ortli.
These species are :

Name. Nearest ally. Locality.

Sciurus castaneiveutris griseo- Sc. c. griseopcctus Assam
pectus

Sciurus tenuis tahau Sc, tenuis Low countrv,

Malay Penin-
sula

Seiurus macclellandi novemii- Sc. inc. tyi»icus Tenasserim

neat us

Fuuambulus rufigenis beliieldi F. rufigenis typicus ,,

Mus ciliatus Mus edwardsi

Mus ferreocanus Mus berdmorei

Mus bukit Mus jerdoni

In conclusion, it may, I think, be taken as proved :

(1) That the origin of the submontane species of the Peninsula
is Indo-Malayan and comparatively recent in time, the si^ecies have
spread N.-W, from the Sunda Islands rather than S.-E. from Burma.

Yunnan

Mergui

Tenasserim

222

(2) That the actual mouutaiu fauna i« couijwsed of two elemeuts —
viz.,

(a) Coutiueutal,

(b) Sumatrau,

(rt) is largely in excess aud consists of species, fov the
most part, identical or only sliyrhtly differentiated
from the congeneric forms in Teuasserim and
Burma at similar elevations ;

(b) is less dominant and comprises species identical
with or verv closelv allied to West Sumatrau
mouutaiu species.

(3) That the connection with the Borneau mountain fauna is very
distant. "We may also infer that, at some geological epoch by no
means distant, the land area of the Peninsula was very much less than
is at present the case, and that the connection with Teuasserim has
l>een continuous or only interrupted for very brief spaces both in tiuie
aud distance.

(4) That there has been a direct land connection with Sumatra, also
in comparatively recent times.

(o) That the southern portion of the Peninsula — from some point
N. of the mouth of the Muar Kiver, including Mt. Ophir, and the area
on the east side of the Peninsida, south of the Pahang Eiver, at its
confluence with the Triang — has been at some very recent time discon-
nected with the mainland. This is shown, by the entire absence of all
Teuasserim and endemic species of birds, and by the fact that the line
roughly indicated is the southern boundary of such continental
mammals, as Sc. concolor and Sc. macddlandi ; while it is the
northern limit of such insular forms as Sus vittatus and Sc. penin-
eularis.

F.M.S. Government I'ress.

University of Toronto
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