JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS.
Science,
JOURNAL
OF THE
FEDERATED MALAY STATES
MUSEUMS.
VOL. V.
February, i913, to March, i915.
KUALA LUMPUE: ^
PHINTED AT THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1915.
275—3-15.
CONTENTS.
No. 1.
Page.
Notes on the Non-Malayan Rsices of the Malay Peninsula ; Notes on the
Besisi of Tarnboh, Kuala Langat, Selangor, by I. H. N. Evans ... 1
Notes on Birds now to, or rare in, the Malay Peninsula (third sei'ies), by
H. C. Robinson .. .. ... ... 15
No. 2.
List of a small collection of Birds and Mainnuds from Gunong Kerbau,
Perak, by H. C. Robinson .. ... ... ... ... .. ... 23
On a collection of Plants from Guuoug Mengkuang Lebali, Selangor,
by H. N. Ridley ...' 28
On a further collection of Mammals and Birds from the Hills of Negri
Sembilan, by H. C. Roljinson and C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... 51
Measurements of some Biduanda (Mantra) of Ulu Kenaboi, Jelebu, by
C. Boden Kloss (Pis. III-XIII) 57
Notes on the Manufacture of Damascened Spear and Knife Blades in the
Malay States, by 1. H. Evans (PI. XIV) ... 59
Notes on the Aborigines of Lenggoug and Kuala Kenering, Upper Perak,
by I. H. Evans (PI. XV) ... ' 64
Notes on the Aborigines of the Ulu Langat and Kenaboi Districts of
Selangor and Jelebu, by L H.Evans ... ... ... ... ... 74
No. :l
On a Collection of Birds from the Siamese Province of Bantlon, N. E. Malay
Peninsula, by H. C. Robinson ... ... ... ... ... ... 83
On a Collection of Mammals from the Siamese Province of Bandon, N. E.
Malay Peninsula, by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss .. ... Ill
The Zoology of Koh Samui and Koh Penuan —
I. Introduction, by H. C. Robinson .. ... ... ... ... 128
II. Mammals, by H. C. Robinson anil C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... 130
III. Birds, by H. C. Robinson 139
Reptiles and Batrachians from Bandon, Koh Samui and Koh Pennau, by
H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... ... ... 153
Two New Orchids from the Province of Bandon, S. W. Siam, by H. N. Ridley 156
Plants of Koh Samui and Koh Pennan, by H. N. Ridley ... ... ... 158
No. 4.
List of a small collection of Mammals and Birds from the Krau River,
Western Pahang, by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss ... ... 169
Notes on the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Ijok in the District of Selama,
Perak, by L H. N. Evans (PI. XVI) 176
Additional Notes on the Senumg Paya of Ijok, Selama, Perak, by
H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss (Pis. XVI— XXV) 187
Notes on some Aboriginal Tribes of Pahang by I. H. N. Evans
(Pis. XXVI— XXXVIII) 192
Remarks on some Races of Cynopterus by Dr. K. Andersen and C. Boden
Kloss 220
A new name for JLTms OTJcrorfo«, Kloss ... ... ... ... ... ... 223
NOTES OX THE NON-MALAYAN RACES OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA.
TT is proposed, from time to time as materials accumulate, to publish
in this journal brief accounts of the various non-Mabommedan
tribes of the Malay Peninsula, derived in all cases from actual and
recent obsei'vations. The status of many of the communities has
changed, and is chanj^ing, so rapidly that it seems desirable to place
on record with as little delay as may besucli information as has been
obtained, even though the facts aie not novel or apparently trivial,
t'esei-^'ing to some future period any j^eneral con-elation of i-esults or
discussion of the facts alread}' i-ecorded or recently elicited.
For the convenience of persons more specially interested a biblio-
graphy is given with each sei'ies of notes, the papei's marked witli an
asterisk referi-ing entirely to the district undei- discussion, while those
not so marked are of a more general charactei'.
H. C. Robinson.
L— NOTES OX THE RESIST OF TAMROH, KUALA LANGAT.
SELANGOR.
Hv I. H. X. KVAXS. R.A., AssisTAXT. F.M.S. IMiseums. '
(Plates I and Q.)
[Skeat and Blaoden. —
"The Pagan Tribes of tlic ^lalay Pftiinsula.'" Two Volumes.
London, 1905.
Martin, Rudolf. —
"Die Inlandstjimme der ^lalayischen Halbiiisel." Jena. 1905.
Wilkinson, R. J. —
"Papers on Malay Subjects." Supplement: "The Aboriginal
Tribes."' Kuala Lumpur, 1910.
* Bellamy, G. —
"The Sakais of Selangor, Kuala Langat." Selangor Journal, iii, pp.
224-280. Kuala Lumpur, 1895. (Reprinted from a Government
Report, dated 1886.)
* Skeat, W. W.—
"Vocabulary of the Besisi Dialect." Journ. Straits Branch Royal
Asiatic Society, No. 29, p. 13, et. seq. (1896). Singapore.
Skeat, W. W.—
" Sakai Tribes in Selangor, Kuala Langat District.'' Selangor
Journal, v, pp. 325-333, 361-366, 392-395. Kuala Lumpur, 1896.]
' A few paragraphs in scjiiare brackets [ ] have been added by me.—
H. C. Robinson.
Jan., 1913,
The following notes were mrftle in the months- of May and June,
1912, during a ten days' stay among tlie Besisi of Tamboh, in the
Kuala Langat District of Selangor, situated on the coast, about half-
way between Batu and Sepang.
The Besisi though still clinging to a certain degree to their old
roving habits have been gi'eatly affected by the advance of civilization,
man}' of them now even being able to ride bicycles, which they
borrow from the Chinamen. In clothing, with some slight modifica-
tions, they follow Malay fashions and bark cloth is no longer made.^
The use of the blowpipe also appears to be rapidly dying out, partly,
the Besisi told me, owing to much ground having been cleared in
the neighbourhood, which makes it difficult for them to find an
Ipoh ti'ee (Antiari/i toxicaria) fi^om wliieh to obtain poison for their
darts.
1. ^'AME OF TEIBE.
The Kuala Langat aborigines will not acknowledge the name
hesisi as a tribal designation but call themselves aeliahat or sabat.
What they say is this: "The hill jDeople whom we call orang bukit
call our speech sisl. We call the hill people orang bulcit but their
language blandas. The name of our people is orang sabat, that of
our language sisi.'^
[The term " Besisi "* has become so standardised as connoting a
perfectly definite section of the aboriginal population that the sub-
stitution of a new name, even if technically correct, would only cause
confusion in the literature. In this series of papers, therefore, Besisi
will continue to be used.]
2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS.
Haib. — The hair is generally cut quite close to the head, though
some of the m.en prefer to let it grow to two or two and a half
inches in length. A few of the boys wear it in the manner of
Malay children who have not yet been circumcised, others again have
it cut short, and in one case I observed that a youth's head had been
shorn so as to leave a rather long curly fringe about two inches broad
in front, while the hinder parts of the head were covered with only
short hair. This boy's hair besides being curly showed a distinct
reddish tinge. A tendency to ulotrichy was observed in several
individuals, but though in the case of the boy above mentioned the
ringlets were fairly tightly wound, the}" could not be compared with
the peppercorn structure which I have seen in photographs of typical
Semang.
Skin Colour. — The average skin colour is No. 29 of Broca's chart
for the body, and between 28 and 29 for the face, the skin colour of
1 The Besisi of Morib, Batu, and the vicinity both made and used bark
cloth as late as the middle of 1908.— H. C. R.
Jouin. F.M.S. Mus.^Vol. V.
PI. 1.
the yoniiLi' l)'in'j usnally lij^Iitor tliau that of adults. In many casos it
was noted that the skin of the body was as dark or sometimes darker
than that of the face ; tliis may possibly be due to the Besisi being a
people who are not very cleanly in their persons and partly also to
their being largely occupied in fishing, during wliich employment, no
doubt, the majority of their clotlies are discarded.
Faciax Appearance. — The cheek-bones are, as a rule, fairly pro-
minent. In a few men the angle of the lower jaw was very much
develoi)ed, which gave the face a very square appearance. The fore-
head was generally low and somewhat rounded. The eyes in some
cases were set at a considerable angle fi-om the horizontal and tlie
Mongolian Fold was developed to a very slight extent in a few
individuals.
Measurements. — The length and breadtli of tlie liead were taken
in twenty-five adult males.
The greatest length was 1S8 mm. and tlie least 1G8 mm., the mean
being 176.9 mm.
The greatest breadth was 148 mm. and the least 136 mm., the
mean being 142.0 mm.
The average cephalic index was S0.2, I'angini;- from 84.6 to
7.3.1.
The Besisi ai'e, tlicivfore, just on the lower limit of liraeliyccphaly
and have a cephalic iiule.x about four jxiints Ixdow the Peninsula)-
Malay who averages al)out 84.
So. Head Len^'tli. Head Breadth. Cephalic Inde.x.
Mm. Mm.
1 ... 181 ... 147 ... 81.2
2 ... 174 ... 140 ... 80.4
3 ... 180 ... 143 ... 79.4
4 ... 169 ... 143 ... 84.6
5 ... 176 ... 147 ... 83.5
6 ... 175 ... 142 ... 81.1
7 ... 178 ... 144 ... 80.8
8 ... 177 ... 141 ... 79.6
9 ... 188 ... 148 ... 78.7
10 ... 173 ... 141 ... 81.5
11 ... 174 ... 141 ... 81.0
12 ... 176 ... 147 ... 83.5
13 ... 175 ... 142 ... 81.1
14 ... 173 ... 137 ... 79.1
15 ... 177 ... 147 ... 83.0
16 ... 176 ... 146 ... 82.9
17 ... 176 ... 139 ... 78.9
18 ... 177 ... 139 ... 78.5
19 ... 170 ... 136 ... 80.0
Head liengih
Head Breadtli.
Cepl
lalic Index.
Mm.
Mm.
183
144
78.6
180
140
77.7
182
141
77.4
186
136
73.1
179
140
78.2
168
138
82.1
No.
20
21
22
23
24
25
Mean ... 176.9 ... 142 ... 80.2
3. MODE OP LIFE.
Tlie main c-rop planted i.s rice, swamp rice, padi liaya, and hill rice,
padi hulcii. The ordinary wet rice, y)adi mwali, which necessitate,'^
ii^rigation, is not grown. Fisliing and trapping are also Besisi occu-
pations and some of the traps are very ingenious. At the present
time a large number of men are working as jungle-fellers on a
neighl)ouring estate, but they are largely in the hands of the local
Chinese shop -keeper's to whom they are always in debt and whom
the local planters find it necessary to employ as intermediaries when
engaging labour. The Chinaman gets a commission on the trans-
action and ensures the repayment of the advances whicli he makes
in money and kind to the Besisi.
4. HOUSES.
The Besisi house is genei^ally a wretched and very dirty one-
roomed bamboo-walled hut, raised on piles, containing only a few
cooking pots, mats, fish traps and possibly a spear or blowpipe. The
Batin's bouse was the cleanest and best built of any that I visited ;
it was roofed with palm leaves, and besides the usual rough house-
hold furnishings contained some fine mats and a couple of handsome
blowpipes.
The Besisi seems to shift house pretty frequently as the soil of
his clearing soon becomes exhausted and he prefers to build again in
the fx'esh ladang rather than walk to it from his old hut. This
custom, of course, militates greatly against any development of the
art of house-building.
The fireplace is of earth, banked in by pieces of wood, and is
placed near a wall in the only rooan. As in jSIalay liouses there is
generally a shelf above it on which cooking pots and firewood are
stored,
.5. MANUPACTIJRES.
A list of the collections obtained- from the Besisi is given below.
Many articles in- everyday use are, of course, obtained fi'om the
Malays and Chinese, among these being cloth, jewellery, pots and
pans, spears, etc. Srome things, such as di-ums (rebana and gendang)
and kites, though probably of Malay origin, are at the present time
Joiirn. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PI. II.
/. H. .V. Evans. Photo.
Besisi Boys. Ta.mboh, Selangor.
made by the Be.si.si themselves, who also produce excellent pandan
aud inengkuang mats and baskets, snares of rotan, and blowpipes.
The musical instruments observed, besides those mentioned above,
were two forms of flute, a bamboo " harp " with sti-ings of rotan (the
instrument known to Malays as gendang batak) and liamboo
stampers. They told me that the fruit season is the gi'eat time for
giving musical parties.
The Besisi praliu follows tlie Malay pattern.
COLLECTIONS MADE AMONG THE BESISI (OKANG SABAT), TAMBOH,
KUALA LAXGAT, SELAXGOK, MAY-JUNE, 1912.
Basket Woek, Traps and Eope. —
(1) Rice sack {karomj bras) made oi paudav with dyed red pattern.
Height, 517 mm. ; diameter, 231 mm.
(2) Small mat of fine work, ornamented with violet d\e. in two
layers, face of pandan, back of meugkimng. Uppei- layer
the finest work. Edges bound with red cloth. 660 mm.
by 345 mm.
(3) Round open pinang basket of pandan, white Avith plaited
ornaments. Diameter, 135 mm.
(4) Small covered tobacco basket (bujam) made of white pandan,
corners peaked at top and bottom. 120 mm. by 60 mm.
(5) Small pinang pouch (upau) made in two pieces ; of pandan,
decorated with violet dye. 55 mm. by 53 mm.
(6) Small circulai-. closed gamhir basket of pmndan with raised
points on base and lid (tumboh). Diameter, 50 mm.
(7) Small betel wallet of yandan with plaited oi'nament, edges
bound with European cloth, fold-over flap with cord, and
double cord for attaching to body. Inner lining (loose) of
coarsely plaited mengkuang. 125 mm. by 90 mm.
(8) Small winnoAving tray (nyiru) pear-shaped in outline, made of
bemban (the stems of Ghnogyne sp.). Length, 420 mm.
(9) Soft carrying basket (Besisi, sentork" klet) made of meng-
kuang with cord of terap bai'k for attaching to body.
(10) Water bailer (Besisi, timba mok) made of the flower spatl)e of
a palm, apparently nibong.
(11) Carrying basket (ambong) of rotan witli cord of tcrap bark.
Height, 356 mm. ; diameter, 230 mm.
(12) Fish trap {bubu) with two compartments and piece of
wood at hinder end wliich slips out to enable the catch
to be extracted. Made of bemban. Length, 560 mm. ;
diameter, 243 mm.
(13) Cord of twisted bark antui (Besisi) kayu geharu (Malay).
[Anfui is a Malay woi-d applied, vide Ridley {Journ.
Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society, No. 30, p. 39, 1897),
6
to Drejjauanthus, a genus of Anonaceous trees, tall and
straight but never of any large size. Geharu is incense
oi" eagle wood, Aqullaria malaccensis, of which there are
several forms, frequently called chandan by Malays. In
the Tembeling the bark of young specimens of the latter
species is also used as cordage.]
(14) Pelanclok trap (Jerat leher) see podea, p. 7.
(15) Pelandok trap (Jerat Jong, jong^kaki) see postea, p. 7.
(16) Bird lime apparatus —
The holde)' is called toniak and the limed sticks tjleger.
[The gettah employed as lime is obtained from tlie kayu
ara (a generic name for species of Ficus), the gettah
itself being called gettah bagto.
Malays and many Sakais use for tliis purpose the gettah
•from wild or cultivated species of chempedak and jack
fruit (Artocarpus spp.). Bagu, according to Wilkinson,
is a plant name doubtfully i-eferable to Gnetum gnemon.^
Musical Instruments. —
(17) Long flute with three stops made of bamboo (ding byu).
Length, 594 mm.
(18) Small flute with three stops and some attempt at ornamenta-
tion (Besisi, Tehon). Length, 357 mm.
The Besisi state that tliey do not use nose flutes.
(19) Two bamboo stampers (Besisi, ding, tengkeng). Lengths 253
and 213 mm. ; diameter, 43 and 39 mm.
(20) Bamboo harp with three rotan strings (Besisi, Ding banyeng).
Length, 410 mm. ; diametei', 38 mm.
Fire-making Apparatus. —
(21) Several sets of saw-nietliod apparatus (Besisi, gesek, sama
chong, chong = covd), saw of rotan, wood kayii mahang
(Macaranga spp. soft wood trees with large leaves), c.f.
postea p. 8.
(22) Several sets of drill-method apparatus (Besisi, gesek sama
te = hands) drill and block of mahang. c.f. postea p. 9.
Blowpipes and Apparatus. —
(23) Blowpipe (Besisi, blau). Mouthpiece, conical. Outer case
decorated towards mouthpiece and also near distal end.
Intervening poi'tion smooth. Distal end covered with
gettah (amhalau). Inner tube in two pieces. Length,
1,772 mm.
(24) Leaves foi- polishing blowpipe darts (Besisi, chinrat domok).
[Skeat (op. cit. i, p. 311) gives this word as chengat.
The leaves are the same as those known to the Malays as
daun niempelas (Dehnia sarmentosa) which are used in
place of sand-paper for polishing by Malay craftsmen.]
(25) Materials for making blowpipe darts, together with one
completed dart.
(2G) Quiver (Besisi. /"/.•) with somewhat conical cap. Inside
lined with i-eeds lashed to quiver to contain separate
darts. Cap filled with down {rabok) from the base of the
leaf stalks of a palm.
Miscellaneous. —
(27) A^arious decorations made by the Besisi for use at a ]\lalay
mai'i'iage — viz. :
Buiuja piiiang ;
Kris ■
Kambo.r (a palm, Zalacca wallichiaiia, Mart.) ;
Bnnga serai (lemon-grass) ;
Suhang (ear-studs) ;
Buah jerei {?jering) (Piihecolobium spp.).
[These ornaments, which are made out of plaited palm leaves, are
very characteristic of many of the Selangor aboriginal tribes.
Dr. Annandale and myself met with similar objects among the
" oraiig bukit "' of tlie Kuala Lumpur district in 1902 (c.f. Fat^cicuU
Malaijenses, Anthropology, i., p. 51, 1903).]
(i. TRAPS.
Pelandok Tkap {Jerat Leher).
The jerat leher is a slip noose trap which is set in a pelandok
(mouse-deer) track. The noose is arranged so that the pelandok shall
get its head into it and in its struggles to become free pull the loop
of the cord from under a peg, Avhich holds down a bent bamboo.
When the tension on tke bamboo is thus i-eleased it springs back to
its original position and in doing so it tightens the cord I'ound the
pelandok's neck, effectually hanging it.
Pelandok Teap {Jerat jong).
Tliis is a noose trap for the feet which is set with a springe and
trigger. A young and flexible bamboo is first fixed upright in the
ground and to the top of it a rotan coid nineteen or twenty inches
long is attached, at the end of which is a small peg, blunt at one end
but sharpened at the other. The rotan cord, which is otherwise
single, is strengthened by its end being twisted round the peg and
then for about an inch upwai'ds. At the upper end of this twisted
portion of the rotan a cord of ti^rap bark is attached which ends in a ring.
Before setting the trap this i-ing is threaded back over the cord so
that a running noose is formed. When the bamboo spi-inge has been
fixed in position and the noose made, a piece of bamboo about sixteen
inches long is taken and bent to form a flat-topped arch. This, when
its ends have been sharpened, is fixed tirmly in. the ground. The
cord with the peg is led under the arch, that with the noose above it.
The peg is placed so as to rest with its blunt end against the top bar
of tlie arch. A U-sliaped framework of rotan, with transverse lash-
ings of the same material, is then placed partly under the arch, and
the portion of the U where the limbs join is raised from the ground
until it is supported by the shai^pened end of the peg. When this has
been done the noose is aiTanged over the rotan framework and the
trap is thus set. Any animal putting its foot into the noose and
treading on the framework underlying it causes the latter to fall.
This releases the small peg oi- trigger from under the arch and the
tension on the I'otan cord being thus relaxed the bamboo springs
back to a moi'e perpendicular position, at the same time tightening
the noose around the animal's leg.
[Both these traps are almost uni^•ersally in use from Nepal and
Assam, eastwards throughout Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula
and all over the Greater Sunda Islands and are used by all the i-aces
inliabiting this area indiffei-ently. A good tigui'e of the second form
described above is given by Ling Roth (The Natives of Sarawak and
British North Borneo, i., pp. 480, 431, figs. 1896).]
7. PATTERNS ON BLOWPIPES.
Whatever the pattei-ns on the Besisi blowpipe may have been in
former times, they are at the present very degenerate, con.sisting as
a rule of meaningless roughly engraved circles running round the
stem. The spaces between these are sometimes filled up with rude
slanting lines running from circle to circle. On one blowpipe there
were a few di-awings Avhich I was told represented spiders (Bes.
janiany). The men said that the circle and the mai'ks between them
had no meaning but wei'e simply decorations.
8. FIRE-MAKING.
Besides the univei'sal Swedish or Japanese match and the flint
and steel, two methods of fire-making are known to the Besisi, which,
however, are now only survivals — the rotan saw and the drill- — the
former being called gesek saona <ihong, Malay, gesek sama tali, the
lattei- gesek sama tee, Malay, gesek sama taiigan.
In the first method a piece of soft diy wood (mahang) twelve or
eighteen inches in length is obtained. In this an oval boat-shaped
hole is made which is about three inches in length and reaches right
thx'ough the wood, having only a small opening on the loAver
surface.
In producing fire, a strip of rotan about two feet long, to the ends
of which two cross pieces of wood are tied to serve as handle.s, is
passed under the piece of soft wood which rests on the ground with
the smaller orifice of the hole directed downwards. When the rotan
has been adjusted so that it covers the smaller hole (a groove is often
cut to receive it) the ends of the piece of wood ai'e held down, each
by one of the fire-maker's feet. The handles of the rotan cord are
then grasped in tlie hands and the x'otan is slowlj' saAved backwax'ds
and forwards over the hole in the under sui'face of the wood. The
pace of the motion is gx^adually increased until the rotau has eaten
9
deeply into the wood, and the dust produced by the fvic-tion begins to
be forced up into the cavity in the bk)ck of wood. After a time this
dust ignites owing to the heat produced by the constant friction, and
the smouldering tinder is tlien turned out and fanned to a blaze. As
soon as fire has been produced the rotan becomes charred in the middle
and snaps into two halves.
In the second method two pieces of the same soft wood are used,
one of these, about a foot long with a diameter of half an inch, being
carefully i-ounded to form a drill, while the other, which may be a
foot or more long, has a vertical V-shaped groove cut into it on one
side, the point of the V being directed inwards. The piece of wood
with the gToove in it is held down with the feet and the drill is then
placed at right angles to the block with its point at the innermost
edge of the cut, where a small cup-shaped depression has been made
to prevent it slipping out and to give it a purchase. The top of the
drill is then taken between the palms of the hands and rubbed down-
wards slowly with a backwards and forwai'ds motion. It is then
re-grasped in a similar mannei- as quickly as possible and the
action repeated again and again. The rapidity of the motion is
gradually increased until a deep liole is formed and the dust from
this falling into the V-shaped cut becomes ignited.
To a European the sawing method is much the easiest of the two
as in the drill method the friction hui'ts the hands and also it is
impossible for a novice to re-grasp the drill at the top quickly enough
when repeating the motion.
9. TIME.
The Batin of the Besisi told me that his people have no method
of measui'ing time other than by nights and days. He said that they
did not know how to count months although they knew that the
moon waxed and waned, nor did they i^eckon time by the taun fadi}
With regard to finding the correct season for rice-planting, when
they thoixght that the time was approaching they asked the Malays
when the fasting month (bidan puasa) began. If they were told
that it was already the hulan puasa they considered that it was time
to plant if the weather was favourable ; if not, they waited for a
change.
10. CEREMONIES.
Taking the Semangat Padi (Rice Soul).
The following account was given to me by tlie Batin :
At the end of the harvest season the paicang- asks the people if
they have all finished reaping and if they answer " Yes," he says
"I will take the semangat padi early this morning." A patch of
padi about as large as could be enclosed b}' the two hands, if the two
index fingers and the two thumbs wei-e placed together, has previ-
ously been left in the clearing. Tlie pawang, taking a small knife
(pisau tvali), reaps this patch. He puts his reapings into a small
^ Rice year. ^ Shaman or magician.
10
bag and hangs it up in his house. Then he burns incense
(kemennyan) under it. Nobody but the pawang may touch the
semarigat. When the new planting season begins the pawang takes
the semangat seed and scatters it in the clearing before anyone else
has sown. On the next day or the day following the general padi
sowing begins. The semangat ceremony is used for padi paya but
not for jJCtdi buhit.
[The last statement is interesting as the planting of padi paya
is probably of comparatively recent date among the Besisi while padi
buJcit has probably always been grown. The semangat ceremonies have,
therefore, almost certainly been adopted from the Malays and cannot
be considered as indigenous.]
Marriage. — The following are a few disconnected statements
concerning marriage customs which I obtained, chiefly from the
Bomor of the Besisi.
It is an unknown thing for a man to have more than two wives,
though several have as many as two.
A man may select a wife from wherever he pleases. There are no
rules regarding the locality from whence she has to be taken.
If both a man and his wife wish for divorce they give cloth to one
another.
Both parties must be willing before a divorce can take place.
The divorce is proclaimed by the Batin.
A man who wishes to take a wife does not have to pay either
money or goods to his wife or her relations. (That is to say, there is
no wife buying.)
A man gives the girl he is to marry money to buy food for the
wedding feast and clothes for the marriage.
Formerly the woman on the marriage day waited at the house of
her mother. The man was carried from his house to that of the
woman and he might not leave it for one or two days. If the wife
was not a virgin connection might take place on the first night ;
otherwise it was considered right to refrain for some days.
Sometimes the man stops on at the house of his wife's parents,
sometimes he makes a house for himself after three or four months.
Tooth-piling. — Both men and women file the six front teeth of
the upper jaw. This was formerly done with a stone but now the
European file is in use. The operation may be performed by any
friend or relation. The bomor told me that the tooth-filing might be
done when people were " chukup besar." As far as I could make out
it takes place at any time after the age of puberty, but always before
marriage.
Tooth-blackening used to be in fashion but is now obsolete.
Tattooing. — I observed tattooing on the arms of one or two men
and women but in every case was informed that it was the work of
Chinamen
11
n. PAXTANGS.
The following Pantangs were collected at Tamboh, chiefly from
the Batin.
Sickness Pantang. — No stranger or ])ei'sori from another house
may go to a liouse where a man is lying sick.
The reason iov this would appear obvious. A man not belonging
to the house might bring with him evil influences oi' spirits whicli
would attack the sick man and j)revent his recovei\y.
Padi Pantangs. —
1. Patitang Tikus — Wlien padi is being planted no one must
fold his coat back over his head. If the pantang is
bi'oken i-ats will eat the crop.
2. Pantang Bahi and Pantang Rum — When the padi has been
planted a man who is going into the jungle must both
leave and retui^n to the clearing by the same path ;
otherwise the deer and pig will enter the crop by one
path and after going through the wliole and damaging it
will leave by another road.
A man Avho breaks this lyantang is therefore symbolically
bringing the pigs right through the crops. Probably, also,
there is an element of common sense underlying the
superstition for if there are many paths leading to a
clearing game will become accustomed to using them and
so to frequenting the clearing itseK.
3. Pantangs with regard to new clearings — When a new clearing
is being made the coat must not he turned back ovei- the
head.
A parang must not be left sticking into the top of a stump.
If it is animals will come and eat the crop or it will not
grow properly.
After the people have worked for the fii'st three days on a new
clearing they must stop work for a day. This is to propitiate the
hantu sheitan.
Fishing Pantangs. — The crocodile must not be mentionoil by his
leal name at sea but must be called ])aiiiang lavf.^
Fish must not be cut up on a half-burnt log (i.e., one which the
fire has eaten) or crocodiles will get into the blat^ and eat the fish.
Pantangs for women after childbirth. — A woman who has
given birth may not eat salt, pepper, fish or the flesh of wild animals
for three days after delivery.
I was informed that tliere are no pantangs for a nian whose wife is
with child.
* The wissard of the sea. - A kind of large st«ke trap for fish.
12
12. RELIGIO>'-.
The Orang Besisi of Tamboh appear to be almost without any
religious beliefs. Possibly they have some and would not tell me
about them, but the Batin denied that they had anything of the kind.
All he would admit was that they had heard of the " Pulau Buah,"
where, according to Skeat. the soul of the Besisi dead are supposed
to go. From his conversation, however, I gathered that he did not
seem to think much of the idea of going to such a place, if in fact, he
did not altogether disbelieve in it.
Ghosts. — Ghosts, however, appear to be firmly believed in and the
following names of hantu were mentioned to me, though I could not
find out in some cases from whence they were derived or what was
their occupation.
Hantu I'oyu (a wood spirit);
.)in Kafir ;
Hantv Sheita)i tneri ;
Hantu Limhas ;
Hantu Kambing (which comes to eat the blood when a
birth takes place).
[The liist mentioned, which should possibly read hantu kembany, is
equivalent to, if not actually derived from, the well-known Malay
penanqgal a 71. \
13. L.\NGUAGK.
General Remarks. — The usual difliculties were experienced in
obtaining translations of words expressing some general idea. Foi-
instance, it was impossible to obtain any word for "brother" (sndara)
though those for eldei- brother and younger brother were at once
given in answer to the question : "'What do you say fot brother'"':'
Again, when the word for "beast" was asked for my informant at
once tried to descend fi-om the general to the particular and started
giving the names for elephant, tiger, etc., being unable to grasp the
full meaning of the question. Much the same sort of difficulty was
experienced in obtaining the Besisi for such words as "I." "thou,"
"he," etc., and "who," "this" and "that."
Numerals. — The Besisi only possess words, distinct from Malay,
for the numerals : 1, 2, 3 they are as follows :
One
mui
Two
' tnhar
Three
iinjye.
Vocabulary. — ■
English.
Malay.
Sisi.
11 em arks.
Back
blakang
kelort"
kelorn
r kelort" merat = The
< or Elephant's
( kelorn. back.
Beast
binatang
p
Big
, besar
(
kadum
kadoi
... u sound
Blood
, darah
* , .
maham
13
English.
Malay.
Si8i.
Remarks.
Boat
. . prahu
pahu
Body
. . badan
, kret
Bone
. . tulang
. ja-arng
Breath
. . nepas
. noi
Brother
.. Sudara iaki ...
?
Child
. . anak
. kenon
Cloud
. . awan
. awan
Day
.. hari
. hari
Ear
. . telinga
. turgg"^ ...
u sound not oo
Earth
,.. tanah
. teh
Eye
, . . Mata
. met
Father
, . . bapa
. werh
Fire
... api
. us ...
oo sound
Fish
. . ikan
. ka
Food
. . makanan
p
Foot
. . kaki
• jong°
Forest
. . utan
, miree
Ghost
.. hantu
. hantu
Hair
. . rambut
. suk (oo)
Hard
.. kras
. jeheg''
He
,.. dia
, hnki
Head
... kepala
, hoie
Heart
„ jantong
. tongul
Hill
... bukit
. chork''
House
... rumah
. dukn
oo sound
I
... sahya
. utn
oo sound
Lightening
... kilat
. kilat
Liver
... hati
. gris
(pronounced to
sound like English
"grace")
Man
... Iaki
.. lemol
Moon
... bulan
, . bulan
Mother
... naa
. gadeh
Mountain
... gunong
. chork°
Neck
... leher
. lehe
. last syllable pro-
nounced " Hay "
Night
... malam
.. do'i
No
. . . tida
.. ngot
Nose
. . . hidong
... miih
(Is) not
. . . tid'ada
,. hamp
Quick
. . . lekas
.. yut jus
... both with u sound
Rain
... hujan
., gemar
River
... sungei
.. doh geni
Sea
. . . laut
.. bow ow
Shoulder
... bahu
.. ba-hu
Sister
. . . sudara peran
1-
puan
14
English
Malay.
Sisi. Remarks.
Skin
... kulit
.kulit
Sky
. . . langit
langit
Small
... kechil
hedet
Soft
. . . lenibut
lemot
Slow
. . . lambat
lengar
Soul
. . . semangat
semangat
Star
. . . bintang
bintang
Stone
. . . batu
batu
Sun
... mata hari ..,.
met hari
That
... itu
nakeh
This
... ini
nahoh
Thunder
. . . guroh
guroh
Tongue
... lidah
lidah
Tooth
... gigi
lemoin
Tree
... poko kayu ..
lork'^
Water
... ayer
doh
We
. . . kita
kita
Who?
. . . siapa
hmak
Wind
. . . angin
bu-ah ... u has oo sound
Woman
. . . pei-ampuan . .
. kadu ... u has sound of oo
Yes
... yah
. nah
You
... ankau
how
C ome h
ere
quickly
... mari sini dra^
> johot jus
Go thete
... pergi sana ..
. choho keh
I shall go to the
coast
... mou pergi laut Che bowow
Where are
you
goincr ?
... pergi mana ..
. Choh hadung
NOTES OX BIRDS NEW TO, OK RARE IN, THE MALAY
PENINSULA.
(Third Series.)
By n. C. KOBINSOX, c.m.z.s., m.b.o i".
'H'^HE present notes continue tliose publislied in tin's jduiiial. vol.
lY, pp. I29-l:-)3 and pp. 229-28.3, and I'elate to species obtained
in the ordinary course of collecting during the last eighteen months
in the Federated Malay States and the adjacent ])ortions of the
Mala}- Peninsula.
CALOPERDIX OCULEA (Temm.)
Caloperdix oculea (Temm.) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x.vii., p. 222 (1893) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1910, p. 671.
This handsome Jungle-Partridge, which is exti-emel}' rare in
collections, was found to be by no means uncommon in swampy
jungle at the foot of precipitous limestone hills near Pelarit in
Perils, a sm.all state in the north of the Peninsula, bordering on
Kedah. Our collectoi's secured numerous specimens and also
obsei'ved tliat it was kept in captivity by the local Malays Avho fed it
on termites or white ants. Caged specimens, however, Avere said not
to be long-lived.
A single male was aLso siiot in Februaiy, 1912, at the lieight of
3,000 feet on Menang Gasing, a mountain in the main range of the
Peninsula near the junction of the boundaries of the thi-ee states,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang.
As noted elsewhere, the locality '"Malacca'" for foui- specimens
in the British Museum is open to grave suspicion, the skins having
most probably been obtained by Malacca bii'd-hunters fi-om some
district in the north of the Peninsula.
Males differ from the females in the slightly larger size, most
noticeable in the bill, and in the presence of a blunt tarsal spur oi-
knob, Avhicli is sometimes reduplicated. Less adult specimens have
the V-shaped black mai-kings on the flanks encroaching on the centre
of the breast.
ARBORICOLA CHARLTOM (Eyto.n).
Ai'boricola chai-ltoni (Eyton) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii., p. 221 (1893).
A single female specimen was obtained at Pelarit, Perlis, in
Novembei-, 1911. Throughout the Malay Peninsula this partiidge is
a very x-ai-e bird though common in the vicinity of Lenggong in L'pper
Pei-ak, but in the tiist few months of 1912 it suddenly appeared
in considerable immbers on the lower slopes of the Larut Hills,
in the vicinity of Taiping, Perak. Large numbers were snared
by the Malays and several are now in the gardens of the Zoological
Society. London.
16
The locality '' Penaiig ' attributed to six specimens in tlie British
Museum is certainly ei'i'oneous. the birds having pi-obably been
brought over alive to Ur. Cantor fi-om Kedah oi- Perlis.
LOFHURA RUFA (Raffles).
Lophura rula (Raffles); Ogilvie Grani, Cat. Birds Brit. J/?/-., xxii.,
p. 286 (1893).
The Fire-back Pheasant, though not uncommon in certain localities,
is not an easy bird to snare or shoot and the local museums are very
deficient in specimens. Two males, adult and immature, were secured
at Pelarit, Perlis, in Xovember, 1911, by our Dyak collectors.
OSMOTREROX BICINCTA (Jerd.).
Osmotreron bicincta (Jerd.) ; Salvaclori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxl, p. 57 (1898) ; BoUnson and Kloss, Ibis, 1910, p. 674.
Out of several hundreds of the common 0. vernans shot by
Mr. Seimund during the 1910-12 seasons, three — two males and a
female — shot on 30th November, 1910, and 1st Febiuaiy, 1912, px-oved
to be of this species. Whether it comes south during the wintei'
months or is resident thi'oughout the year in the ]\[alay Peninsula
is not yet ascertained but all the specimens hitherto obtained have
been shot between November and Febi-uary.
OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Lixx.) Vak.
Osmotreron vernans (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxi., p. 60 (1893).
Among a lai"ge number of this species shot in Taiping during the
last two years are two specimens — a male from Kamunting, obtained
on 13th June, 1911, presented by Mr. Gray, and a female from
Simpang, dated 1st February, 1912, shot by Mr. Seimund — which show
a variation not uncommon among the members of this sub-family
(Treromnx) consisting of a defect of yellow pigment so that those
portions of the plumage Avhich are normally yellowish green become
greyish green or pearly grey. The o])posite variation in which
there is an excess of yellow pigment so that the whole bird becomes
more or less of a canary yellow colour is also not uncommon and
specimens representing this phase have also been obtained near
Taiping.
RALLINA FASCIATA (Raffles).
Rallina fasciata (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiii.,
p. 75 (1894).
Rails of these genus are by no means common in the Malay
Peninsula though possibly more numerous in the northern districts.
During a short stay at the end of October, 1911, at Alor Stah, the
capital of Kedah, which is surrounded by large areas of alluvial rice
lands, we found that this species was being hawked about the
streets in large numbers at a rate equivalent to two for a penny.
Sli""htly further north in Perlis it was also not uncommon in the rice
I
17
tields. The other species of the genus RaUina siiperciliaris (Eytoii)
is very much rarer and is represented by four or five specimens only
in the Federated Malay States Museums.
DROMAS ARDEOLA, Paykuli,.
Dromas ardeola, Paykuli ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xxiv.,
p.-28 (1896).
The Crab Plover does not appear to have been recorded from
further east than the Andaman Islands oi- on the eastern shores of
the Bay of Bengal. On 24th September, 1912, Mr. Seimund shot
three specimens, none of them quite ad a It, out of a tiock of six met
with on the mud-fiats near Puluu Pintu Gedong, Klang Sti'aits,
Selangor.
HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA (Mkisn. \ Scmxz).
Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Meisn. and Schinz) ; Saunders, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv., p. 6 (1896).
The whiskered Tern was noted in considerable numbers in
breeding plumage in Penang harbour in March, 1911, but specimens
were not obtained. A large series of immature birds and birds in
winter plumage were secured in the same place in Octobei-, 1911.
The species seems to be not very common in Malayan watei-s.
STERNA AN.ESTHETA, Scor.
Sterna anasstheta, Scop. ; Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv.,
p. 101 (1896) ; Oates, Cat. Birds Eggs Brit. Mus., i., p. 190 (1901).
Two small rocks about 150 feet high, between the islands of Sri Buat
and Tioman, oil' the coast of l^aliang, on the eastern side of the Penin-
sula, are fiequented by myriads of this tern. We visited these rocks,
which are known as Tokong Burong, on 15th June, 1912, and secured
a considerable number of eggs which were much incubated, though
no young birds were seen. The rocks are almost precipitous with
flat tops and are covered with a wiry grass gi-oAving in isolated
tussocks. The eggs are laid singly underneath or by the side of
these tussocks and take a good deal of finding.
Of the series of fifteen before me the ground colour varies from
greenish white to pinky brown, and there is an equally wide range in
the character of the mottling which varies from an almost evenly
distributed speckling of dull pinkish brown to bold l^lotches of rich
chocolate brown, either evenly distributed over the shell or cono-re-
gated at the larger end. In all the specimens there are underlying
mai'kings of clouded pinky-buft: wliich, as Oates remai-ks, are not very
conspicuous.
One egg, which was unfortunately smashed in descending the
rock, was almost pure white without any markings. There were
many thousands of the terns around the rock all in full breedino-
plumage with the steamers well developed, and intennixed with them
were a few Sterna melanaiichen, of which, however, we did not find the
eggs in this locality.
Jan., 191S.
18
STERNA MELANAUCHEN, Temm.
Sterua melanauchen, Temm. ; Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Miis.,
XXV., p. 126 (1896) ; Oates, Cat. Birds E(fy.<< Brit. Mas., i., p. 195,
pi. XV., fig. 3 (1901).
The Black-naped Tern breeds sparingly on tlie i-ocks and cliffs of
the islands of Sri Buat, Tioman, Pemanggil and Aor, off the coasts^ of
Pahang and Johore, not, as a rule, at any great height above sea-level.
The eggs are always single and are laid in slight depressions of the
rock without any attempt at a nest or concealment. Twelve eggs, all
obtained on Pulau Aoi-, vary less among themselves than is the case
with those of St. anxstheta, tlie differences being mainly in the
size and tint of the larger olive bi-own blotches. An average egg
measiires 41 x 28 mm.
METOPIDirS IXDICrs (LAin.).
Metopidius indicus (Lath.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xxiY.,
p. 76 (1896) ; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.. p. 219 (1898).
Blanford (loc. cit.) gives the i-ange oi the Bi-onze-winged Jacana
as extending to tlie Malay Peninsula though I have been unable to
find any authority for his statement and had therefore excluded it
from my Hand-list of the Birds of the Malay Peninsula.
A single specimen was, however, shot among thick vegetation at
the edge of a pond at Asam Knmbang, neai- Taiping, Perak, by the
Chinese Taxidermist of tlie Perak Mu.seum on 14th December, 1911,
and a companion bird was seen. The species must therefore be*
added to the Peninsular list.
NETTIOX CRECCA (Linn.).
Nettion crecca (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvii.,
p. 243 (1895).
A female teal was shot in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, Selangoi-,
in April, 1912, by Mr. J. Galloway, to whom the museum is indebted
for many rare birds, and presented by him to the Selangor Museum.
I had overlooked the occurrence of this bird in the Peninsula but a
female collected by Dr. Maingay in the territory of Malacca is in the
British Mviseum collection.
I do not know of any other instance of its occurrence within our
limits.
NETTION FORMOSL'M (Georgi).
Nettion formosum (Georgi) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxvii., p. 240 (1895).
My Malay assistant on a visit to his home on the Bruas rivei" in
the Dindings territory, north of the mouth of the Perak river,
bought from a local Malaj^ two paii-s of the Baikal Teal. The
original owner stated that he had caught them as ducklings in the
river with a casting net (jala) but it is probable tliat they were the
offspring of a domesticated paii-.
19
rPUPA IXDICA, Reichexb.
Upupa indica, Reichenb; Salvin, Cat. Binh Brif. Mu.'^., \vi., j). 10
(1892).
Mr. Seimund shot a female at Kamunting, near Taiping, Perak,
on 5th November, 1911, wliicli i.s the most southerly record for the
species and the only i-ecoi'd for the Fedei-ated Malay States. In the
same month our collectors found it common at Padang Sireh, on the
Perlis-Senggora hordei-.
HATRALHOSTOMIS AFFIXIS, Hi.vTii.
Hatrachostonui.s affiiiis, Hlytli : Hdrferi, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.,
xvi., p. 648 (1892).
Though .skins of the tliree local .s])ecies of Frogniouths appear to
have occured fairly frequently in the old Malacca collections, the
more recent collectors do not seem to come across them often, and I
have not myself examined more than ten or twelve specimens in the
flesh or in recent skins.
Our collectors obtained a single female of this species at Parit, on
the Peiak river, on 14tli September. 1911. It was with the succeeding
species sliot at dusk on the edge of a patcli of swampy jungle.
HATRACHOSTOMUS STKLLATl'S (Goii.jn.
Batracho-stomus stellatus (Gould ) : Harfert. Cot. Bir<l>! Brit. Mns.,
xvi., p. 639 (1892).
A single female was sliot in the same locality as the preceding
on 17th Septembe)-, 1911.
CH.ETUKA IN'DICA. Hume.
Chaetura indica, Hume ; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xvi.,
p. 475 (1892).
A male of this form was shot liy Mi-. J. M. dray at Simpang,
near Taiping, Perak, on 17th December, 1911. Another was shot by
Mr. C. Burn-Murdoch at Kajang, Selangor, on 26th November, 1912,
in mistake for a snipe. The few specimens of this species on record
from the Peninsula have all been obtained in the winter months
while Ch. giganfea is resident throughout the year.
INDICATOR ARCHIPEI.AGICUS. Temm.
Indicator ai'chipelagicus, Temm ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.,
xix., p. 4 (1891) ; Bohivson and Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 44.
Owing to a veiy dry season and the consequent pi'ofuse flowering
of the nei'um trees (Dijfterocarjjus crinitus) the Tahan river and the
lower slopes of the mountain were in July, 1911, invested with
incredible multitudes of bees which made life a burden duinng the
daytime. Perhaps as a corollaiy we secured two specimens of the
Malayan Honey Guide, both males, with the yellow shoulder spot well
developed. In the previous eight years' collecting we have only
obtained two other specimens.
20
lYXGIflCls CAXICAPILLUS, Br.YTH.
lyiigipirus cniiiciipillus, T51ytli : Hargitt. Cat. Birds Brit. AIvs..
xviii., p. 322 (1890) ; Bobinson and KJoss, Ibis, 1911, p., 46.
Of three birds, two males and a female, collected in November,
1911, at Padang Sireh, on the Perlis-Senggora border, one male has
the central rectrices quite unspotted and is rather smaller than the
other male from the same locality, the wing measuring 77 mm.
against 82 mm. The wing of an adult male from Kuala Lumpur is
also 82 mm., and in this specimen also the central recti'ices are only
very slightly spotted. In view, however, of the fact that both races
occur in the same area 1 do not think that I. pumilus, Hargitt,
which was founded on these differences, can be recognised as even
sub-specifically distinct.
CHALCOCOCCYX MALAYAXUS (Raffles).
Chalcocoecj^x malayanus (Raffles); Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mvs.,
x\x., p. 298 (1890).
In the central and northern poi'tions of the Peninsula this cuckoo
is a very rare bird. Two males and a female, collected by Mr. Seimund
at Lenggong in Upper Perak in January, 1912, appear to be the most
northerly specimens on record.
PITTA C.ERULEA (Raffi.es).
Pitta can^ulea (Raffles) ; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mvs., xiv., p. 416
(1888.) ; Bobinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 48.
A half -grown nestling obtained at Pelarit, Perils, earl}- in
November indicate that this sj)ecies breeds in the later portion of
the year.
PITTA COCCIXEA, Eytox.
Pitta coccinea, Eyton ; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xiv.,
p. 431 (1888).
Until recent!}' this very handsome species of Ground Thru.'^h was
but poorly represented in the Federated Malay States Museums.
Recently, however, we have found that it is resident throughout the
year in low country swampy jungle, which is very unpleasant to
collect in ; and series have been obtained from Ayer Kring on the
Negri Sembilan-Pahang boundaiy, at Rawang in Selangor, and at
Parit in the lowei* poi'tion of the Perak i-ivei valley.
CYORXIS RUFIGASTRA (Raffles).
Muscicapa rufigastra, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii., p. 312 (1822).
Cyornis frenata, Hume, Stray Feathers, viii., p. 114 (1880).
Cyornis erythrogaster, Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, iii., p. 216 (1901).
Mr. Seimund collected a series of five specimens of this flycatcher
on Piilau Pintu Gedong, Selangor, in September and October, 1912,
two males and three females. The latter agree exactly with the
description of C. frenata of which they are practically topotypes and
with another female collected at Tanjong Tombak, Pulau Bintang,
I
21
south of SiiiffJ^part', whic-li was s]u)t in company with a male agi-eeintr
in charactei's witli C. rnfigastra. The two males from Selaiigor have
slightly paler undersurfaces than the latter but the difference is only
trivial. There is not the slightest doubt therefore that C. rufigastra
and C. frenata are male and female of the same species and those
purists who reject Raffles' name as a vox hyhrida must adopt C. frenata
in preference to Sharpe's emendation, C. erythrogaater.
This species, again, is strictly confined to the mangrove zone which
accounts for its comparative rarity in collections.
(VOKM.S KIJXiAXS (Tk.m.m.).
Siphia eleg.ans (Temm.) ; Sliarpc, Cat. Birds Brit. Mu><., iv.,
p. 441 (1879).
(-3'ornis elegans. Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix., p. 550 (1902) (Pahang
hnviands).
This handsome flycatcher is extremely rai-e in the Malay
Peninsula and tlie only specimen we posse.ss is one from Padang
Tuan, Segamat, Noi'tli Joliore. obtained by one of our Uyak co'lectors
on 19th February, 1911.
EUPTILOSUS ErPTILOSUS (J. & S.).
Pinarocichla euptilo.sa (J. & S.) ; Gadoto, Cat. Bird.^ Brit. Mus.,
vi., p. 62 (1881); Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii., p. 279 (1889).
The Crested Brown Bulbul is by no means a common bird in
the ]\Ialay Peninsula and is rarely found in large numbers. The
Fedei-ated Malay States Museums have specimens from Selama and
Parit in Perak, Tanjong Malim. Rawang and Cheras in Selangor, and
from the territory of Malacca. The species seems to be mainly an
inhabitant of low country jungle and is not found on the hills. The
only place wliei-e it has been found at all abundantly is RaAvang,
where numbers were attracte i by the fi-uiting of a species of fig tree
in July, 1912.
PYCXONOTl'S ROBIN.'^OXl, Grant,
Pycnonotus robin.soni, Grant : KJo.'is, Joiirii. Fed. Malay States
Mms., iv., p. 238 (1911).
Three more specimens of this Bulbul were obtained at Padang
Sireh, Perlis-Senggora border, in November. They agree well with
the specimen mentioned by Mr. Kloss and render it more than
doubtful if P. robinsoni can be maintained even as a sub-species
distinct from P. hJanfordi.
KEXOPI.V STRLVT.\ (Blyth).
Kenopia striata (Blyth) ; Ktos.-i. torn, cit., p. 232.
Two more specimens, both males, were obtained at Rawang,
Selangoi", in July. The species has not hitherto been recorded from
the State.
22
(^ALORNIS CHALYBKA (Horsf.).
Calovnis clmlybea (Horsf.); Shnrpe, Gat. Birds Brit. Mns., xiii.,
p. 543 (189G).
Specimens from the outlying island of Pulau Aor, in the South
China Sea, seem at first sight to be separable by their coarser more
robust bills, tliough the other dimensions do not differ appreciably.
In colour the island birds are not distinguishable from those
found on the mainland. Salvadoi'i has separated the bird from Nias
under the name C. aUirostris, mainly on account of the larger bill
and darker colouratioti, both characters that seem very frequently
developed in island races of widely distributed birds.
t'UALCO.STETHA I'ECTORAIJS (Tkmm ).
Chalcostetha insignis (Temm.) ; Gadow, Cat. Bmb Brit. Miis.,
ix., p. 12 (1884).
The Purple- breasted Sun-bird was but poorly represented in our
collection by three skins from Penang. In June, 1912, however, we
obtained a series from the island of Sri Buat, off the Pahang Coast, on
the east side of the Peninsula. Like the majority of the local Sun-
birds (excluding the Spider hunters) this species only occurs in the
littoral belt and is rarely, if ever, found far inland. Formerly, accor-
ding to Mr. C. B. Kloss, it was common at Ta7ijong Katong, in Singapore
Island, but is seldom seen there now. Mr. Seimund found it common
at Pulau Pintu Gedong, Klang Straits, Selangor, in September and
Octolier, 1912. It is, therefore, probably largely confined to mangroves.
PIPRISO^IA EVERETTl (Sharpe).
Prionochilus everetti, Sharpe, Ibi.% 1877, p. 16 ; id. P.Z.S. 1879,
p. 343, pi. XXX, fig. 1 ; Id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x., p. 76 (1885).
I have referred to this species with some hesitation a single male
specimen obtained at Rawang, Selangor, in July, 1912. It differs from
the type desci-iption and the figure as cited above in being a much
darker tint above, gi-eyish not brown, and in having the sides darker
grey, not nearly uniform with the middle of the belly as shown in the
figure. The habitat of P. everetti is given as Western Borneo and
the island of Labuan but in the absence of a series and diiect com-
parison with the type the differences are not sufficient to justify me
in describing the bird before me as a new species.
The present specimen was shot while feeding on a mistletoe on the
boughs of a lofty tree in swampy jungle.
PARUS CINEREUS, Vieill.
Parus cinereus; Gadov-, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., viii,. p. 16 (1883).
Parus atriceps, Ogilvie Grant, Fascic. Malay Zool., iii., p. 77 (1905).
This tit has not hitherto been recorded from the southern part of the
Malay Peninsula though it was met with by myself on the coast of Patani,
and l)y Dr. Abbott on the coast of Trang, about 1 50 miles north of Penang.
In September and November, 1912, Mr. Seimund, however, found it
abundant among the mangroves on Pulau Pintu Gedong, at the entrance
to Klang Straits, Selangor coast, together with Zosterops aureiventer.
Ptg. 352/13.
LIST OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF BIRDS AND
MAMMALS FROM GUNONG KERBAU, PERAK.
By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.u. .
/^ UNONG Kerbau, in Kinta, near the Perak-Kelantan boundary
but entirely in Perak, is the second highest mountain in the
Malay Peninsula, attaining a height of 7,170 feet — only 12 feet less
than Gunong Tahan.
It has been ascended on numerous occasions, the first occasion
being by the French traveller De Morgan,^ and an interesting
account of the mountain is given by him and m^ore recently by
Mr. Scrivenor- (who calls it Gunong Riam) and reproduces some
interesting photographs of the m.ountain.
With the exception of a few plants seciired by the native plant
collector attached to the Penang Botanic Gardens, who accompanied
Mr. Barnard, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Perak, on his ascent,
no collections whatever have been made on the mountain.
I therefore made arrangements to despatch a party of Dyak
collectors thither, and, after the usual difficulties in the matter of
transport, they established themselves at a height of rather over
5,000 feet, and collected from there to the summit and down hill to
about 3,000 feet.
As the flora was likely to prove of more interest than the fauna,
the greater part of their time was devoted to plant collecting, and
a considerable number of species seciu'ed, which will be reported on
in due course by Mr. Ridley.
The collections were made between the end of February and the
end of March, and a list of the mamm.als and birds is given below, but
as will be seen the mountain has yielded little of special importance.
Thanks are due to the Forest Department for assistance rendered
in the matter of obtaining coolies, who were only secured with great
difficulty and proved a very poor lot when obtained. Without this
help our men would not have been able to work the hill as collecting
impedimenta are weighty and bulky.
^ " Explorations clans la presq'ile Malaise." Bulletin de la Society
Normande de Geographie, VIII, pp. 14], 211 and 281 (1886).
- " Gunong Tahan and Gunong Riam." Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.
No. 62, pp. 8-21, Pts. I-IV (1912). r
Jati., 1914.
24
MAMMALS.
The mammals did not prove interesting and, as is always the case
in districts inhabited by large numbers of Sakai, were very scarce.
The following species only were obtained :
1. MUSTELA FLAYIGULA PENINSULAEIS, Bonhote.
1 ?.
2. SCIURUS ERYTHR^US RUBECULUS, Miller.
1 ^, 1?.
Rather more ochreous on the head than is usual in specimens
from the Selangor main range.
3. TAMIOPS MACCLELLANDI NOVEMLINEATUS, Miller.
2 ?.
Typical specimens of this race.
4. SCIURUS TENUIS TAHAN, Bonhote.
A single female. Is rather intermediate between the lowland
and the mountain race.
5. LARISCUS INSIGNIS JALORENSIS, Bonhote,
1 ?■
By no means typical being much more rufous beneath and on the
thio-hs, in this respect approaching specimens from Singapore and
southern Johore. Approached in this respect by a specimen from
Bukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 feet, and possibly indicating a distinct
mountain race. The area between the black back stripes is not
however tinged with rufous as in the southern form above mentioned,
Lariscus insignis meridionalis.
6. EPIMYS CREMORIVENTER, Miller.
Two quite typical females.
7. TUPAIA PERRUGINEA, Subsp.
A single female. Specimen approaches the more northern forms
in the much less ferruginous upper surface and in the paler under
surface to the tail.
BIRDS.
The birds also were of no particular interest, the avifauna being
precisely similar to that of the Batang Padang mountains, some forty
miles to the south, which has been very exhaustively studied.
Our collectors were therefore instructed not to make unnecessarily
large collections but to specially search for any species unfamiliar to
them ; it may therefore be taken as reasonably certain that no
species unrecorded from the Malay Peninsula has escaped their
notice.
The following species were actually obtained :
1. ARBORICOLA CAMPBELLI, Robinson.
1 ?.
25
2. SPHENOCERCUS SEIMUNDI, [ Robinson.
A sei'ies of fine adult males of this beautiful wedge-tailed green
pigeon, hitherto known from five other specimens only.
3. PYROTROGON ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Gould,
2 S.
4. CHOTORHEA CHRYSOPOGON, TE-MM.
1 i.
2 S.
5. CYANOPS OORTI, Mcll.
6. CHRYSOPHLEGMA WRAYI. Shaepe.
1 <?.
Not yet found off the main range of the Malay Peninsula.
7. PSARISOMUS DALHOUSI.E, Jameson.
2 i.
8. HEMICHELIDON FERRUGINEA, Hodgs.
2 ?.
Common and resident on most high hills of the Peninsula.
9. CYORNIS CONCRETA, S. Muli.
A fine pair of this widely spread but by no means common
fly-catcher.
10. CYORNIS DIALIL.EMA, Salvad.
A single female, which I have with some hesitation refei'red to
this species which is widely spread at moderate elevations throughout
the Peninsula.
11. NILTAVA SUMATRAXA. Salvad.
A single adult male identical with the bird that I described as
Cyornis malayensis, from Batang Padang, but which I have since
found to be identical with the above-named form. It comes in
a group including C vivida from Formosa and C. oatesi from
Tenasserim and is very dou])tfully congeneric with the other species
in the genus though it cannot, I think, be classed as a Niltava.
There is also a Cyornis stimatrensis, Sharpe, but the question whether
two specific titles such as sumatrana and sumatrensis are admissible
in one genus may be left to zoological purists.
12. NILTAVA DECIPIENS, Salvad.
1 s.
Widely distributed on every mountain over 3,000 feet as far
south as the southern border of Selangor.
Vi. P0LI03IYIAS LUTEOLA. Pall.
A pair.
Apparently not a resident species.
14. MUSCICAPULA MALAYANA. Ogiltie Grant.
A single male.
26
15, TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS, Bltth.
A single immature male in rnfous plumage. Not usually found
at high elevations.
16. PERICROCOTUS MONTANUS, Salvap.
A single female.
One of the commonest of mountain birds.
17. HEMIXUS CINEREUS, Bltth.
1 ?.
18. lOLE PERACENSIS, Harteet and Butler.
One pair.
19. CRINIGER OCHRACEUS, Mooee.
1 c?.
All very common birds.
20. TROCHALOPTERON PENINSULA, Shaepe.
2 <?.
21. GAMPSORHTNCHUS SATURATIOR, Shaepe.
Two males of this rather rare bird which is only common on
the Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang bouiidaiy. The types were
obtained in the Batang Padang mountains.
22. MELANOCICHLA LUGUBRIS, S. Mull.
5 S, ?.
Common here as elsewhere on the main range at over 3,000 feet.
23. DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI, Bltth.
1 ?.
On all the hills of the main range but not in Larut.
24. TURDINULUS GRANTI, Richmond.
1 ?.
A submontane bird, not as a rule attaining any considerable
elevation.
25. CORYTHOCICHLA LEUCOSTICTA, Shaete.
3 <?.
Almost the commonest of all the hill birds.
26. ALCIPPE PERACENSIS, Sharpe.
1 ?.
27. BRACHYPTERYX WRAYI, Grant.
1 <?, 1 ?.
Not very common anywhere and generally found among the
brushwood near the summits of the hills.
28. SIVA 3IALAYANA, Harteet.
2 <?, 2 ?.
27
29. SIVA SORDIDIOR, Sharpb.
1 s.
Both these species are common on the main range, but the
former is not found in Lai'ut.
30. HERPORNIS ZANTHOLEUCA, Hodgs.
1 ?.
Of very wide altitudinal range, being found from sea-level to over
6,000 feet.
31. MESIA ARGENTAURIS, Hodgs.
1 (?, 1 ?.
32. PNOEPYGA" LEPIDA, Salt ad.
1 $ imm.
A very immature bird uniformly dark beneath.
33. HYDROCICHLA RUFICAPILLA, Temm.
2 t?.
Common along mountain torrents everywhei-e in the Peninsula.
•a. LARVIVORA CYANEA, Pall.
1 i.
Probably only a seasonal visitor, though some individuals may
remain throughout the year.
35. COPSYCHUS MUSICUS, Raffles.
1 (?.
The common " Straits Robin " is of accidental occuri-ence away
from human habitations.
36. PHYLLERGATES CINEREICOLLIS, Shaepe.
1 <?.
37. MELANOCHLORA FLAVOCRISTATA Lafr.
2 c?.
The Sultan Tit ranges from the lowlands up to about, 5,500 feet.
38. BHRINGA REMIFER, Temm.
1 <?.
Common on nearly all the hills.
39. ORIOLUS CONSANGUINEUS, Wardl-Rams.
1 <?.
The red and black Oriole is local in its distribution but fairly
common wherever found.
■10. MOTACILLA MELANOPE, Pall.
1 <?.
A seasonal visitor.
ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS FROM GUNONG MENG-
KUANG LEBAH, SELANGOR.
By H. N. RIDLEY, m.a., c.m.g., f.r.s.
Late Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements.
[The collection reported on by Mr. Ridley was obtained in
January and February, 1913, by the Dyak collectors of the Federated
Malay States Museum on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah at a height
between 4,800 and 5,800 feet. The mountain is a long razor
backed ridge, gently sloping up^^ards from S.S.E. to N.N.W. on the
main peninsular range dividing Selangor from Pahang, and has been
visited on numerous occasions within the last few years though this
is the first considerable botanical collection therefrom.
The present gathering represents the flora of the uppermost zone
only but the mountain is heavily forested throughout. Up to about
2,500 feet various species of bamboo are very common and are suc-
ceeded above that level by a zone of palms, amongst which Licuala
and a form of Livistona close to L. tahanensis, Becc, are the most
characteristic. As in other hills the vegetation close to the main
ridge becomes knarled and stunted and densely carpeted with wet
moss. It is in this zone that the various species of Rhododendron
are mainly found while amongst the herbaceous plants two species of
Burmannia are the most conspicuous. A giant species of Pandanus,
from which the mountain takes its name, is very common as is also a
very slender Calamus affording an excellent I'otan. Kayii manis or
cinnamom, but of little commercial value, is also very abundant. The
characteristic zerophytic vegetation to which Mr. Ridley alludes is
only found an knolls and hillocks on the extreme summits and ridges
while thirty feet down the "rain forest" zone is entered. The whole
of both zerophytic and rain forest zone is very dense and tangled and
only traversable with great labour except where game tracks, made by
the larger Malay i-hinoceros i2. sondaicus, (which is fortunately
numerous), occur. The formation is granite throughout and the
summit ridges for the last two or three hundred feet consist mainly of
enormous boulders piled one on each other.
The fauna, which is now well known, is that of the other mountain
tops of the main range, but bears and siamang are numerous. The
former are very fond of the cinnamon bai^k. — H. C. R.]
The collection obtained on this mountain is very representative of
the general flora of the higher ranges of the Malay Peninsula. It is
interesting to note that in species which have adapted themselves to
these mountain tops there is a great tendency to a shortening of the
bi'anches, accompanied by a thickened and more coriaceous foliage,
which also has a tendency to become more rounded in outline and
blunt or even I'etuse at the tip. This is illustrated in this collection
29
by such plants as Calophyllum rotundifolium, sp. nov., Eugenia Wrayii,
King, and Eugenia sj)issifolia, sp. nov., the leaves of all three being
remarkably similar in outline and texture.
Theie are no less than 27 new species in this gathering including
three new rhododendrons, a new oak and a remarkable species of
Ilex most I'esembling a species from Kinabalu in Borneo.
LIST OF FLORA.
MAGNOLIACE^.
1. Illicium cambodianum, Hance.
Distrib. — ^Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Cambodia.
ANOXACE^.
2. POLYALTHIA PULCHRA, King.
Distrib. — Ixlountains of Perak and Ulu Pahang.
3. GONIOTHALAMUS MALATANUS, HookeV fil.
Distrib. — Malacca and Perak, usually in the low country.
POLYGALACE^.
4. POLYGALA MONTICOLA, BicUetJ.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Selangor.
GUTTIFER^.
Calophyllum rotundifolium, sp. nov.
Branches dark-coloured. Leaves crowded, opposite, stiffly
coriaceous, sessile, broadly elliptic (lower ones) to orbicular,
apex retuse, base cordate, above prominently nerved with
close hoi'izontal parallel nerves, beneath paler and nearly
smooth, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide. Flowers solitary
or two, terminal on the branches, on peduncles I cm. long
shorter than the leaf. Outer sepals coriaceous, orbicular, 0.8
cm. long, inner sepals oblanceolate, obtuse, 0.2 cm. long.
Petals obovate rounded, with a distinct claw 1. cm. long, 0.9
across. Stamens shorter than the petals with small oblong
anthers.
A most distinct and pretty species with large solitary flowers
2 cm. across and remarkable rounded leaves.
TILIACB-<E.
6. Elj^.ocarpus glabrescens. Masters.
Distrib. — Penang Hill and Kedah Peak.
7. El^ocarpus eriobotryoides, sp. nov.
Branches moderately stout. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate,
apex acuminate, base cuneate, margins shortly serrate,
nerves six pairs in-arching some way from the mai'gin, reti-
culations wide, nei'ves and reticulations less conspicuous
30
above and midrib depressed. Adult leaves quite glabrous,
young leaves at first silvery-silky along the edge. Adults
13-14 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide, petiole, 2-5.3 cm. long.
Racemes axillary from just below the leaves on the old
wood, numerous, 5 cm. long. Flowers secund, twelve or
more on pubescent pedicels 0.8 cm. long. Buds conic, hardly
acute. Sepals, five lanceolate acuminate from a broader
base, pubescent 0.6 cm. long, 0.15 cm. across. Petals as
long, nai'row, oblong cuneate, apex fimbriate with short fine
processes, base silky-hairy especially along the edge.
Stamens with short filaments and much longer pubescent
■ blunt anthers. Style longer than the perianth, silky
pubescent, tip bent at an angle ; ovary and disc silky.
Allied to E. monticola, Ridley, from Gunong Tahan.
8. El^ocarpus (§ Acronodia) leptomischus, sp. nov.
Branches dark-coloured. Leaves ovate lanceolate, acuminate,
blunt, base rounded, margins crenulate, coriaceous ; nerves,
seven paii's, reticulations fine, elevate beneath, 5.5-6.5 cm.
long, 2.5 cm. wide, petiole slender, black, thickened and bent
at the tip 5 to 6 cm. long. Racemes numerous among the
upper leaves, 5-6 cm. long, flowers numerous, pendent,
on silky pubescent pedecels, 0.5 cm. long. Buds conic,
subacute, 0.2 cm. long. Sepals four lanceolate, silky outside.
Petals, four, oblong cuneate, apex fimbriate with about 12
short processes, subglabrous outside, woolly at the base
within. Stamens with short filaments ; anthers narrow
apiculate, glabrous. Ovaiy and disc silky hairy. Style
silky pubescent.
Allies to E. Mastersii, King, but with rounded bases to the
leaves, with distinct fine i-eticulations and apiculate anthei^s.
All the specimens are in bud or in young fruit.
GERANIACE^.
9. Impatiens oncidioides, Ridley.
Bistrih. — Pahang, Perak and Selangor, from about 3,000 feet
upwards.
OLACINE^.
10. GOMPHANDEA LANCEOLATA, King.
Both the common typical form and a variety with ovate leaves
broadly rounded at the base.
Bistrih. — The mountains of Malacca, Selangor, Perak and
Penang : common.
ILICINE^.
11. Ilex epiphytica, King.
Bistrih. — Perak and Pahang mountains, from about 3,000 to
5,000 feet.
31
12. Ilex jiyrtillus, sjy. nov.
A shrub, much branched, with small alternate, tliickly
coriaceous leaves, elliptic to obovate, obtuse or retuse
narrowed to the base, nerves quite invisible on both surfaces,
except the midrib, channelled above and elevate beneath,
1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, petiole, 0.2 cm. long. Flowers
in terminal or axillary short panicles or racemes, much
shorter than the leaves, pubescent, pedicels 0.1 cm. long,
pubescent. Sepals, four ovate or half oi'bicular pubescent,
obtuse. Corolla 0.3 cm. across, petals, four ovate, glabrous
longer than the calyx, connate at the base. Stamens, three,
adnate to the top of the tube alternate with the lobes,
filaments thick, anthers subglobose, rather large. Ovary
short conic, stigma minute.
This species is remarkable for the very thick small thickly
coriaceous obovate leaves and small flowers. It is nearest
to Ilex vacciniifolia, Stapf. of Kinabalu.
CELASTEINE^.
13. EuoNYMUs Wrayi, King.
Dibtrib. — Perak and Pahang mountains, usually at about
5,000 feet. More rarely on limestone rocks in the low
country.
LEGUMINOS^.
14. Bauhinia Kingii, Prain.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Selangor, from 1,000 to
4,500 feet.
ROSACE.^.
15. Pygeum Griffithii, Hooker fil.
Bistrib. — Mount Ophir at about 4,000 feet.
SAXIFRAGACE^.
16. POLYOSMA ILICIFOLIA, BhlVie.
A fine series of this confirms my opinion based on specimens
from the adjacent mountain, Menang Gasing, that P. parvi-
flora, King, is really a very young state of this species.
The flowers when fully developed are as large as those of
Javanese and Australian specimens.
Distrib. — Perak and Selangor, from 4,000 feet upwards. Also
Java and Australia.
17. PoLYOSMA COEIACEA, King, var, minor.
Leaves more lanceolate and narrower, the flowers less silky
pubescent outside, occurring with, the typical foi^m.
Distrib. — Perak and Pahang mountains.
RHIZOPHORE^.
18. Carallia eugenoidea, King.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak.
32
i
MYRTACE^.
19. Leptospermum plavescens, var. commune, Bentham.
Distrib. — Common on all the mountains of the Malay Peninsula
from about 4,000 feet upwards to 7,000 feet. Malacca,
Pahang, Selangor, Perak and Kedah ; also in the Malay
Archipelago and in Australia.
20. Eugenia valdevenosa, JDuthie.
Distrib. — Penang and Perak, from 2,500 feet upwai^ds.
21. Eugenia selangoeensis, sp. nov.
Branches stout. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic, with a
short deflexed point, base cuneate, nerves numerous, fine,
secondary nerves nearly as prominent, midrib elevated on
the back, depressed above, 8-9 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide,
petiole thick, grooved above, 1 cm. long. Panicle shorter
than the leaves, 5 cm. long with numerous thick four-angled
branches, 0.3 cm. in diameter. Buds 0.6 cm. long; calyx
tube campanulate, tapering to the base, smooth, 0.9 cm.
long, 0.5 cm. through at the apex, lobes, four, short, ovate,
obtuse. Petals small, obovate rounded, bigger than the
calyx lobes.
Stamens numerous, filaments slender twice as long as the petals.
In some respects, especially in the form of the flower, this
resembles E. le'pidocarpa, Wall, but the calyx is not ribbed,
the leaves are thicker and the nerves much more numerous.
22. Eugenia Wrayi, King.
Distrib. — Perak mountains at Ulu Batang Padang, 5,000 to
5,600 feet.
The form from the highest point differs in its denser, rounder
and even retuse leaves. The fruit (hitherto undescribed) is
1 cm. long globose, crowned by the short low annular calyx
limb. It appears to have been somewhat pulpy.
23. Eugenia spissipolia, sp. nov.
A shrub with crowded coriaceous sessile leaves, elliptic to
orbicular, retuse, base cordate, nerves faint on both sides,
about 10 pairs, secondary nerves nearly as conspicuous,
3-4 cm. long, 2. 5-4 cm. wide. Panicles terminal, shorter
than the leaves, or elongating beyond them 2. 5-7 cm. long
with short branches. Peduncles and pedicels (0.2 cm. long)
short and rather thick. Buds clavate, 0.7 cm. long when
open. Calyx tube rather long, dilate upwards, lobes, four,
ovate, short. Petals very small, hardly longer than the
calyx, lobes white, orbicular ovate. Stamens numerous,
very short 0.1 cm. long, hardly longer than the petals.
This plant is very like E. Wrayi in habit and form of leaves
but is quite distinct in the long calyx tube, club-shaped buds,
the fewer nerves to the leaf and the very short stamens.
i
83
24. Eugenia khomboidea, sj). nov.
Branches ratlier strict, dark. Leaves obovate acuminate to
rhomboid or lanceolate, coriaceous, apex acuminate, obtuse,
base moi'B gradually acuminate, 3-4.5 cm. long and 1.7-1.9
cm. wide ; nerves almost completely invisibe on both
surfaces, parallel, numerous, very fine, lower surface, finely
punctate, petiole, 0.3 cm. long. Panicle short about 2 cm.
long with four short branches each bearing three flowers.
Peduncles rather stout, four-angled. Calyx tube elongate
gradually dilating towards the tip, light brown and finely
rugose when dry, 1 cm. long, 0.4 cm. wide at the tip, lobes,
four, short, ovate, triangular. Petals calyptrate, oi'bicular,
small. Stamens numerous, 0.2 cm. long.
This species resembles in appearance E. Beddomei of Southern
India. It is, howevei-, a typical mountain species, witb
small stiffly coriaceous leaves closely veined. In one gather-
ing the specimens have obovate leaves, 4 cm. long by
2.5 cm. wide, but in most specimens the leaves vary from
lanceolate to I'homboid. The calyx tube has a rough corky
light brown exterior. The whole plant dries of a light
greenish brown colour.
MELASTOMACE^.
25. OxYSPOKA HispiDA, Ridley.
Also collected here by Dennys.
26. Anerincleistus grandiflorus, Ridley.
27. Sonerila hirstjta, Ridley.
Distrih. — Pahang and Perak mountains.
28. Sonerila brachyantha, Stajjf and King.
Distrib. — Perak mountains.
29. Sonerila ramosa, sp. nov.
A much branched hairy shrub over a foot tall, branches four-
angled covered with long bristly hairs ; leaves narrow,
lanceolate acuminate at both ends, sessile, margins serrate
with a bristly hair on each tooth, both surfaces also bristly
hairy, 5-6 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide, slightly oblique.
Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile or nearly so (fruit shortly
stalked) ; calyx tube cylindric, slightly dilated above, 0.5
cm. long, lobes, six, lanceolate acuminate, all covered with red
hairs. Petals, three, obovate, rather long clawed, apex
rounded, white, 1.5 cm. long, 0.9 cm. wide. Stamens, three,
long, curved, base orange, bilobed, lobes somewhat
divaricate, apex slender, acuminate, white, 0.6 cm. long,
filaments slender; style rather shorter than the stamens.
34
Capsule 0.5 cm. long, turbinate, cover with few tubercles
bearing hairs (hairs deciduous) ; sepals, six, as long or
shorter than the oblong rounded valves.
Most nearly allied to S. fruticosa of Gunong Tahan.
30. Medinilla perakensis, Stapf.
Distrib. — Perak mountains.
31. Medinilla Clarkei, King.
This form differs from the typical plant in its larger, thinner
lanceolate pointed leaves. In most other forms the leaves
are obovate, rounded ; it appears, however, to vary
considerably in the form of the leaves according to local
conditions. It occurs on many of the mountains of the
Peninsula.
32. Phtllagathis ttjberculata, King.
Distrib. — Perak, on Bajang Malacca.
This splendid plant is very unlike any others of the species
referred to this genus, from which it should probably he
removed. King describes the stem as short. It, however,
attains the height of six feet.
BEGONIACE^.
33. Begonia monticola, sp. nov.
A glabrous herb with a creeping rhizome. Leaves herbaceous,
ovate, inaequilateral, apex acuminate denticulate, the base
with two shortly unequal rounded lobes, the larger 1 cm.
longer than the shorter one ; margins obscurely denticulate,
distinctly so on the apical point ; nerves, 10, five rising from
the base, the others from the midrib ; 10 cm. long, 6 cm.
wide, the point 1 cm. long ; petiole 14 cm. or more long.
Scape, red, fleshy, 16-28 cm. long. Flowers few in the
cyme. Male flowers, four petalled, two petals oblong obovate,
two inner ones smaller but somewhat similar, anthers very
shortly apiculate. Female flowers of four rounded, obovate,
nearly equal petals, white ; the whole flower, 3 cm. across.
Capsule, 3-ringed, one wing broad, rounded 1.5 cm. long
and as broad at the base, the others smaller bluntly
triangular, 1 cm. long.
This species is allied most closely to B. paupercula, King, but
differs in the presence of the two smaller petals, absent in
that species in the male, and the nearly equal rounded petals
of the female flower. The f i-uit closely resembles that of
B. Klossii, Ridley, and so does the curiously dentate tip of
the leaf, but the unequal leaf base separates it fi-om that
species.
36
ARALIACE^.
34. Arthrophyllum pinnatuivi, Clarice.
Distrib. — Mountains of Malacca, Perak and Penang.
35. Heptaplettrtjm affine, King.
Distrib.— yionntams of Perak, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet.
36. Heptapleurum cephalotes, Clarice.
Distrib. — Singapore, Malacca, Perak and Penang.
«
GAMOPETAL^
CORNACE^.
37. Viburnum sambucinum, Reimvdt.
Distrib. — Singapore, Malacca, Pei^ak, Paliang and Penang.
Also Sumatra, Java and Borneo, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet.
RUBIACE^.
38. Argostemma hietum, Ridley.
Distrib. — Mountains of Malacca, Selangor, Pahang and Perak,
39. Argostemma Tappii, King.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Selangor.
40. Argostemma debile, sp. nov.
Stem long, 19 cm. rooting along the ground and ascending,
succulent glabrous. Leaves remote, few, in unequal pairs,
the larger one lanceolate acuminate, fleshy herbaceous,
shortly narrowed to the base, dark green above, pale
beneath, nerves, five pairs, very fine and hardly visible,
5.5-6.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad ; smaller leaf, ovate, sessile,
obtuse, 3 cm. long. Stipules lanceolate, acute 0.2-0.3 cm,
long. Flowers, one to three, umbellate on a fleshy peduncle,
3 cm. long with pairs (one or two) of stipuliform bi^acts ;
pedicels 1 cm. long. Calyx rotate, lobes ovate sub-acute,
0.2 cm. long. Corolla, lobes, four, narrow lanceolate, linear
acuminate, 1.1 cm. long, 0.3 cm. wide at the base. Stamens,
anthers forming a narrow cone, 0.6 cm. long. Style longer,
stigma clubbed.
Most nearly allied to A. Hookeri, King, but altogether larger.
41. TiMONius EREOPHiLus, Ridley.
Distrib. — Mountains of Malacca and Pahang.
42. IxoRA SALiciFOLiA, Blumc.
A new record for the Malay Peninsula. A native of Borneo
and Java. The corolla lobes in the single specimen are
blunter than in the ordinary form.
36
4B. IxoRA PENDTJLA, var.
With narrow lanceolate leaves and larger flowers than usual.
The species is common over the whole Peninsula from sea-
level to 5,000 feet.
44. IXORA GRANDIFOLIA var. AKBOILESCENS, HooliSr fil.
Distrib. — Johore, Malacca and Perak.
45. Ceph^lis subcoriacea, sjj. nov.
Stem slender, woody. Leaves thinly coriaceous, broadly
lanceolate to obovate acuminate acute, base cuneate ; nerves,
six to eight pairs, elevate beneath, 11 cm. long, 3.5-3.7 cm.
wide, drying brown above, paler beneath. Petiole 0.3 cm.
long, thick. Stipules, 2 cm. long, base tubular, embracing
the stem for one-third of their length, limb lanceolate
acuminate, brown, papery, upper ones more ovate, leaving a
prominent ring when fallen. Flowers five or six in a sessile
head 1.5 cm. across, pedicels short, thick, with the calyx tube,
0.4 cm. long. Calyx lanceolate acuminate acute 0.1 cm. long.
Corolla tube, 0.6 cm. long dilate at the base and above
and narrowed in the middle, lobes short, lanceolate obtuse
0.2 cm. long ; tube within white, hairy in the mouth.
Stamens adnate to the tube in the mouth, filaments short,
anthers ellipsoid, bases rounded, leather large.
Very distinct from any of our other species in the foliage.
46. Lasianthus nervosus, King.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak.
47. Pstchotria multicapitata, King (?).
Flowers too young to be quite certain of the identification.
48. Pstchotria condensa, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Pahang, from 3,000 to 5,000
feet.
49. PSYCHOTRIA SARMENTOSA, BluTYie.
A glabrous form.
Distrib. — The whole Peninsula, India and the Malay Archipe-
lago.
VACCINIACE^.
50. Vaccinium DECORUM, sp. nov.
A shrub with coriaceous leaves, obovate rounded at the tip,
narrowed to the petiole, edges recurv^ed when diy, dark-
brown above, yellowish brown, gland-dotted beneath (when
dry). N'erves, four pairs ascending from the midrib, not
from the base, midrib, thick tapering gradually to the apex,
4-7 cm. long, 2.3-4.5 cm. wide, petiole 1 cm. long, stout.
Racemes axillary, pendent, 9 cm. long, numerous. Flowers
secund, deflexed on slender pedicels 0.6 cm. long. Calyx
37
lobes triangular, often (but not always) ciliate along the
margins, 0.1 cm. long. Corolla tube broadly cylindric
slightly dilated in the middle, lobes short, acute, minutely
pustular on the edges, scarcely 0.1 cm. long. Whole corolla
0.5 cm. long, 0.4 cm. through, glabrous. Stamens, eight,
shorter than the tube, filaments broadly linear as long as the
anther cells, densely silky hairy. Anther cells oblong,
terminal processes as long, linear broad, parallel, glabrous,
no basal appendages. Style as long as the tube, thick,
glabrous, stigma hardly lobed. Fruit (not quite ripe)
spreading, on pedicels 1 cm. long, semiglobose, glabrous,
pustular, crowned with the erect calyx lobes and the longer
pulvinate disc, depressed in the centre 0.5 cm. long, 5-celled
with numerous angled seeds.
This handsome and floriferous species is allied to the
imperfectly known F. viscifolium, King and Gamble, from
which it differs in the shape and venation of its leaves and
the five-celled fruit. It is allied to V. Teysmanni, Miquel,
but has smaller leaves and different flowers.
51. Vaccinium aedisioides, sp. nov.
A shrub Avith slender dark-coloured branches and coriaceous
glabrous elliptic lanceolate leaves shortly acuminate at the
tip, nan'owed at the base, above smooth, dark brown when
dry, beneath cinnamom brown, gland-dotted. Nerves, two
pairs, rising from near the base of the midrib and running
upwards and one pair rising from the upper part of the
midrib but more spreading, all slender, midrib elevate on
the back depressed above, 3 cm. long, 1.3 em. wide, petiole
0.2 cm. Racemes shorter than the leaves, 2.5 cm. long.
Flowers secund on pubescent pedicels 0.5 cm., long. Calyx
pubescent, tube cup-shaped, lobes as long as the tube.
Corolla glabrous, 0.4 cm. long, ovoid with small acute lobes.
Stamens, 10, filaments hairy, flat, base broadly linear,
naiTowed upwards, twice as long as the small ellipsoid
anthers, pi'ocesses terminal, two, small, globose, yellow, no
basal processes. Style thick, twice as long as the stamens,
stigma rounded, disc white, hairy.
Allied to V. Kunstleri, King and Gamble, but the sepals ar^
larger, the corolla lobes acute, the anthers smaller with
different pi'ocesses and the flowers and leaves smaller.
EllICACEyE.
52. Rhododenbeon coeuscum, sj). nov.
Branches stout, woody. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate or
oblong lanceolate apex obtuse or shortly acute, base
narrowed obtuse, midrib stout, narrowing to the apex,
elevate beneath, depressed above. Nex'ves 12 pairs, slender,
38
slightly ascending, reticulations small, fine and conspicuous,
glabrous, with no scales or gland dots, 12-13 em. long, 4-4.5
cm. wide, petiole, 2.5 cm. long, rugose. Flowers in a head
of 10 to 12, bracts coriaceous, lowest ones lanceolate, 3 cm.
long, upper ones 1 cm. obovate, rounded, often split, all
silvery pubescent, lowest one silky hairy. Calyx flat with
five short teeth, hairy. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, tube
short, widely dilate, 4 cm. long, limb 5 cm. across, lobes
broad, bluntly rounded, ovate, 2 cm. wide across the top.
Stamens not exsert, shorter than the style, filaments fairly
stout, glabrous. Anthers oblong, truncate, curved. Style
stout, longer. Stigma broad, pistil cylindric, short stout
glabrous.
The flowers appear to have been white with perhaps some
dark colouring at the base of the tube. The young bud
leaves are scaly but otherwise there are no scales on the
foliage. Of our species the plant appears to be nearest to
B. Wrayi, King and Gamble, but has much thinner leaves,
with longers petioles. The silky bracts of the inflorescence
are very characteristic.
[This handsome Rhododendron is the dominant plant in the
rain forest just below the comb of the ridges. It is a small
■ lanky tree growing to about 25 feet whereas B. Wrayi, which
is found on the hills above the Semangko Pass, is a short
compact shrub growing on the actual summits in exposed
situations. The flowers of the present species are somewhat
translucent white, the tube at the base speckled with dark
purplish— H.C.R.]
53. Rhododendron • javanicum, Bennett.
Distrib. — Perak, Kedah, Sumatra, Java and Celebes.
54. Rhododendron calocodon, sj). nov.
A small shrub, probably epiphytic, with dusky rough
branches. Leaves in whorls of six obovate to rounded, base
shortly narrowed and obtuse, coriaceous, above smooth
green, beneath yellowish, closely gland-dotted ; nerves
three pairs, almost always invisible. Midrib beneath thick,
narrowing i^apidly to the apex, above faintly depressed,
3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or smaller, petiole very short 0.1 cm.
Flowers solitary, terminal, on a pubescent pedicel 1 cm.
long. Bracts in bud, numerous ovate obtuse glabrous,
basals shortly mucronate, reddish. Calyx cup-shaped with
short indistinct points, pubescent, 0.1 cm. long. Corolla
cylindric campanulate 2 cm. long, mouth 1.5 cm. wide, dark
red with white hairs outside and inside, lobes short oblong,
apex broad retuse, 0.4 cm. long and 0.5 cm. wide.
Stamens not exsert, shorter than the corolla, 10 ; anthers
39
oblong, truncate, filaments white-hairy. Style glabrous,
much shorter than the stamens, thick ; stigma capitate,
large; ovary silky.
This pretty shrub belongs to the set of tubular-flowered
Rhododendrons with small lobes to the corolla which hardly
spread and thus is allied to El. elegans of Gunong Tahaii
and Rh. spathulatutn of Gunong Kerbau but is larger than
either.
55. Rhododendron orion, .sp. nov.
A shrub with wrinkled reddish brown branches. Leaves
coriaceous in whorls of six or seven obovate, the base narrowed
to the ])etiole, apex rounded, retuse, margin recurved,
midrib, thick, elevated, sparingly scaly, depressed above ;
nerves four pairs indistinct, slightly elevate beneath, de-
pressed above, 4.5 cm. long, 2.3 cm. wide, petiole 0.5 cm.
long. Flowers numerous, terminal, six or more in the umbel,
peduncle very short, covered with lanceolate acute glabrous
bracts, pedicels .slender, 2 cm. long scaly. Calyx saucer-
shaped very small, margin obscut-ely lobed. Corolla short
tubed, infundibuliform, tube widening upwards, scaly, lobes
oblong ovate, obtuse, spreading scalj-, 1 cm. long and 0.6
cm. wide ; whole corolla, 2.4 cm. long, apparently yellow.
Stamens exsert as long as the petals 2.4 cm. long, filaments
slender, glabrous ; anthers small 0.1 cm. long, oblong
truncate. Style stout, glabrous, stigma large, capitate,
ovary glabrous, scurfy. Capsule subfusiform, not twisted,
5-valved 5-ribbed scurfy-scaly, 1.3. cm. long.
Allied to Rh. Soortechinii] King and Gamble, but with less
prominent nerves and longer stamens.
[On previous visits to the mountian I have met with this
species as a small shrub growing in shady gullies ; flowers
pale yellow with an apricot tinge— H.C.R.]
56. Rhododendron Robinsoni, Ridley.
A small specimen appears to be this plant.
Distrib. — Pahang mountains.
57. Rhododendron malayanum. Jack.
Distrib. — Common on all the mountain ranges of the ^Malay
Peninsula from 3,000 to 5,000 feet and also in Sumatra and
Java.
58. Pernettyopsis malayana, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Perak mountains to 6,500 feet.
59. DiPLYCosiA ERYTHRiNA, King and Gamble.
Specimens in fruit.
Distrib. — Perak, Java and Sumati'a.
Jan.. 1914,
40
MYESINACE^.
60. Mtrsine perakensis, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Paliang.
61. Embelia coriacea, Wall.
Distrib. — The whole of the Peninsula in the low country and
mountains and also Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
62. Embelia pergamacea, A.D.C.
Distrib. — Perak mountains, Java and Borneo.
63. Embelia angitlosa, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Perak at Ulu Batang Padang ; and Borneo, Kina-
balu, 7,600 to 8,800 feet.
64. Embelia myrtillus, Kurz.
Distrib. — Mountains of Malacca, Perak and Pahang.
65. Ardisia MONTANA, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and Selangor, 3,000 to 7,000 feet.
66. Ardisia andamanica, Kurz.
Distrib.— J ohore, Malacca, Perak. Also Andamans and Mergui.
STYRACE^.
67. Symplocos spicata, Boxh. var.
This has lanceolate long acuminate leaves with nearly entire
margins and most of the infloresences are unbranched short
racemes. It may prove to be specifically distinct.
68. Symplocos ophirensis, Clarice.
Distrib. — Malacca and Perak.
OLEACE^.
69. LiNOCIERA LANCIFOLIA, Bidlsy.
Distrib. — Pahang mountains.
APOCYNACEiE.
70. Alyxia Forbesii, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Pahang, Perak and Penang ; also in
Sumatra and Java, from 2,500 to 5,000 feet.
71. Alyxia oleifolia, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak.
72. Eanwolsia perakensis, King and Gamble.
Distrib. — Pahang, Perak and Kedah, from sea-level upwards.
73. Ervatamia coriacea, Ridley.
Distrib. — Sempan Mines, Selangor, 4,000 feet.
ASCLEPIADACE^.
74. Marsdbnia stellaris, sp. nov.
A climber with a rather slender pubescent stem. Leaves in
distinct pairs ovate lanceolate acuminate to lanceolate
acuminate, apex acute, base rounded, subcordate, herbaceous,
above dark green, beneath pale, petiole and midrib on botli
41
surfaces sliortly red liaiiy, the rest of tlie leaf sprinkled
with short hairs ; nerves almost invisible above, five pairs,
in-arching 0.5 cm. from the edge, 5.5 cm. to 9.5 cm. long,
1.5-3.5 cm. wide, petiole, 2 cm. long. Peduncle axillary, 1
cm. long pubescent bearing three flowers on pubescent
pedicles 1 cm. long. Calyx small, pubescent, lobes five, short
ovate. Cox'olla rotate, tube very short, glabrous, lobes
lanceolate acute 1.5 cm. across. Corona of five subcoriaceous
yellow shining scales, attached to the staininal tube spread-
ing, stellately rounded with acute tips, 0.2 cm. long. Stamens,
filaments connate in a distinct tube at the base over 0.1 cm.
long. Anther-appendages oblong ovate, obtuse, inflexed.
Pollen oblong ovoid erect sessile on the carrier, which is
nearly as long. Stigma large, rounded conic.
A single specimen.
The flowers appear to have been violet. The plant belongs to
the section Dregea but has much lai-ger flowei's tlian any
species from this region. I am indebted to Mr. N. E. Brown
for help in woi'king out tliis remarkable plant.
75. DiscHiDiA coRDiFOLiA, Ki)i(j and Ganible.
Distr'ib. — Perak mountains.
7Q. DiSCHIDIA PARVIFOI.IA, sp. nOV.
Stem very slender. Leaves ovate acvite with a distinct small
cusp, base rounded, glabrous, fleshy. Nerves two pairs rising
from tlie base, 1.2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, petiole 0.2 cm.
long. Peduncles, solitar}-, axillary, 0.1 cm. long or raceme
nearly sessile, racemes 0.1-0.22 long, short and thick. Bracts
minute, acute. Pedicels slender deflexed, 0.2 cm. long.
Calyx lobes thin, ovate obtuse, corolla campanulate 0.3 cm.
long, white, with five thickened acute triangular lobes, deep
pink, all entirely glabrous. Corona none. Staminal column
reaching to the throat, filaments straight, broad linear
oblong ; appendages thin, rounded oblong ; pollinia oblong
obtuse, or thin, flat, caudicles cuneate at the base, above
dilate triangular, retuse, with two unequal points. Carrier
very small, linear oblong, ovary conic cylindric. Follicle
narrow lanceolate acuminate light brown, 4 cm. long,
0.2 cm. thick at the base. Seed 0.4 cm. long, oblong,
brown, hairs from apex numerous, very fine, white, 1 cm.
long.
The leaves are very small though biggei- than those of
D. nummuJaria, but much less fleshy. I can see no corona at
all in the flowei- unless some obscure keels on the back of
the stamens represent it. It much resembles a plant, of
which, however, I have seen no flowers, collected by Beccari
on Mt. Singalang, Sumatra.
42
LOGANIACE^.
77. Fagr^a gardenioides, sp. nov.
A shrub with stout branches. Leaves fleshy coriaceous,
obovate or oblanceolate, apex rounded, base narrowed
acuminate, nerves seldom visible, three pairs only faintly
marked on the upper surface, invisible beneath, 12-14 cm.
long, 4.8-7 cm. wide, petiole stout, 1 cm. long with square
truncate auricles at the base, 0.8 cm. long, 0.4 cm. wide,
riowers three terminal on thick pedicels 2 cm. long. Bracts
at base of calyx obtuse ovate, 0.6 cm. long and as wide.
Calyx 2.8 cm. long, sepals oblong oblanceolate, apices
rounded 0.7 cm. wide. Corolla tube, straight, cylindric,
5 cm. long, 0.6 cm. in diameter, limb salver shaped, 7 cm.
across, lobes oblong rounded, 3.5 cm. long, 1.7 cm. across.
Stamens shorter than tlie corolla, filaments moderately
thick, anthers 0.9 cm. long. Fruit ovoid, shortly beaked
with the base of the style, 5 cm. long. At 5,000 to 5,600 feet.
Allied to Fagrfea carnosa, Blume, differing in the shoi^ter,
thicker corolla tube and laj'ger limb and in the auricled
petioles.
78. Gr.ERTNERA KoENIGII, Var. OxYPHYLLA.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak.
ACANTHACE^.
79. FiLETIS GLABRA, SJJ. noV.
Glabrous. Leaves opposite, lanceolate acuminate, apex acute,
base cuneate obtuse slightly inoequilateral, nerves seven
pairs, nervules and' reticulations visible, 13 to 15 cm. long,
5.5 cm, wide, petiole 1 cm. long. Inflorescence simply race-
med or branched 15 cm. long, branches in fruit, 5 cm. long.
Flowers few, scattered, nearly or quite sessile. Bracts
narrow, lanceolate linear. Sepals lanceolate acuminate free
to the base, pubescent, 0.4 cm. long. Corolla pubescent
■outside, lower lip very hairy, 1 cm. long. Stamens four,
unequal glabrous ; anthers rather large, cells one above the
other. Ovary cylindric conic, style glabrous. Stigma very
small, capsule 4-seeded, stalk (empty portion) longer than
the seed beai-ing portion. Seed glabrous, verrucose elliptic.
Allied to F. paniculata, Clarke, but glabrous except for the
slight pubescence of the flower. Like most of the species
the texttire of the leaves seems to have been somewhat
fleshy and the whole plant dixies black.
80. JUSTICIA VEGETA, Sp. nOV.
A tall stout glabrous plant. Leaves herbaceous lanceolate
acuminate at both ends, apex acute, midrib broad at base,
nerves 12 pairs parallel, curved upwards and in-arching
near the margin, 18 cm. long, 6.5 cm. wide, petiole 2-4 cm.
43
all drying green, paler beneath. Racemes axillary, two to
each node, 4 cm. long on peduncles 1 cm. long. Bracts
green, oblong oblanceolate, tips rounded, midrib conspicuous
2 cm. long, 0.6 cm. across. Flowers solitary in the bracts.
Calyx lobes thin, lanceolate, 0.4 cm. long, green. Corolla
yellow with purple stripes 1.5 cm. long, upper lobe narrow
subacute, lower one hairy, s[)aringly on the disc. Capsule
4-seeded hardly clubbed, nearly straight, shortly abruptly
cuspidate, 1.2 cm. long. Seeds ovate acuminate brown,
verrucose, 0.3 cm. long.
Allied to J. selangorica but the bract are not obovate as in
that species.
GESNERACE^.
81. Aeschynanthus longicaltx, var. superb a.
Calyx dilated upwards 6.5 cm. (2| inches) long, the lobes
0.8 cm. across at the base 3 cm. (\\ inches) long. Corolla
9 cm. (3i inches) long. In the original description the
flowers were much smaller, the calyx 1.25 inch long, the
lobes being half an inch in length, the corolla 3 inches long.
The calyx in this variety is nearly as long as the corolla
tube, it is dilated widely upwards from the base, the
lobes are rather ensiform than lanceolate. The style is
shorter than the calyx with a large rhomboid stigma.
The leaves vary from lanceolate acuminate to elliptic obtuse
or ovate with a rounded base ; there are four pairs of veiy
faint nerves.
The original plant was found at the Semangko Pass and
it was also collected by Scortechini and Wray on Gunong
Batu Puteh in South Perak. Tliough the type form has
considerably smaller flowers, with the calyx shorter in
proportion to the corolla, I do not think it advisable to
separate this splendid form specifically.
82. DiDYMOCARPus ALBiNA, Bidleij.
Distrib. — Perak (Gunong Batu Puteh and Telom).
83. Orchadocarpa lilacina, Ridlexj.
The lower lip is 2 cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide, the median
lope being 0.6 cm. long.
Distrib. — Gunong Batu Puteh, Perak.
APETAL^.
84. Nepenthes sanguinea, Masters.
Distrib. — High mountains of Malacca and Perak.
85. Nepenthes ampullaria, var.
There are no pitchers with the specimens of inflorescence but
these seem to be only referable to this lowland species.
They differ somewhat, however, in the laxer and less hairy
panicle and longer linear bracts. I have never seen it from
above 1,000 feet before.
44
PIPERACEyE.
86. PiPBE PENANGENSIS, A.D.C.
Dlstrih. — Peuaiig.
LAURINE^].
87. Machilus Scoktechinii, Gamble (?).
Flowers too young to make certain of the identification but it
resembles this species otherwise.
Dlstrih. — Perak mountains.
88. Phcebe declinata, Nees.
Distrib. — Singapore, North to Penang, from sea-level to 5,000
feet. Also in Sumatra and Java.
89. Actinodaphne concinna, sp. nov.
Leaves in distant whorls of 4 to 5 at the end of the branches,
thinly coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate acuminate ; nerves
eight pairs slender, elevate, nervules subparallel, conspicuous
beneath, above depressed and less conspicuous, leaf when
dry grey above, paler beneath, 14 cm. long, 4 cm. wide,
petiole 1 cm. long. Inflorescence capitate, subsessile, termi-
nal or axillary below the leaves, 1 to 3 capitula together,
1 cm. long. In bud covered by ovate coppery pubescent
obtuse bi-acts, 0.4 cm. or less long. Male flowers 0.5 cm.
long, 0.7 cm. across, pedicel and tube shoi't hairy. Perianth
lobes, six, oblong obtuse, the outer three hooded, the inner
three flat, all hairy outside. Stamens, nine, filaments slender,
hairy. Anthers glabrous, oblong, 4-celled, inner three shorter
than the perianth, each with a pair of glabrous, shortly
stalked ovoid obtuse glands at the base. Pistillode ovary
hairy, style glabrous. Stigma conoid, pustular. Female
flowers and fruit not seen.
Allied to A. pridriosa, Nees, a lowland tree difl^ering in its
hardly glaucous leaves, oblong not ovate perianth lobes
conoid stigma and other points.
90. LiNDBRA RUFA, Gamble.
Distrib. — Mountains of Selangor, Perak, Borneo and Sumatra,
from 4,000 to 7,000 feet.
91. LiNDERA C^SIA, Bieii.
Distrib. — Perak and Selangor mountains and Java.
92. LiNDERA, 8p.
Distrib. — Gunong Tahan, Pahang.
93. LiNDERA SELANGORENSIS, Sp. nOV.
Ti-ee about 30 feet tall, branches pale when dry. Leaves
alternate, distant, thin-textured, glabrous (except when
young when they are silky pubescent) dark green above,
glaucescent beneath, ovate acum.inate, acutecuspidate ;
45
nerves, six pairs, elevate beneath, anastomosing witliin tiie
margin, depressed on the upper surface, nervules cons-
picuous, 6-18 cm. long, 4-2 cm. wide, petiole 1.5 cm. long.
Racemes axillary, 0.5 cm. long, with very small rounded
persistent bracts, peduncles 1 cm. long. Buds globose,
0.2 cm. long. Bracts rounded, semicircular. Flowei-s, six
or more in a capitulum on hairy pedicels. Male flowers,
perianth lobes, six, glabrous except for a few hairs on the
base outside, oblong obovate, gland-dotted on both sides,
apex rounded. Stamens nine, six paddle-shaped with flat
linear filaments and broader anthers, the two cells distant
and below the apex of the filament ; inner three very small
with two large oblong obtuse fleshy glands at the base.
Female flowers and fi'uit not seen.
Also collected by myself at the Sempan Mines, Selangor, 4,000
feet. Tliis is undoubtedly closely allied to L. malaccensis,
Hookei' fil., a common lowland tree from Singapore,
northwards to Perak, but it differs in its thinner leaves,
glaucous beneatli, oblong rounded petals and longer racemes.
L. malaccensis seems confined to edges of woods in the
low country and I have never seen it in the hills.
The specimens with larger and thinner leaves refeiTed to by
Gamble in the " Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula,"
Nos. 3,373 and 4,704, and from the Dalvey Road, Singapore,
are merely from yoUnger trees or younger branches of older
trees as the character of- the foliage differs somewhat in
the same tree.
THYME LEACE^. , .
94. WiKSTRCEMiA CANDOLLEANA, Meissuer.
Distrib. — Mountains of Pahang, Perak and Kedali. Also in
Java.
SANTALACE^.
95. Henslowia. plitrinervis, Bxrl.
Distrib. — Perak and Sumatra.
LORANTHACE^:.
96. LORANTHUS PENTANDRUS, Linn.
Distrib. — The whole Malay Peninsula and Ai'chipelago.
97. LoRANTHus LoBBii, Hookcr fil.
Distrib. — In most mountain regions of the Peninsula.
98. LoRANTHUs crassipetalus, King.
Distrib. — Perak.
99. Elystranthe Formosa, Blume.
Distrib. — Not rare in the Malay Peninsula. Also in Java.
46
EUPHORBIACE^. .
100. Antidesma fallax, Muell. Arg.
Distrib. — Singapore, Joliore and Perak
101. Daphniphyllum Scortechinii, Ki7ig.
Male flowers.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak.
CUPULIPER^.
102. QuERCus rassa, Blume.
Distrib. — Mountains of Malacca, Pahang, Selangor, Perak
and Penang, from 2,000 to 5,000 feet.
103. QuERCUS EoBiNSONii, sp. nov.
Branches stout dark coloured. Leaves coriaceous above brown
when dry, beneath silvery, except the brown nerves, lanceo-
late acuminate, apex acute, base narrowed cuneate ; nerves
11 pairs, elevate beneath, nervules transverse, parallel, 15 cm.
long, 5 cm. wide. Spikes erect racemed, numerous terminal
8 cm. lonyf on branches 12 cm. long, base (0.3 cm.) nude;
rachis scurfy. Male flowers sessile, perianth lobes, six, short
dentiform acute pubescent. Stamens, 12, anthers ellipsoid.
Pistillode pulvinate silky. Bracts very small. Female
flowers on separate spikes ; styles, short, three. Fruit when
young with the cupule covering the glans, and covered with
short appressed triangular acute processes ; adult, cupule
thin, free from the glans_ except at the base and covering it
all but the tip, splitting at the top into five irregular lobes,
pubescent, faintly vertically ribbed but with no rings or
joro'cesses, 1.5 cm. long, glans a little longer, ovoid, tapering
at the tip, silky with the three persistent stigmas on a short
stjde.
This seems to be allied to Q. Blii/meanum, Korth. Differing
in the silvery backs of the leaves and the absence of any
belts or processes on the cupule.
MO.NOCOTYLEDONES.
ORCHIDE^.
104. LiPAEis DISTICHA, Linclley.
Distrib. — Common in most parts of the Peninsula.
105. Platyclinis gracilis, Hooker fil.
Distrib. — Perak and Pahang mountains.
106. Dendrobium longipes, HooJcer fil.
Distrib. — Mountains of Perak and SelangoK
107. Dendrobium cornutum, HooJcer fil.
Distrib. — Perak and Pahan"- mountains.
47
108. Dendeobium roseatum, Ridley.
Distrib. — Larut Hills, Perak.
109. BuiiBOPHYLLUM GALBINUM, RiclleiJ.
Distrib. — Pei-ik, Selaiigor and Paliaug mountains.
110. BULBOPHYLLUM (§ MoNANTHA PAKVa) ARANIFERUM, Sp. nOV.
Rhizome long, creeping, with abundant fairly thick roots,
almost entirely covered above with adnate pseudobulbs.
Pseudobulbs oblong, horizontally appressed to the slender
rhizome, the short apices only free and upcurved, 1 cm.
long, 0.3 cm. thick (when dry). Leaf elliptic lanceolate,
apex shortly acute, base narrowed to the petiole, 5 cm.
long (including the petiole) 0.8 cm. wide. Scape, rising at
the base of the pseudobulb slender, one-flowered 5 cm. long
with a lanceolate acuminate persistent sheathing bi'act 0.5
cm. long. Pedicel and ovary 2 cm. long. Sepals subequal,
linear acuminate caudate, 4-nerved, the two central nerves
thicker than the two outer ones, 3.2 cm. long by 0.5 cm.
wide at the base. Petals linear obtuse 0.5 cm. long, all
apparently whitish. Lip tongue-shaped acuminate, tip
blunt, oi-ange coloured, base cordate with sides thin rounded,
apex fleshy grooved down the centre, 0.6 cm. long. Column
short with subulate stelidia, foot narrow at first horizontal
then rather abruptly up-cui^ved. Anther rather large with
a short distinct filament, pollinia oval elliptic.
I have only seen one flower.
This is undoubtedly allied to B. striatellum, Ridley, a native of
the mangrove swamps in Singapore. It resembles B.
montense, Ridley, and B. catenarium in the peculiar arrange-
ment and form of the pseudobulbs. The long narrow
caudate sepals are peculiar in this section.
111. BuLBOPHTLLUM CAPiTATUM, Lindley.
Apparently abundant. Common on all our mountain ranges
from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. Also occurring in Boi-neo and Java.
112. BuLBOPHYLLUM SELANGORENSE, SJ). nOV.
Rhizome long, branched, stout, woody over 0.5 cm. in diameter,
densely covered with roots, pseudobulbs absent. Leaf
oblanceolate coriaceous, apex blunt, base long, narrowed to
the petiole, 18 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, petiole 8 cm. long.
Scape about 30 cm. long, the basal half nude except for two
or three sheathing bracts, the uppermost one f oliaceous with
a lanceolate acute limb, 5 cm. long. Raceme 15 cm. long,
floAvers rather scattered. Bracts lanceolate, 0.3 cm. long,
shorter than the pedicel. Sepals lanceolate ovate acute,
0.3 cm. long, the lower pair connate at the base forming
a rounded gibbous sac. Petals neai'ly as long, linear oblong
48
obtuse. Lip rather thin, the base broad with rounded
elevate side lobes, apex acuminate, more'ileshy, three raised
veins run on the disc between the lobes from a horse-shoe-
shaped callus at the base. Column short, stelidia subulate,
foot adnate to sepals, apex only shortly free.
This is allied to B. montigenum, Ridley, and B. oblanceolatum.
King, of the Pahang and Perak hills, differing in the shorter
lanceolate ovate sepals and the large foliaceous bract on the
scape.
113. Dendrochilum angustifolium, Bidleij.
In fruit only.
Distrib. — Mountains of Pahang and Selangor. •
114. Eria crassipes, Ridley.
Distrib. — Pahang (Gunong Tahan).
115. Eria (Dilochiopsis) Scortechinii, IfooA.-ej- j^/.
Distrib. — Mountains of Selangor, Pahang and Perak.
116. Eria elata. Hooker fil.
Only previously knoAvn from Perak, collected by Scortechini
without locality.
117. Eria (Trichotosia) pyrrhotricha, sj). nov.
A tall stout plant with the appearance of E. vestita, Lindley.
Stems, 1 cm. in diameter densely red-hairy. Leaves with
red-hairy sheaths, 2 cm. long, lamina lanceolate acuminate
hairy, 9 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide with 3-7 nerves. Racemes
pendulous flexuous red-hairy, 9 cm. long, basal bract ovate
amplexicaul pale coloured, 1 cm. long, floral bi'acts remote
lanceolate acuminate, 1.3 cm. long. Ovary sessile, haiiy.
►Sepals, upper one lanceolate, 1 cm. long, lower ones trian-
gular ovate, falcate, hairy base gibbous, 1 cm. long. Petals
linear oblong, tip rounded glabrous, 3-nerved rather short ;
lip obcuneate, 3-lobed margins denticulate, lobes bi'oadly
rounded with several elevated veins papillose on the disc,
mid lobe rounded not wider with lines of papillae on it.
Column at the tip quadrate with a large stigma.
This plant has been confused with Eria ferox, Lindley,
hitherto, from which it diifers in the longer acuminate more
hairy leaves, longer raceme of flowers, large lanceolate
bract, and much larger, more remote flowers. It has, in
fact, much more of the habit of Eria vestita. It has
previouly been collected by Curtis (No. 1,325), King's
Collector (3,360), at the top of the Larut Hills, and
Scortechinii (366 6), probably in the same locality.
118. Cbbatostylis eri^oides, Hooker fil.
Bare. — Only previously collected in Perak.
49
119. Nephelophyllum tenuiflorum, Blume.
Distrih. — Mountains of Paliang, Perak and Kedah. Also in
Java and Borneo.
120. CoELOGYNE CARNEA, Hooker fil.
Common in the mountains of Paliang and Perak.
121. Pholidota CARNEA, Bhuue.
A new record for the Peninsuhx hut also collected on Gunong
Inas by Yapp. A native of Java.
122. PODOCHILTJS LANCIFOLIA, Schhcht.
Distrih. — Mountains of Paliang, Selangor and Perak.
123. Thelasis macrobulbon, Bidley.
Distrih. — Mountains of Perak.
124. Cryptostylis arachnites, Blume.
Distrih. — Common on the hills of the Malay Peninsula and
in the low country.
125. Habenaria zosterostyloides. Hooker fil.
Distrih. — ^Mountains of Malacca, Pahang, Selangor and Perak.
SCITAMINE^.
126. Camptandra ovata, Ridley.
Also on Gunong Ulu Semangko.
127. Globba perakensis, Ridley.
Distrih. — Perak Hills.
128. Alpinia atjrantiaca, Bidley.
Distrih. — Paliang.
Apparently this species, but the specimens are not in a good
enough state to be sure.
LILIACE^.
129. Smilax calophylla, Wall.
Distrih. — The whole Peninsula, from sea-level to 5,000 feet.
130. Smilax l^vis. Wall.
Distrih. — Mountains of Malacca, Perak, Penang and Kedah.
Also in China.
AROIDE^.
131. ARISiEMA ROXBURGHII, KiintJi.
Distrih. — Selangor, Perak, Paliang, Penang, Langkawi Islands
and Java, from about 1,000 feet upwards.
132. Aris^ma Scortechinii, Hooker fil.
Dis^ri&.— Selangor, Paliang, Perak and Penang.
133. SciNDAPsus Scortechinii, Hooker fil.
Distrih. — Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, from 3,000 to
5,000 feet.
50
FILICES.
134. Lecanopteris caknosa, Blume.
Common, especially in the hills.
135. Davallia dissecta, Blume.
The specimens are not in fruit but very much resemble this
species which has not previously been met with in the
Malay Peninsula.
136. ASPLENIUM TENERUM, Fovst.
More common in the low country than on the mountains.
137. Nephrolepis davallioides, Kze.
Distrib. — Mountains of Selangor and Perak and also in Java.
138. Elaphoglossum latifolium, Sw.
Distrib. — Mountains of Pahang, Perak and Kedah.
139. Stenochl^ena sorbifolia, Linn.
The slender creeping sterile state. Common all over the
Peninsula.
LTC0P(3DIACEyE.
140. Lycopodium phlegmaria, Hook.
Common all over the Peninsula.
ON A FURTHER COLLP^CTION OF MAMMALS AND
BIRDS FRO:k[ THE HILLS OF NEGRI SEMBILAN.
By H. C. ROBIN'SOX, c.xi.z.s., m.b.o.u., axd C. BODEX KLOSS, f.z.s., m.b.o.u.
XN a recent number of this Journal one of us has given a list
of a collection of mammals and birds obtained on the Telapa
Buroh range in Negri Sembilan, which showed that the Himalaaic
element, which is the dominant featui'e of the fauna of the higher
hills of Pahang, Perak and Selangor, does not extend so far south as
Negri Sembilan, and this is confirmed by the present series. In
September, 1913, the Dyak collectors of the Museum were sent
to collect on Grunong Tampin, in the extreme south of the State,
which attains a height of 2,507 feet and may l)e regarded as the
southern termination of the Peninsular main range, hills of greater
elevation in Malacca and Johore being quite isolated by wide tracts of
low-lying country.
The collection, though not very extensive, contains several species
of considerable interest, and we have therefore thought it Avorth while
to give a list in full as it altogether includes six mammals and 25
birds not recorded in the two previous papers. *
The party were camped at about 1,000 feet in heavy jungle, and
collections were made from that elevation to the summit.
MAMMALS.
1. SYMPHALAXGUS SYNDACTYLUS COXTINEXTIS, TnovAS.
Hylohates fsyndactylus (Desm.) ; Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 313 ;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., i, p. 26 (1905).
A pair of large adults.
The Siamang is rather rare in the south of tlie Peninsula and is
not usually found at low elevations.
2. HYLOBATES LAR (Liyy.).
A large female in the black pelage.
.3. RATUFA AFFIXIS AUREIVEXTER (Geoffr).
<?, 2 ?.
Rather variable, one female having the hands and feet dark
chocolate brown.
4. RATUFA MELANOPEPLA. :Miller.
2 <?, ?.
Apparently as common as the preceding on this hill.
* Robinson, Jonrn. F.M.S. Museums, i, p. 25, 1905-6.
Kloss, op. cit., iv, p. 219, 1909-11.
52
5. SCIURUS VITTATUS MINIATUS, Miller.
?.
Apparently rare.
6. SCIURUS NIGROVITTATUS JOHORENSIS, Rob. & Wrought.
Journ. Ted. Malay States Mus., iv, p. 166 (1911).
2 S, V.
Agreeing well with the types.
7. SCIURUS TENUIS TENUIS, Horsf.
5 (?, 3 ?.
Common.
8. SCIURUS ROBIXSOXI ALACRIS, Thoiias.
<?.
The southernmost recorded locality for this ground squirrel.
9. PETAURISTA NITIDA MELAXOTUS. Grit.
10. LARISCUS INSIGXIS JALORENSIS, Boxhote.
3 i, ?.
Belonging to the duller northern form and not to the brighter
sub-species, L. i. meridionalis, from Southern Johore and Singapore
Island.
11. RHINOSCIURUS LATICA"UDATUS TUPAIOIDES, Bltth.
Tail hoary, each hair with the tip pure white, basal portion buff.
12. EPIMYS VOCIFERANS (Miller).
?.
13. EPIMTS PELLAX (IMiller).
2 <?, ?.
It is curious that in this range of hills E. jyellax seems to have
supplanted entirely E. surifer which is elsewhere by far the
commoner rat.
14, EPIMYS ASPER OIiller).
$ , Immature specimen not sexed.
Tails rather short but the specimens are in indiiferent condition.
15. EPIMYS RATTUS JALORENSIS (Boxhote).
2 ?.
16. TUPAIA FERRUGINEA FERRUGINEA, Raffles.
2 (?,4 ?.
17. TUPAIA MALACCANA, Anderson.
S, ?.
Much commoner in the south than in the north of the Peninsula
and never yet met with on any of the adjacent islands.
18. URSUS MALAYANUS, Raffles.
A large female was shot as it was descending a ti^ee after robbing
a bee's nest.
53
BIRDS.
1. PTILIXOPUS .lAMBU (Gm.).
6 <?, 2 ?.
This beautiful fruit pigeon elsewhere rather rare and decidedly
local was common' on the hill, feeding on fig trees.
2. CHALCOPHAPS IXDICA (Linx.).
<?•
.3. HUHUA ORIEXTALIi; (Hoesf.).
?.
Nowhere abundant, or at least, hard to get.
i. PHOTODILl'S BADIUS (HoRSF.).
¥■
5. CARCINEUTES PULCHELLUS (Horsf.).
2 c?, 2 ?.
6. NYCTIORNIS AMICTA (Temm.).
1 ^, 2 ?.
7. HIEROCOCCYX XISICOLOR (Hodgs.).
s.
8. ZAXCLOSTOMUS .JAVAXICrS (Horsf.).
^.
9. UROCOCCYX ERYTHROGXATHUS (Hartl.).
2 <?.
10. RHIXORTHA CHLOROPH^A (Raffles).
11. PYROTROGOX XEGLECTUS. Forbes & Robixsox.
S, ?.
12. PYROTROGOX KASUMBA (Raffles).
<?.
This specimen has a narrow liar of scarlet on the rump above the
upper tail coverts. The same abnormalit}- has been noted in an
adult male from Malacca (Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mug.,
xvii., p. 484<), but is apparently not constant.
13. CALORHAMPHUS HAYI (.J. E. Geet).
<?, 2 ?,
^, 3 ?
<?, 2 ?,
?.
3,2 ?.
14. CHOTORHEA CHRYSOPOGOX (Temm.).
15. CHOTORHEA MYSTACOPHAX'ES (Temm.).
16. CYAXOPS HEXRICI (Temm.).
17. PYRRHOPICUS PORPHYROMELAS (BoiE.).
18. MIGLYPTES GRAMMITHORAX (Maui.).
?
2 <?,2 ?
^,4 ?.
54
10. MIGLYPTES TUKKI (Less).
20. CHRYSOPHLEGMA HUMII, Haegitt.
21. CALYTTOMENA VIRIDIS, Raffles,
22. EURYL.^MUS OCHROMELAS, Raffles.
23. CYORNIS CONCRETA (S. Mull).
Robinson, Joni-n. Fed. Malay States Miis., ii, p. 187 (1909).
S.
This Flyc.'itcher is normally an inhabitant of the high hills above
3,000 feet and has not hitherto been found south of Grinting Bidei
in Selangor. It has also been shot on Gunong Tahan, between
500-1,000 feet, so that it is evidently not absolutely confined to the
mountains.
24. HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA (Bodd.).
Hypothymis azurea prophata, Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
39, p. 597 (1911).
(?, ?.
25. RHIPIDURA PERLATA, S. Mull.
26. TERPSIPHONE INCH, Gould.
S, ?.
Rare in Malayan collections though not improbably commoner
than it appeal's. Probably a seasonal visitor from China and Japan.
?.
2 ?.
S, 2 ¥•
2 <?, ?
27. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Bltth),
28. PHILENTOMA VELATUM (Temm.).
29. PHILENTOMA PYRRHOPTERUM (Tem.m.).
30. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swains).
31. STOPAROLA THALASSINOIDES (Cab.).
By no means common in the south of the Peninsula.
32. PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS, Bltth.
s.
33. CHLOROPSIS ZOSTEROPS (Via.).
<?.
.34. CHLOROPSIS ICTEROCEPHALA (Less).
3 <?, ?.
35. CHLOROPSIS CYANOPOGON (Temm.).
2 <?.
55
.W. HEMIXIS CIXEREIS iKi.yth).
■Al. HEMlXrs MA],ACCEXSIS (HLYxn).
4 i, ?.
38. MICROTARSrs MELAXOCEPHAUS (Gm.).
2 ?.
:». MICROTARSUS MELAXOLEl'CUS (Eytox).
<?, 2 ?.
Ut. CRIXKiER TEI'HROGEXYS. Jaed. and Selby.
<?, 9.
41. AEOPHOlXr.S PH.EOCEPHALIS (Hartl.).
(?■
?.
?.
<?.
<?, 2 ?.
ii. PVCXOXOTl'S sniI'LEX (Less).
4:5. PVt'NOXOTUS .SAEVADOlill. Suaepe.
4-t. El'PETES .^[ACROL'ERCrs (Temm.).
W. P():\lATOPvH!M's BORXEEXSIiS, Cab.
411. TURDIXIS SEPIARIIS (HoiiSF.).
Robin.-;oii, Jourii. Fed. Malay States Mus., ii, p. 198 (1909).
?.
A .submontane bird liviTig in deeper jungle and at .slightly Jiigher
elevation than the very closely allied T. abhotli, ^vhich is often found
in secondai'V forest and orchard land.
17. TIRDINTS .M A(;MR()STRIS (IUytiii.
-i c? , 2 ? .
tS. DRV^KHATAPHIS XKiROCAPITATrs (Eyton).
?.
4!i. AXfROPSlS .MAI,V(VEXSI8. Haetl.
3 ?.
.jii. I'OP.VriKKiCHL.V STRIATA LErOOSTICTA, SUAiipK.
<?
The occurrence of a single male of this species on Gunong Tampin
is rather sui-pi'ising as thi-oughonl the Fedei-ated Malay States if i.s
strictly confined to the higher mountains.
Ineidentall}' it may be noted that the form is very douljtfuUy
distinct from C. brevicaudahis (Blyth), Journ. Asint. Soc, Bemjal,
xxiv, p. 272 (1855), from " the mountainous intei'ior of tlie Tenasseiim
Province" with which it agrees in having the sides of the head ash}-
grey, not rufescent, and the spots on the tips of the wing coverts
white, not fulvous.
Dr. Sharpe, in diagnosing tlie species, has given these cliaracters
as separating it from G. striata, but lias omitted to compare it with
C. brevicaudata, of which, at the time, thei-e appeared to ])e no
specimens in the Bi-itish Museum, and all subsequent autliors have
followed his lead.
Jan., 1914,
56
ol. TURDINULUS GRAXTI. Richmoxd.
Turdinulns liumii, Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., i,
p. 26 (1905).
$■ 4 ?.
Commonei' on the Negri Sembilan hills than anywlicre else in
the Peninsula.
i52. ALCIPPE CINEREA, Blyth.
5.3. STACHYRIS DAVISONl. Shahpe.
3 ^, 3 ?.
54. STACHYRIS POLIOCEPHALA (Temm.).
s, ?.
55. STACHYRIS LEUCOTIS (Strickl.).
2 <?, 5 ?.
Common in Neo:ri Sembilan but much rarer to the north.
2 S.
2 <?, ?
S, ?•
5(i. STACHYRIS MACULATA (Temm.).
CYAXODERMA ERYTHROPTERCM (Blttii).
58. HERPORNIS ZANTHOLEUCA HoDiJS.
.jO. GEOCICHLA IXTERPRES, (Temm.).
Geociehla avensis, Hume, Stray, Feath., viii, p. 39 (79) ; Oate.s.
Faun. Brit. Ind.. Birds, ii, p. 138 (1890).
5 Imni.
In 1878 one of Hume's collectors obtained an immature thrush
from the hills of Rembau, which was identified with the species
described by Grey from a native drawing from a specimen procured
in Upper Burma, while Dr. Abbott also collected specimens identified
as (t. interpres by Richmond on the hills of Trang, Western Siamese
States, in 1896 ; no other examples have been recorded from the Malay
Peninsula. Hume relied on the absence of a white wing bar in his
specimen to separate it from G. interpres, but Gates, loc. cit., states
that the specimen is in moult and tfiat the sprouting feathers appear
to possess this feature which is fully developed in our specimen
from Tampin. Our collectors confused the bird with immature
HyrdocicJila ruficainlla which affects similar situations and which
they have been told not to collect in numbers, and this perhaps
accounts for its not having been obtained before. Possibly also, as
is the case with the other .species of Geociehla in the Peninsula, the
species is migratory.
There is, we think, little doubt that the nominal species, G. avensis,
has no existence in fact.
57
m. HVDKUL'RHLA FIIONTAJ.IS (Ulytu).
<?.
Veiy much rarer than the next species.
Gl. HYDROCICHLA lUFICAPILl.A (Tkmm.).
.
G2. CITTOCINCLA .AlACRURA (Gm.).
?.
(«. ACAXTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS (Blas.).
?.
fil. LAXIUS TIORIXrs. Deap.
2 (?, 4 ?.
do. DRXDROPHILA SATIRATIOR. Hartert.
6, ?.
Exceptionally deep in tone.
6i!. DICRURI'S AXXECTEXS. Honi^s.
?•
(i7. ORIOLU.S ZAXTHOXOTCS, Horsf.
?.
08. AETHOPVGA TKMMIXCKI (Horsf.).
Comnion in the Xegri Semliilan lulls, replacing Ae. siparaja of
the sea coast.
6!'. AXTHOTHREPTES H VPOGRAIMMICA (S. MCLL).
2 ^, 2 ?.
-II. ARACHXOTHERA LOXGIROSTRLS (Lath.).
<?, ?.
71. PRIOXOCHILUS KiXICAPILLUS. Eytox.
(?•
72. PRIOXCJCHILUS MACTL.YTrS. Temm.
<?, 2 ?.
MEASUREMENTS OF SOME BIDUANDA (MANTRA) OF
ULU KENABOI, JELEBU.
By C. B0DP:X KLOSS, f.r.a.i.
(PL.A.TES III-XIII).
TN Januaiy, 1912, while in Xegri Sembilan, I heard of the
presence of a small party of Biduanda (Mantra) at a
Malay village in Ulu Kenaboi, and was able to pay them a flying
visit.
The information obtained from the party themselves (I was
unable to visit their homes) is corroborated by Mr. Evans in an
article appearing in the present Journal and therefore need not be
repeated, but the measurements taken, being somewhat more
extensive than his, are given here together with a number of
photographs from Avhich physical characters, dress and ornaments
can be gathered. In complexion the Biduanda did not differ fiom
the Malays, who were their neighbours.
The stature measurements of the women were 1863, 1406, 1375,
1440, 1510, 1434 and 1428 millimetres.
The majority of the party gave the name of their village
as Kenaboi Tikin, but Nos. 1, 2 and 11 came from Kenaboi
Hilir.
11
35
wavy
very
slight
10
20
wavy
marked
9
wavy
marked
8
18
wavy
marked
7
wavy
marked
6
17
wavy
slight
5
40
wavy
slight
4
40
curly
slight
3
21
curly
marked
2
30
wavy
slight
1
21
wavy
marked
Number ...
Age
Character of hair
Epicanthus
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t> I> 00 05
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00 t^ CO CO O CO CXi CO ^ -* O
-^ rH 1-H rH T-H r- I>-
I-H
q >^ q q
r-H ■^ N d
I> I> 00 CO
Stature
Length of head ...
Breadth of head
Height of head ...
Length of face ...
Breadth of face . .
Bigonial breadth
Interocular breadth
Length of nose ...
Breadth of nose ...
Circumference of chest . . .
Cephalic index
Vertical index ...
Facial index
Nasal index
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PI. 111.
;^^^;i^
Joui-n. F.M.S. Mas. Vol. V.
PI. I\'.
irn. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V,
PI. V.
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PI. VII.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus. -Vol. \'.
PI. VI 11.
. A7nss. I'hotn.
Mantra or Biduanda Aborigines. Kenaboi Valley. Negri Sewbilan.
JoLirn. F.M.S. Mus. -Vol. V.
PI. IX.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PL X.
'•. Kloss, Photo.
Mantra or Biduanda Aborigines. Kenaboi Valley, Negri Se.mbilan.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. A'ol. V.
PI. XI.
LU
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LU
a
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oa
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9
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus. A'ol. V.
PI. Xll.
C. B. Kloss. Photo.
Mantra or Biduanda Aborigines, Kenaboi Valley, Negri Sembilan.
ourn
F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PI. Xlll.
Wantra or Bidl'anda Aborigines, Kenaboi Valley, Negri Sea\bilan.
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Yol. V.
PLATE XIV
Besi Payong
Kui-ai of blade
composed of
edges of plates
of besi baja,
besi pedang and
besi kurai.
Fig. 2
a) Damascene
|\b) Silver Inlay-
Rough Sketch
ofBadekPatani
A. Besi Pamor
B. Besi Payong
C. Besi Kurai
D. Besi Pedang
E. Besi Baja
F. Besi Rantai
Rough Sketch
of Spear Blade showing different
Types of damascening
Rough Sketch
showing the building up of the spear head
from various pieces of metal
NOTES OX THE MANUFACTURE OF DAMASCENED
SPEAR AND KNIFE BLADES IN THE MALAY STATES.
Bv r. H. EVANS, D.A.,
Assistant Curator axu Etiixoukaphk al Assistant, F.M.S. Muskcms.
''PHE writer had recently the good fortune to come across a Malay
kris-smith"s forge. The art of damascening as applied to the
blades of weapons is rapidly dying out in all parts of the Peninsula,
and is vii-tually extinct in so far as the Fedei-ated Malay States are con-
cerned ; therefore, such facts as can still be gathered concerning an
industry for which Malay craftsmen* of old were not unjustly
celebi-ated should be put on record without delay. These- notes
consist entirely of personal observations, but those who wish to
consult other papers should read the excellent account of kris making
by ]\[i'. R. 0. Winstedt in the series of monographs on Malay sul)jects
published by the Federated i\Ialay States Government, and an article
by Mr. W. Rosenhain in Vol. XXXI of the Journal of the Anthro-
pological Institute, which deals largely with the microscopical aspect
of the damascening as well as with the manufacture of blades. Both
these communications are founded on notes taken by Mr. W. W. Skeat
in Ti-engganu. There is also a paper by Mr. L. Wray in No. 3 of
Perak Museum Notes " On the Malay Method of Colouring Kris and
other Blades with Arsenic," which gives an account of the chemical
combinations into which the arsenic enters with the different qualities
of steel and iron of which iMalay kris blades are composed.
It is interesting to note that in spite of the prohibition forbidding
the wearing of weapons in public places, the Malay in many
districts has not by any means conquered his passion for a handy
weapon. The consequence of the ordinance merely is that instead
of carrying a kris in his waist-sash, which fi'om its very openness
promotes good behaviour and politeness, he now wears a venomous
little dagger, either tinnhuJc lada, hadelc or diminutive kris, concealed
beneath his clothes. These small daggers were l)eing turned out in
numbers by the smith above mentioned and liis brother.
The former, a young Patani f Malay named Awang, had set up
his forge at Lenggong in Ujjper Pei'ak, and in his company the
wi'iter spent several days in January, 1913, watching the processes
* Though Malay smiths of former days were undoubtedly skilled in kris-
making, probably many of the very finest blades found in the Peninsula are of
Javanese, Sumatran, or Bugis origin.
It is more than doubtful if any considerable manufacture of weapons was
ever carried on in any of the West Coast States, though large numbers were
tiu'ned out at Trengganu and to a less extent in Kelantau and Patani. — H.C.R.
t " Patani " as used in Upper Perak may connote anything coming fi-om the
Monthon Patani, known to Malays as the " Tujoh buah iicgri," as the district is
made up of seven small States. The Upper Perak Patani Malay is usually from
Rhamau or Legeh, not often from the small coastal district of Patani to which
the name is nowadays contined. — tJ.C.E.
60
described below. Before giving an account of the method of manu-
facture of spear and knife blades some details of the tools used in
the work may not be out of place, so as to give an idea of the very
simple means by which quite complicated results are obtained.
The smith's forge consists of a circular semi-open hearth of ha;i^d
dried mud, built under a slight shed. On one side of this hearth
is a horizontal box-bellows of Chinese type, which is about 5 feet
long. The blast from the bellows passes through an iron pipe' in
the side of the box, the outlet of which is in the centre of the hearth
a. little below the level of the fire, there being a grating of iron rods
covering the top of the short passage leading from the hearth centre
to the entrance of the pipe in order to prevent either of these
becoming choked by ashes. The fire, the fuel for which is chai'coal,
is protected by mud walls about Ih feet high, except at the front and
back, the former being open and the lattei- closed by a small sheet
of iron or an old changkul (native hoe) blade. The smith's tools and
apparatus consist of a small anvil made from a block of iron set in the
top of a large wooden post, a couple of pairs of i-oughly made but
effective pincers, two hammers, one or two short cold chisels lashed at
right angles with hide or rattan binding into a wooden haft about 2|
feet long, the top of which is split to receive the iron, a set of files, a
pump drill with a cord of bullock hide, and a small moveable
vice, the last-named as well as the files being of foreign manufacture.
Small gouges and chisels for cutting ornamental grooves in spear or
kris l)lades are also used, but are generally made as occasion requires.
In addition to these the smith has a small grindstone or emery wheel
which is fitted on one side with a wood-covered spindle. When in
use the wheel is pivoted between two upright posts and is worked
by alternately pulling and releasing a cord which is wound I'ound the
spindle and attached to it at the end fai'thest from the stone. This
operation is performed by an assistant and the blade being ground is
only applied to the stone when its revolution is away fi'om the
grinder. The specimens of work which wei-e obtained from the
smith, and are now in the Perak Museum, consist of a knife,
with < shaped damascening, of the type usually called tumbuk lada
(the pepper crusher) but by the smith hadek Patani, a damas-
cened spear blade and a set of pieces illustrating the manufacture
of the lattei'. In making the spear blade a number of pieces of
ii'on and steel are cut and forged down until they form plates of
roughly the following dimensions : length 105 mm., breadth 20 mm.,
tliickness 3 mm. Tlie piece selected to form the central layei' of the
spear is slightly thicker than the others and is of steel (besi baja),
on either side of this are placed a plate of steel (besi pedang) made
from an old scythe blade, and outside each of these again a plate of
besi Tiurai, iron or steel of unknow"n composition, which the smith
said he obtained from the Patani States. Theie are also two
other plates, one on each side, composed of old Government
elephant chain {besi rantai), but these only form a guard over
(31
the damascening (pcimur) during welding. To make the jtamur
for the particular pattern of spear chosen for tlie Museum, tAvo
pieces of old umbrella-ril) were taken and worked into the shape
shown in PI. XIV ; next tAvo sti-ipes of brsi pamur (soft wrought
iron ?), also obtained from Patani, were bent into scrolls (PI. XIV)
and hammered flat. These four pieces of metal form the pamur,
being placed, one of each kind, outside the two plates of bi^si
Tcurai, Avith the hesi payonij nearest the end which is to form the point
of the spear. The plates of hesi rantai ai'e added outside these and
the Avhole " sandwich " is taken and carefully heated and then dipped
in a mixture of sand and water to which has been added a jjinch
or two of ii'on flakes taken fi'om beloAV the an\'il. When the pieces
haA'e been thoroughly coA-ered with sand they are grasped with the
pincers and again placed in the fire, Avhich has some little time
preA-iously been sprinkled with the wet sand : the sand according to
tiie smitli acts as a flux (pctcri). They are next taken from tlie fire,
beaten on the anvil, re-dipped in the sand, heated and beaten until all
the layers have been welded together. The block thus foi-med is
then further dipped, heated, and beaten on all its faces until no
crevices are left, losing in the process a considerable amount of
Aveight through scaling. When the Avelding has been completed to
the smith's satisfaction, he takes the block and forges it out into the
required shape of the spear head. Next, he slightly files the blade
and rubs it Avith a mixture of lime juice, sulphur, and salt, in order
to bring up any painnr Avliich may be Aasible owing to the scaling
away of the guard plates of bcsi rantai. He is thus al)le to judge to
Avhat extent he can file up the blade without injuring the damascene.
When the tiling process has been completed, two ornamental grooves
are cut on each side of the blade near its base, and the roimd oinia-
ments beloAV the base filed into shape. Next, the blade is heated
and dipped into a mixture of buffalo fat, turtle fat and coconut
oil to temper, it. Then it is Aviped dry and ground on the emery
wheel until sufficiently polished. At this stage the damascening is
iuA'isible, or nearly so, and the blade requires to undergo a pickling
and developing process in order to bring it out. With this object
it is placed in a bamboo containing a mixture of lime juice, coconut
milk, a little of the Avater used for A\'ashing rice, AA'hich has been
collected from the pool of slops Avhich is found below all Malay houses,
pineapple leaA-es, saltpetre, pieces of Lcngktias* stem and Gamas
leaves (?). The blade is left in this mixture for a couple of nights or
so, until the smith considers that the pickling or etching process is
sufficiently ad A'anced. He then cleans it in preparation for the treatment
Avhich is finally to bring up the damascening. For this he takes a small
piece of red arsenic, such as is genei-ally sold in the bazaars, half a
lime, and a little juice expressed from a piece of Leiigknas stem.
He spreads his mat in the open, and grasping the spear head in his
* Leugkuas is, according to Wilkinsonj either Alpinia conchigera or Alpinia
galanyn.
62
left hand exposes one face to the full light of the sun, meanwhile
rubbing it lightly with the ai'senic and lime juice, etc. The damas-
cening up to this time has been very slightly visible, but after a few
minutes treatment with these materials comes into view quite clearly,
much as the picture becomes visible on a photographic plate when
immersed in the developer. The other face of the blade is then
treated in tlie same way and the s])ear head is complete.
THE USE OF THE TEEMS PAMUR AND DAMASCENE.
The term pcuniir, as used by the Malays, is not synonom.ous with
the English word damascening. The pamur of a blade, strictly
speaking, consists only of small ornamental pieces of metal-woi-k
applied to those surfaces of the welded block which are to become
the faces of the blade. The wavy pattern along the sides of tlie kris
or spear blade, which arises from the hammering out of the welded
plates in such a way that the centre plate projects furthest at the
edges and the two outer plates least, so that the edges of the plates
appear in regular gradation, is by the Malays termed Jcurai. Thus
in the spear-head described above only the pieces of hesi payong and
hesi pamiir form the piamvr, while the edges of the hi"si baja, hesi
ptdang, and beai kurai make up the knrai.
MAKING THE 15ADEK PATANI.
In manufacturing the l)lade of this knife the smith first took two
rods, one of besi hurai and the other of hesi baja (steel) and welded
them into a single bar. This when comj)lete had a length of about
one foot and a cross section roughly of half an inch by a quarter of an
inch.
The bar Avas then heated in the fire, seized with two pairs of pincers
and given a strong right spiral twist along one-half of its length,
several re-heatings being necessary before th.e process was complete.
The other half of the bar was similarly treated, except that instead
of a right it was given a left spiral twist. The poi'tions twisted to
the right and left thus met in the centre of the bar. Next, the
broader sides of the bar were beaten with a hammer until the twist
on them was flattened down, and then the whole bar was bent in the
centre to form a 17. The U was further heated and beaten until the
limbs came to lie together and had become fused. Then a piece of
steel corresponding in length to a single limb of the U — that is to say,
about 6 inches or 7 inches long and f inch thick, was welded to the
outer side of the U limb with the left spiral. This piece of steel
becomes the edge of the knife, the limb with the left spiral the
lower portion of the V-shaped damascening, and that with the right
spiral forms the upper part of the damascene and the back of the
blade. The three portions are forged into one solid block and,
when complete fusion has taken place, are further hammered till
they attain the shape of blade required. The methods of welding,
polishing and bi'inging up the damascene are the same as those used
63
for tlie spear liead. The blade when thus completed has a plain
undamascened edge, but the back on either side is composed of
alternate V-shaped bands of lighter and darker metal, tlie damas-
cening being further accentuated b}' the outer edges of the darker metal
V's being inlaid witli small stripes of silver. The inlay is effected by
cutting a gi'oove in the iron with a small cold chisel and laying in a
shred of silver; tlie edges of the cut left by the chisel are then
hammered down until the silver is firmly gripped by tbem.
THE SMITH'S CHARMS.
As in the case of most of the callings followed by Malays that of
a ki'is-smith can boast its own peculiar set of formulae devoted to
invoking the particular spirits whom the smith looks upon as the
guardian genii of his trade. The two specimens given below
are used in the welding of iron, but the smith also recites them,
at the monthly "smith's promise" (Jangi tukang) which is
sometimes called Jemuan hantu or the feeding of the spirits.
Behind the smith's forge is a funnel-shaped cup, made from a rolled
leaf planted in the ground ; this is for holding a small offering such
as an egg or a little coconut oil. It is in and ai'ound this cup that
the montlily offering is placed.
THE INVOCATIONS.
(1) Bismi"llahi'r rahmani' r-rahimi. As'salam alaikum, Tabek
Pandai Kuma, Pandai Bakar, Guru yang hormat Guru yang harkat,
waif at Inna A-athaina, kul kat.
(2) As'salamu alaikum, Hantu Tanah Jcmbalang Bumi, Jin
Hitam sa-gema api, mari makan jamuan aku, Jin Puteh, Nur
Muhammad, di-dengar engkau pesan aku, engkau ta'-deugar pesan
aku, aku sumpah, bumi sa-tapak tiada meuanggong, ayer sa-titek
tiada berjumpa, jikalau ta'-lekat engkau tolong pelekatkan.
These may be roughly translated as follows :
(1) In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate,
Greetings to ye. Greeting, O Smith, Master of tha
Hammer, Master of the Forge, Reverenced Teacher,
Famous Instructor — (Debased Ai-abic, probably some
form of greeting).
(2) Greeting to you Spirits of the Earth and of the AVorld
and to you Black Spirit, Flame of Fire ; come eat the
feast I have prepai"ed you. Hear my commands,
White Spirits, Parrots of Mohammad. If j'ou hear
them not i curse you, may no sod of earth support
your feet, no drop of water quench your thirst. If the
(iron) welds not, help its welding.
These invocations, as is the case in almost all Malay spells or
charms, pi-esent a curious mixture of Mohammedanism and spirit or
nature woi'ship ; in many cases a leavening of Hinduism is further
added.
I^I"OTES ON THE ABORIGINES OF LENGGONG AND
KUALA KENERING, UPPER PERAK.
By I. H. EVANS, b.a.,
Assistant Curator and Ethnographicat. Assistant, F.M.S. Museums.
'"pHOUGH 911 linguistic grounds the aboi'igines of Lenggong are
placed by Skeat among the Northern Sakai, ethnologically
there can be little doubt that Negrito blood preponderates enormously
over any other. That there is, however, some slight Sakai element
among them seems most probable. They describe themselves as
being considerably lighter in colour than the pure Semang of Grit,
who also speak a Sakai dialect with a few interspersed words of
Semang origin. Skeat does full justice to the Negrito origin of the
Lenggong people and attributes their language to encroachm-ent of
Sakai dialects upon Semang.
The writer spent some three weeks in Upper Perak in January,
1913, with the view of getting into touch with these interesting-
people. Two encampments were visited, one on a liill close above
Lenggong, the other about a mile and a half from Kampong Gelok,
which place is situated some two and a half miles from Lenggong on
the Grit (or Gris) road.
A wandering anthropologist being to the native mind a person
without any ostensible business except that of poking his nose into
all kinds of. ungodly matters which should not concern him, and
being armed moreover with a battery of mysterious ajid fearsome
instruments, such as callipers and measuring rods, is liable, move
he never so cai-efully, to be suspected of ulterior designs upon the
people he is attempting to study.
In spite of these drawbacks the expedition was not altogether a
failure, either with regard to aboi'iginal or Malay investigations.
HABITATIONS AND INHABITANTS.
The Lenggong settlement and that near K. Gelok differed con-
sider-ably in the type of dwelling in use. At Lenggong the Negritos
were living in a number of huts made of tepus leaves lashed to a
light framework of saplings. The essential plan of a hut was that
of two wind-shelters set opposite to each other and arching- over
slightly so as to meet at the top. Sometimes, however, a whole arch
frame was made from a single piece of wood. In several instances,
in order to afford greater protection, one end of the hut was shut up
by a frame of sticks covered with palm leaves. Each hut had its
own fireplace and also a sleeping platform of bamboos over a frame-
work of sticks, which was i-aised about a foot from the ground. As
far as the writer could ascertain separate huts were assigned to
married couples, bacheloi-s, and unmarried girls.
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Vol. V.
znmnzs
LnJM
II
4f#^MIHt<
^mi^mm^
lIlIHfTlI!
♦ ♦♦♦^♦♦♦♦♦f'
III
f W i I f 1 1 1
i 11 fc i I t k.
♦ ♦♦^♦4tf4
WAS|^Vsy\S
I f I I I 1 «
IV
nnn fff f
Ai 4 i It 4 I u
PLATE XV
VI
[inijLMjfif
IBIJUI I W ^
VII
65
The Gelok eucampmei.t consisted of three shelters so arranged as
to enclose an oval piece of ground some 25 feet by 15 feet. The
shelters, though leaning towards one another at a considerable angle
from the pei-pendicular, did not meet in the middle and left a space
about G feet wide open down the centre. One side of the hut was
occupied by the women and children and the other by the young
men, the ends being reserved respectively for, Toh Singha the
headman of the camp and a married couple. Altogether, thei-e were
13 people in the camp — one old man, one middle-aged man, three youths,
one small boy, one baby (male), one vei-y old woman, one middle-
aged woman, one young married woman, one girl of about 15, and
two small girls. The Negrito settlement at Ayer Balik was not
visited. The Lenggong camp was said to have been in use foi- more
than two months. A tire of logs placed radially was burning in every
shelter in both the encampments.
TRIBAL NAME AND UBGANIZATION.
The writer had great difficulty in obtaining the coirect name of
the tribe, one man, Sapi or Goh, informed him that the correct style
was Semang. On the other hand, Dahabok, the headman of the
Lenggong encampment, vigorously denied this and said that his
people should be called Sakai Jeram (Sakai of the rapids). The
latter of these names at any rate is pui'ely Malay. It seemed
impossible to ascertain the name used by the Negritos themselves,
but subsequently the writer obtained information from the aborigines
of Ijok in Selama, with whom several Lenggong men were living,
that the correct name for these people in the Lenggong dialect
was " Seinarkblviu,'' '''^ People of the big water''' (semark = men, blum =
big). The Ijok people called themselves " Menik gid," People of the
marsh or coast lands " (menik in the Ijok dialect = men). Many of
the aboriginal tribes of the Peninsula dislike the use of the names
Sakai or Semang, which are often used Ijy Malays as terms of
ridicule or opprobrium. Tamil coolies, who from their long hair and
habit of wearing a loin-cloth are objects of derision to the Malay, are
sometimes dubbed Sakai pekan or town Sakai. Not infrequently a
Malay will openly expiess his doubts as to whether the aboriginal
is a human being at all.
The aboriginals knowing all this — and being very sensitive about
it — consider the term Sakai, which is used by the Malays to describe
most of the jungle tribes, abusive and prefer to be called by some
other name to which no stigma is attached, sucli as Orang Bukit
(Hill men), Orang Laut (Men of the sea), or Orang Sabat* (said
to mean friendly people).
Possibly the difficulty experienced at Lenggong in obtaining the
name of the tribe (as used by the Malays) was due to some such
cause, though the Malays themselves seemed uncertain as to the
correct designation which should be applied. The idea that the
* Or Sa/iafea*.— H.C.R.
66
term Semaug indicates a race with woolly hair and a black skin
seems to haye obtained a hold on several of the Negritos of Lenggong,
and giving these features as characteristics they tried to make it
plain that they had nothing to do with any such i^eople, one maw
saying that the Semang lived at Ijuk, another that the}^ were the
aborigines of Grit, and the third that they were the hill tribes who
live across the Perak river. It would, however, perhaps be difficult
to find people in the Peninsula with more woolly hair than some of
the individuals seen at Lenggong, while the skin colour too was often
extremely dark.
Tribal organization appears to be but slightly developed. An
elderly man is the acknowledged head of every encampment and he
is to a certain extent recognized by the local Malaj's as chief of
the aborigines. A high sounding title, such as Penglima or Datoh,
is sometimes conferred on him in jest and of this he is generally
inordinately proud.
PHYSICAL FEATUllES AND MEASQEEMEXTS.
The averag'e colour of the people was a dusky chocolate, the
women being as a rule rather lighter than the men. Almost every
individual was filthily dirty, water for bathing purposes seeming to
be at a discount. For this reason the real skin colour is probably
a great many shades lighter than it appears to be ; in a few cases the
skin over the cheek-bones Avhich had in some manner been wiped
more or less clean showed up as a i-icli red brown. In addition to
their dirty condition about one-half tlie total population were badly
afflicted with " Kurap," a very unpleasant skin disease of fungoid
origin (Tinea circinata), and a few individuals were suffering
from a form of indurated ulcer. In about 70 per cent, of the
males the hair could be described as being of the true pepper-corn
type, while in almost 20 per cent, it was as sti-aight as in Malays.
The rareness of intermediate types was very noticeable. None of the
men wore their hair more than three inches long, and the majority
had it a great deal shorter. The women's heads were close shaven
with the exception of a single tuft in the median line at the back.
This tuft seemed to be about 9 inches to 1 foot long and the hair looked
harsh and frizzly. In many cases, both in men and women, the hair
liad a distinctly rust red tinge. With regard to facial charac-
teristics, the forehead was generally low and rounded, the nose low
at bridge and root, the nostrils broad and depressed. The eyes were
placed fairly wide apart, but were rather narrow. No ti^ace of
Mongolian fold was observeable. The lips were usually rather thick
than thin, but not abnormally so ; slight prognathism was common,
and in a few cases the lower jaw-bone was prominent and heavy at
its angle.
On the exceedingly small number of measurements taken it
would be unwise to attempt any kind of generalization. The writer
therefoi'e contents himself with mei-ely giving the results obtained
and pointing out that the cephalic indices of the individual ranged
from brachycephaly to mesaticephaly. All persons measured were
adult males.
MEASTJEKJIENTS IN MILLIMETRES.
Serial
Xo. of
individual.
Name.
Height.
Head
length.
Head
breadth.
Cei)halic
index.
1 ...
. 1497 .
. 186 .
. 145 .
. 77.9
2
. 1522 .
. 178 .
. 141 .
. 78.5
3 ..
Kelad i
. 1480 .
. 188 .
. 146 ,
. 79.7
4 ...
Puchok
. 1894 .
. 185 .
. 145 .
. 78.3
5
Goh
. 1588 .
. 177 .
.. 148 .
. 83.6
6 ...
Goh
. 1429 .
. 178 .
. 140 .
. 78.6
7
Dahabok
. 1497 .
. 186 ,
. 145 .
. 77.9
8 ...
Chalah
. 176 .
. 141 .
. 80.1
CHARACTER.
Continuous intercourse with both Malays and Chinese has had
anything but a liappy effect on the aborigines of Lenggong. While
still retaining much of the timidity of jungle men, they have
substituted for their primitive good qualities, lying, deceitfulne.ss and
rapacity. Some few have been further demoralized by the vice of
opium smoking, with which it is probable that some Chinaman or
Malay has infected them of set purpose in order that they might
become pei'manantly attached to him owing to their craving for the
drug. In spite of their faults thej- seem to be, when in their own
encampments, a inei-ry and cheerful little people.
4)RESS AND ADORNMENT.
In visiting the Xegrito encampments the tiling which perhaps
struck the writer most was the people's great love of dre.ssing n\) and
their fondness for using flowers for this purpose. The young bloods
seemed to do little else in their sjjare time and many of them had
decorated their heads with wi-eaths of purple and white everlasting
flowers (^lalay, Bunga tiga bulan) which wei-e threaded on the stalks
of some fibrous plant ; head-dresses of yellow l)lossoms were also in
favour, and one lio}- liad on a fillet of green pandanus leaf decorated
with }ellow flowers at tlie top. Other men wore head-bands of Akar
batu, a fungus rhizomorph which is very generally believed by the
aborigines of the Peninsula to be a cliarm against hnjan panas
{lit. hot rain), "April showers." At such times the evil spirits
of the air are, accoi-ding to native legendry, said to have power
of bringing disaster to moi-tals. Fevei- is much dreaded by both
Sakai and Semang and is often said to be the result of " hujan
panas." Three youths in the Lenggong encampment were wearing
thick bands of twisted s:rass around their foreheads, tied at the back
so as to leave a long tail hanging clown behind. Two Jew-harps of
bamboo were attached to one of these wreaths and depended down
the side of the owner's face. Bracelets of akar batu were very
generally used by the men and necklaces of the same material were
also common. Two women had bamboo combs stuck in the lock of
hair mentioned above, these had the true Negrito type of decoration —
that is to say, much of the ui-namentation was produced by cutting
away the white outer skin of the bamboo to form the background
and leaving the patterns standing out slightly in relief. This back-
ground is rubbed with damar kelulut (a resin used by a small species
of bee to make its nest) to give it a rich brown appearance, and the
white skin of the patterns shows up clearly against it. Sometimes
this process is reversed and the bamboo skin removed to form the
patterns, the background remaining untouched. In typical Sakai
ornamentation neither of these two methods are employed ; the
designs are always merely scratched in and coloured. Negrito tribes
frequently use scratched-in patterns, but on a finished article there
ai'e generally to be found several bands in which the patterns liave
been produced by removing the outer skin of the bamboo worn in the
jungle. The men were all weai'ing loin-cloths of calico or other
European material and the women either sarongs of Malay type girt
beneath the breasts or short skirts of aJcctr batu; sometimes, however,
both of these were used in conjunction.
WEAPONS.
The only weapons seen were the blow-pipe and the spear, the
former was generally without decoration on its outer tube and had
the spherical mouthpiece typical of Upper Perak, either of wood or
gettah. The inner tube was, in the majority of cases, made of two
pieces of bamboo placed end to end and joined by a short covering
section of the same material. The Negritos saifl that they made the
two-jointed tubes themselves but that they could not get bamboo
internodes long enough to make a single-piece tube, and that
sumpitans of tliis variety were purchased from the Orang Bukit
(Sakai of the hill regions beyond the Perak river). All the quivers
examined were typically Negrito — that is to say, they were made fi'om
a single internode of bamboo without cover of any kind, were
stoppered with a plug of leaves and were carried mouth upwards
in the loin-cloth. The designs on them were produced by tlie same
method as that used for the combs. Some idea of these may be
gained from the accompanying rough sketches (PI. XV). The
use of the comb patterns as charms is dealt with under another
heading. The darts were all nicked about 1| inches from the point
in order that when an animal is wounded the rest of the dart may
break off and leave the poisoned end in the wound. The head of the
dart below the nick is .slightly thickened. In a quiver which
contains both poisoned and unpoisoned darts, us well as small
spatula3 covered with Ipoli poison, the poisoned darts are marked on
69
the tops of the lieads with two dots in order to disting-uisli them
from the others. One of the men informed tlic writer that Ipoh
juice was the only ingredient used in the poison, and warned him
against handling spatula? covered with fresh poison, saying that
they would set up irritation of the skin. In oi'der to try the effect
of the poison on a hen — a bird which according to the Ulu Langat
aborigines is ininiuno to its ofFocts — one was brought and tethered
to a peg on an open piece of ground. A Semang then retiivd to a
distance and placing a dart and wad of vegetable fluff in his blow-
pipe squatted down on his haunches and grasped the blowjiipe with
both hands close above the mouthpiece. When lie discharged the
dart the mouthpiece was lialf taken into the mouth, so that the lips,
especially the top one, ])rojected over it. The wad left tlie pipe with
considerable force and fell some yards away on the sliooter's right :
the dart struck the hen in the muscles at the back of the neck on the
right side. At first, except for a slight flapping of the wings, the
bird, when struck, seemed scarcely to take any notice of the wound,
but after a few minutes it began to look decidely " roopy " and
squatted down with feathers puff'ed out. It remained in this condi-
tion for about a quarter of an liour and then seemed to recover, for it
began to peck about in the sand in search of food. The Semang up
till this time had kept on saying that it was dying, but on its
recovery they seemed astonished and remarked that a monkey when
wounded with one of their darts died almost instantaneously. As the
fowl showed no signs of djdng, after a wait of about half an hour it
was handed over to the Negritos for their supper. The bow,
according to the Negritos account, though well known among them,
was no longer used. They offered, however, to make one to demon-
strate their knowledge of it.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
The only mtisical iusti-umeiits observed, otlier than the Jew's-
harps mentioned above, were bamboo flutes and a large pair of
stampers of the same matei'ial. The latter were ver^' large and gave
out quite a musical sound when struck on tlio ground. The
Jews'-harp was played by means of a cord, with a small transverse
wooden handle, attached to one end of the instrument just above
the base of its tongue. By holding the " harp " between the lips
with the teeth kept slightly apart, and by jerking the string some
not unpleasant vibrating notes can be produced. The Negritos seem
to have a strongly developed taste for music, and when walking in
single file through the jungle the writer has heard them keeping up
a continuous rising and falling chant of considerable sweetness.
OTHJ]R MANUFACTURES.
Loosely woven carr^-ing baskets of rattan were common in both
the encampments visited. A small conical fish trap of the kind
known to the Malays as Te)iglcalal: onaJc was found lying in the camp
70
above Lenggong, after it had been deserted, and also a ceremonial
decoration of plaited leaves representing a kris. Pandanus baskets
of various sizes for holding pinang or sireh were much used by most
of the men. The old headman of the camp at Lenggong had a small
bamboo box containing python fat which he said was a valuable
remedy for disease.
FOOD.
Rice eked out with a little fish, game or vegetables, besides jungle
fruits and various kinds of tubers, seem to form a large proportion of
the Negritos' food. The rice, according to their own account, is partly
grown by themselves at their encampment at Ayer Balik near Kuala
Kenering. Tubers of a wild plant called uhi Jcapor are shredded
previous to cooking on a piece of a rattan to which the thorn
bases are left adhering. In the encampments Malay or Chinese
cooking pots are used, though on journeys it is probable that they
often cook in bamboo internodes, as is done by many of the aboriginal
tribes. A tortoise-shell and the bones of numbers of small mammals
and birds were found in the hearths of recently used i-ock-shelters
neai the limestone caves above Lenggong.
PATTERNS ON DART QUIVERS.
The method by AA'hich the Negritos produce the ornamentation
on their utensils has been dealt with above, while a few remarks on
the magical use of the patterns will be found under the section
entitled Religion and Magic. The rough sketches of quiver patterns
on PI. XV. were made both at Lenggong and Kuala Kenering. As
might be expected, all the designs are dei-ived from objects well
known to the Negritos, many of them being repi-esentations of
animals, fruits, etc., which are used as food.
I and II. Two sets of patterns from one dart-quiver which have
an intervening blank space between them. 1, at top, II reaches to
within 1| inclies of base.
III. A block of patterns repeated four times on a quiver, with
blank spaces of equal size between each block.
IV and V. Two small panels of pattern selected from among
others similar to those illustrated.
VI and VII. Selection of designs from a Cjuiver entirely covered
with ornamentation. VI, patterns at top of quiver. VII, a variant
of the lotong pattern found lower down on the quiver. The rest of
the designs were repetitions of those shown in VI.
Note. — All heavily blackened portions, whether of pattern or
back-ground, represent places where the outer skin of the bamboo
has been removed and the underlying tissues dai^kened with clamar
Jceluhd, as described above. Some patterns, such as " a," are
produced by merely scratching in the design and colouring it.
71
PATTERN NAMES IN MALAY AND ENGLISH.
(a) Gelang
(6) Buah padi
(c) Lengan Lotonf?
(d) Mata Lotons;
(e) Batang
(/) Choban
(g) Mata Lotong or .
Burong Kuang
Bracelets ;
Padi fruit ;
Arms of tlic Lotong monkey ;
Eyes of the Lotong monkey ;
Tree trunks ;
Fishing line winders 07' netting
needles ;
Eyes of the Lotong
monkey or the
Argus pheasant
T wo names
given by dif-
ferent men
to the same
pattern.
Teeth of the Lotong monkey ;
The Lotong monkey ;
Cucumber flowers ;
seeds.
(7i) Grigi Lotong
(i) Lotong
(/) Bunga timon
(k) Biji timon
PERSONAL NAMES AND PEDIGRESS.
A list of personal names is given below and fi-om these it appears
that place-names, flowers, animals, with Malay words signifying
eldest-bom (Sulong), middle-born (Xgah) and last-born (Bongsu)
are all used as proper names. In the case of the man named Sapi,
he was given this style owing to his having been born at Bukit Sapi
(Wild Ox Hill), a place inhabited by one section of the Negritos,
but he had also another name — Goh. The short pedigree was obtained
from old Dahabok, the head of the Lenggong encampment. It was
impossible to obtain any names fi'om him further back than those of
his mother and father, and ho even seemed doubtful about his own
childrens' names until they were recalled to him by his daugliter :
Name.
Sapi (M) or ...
Goh
Kenering
Bunga (M)
Dahabok
Long (Sulong) M
Ngah (M) ...
Lima (M)
Pandak (M) ...
Kemangi (M).
Suli ...
Tenweh
Meaning. ^
Sex.
Wild ox
]\Iale
Born at K. Kenering ...
Male
Flower
Female
V
Male
Elde.st born
Female
Second ,.
>5
Five
Short (a name usually
given by Malays to the
5th or 6th child)
Male
A tree (Cinnomnnnm
parthe7io,rylcn)
Female
?
^lale
p
Female
Jan.. 1914.
72
o
a;
at)
1=1
Ph
O
10)
o
13
o
p
o
PQ
M
'X) s
^
■73
a;
^
•rl
r^
d
cS
C
bD
fl
!«!i(
•^
0+
bo
^
o
f»^
Ml
,^-v
fl
p:^
Sh
ca
0)
!=l
PI
en
O)
w
^
^v
o ^
CO S
^1
^
r-
II
c^
K-1
h
^
M
O)
0)
T-i
?H
i
cS
Ph
^
g^
o.s
,.-^
"" — ' a
TJ
rH ce
O)
■o^
t
(i =i
d
a
^P
II -o
^
<-i -t^
<D
c3 "C!
a
bJD^
^m
cri
rt
T
o
^
^
o3
(-;
II
hr
PI
^
o
0)
M
Pi
Name.
Sepoh ...
v
Bagou ...
p
Keladi
Yam
Doud/i ...
r'
Chalah (M?) ...
y
Puchok ...
A .spi
Meaning. Sex.
Female
Male
A .sprout (of a tree) „
The letter M after a name signifies that the word is Malay.
RELIGION, MAGIC, ETC.
Questions concerning i-eligion were productive of negative
answers, but a little information was obtained with i-egard to the
significance of the Lotong monkey (Presbytes) pattern which is so
constantly found on the dart quivers. This was said to aid hunters
in their quest for monkeys ; and probably the same kind of idea
attaches to the argus pheasant design which is by no means uncom-
monly used (see PI. XV).
A most interesting object was bought from a Negrito * at the
Lenggong camp ; this was small raceme of dried flowers which were
said to be those of the chenduai plant, so famous among the Malays
as a love-charm. It is mentioned in Malay romances as growing
only in the most inaccessible fastnesses of the mountains, while it is
said that a drop of coconut oil, in which a flower has been steeped
with tlie recitation of appropriate formulae, will, if placed on the
skin or clothing of a women, make hei- fall madly in love with the
possessor of the charm. The writer has recently seen similar flowers
in the possession of his Malay servant and was informed by him that
they wei'e obtained from the aborigines of the Ulu Langat. The
specimen from Lenggong was forwarded to Kew to be named and
has been identified as Salomoiiia aphylla (Griff); several tufts of the
same or a related species have recently been found growing on
Gunong Kerbau.
* The people of most of the aboriginal tribes of the Peninsula ai'S credited by
the Malays with supernatural powers and skill in love-charms.
NOTES ON THE ABORIGINES OF THE ULU LANG AT
AND KENABOI DISTRICTS OF SELANGOR AND
JELEBU.
By I. H. EVANS, b.a.,
Assistant Curator and Ethnographical Assistant, F.M.S. Museums.
n^HE following ethnographical notes were made in July and.
August, 1912, during a fifteen days' expedition to the boi'ders of
Selangor and Jelebu. The starting point of the trip was Dusun Tua
in the Ulu Langat district of Selangor, Tvhile the route taken was
up the Langat river from tlie 19th milestone on the high road. On
leaving the Langat its affluent the Pilas was followed for some little
distance ; then the divide, Bukit Chanchang Seharau, lying between
Gunong Itam and Gunong Hantu, climbed, and the descent made to
the Kenaboi river by way of its tributary the Sungei Kring. The
valley of the Kenaboi was followed down to the rest-house at
Kongkoi, and from that place a thi'ce days' expedition was made to a
Sakai kampong not far from the Kenaboi Hydraulic Mine. Dusuns
(orchards) and other signs of Sakai occupation were extremely
frequent up tlie Langat river and as far as the foot of the divide, and
altogether three villages were passed through. Settlements of the
aborigines on the Kenaboi side seem to be much less frequent and
only a single village was met with in the extreme "ulu" (upper
watershed)* One kampong, of which all the inhabitants had gone
out to work, was situated some seven or eight miles above Kongkoi,
while a small party of men and women were met in the jungle on
the same da3\
The trip from Dusun Tua to Kongkoi occupied altogether eight
days, but two were practically wasted owing to the late arrival and
insufficient numbei's of the Sakai coolies on the first day and the
time taken in getting more men on the second. Coolies were difficult
to obtain owing to the durian season being at its height.
ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLE OP THE LANGAT AND
KENABOI VALLEYS.
The Sakai who live near the 24th milestone, Dusun Tua, who
were my coolies as far as Kongkoi. informed me that the people of
the Ulu Langat and the Ulu Kenaboi were all of one race, and this
fact was confirmed by the people of the village near Kenaboi
Hydraulic Mine, who recognized the names of the Dusun Tua men
and told me that they were related to many of them by blood or
marriage. The three vocabularies made out, as below, one in the
Ulu Langat, one in the extreme L"lu Kenaboi, and one near the
Hydraulic Mine seem to afford proof of the same thing. The Langat
Sakai acknowledge the names of Blandas, Orang Bukit or Sakai
Tanjong, but seem to have a preference for the latter. The legends
concerning the origin of the peoples which were obtained on either
75
side of the divide would appear to indicate a race mixture. The
Dusun Tua men had a story that they liad been driven up into the
hills by Rawa and Mendiling Malays, by whom they had always been
ill treated, but to whose oppression the final touches were put owing
to the Sakais obtaining a magnificent pair of elephant tusks. The
greed of the Raw;a and Mendiling warriox-s being aroused on heai-ing
of this acquisition they tried to force the Sakai to give the tusks up.
The latter however replied that they intended to give them to the
Toh Klana of Sungei Ujong, whom they regarded as their chief.
The Rawa and Mendiling people thereupon declared that if they
were not given up tliey would make war both u]3on the Sakai and
the Toh Klana. In the fight which ensued the Sakais got much the
worst of it and I'an away to the hills, where they have remained ever
since. The stor}- obtained from the settlement near the Kenaboi
Mine was somewhat different. It was as follows : " Our people came
over from Pahang owing to trouble with the Malays. When we
arrived here thei-e were only a few Sakai in the country. These
were the true Orang Bukit (hill people). They had been very
much reduced in numbers by the Malays, who killed them and stole
their children to sell as slaves. With this i-emainder of the Orang
Bukit we intermarried. There are now only two or three people of
pure Orang Bukit blood left." One youth, 16 or 17 years of age, was
pointed out as having an Orang Bukit mother, but there were said
to be no full bloods in the village at the time. Orang Bukit is the term
generally applied by the Malays of the Peninsula to all aborigines
who live in hilly districts. A legend was obtained from Dusun
Tua Sakai that their forefathei's had come from Menangkabau to
Johore, crossing the sea on a banana plant trunk (batang pisang).
TRIBAL ORGANIZATION.
The head of each section of the Blandas is the Batin, who is
helped by various sub-officers. The Batinship in the Ulu Kenaboi
is said to be at present in abeyance. The following is a list of the
four chief officers which I obtained from the Batin of the people at
the 24th mile, Dusun Tua :
(1) Batin I (3) Jukrah
(2) Jinang I (4) Penglima Garang
The Batin is the supreme authority and from his decision there
is no appeal. When a case with which he is not able to deal is
brought before a subordinate officer he turns it over to the officer
next above him, and he may pass it on again until it reaches the
Batin.
The Penghulu Balei is a subordinate officer who pi'esides at
feasts.
There are also said to be a Penghulu Muda, whose duties do not
seem to be well defined ; and a Penghulu Dagang, Avho looks after
strangers.
76
The Pawangs or medicine men, called by these people Poyangs,
may perhaps also be classed as tribal officers. Their duties are
doctoring sick persons, taking the " semangat padi " (rice soul)
among the people who plant wet padi, and performing various
shamanistic rites.
Among the Ulu Langat people the Batin regalia are said to
consist of a kris and a silk head-cloth.
The Langat Batinship descends in the female line — i.e., to the son
of the Batin's eldest sister.
TYPES OF HOUSES AND SHELTERS.
The permanent dwellings observed were of two forms, one raised
from the ground on posts and having a central roof-beam with an
atap roof sloping away from it on either side so that it x'esembles
the ordinary Malay type of house in its exterior, the other slightly,
if at all, raised from the ground, with a plain sloping type of roof
lacking any central roof-beam. Temporary shelters were of three
kinds, the first a structure with a sloping roof resembling that of
the simpler type of house ; the second a beehive-shaped hut made of
bertam or other large leaves, the proximal ends of the leaf petioles
being planted in the ground. A small circular opening which serves
as a doorway is left in one side of the beehive, and this has to be
entered on hands and knees or in a stooping position. The third
type of temporary shelter is the wind or rain screen, consisting of
large leaves planted with the bases of the petioles in the ground
which often lean at a slight angle from the perpendicular so as to
afford better protection to the occupants. The ground plan of a
shelter of this kind may be either a straight line or a semicircle.
Huts of this third variety are never used for more than a night or so,
but those of the two other t^'pes appear occasionally to become
temporarily permanent.
MEDICINE HUTS.
A very fine example of the Pawang's medicine hut was seen in the
jungle in the Ulu Langat. It consisted of a beehive hut of bertam
leaves with a crawl-in entrance, erected on a bamboo platform so
as to leave a small verandah in front. On this verandah were lying
several bamboo stampers. Inside the hut, which had been abandoned,
was suspended a tray of plaited bamboo decorated with hangings of
fibre and bands of pandan leaf decorations called " tag ah" * or '^ jari
lipan," bunches of "' dann lebar'^ (? lit., broad leaves) and plaited
ornaments known as suhang (ear-rings). On the floor was a grass
whisk which the Pawang holds in his right hand and swishes
backwards and forwards when calling the spirits. The Sakai
coolies remarked that only a big Pawang would have his hut so far
from the village. Subsequently, other Pawangs' huts were seen both
in the Ulu Langat and also near the Kenaboi Mine, but in these cases
* Probably tajok to which Wilkinson assigns the meaning " aigrette."
77
an incomplete bee-hive of bertam leaves had been erected within
an ordinary hut of the village. The decorations in these bee-hives
were of the same type as those seen in the jungle.
AGRICULTURE.
The aborigines around Dusun Tua and also near Kongkoi cultivate
wet padi and, as mentioned above, perform the " semangat padi
ceremonies " ; the people of the extreme " ulus," both of the Langat
and Kenaboi, have their clearings planted with kaladi, keledek,
ubi kayu and a little Indian corn. Tobacco is also grown in small
quantities for home consumption.
QUAIL TRAP.
An example of a peculiar kind of trap for quail (burong sioul)
was observed in the Ulu Langat. It appears that the quail come to
eat the fruit which falls from a tree called " unang," and the Sakais
knowing this set up a trap consisting of a long tapering basket
of rattan, whose mouth is enclosed in a fence or screen of gi-een
branches facing towards the place where the fallen fruit is lying.
A bee-hive hut of bertam leaves is then built not far from the trunk
of the tree. A cord, one end of which is led into the hut, runs
behind the quails' feeding ground and is attached at its other end to
the base of a small tree. A man conceals himself in the hut, and
when the quail come to feed, jerks the cord up and down ; the quail,
making for cover, see in the mouth of the trap a convenient hole
shaded by bushes and run into it.
WEAPONS.
BLOW-PIPES.
The blow-pipes collected or seen on the expedition were all of
the same type, having a conical wooden mouthpiece and an inner
tube composed of two pieces of bamboo placed end to end and joined
by a covering section of the same material. The muzzles are bound
with rattan and co-vered with damar. A large part of the outer
tube nearest the mouthpiece is decorated with circular and other
designs ; above this is a plain polished portion from which the outer
skin of the bamboo has been removed, and between this and the
damar covered muzzle is a small length covered with patterns.
These patterns were said not to be representations of anything in
particular but to be merely decorations.
QUIVER AND DAETS.
Four types of quiver were found on the Kenaboi side of the
divide. One bought in the extreme " ulu " had a conical cover of
plaited rattan, the sides of which are concave. The other three
types were all seen in the settlement near the Kenaboi Mine. One
quiver had a cap of the usual three sided, Selangor type ; of the other
78
two, one had a conical wooden cover with rattan sides similar to
those used by the Besisi, and the other a flat topped cover of plaited
rattan with a button in the centre. A rectangular panel, such as is
generally found among the Mantra, had been incised on the body of
this quiver below the place of attachment of the waist cords. It was,
moreover, interesting as it contained two porcupine quills which were
used as charms to make the darts fly true and some pieces of
monkey's fur which were considered potent in attracting monkeys to
the hunter. The quivers were all said to be locally manufactured,
the type with the three-sided cover being made by the women, and
the other types by the men. Two varieties of dart head were seen,
one plain, the other marked with a cross. The poison on the darts
marked with a cross was said to be the stronger of the two.
IPOH POISON.
The people living near the Kenaboi Mine use a dart poison
composed of a mixture of Ipoh sap, getah rotan and the sap of a
tree called kayas. Fowls and pigs are reported to be immune to
pure Ipoh poison, but Ipoh mixed with getah rotan is said to prove
fatal.
TATTOOING.
True tattoo marks were noticed on the arms of several men, both
in the Langat and Kenaboi valleys. Careful enquiries were made
with regard to the origin of this practice, and the Sakai all seemed
to agree that it was a newly introduced custom, which had probably
been borrowed from the Chinese. One man seen in the Ulu Langat
had a distinct swastika mark on the inside of the left foreai^m and a
floral design above the elbow on the same arm. If this custom is
new it must be spreading rather rapidly for a considerable amount of
tattooing is also to be seen among the Besisi of Tamboh in Selangor.
DEESS AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.
Many of the men seen were wearing only a waist-cloth. This
was either of European stufl or of the native bark cloth. Armlets
of plaited rattan were fashionable among the men and were often
decorated with sprigs of sweet scented leaves. Several tortoise-shell
finger rings were collected in the Ulu Langat and some fine neck-
laces of shaped and polished monkey-bones in the village near the
Kenaboi Mine. I^ecklets and bracelets of "urat batu," the rhizomoi"ph
of a fungus, were much woi^n by the women on both sides of the
divide. These necklaces are regarded as a charm against " hujan
panas " (light showers alternating with periods of sunshine like
" April showers " at home) which is much disliked and feared by the
aboriginals. A small ear plug of red wood and a hair-skewer of the
same material were procured from a woman in the Ulu Kenaboi,
Necklaces of threaded white seeds and small pieces of wood were
also obtained, together with other more hackneyed objects.
79
MUSICAL IXSTRUMENTS.
The only musical instrunu'iits seen were flutes, bamboo stampers
and the ^olian bamboo. The last named were common in the
village near the Kenaboi Mine. Measurements by finger breadth
are used in making the stops of a flute. In an example with three
stops which was obtained, the second stop was two finger breadths
above the lowest and the third four finger breadths from the
second.
LANGUAGE.
The language used by all the aborigines met with was Malay
interspersed with a few non-Malay elements. The pronunciation
and intonation Avere somewhat rov^gh and final k's were sounded.
The vocabularies obtained from these people both in the Ulu Langat
and Ulu Kenaboi are pi-actically indentical f and seem on tlie evidence
of such words as are non-Malay to belong to the Mantra group of
dialects. Examples of non-Malay or ai'chaic words ai-e given
below :
English. Malay. ^ ocabulary taken ■ trour near
au Liu Langat. j,^.^^^,^^. Kenaboi.
Mine.
Mother
.. ibu
. mui
moie
... mui
Child
.. anak
. enek
*
... enek
Elder brother .
.. abang
. ge-hek
*
... ge-hek
Elder sister
.. kakak
. gah-uk
*
... gah-u
Wild pig
.. babi utan
. mantol
*
... mantol
Bear oat
.. benturong
. mawai
*
... maweifc
Loris
.. kongkang
. kukang
*
... kukang
Gibbon
.. ungka
,. timok (k pro-
nounced)
*
... timok
Owl
.. burong hantu..
*
bongkungu, tekok
Crow
.. burong gagak..
. burong den-
d^ng *
*
#
Millipede
.. sepak bulan ..
. kalui
*
... kalui
Mosquito
.. nyamok
. kemus
*
... kemus
Tapioca
.. ubi kayu
. galoh
*
... galow
Yam
.. keledek
,. tilah
*
... tilah
Snore
.. berdengkur ..
. sengkok
*
*
Jump
.. melompat
. mehamu ...
*
*
Throw
.. lontar
. lutar
*
*
* Stands for Malay word used.
t The second vocabulary was obtained fi-om a stujiid and suspicious native at
whose house a half-hour's halt was made. It is probably very incomplete.
80
English.
,r 1 Vocabular
J taken
angat.
Vocabulary
from far Ulu
Kenaboi.
Vocabulary
from near
Kenaboi
Mine.
Hut
pondok
lunon
*
*
Blowpipe
sunipitan
;en]iang * ...
temiang *
temiang*
Mouthpiece of
pangkal sumpi- \
:ebong
-tenii-
t e b o n g
- tebong-
blowpipe
tan
ang
temiang
temiang
Quiver for blow-
tabong b e k a s telak
sinipai (?)
telak
arrows
daniak
damak
Quiver cords . . .
tali tabong ... tali telak ...
tali tern
tali telak
baran (?)
Butt of dart . . .
pangkal
^ahabong ...
*
. p a h a -
daniak
bong
Dart-holder
sai'ong daniak
Diet
plet
plet
Muzzle
ujong sumpitan
*
sengkat
temiang
g e 1 o i
temiang
Finger nail
kuku
*
*
kokut
Diaiu'hoea
cheret
*
#
remoiii
Cough
batok
*
*
gahi
Wife
bini
*
*
oie
Tapir
tenok
*
*
j e 1 a u
(jungle
pan tang
langu-
age)
Flying-lizard ...
chichak kubin
*
*
c h i n g -
kuai
To scratch
garu
waru-i
*
koweit
Thunder
guroh
*
...
*
grentah
HEAD MEASUEEMENTS.
Length.
Breadth.
Cephalic index.
(1> 176
138
78.4 Ulu Langat
(2) 179
143
79.8
55
(3) 176
148
84.0
55
(4) 180
132
73.3
J)
(5) 183
142
77.5
55
(6) 177
146
82.4 Far Ulu Kenaboi
Greatest
cephalic index
..
34.0
Least
5> 5)
..
73.3
Average
55 55
...
79.2
* stands for Malay word used.
81
NASAL MEASUREMENTS.
Length.
Breadth.
Nasal index
(1) 49
39
82.9
(2) 43
39
90.6
(3) 44
40
90.9
(4) 49
35
71.4
(5) 47
47
99.9
The measurements taken were so few that it would be unfair
to draw any very definite conclusions from them, but in so far as
they go they do not seem inconsistant with the aborigines' story
of their mixed origin ; for in a very small series tliei-e is a large
degree of variation, ranging in the cephalic indices from marked
bracliycephaly to equally marked dolicocephaly.
Selangor, lying as it does, between Southern Perak with its
almost pure blooded Sakai and Negri Sembilan with its proto-Malays
(Mantra, Biduanda, etc.) is undoubtedly occupied by many aboriginal
tribes of mixed blood of which the people of the Langat and
Kenaboi I'ivers are pi'obably one.
Federated Malay States Government Press.
ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM THE SIAMESE
PKOVINCE OF BANDON, N.E. MALAY PENINSULA.
By H. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.k.o.u.
n^HE province of Bandon, with whicli the present paper is concerned,
is situated on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula, between
long. 98" 30' and 99° 40' E., and lat. 9" 10' and 8° 30' N. It is
bounded on the south and east by the province of Nakon Sitamarat,
on the west by Takopah and on the north Ijy Chaiya. As yet it
is comparatively little developed though the Siamese Bangkok-
Singapore Railway, which traverses its eastern districts, will do much
to remedy this. At present its principal production is timber, of
which large quantities are cut in the forests to the west of the province,
floated down the Bandon river, which is one of the most navigable in
the Malay Peninsula, and dealt with by a large and well equipped saw
mill at Bandon town, the cut timber being mainly utilized at Bangkok
but exported also to Kelantan, Trengganu and Singapore and even to
Europe. A little tin is also ])roduced and a small amount of wolfram
from a mine on the coast, but the mineral outj^ut is as yet insignificant.
The population is exclusively Siamese or at least Siamese speaking,
though on the coast thei'e is a slight admixture of Malay blood which
is more pronounced on the coast of Chaiya, to tbe north among the
fishing population.
The coast, except on the south-east where it is rocky with a
sandy beach, is low and mangi'ove grown, succeeded towards the
interior by a belt of sandy barren land overgrown in places by
Melastoma scrub and in others by stretches of gelam (Melaleuca
leucodendron).
At the base of the hills stretches a large area of very fertile land
occupied by villages and rice fields but the province, as a whole, is
stated to be sparsely inhabited as compared with its southern
neighbour Nakon Sitamarat. Roads are as yet in a backward con-
dition, but their lack is in large part supjjlied by the Bandon river,
which except in the dry season is navigable for steam launches for
nearly a hundred miles from its mouth, which unfortunately is blocked
by a vei'y broad and very shallow bar, not carrying more than six or
seven feet of water at any tide.
The only considerable town is Bandon, about three or four miles
from the mouth of the river, a thriving little place of apparently
about six or seven thousand inhabitants with a large nimiber of
Siamese and Chinese shops, a detachment of the provincial gendarmerie
and a considerable number of officials.
Oct., 1914.
84
The birds collected iu the province of Bandon, with the exception
of perhaps half a dozen specimens obtained c?i ronte, were all secured
in three localities regarding which it may .perhaps be of interest to
give some particulars. ^
1. BAN KOK KLAP, T
A large hamlet in the amphurr of Lampum on the banks of the hk
river of that name, which is a fair sized tributary of the Bandon river,
the village is about four miles to the west of the main line of the
Bangkok-Singapore Railway, which has a station at Lampum and on
which ballast trains were already running at the time of our visit.
The village is situated at the foot of the 'range of hills running
about N.W. to S.E., which in their noi'thern part separate the
province of Bandon from that of Nakon Sitamarat, attaining a ■
maximum elevation of slightly over 4,200 feet in Kao Nawng.
The population in the neighbourhood of Ban Kok Klap was
considerable ; there was much cultivated land, orchards in which betel
palms, mango, langsat and coconut palms were the principal fruit
trees, large tracts of rice and patches of Indian corn and hill
padi. Much destruction of jungle has taken place for these last two
products, the abandoned land growing up in bamboo and secondary
growth amongst which a species of stinging shrub was very common.
To the north and east of the village were several limestone hills, of
the type usual in the Malay Peninsula, all of them much fissured
and shattei-ed, though no caves of any considerable extent seem to
occur in them.
The fauna was not of any special interest being very similar to that
found in Trang on the other side of the main range.
In the I'ice fields, wood-duck, tree-teal and wattled plovers were
very common and an occasional pea-fowl was met with, though these
are much more abundant when the padi is in ear, the rice fields being
in stubble at the time of our visit.
In the orchard lands hill-mynas (Eulahes), glossy starlings
(Calornis), -pied hoi-nbills {Anthracocerns) and several species of wood-
pecker were the most noticeable birds, while in the bamboo thickets
jungle partidges {Ccdoperdix and Troincoperdix) were very abundant .
but were almost impossible to obtain owing to a long continued a
drought having so dried up the dead leaves underfoot that, even for f
a Dyak, a noiseless approach was out of the question.
We collected at Ban Kok Klap from 29th June to 6th July, 1913. ^
2. KAO NAWNG (lower camp).
This was situated on the upper reaches of the river flowing past
Ban Kok Klap, probably about fifteen miles distant from that place
at a height above sea-level of about 1,200 feet and quite close to the
divide leading down to Nakon Sitamarat.
85
Owing partly to an actual scarcity of elephants au<l partly to the
reluctance of the owners to use them for transport purposes on the
plea that this damages their efficiency for timber hauling, which is
their principal use, we had to rely in the main on coolies.
Though quite willing, the local Siamese were extraordinarily
inefficient as jungle carriers, and all loads other than those of the
most trifling weight had to be carried slung on a pole between two
men.
After about the first five miles, when the primary jungle was
entered, there was practically no path, the track taken being along the
banks of the river itself, which in places was deep and rapid and had to
be crossed between thirty and forty times. Under these circumstances
progress was slow, and though our impedimenta were reduced to a
minimum and there was no lack of coolies we did not arrive at our
destination until the afternoon of the second day, though, as stated
above, the total distance traversed could not have been more than
fifteen miles. Owing to the rocky and broken nature of the country
there was some difficulty in finding a suitable site for a camp, which
was enhanced by the fact that there were no suitable palm leaves for
roofing purposes, banana leaves, which are very perishable and unsatis-
factory, having to be used.
During our stay on the mountain, which lasted from 11th June to
28th June, the weather was very unfavourable. There was always
a strong wind, and rain, though at no time heavy, was almost
continuous after about 10 a.m. Birds and animals were by no means
numerous.
.3. K.\0 NAWXG (upper camp).
During our stay on the mountain a party was detached for worlf at
higher elevations and a camp was established at about 3,500 feet,
a few himdred feet below the extreme summit of the range, in a
saddle between two peaks. The weather was extremely wet and
windy, the collecting ground very limited in extent, owing to the
steepness of the mountain, and covered with very dense and matted
vegetation, and the results wei-e therefore not large, though several
very interesting species both of birds and mammals wei'e obtained.
The principal object in collecting on these hills which have never
previously been visited by a naturalist was to ascertain what relation-
ship their fauna bore to that of the main peninsular range to
south and to that of the Tenasserim mountain Nwala])o and Muleyit
to the north.
As might be expected, the present collections show that the fauna
is almost exactly intermediate, so much so that in many cases it
is difficult to state whether a specimen should be assigned to the
Tenasserim or the Malayan race, when these have been separated. The
area of these hills above the 3,000 feet and 4,0u0 feet contours is
86
however so small that the moiintaiu fauna is correspondingly limited
and it is therefore not safe to draw any deductions from the absence
or presence of particular species.
Many forms strictly confined to the zone above 3,000 feet
in the south of the Malay Peninsula here occur at elevation of
1,000 feet or under while certain si^ecies such as Cyanojys oorti
and Oriolns consanguine us of insular facies, common everywhere in the
hills of Selaugor and Perak, are not met with on Kao Nawng and
presumably do not occur.
The following species not hitherto recorded from the Malay
Peninsula were collected :
Pseudotantalus leticocepJialiis (Penu.) ;
Cyanops davisoni (Hume) ;
AntJiipes submoniliger, Hume ;
Anthipes olivacea (Hume) ;
Gryptolopha youngi, sp. nov. ;
Thringorhina guttata (Tick.) ;
Pnoepyga piisilla, Hodgs. ;
Mthop]jga sanguinipectus, Wald.
Without the active co-operation of the local authorities jimgle
travel in the Siamese portions of the Malay Peninsula is practically
impossible to a stranger. Our most hearty thanks are therefore due,
in the first place to H.E.H. Prince Damrong, Minister of the Interior,
Siam, who provided us with the necessary introductions, and in the
second to the Acting Grovernor of Bandon and to the amphurr * of
Lampum, who treated us most courteously and took an infinity of
trouble in securing the large amount of transport that we required.
Without their aid we should have been tied to the line of the railway
and would have obtained no results of any particular interest.
PHASIANID^.
1. ARBORICOLA CHARLTON I.
Arboricola charltoni (^Eyton) ; Ogilvie G-rant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii., p. 221 (1893) ; Robinson, Jouru. Fed. Malay States Mus.,
v„ p. 15 (1913).
These jungle partridges are apparently fairly common in the north
of the Peninsula, though they are extremely rare south of the latitude
of Taiping in central Perak. Near Ban Kok Klap they were very
numerous in dry jungle but very wary and almost impossible to
approach. Mr. Seimund, who obtained one specimen, describes the
note as a soft low double whistle. The small native boys occasionally
shoot them with pellet bows. They make excellent eating.
* An official corresponding to the District Officer in the Federated Malay
States.
87
" Male, iris dark hazel, bill l^lackisli, yellowish Lfreeu at tip of
lower inaudible, reddish at base, orbital skiu reddish orange, tarsi
and claws waxy yellow."
R0LLULU8 ROULROUL.
Bolluhis roulroul (Scop.) ; Ogilvie Grant, torn, cit., p. 2'25.
Several crested wood quail, which is the commonest ganie-l)ii-d
in the jungles of the Malay Peninsula, were shot on Kao Nawng but
were consigned to the pot as they were in very poor leather.
2. C.ALOPERDIX OCULEA.
Caloperdix oculea (Tomm.) ; Ogilvie Grant, tom. cit., p. 222 ;
Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1910, p. 671 ; Robinson, Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus., v., p. 15 (1913).
Evidently very common in Bandon, though we did not ourselves
procure specimens. Caged birds were frequently seen in the possession
of the local Siamese and a male, recently caught, was purchased
at Ban Kok Klap.
GALLU8 GALLUS,
Gallus gallus (Linn.) ; Grant, tom. cit., p. 344.
Gallus hanJciva, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 673.
Jungle fowl were very numerous in the vicinity of Ban Kok Klap
and along the banks of the river, south of that place. No specimens
were however preserved. The hens of the local domestic fowl were
almost indistinguishable from wild birds.
3. ARGUSIANUS ARGUS.
Argusianue argus (Linn.) ; Ogilvie Grant, tom. cit., p. 363.
Very numerous on Kao Nawng and not so shy as in many other
places though they are much trapped by Siamese as the skins command
a good price among the Chinese on the coast. We had not the time
to set snares and did not particularly desire specimens, Ijut one female
was obtained and one or two males approached and shot at by Seimund.
Argus pheasants are poor eating being usually very thin and dry and
are not to be compared with peafowl.
1. PAVO MUTICUS.
Pavo miiticus, Linn. ; Ogilvie Grant, tom. cit., p. 371 ; Robinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 672.
Peafowl were fairly common round the edges of the rice fields at
Ban Kok Klap, and two or three were shot for food but not preserved .
They were in very poor feather, without trains, which in this district
are not assumed until November or December.
TREEONID^.
OSMOTRERON VERNANS.
Osmotreron vernans (Liuu.) ; SalvacI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi.,
p. 60 (1893) ; Eobiuson ami Kloss, torn, cit., p. 674.
One or two specimens of the common green pigeon were shot but
not preserved.
COLUMBID^.
TURTUR TIGRINUS.
Turtur tigrimis (Temm and Knip) ; Salvad., torn, cit., p. 440;
Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 675.
Exceedingly numerous on the rice stubbles at Ban Kok Klap, in
flocks sometimes numbering as many as twenty individuals. No
specimens were preserved.
5. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA.
Chalcophajps indica (Linn.) ; Salvad., tom. cit., p. 514; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 675.
Very common as everywhere else in the Peninsula.
CHARADRIID^.
SARCOGRAMMUS ATRINUCHALIS.
Sarcogrammus atrinuclialis, Jerdon ; Sharpc, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv., p. 152 (1896) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 11.
Also very common on the rice fields.
RALLID^.
6. RALLINA FASCIATA.
Ballina fasciata (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiii.,
p. 75 (1894).
This rail was fairly common at Ban Kok Klap at the edges of the
rice fields but only a single male was obtained.
" Iris orange, periocular skin carmine bill greenish horn, blackish
on culmen, carmine at base, feet carmine."
CICONIID^.
DISSURA EPISCOPUS.
Dissura episcopus (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi.,
p. 294 (1898) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 16.
Common on the rice fields, roosting at night on lofty dead trees
at the edge of the jungle.
7. PSEUDOTANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS.
Pseudotantalus leucocepTialus (Penn.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 323.
This is a new record for the Malay Peninsula, though the Museum
possesses thiee specimens collected on Langkawi in December, 1912,
and an immature bird shot near Kuala Lumpur in 1911, which was
wrongly identified with Pse udotantcdus lacteus.
89
In Baudou the species was very common but excessively wary and
hard to obtain. It was seen either singly or in small numbers on the
rice fields but collected in large tiocks towards evening and roosted on
lofty trees in company with Dissura episcopuf< and G raptocejj/udus
davisoni. In the south of the Peninsula it is replaced by Ps. lacteus,
which, however, appears to be almost exclusively a marine species.
IBIDID^.
S. IBIS MELANOCEPHALA.
Ibis melanocephala (Lath.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi.,
p. 8 (1898).
Seimund obtained one s^jecimen out of a large flock feeding on the
mud-fiats at the movith of the Bandou river. The species is by no
means scarce in the Malay Peninsula but is always very wary and
difficult to obtain.
U. GRAPTOCEPHALUS DAVISONI.
Graptocephalus davisoni (Hume) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 14 (1898) ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 17.
One male was shot out of a flock roosting on a very lofty tree
on the banks of the Bandon river.
ARDEID^."
10. HERODIAS ALBA.
Herodias alba (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi., p. 90
(1898).
Seimund shot a male from out of a large flock at Bandon
on 4th June. The bird is moulting into breeding plumage and the
ornamental train is beginning to appear but the feet are dull black
and the bill uniform chrome yellow as in the winter plumage. Like
other specimens from the Malay Peninsula the size is very small, the
dimensions being, wing 12.1, culmen, 4.1 and tarsus, 5.6 inches.
ANATID^.
11. ASARCORNIS LEUCOPTERA.
Asarcornis seutidata (part.) Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvii.,
p. 60 (1895).
Asarcornis leucoptera (Blyth) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 19.
Fairly common on the rice fields upcouutry in Bandon and almost
down to the coast, generally in pairs but sometimes in larger
numbers. A male was shot at Ban Kok Klap.
12. DENDROCYCNA JAVANICA.
Dendrocycna javanica (Horsf.) ; Salvad., tom. cit., p. 156; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 21.
Very common in flock of considerable size but rather wild as they
are much shot at by the Siamese.
90
FALCONID^.
13. LOPHOSPIZIAS TRIVIRGATUS.
Astnr trivinjatus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., i.,
p. 105 (1874).
An immature male, though iu very worm plumage with the
primaries abraded, has the wing slightly over 9 inches and would
therefore appear to belong to the Himalayan and Assamese race.
A rufitinctus (McClell.). Specimens from the more southern parts of
the Peninsula are decidedly smaller.
" Iris lemon orange, feet chrome yellow."
14. SPILORNIS PALLIDUS.
Spilornis pallidus, Walden ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 290, pi. ix ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 23.
A male from Ban Kok Klap, wing about 14.8 in.
15. MICROHIERAX FRINGILLARIUS.
Microhierax fringillarius (Drap.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 367 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 24.
One male from Ban Kok Klap.
16. MACH.ERHAMPHUS ALCINUS.
Machairamphus alcinus (Westerm.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 408.
Coming down stream from Ban Kok Klap we met with two ])airs
of this rare kite, and Seimund shot a male. They were nesting high
up iu very lofty trees fi'om which the natives extract dammar
{Dipterocarptis crinitus) and when disturbed seemed half dazed by
the light and fleAv comparatively slowly.
We were unfortunately unable to spare the time to attempt to
secure the eggs. Normally these hawks are crepuscular in their habits
feeding on bats and are of very rapid and powerful flight. The
species is widely spread throughout the Peninsula and at one time
was not uncommon in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur.
PANDIONID^.
17. POLIO^TUS HUMILIS.
Poliosetus humilis (Miill. and Schleg.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 454.
The smaller grey-headed fishing eagle is confined to the upper
reaches of the rivers and to jungle country and is not found on the
coast or in open country. A female was shot coming down stream
from Ban Kok Klap on the Bandon river.
STRIGID^.
18. KETUPA CEYLONENSIS,
Ketupa ceylonensis (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus , ii., p. 4
(1875) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 30.
Not so common as the succeeding species. One specimen was
secured near Ban Kok Klap.
91
19. KETUPA JAVANENSIS.
Ketupa javanensis (Less.); Sliarpe, torn, cit., p. 8; Robiusou aud
Kloss, torn, cit., p. 30.
Very common throughout the Peninsula, wherever there are
extensive rice fields.
20. GLAUCIDIUM ERODIEI.
Gtaucdium hrodiei (Burton) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 212.
A female, .precisely agreeing with specimens from the hills of
South Perak and Selangor, was obtained at between 3,000 feet and
4,000 feet on Kao Nawng.
21. SCOPS LEMPIJI.
Scops lempiji (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 91 ; Robinson aud
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 31.
A female from Ban Kok Klap.
22. . HETEROSCOPS VULPES.
Pieorhina lucim, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix., p. 541 (1902).
HeteroBcops vulpes, Ogilvie Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., p. 11 (1906) ;
Id. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., iii., p. 51, pi. iii (1908).
An adult female from 3,500 feet on Kao Nawng.
Compared with four skins from Selangor and Perak this specimen
is much more uniform foxy brown above with the black markings much
reduced in amount. Below, it is paler in tint, vinaceous brown vnih
the middle of the abdomen and the under tail-coverts ahnost pure
white. The differences are quite striking but in so very variable a
group as the scops owls it is not advisable to describe a new species
on a single individual only.
PSITTACID^.
23. LORICULL'S VERNALIS.
Loricuhis ver7ialis (Sparrm.) ; Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx.,
p. 517 (1891) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 32.
Three females from Ban Kok Klap.
" Iris white, bill orange, feet lemon orange."
ALCEDINID^iE.
24 ALCEDO EURYZOXA.
Alcedo euryzona, Temm. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvii.,
p. 158 (1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 33.
Quite common in those parts of Bandon visited by us wherever
running water and jungle occur but most abundant on the lower
slopes of the mountains. The birds are very shy and restless, never
staying long in one place, but we procured four specimens, two males
and two females, near the lower camp on Kao Nawng.
92
" Male, iris dark liazel, bill black, the tip white, feet pale tiesb.
Female, bill blackish, reddish brown at the base of the lower
mandible with the tip whitish."
25. CEYX EUERYTHRA.
Geyx euerythra, Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 179 ; Robinson and Kloss,
torn, cit., p. 33.
Not very common ; we only procured one specimen at Ban Kok
Klap.
26. CARCINEUTES PULCHELLUS.
Carcineutes pulcliellus (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 198 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 34.
A female from Kao Nawng and a male from Ban Kok Klap.
" Male, iris hazel, bill vermilion, feet orauge brown."
27. HALCYON SMYRNENSIS.
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, tom cit., p. 222 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 34.
Common everywhere in the rice fields.
MEROVIDM.
28. MELITTOPHAGUS SWINHOII.
Melittophagus sivinhoii (Hume) ; Sl\arpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xvii., p. 55 (1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, op. cit., p. 36.
Common in open country throughout the district traversed.
29. MEROPS SUMATRANUS.
Merops sumatramie, Raffles ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 61 ; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 37.
In similar situations to the preceding but not so common. An
immature female with the top of the head uniform in colour with the
mantle was obtained at Bandon on 10th July.
30. NYCTIORNIS AMICTA.
Nyctiornis amicta (Temm.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 90 ; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 37.
Perhaps not so common as in the more southern parts of the
Peninsula, though it was seen on Kao Nawng up to about 2,000 feet
and obtained at Ban Kok Klap and Bandon.
TROGONID^.
31. PYROTROGON ORESCIUS.
HariKtctes orescius (Temm.) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xvii., p. 494 (1892).
Pyrotrogon orescius, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 39.
93
Fairly common near Ban Kok Klap, wlience four specimens were
obtained. Our Dyaks however always rather shirk shootin*^ both this
and other species of the genus, partly from the fact that they are
omen birds and therefore unlucky to kill but principally for the more
material reason that they are exceedingly troublesome to skin.
CUCULID^.
32. HIEROCOCCYX NISICOLOR.
Hierococcyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix.,
p. 236 (1891).
Hierococcyx, nisicolor (Hodgs.) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit.,
p. 40.
An adult of undetermined sex from Ban Kok Klap.
" Iris hazel, feet and claws chrome, bill yellowish green at base,
black at tip of lower mandible and on culmen, orbital skin rich
lemon."
33. CHALCOCOCCYX ZANTHORHY^XHUS.
Chalcococcyx zanthorhynchiis (Horsf.) ; Shelley, torn, cit , p. 289 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 41.
This beautiful little cuckoo was fairly common at Ban Kok Klap,
where two adult males and an immature female, with the head almost
uniform chestnut and with but little greenish gloss on the dark bars
of the upper surface, were obtained.
Adult male " Iris red, orbital skin vermilion, bill orange, vermilion
at base, feet greenish slate."'
In the south of the Peninsula both this species and the emerald
cuckoo, Ch. macidatuti are rare and possibly only seasonal visitors,
but in the northern districts both species are much commoner.
34. OENTROPUS SINENSIS INTERMEDIUS.
Centrococcyx intermedins (Hume) ; Stray Feath., i., p. 454 (1873).
Centropue sinensis (Steph.) ; Shelley, tom. cit., p. 343 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 41.
Centropus sinensis intermedins, Stresemann, Nov. Zool, xx., p. 322
(1913).
A single female, wing 212 mm., from Ban Kok Klap.
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
As Stresemann {loc. cit.) states the forms of pheasant cuckoo
inhabiting the northern and southern districts are quite distinguish-
able, the present race being considerably smaller, especially in the
length of the tail ; the interscapular region is also of a darker chestnut.
The name applicable to the southern race is Gentropus sinensis buhutus,
Horsf. [Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii., p. 180 (1822) J.
94
35. UROCOCCYX ERYTHROGNATHUS.
Urococcyx erythrocjnathus (Hartl.) ; Shelley, torn, cit., p. 398
Eobinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 43.
Exceedingly common botli in primary and secondary jungle.
" Male, iris pale blue, female, orange."
36. RHOPODYTES TRISTIS.
Bhojyodytes tristis (Less.) ; Shelley, torn, cit., p. 386 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 42.
A female was shot on the upper portion of Kao Nawng at about
3,000 feet. The species is extremely common throughout the country
in the northei'n parts of the Peninsula, though in the south it is only
found at elevations above 3,000 feet.
37. ZANCLOSTOMUS JAVANICUS.
Zanclostomus javanicus (Horsf.) ; Shelley, tom. cit., p. 370 ;
Eobhison and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 42.
Very common in jungle near Ban Kok Klap, though we did not
trouble to collect many specimens.
CAPITONID^.
38. CHOTORHEA CHRYSOPOGON.
Chotorhea chrysopogon (Temm.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xix., p. 57 (1891) ; Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 43.
Common in the jungle on Kao Nawng as elsewhere in the
Peninsula.
" Iris hazel grey, bill black, whitish at base, feet greenish."
39. CHOTORHEA MYSTACOPHANES.
Gyanops mystaso'phanes (Temm.) ; Shelley, tom. cit., p. 72.
Chotorhea mystacophanes, Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 43.
Very common on Kao Nawng ; rarer in the southern parts of the
Peninsula.
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet greenish."
40. CYANOPS DAVISONI.
Cyano2}8 davisoni (Hume) ; Shelley, tom. cit,, p. 65, pi. IV, fig. 1.
Two specimens of this species were obtained by the Dyaks at the
upper camp on Kao Nawng between three and fovir thousand feet.
The locality is a considerable extension of range for the species which
has not hitherto been known south of Central Tenasserim.
41. MESOBUCCO CYANOTIS.
Mesohucco cyanotis (Blyth) ; Shelley, tom. cit., p. 87 ; Eobinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 43.
The adults are quite typical specimens of this race with blue ear
coverts unmixed with black. The species is found both in jungle and
in open country.
95
42. ZANTHOLjEMA H/EMATOCEPHALA.
Zantholxma hiematocephala (Mull.) ; Shelley, toui. cit., p. 89 ;
Robiuson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 44.
The Coppersmith was fairly common in the low country and its
note was often heard, though only one specimen was actually
obtained.
PICID^].
43. GECINUS VIRIDANUS.
Gecinns viridamis (Blyth) ; Hargitt, Cat Birds Brit. Mus., xviii.,
p. 47 (1890) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 45.
Two males and a female from the open country round Ban
Kok Klap.
44. CHRYSOPHLEGMA MALACCENSE.
Chrysophlegma malaccense (Lath.) ; Hargitt, torn, cit., p. 122 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 46.
A single male from Ban Kok Klap.
15. CHRYSOPHLEGMA HUMII.
Chrysophlegma humii, Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 126 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 46.
Two females from Kao Nawng.
" Iris hazel brown, upper mandible plumbeous green, lower
greenish horn, feet greenish."
40. GECINULUS A'IRIDIS.
Gecinulns viridis (Blyth) ; Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 136.
A single female from Ban Kok Klap, shot among bamboos.
47. MIGLYPTES GRAMMITHORAX.
Mighjptes grammithorax (Malh.) ; Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 385 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 46.
Three fetnales from Kao Nawng.
" Iris chestnut, feet plumbeous green bill lead colour."
48. MICROPTERNUS BRACHYURUS.
Micropternus hrachynrns (Vieill.) ; Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 396.
A male from Ban Kok Klap.
49. TIGA JAVANENSIS.
Tiga javanensis (Ljvmg) ; Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 412; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 47.
A single female from Ban Kok Klap.
50. ALOPHONERPES PULVERULENTUS.
Hemiloyhus pulveruUnUis (Temm.) ; Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 494.
Alophonerpes pulverulentus, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 47.
A very young male was brought in by natives at Ban Kok Klap.
96
51. SASIA ABNOE,MIS.
Sasia ahnormis (Temm.) ; Hai'gitt, torn, cit., p. 657 ; Robinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 48.
A female from Kao Nawug.
EURTL^MID^.
52. CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS.
Calyptomena viridis, Raffles ; Solater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xiv.,
p. 456 (1888) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 48.
(/ommon.
"Iris hazel, bill and feet yellowish green."
A nest was found on 25th June hanging from a bough over water.
It resembles the nest of the Rouge-et-Noir Broadbill, Cymhirhynchus
macrorhynchus, and is an elongated bag-shaped structure composed of
dead leaves and interwoven fibre, with the entrance at the side near
the top. It contained two eggs, w^hich were hard set. They are light
creamy yellow in colour, somewhat glossy and in shape are elongated
ovals measuring, A. 21.7x31, B. 21.2x31.5 mm., appi'oximately, the
eggs being very much broken.
53. EURYLiEMUS JATAXICUS.
Euryliemus javanicus, Horsf. ; Sclater, tom. cit., p. 463.
A male, female, and an immature female are in the collection,
from the lower slopes of Kao Nawng, where it is rather commoner
than the preceding species.
" Iris blvie, bill robins' egg blue, tip of upper mandible greenish,
tomia of both mandibles black, feet dirty pink."
54. EURYLiEMUS OCHROMELAS.
Eurylsemus ochromelas, Raffles ; Scater, tom. cit., p. 465 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 50.
In deep jungle on Kao Na^vng, at 1200-1500 feet ; not particularly
common.
" Iris lemon yellow, bill robins' egg blue, black on edges, greenish
on upper mandible, feet dirty pinkish brown."
55. CYMBIRHYNCHUS MALACCENSIS-
Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus (Gm.) ; Sclater, tom. cit., p. 468
(partim).
Cymhirhynchus malaccensis, Salvad, Atti. R, Accad. Tor., ix, p. 425 ;
Robinson a,nd Kloss, tom cit., p. 50.
Not foimd in very deep jungle on the slopes of the mountains but
abundant along the courses of the larger rivers, the large untidy
nests, resembling debris from floods hanging from pendant bamboos
over the water.
97
56. SERILOPSrs ROTHSCHILDI.
Scrilophi(s rothschihli, Hartert and Butler, Bull. B.O.C, lix, p. 5U
(1898) ; iid.. Ibis, 1898, p. 434.
Five specimens Avere collected on Kao Nawng, adults and young.
" Male, iris hazel, bill pale blue, tomia white, base including
nostrils orange, periocular space, wax- yellow, feet the same, tinged
with greenish claws bluish."
Compared with specimens of the true S. rothschildi from the
mountains of Perak and Selangor these specimens show a very decided
approach to 8. hinaUis, Gould, which is foimd throughout the greater
portion of Tenasserim. The head and ear-coverts are tinged with clay
brown not almost pure gray as in <S'. rothschildi, and the chestnut of
the secondaries and tertiaries is much paler. The two forms are
evidently only subspecies and grade completely into one another.
PITTID^.
57. PITTA CYAXOPTERA.
Pitta cyanoj)tera (Temm.) ; Sclater, tom. cit., p. 420; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 48.
The commonest of the genus round Ban Kok Klap but not found
in very deep jungle. Nestling birds and a clutch of five eggs were
obtained, the male bird being shot off the nest, which was a globular
mass of dead leaves and rubbish on the ground. The young birds are
much duller above and have the scai'let of the abdomen and under tail
coverts of the adult birds indicated by salmon pink. The base and
tip of the bill are orange red. The eggs were hard set and are obtuse
ovals, fairly glossy and yellowish white in colour. Thinly spotted,
mainly towards the larger end with smalled rounded spots of purisli
brown. They measure, A. 26.1 x 20 ; B. 25.9 x 20.2 ; B. 25.8 x 20 mm.
.58. PITTA CUCULLATA.
Pitta cncullata, Hartl. ; Sclater, torn, cit., p. 442; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 49.
Two were obtained at Ban Kok Klap.
59. EUCICHLA GURNEYI.
Eucichla gurneyi, Hume; Sclater, tom. cit., \). 448 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 49.
Very common indeed in the neighbourhood of Ban Kok Klap but
not extending far up the slopes of Kao Nawng as it was not met
with at either of our camps on that mountain.
t!0. EUCICHLA BOSCHI.
Eucichla boschi, Miill. and Schleg. ; Sclater, tom. cit., p. 447 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 49.
Even commoner than Eu. gnrneyi and extending further up
the hill being found at over 2,000 feet elevation.
98
" Male, iris hazel, bill black, feet lavender in front, pinkish
behind."
A nest was found on our way up Kao Nawng at about 700 feet
on 10th June, 1913. It was placed in a small sapling about six or
seven feet above the ground and consisted of a globular mass of dead
leaves and fibre about the size of a man's head. It contained three
eggs. They are broad blunt ovals in shape, moderately glossy,
white and thickly spotted especially towards the broader end with
dark purplish brown spots and streaks, some of the markings being
beneath the surface of the shell.
The measurements are : A. 24.2 x 20.7, B. 25 x 21, C. 26.2 x 21 mm.
HIRUNDINID^.
61. HIRUNDO BADIA.
Hirundo baclia, Cass.; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x., p. 166;
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 50.
Common round the limestone hills in the vicinity of Ban Kok
Klap.
MUSCICAPIDiE.
62. CYORNIS DIALIL7EMA.
Cyornis dialilxma Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xxvii., p. 387
(1889) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 52.
A couple of males in rather shabby plumage appear to be
conspecific with specimens from Trang which we have identified with
this form which seems to range down the Peninsula as far south as
Selangor, where however it is only met with at considerable elevations.
I must confess that I am unable to separate with any confidence males
of. C. tickellice, Blyth ; C. su-inaU-ensis, Sharpe ; C. dialilxma, Salvad. ;
C rubeculoides (Vig.) and another from allied to C. nigrigularis,
Everett ; all of which occur in the Malay Peninsula, though the first
two forms have both sexes closely resembling each other while in the
last three the females have no tinge of blue on the plumage.
63. ERYTHROMYIAS MUELLERI.
Erythromyias muelleri (Blyth) ; Sharpe, tom. cit,, p. 200, pi. iv,
fig. 2 ; Robinson Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., ii, p. 188 (1909).
An adult female and two very young birds were obtained between
12-1500 feet on Kao Nawng.
*' Iris dark, bill black, feet pale flesh."
This is the most northerly recorded locality for the species, which
isajjurely Malayan form, fairly common throughout the Peninsula at
medium elevations and also found in Sumatra and Borneo. The
adult bird is perfectly typical.
99
CA. AXTHIPES SUBMOXILIGEH.
Anthipes submoniUger (Hume) ; Stray. Feath., v, p. 105 (1877X.
Digenea submoniliger, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iv, p. 4G1
(1879) ; id. P.Z.S. (1888), pp. 246. 7.
This species was common at the top of Kao Nawng at over 4,000
feet and also occvirred, though less numei-ouslv, at our lower camp.
Comparison of the series obtained with a large number of
specimens from the more southern parts of the Peninsula, representing
A. malayana, Sharpe, enables us to state with certainty that they
do not belong to this form but are to be referred to the Tenasserim
race, described by Hume from Mt> Muleyit. We have however
recently collected in West Sumatra specimens of ^. solitaria described
by Midler in 1835, and comparison of these with skins from the
actual type locality of A. malayana shows that the two races are
absolutely identical as was not unexpected. Sharpe' s name for the
Peninsular race must therefore be suppressed.
fi5. ANTHIPES OLIVACEA.
Cyornis olivacea, Hume : Stray Feath., v, p. 338 (1877) ; id. vi,
p. 229 (1878).
Siphia olivacea, Sharpe, Cat. Bird^5 Brit. Mus., iv, p. 457 (1879).
Anthipes olivaceus, Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds., ii, p. 34 (1890).
Fairly common on the lower slopes of Kao Nawng, also obtained
at Trang on the west side of the Peninsula in 1910.
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet pale purj)lish flesh.
The sexes are alike and the nestling bii'd has the ordinary mottled
plumage characteristic of the flycatchers, the wing coverts broadly
tipped with yc^llowish l)uff.
I am by no means sure that this species is rightly placed with
Anthiyes by Gates ; except for the comparative feebleness of the
rictal bi-istles and the rather weaker bill it might well be regarded
as a Rhinomyias, with which genus the type of plumage better
accords.
(i(i. HYPOTHYMIS A7ATREA.
Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 274 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 53.
Hypothymis azurea propkata, Gberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
xxxix, p. 597 (1911).
We only got one specimen in Bandon and it was not common
in Trang.
r>7. TERPSIPHOXE AFFINIS.
Terpsiphoiie affinis, Blyth ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 349 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 53.
Very common throughout the country.
Oct., 1014.
100
68. PHILENTOMA VELATUM.
PMlentoma velaUmi (Teiniii.) ; Sharpe, toin. cit., p. 365.
A pair from Kao Nawng.
" Male and female, iris crimson, bill and feet black. "
69. PHILENTOMA PYRRHOPTERUM.
PMlentoma pyrrhofterum (Temm.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 366 ;
Eobinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 53.
More abundant than Ph. velatum though in most localities the
contrary is the case.
" Male, iris carmine, bill black, feet livid lead grey."
70. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS.
CiiUcicapa ceylonensis (Swains.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 369.
Fairly common on Kao Nawng.
" Male, iris dark hazel, upper mandible l:>rown, lower fleshy brown,
gape yellow, feet yellowish brown, soles brighter yellow.
71. CRYPTOLOPHA YOUNGI, sp. nov.
The only specimen of this very distinct flycatcher was obtained by
one of our Dyak collectors on Kao Nawng at about 3,500 feet.
It is unfortunately very badly shot and in moult but it is evident
that it represents a perfectly good new species, allied to, but readily
separable from, C. castaneiceps of the Himalayas and Northern
Tenasserim and C. butleri of the mountains of the southern Malay
Peninsula.
Differs from all other members of the group in having the uuder
tail coverts greyish white and the rump clear grey, the bases of the
feathers paler.
Adult male. Crown chestnut, bordered by black on each side,
sides of the head and lores grey, upper surface darli grey, paler on
the rump, the scapulars only tinged with green. Primaries and
wing coverts blackish brown, edged with greenish and with two
bright yellow bars on the external aspect of the wing formed by the
tips of the lesser and greater wing coverts. Under wing coverts and
lengthened axillaries bright yellow ; whole under surface and under
tail coverts pearly grey, whiter on the middle of the abdomen and the
under tail coverts ; thighs yellowish green. Tail feathers brownish
black-edged with greenish. Total length about 3.25, wing 1.9,
tail 1.70, tarsus 0.68 inches.
I have named this species after Arthur Young, k.c.m.g., Govei-nor
of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of the Malay
States, to whom I am indebted for permission to collect in Lower Siam
and for facilities obtained from the Siamese authorities.
Type and only specimen obtained. Adult male, Kao Nawng,
3,600 feet, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 26th June, 1913.
101
72. ABRORXIS SCHWANERI.
Cryptolopha schwaneri (Blyth.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 403.
Ahrornis schtvaneri, Robinson, Joiivn. Feil. MaLiy States Mus., ii,
p. 191 (1908).
Five specimens from Kao Nawng and Ban Kok Klap are un-
doubtedly this species, originally described from Borneo, and not the
Himalayan A. superciliaris, Tickell from the Himalayas down to
Tenasserim. Tickell's type, however, came from somewhere in Teuas-
serim and if as is quite possible his specimen proves to be conspecific
with the Borneau l:)ird, his name falls and the birds from Sikkim and
the Himalayas will have to be known as A. flaviventrh, Jerd.
.Common throughout the Peninsula especially in bamboo jungle ;
but not found at low elevations in the south.
" Iris dark brown, bill plumbeous horn, pinkish at tomia and gape,
feet brownish flesh.
CAMPOPHAGIDAE.
73. CAMPOPHAGA NEGLECTA.
Campophaga neglecta (Hume) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iv,
p. 68 (1879) ; Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 54.
Not common.
74. PERICROCOTUS FLAMMIFER,
PcricrocoUis flammifer,'S.\xr!CLQ\ Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 74; Eobinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 54.
Very common on Kao Nawng but very wild and hard to obtain
75. PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS.
Pericrocotus igneus (Blyth) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 78.
A pair from Ban Kok Klap.
PYCNONOTIDyE.
76. ^GITHINA TIPHIA.
Aegithina tipliia (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, p. 7
(1881) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 55.
A single female.
77. yETHORHTNCHUS LAFRESNAYEI.
Aefhorhynchuf! lafresnayei (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 14 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 55.
Quite common.
78. CHLOROPSIS CHLOROCEPHALA.
CMoropsis cJilorocephala (Wald.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 28 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 55.
Common ; the only green bulbul met with in Bandon.
]02
79. IREXA PUfeLLA.
Irena jtuella (Lath.); Sliarpe, torn, cit., p. 177: Robinson and
Kloss, torn, cit., p. 56.
Comraou on Kao Nawng.
80. HEMIXUS MALACCENSIS.
Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 52 ; E/obinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 56.
A single male f]-oin Kao Nawng.
SI. rOLE PERACENSIS.
lole tickeUi peracensis, Havtert and Butler, Nov. Zool., v. p. 509
(1898).
A single male, shot on Kao Nawng at about 3,000 feet, is precisely
identical with specimens from the typical locality, Grunong Ijau,
Larut hills, Perak.
82. CRINIGER SORDIDIS.
Criniger sordidus, Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii, p. 320
(1900) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 67.
Two specimens from Kao Nawng, one from over 3,000 feet and
another from about 1,200 feet, agree with authentic specimens of this
race from Trang, but as we have noticed elsewhere the diffei'ences
from C. ochraceus, Moore, are extremely indefinite. Specimens from
Perils are quite intermediate.
"Iris brownish red, bill plumbeous, paler below, feet plumbeous
with pink soles."
S3. PYCNONOTUS ROBINSONI.
Pycnonotus robinsoni, Ogilvie Grant, Fascic. Mala,y. Zool., iii,
p. 85 (1905). Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., iv, p. 231 (1911).
Pycnonotus blanfordi, Bonhote (nee Jerd.), P.Z.S. 1901 (i), p. 57.
The species also occurs in Trang but was overlooked in the
account of the collection from that j^rovince ; it has also been obtained
in the State of Perils while the Biserat specimen identified by
Bonhote as P. blanfordi (loc. cit. supra) is almost certainly identical.
The species was common in the low country in Bandon province and
a pair were obtained at Ban Kok Klap.
84. OTOCOMPSA EMERIA.
Otocompsa jocosa (Linn.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 157.
Otooompsa emeria, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 58.
Very much rarer in Bandon than in Trang. A single male only
was obtained at Ban Kok Klap.
103
TIMELIID^:.
So. EUPETES MACROCERCUS,
Evjjetes mxcrocercus, Temm. ; Sbarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii,
p. 338 (1883).
Fairly eommou on Kao Nawng, this being the most northei'ly
locality recorded for the species. A ground bird having very much
the habits of a Pitta. An adult female and three very young birds
were procured. Very young birds are uniform sooty black beneath,
except the throat ^vhich is white, but the chestnut rufous of the adult
soon begins to make its appearance.
" Adult, iris hazel, bill black, feet slate, skin on sides of neck,
purplish violet, shading into livid white. Immature, iris hazel, bill
black, yellow at gape, feet slate, naked skin at sides of neck, pinkish."
8G. TROCHALOPTERUM PENINSULA.
Trochalopterum peninstdas, Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 436, pi., xxxvii.
A pair from 3,500 feet on Kao Nawng, agree very closely with
specimens from the typical locality except that the crown is very
slightly paler, therein showing an approach to T. melanostujma which
ranges south to Muleyit Mt. and the Salwin river.
H7. POMATORHINUS OLIVACEUS.
Pon\atorhimis oUvaceus, Blyth ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
vii, p. 414 (1883) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 59.
Fairly common on Kao Nawng from about 1,200 feet to the summit
of the mountain.
" Iris orange, bill chrome yellow, feet pale grey, soles greenish
yellow, claws horn."
88. PELLORXEUM SUBOCHRACEUM.
Pellorneum subochraceitm, Swinh. ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 521 ;
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 59.
Fairly common in Bandon, generally in secondary jungle and in
patches of scrub at the edge of rice fields.
8'J. TL'RDINUS OLIVACEUS.
Malacopteron olivaceiim, Strickland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
xix, p. 132 (1847).
Turdinus abhotti (Blyth) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 541 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 59.
Fairly common. The five specimens before me from Kao Nawng
are somewhat brightly coloured beneath, therein approaching the
northern race T. abhotti, of which this form is only a subspecies.
90. TURDIXrS MAGXIROSTRIS.
Turdinus magnirostris (Moore) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 547.
Common on Kao Nawnsr.
104
" Adult, iris red, bill ]jluiiibeous grey, slightly yellow ou tomia and
at gape, feet pale grey, yellowish on toes. Immature, iris ha/el grey,
feet pale flesh, bill, upper mandible greenish horn, lower waxy yellow,
gape bright yellow, oi'bital skin greenish yellow."
91. DRYMOCATAPHUS NIGRICAPITATUS.
Drymocataplius nigricapitatus (Eyton) ; Shai'pe, torn, cit., p. 554 ;
Eobinsou and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 60.
Rare; only one specimen was obtained in jungle near Ban Kok
Klap.
92. DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI.
Drymoeataphtis tickelli (Blyth) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 557 ;
Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 60.
As elsewhere in the Peninsula very common on Kao Nawng among
bamboos.
" Iris chestnut red, feet pinkish flesh, bill plumbeous, darker on
upper mandible."
93. CORYTHOCICHLA LEUCOSTICTA.
Corythocichla leucosticta, Sharpe, P, Z. S. 1887, p. 438 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 61.
This babbler was very common on Kao Nawng, ranging from the
foot of the mountain to the summit and also occurred nearly at sea-
level at Ban Kok Klap, though in the Federated Malay States it is
not found below 2,500 feet.
A series of ten specimens compared with large numbers from more
southern localities including the actual type locality of the species
show very intangible differences though the ground colour of the
upper surface is perhaps rather lighter in the Bandon bii'ds.
Three forms of the genus,* the px'esent one, C. striata, from
Assam and Manipur, and C. hrevicaudata from Muleyit in Tenasserim
are extremely closely related and as might be expected the Malayan
race is more closely connected with the Muleyit one with which it
agrees in having the tips of the wing coverts white, not fulvous, and
the sides of the head ashy not brown. Indeed they are quite possibly
identical.
" Iris carmine, tarsi brownish, bill plumbeous horn, darker on
culmen."
94. ALCIPPE PHAYRII.
Alcii)]3e pJtayrii, Blyth ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 623 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 61.
* C. crasm, Sharpe, from the mountains of N. Borneo seems rather more
distinct.
105
Almost tlie cominouest bird iu the jimgle on Kao Nawng, keeping
generally to tlie bushes and smaller trees. We did not obtain it near
Ban Kok Klap so that it is evidently a submontane species, replaced
iu the south of the Peninsula by A. peracensis, Sharpe.
" Iris hazel-grey feet dark fleshy brown, bill, upper mandible
corneous tip and edges dull yellow, lower mandible more broadly
yellow, gape bright yellow, orbital ring greenish waxy yellow.
95. ALCIPPE CINEREA.
Alcippe cinerea, Blyth ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 622 ; Eobinson and
Kloss, torn, cit., p. 61.
A pair only from Kao Nawng, where it was rare. The species does
not extend into Tenasserim and these specimens are the most northerly
recorded.
96. STACHYRIS DAVISONI.
Stachijris davisoni, Sharpe; Bull. B.O.C., i, p. vii, (1892) ; Eobinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 61.
A large series from Kao Nawng where it ranges up to about
2,000 feet. Comparison of these birds with numerous specimens
from the typical locality (Tahan river, Pahang) show that they are
identical. St. nigriceps (Hodgs), which I had included in the local
list on the strength of birds from Trang identified as such
Mr. Eichmond must therefore be deleted from the Malayan Fauna.
" Iris chestnut hazel, bill plumbeous, darker on culmen, feet
greenish lead."
97. STACHYRIDIOPSIS CHRYSOPS.
Stachyris chrysxa bocagii, Salvad ; Eobinson Jouru. Fed. Malay
States Mus., ii, p. 202.
Stachyris clirysops, Eichmond, Pi'oc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xv,
p. 157 (1902).
Four specimens of this golden babbler were obtained near the
summit of Kao Nawng and must certainly be conspecific with
St. chrysops obtained in the mountains of Trang, about 80 miles to
the south.
At one time I thought that the Malayan form might be identical
with the Sumatran race but examination of a series collected on
the hills of that island shows that the insular form is a darker
and duller form, even darker than St. assimilis (Walden) from
Assam and Central Tenasserim, especially on the flanks.
Pending dii'ect comparison of series of fresh specimens from the
Himalayas, Assam, Tenasserim, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula,
I have thought it best to let the Malayan specimens stand under
Eichmond's name though it is evident that St. cliryiea (Hodgs) ; St.
assimilis (Walden) ; St. bocagii, Salvad and St. chrysops, Eichm are all
but slightly differentiated subspecies.
106
98. thringouhijsta guttata.
Stachyris guttata (Tick.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 535,
Thrmgorhina guttata, Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i, p. 155
(1889).
Tickell's spotted babbler was very common on Kao Nawng
keeping to bushes and low trees in parties of two or three. It has
also been obtained in the West Coast State of Traug by
Dr. W. L. Abbott but has not yet been met with further south in
the Peninsula.
" Iris chestnut, bill slate, darker on culmen, feet greenish.
99. CYANODERMA ERYTHROPTERUM.
Mixornis erythroptera (Blyth) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 580.
Cyanoderma erythroiAermn, Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 62.
A single male from Ban Kok Xlap.
100. CHALCOPARIA PH{ENICOa;iS.
Atithothreptes i)]ioenicotis (Temm.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
ix, p. 121 (1881).
Chalcoparia phvpnicotis (Temm.); Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds,
ii, p. 373 (1890).
A single female from Ban Kok Klap.
It is, I think, obvious as Gates (loc. cit.) has pointed out that this
bird is misplaced among the Nectariniidse and that its proper position
is somewhere among the Timeliidse.
101. MIXORNLS UULAKiS.
Mixornis gularis (Raffles) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 576 ; Robinson and
Xloss, tom. cit., p. 62.
Four specimens from Kao NaM'Ug and others from Trang,
Terutau and Perils are not typical M. gularis but are intermediate
between that species and M. ruhricapilla. They resemble the latter
in having the mantle and external aspect of the j^rimaries more olive
and less chestnut and the former in the broadness of the black streaks
on the throat and upper breast.
102. BRACHYPTERYX WRAYI.
Brachypteryx vn-ayi, Ggilvie Grant, Bull. B.G.C., xix, p. 10 (1906) ;
id. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., iii, p. 26 (1908).
A male and a female from 4,000 feet, Kao Nawng, both of which
are in the brown plumage agree precisely with others from Gunong
Tahan and from the main peninsular range in Perak and Selangor.
103. SIVA SORItlDIOR.
Siva sordidior, Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 276.
Five specimens from about 3,000 feet on Kao Nawng are in such
faded and abraded plumage that their identification is a matter of some
107
uncertainty. They appear, however, to belong to this form and not to
the more northern S. sordida, Hume, which is found on Mt. Muleyit
in Central Tenasserim.
101. HERPORNIS ZANTHOLEUCA.
Herpornis zantholeiica (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. G36 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 63.
Eleven skins from the lower slopes of Kao Nawng, where it was
one of the commonest birds.
lo.i. PTERYTHIUS iERALATUS.
Pterythius xralatus (Tick.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Bi'it. Mus., viii,
p. 114 (1883) ; Gates Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i, p. 225 (1889).
A very common species above 2,000 feet on Kao Nawng.
"Iris chestnut, bill black on culmen, remainder plumbeous, feet
pale flesh, claws dark. "
lOtJ. MESIA ARGEXTAURIS.
Mesia argentauris (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 642.
Apparently qiiite common above 3,000 feet ; five specimens were
obtained by the Dyaks in the vicinity of the upper camp on Kao
Nawng.
TROGLODYTID^.
107. PNCEPYGA PUSILLA.
Fnoepyga pusilla, Hodgs. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi,
p. 304 (1881).
A pair of hill-wrens from near the summit of Kao Nawng at
about 4,000 feet differ from others from the southern parts of the
Peninsula, of which the Museum possesses a large series in being rather
duller above and in having the lower surface much less strongly
squamate. They are probably referable to the above-named s])ecies,
which has been found as far south as Muleyit Mountain in Central
Tenasserim, while the southern Malayan specimens have been identified
with Ph. lepida, Salvad. from the mountains of Sumatra.
TURDID^.
108. HYDROCICHLA RUFICAPILLA.
HydrociMa rufimpilla (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., vii, p. 319 (1885).
Very common along the rocky streams on Kao Nawng.
" Iris chestnut, bill black, feet pale lilac flesh."
109. HYDROCICHLA FRONTALIS.
Hydrocichla frontalis (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii,
p. 321 (1885) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 64.
On Kao Nawng, but much rarer than the preceding.
108
110. CITTOCINCLA MACHURA.
CiUocincla tricolor (Vieill.) ; Sliarpe, torn, cit., p. 85.
Cittocincla macrura (Cfm.) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit,, p. 65.
Very common.
SYLVIID^.
111. ORTHOTOMUS RUFICEPS,
Orthotomus rujiceps (Less.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii,
p. 224 (1883) ; Eobinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 66.
We obtained five specimens of this tailor-bird near Ban Kok
Klap, this being the only place in the Peninsula, where we have found
it at all abundant.
112. ORTHOTOMUS ATRIGULARIS.
Orthotomus atrigularis, Temm. ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p 220 ; Eobinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 66.
An immature male from Kao Nawng.
LANIID^.
113. HEMIPUS PICATUS.
Hemipus picatus (Sykes) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
p. 307 (1877) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 69.
Four specimens from Kao Nawng and Ban Kok Klap.
114. TEPHRODORNIS GULARIS.
Tcphrodornis gularis (Raffles) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 278 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 69.
A male from Kao Nawng and a female from Ban Kok Klap.
These specimens are typical T. gularis and Gates statement that
the allied T. pelvicus extends southwards down the Malay Peninsula
(Paun. Brit. Ind. Birds., i, p. 474) appears to have no foundation
in fact.
115. PLATYSMURUS LEUCOPTERUS.
Platysrnurus leucopterus (Temm.); Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 90;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 71.
This noisy bird was very numerous in secondary jungle at Ban
Kok Klap.
PAEID^.
116. MELANOCHLORA FLAVOCRISTATA.
Melanochlora flavocristata (Lafr.) ; Hellmayr, Tierreich, Paridse,
p. 31 (1903) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 70.
Melanochlora sultanea (part.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii,
p. 6 (1883).
Fairly common on Kao Nawng and on the foot hills at the base
of the mountain.
Four males were obtained.
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet bluish with a greenish cast."
109
SITTID^E.
117. DEXDROPHILA SATURATIOR.
Sitta frontalis saturatior, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix, p. 573 (1902).
DendropTiila saturatior, Eobinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 70.
A single male, rather pale beneath, like others from Trang but
probably referable to this fonn and not to D. frontalis.
118. PLATYLOPHUS ARDESIACUS.
Flatylophus ardesiacus (Cab.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 278; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 69.
Kao Nawng and Ban Kok Klap.
" Male, iris chestnut red, bill and feet black."
DICRURID>^.
li;». DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS.
JDissenmrus paradiseus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 225 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 71.
Common everywhere ; the only drougo seen.
NECTARINIIDyE.
120. ^THOPYGA SAXGUINIPECTUS.
Aetlwpyga sanguini/pectus, Wald., Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
ix, p. 27 (1884).
BetAveen the upper camp on Kao Nawng (3,050 feet) and the
summit of the mountain (4,200 feet) our Dyak collectors obtained six
males and a female of this very beautiful sunbird. The present
locality is a very considerable extension of range for the species, which
has not hitherto been obtained south of Muleyit mountain in Central
Tenasserim. No other sunbirds of this genus were obtained though
one species, Aethopyga anomala, allied to Ae. saturata of the eastern
Himalayas and Ae. ivrayi of the mountains of the southern Malay
Peninsula has been described from the collections made by Dr. Abbott
in the mountains of Trang but a little to the south of the present
locality.
121. ARACHNOTHERA LOXGIROSTRIS.
Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.) ; Gadow, tom. cit., p. 103 ;
Eobinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 77.
One female from Ban Kok Klap.
122. ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA.
Arachnothera modesta (Eyton) ; Gadow, tom. cit., p. 107 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 77.
One female from 3,500 feet on Kao Nawno-.
110
123. ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS.
Arachnothera chrysogenys (Temni.) ; Gadow, torn, cit., p. 108;
Eobinsou and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 77.
A male from the lower camp ou Kao Nawng, about 1,200 feet.
Nowhere common.
124. ANTHOTHREPTES HA^POGRAMMICA.
Anthothreptes hyjjoyranimica (S. Miill.) ; Gradow, tom. cit., p. 112 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 76.
A single much damaged specimen from Kao Nawng, where it
was rare.
125. DICTUM TRIGONOSTIGMA.
Dictum trigonostigma (Scop.) ; Shai'pe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
p. 38 ; Eobinson and Kloss, p. 78.
Common nearly everywhere.
126. PRIONOCHILUS MACULATUS.
Prionochihis maculatus (Temm.); Sharpe, tom. cit., p. G2; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 32.
Two males from Kao Nawng.
" Iris dark, bill plumbeous, feet pale plumbeous.
ZOSTEROPID^.
127. ZOSTEROPS TAHAXEXSIS.
Zosterops tahanensis, Ogilvie Grant ; Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 10
(1906) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 79.
Three males from near the summit of Kao Nawng, agreeing well
with other specimens from Trang and the mountains of Selangor.
ON A COLLECTION OF .ALV^IMALS FROM THE SLV:\IESK
PROVINCE OP BANDON, N.E. MALAY PENINSULA.
By H. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.u. and C. B. KLOSS, f.z.s.
^PHE collection of mammals obtained in Bandon is fairly represent-
ative of the fauna of the district and contains a considerable
number of specimens that throw light on the local distribution
of Malayan mammals.
A preliminar}' account of the forms considered new to science
has already appeared in the " Annals and Magazine of Na;tural
History, ser. (8) xiii, pp. 223 et seqq. (1914) but in addition to
these another race, Sciurtis temiis gunong, has been described in the
present paper, while two other species, the bat, Eptesicus pachyotis,
and the ground squirrel, Menetes berdmorei, have not hitherto been
recorded from Peninsular limits.
As regards the general facies of the collection it may be stated
that the evidence shows that the district lies on the extreme limit of
the true Malayan fauna, certain forms such as Sciurus vittatus
miniatvs, Sciums Mppurus and Rhinosciurus tupaioides here exhibiting
their furthest northern extension while other species such as
Scmrus erytlirseus ruheculus, and Ephnys orbus indicate an admixture
of Burmese races. ^
A general account of the collecting stations has already been
given in the account of the Birds {antea, pp. 83-5) to which it is
unnecessary to refer further.
1. HYLOBATES LAR (Linn.).
1 c? . Kao Nawnff, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet.
An example fi'om mountain jungle on Kao Nawng is in light
pelage, the hands and feet only slightly contrasting with the colour
of the limbs. Dark coloured specimens seem very rare in the
northern parts of the Peninsula, though they are in the great
majority in the ceiatral and southern parts.
Not at all common over the greater part of Bandon, but fairly
numerous on a small hill a few miles fi'om the town. The flesh
is in great demand as a remedy for a variety of complaints as is
that of Presbytes robinsoni and P. negleda heati'i, though curiouslj-
enough that of P. obscura is of no value for this purpose.
(For measurements see p. 113.)
2. PRESBYTIS NEGLECTA KEATII, RoB. & Kroas.
Presbytis neglecta keatii, Robinson and Kloss, Jonrn. Fed.
Malay States, iv, p. 174 (1911).
1 (?, 1 $. Kao Nawnpr, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet.
112
Agree with topotypes from Trang except that the white area
appear to be somewhat reduced, that on the inner side of the thigh
not extending as far as the* heel.
Very common in parties of five or six in primary and secondary
■jungle round Kao Nawi:ig, but not coming into villages or cultivated
land.
In a recent paper {Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 21, p. 28,
1913), G. S. Miller has restricted the name P. femoralis, at one time
applied to monkeys of this type, ranging from Tenasserim, through
the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo, to the form inhabiting
Sino-apoi-e Island, though some ambiguity attaches to the real origin
of Martin's type.
In view of this we have preferred to use the name Presbytis
neglecta (Schlegel) (Mus. Pays. Bas., vii, p. 47, 1876) for the animal
from Sino-apore and to regard this as the primary name available for
the Peninsular animals.
In the same paper Miller has also given a diagnosis of a new i-ace
from Johore, stating that it is similar to that from Singapore Island
but is larger than that form, having the grejitesfc length of skull,
about 95 mm. His description is founded on five specimens, four
from Johore and one from Southern Pahang. A male specimen
from Singapore in the Federated Malay States Museum has the
o-reatest skull length 89.3 mm., two specimens in the British Museum
from Puiai, South Johore measure 89.9 and 86.3 respectively, and
a male and a female from Segamat, N'orth Johore, are 88.5 and 86.5
respectively, while the length given by Miller for his specimen from
Singapore is 88.3.
Of the northern race P. n. heatii, five males range fi'om 92 to
96.7 and four females from 92.4 to 97.0 mm. It is evident therefore
that the series in our possession does not confirm Miller's conclusions
as to the separability of animals from Johoi'e and Singapore, though
there is no doubt that the northern race is distinct from these both
in size and colour.
(For measurements see p. 113.)
3. PRESBYTIS ROBINSONI, Thomas.
Presbytis robinsoni, Thos., Abstract, P.Z.8. 1910, p. 25 ; id.
P.Z.S. 1910, p. 635.
^ . Kao Nawng, BancTon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, ] ,400 feet.
The adult agrees closely with the type from Trang.
This white lotong is common on Kao Nawng where it is almost
always found associating with small parties of the preceding form, of
which it is very probably an aberration. It may be remarked that
all three specimens known to date present abnormalities in the
structure and character of the hair, the patches of pigment being
irregularily distributed through them, while the unpigmented
113
portions are narrowed in diameter. The skull presents no differences
whatever from those of P. n. keatii, with which we have compared it.
(For measurements see below.)
4. PRESBYTIS OBSCURA, SPBSP. (>).
(J imm. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 2nd July, 1913.
An immature male (greatest cranial length 83.6 mm.) differs
from normal adults in being of a pale cafe-au-lait colour ; the
occiput, nape, median dorsal line and middle areas of the limbs
being creamy to liglit buff with the forehead sides of the face and
neck, chest, shoulders, sides of body, hands and feet, pale snuff
brown. At a casual glance this specimen might be referred to the
preceding race, from which however it can at once be distinguished
by the arrangement of the hair on the forehead.
A form of Pr. obscura was common in tlie district, though we did
not collect other specimens.
Measurements of monkeys from Bandon Province, N.E. Malay
Peninsula :
T3
-e
• j ^
.2 •
>5>
d
S —
o
? °
.
2i
•
3^
^
^
■^5
3^
1?
Species.
Locality.
1
-1
I
a
W
Ea
Greii
lengt
sku
2 ic
SO
Hylobates lar
Kao
Nawug 1 550/13
Male
453
152
31 191.2
74
69.5
32.3
Presbytis neglecta
1
1
keatii ...
^^
547/13! „
482
699
164
35' 93
61
70
30
,,
»
546/13
Fem.
473
677
162
32 92.7
62
71.5
30
Presbytis robin-
soni
»
549/13
Male
455
752
171
32 97.5
64.5
70
30.7
5. PAGUMA LEUCOMYSTAX ROBUSTUS (Miller).
Paradoxurus robustus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xix,
p. 26 (1906).
(? imm. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 30th June, 1913.
A young specimen with the milk dentition partly in place.
6. TUPAIA GLIS WILKINSO?^^!, Rob. & Kloss.
Tupaia ferruginea suhsp. wilkinsoni, Robinson and Kloss, Journ.
Fed. Malay States Mus., iv, p. 173 (1911).
Tupaia lacernata suhsp. wilkinsoni, Lyon, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus.. 45,
p. 52 (1913).
1 <? ad, 1 ? ad, 1 <? imm, 1 ? imm. Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay
Peninsula, 3,500 feet. June. 1913.
2 (? ad, 2 ? ad. Kao NaM-ng, Bandon, X.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet.
June, 1913.
3 <J ad, 4 ? ad. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. June,
July, 1913.
These specimens are not altogether typical T. g. wilkinsoni,
a number of the series having shoulders almost approximating in
ferruginous tint to many animals of the ferruginea race from the
114
Federated Malay States. It is possible that the latter form is slower
to change on the east side of the Peninsula than on the west.
Several of the specimens from the lower altitudes have the long
black jiiles on the rump very abundant forming a conspicuous shining-
patch but this occurs also, though more rarely in other races.
(For measurements see below.)
Measurements of Tnpaia from Bandon Province, IST.E. Malay
Peninsula :
1 1
c
sA,
"c
^
_g
X
o
o
1
2—'
—
fsppcics.
Ixicnlity.
s
Sex.
s
Tail.
.-; Ear.
ll
"S g
s 1
x
2
K
1
Tupaiaj^lis wil -
kinsoni
Kao Nawng
Ban- K k
271/13
Fem.
188
162
43.5
16
52.8
26.0
23.0
Klap
273/13
Male
178
157
42.5
17
51.7
26.0
22.5
,,
,,
274/13
Fem.
172
154
43.5
16
51.2
25.0
22.4
„
„ .. 275/ J 3
>j
178
154
40
18
50.0
24.8
21.5
,,
,,
276/13
177
158
41
14
50.7
24.3
22.4
15
•„
277/13
„
184
162
43
17.5
51.0
24.4
22.1
<f
Kao Nawng
278/13
Male
165
165 i40
21
49.3
25.8
21.1
.,
„
279/13
Fem.
175
165 45
15
50.4
25.5
21.7
,.
Ban K k
Klap
388/13
Male
179
158
41
15
51.0
25.1
22.4
,,
Kao Nawng 392/13
,j
174
156 142.7
17
21.8
,,
... 442/13
jj
154
148 ,42.5
16.5
51.1
25.8
21.9
,,
Ban K k
1
Klap 443/13
Fem.
180
160 '43.5
1
16
49.0
25.2
20.8
7. GALEOPTERUS TEMMINCKI PENINSULA, Thos.
Graleopterus peninsulse, Thoas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii,
p. 303 (1908).
? . Ban Kok Klap, Baudon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 1st July, 1913.
A female in grey pelage agreeing with others of the sex from the
south of the Malay Peninsula.
Head and body, 399 ; tail, 277 ; hind foot, 71 ; ear, 23.
Skull. — Condylo-basal length, 73 ; greatest breadth, 48.3 ;
interorbital breadth, 20 ; palatal length. 34.3 ; maxillary tooth-row
37.4 ; three molars, 10.9.
8. CY\OPTERITS BRACHYOTIS ANGULATUS. MiLtEK.
Cynopterus angulatus, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci., Philadelphia,
p. 316 (1898).
Cynopterus brachyotis angulatus, Andersen, Cat, Ghir. Brit. Mus.,
(2nd ed.), p. 611 (1912).
1 (? 3 ? ad. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 30th June,
1913.
115
It is .stated by Ander.sen {loc. cit., p. 609) that the relatively
.smaller ears (13-18 mm.) are the only characters by which the races
of C. brachyotis can be distinguished from those of C. sjjhinx
(18-20 mm.). The above four specimens have the ear averaging 19.6
measured in the flesh and 17 mm. when dry. Fi^om the balance of
other measurements it must however be considered that these
examples are still within the dimensions which indicate inclusion in
C. h. angulatus, but at the same time they appear to be of greater
size than more southern specimens and point to the conclusion that
in the locality of Bandon (J. brachyotis is commencing to intergrade
with C. sphinx. It would perhaps be more logical to regard
C. angulatus as a sub-species of the latter rather than the fox-mer
species.
Measurements of Cynopterns brachyotis annidatus from Bandon
Province, N. E. Malay Peninsula :
S. M. No
Sex
Head and bodv
Tail ... *
Hind foot
Ear
Fore-arm
3rd Metacarpal
III'
Tibia
Greatest length of sknil
Condjlo-basal length
Zygomatic breadth ...
Rostrum
Mandible
C-m.' crowns...
' 363/13
364/13
365/13
1 Female
Female
Male
' 92
91
93
11
11
12 1
13.5
13
14
20.5
19.5
19.5
67
63
65 j
44.5
42.5
43 1
28.5
26.2
26.2
26
24 2
25.2
31.4
30.7
31.5
29.8
29.1
29.6
21.0
20.5
20.5
8.3
8.0
8.0
24.6
23.2
24.7
10.3
10.5
10.6
366/13
Female
97
12
13.5
19
70.5
44
29
26
31.0
29.0
21.6
24.6
10.5
!>. EMBALLO^URA PEXINSULARIS, Miller.
4 (?, 2 ?. Kao Xawng, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June,
1913.
(For measurements see below.)
Measurements of Emballonura peninstdaris from Bandon Province,
N. E. Malay Peninsula.
S. M. No
Sex
Head and body
Tail
Tibia
Hind foot
Fore-arm
3rd Metacarpal
G-reatest length of skull
Greatest ante-orbital breadth
Least inter-orbital breadth ..
Zygomatic breadth
Cranial breadth
Mastoid breadth
523/1
(?
42
13
1/
6.1
45
38.;
14.!
2.1
8.i
7.<
7.'
13
524/13
525/13
526/13
528/13
562/13'
<?
V
<?
V
<? 1
44
41
43
42
41
11
13.3
15
15
14
.5
18.4
17
17.2
18
17 i
.6
7.5
6.8
6.6
6.0
7.0
45
U
45
44.5
45.5
.3
40.8
40.2
41
41
40
.9
14.5
14.6
14.6
14.3
14.4 j
-
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.4
.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0 :
.5
—
8.6
8.7
8.9
8.7
.0
7.2
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.0
.7
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.9
7.7
1
<?
44
13.7
16.1
7.0
44
3.0
8.7
7.1
Oct., 1914
116
10. MYOTIS MURICOLA (Temm.).
1 S- Kao Nawiig, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. Jime, 1913.
Head and body, 44 ; tail, 34.5 ; hind foot, 6.6 ; ear, 12.5 ; tibia,
15.6 ; fore-arm, 35 ; inter-orbital breadth, 3.6 ; greatest cranial breadth,
6,9 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5 ; mandibular tooth row, 6.0 ; mandible,
10.8 mm.
11. HESPEROPTENUS BLANFORDI (Dobsos).
1 (?. Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Penicsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1913.
Inter-orbital breadth, 4.5 ; greatest cranial breadth, 6.0 ; maxil-
lary tooth row, 4.1 ; mandibular tooth row, 4.6 ; mandible, 8.4 mm.
12. EPTESICUS PACHYOTIS (Dobson).
Vesperugo pachyotis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 211
(1871) ; id. Cat. Asiat. Chir., p. 104 (1876) ; Blanford, Faun. Brit.
Ind., p. 30 (1888).
1 ? . Kao Nawng, Bandon, X.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1913.
The types from the Khasia Hills, Assam, seem to have remained
unique until the present specimen was obtained and the genus has
not hitherto been recorded from the Mala3'an region.
Head and body =b 59 ; tail, 41 ; hind foot, 10 ; ear, 15.5 ; tibia,
15.3 ; fore-arm, 41.5 mm.
Skull. — Condylo-basal length ± 15.9 ; palatilar length, 7.9 ;
maxillary tooth row, 6.1 ; mandibular tooth row, 6.8 ; mandible,
13.2 mm.
13. RHINOLOPHUS BORNEENSIS. (?)
1 ? . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1913.
A single specimen of a leaf-nosed bat belonging to this genus
does not agree with the diagnosis of any form hitherto recorded from
the Malay Peninsula. From its dimensions it would appear to come
closest to R. h. spadix, Miller, from the Natunas and Karimata
Islands.
Ears, length, 18.0; f ore -arm, 45.0 ; 3rd metacarpal, 33.0 ; III^
14.5; III 2, 20.0; 4th metacarpal, 34.3; IVi, 11.2; IV ^ 13.0; 5th
metacarpal, 34.3; V^, 11.7; V-, 12.5; tail, 23.5; lower leg, 18.5;
foot with claws, 9.0 mm.
Skull. — Greatest length, 19.3 ; mastoid width, 9.4 ; cranial
width, 8.44 ; zygomatic width, 10.0 ; supra-orbital length, 5.4 ; breadth
of nasal swellings, 5.3. Mandible, 13.0 ; upper teeth, 7.4 ; lower
teeth, 7.7 mm.
14. CCELOPS ROBINSONI, Bonh.
Bonhote, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., iii, p. 4 (1908).
1 (?, 1 ?. Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet June,
1913.
Captured in tent at night. The locality of the type (only specimen
known hitherto) is the foot of Gunong Tahan, Pahang.
* Male example. ^ Female example.
117
Head and body ± 40 1, 37.5 2; fore-arm, 40.5, 38.2; tibia, 14.6,
15.3 ; eai', 11.5, 12.5. Front of canines to post-occipital extremitj-,
16.5, 16.1; occipito-sinual length. 13.3, 12.9; cranial length, 10.0, 10.1;
cranial bi'eadth, 7.9, 7.6; zygomatic breadth 7.0, 6.8; greatest rostral
breadth, 4.0, 3.9; palatilar length, 6.2, 6.0; maxillary tooth row, 5.S,
5.7 ; mandibular tooth row, 6.1, 5.9 ; mandible, 9.6, 9.3 mm.
15. PETAURISTA NITIDA CICUR, Rob. & Kloss.
Rohinson and Kloss, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiii, p. 223 (1914).
8 (? , 1 ? . Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. June, July, 1913.
The large series of this flying squirrel obtained are quite constant
in the cliaracters which differentiate the form from P. n. melanotus
from the remaining parts of the Peninsula.
The colour is rich chestnut not bay and the hairs of the l)ack
have marked black tips. The black on the hands and feet and i-ound
the ears is more extensive and the postorbital pi-ocesses of the skull
are longer and broader than in the southern race.
Very common in the orchards round Ban Kok Klap, feeding
on the durian trees the fruit of which was just ripening at the time
of our visit.
No less than five specimens were shot on one tree witliin half an
hour. All the specimens appeared to he rutting.
It is curious that this district should produce so distinct a form
of flying squirrel, the more so as individuals from Trang a hundred
miles to the south belong to P. n. melanotus as do also skins collected
by Finlayson and ascribed to Bangkok, tliougli tin's locality is open
to doubt.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
10. RATUPA MELAXOPEPLA PENINSULvE, Miller.
Ratufa melanopepla peninsula?, Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 61,
No. 21, p. 25 (1913).
? . Kao >;awng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1913.
? . Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. July, 1913.
Not particularly common at either station.
Agree in dimensions witli R. m. peninsula' from Trang, in no
way approaching in size Ratvj'a phxopepla^^ Miller, from Southern
Tenasserim. A re-examination of the twelve specimens forming the
type series of R. melanopejyla originally stated to have come from
Trang shows that the type and three other individuals which differ
noticeably from the remainder were taken on Telibon Island off the
coast ; tlie name R. melanopepla must therefore be restricted to
specimens from that locality while * mainland animals from Bandon
southwards will be known as above. In colour they do not differ
from the form from the adjacent islands but are larger.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
1 Male example. - Female example. ^ Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vo. 61,
No. 21, p. 25. •* Miller loc. cit.
118
17. SCIURUS ERYTHR^US RUBEOULUS, Millek.
Sciurus rubeculvis, Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 45,
p. 22 (1903).
7 <?, 1 ? . Kao NawDg, Baudon, S.W. Siam, 3,500 feet. 24-26tli June, 1913.
The eight speciraens enumei'ated above, all collected within a
few hundred yards of each other and in a period of three days,
are in very variable pelage, ranging from an individual in which the
whole under surface, except a narrow median line and the chin and
throat, is mahogany red to one in which the latter colour is merely
represented by two faint latex'al streaks on the belly, all the hairs of
which are otherwise annulated. The disappearance of the mahogany
red is also correlated with a reduction in the intensity of the buffy
orange suffusion on the upper surface and with a darkening of the
tail, in which the black annulations become more predominant.
The changes are obviously seasonal and not individual, the same
mutations being observed in the race from Formosa, the names
Sc. thaiwanensis, Sc. th. centralis and Sc. th. roherti having been
founded on them by Bonhote (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (7) vii,
pp. 165,166) the latter two of which will have to be suppressed.
The form from the mountains of the central part of the Malay
Peninsula, Sc. erythnens youngi [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiii,
p. 224 (1914)] has good claims to subspecific separation. It is
decidedly duller in colour, distinctly smaller and, as the very large
series in the Federated Malay States Museums shows, has no
seasonal change of pelage.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
18. SCIURUS HIPPURUS, Is. Geoffr.
1 ^,1 ?. Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June,
1913.
Agreeing exactly with specimens from other parts of the Malay
Peninsula. The present locality is the most northerly on record,
the species not being yet known from Tenasserim.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
19. SCIURUS CONCOLOR MILLERI, Rob. & Weoughton.
Sciurus epomophorus milleri, Rohinson and Wroughton, Journ.
Fed. Malay States. Mus., iv, p. 233 (1911).
3 (J, 5 ?. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E. Mala)' Peninsula. June, July, 1913.
Very common in kampong land.
These squirrels belong to the section of the species with a clear
black tail tip, and with brighter colour patches on the shoulders and
thighs, though in some specimens these are not very obvious.
They are very distinct from the southern Sc. concolor and from
the island forms Sc. c. epomophorus and related races but they are
119
not very clearly defined from Sc. c. davisoni from Tuvoy and Southern
Tenassei'im. They can be exactly matched by topotypes of
Sc. c. milleri from Trang, collected in December.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
20. SCIURUS VITTATUS MINIATUS.
Sciiirtis notatus miniatus. Miller, Proc. Acad. Sci. Washinarton, ii,
p. 79 (1900).
2 <?, 3 ?. Kao Nawng, 1,200-1,500 feet. 15-26th June, 1913.
The above series agree closely with topotypes from Trang from
which the present locality, which is the most northerly recorded for
the race, is geogi-aphically not far i*emoved.
As noted elsewhere * this squirrel, which in the Western Malay
States is largely a denizen of cultivated land, is in the north-east of
the Peninsula strictly a jungle haunting species, having been
displaced from the villages and orchards by the local forms of
Sc. concolor, a larger and heavier animal. In the jungle on Kao
Nawng it was by no means common.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
21. SClURrs TENUIS SURDUS, Miller.
Sciurus tenuis surdus, Miller, Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, ii,
p. 80 (1900).
2 ?. Kao Nawng, BandoD, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1918.
2 ? . Do. do. 3,500 feet. June, 1913.
Quite identical with topotypes from Trang.
Sciurtis tenuis appears to be peculiarily sensitive to the influence
of elevation. The mountain form of the race occurring in Borneo is
different from that found in the lowlands and the same is the case
with Sumatran specimens, while Sc. t. tahan from the mountains of
the Malay Peninsula is very distinct from the typical form, found on
the lower slopes of the same hills.
(For measurements see p. 123.)
22. SCIURUS TENUIS GUNONG. subup. nov.
A mountain form of l:>ciurus tenuis, differing from Sciurus tenuis
surdiisf Miller from Trang in its larger size, darker upper sui-face
and huffy washed lower parts. Separable from Sciurus tenuis tahan,
Bonhote % by its smaller size, slightly paler upper parts and by the
absence of the rich buffy suffusion on the inner side of thighs and
the inguinal region.
*■ Fascic, Malay, Zool. I, p. 22 (1903). f Miller, loc. cit. supra. % Bonhote
Joum. Fed. Malay States Mus. Ill, p. 6 (1909).
120
Measurements. — Collector's external rQeasurements (taken in
the flesh) :
Head and body, 140 (160) mm. ; tail, 122 (137) ; hind foot, 33
(38) ; ear, 12 (15).
Skull.— Greatest length, 40.0 (43.8) ; condylo-basilar length,
33.0 (36.0) ; inter-orbital breadth, 12.7 (13.8) ; zygomatic breadth,
23.0 (24.7) ; cranial breadth 19.0 (20.0) ; median length of nasals,
10.8 (12.0); distema, 8.9 (10.1); upper molar series including
mm. 3 7.2 (8.3) mm.
Specimens Examined. — Five, from the type locality.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
Type.^ — Adult male (skin and skull) No. 129/13, Federated Malay
States Museum, collected on Kao Nawng, Bandon, S. W. Siam,
3,500 feet. By H. C. Robinson and E. Seimund, 25 June, 1913.
Original ISTo. 5656.
Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Sciuras
temiis tahan from the Teku Plateau, Gunong Tahan, Pahang,
Federated Malay States Museum, No. 1833/11.
23. SCIL'RL'S ROBINSONl, BoKn.
Sciurus robinsoni, Bonliote, Fascic. Malay. Zool. Ill, p. 24, pi. 1
(1903).
1 ?. Kao Nawng, Bandon^ N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. 27th June,
1914.
The large series of the reputed southern forma. 8c. robinsoni
alacris, Thos. now available shows that the differential characters
relied on are by no means constant.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
24. TAMIOPS MACCLELLANDI NOVEMLINEATUS. Millek.
Sciurus novemlineatus. Miller, Proc. Biol. Sac. Washington, xvi,
p. 147 (1903).
3 (?, 2 $. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, X.E. Malay Peninsula. June, July,
1913.
Do not differ from topotypes fi'om Trang.
In the Federated Malay States this squirrel is strictly a mountain
form but in Bandon it was quite common at low elevations.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
25. LARISCrS INSIGNIS subsp. JALORENSIS. Bonk.
Funambulus peninsulse, Miller, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 45, p. 25
(1903).
1 S ad. KaoNawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 3,500 feet. June, 1913.
2 (? ad., ? . ad. Do. do. 1,200-1,500 feet. Juiie, 1913.
121
The above series, which are all old animals, contirms the state-
ment already made elsewhere, that with the exception of examples
fi'om the extreme south of Johore and from Singapore Island no
constant diiference" exists between specimens of this genus from the
extreme north of its range and from the remainder of the Malay
Peninsula.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
•2i;. MENETES BERDMOREI, Blyth.
cf. Thomas, Jotirn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xxiii, p. 23 (1914).
5 (?, 5 $, 3 imm. Bau Kok Klap, Bandou, N.E. Malay Peninsula. June,
July, 1913.
The first examples of this species which have been received fi'om
the Malay Peninsula, south of Tenasserim.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas has recently (loc. cit. sujjra) revised the
races of this squirrel, has defined five sub-species of this animal, two
of them from the neighbourhood of the Malay Peninsula — viz., M.
berdmorei berdmorei, from Martaban to Mergui and the other M. b.
niouhoti, Gray, from Southern Siam. These forms only differ in that
the former is sti'ongl}' washed with bulfy below while the latter has
the under surface white or whitish ; they agree with each other in
having the median dorsal and upper lateral blackish lines present but
inconspicuous.
The series from Bandon, all collected at the same place and within
a period of a few days, are very variable in this last respect, the
variability not depending on age. In one or two the upper black
markings are relatively inconspicuous but in the greater number are
most clearly and strongly marked. Disregarding extremes the series
closely resembles above the four specimens from Martaban and
Mei-gui in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 1891).
As regards the lower parts, however, they are much less yellow but
it is possible that the Indian Museum specimens, of which none are
less than 40 years old, have undergone deterioration due to age and
exposure.
The undersurface of some of the peninsular specimens is pale
ivory white, in others it is suffused on the abdomen and thighs with
ochraceous or orange buff. They thus appear to be intermediate
between animals of the two adjacent races, but since the majority of
the specimens possess the moi-e richly coloured undersurface the
series had for the present, better stand under the name of the
parent race.
Strictly a ground species and only met with in the villages and in
the scrub immediately surrounding the village rice-fields.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
122
27. DREMOMYS RUFIGENIS BELFIELDI.
Funambulus rufigenis belfieldi, Bonhote, Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus., iii, p. 9, pi. I. (1908).
? . Kao Nawug, Baudon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 1,200-1,500 feet. June.
? . Kao Xawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 3,500 feet. June.
These specimens exactly agree with numerous skins from the
Selangor mountains, the typical locality of the race, and differ from a
co-type of B. rufigenis, Blanford, in being generally duller in
colour, especially on the cheeks, and in having the hind-feet quite
concolorous with the back. Bonhote in his description has reversed
these facts and his letterpress applies to D. rufigenis and not
to D. r. helfieldi at all, though the plate correctly represents the
latter form. The colour of the silk}^ patch behind the ears appears
to be a character of little importance.
The Baudon specimens appear very slightly smaller than those
from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula further south, but the
differences are insignificant and are quite possibly individual.
In Selangor this squirrel is confined to the ridges of the higher
mountains where it lives a partially terrestial existence amongst the
giant Parulanus and the zerophtic plants clothing the summits. In
Bandon on the other hand it descends the hills and is found on the
ground amongst the ordinary ti'opical vegetation of a su.bmontane
forest.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
28. RHINOSCIURLS TUPAIOIDES, Bltth.
Rhinosciurus pei'acer, Tkos. and Wrought., Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. iv, p. 120 (1909).
1. Kao Nawug, Bandoa, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400 feet. June, 1913.
2, 2. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N.E Malay Peninsula. June, 1913.
Thomas and Wroughton (loc. cit. supra) separated a specimen
from Perak from animals occuring in Selangor, which they identified
as R. tuiKiioideii, under the above name, on the ground that while the
tails of the latter were washed with whitish, the hairs of the former
were tipped with buffy ochraceous.
Examination of the series of 26 long-snouted squirrels of the
Peninsula in the Federated Malay States Museums (by far the
lai'gest in existence) shows that local races founded on these distinc-
tions cannot at present maintained. Localities in the above series
ranare from Bandon in the north to Neg-ri Sembilan and Southern
Pahang in the south, and individuals with yellowish and whitish
washed tails occur both in the south and in the north. It is possible,
however, that when larger collections have been made, it will be
found that the majority of the animals living in the south will be
seen to have tails with the paler colouration and if that is the case
the name peracer can be revived.
(For measurements see p. 124.)
123
Measurements of squiirels from Baiidou Province, N.E. Malay
Peninsula :
c
to
s.
S
A
r^
p. X
X
%
^
1
—
1
5
p
Species.
Locality. !
S
%
,a
•^
§g
.
■tt
.4:9
^
•^
« ^^
1 ^
<&
£
1>S
0^
a
1
^
^5
1
M
1
"S
II
•5'
s
^
g-f
x
r^
w
E-i
s
N
5
m "
Petaurista
Bau Kok Klap' 52/13
?
422
523
77
71.5
63.4
48.6
15.3
37.8
nitida cicur
J)
53/13
<J
420 482
76
72.0
62.0
48.3
14.2
39.(5
54/13
s
416i 512
78
74.4
66.0
47.3
15.0
39.0
))
55/13
$
397 478
77
70.6
61.5
48.8
15.9
38.0
»
56/13
$
422| 518 78
73.8
64.0
49.8
14.9
36.3
57/13
$
393 524 75
71.6
62.4
46.7
15.4
jj
58/1?
$
417 4S6 77
71.0
62.4
48.0
14.0
37.4
jj
1 59/13
s
394 522 81
73.0
63.2
47.8
15.3
37.2
)j
60/13
$
392
524 81
73.0
64.4
47.5
16.0
38.9
Eatufa melano-
Kao X
iwiig... 250/13
$
842
455 75
72.8
61.2
45.8
29.3
pepla penin-
sulse
Bau Kok Klap 265/13
?
363
462 79
71.6
58.2
45.5
27.5
Scuirus eryth- j Kao Nawng,
66/13
$
210
200 44
53.4
45.2
32.1
18.9
I'SBus rube-
3,500 ft.
culus
1
,j
I 67/13
<?
213
210 46
54.9
46.2
32.8
19.1
jj
1 68/13
$
205
205 45
53.8
45.0
31.3
18.8
jj
1 69; 13
$
210
208 46
54.4 |46.4
32.2
20.1
! „ i 70/13
$
210
208 46
.55.1
47.0
33.2
20.1
71/13
$
213
210 47
53.8
45.2
32.5
19.7
72/13
?
220
200 48
54.7
46.0
32.8
19.5
73/13
<?
210
212 47
53.8
45.0
32.4
19.2
Scuirus liippu- Kao Nawng, 132/13
$
254
264 57
55.0
47.0
32.7
17.4
rus , 1,400 ft
! ,, 133/13
?
231
261 57
54.1
46.1
31.3
18.7
Scuirus con- Ban Kok Klap 178/13
?
214
216
48
53.0
45
30.5
18.3
color milleri
179/13
$
223
221 l48
54.0
46.5
18.0
180/13
$
217
226 '46.5
53.7
45.5
30.5
18.0
1 „ 181/13
?
213
204 |47.5
53.0
45
31.7
19.0
182/13
?
227 235 50
55.3
46.5
18.0
183/13
?
220l 203 48
46.5
32.0
17.7
1 ,- 1184/13
?
210 206 :45
53.3
45
31.7
20.3
521/13
$
224 228 50
55.0 146.6
30.3
17.0
Scuirus vittatus
Kao Nawng, 31/13
?
190 171 ,42
48.3 40.6
28.9
17.2
miniatus
1,200-1,500
ft. '
i 32/13
?
191 182 43
49.1 43.0
29.7
18.2
■ 1
33/13
?
192 182
43
49.3 41.4
29.8
17.3
))
! 34/13
1
$
imm.
167| 174
46
45.2 39.0
26.7
16.4
J,
35/13
t?
194 179
46
49.1 42.0
30.0
18.4
Scuirus tenuis
123/13
?
136 109
30.5
35.2 ...
21.7
12.9
surdus
'
sub.-
sd.
i
124/13
?
131 ... 32
36.7 30.0
21.3
12.3
,,
Kao Nawng, 1128/13
?
135' 111 28
37.3 30.4
12.2
3,500 ft.
n
131/13
?
124 115 30
37.2 .30.1
i
21.7
12.6
124
Species.
Locality.
Scuirus tenuis Kao Nawng,
gunong 3,500 ft.
Scuirus robin- Kao Nawng,
soni 1.400 ft.
Tamiops mac- Ban Kok Klap
clellandi no-
vemlineatus
Lariscus insig-
nis jalorensis
Meuetes berd-
Kao Nawng,
3,-500 ft.
Kao Nawng.
1,200 - 1,500
ft.
Ban Kok Klap
Dremomys ru-
figenis bel-
fieldi
Rhinosciurus
tupaioides
Kao Nawng,
1.200-1,500
ft.
Kao Nawng,
3,500 ft.
Kao Nawng,
1,400 ft.
Ban Kok Klap
125/13
126/13
127/13
129/13
130/13
522/13
47/13
48/13
49/13
50/13
.51/13
27/13
102/13
103/13
104/13
105/13
106/13
107/13
108/13
109/13
113/13
120/13
121/13
322/13
323/13
324/13
325/13
326/13
28/13 1 6
29/13
30/13 j ?
101/131 (?
?
(?
c?
?
?
?
c?
?
?
suTd.
ad.
s
?
?
imm.
135
132
133
140
135
122
99
117
107
114
102
177
191
182
168
195
192
194
191
193
195
192
183
196
199
191
190
211
196
206
202
199
113
117
122
122
120
103
101
108
113
108
95
102
30
32
33
33
32
31.5
23
24.5
24
25
25
43
45
103
imp.
96
142
133
128
136
148
137
145
137
149
135
150
135
114
43.5
43
41.5
40.5
43
41
41
41
41
41
42
41
44
39.0 31.8 23.1
39.2
40.0
40.0
39.3
34.5
30.2
31.6
31.4
32.4
31.2
49.3
50.4
49.1
47.7
48.7
50.8
49.1
49.0
49.5
48.6
50.0
49.5
54.1
55.2
57.0
116 40.5 54.2
126 41.5 56.0
107-41 , 55.4
134 i 41
31.9 ...
32.2 22.1
33.0 ! 23.0
31.4 22.5
28.8
24
25.6
25.7
25.7
23.3
40.0
41.1
40.3
39.8
40.4
41.6
43.5
42.5
41.6
41.8
42.8
42.0
43.2
44.2
49.5
20.8
28.0
29.7
29.1
29.6
28.0
27.9
27.7
27.7
27.3
26.0
26.7
27.0
25.3
25.3
26.8
25.8
26.0
27.0
29.0
29.9
27.3
12.3
12.7
12.3
11.0
11.1
lis
115
12.0
11."^
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.5
13.5
12.1
13.0
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.1
12.5
12.5
15.7
16.0
12.6
47.5 26.0 13,2
48.2 26.7 '12.6
48.5 26.9 ! 13.3
44.8 ... 12.7
29. EPIMYS VOCIFERANS (MiiiER).
1 $ . Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula. June, 1918.
2 S . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula, 3,503 feet. June, 1913.
1 J , 2 $ . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peuinsula, 1,400 feet.
June, 1913.
125
Agreeing well with toyiotypes from Trang.
(For measure men ts see p. 126.)
3U. EPIMYS SURIFER (Miller).
b S , 1 ^ . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400-3,500, feet.
June, 1913.
Common all over the mountain, the specimens from high levels
not differing from those trapped at the foot of the hill.
(For measurements see p. 126.)
31. EPIMYS OBBUS, Rob. and Kloss.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiii, p. 228 (1914).
•t ^ , 1 ? . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N.E. Malay Peninsula. 3,.500feet. June, 1913.
There is little to add to our original description of this rat Avhich
is very distinct from any Malayan species hitherto desci'ibed, though
a closely allied form is met with in the mountains of West Sumatra.
As far as can be ascertained from the single female skin available
the mammary formula seems to be one pectoral and two inguinal
pairs, therein differing from that given for Ephnys fulvescens (Gray)
by Blanford.
Though we have named the present form binomially there is not
the least doubt that it is closely allied to the Indian form
E. fulvescens from the Himalayas and E. cinnamomeus, Blyth from
Northern Tenasserim. Of the latter there is a typical specimen in
spirit in the Indian j\Iuseum, which differs in its less spiny pelage
and apparently richer colouration. No reliable conclusions can
however be drawn from specimens over 50 yeai-s old and until
adequate modern material is available it appears safer to regard the
present foi'm as a distinct species.
The characters of the infra-orbital plate given by Blanford are of
course merely those separating species of the " rattus " section from
the bicolor rats with small bullae typified in the Malayan region
by E. stirifer and its allies.
(For measurements see p. 126.)
a-i. EPI51YS RATTUS JALORENSIS (Boxu.).
2 (7 , inim. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, X. E. Malay Peninsula. June, 1913.
3;i. EPIMYS VALIDVS (:Millbe).
1 <? . Kao Nawng, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula, 1,400'feet. June, 1913.
Miller {Smithsonian Misc. Coll vol. 61, no. 21, p. 19 (1913) has,
under the name, Epimys victor, recently separated southern penin-
sular repi-esentatives of this species from the typical E. validus of
Trang on the grounds that the teeth are smaller, the outer anterior
tubercle in hi- and ni^ less developed and the greatest skull length
about 60 mm. as compared with 55 mm. in northern animals.
126
But the type series of 3his validus consisted of two individuals
only, and as is now shown animals from the Siamese States are as
large, if not larger, than the southern forms, while examination of a
series of some 30 individuals ranging throughout the Peninsula shows
that no reliance can be placed on the absence or otherwise of an
anterior outer tubercle as a distinguishing character. Epimys firmus
of the Rhio Archipelago is also stated to have the molar tubercle
lacking but we find it present in four or five individuals out of a
series of 15 from the Karimon Islands and Pulau Kundur.
In October, 1911, we described a peninsular rat under the name
of Mus muelleri foederis ( Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv, p. 245, 1911)
but a comparison of the type with the much larger series of Epimys
validus now m our possession shows that this name must also be
regarded as a synonym of that species.
(For measurements see helow.)
Measurements
Peninsula :
of rats fi^om Bandon Province, N.E. Malay
Species.
Locality.
d
SB
1
1
2
c
a
X
o
.£3
i
s
6
11
a
2
XI
o
S
1
o
o
OS
p
Epfmys voci-
Ban Kok Klap
114/13
?
238
361
44.5
55.0
46.5
24.8
10.0
ferans
„
Kao N awng
115/13
?
236
354
44.0
56.2
48.0
26.0
10.3
l,200-l,500ft.
»
,,
116/13
?
234
353 i43.5
55.7
47.3
25.8
10.3
„
jj
118/13
3
229
367 144.0
55.9
47.0
25.0
10.0
„
Kao Nawng
117/13
S
230
345 ;43
55.3
47.0
24.4
9.8
3,500 ft.
Epimys surifer...
Kao Nawng
36/13
?
164
180 38
42.2
35.5
18.2
6.8
1,400-3,500 ft.
,j
^j
37/13
c?
177
195
37
44.0
37.0
19.4
6.3
»
^
38/13
c?
177
184
40
42.2
35.0
18.9
6.2
»
»
40/13
?
175
188
35
44.6
37.8
19.8
6.7
99
9f
41/13
c?
200
195
41
47.0
39.1
20.0
6.9
»
42/13
?
178
190
38
40.0
34.0
17.7
6.8
„
43/13
<?
197
213
42
46.3
38.7
19.0
6.2
»
3>
45/13
?
184
204
37
44.4
37.2
18.7
6.8
46/13
?
170
190
38
42.8
36.0
19.0
6.4
J)
)>
119/13
<?
191
203
39
44.7
36.9
18.6
6.4
J>
285/13
?
183
147
37.5
44.1
36.8
19.1
6.9
„
,,
423/13
?
188
204 :38.5
43.8
36.8
19.0
7.2
Epimys orbus ...
Kao Kawng
3,500 ft.
61/13
<?
153
235 32
37.9
31.0
17.0
6.3
»
i>
62/13
s
157
238 33
39.0
32.7
17.5
6.3
j;
J)
63/13
s
150
220 30
39.0
32.0
6.3
»
64/13
$
158
229 130.5
37.7
30.6
16.3
6.2
J,
65/13
?
145
230 31
38.1
32.0
17.1
6.3
Epimys vuliclus
Kao Nawng
122/13
(?
257
323 52
61.0
53.0
30.3
11.1
127
;W. RHIZOMYS SUMATREX.SIS (Raffles).
Rhizomys erythrogenys, Anderson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 150
(1877).
2 (J imm. Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula. June, 1913.
Two immature specimens with the permanent molars just coming
into place agree sufficiently well with the description of B. erythro-
genys, Anderson, Avhich is obviously founded on immature specimens
of B. S7imatrensis as slated by Blanford. The figure given by
Anderson. {Zool. Bes. Yunnan, pi. XIII) is much too bright with
the upper surface bluish steel grey not iron grey as is actually the
case.
35. TR.VGULUS RAVUS, .^riLLER.
Miller, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, xv, p. 173 (1902).
1 $ . Ban Kok Klap, Bandon, X. E. Malay Peninsula. June, 1913.
Head and body, 435 ; tail, 78 ; hind foot, 119 ; ear, 36.
Skull. — Grreatest length, 92.5 ; greatest breadth, 41.6 mm.
THE ZOOLOGY OF KOH SAMUI AND KOH PENNAN.
I. INTRODUCTION.
By H. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.u., Director of Museums, T.M.S.
"TN view of the interesting results yielded by the zoological
exploration of the Tioman group of islands off the coast of
Johore and Pahang on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula, it
was thought that a similar investigation of the islands lying oif the
Bight of Bandon in the north-east of the Malay Peninsula might
prove equally profitable. With the permission of His Excellency
the High Commissioner, Malay States, and the Chief Secretary,
Federated Malay States, and provided with introductions from the
Siamese authorities, an expedition was arranged by the Federated
Malay States Museums in the early part of 1913 and large collections
of mammals and birds and smaller ones of plants and reptiles were
made on the islands.
The collections, though in some v,'a3-s disappointing, are sufficiently
interesting to merit description in detail, and full lists are given in
the succeeding pages, which are prefaced by the following short
account of the general character of the islands, which have been
little visited by Europeans and are hardly, if at all, represented in
the local literature.
Koh 1 Samui situated between the parallels of 9° 22' and 9^ 34'
N. and between longitude 99° 56' and 100° 07' E. is considerably the
largest island on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, being only
approached in size by Pulau Tioman. It is situated well within the
ten-fathom line and at its nearest, is distant from the mainland about
nine miles, this distance -being bridged over by a chain of several
small islets.
The surface is very irregular, rising to a maximum elevation
in the centre of the island of 2,200 feet, several other ranges
exceeding 1,500 feet in height. These elevations are mainly disposed in
long ridges, running roughly from S.E. to N.W., having large areas of
flat or gently undulating land, between the hills, which are very steep.
On the east large areas are quite flat, having the appearance of
recent elevation ; near the coast they are sandy and devoted to
the cultivation of coconuts, but further inland the soil is better and a
considerable amount of swamp rice is grown. On the north, west
and south, the ground is more broken and the hilly gTound comes
quite down to the coast. There are several streams of permanent
water, some of considerable size, but in the dry season, which was
the time of our visit, those on the eastern side were much diminished
in crossing the sandy coastal plain, and potable water was scarce and
poor in quality.
' Koh or Kaw (Siamese) = Island.
129
The hill sides, to a very considerable height, have been much
denuded of their original timber, little control being exercised over
the local population, whicli annually destroys much jungle for the
plantations of hill rice, which, when abandoned, are overgrown with
a worthless secondary growth of bamboo and thorny shrubs.
The population is large, and was said by the local magistx-ate to
exceed 8,000 people, who subsist by the growth of rice and fruit, large
quantities of coconuts being exported to Bangkok, and fruit, principally
arecanuts and mangoes, to Bandon. Many pigs are reared by the local
population but little fishing is done and the island afford but few
supplies to the European visitor, even bananas and fowls being scarce
and hard to obtain. On the north coast a small lode of wolfram ore has
of late years been worked but has not proved commercially successful.
The coasts of the island seems to be formed of schists, gneisses and other
metamorphic rocks, but the central core and the taller hills are granite.
Koh Pennan, 1 situated to the north of Koh Samui, separated
from it by a channel about eight miles wide cari-ying a maximum
depth of nine fathoms, is considerably smaller than the latter island,
being roughly elliptical in shape with a long diameter of about ten
miles and a short one of about six. Tt rises to about the same height,
but the sui"face, generally speaking, is more rugged and there is not
nearly the same proportion of flat land, except on the south coast.
The population is considerably smaller but a large amount of copra
and coconuts are produced, which are shipped to Bangkok. As in
Koh Samui, the population is almost exclusively Siamese, though
there are a certain number of trading Chinamen from Bangkok and
the adjacent mainland. Malay is not spoken or undei'stood on either
island and we had great difficulty in obtaining an interpreter who
knew even a few woi^ds of the language.
We collected at three localities on Koh Samui, at :
(1). Klong Pah Yie towards the northern end of the west coast
where we stayed from May 6th to May 13th, the suiTounding
country being mainly coconuts, rice fields, grazing ground or
secondary jungle ;
(2) On the headwatei's of a stream rising in the centre of the island,
in the middle of the onl}' considerable area of virgin jungle,
on the island, wher^e we built a camp and collected fi-om
May 15th to May 17th ; and
(3) On a bay near the N.E. coast which proved singularly
uninteresting and unhealthy and at which we only stopped
from Ma}' 18th to May 23rd.
On Koh Pennan we had one station only, near the S.W. corner
of the island, where we established ourselves in a comfortable
tin -roofed " sala " built by a pious Siamese, staying from May 24th
to June 1st when we set sail for the mainland of Bandon which we
reached after a rather irksome journey of three days.
' Known also as Punorun and Punsrunn.
130
II. MAMMALS.
By H. C. ROBINSON, c.M.z.s., and C. BODEN KLOSS, f.z.s.
The mammalian fauna of Koh Samui and Koh Pennan proved,
disappointing" and the islands are noteworthy rather for the species
that are not repi^esented than for those that do actually occur.
It may safely be asserted that they have dei'ived their fauna
fi^om those districts of the Peninsula immediately adjacent : for
instance the onl}- squirrels pi-esent are forms of the continental
Sc. concolor and a species of Giant squirrel closely related to the
mainland form. R.7n. peninsulx. No Rhinoscivms is known nor are
races of Scuirus tenuis, Sciiirus vittatus or 8c. nigrovittatus. Flying-
squirrels, a characteristic feature of the fauna of many of the local
islands, may definitely be stated to be absent, and the same is the
case with two other characteristic flying mammals — viz., Galeopterus
and bats of the spectrum section of Pteropus, which are known from
almost every other island of the China Sea. Indeed for some obscure
reason bats of all species were practically absent and, with the exception
of the universally distributed Cynopterus, only one other individual,
probably an Emballonure, was even seen. Wild pig's were reported
on both islands but they were almost certainly only feral specimens
of the local Siamo-Chinese breed.
Leaf-monkeys occurred on Koh Samui but have now been eaten
out. The Kra (Macaca irus) was found on both islands but was rare
and shy, while M. nemestrina is stated on native authority to be found
on Koh Pennan. Captive specimens were seen but their provenance
was uncertain and tliey had not improbably been brought from the
adjacent mainland.
Mouse-deer were absent from both islands ; barking-deer occur on
Koh Samui (not on Koh Pennan) but are assiduously' shot by the
native population ; an immature specimen was obtained b}^ us, but
affording no differential chai'acters, was not preserved.
Ottei's were common and the duyong is occasionally found in
shallow bays on the western side of Koh Samui.
1. PRESBYTIS OBSCURA HALONIFER. Cantor.
3 (? , 2 ? , o <? immature.
No monkeys of this genus occur on Koh Samui, though they
were comparatively common but very wild on Koh Pennan.
The series of five adults differ considerably iriter se. Two old
females in somewhat worn pelage have the pileum strongly tinged
with yellowish, a marked median bronzy line on the back, and
a pale yellowish- white area at the base of the thighs. The males
are darker and greyer, the yellowish tinge is absent fi'om the cap
and the bronzy median line is practically absent in two specimens
though just visible in the third.
131
Like the other island I'aces from the islands of the Malay
Peninsula, they are darker than the northern mainland fox^m
P. obscura halonifer, with wliich for the present we unite them.
A young male in the golden stage of pelage has tlie fui* between
the shoulders distinctly curly.
(For measurements see heloiv.)
•2. MACACA IRUS, CrviER.
2 S.
2 ?
Koh Samui.
Koh Pennan.
Tlie two males from Koh Samui ai-e practically indistinguishable
from examples obtained in the Federated Mala} States : tlie
annulations of the hairs are well marked over body and limbs.
The females from Koh Pennan are in Avorn pelage and most
closely resemble animals in similar condition from Penang Island :
the annulations have almost disappeared.
The Koh Samui animals and tliose from tlie Fedei'ated Malay
States, with which they are compared, were shot inland in high
jungle : the examples from Penang and Koh Pennan are sea-shore
dwelling individuals and as they present the same appearance and
differ from others it is probable that this may be traced to the effect
of salt air and greater exposure to light.
(For measurements see heloio.)
Measurements of monkeys from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan :
"o
^
JS
4
2
•c
"Sj
1
1
Species.
Locality.
■3
Z
si
ft
2
o
>>
d
OB
1
1
a
X
Greatest
skull.
Basal lei
1
{
1
1
Presbytia obs-
Koh Pennan . . .
536/13
<?
536
709
153
101.5
73.6
76.0
34.0
cura halonifer
J,
„
539/13
s
530
750
163
—
—
—
)i
»
541/13
<?
541 722
152
99.0
72.0
78.5
33.0
535 13
?
491 695
145
—
—
30.0
J,
,j
537/13
?
.505 693
149
90.6: 65.6
69.0
28.0
Macaca irus. .
Koh Samui ...
544 13
(?
437 502
119
115.7 83.0
87.2
36.0
}i
j^
545 13
C?
423 ; 457
125
114.0 82.0
79.5
36.0
i>
Koh Pennan . .
542 13
?
391 442
114
102.0: 70.7
±71.0
35.3
>>
543,13
?
400 411
109
97.5: 66.0
66.0
33.0
3. PARADOXURUS MINOR. BoxnoTE.
Fascic Malay., Zool. I, p. 9 (1903).
1 ?, 1 ? imm.
These specimens appear to be members of the species known as
P. minor with which we are familiar (though at present we have no
Oct., 1914.
132
topotypes for purposes of comparison). Though the body dimensions
appear to be a little larger the cranial measurements and external
appearance of the adult female are practically those of the type.
Tlie convergence on the neck and crown of the black dorsal stripes
is particulai-ly notable in both examples.
Measurements : head and body, 580 ; tail, 443 ; hind foot, 73 ;
ear, 45. Skull: greatest length, 96.2; condylobasal length, 95.3;
basal length, 95.3 ; palatal length, 41.7 ; extension of palate beyond
m-^, 2.2 ; breadth of palate between canines, 10.1 ; between carnas-
sials, 14.8 ; rostral breadth, 17.6 ; inter-orbital breadth, 16.4 ;
post-orbital breadth, 12.2 ; zygomatic breadth, 54 ; greatest cranial
breadth, 34.5; maxillary tooth row (c.-m'), 34; mandibular tooth
row, 40 ; length of mandible, 71.
4. TUPAIA PERRUGINEA OPEROSA.
Bohinson and Kloss, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8),to1. xiii, p. 233
(Feb. 1914).
Koh Pennan, 33 examples.
This form exhibits close relationship with T. helangeri of
Tenasserim and more northern areas, while such examples of the
Bandon animal as have been collected show, as we have pointed out
elsewhere, less differentiation form T. ferruginea of the southern
portion of the Peninsula, as far as colour is concerned, than does
F. f. wilhinsoni wliich occurs on the west coast between the latitudes
of the above-mentioned places.
(For measurements see below.)
5. TUPAIA FERRUGINEA ULTIMA.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cii., p. 234.
Koh Pennan 14 examples.
Differ from T. f. operosa in the possession of dullei* pelage and
shorter rostrum and thus, still more than that race, approaches the
continental species T. belangeri.
(For measurements see p. 133.)
Measurements of Tupaia from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan :
<«
,_
en
c
s
.2
5
H
>»
a:
h
go
Speeie.s.
Locality.
C
1
o
d
i
1
'S
a
c
Is
2"^
as
m
X
H
s
o
C5
7^
Tupaia ferruginea
Koli Samui
83/ 13
$
179 165
43
50.5
19.8
20.8
operosa
,,
)>
88/13
?
181
144
39..5
48.0
19.0
18.8
»
))
89/13
s
170
169
38
48.1
18.6
18.9
»
)>
91/13
s
173
174
40.5
48.5
19.0
19.8
133
c
■"
T
t4
2
"C
s
^
5 s
Species.
Locnlity.
-8
—
a
^ 5
d
73
1
*3
"?■«
5.F
1
1
73
a
X
5 '
11
C
=■5
Tiipaia ferruginea
Koh Samni Type
93/13
?
163
155
40
47.2
18.9
18.8
operosa
,,
,,
428/13
(?
168
166
4(J
48.4
19.1
19.1
„
,,
432/13
(?
156
—
40
49
18.9
18.8
„
„
435/13
(?
166
166
40
48.4
19.1
19.2
„
,,
437/13
?
170
165
40
47
18.5
18.5
i>
438/13
?
160
154 40
46.2
18.0
17.8
,,
439 13
?
162
160 40.5
46.8
18.8
18.2
,,
440/13
J
173
— ;40
50.0
19.0
20.0
Tupaia fenniginea
Koh Peiinan
90,14
?
162
161 37.5
46.0
19.3
18.0
ultima
„
. . Type
95/13
?
166
162 38.5
45.8
19.0
17.6
J7
96/13
?
165
163 37.5
45.8
18.9
17.8
»)
97/13
<?
172
175 39.5
47.2
19.2
18.6
))
98/13
c?
174
170
38.5
47.3
19.0
18.7
))
99/13
?
161
164
40
47.2
18.7
19.0
»
100/13
^
168
166
39
48.2
19.0
19.0
»
267/13
?
165
166 38
45.0
18.4
17.4
Jf
268/13
?
163
162 |37
46.0
18.6
17.0
»
269/13
?
163
1.57 136
45.3
18.6
17.5
270/13
^
168
165
39
47.3
18.3
18.7
"
444/13
c? :
168
168
39
46.4
18.8
18.5
6. CROCIDUR.V XEGT.K^EXS.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 232.
1 (J . Koh SamTii.
The .single .specimen obtained, while about the same size as
C. malayana of the Malay Peninsula, dift'ei-s in being of a much
paler tint, the pelage being of a neutral grey, slightly washed above
with brownish so that at a distance it closely resembles in general
tone the " Mouse grey " of Ridgway.
Measurements : head and body, 92 ; tail, 62 ; hind foot, 14.7 ; lar,
10. Skull: palatal length, 9.4; lachrymal breadth of rostrum, 4.2;
greatest breadth above molars, 7.0 ; maxillary tooth row, including
incisors, 10.1 ; mandibular tooth including incisors, 9.0.
7. CYXOPTERUS BRACHVOTIS AXGUL.VTIS, Mii.i,KR.
Koh Samui, 8 examples.
Koh Pennan. 11 examples.
Our I'emarks on C. h. atKjiiIatvs of the mainland (antea) apply
even moi'e strons'lv to these island animals.
(For measurements see p. 134.)
134
Measurements of Cynopterits
). angulotns
From Koli Si
imui :
S. M. No
3.57/13
358/13
359/13
360/13
377/13
370/13
376/13
Sex
?
?
?
?
?
imm.
imm.
Head and body
97
94
98
98
96
97
90
Tail
13
11
12
14
9
13
10
Hind foot
14..5
14
14
14
13.5
14
13
Bar
21
21
20
20.5
21
20.5
20
Fore-arm
71
68
68
70
69
71
72
3rd Metacarpal
47
45.2
43.6
43.4
44.0
43.4
43.6
Ill'
30.8
28.7
28.4
27.8
28.3
28.0
27.0
Tibia (ai^pi oximate) ...
25..5
25.5
24.8
23.8
24.0
24.0
28.3
Greatest length of skull
32.0
30.7
30.9
32.0
31.3
30.8
30.9
Condylo-basal length
.30.3
29.1
29.5
30.1
29.9
29.5
29.4
Zygomatic breadth ...
19.7
20.0
20.4
21.0
20.0
20.0
19.3
Eostriim
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.4
8.1
8.5
Mandible
24.6
23.8
23.5
24.0
23.3
23.3
23.8
C-m.' crowns ...
10.8
10.3
10.2
10.0
10.3
10.2
10.1
Measurements of Cynojjterus
b. migulatus from Koh Pennan
S. M. No
355/13
356/13
361/13
362/13
371/13
353/13
372/13
Sex
<?
<?
S
<?
s
imm.
?
?
Head and body
99
93
97
98
92
98
99
Tail
13
12
13
15
12
14
12
Hind foot
14
15
13.5
15.5
14
14
14
Ear
20
18.5
20
19
19.5
20
19.5
Fore-arm
73
68
71
73
68.5
71
69.5
3rd Metacarpal
. —
44
44.3
45.7
42.6
46
44
III'
28.5
28.5
28.1
29.5
26.6
28.2
28.1
Tibia (approximate) ...
25.0
24.0
24.3
26.0
22.5
66.8
23.2
Greatest length of skull
31.3
30.4
32.3
32.1
30.4
30.4
32.0
Coi'dylo-basal length...
30.0
28.9
30.9
30.7
— •
28.0
30.3
Zygomatic breadth
21.5
20.1
20.8
20.9
19.8
19.9
20.3
Rostrum
8.1
7.7
8.0
8.8
8.0
8.6
8.1
Mandible
23.9
23.0
23.2
25.0
23.0
23.7
24.3
C-m' crowns ...
10.2
10.0
10.3
10.8
10.1
10.0
10.5
8. RATUPA MELANOPEPLA DECOLORATA.
Bohinson and Kloss, torn, cit , p. 227.
Koh Samui, 13 examples.
Koli Pennan, 1 example.
Wh^n we described this race of Giant-squirrel we were unaware
that the type locality of Rattifa melanopepla was (as Mr. (r. S. Miller
has recently pointed out i) the island of Telibon off the west coast of
the Peninsula, and not Trang on the mainland as was originally
stated by him.
No distinction has been drawn between the colour of the Telibon
Island form and that from the mainland with which the present race
closely agrees, but in size the animal inhabiting the Bandon Islands
appears to be a little smaller than the western insular race and thus
considerably smaller than the peninsular animal.
(For measurements see p. 135.)
^ Smithsoniav Miscellaneous Publications, Vol. 61, No. 21., p. 25 (Dec. 29, 1913).
135
Measuremeuts of Batufa from Koh Samui aud Koh Penuan
;
-
o
^
^
I
o
J3
^
■§
1
^'
X
■1^
a
9>
5
1
S3
1
Name.
Locality.
.s
^
s>
g
.a
1
1
1
1.-
»^
.a
JO
a
O
;2 '
3D
Tail.
Hind
clav
■a
g
Eatufa melano-
Koh Samui,
251/13
o
-r
328
417
68
687
57.1
42.6
26.2
pepla decolo-
W. Side Type
rata
252/13
?
319
424
67
70:8
57.8
43.2
24.6
„ " Hills
254/13
?
319
395
69
66.9
56.9
41.8
27.0
j>
„ W. Side
255; 13
?
sub-
ad.
307
,429
73
67.6
57.1
41.0
24.1
Hills
256/13
?
311
394
69
67.8
57.2
41.4
23.9
"
„ W. Side
257/13
?
326
411 '72
70.3
58.8
43.0
—
258/13
?
315
387 66
67.2
.55.2
41.9
25.8
259/13
?
318
404 71
69.4
57.7
43.1
26.8
"
» ))
260/13
9
imm.
293
404 70.5
64.3
app.
.53.9
38.2
24.4
jj
» !I
261/13
<?
323
382 70
67.4
56.4
40.4
24.0
Hills
263/13
<?
315
388 69.5
65.8
54.9
42.1
24.5
„ W. Side
264/13
c?
312
361
66
64.0
53.4
41.1
26.0
,
S. VV. Koh Fen-
266/13
?
323
412
69
70.2
57.1
42.3
26.1
nan
9. SCIURUS CONCOLOR SAMUIENSIS.
Bobi)iso7i and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 226.
Koh Samui, 40 examples.
Occurrino- in enormous numbers in the coconut o-roves of the
island and causing very serious damage to the crops. Also m.et with,
though much less numerously, in the primaeval jungle in the centre
of the island.
Ther-e is little doubt that this race is very markedly distinct
fi-om all the mainland races of Sc. concolor, occurring on the
Peninsula itself and also from all the island races adjacent to our
area, with the possible exception of 8c. c. epomophoriis from Salanga
(Junk Ceylon), from which race it is apparently distinguished
by the more oclireous colour of the shoulder and thigh patches,
which are " hazel " in the Salanga form. The degree of brilliance
of the very large series before us, all collected within a period
of three weeks, varies very greatly and the most ornate approach
that form of the Tenasserim 8c. concolor caniceps known as
8c. concolor chrysonottis, from which they may be differentiated by
slightly smaller size and darker colour beneath.
It is possible that the whole series has been collected during
a period of transition between a normal breeding pelage and one
of "eclipse'' tliough there is no direct evidence i hat such occurs
in any member of the Scixiridx, found south of the Isthmus of Kra.
(For measurements see p. 136.)
136
10. scn;^rs concolor fallax.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 225.
Koli Penuan, 35 example.s.
Met with under similar conditions to the precedino- race.
These two forms are of coiu'se very closely related and present
only average differences, whicli are however, quite Avell marked when
the two series are compared as a whole.
The brightest specimen of 8c. c. fallax is not more brilliant than
the dullest of Sc. c. samuiensis though the two series were collected
at practically the same time of year.
The differences in colour may be correlated with a real difference
betAveen the climates of the two islands, Koh Pennan, the seaward
one, being stated to have a much greater and more uniformly
distributed rainfall than the landward one, Koh Pennan.
(For measurements see helow.)
Measurements of Scmrtis from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan :
1
Species. Locality.
o
"Si
1
s
■9
.a
1
1
c
a
4^
J
!
6
1
1
S. M.
Sex.
1
a
1
6
§
o
sc
SciurQs con-
Koh Samui
201/13
<?
234
242
49
56.1
48.2
32.8
19.9
color samui-
Type I
ensis
'
i202/13
<?
229
223 49.5
54.2
46.0
30.8
18.5
!206/13
<?
225
214 50
55.5
47.1
32.4
.19.0
[208/13
?
222
232 49
56.0
47.5
31.5
20.0
1211/13
3
222
238 51
55.0
47.5
31.7
19.9
229/13
?
239
238 49
55.0
47.3
31.9
20.3
230/13
•<?
221
223 49
54.0
46.5
32.0
18.2
241/13
?
237 218 48.5
56.0
47.7
32.0
19.6
246/13
<?
255 197 49.5
54.4
46.4
33.4
19.7
249/13
?
223 1 230 149
55.3
47.0
31.2
19.5
Sciui-us con- S.W. Koh Pen-
134/13
<?
226 i 237 j49.5
55.5
47.9
33.2
21.2
color fallax nan Tvpe
1
' s. „
136/13
S
221 ! 230 !48
55.3
47.9
32.2
19.6
139/13
<?
225 1 2i5
49
56.8
47.4
32.9
21.3
i
141/13
?
225
217
48
58.3
48.9
33.2
20.3
j
146/13
s
234
243 50
56.6
48.8
33.2
20.8
1 •,,
147/13
'^
241
227 !51.5
57.1
49.0
32.5
20.2
152/13
?
228
236 i48
58.4
49.5
33.1
20.2
154/13
?
233
— '51.5
57.6
49.2
33.8
20.4
"
157/13
?
225 ' 234 loO
57.1
49.6
31.8
19.2
M ))
162/13
?
222
225 50
56.3
47.8
33.7
20.1
» »
166/13
?
204
228 j50
57.0
48.2
32.1
20.0
137
U. EPIMYS SURIFER >1 AN KALIS.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 230.
Koh Pennan, 21 examples.
On account of the broad white band oi- cuft' which in extreme
example.s extends over the whole of the forearm this is externally
one of the most differentiated island races of E. snrifer in the
peninsular area.
(For measurements see p. 138.)
12. EPIMYS SURIFER SPURCUS.
Hobiiison and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 230.
Koh Samui, 23 examples.
Koh Samui being nearer to the mainland than is Koh Pennan
this race has had a shorter time to evolve peciiliar characters than
has had E. s. manicalis, but it has made sufficient progi'ess in the
same direction to differentiate it from the mainland animal. It is
curious to tind that E. s. spurcus bears in other respects a close
resemblance E. S. flavidulus, a foi'm occurring in Pulau Langkawi,
an island on the other side of the Peninsula, and from this it is
mainly distinguished by the different proportion of length of body
and tail.
(For measurements see p. 138.)
13. EPIMYS JERDOXI PAN.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 229.
Koh Samui, 5 examples.
This is a slightly differentiated form of the mainland E. j. bukit,
and is the first representative of that animal that has been found on
any of the islands in the neighbourhood of the Malay Peninsula.
(For measurements see p. 138.)
14. EPIMYS REMOTUS.
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 231.
Koh Samui, 6 examples.
Koh Pennan, 3 examples.
This species was originally described from a series of six
examples taken on Koh Samui but on further examination of material
from the islands it appears that three individuals from Koh Pennan
must be allocated to it also.
In addition to the differences already pointed out they may be
distinguished from E. rattus, which smaller animals superficially
resemble, by the much greater length of tail which broadly exceeds
in every case that of head and body by 50 mm. as against about
half that amount in the other, and also by difference of habit in that
tlie}- are forest dwellers while E. rattus congregates only in the
neighbourhood of houses or villages.
(For measurements see p. 138.)
138
15. EPIMYS RATTUS JALORENSIS, Bonhote.
Fascic. Malay., Zool. I, p. 28 (1903), pi. II, figs. 1, 2. ; pi. IV,
figs. 4, 4a.
Koli Samui, 39 examples.
Koh Pennan, 34 examples.
The rattus rats of the two islands are indistinguishable aiid do not
appear to differ appreciably from those of the mainland.
(For measurements see beloiv.)
Measurements of Epimys from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan :
Species.
Locality.
1
i
I
d
1
13
'5
1
a
X
1^'
6
g
1
1
Epimys surifer
KohPeimau... 291/13
s
177
173 1 37
44.8
37.9
20.0
6.8
manicalis
!
\
,,
,,
292/13
?
175
169
37
43.6
36.1
19.9
6.5
>)
294/13
<?
176
187
38.5
43.0
36.1
19.4
6.6
,,
„
297/13
?
167
173
38
43.0
36.6
20.0
6.8
3)
,,
298/13
<?
173
—
39
44.6
37.1
19.7
6.3
„
!299/13
c?
195
175
37
44.7
37.2
20.8
6.5
,,
„ Type
351/13
c?
176
173
38
43.4
35.8
19.1
6.7
J,
»
400/13
<?
179
172 38.5
44.0
36.6
19.2
6.6
,.
402/13
?
180
— 37
42.9
35.8
19.1
6.3
J)
„
403/13
?
183
—
36
42.6
35.8
19.1
6.5
Epimys surifer
Koh Samui ...
286/13
<?
194
202
41
45.4
38.1
20.5
6.8
spurcus
287/13
s
177
182
39
44.0
37.7
19.5
6.5
jj
',', Type
288,13
$
163
165
35.5
43.3
35.5
18.1
6.1
99
j>
289/13
$
169
—
36
43.0
36.3
19.7
6.1
410/13
$
176 183
38
44.0
36.3
19.7
6.8
jj
j»
411/13
?
187 —
38
44.3
36.8
19.7
6.8
J)
J*
416/13
?
178 179
37
43.1
36.1
19.5
6.9
>i
417/13
s
175 180
39
44.8
37.5
20.6
6.8
j>
419/13
$
178 ! 185
37
45.7
37.8
20.5
6.7
^,
»)
421/13
$
186
177
38
45.5
37.5
20.7
7.0
Epimys jerdoni
Koh Samui
80/13
$
149
174
27.5
37.7
31.4
17.0
5.6
pan
J9
Type
81/13
s
160
183
28
39.8
33.2
18.3
6.1
,,
82/13
?
145
160
27.5
33.7
29.0
17.0
6.1
,,
83/13
s
133 1 —
28
38.2
31.1
17.0
6.0
[[
,j
84/13
(?
170 145
29
36.8
30.0
17.1
6.1
Epimys remo-
Koh Samui ...
7413
s
237 288
41.5
50.1
44.0
24.0
9.0
tus.
Jl
„ Type
75 13
s
225 273
39
49.1
43.0
22.0
8.2
)>
76/13
?
222 262
39
49.9
44.2
24.5
8.9
jf
p
77/13
(?
198
240
41
±45.0
±38.8
—
8.8
78/13
?
—
—
37
47.2
42.0
22.7
8.4
jj
79/13
s
184
235
40.5
±44.0
±39.0
—
8.7
\
Koh Peunan...
92/14
(J
198
249
38.5
45.0
39.1
21.0
8.1
jj
95/14
(?
198
237
39
44.8
39.0
21.4
8.2
,,
96/14
?
182
231
34
44.5
38.3
21.3
8.0
Epimys rattus
Koh Samui ...
308/13
?
164
187
32
41.0
35.4
2C.3
6.9
jalorensis
"
379/13
s
170
209
36
43.0
37.2
19.5
7.1
139
1
1
c
.4-3
;
3
•a
g
_.
1
1
^
Species.
Lorality. i
e
c2
'i
1
6
1 «5
i ^
1
1
w
1
i
X
1=
C5
6
a
o
O
1
03
Epimys rattus
Koh Samui ...
381/13
?
174
195
34
43.9
37.6
20.4 7.6
jalorensis
jj
383/13
c?
170
200
34
43.0
37.0
19.5 7.5
446/13
?
161
178
32
41.9
35.8
20.5 7.5
,,
456/13
c?
174
201
35
43.4
38.0
21.5 7.6
,,
458/13
(?
189
190
33.5
44.0
37.6
21.0 7.1
,j
465/13
?
169
191
31.5
40.8
36.0
20.6 7.5
,j
467/13
<?
163
176
32
42.0
36.2
20.0
7.5
,j
502/13
?
157
182 1 33
41.0
35.2
19.4
7.2
,j
506/13
?
172
195 32
42.5
37.0
20.0
7.3
97 14.
c?
177
186 , 34
43.2
36.6
19.1
7.1
KohPenuiiu...
188;13
c?
180
196 35
42.0
36.8
20.0
7.3
J,
189/13
(?
182
184 34
43.0
36.8
20.3
7.1
1 194/13
<?
172
180 35
40.1
35.4
18.4i 7.0
196/13
?
168
194 33
40.8
35.7
19.0
7.0
302/13
(?
169
174
33
40.5
35.4
19.2
6.9
305/13
(?
171
171
32.5
40.0
35.5
20.0
7.4
306/13
c?
171
186
32
42.0
36.3
L'O.l
6.9
1307/13
?
169
189
33
42.6
36.0
20.5
7.8
314/13
(?
170
182
32.5
—
38.2
20.8
7.7
318 13
c?
192
190
34
41.8
—
20.8
7.7
319/13
(?
166
176
33.5
40.6
35.8
20.4
7.2
93/14
^
193
209
35
44.8
38.0
21.0
7.0
III. BIRDS.
By 11. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.u.
The main object of our vi.sit to the gi'oup was the acquisition of
large series of the local mammals and we did not therefore attempt
to collect many individual .specimens of birds, thoug'h an example of
eveiy species seen was, if possible, obtained.
As is the case with all the islands off the east coast of the Malay
Peninsula the ornis presents few features of interest and after allow-
ing for varying circumstances, such as the degree of deaff'orestment,
and the existence or otherwise of paddy land, is identical in all the
islands. In all, certain birds such as Cittocincla macrura, Etdabes sjJ.
and Calornis chalybea are very common while certain groups such as
the Woodpeckers, Barbets, Trogons and Timeliids are either rare or
entirely absent. The present islands differ from Pulau Tionian and
Tinggi further south in possessing two species of game bird, Turnix
taigoor and Gallus gallus; but the latter, of which we did not obtain
specimens, has possibly mei-ely been introduced by the Siamese
population the local domestic breed being extraordinarily close to
the wild bird. Hornbills, Dichoceros bicornis, also were common on
the hills, but these as well as Alcedo meninting and Accipiter gnlaris
were only noted though they were seen more than once. The
140
common fishing owl Ketupa javanensis was seen on the rice-fields and
the note of a Scojjs, probably 8c. lempiji, heard in the jungle on the
hills. As on every other island on these coasts, birds, in the old
jungle, were extraordinarily scarce both in species and in individuals,
the only ones at all common being, Cittocincla inacrura, Eudynamis
honorata, Micropus melanocephalus and Cyornis sumatrensis. In the
secondary jungle Pellorneum suhochraceum and Turdinus olivaceus
were not infrequent, while, in the open country and among the
coconut groves, Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Galornis chalyhea, Eulabes
intermedia and the two bee-eaters were the dominant forms.
All the sunbirds (with the exception of N. malaccensis) the flower
pecker, Dicseum cruentahim and Mixornis gularis were confined to
a nari'ow littoral belt. The rice-field bii'ds were those common
in similar situations all over the Malay Peninsula.
The Black and White Imperial Pigeon {Myristicivora hicolor)
which swarms on the southern islands at about the same time
of year was not met with, though it possibly occurs, while the
existence of the Finfoot Heliornis personata on Koh Pennan is
a very surprising fact. The cormorant, which was common, is hardly
known further south.
Two species not hitherto met with within the limits of the Malay
Peninsula — viz., Collocalia mergtiiensis and Acrocephalus histriyiceps
were secured, the former being extraordinarily abundant, breeding
in great numbers on caves and hollows in the cbain of small rocky
islands between the larger islands and the mainland.
TURNICID^.
1. TURNIX TAIGOOR.
Turnix taiyoor (Sykes) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, p. 530 (1894).
Fairly common on both islands among the lalang.
PHASANID^.
GALLUS GALLUS.
antea, p. 87.
Jungle cock were heard on the west side of Koh Samui but none
were obtained.
TRERONID^.
2. TRERON NIPALENSIS.
Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi,
p. 34 ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis., 1910, p. 674.
The Thick-billed Pigeon was very common on Koh Samui.
3. OSMOTRERON VERNANS.
antea, p. 88.
Fairly common on both islands but not nearly so numerous as on
the Tioman group, further south.
141
A hard set egg was secured on Koli Peimau on May 27tli. The
nest consisted of a few loosely woven twigs placed in a small bush
about five feet off the ground.
CARPOPHAGA JGNEA.
Carpophaga xnea (Linn.) ; Salvad., toni. cit., ]). 190.
The Bronze Imperial Pigeon was numerous on botli islands ;
specimens were shot but not preserved.
COLUMBID^.
i. TURTUR TIGRINUS.
antea, p. 88.
Exceedingly abundant on both islands. We [U'eserved a male
from Koh Pennan. .
5. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA. -
antea, p. 88.
Fairly common in the jungle on botli islands. We obtained two
males on Koh Saiuui.
KALLID^.
H. LniNOB.ENUS PUSCUS.
Limnobienus fiisciis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiii,
p. 146 (1894).
One male from Koh Samui.
"Iris and orbits red, bill Ijluish green, legs pale coral, claws
black."
7. AMAURORXI.S PHlEXICURA CHINEXSIS (BoUD).
Amaurornis phienicura chinensis (Bodd:), Stresemann Nov. Zool.,
vol. XX, p. 304 (1913).
Amaurornis pheenicura (Forst.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 156 ;
Robinson and Kloss, Ibis., 1911, p. 11.
Fairly common on Koli Samui ; not noted on Koh Pennan.
" Iris chocolate, bill greenish yellow, orange on culmen, feet wax
yellow " ; wing 156, 154.
These specimens confirm Stresemann's diagnosis having the upper
surface olive (less grey) and the rump strongly washed with bronze.
HELiORNITHID^.
8. HELKiPAIS PERSONATA.
Heliopais personata (G.R.Gv.) : Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 232; Bonliote,
P.Z.S. 1901 (i), p. 79.
The Masked Fiufoot is widely distributed throughout the Malay
Peninsula in very varied situations from sluggish mangrove creeks
to rapid mountain streams but is nowhere common. One of our
Dyaks obtained a fine male specimen in full plumage on a small
stream on Koh Pennan.
" Iris dark hazel, feet apple gi'een with a tinge of blue, edges of
lobes and soles yellowish, lobes black beneath. Bill clirome yellow,
yellowish green on culmen, basal culminal process chrome yellow."
142
LARID^.
H. STERNA DOUGALLT.
Sterna clougalli, Mont. ; Howard Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XXV, p. 70 (1896) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., ii, p. 9
(1906).
Terns were very common in the Strait between Koh Samui and
Koh Pennan but generally kept far out to sea among the reefs. On
a small island off Koh Pennan we obtained two beautiful specimens
in full breeding jDlumage witli the roseate tint of the under surface
strongly developed and the streamers of the tail elongated. They
were feeding amongst large numbers of the succeeding species. The
only other specimens obtained within the limits of the Malay
Peninsula are three'shot in August on Pulau Jemor, a small island in
the middle of the Straits of Malacca off the Selangor Coast.
10. STERNA MELANATJCHEN.
Sterna m^elanauchen, Temm. ; Howard Saunders, torn, cit., p. 126 ;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus, v, p. 18 (1913).
Koh Pennan. In full breeding plumage at the end of May.
Very common along the whole of the east coast of the Malay
Peninsula.
CHARADEIIDJE.
11. SARCOGRAMMUS ATRINUCHALIS-
antea, p. 88.
Common on both islands on the rice-fields and open spaces.
" Iris brown, eye lappet and terminal half of bill carmine, lip of
bill black, tarsi pale whitish yellow, feet greenish yellow."
12. OCHTHODROMUS VYRRHOTHORAX.
Ochthodromus jjyrrhothorax (Gould) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 226 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 12.
A male shot on Koh Pennan on June 1st, shows no signs of
assuming breeding plumage.
13. iEGIALITIS ALEXANDRINA.
Aegialitis alexandrina (Linn.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 275.
Very common on the sandy beaches of both islands and evidently
about to breed though we did not obtain eggs or young.
14. DISSURA EPISCOPUS-
antea, p. 88.
Very common on Koh Samui.
" Male, iris, inner ring red, outer yellow, legs dirty claret i^ed,
bill base^black, remainder maroon red, orbital skin black, rest of bare
skin on head slatey, skin under wings scarlet orange."
ARDBID^.
15. ARDEA SUMATRANA.
Ardea sumatrana (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi,
p. 6S (1898) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 11.
An adult female fi'om Koh Pennan.
143
"Iris bi'ight yellow, orbital skin greenish chrome, legs brownish,
joints tinged with green, soles whitish yellow, bill black, lower
mandible yellow at tip shading into white, chrome at base."
Irt. DEMIP]GRETTA SACRA.
Demiegretta sacra (Gm.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 137 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 15.
One from Koh Samui and another from Koh Pennan. The latter
is in the grey phase and the former in the white, with a few dark
feathers on the back and mantle and tlie tips of the greater wing
coverts grey.
" Iris pale chrome, orbital skin greenisli, tar,si and feet yellowish
green, the soles orange, upper mandible greenish, tlae lower yellow.
17. ARDEOLA BACCHUS.
Ardeola bacchus (Bp.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p, 211; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 15.
A female from Koh Samui is moulting into the breeding plumage
and the new feathers on the crown and neck are bright chestnut.
The dimensions however are small the wing being only 8.1 and the
tarsus. 2.2. which agree with those of A graiji. which also occur
in the Peninsula.
" Iris lemon yellow, bill and orbital skin greenish yellow, tip of
bill black, tarsi greenish yellow, feet deeper yellow.''
18. ARDETTA SINENSIS.
Ardetta sinensis (Clm.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 227.
An adult male from Koh Pennan.
" Iris bright yellow, orbital skin and lores greenish yellow, bill
3'ellowish white, the culmen bi'ownish horn, tarsi and toes, chrome,
with a slight greenish cast."
ANATID^.
19. DENDROCYCNA .JAVANICA.
antea, p. 89.
There were a few Whistling Teal on the rice-fields at Koh Samui.
" Male, iris hazel, orbital skin yellowish green, bill and feet dark
slatey."
PHALACROCORACID.'E.
20. PHALACROCORAX CARBO.
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxvi, p. 340 (1898).
A male in non-breeding plumage was obtained at Koh Pennan.
"Iris emerald, gular skin chrome, feet black, bill blackish, the
culmen yellowish."
Though very rare in the south of the Peninsula Cormorants become
much more abundant in the north ; I have obtained it on the coast
of Patani and we saw four specimens in Senggora Roads on our way
144
to Koh Saniui. Tropical specimens ai'e said to be smaller than those
from northern seas. The one before us has the wing about 13.5 and
the culmen 2.6 inches.
FALCONID^.
21. SPIZiETUS LIMNAETUS.
Spizaetus limnaetus (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., i,
p. 272 (1874) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 23.
Two females from Koh Peinian, one in the ordinary and the
other in tlie melanotic phase.
22. SPILORNIS PALLIDUS.
antea, p. 90.
Rather more richly coloured than the specimen from the mainland.
" Female, iris bright yellow, bill and feet greenish lead, cere
yellowish."
23. HALIASTUR INTERMEDirS.
Haliastur intermedius Gurney ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 314 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 24.
The local form of the Brarainy Kite is common everywhere along
the sea coast and for some distance inland in open country.
24. HALIAETUS LEUCOGASTER.
Haliaettis leucogaster (Gm.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 307 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., 0.23.
Two adults and an immature bird were obtained on Koh Samui
and Koh Pennan on both of which islands it was very common.
The immature specimen is in a somewhat peculiar stage of
plumage resembling birds from Langkawi which we have, as 1 am
now inclined to think incorrectly, referi^ed to H. leucocoryphus
(Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 24).
PANDIONID^.
25. POLIO AETUS ICHTHYAETUS.
Polioaetus ichthyaehis (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 452 ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 30.
An adult male from Koh Pennan.
CORACIIDvE.
20. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS.
Eiirystomus orientalis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., xvii,
p. 33, pi. ii, fig. i (1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis., 1911, p. 32.
Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx, pp. 298-301 (1913).
A male and two females from Koh Saniui and Koh Pennan
belonging to the black-tailed form and therefore nearer to the true
E. orientalis than to its subspecies. E. orient cdis calonyx (c. f.
Stresemann, loc. cit. supra).
" Male, bill and feet coral, tip of bill and claws brownish black,
orbital skin brownish red, ii'is dark hazel."
145
UPUPID^.
27. I^PFPA INDICA.
Upupa indica, Reiehenb. ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. ^Ins., xvi, p. 10
(1892) ; Robin.son and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 35.
Very common on Koli Samui but at the time of our visit in
shockingly ragged and disreputable plumage.
" !Male, iris hazel, bill black, pinkish at base, feet greyish, sole.s
pinkish."
ALCEDINID^.
28. PELARGOPSIS MALACCENSIS.
Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvii,
p. 108 (1892).
Bhamphalcyon cajjensis malaccensis, Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXXV, p. 678 (1909).
Judging from Oberholser's {loc. cit.) monograph of the genus a
male and two females from Koh Pennan would appear to belong
to this race and not as might be expected to the more northern form
P. hurmanica, Sharpe.
All have a distinct brown pileum, though in one female, owing to
abrasion of the feather.s it is very much lighter than the others. The
wing of the male measures 146 mm. and of the two females 146 and
145. The specimens are exactly matched by otliers from more
southern localities.
" Female, ii'is dark hazel, bill dark coral red, more vermilion
towards gape, dark maroon at tip. tarsi and feet vermilion, claws
brownish hoini."
29. HALCYON SMYRNENSIS.
antea, p. 92.
Common on both islands.
30. HALCYON ARMSTRONGL
Halcyon armstrongi, Sharpe, torn, cit, p. 277, pi. vii, tig. 1;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 34.
Halcyon humii, Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 281, pi., viii.
After again examining over fifty specimens oi this Blue and
White Kingfisher from all parts of the Malay Peninsula, including
eleven from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan I am convinced that it is
impossible to maintain the distinctness of the northern from the
southern bird. The characters relied on by Dr. Sharpe are met with
indifferently in specimens from the same locality and I do not think
that the explanation put forward — viz., that in the south of the
Peninsula the duller greener bird {H. armstrongi) is migratory, while
the brighter form (H. humii) is resident can be supported by facts.
" Female, iris dark hazel, bill black, base of lower mandible
pinkish, feet greyish brown."
antea, p. 92.
146
MEROPID^.
31. MEROPS SUMATRANUS.
32. MEROPS PHILIPPINUS.
antea, p. 92.
Both Bee-eaters were common on Koli Samui, less so on
Koh Pennan.
CYPSELID^.
.<53. TACHORNIS INFUMATA.
Tachornis infumata (Sclai.) ; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvi,
p. 467 (1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 38.
This little palm swift was very abundant after rain on botli
islands, bnt only one female was shot.
.34. CYPSELL'S PACIFICU.S.
Micropns pacificus (Lath.) ; Hartert, torn, cit., p. 448.
Three from Koh Pennan.
35. COLLOCALIA MERGUIENSlS.
CoUocalia francica, subsp. merguiensis, Hartert, tom. cit., p. 453.
Very common indeed on botli islands bi^eeding on some of the
small islands between Koh Samui and the mainland, the nests being
regularly collected by the (Hiinese. This race has not hitherto been
recorded from the Malay Peninsula, the form occurring on the
islands to the south being C. f. inexpectata, Hume.
CUCULID^.
36. CACOMANTIS MERULINI'S.
Cacomantis merulinus (Scop.) ; Shelley, tom. cit., p. 40; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit. p. 40.
A single very immature specimen of undetermined sex from Koh
Samui.
37. EUDYNAMIS ORIENTALIS.
Eudynamis orientalis (Linn.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix,
p, 322 (1891) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 41.
Very common on both islands as on practically every other island
of any size in the vicinity of the Malay Peninsula, though commoner
in the winter months.
" Male, iris crimson, bill greenish slate, feet slaty, edges of scales
yellowish."
.38. CENTROPUS SINENSIS INTERMEDIUS.
antea, p. 93.
Five specimens from the islands agree with those from the
mainland in the characters noted. The shortness and breadth of
the tail is especially noticeable.
39. RHOPODYTES TRISTIS.
antea, p. 93.
Very common in secondary jungle on Koh Samui.
147
PICTDiE.
40. CHRYSOCOLAPTES ttUTTICRISTATUS.
Chrysocolaptes giitticristatup: (Tick.) ; Hargitt, torn, cit., p. 448 ;
Robinson and Kloss.
A male from Koh Samui. Fairly common in the interior of the
islands especially on the pmang palms (Ai^eca catechu).
41. lYXGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS.
lyngipicus canicapillus (Blyth) ; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Hrit. Mus.,
xviii, p. 322 (1890) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 46 ; Robinson,
Joui-n. Fed. Malay States Mus., v, p. 20 (1913).
lyngipicus pumilns, Hargitt, tom. cit., p. 321.
Of two males obtained on Koh Samui in May, one has tlie central
rectrices entirely uniform, while the other has them spotted on both
webs. The wing of both specimens is about 3.2 in. (80 mm.). I
think therefore that I. pumihis whose range is overlapped both north
and south by I. canicapillus has no claim even to sub-specific
distinction.
PITTID^.
12. PITTA CYANOPTERA.
antea, p. 97.
One female from Koh Samui.
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet flesh."
MUSCICAPID^.
«. CYORNIS SrMATRENSIS.
Siphia sumatrensis, Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 451.
Cyornis sumatrensis, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix, p. 550 (1902) ;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 51.
After a good deal of hesitation I have referred a large number of
specimens obtained in both islands to this race, which does not seem
veiy markedly differentiated from C. tickeUix of Peninsular India
and Burma, from which it is distinguished only by its slightly smaller
size, and whiter abdomen, sharply defined from the rufous orange of
the breast.
" Female, iris dark hazel, bill black, feet bluish flesh."
Mr. Seimund obtained a nest on Koh Peiman on May 25th and
shot the parent bird. The nest was placed in a crevice in a rock
about six feet off the ground and is of the usual flycatcher type,
a hemispherical cup about four inches in external and two in internal
diameter, made of dead leaves and fragments of fern and lined
with tendrils. The eggs were three in number and hard .set. In
shape they are blunt ovals and the .shell is almost without gloss.
The ground colour is olive grey clouded with mottlings of reddish
brown which in two eggs is fairly evenly distributed over the shell
and in third forms a zone at the lai'ger end. The measurements are
A 172 X 13.6 ; B 178 x 13.3 ; C 178 x 13.5 mm.
Oct., 1914.
148
44. HYPOTHYMIS AZURBA.
antea, p. 99.
A male from each island ; not common.
" Iris carmine, bill and feet slatej" black."
45. MUSCITREA GRISOLA.
Pachycephala grisola (Bljtb.) Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii,
p. 220.
Hyloteiye grisola (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, iv, p. 312
(1903).
Muscitrea cinerea, Blj^tli, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 122
(1847) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, iii, p. 220 (1901).
Muscitrea grisola. Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii, p. 30 (1890) ;
Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 54.
This species was fairly common in a small patch of mangrove on
the west side of Koh Samui and five specimens, one with the
secondaries and inner primaries, earthy brown on the outer webs,
were secured. The species is numerous along the coastal zone
on both sides of the Malay Peninsula and on several of the islands,
but is not met with inland. It appears to keep strictly to the
mangroves.
46. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS.
antea, p. 99.
Two males from Koh Samui.
" Iris emerald, feet lead gre3% bill and eye wattle smalt blue,
inside of mouth sage green."
CAMPOPHAGID^.
47. CAMPOPHAGA NEGLECTA.
antea, p. 101.
A pair from Koh Samui.
" Iris dai'k hazel, bill and feet blackish.
PYCNONOTID^.
48. iEGITHINA TIPHIA.
antea, p. 101.
The Common lora was fairly numerous on both islands.
49. IRENA PUELLA.
antea, p. 102.
Common on the hills of Koh Samui in the patches of old jungle.
.50. MICROPUS MELANOCEPHALUS.
Microtarsus melanocephahis (Gm.) ; Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 65.
Micropus melanocephahis, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 57.
Gne of the few birds that was at all numerous in the patches of
heavy jungle on the hills of Koli Samui.
149
51. PYCXONOTUS ANALIS.
Pijcnonotm cuialis (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 140; Robinson
and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 57.
By no means common. One male was obtained on Koh Samui.
" Iris hazel, bill slatey black, feet greenish black."
52. PYXOXOTUS FIXLAYSOXI.
Pycnonotus finlaysoni (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 144;
Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 58.
Faii'ly common both on Koh Samui and Koh Pennan.
oi. PELLORNteUM SUBOCHRACEUM.
antea, p. 103.
One of the commonest birds on Koh Samui ; not shot on Koh
Pennan, though it doubtless occurs there.
" Male, iins chestnut, bill horn, feet flesh."
54. TURDIXUS OLIVACEUS.
antea, p. 103.
One of the few Babblers found on the coastal islands ; faix'h'
numerous on Koh Samui.
"Female, iris red-brown, bill greenish lead, feet brownish flesh.''
55. JIIXORNIS GULARIS, > RUBRICAPILLUS.
antea, p. 106.
Five specimens from Koh Samui and Koh Pennan agree witli
those from the Bandon mainland in not being typical M. giilaris but
intermediate between that form and M. ruhrirapilla . Two of these
specimens are however nearer to the latter race having the streaks
on the tliroat confined to the shafts of the feathers, the crown rusty
ferruginous, not chestnut, the outer aspect of the wings olivaceous
and the yellow supercilium very distinct, (c.f. Hume, Stray. Feath.
vi, p. 266, 267 (1878). As in so many other cases we are at the
meeting place of two local races and the individual characters have
become very plastic.
The two specimens above noted have the soft parts recorded as
follows : " Male, iris light hazel, bill lead, yellowish at edges, tarsi
and feet greenish lead, j^ellowish on soles. Female, iris wax yellow,
bill dark horn above, yellowisli green below, the tomia and edges
yellow, skin at gape, wax yellow, feet greenish yellow, more yellow
on soles."
TURDID^.
56. LARVIVORA CYAXEA.
Erithacus cyaneus (Pall.) Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v,
p. 303 ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 64.
A nearl}- adult male Avas procured in dense jungle on the hills of
Koh Samui on May 16th, showing that the species is probably
resident.
'' Bill black, livid flesh at base, feet pale flesh."
150
57. COPSYCHUS MUSICUS.
CopsycJms musicus (Raffles) ; Robinson "and Kloss, torn. cit. p. 65.
Copsychus saularis (partim) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 61.
Not so numeroiis as further south.
58. CITTOCINCLA MACRURA.
antea, p. 108.
One of the commonest birds, especially in the jungle among rocks.
" Male, iris chestnut, feet pale flesh, bill black."
SYLVIID^.
59. ORTHOTOMUS ATRIGULARIS.
antea, p. 108.
Common on both islands.
60. ACROCEPHALUS BISTRIGICEPS.
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, Swinh. ; Seebohm, tom. cit., p. 51.
Two female specimens were shot on Koh Pennan among high
gi-ass by one of the Dyaks on May 29th and 30th.
The species is new to the Malay Peninsula and the present
locality is a considerable extension of its range, which has not
hitherto been known to extend south of Tavoy in Central Tenasserim.
01. PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS.
Pliylloscopus borealis (Bias.) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds Birt. Mus., v,
p. 40 (1881) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 65.
A female from the hills of Koh Samui dated May 15th, and a
male from Koh Pennan, shot on May 30th. In both these specimens
the pale wing bars formed by the light tips to the coverts are almost
entirely lacking.
CORVID^.
62. CORVUS MACRORHYNCHUS.
Corone macrorhynchus (Wagl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
iii, p. 38 (1877).
Corvus macrorhynchus, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 71.
The jungle crow was very common both on the islands and on the
mainland ; one was shot on Koh Samui to make certain of the
identification.
DICRURID^.
63. DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS.
antea, p. 109.
Common on the islands.
STURNID^.
64. EITLABES INTERMEDIUS.
Mainatus intermedius (A. Hay) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xiii, p. 66 ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 67.
Gracula javana intermedia, Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xix, p. 314
(1912).
This Mynah was very common on both Koh Samui and Koh
Pennan and we obtain five specimens. All are to be referred to the
151
present race, which is only a subspecies of E. javauensis. The shape
of the postocular patch of feathers varies and is in some specimens
practically united to the feathei-s of the throat. Better characters
for the discrimination of the race from the typical foi-m are the
smaller size and the more slender bill, the latter feature being
especially well mai'ked. The wings of four specimens range from
176-168 mm. while that of a skin from Trang is 162. A male
E. javanensis, from Pulau Aor measures 186 mm.
" Male, iris dark hazel, bill orange-yellow at tip, feet and lappets
cadmium yellow, the latter apple green beneath eye."
Go. CALORXIS CHALYBEA.
Calornis chalyhea (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, torn, cit., p. 143 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 68.
Common everywhere.
tJU. ANTHUS MALAYENSIS.
Anthus malayetisis, Eyton, P.Z.S. 1889, p. 104 ; Robinson and
Kloss, tom. cit., p. 74.
Anthus rtifulus (partim) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 574
(1885).
Common on the rice-fields of both islands. The specimens
obtained are in extremely worn [)lumage but are almost certainly
this form.
" Male, iris dark hazel, bill yellowish horn, feet pinkish flesh."
PLOCEID^E.
07. MUXIA ACUTICAUDA.
Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xiii, p. 356 (1885).
Very common amongst the lalang and on tlie rice-stubbles of
both islands and also on the mainland.
"Male, iris chestnut, bill lead, lower mandible paler, feet lead
black."
NECTARINIID^.
68. ^THOPYGA CARA.
Aethopyga cava, Hume, Stray Feath., ii, p. 473 (note) (1874).
Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles) (partim) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom.
cit., p. 74.
This form which extends up the Burmese Coast to Pegu is only a
i-ace of the Malayan Ae. siparaja which occurs in the southern half of
the Peninsula, Borneo, Java and Sumatra. The differences between
the two forms are slight but the northern form {Ae. cara) always has
the upper tail coverts greenish not violet, the yellow rump patch
more lemon (less orange) the yellow bases to the scarlet feathers of
the throat and breast less pronounced and the crown metallic
greenish not violet. As Hume points out true Ae. siparaja has the
152
violet moustachial streak bordered below with black which is not the
case with Ae. cara. The receipt of additional specimens enables me
to state that the bird met with in Penang is Ae. siparaja, while that
from Langkawi, Trang and Koh Samui is Ae. cara, the birds found in
the Butang Archipelago are in intermediate.
Two male specimens were obtained on Koh Samui, where it was
not very abundant.
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, lower mandible brownish, feet
brownish black, soles whitish."
69. CYRTOSTOMUS PLAMMAXILLARIS.
Chiiiyris Jiammaxillaris (Blyth) ; Gadovv, tom. cit., p. 77.
Gyrtostomus JiainmaxiUaris, Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p, 77.
Common among flowering shrubs on the shores of botli islands.
" Male, iris hazel, bill and feet blackish, soles greenish yellow."
70. LEPTOCOMA HASSELTI.
Cinnyris hasseUi (Temm.) ; Gadow, tom. cit., p. 67 ; Robinson
and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 77.
One male from Koh Pennan.
71. ANTHOTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.
Anthothreptes malaccensis (Scop.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
ix, p. 122 (1884) ; Robinson and Kloss, torn, cit., p. 76.
Everywhere, where there were coconut trees.
DIC^ID.^.
72. DICTUM CRUENTATUM.
Dicmum cruentatum. (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
p. 15 (1885) ; Robinson and Kloss, tom. cit., p. 78.
Common on the coast of both islands.
REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM BAN DON,
KOH SAMUI AND KOH PENNAN.
By H. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., axu C. BODEN KLOSS, f.z.s.
The .small collection of Reptiles and Batrachians obtained in the
Siamese Province of Bandon on the east side of the Malay Peninsula
near its northern extremity and on the adjacent islands of Samui and
Pennan includes, as was to be expected, a relatively large number of
Tenasserim and Siamese forms. No new records for tlie Malay
Peninsula were obtained though the places visited were quite
unknown : but the collections, especially those from the islands, are of
interest from the point of view of distribution. As Mr. Boulenger's
recent volume summarizes all ovir knowledge of the reptiles, etc., of
the Malay Peninsula it has been unnecessary to cite other ref ei-ences.
1. Trionyx huruni. Gray.
Boulenger, Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula: BeptiUa
and Ampliihia, p. 9 (1912).
A fresh-Avater turtle obtained at Kao Nawng, Bandon, is
represented by the head only. Cranial characters however
appear to indicate that it is a member of the above species
which has only rai-ely been recorded from the Malay
Peninsula.
2. Cyclemys annandalei, Boulenger.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 19.
A young individual from Koh Pennan. Carapace 72 by 65 m.m.
3. Cyclemys dhor (Gray).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 20.
A young individual was obtained at Ban Kok Klap, Bandon.
Carapace 84 by 75 mm.
4. Hemidactylus frenatus, Dum. and Bibr.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 41.
Three examples were collected on Koh Samui.
5. Mimetozoon craspedotus (Mocquai-d).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 46.
This extremely rare reptile only known from Kina Balu,
Borneo and Penang, appears to be fairly numerous on
Koh Samui whei-e nine specimens were obtained. It was
found both in houses and on the stems of coconut palms and
is diurnal in its habits.
6. Gecko verticillatus, Laur.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 50.
Koh Samui, 2 examples.
154
Koh Pennan, 2 examples.
Common and apparently occasionally gregarious ! No less than
nine were seen together on one tree.
7. Draco maculatus (Gray).
Boulenger, ojj. cit., p. 58.
Nine examples from Koli Samui
8. Draco cyanolsemus Bouleng.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 60.
Two specimens of this rare flying-lizard, recorded hitherto
only from the mountains of the Federated Mala}^ States,
were obtained at Kao Nawng, Bandon. It has also been
obtained in some numbers on the Adang Islands, north of
Pen an g.
9. Draco blanfordi, Bouleng.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 61.
Two individuals were collected at Kao Nawng, Bandon.
10. Draco mici'olepis, Bouleng.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 62.
A single example was captured on Koh Pennan : it is also
known locally from the mountains of Perak.
11. Draco melanopogon, Bouleng.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 62.
One specimen was met with at Kao Nawng, Bandon.
12. Gonycephalus borneensis (Schleg.).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 65.
Two examples of this fairly common lizard Avei'e obtained
at Kao Nawng.
13. Acanthosaura armata (Gray).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. QS.
One specimen from Kao NaAvng.
14. Calotes versicolor (Daud.).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 71.
Six examples from Koh Samui and four from Koh Pennan.
15. Calotes emma, Gray. i
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 72.
Two specimens were obtained on Koh Samui and three from
Koh Pennan.
16. Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl).
Boulenger, op. c\t., p. 84.
Examples of the common scink wei'e preserved from both
Koh Samui and Koh Pennan.
155
17. Lygosoma olivaceum, Gray.
Bouletujer, op. cit., p. 91.
Three specimens fi-om Koh Samui.
18. Simotes cyclurus (Cantor).
Boulenyer, op. cit., p. 149.
A single specimen fi-oni Koh Samui.
19. Hypsirhina plumbea (Boie).
Boulenger, op. tit., p. 160.
One example from Koh Samui.
20. Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie).
Boulenyer, op. cit., p. 178.
An immature individual was obtained at Kao Nawng, Bandon.
21. Rana tigrina, Daud.
Boulemjer, op. cit., p. 284.
One specimen from Koh Pennau.
22. Rhacopliorus lencomystax (Gravenh.).
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 248.
Three examples from Koh Pennan.
28. jMicrohyla achatina (^Boie).
Boulemjer, op. cit., p. 261.
One specimen of this little frog from Koh Pennan.
24. Callula pulchra, Gray.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 264.
One example from Koh Pennan.
25. Bufo melanostictus, Schneid.
Boulenger, op. cit., p. 272.
Two specimens from Koh Pennau.
TWO NEW ORCHIDS FROM THE PROVINCE
OF BANDON, S.W. SIAM.
By H. N. RIDLEY, c.m.g., m.a., f.r.s., late Director of Gardens,
Straits Settlements.
[The two new species described below were obtained on the
mountain Kao Nawng in the province of Bandon, which is
referred to antea p. 84. Owing to the unfavourable weather and
the press of other work, botanical collecting was not attempted on
this mountain but in addition to the two novelties the following-
species were also obtained. — H.C.R.]
OLEACE^.
1. JASMINUM LONGIPOLIUM, King.
Kao Nawng, 3,500 feet. Bistrih. — Malay Peninsula.
GESNERACE^.
2. DIDYMOCARPUS FLAVA, Rii>ley.
Kao Nawng, Bandon, 1,500 feet. No. 5788. i)iVf.'-/6.— Malay
Peninsula.
ORCHIDE^.
3. DENDROBIUM PARCIFLORUM, Rcnu. fil.
Kao Naw^ang, Bandon, 1,500 feet. Distrib. — Burma.
Flowers white, with a faint yellow spot on lip. On trees.
Probably also D. curviflorum, Rolfe, but not Hooker's
D. Jcentrochilum which Kranzlin refers to this species, the flowers of
the latter being twice as large.
4. BULBOPHYLLUM LOBBII, Linbley.
Kao Nawang, Bandon, 1,500 feet. Exceedingly common in large
masses round our camp at this elevation.
Not the variety or species Siamense but the true Javanese form.
Distrib. —
5. C(ELOGYNE TRICARINATA, sp. nov-
Rhizome woody branching, covered with stiff sheaths ovate
polished, 4 mm. in diameter. Pseudobulbs elongate conic, 4 angled 7 cm.
Leaves thinly coriacious lanceolate acuminate acute narrowed to the
base 20-21 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, midrib prominent and 4 nerves
conspicuous, petiole distinct 4 mm. long. Scape from the top of the
pseudobulb slender, basal portion 15 cm. nude. Bracteate portion
4 cm. long, bracts distichous lanceolate obtuse to subacute. Raceme
slender flexuous 12-17 cm. long, internodes 2 cm. long. Predicels
7 mm. long. Sepals lanceolate acute 12 mm. long. Petals very
narrow linear. Lip distinctly 3-lobed, 11 mm. long, side lobes
large rounded at tip, midiobe much larger 6 mm. long, 5 mm. wide,
157
obovate broadly rounded at tlie tip, keels three, the two outer ones
from the base to the midlobe, the median short in the middle, all
strongly undulate, base of lip saccate. Column slendei- straight
5 mm. long. Clinandrium large margin wide toothed ; stelidia very
distinct erect obtuse. Stigma large.
Kao Nawng, Bandon, 4,000 feet.
This differs from C. elata, Lindl, in its smaller flowers and
distinctly 3-lobed li[), with 8 keels not 2 only.
6. CHRYSOC4LOSSUM ROBINSONII, sp. nov.
Stem creeping, 16 cm. or more long, pseudobulbs slender conic-
cylindric 1.5 cm. long erect purplish, 8 mm. apart. Leaf ovate
acuminate herbaceous narrowed at the base to the petiole 10 cm.
long, 3 cm. wide, petiole 6 mm. long. Scape 14 cm. tall slender with
several papery sheaths at the base and one longer one in the middle.
Flowers 4, bracts lanceolate long acuminate 1.1 cm. long 2 mm.
wide at base (upper ones smaller). Pedicel slender 1.4 cm. long,
2 mm. wide at the base, laterals falcate with a short mentum, petals
shorter similar in form, li}) base narrow channelled, rather thick,
limb 3-lobed, side lobes broad obovate rounded, mid-lobe triangular
obovate emarginate, keels 2 semioval betAveen the lobes, passing into
elevated veins on the mid-lobe, with a median elevated vein with
2 short erect oblong processes at the base of the keels, whole lip 1 cm.
long 9 mm. across at the widest part of the mid-lobe. Column
slender curved 6 mm. long, side lobes triangular acute. Anther cap-
shaped, apex retuse, rounded front margin broad rounded. Pollinia
2 waxy conic elongate, flat beneath, no disc. Rostellum broad,
rounded, bi-lobed. Clinandrium with a denticulate elevate margin.
Kao Nawng, Bandon, 1,500 feet.
Resembling C. vesicattim of the Fiji Islands.
BURMANNIACE^].
7. GYMNOSIPHON APHYLLUM, Blume,
Kao Nawng, Bandon, 1,200-2,000 feet. No. 5788. Flowers
purplish blue. Distrih. — MalayU..
AROIDE^.
8. SCINDAPSUS SCORTECHINII, Hooker, fil.
Kao Nawng, Bandon, 4,000 feet. Distrih. — Mountains of the
Malay Peninsula.
THE PLANTS OF KOH SAMUI AND KOH PENNAN.
By H. N. RIDLEY, c.m.g., m.a., f.e.s., late Director ok Gardens,
Straits Settlements.
^T^HE small collection of plants from the islands of the North-east
coast of the Malay Peninsula made by Mr. H. C. Robinson
shows that the flora has some aflfinity with that of the more
southern part, with an adm.ixtui*e of more distinctly Siamese plants.
The occurrence of Rhuacophila so far north is of some interest
and extends its region considerably. Of the new species the most
interesting is the Trachelospenmim, allied to Himalayan and Chinese
species.
BANUNCULACE./E.
1. CLEMATIS SMILACIFOLIA, Wall.
Koh Samui ; Koh Pennan. No. 5716.
2. NAEAVELIA LAURIFOLIA. Wall.
Creeper, flowers scented. Koh Samui. No. 5731.
DILLENIACB^.
o. TETRACERA ASSA, DC,
Koh Samui. Nt). 5705.
I. TETRACERA ERAGRANS, Ridlet.
Koh Samui. Distrib. — Southern Siam.
ANONACE.^.
5. ELLIPEIA PUMILA, King.
Distrib. — Perak.
6. MITREPHORA alba, sp.nov.
A small tree, 40 feet tall, bark of branches gi"ey. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base rounded, smooth
glabrous, 8-9.5 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide, nerves fine, 10 pairs, elevate
on both sides, finely reticulate, midrib elevate beneath, depressed
above. Petiole 2 mm. long. Flowers white or pinkish white, in
short racemes, pubescent. Bracts small ovate, raceme 2 mm. long.
Peduncle and pedicels 5 mm. long each. Sepals ovate, subacute,
hairy, 2 mm. Petals, outer, broadly ovate, base broad hairy on both
sides, 1.5 cm. long and as wide ; inner connivent, spathulate sub-
trilobed, claw narrow, side lobes rounded, central one short sub-acute,
hairy on both sides, 1.1 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide across the lobes.
Stamens very numerous, short oblong. Connective not wider than
the tip of the anther, small truncate. Ovaries 6 conic hairy.
Stigmas connate, glabrous. Torus rather tall, hairy.
Koh Samui, western side. No. 5717.
This species is most closely allied to M. grandiflora, Bedd. of
South India. The inner petals, however, are much broader and more
159
nearly 3-lobed than in any other species. The stamens are distinctly
those of a Mitrephora , otherwise in the shape of the inner petals and
other points, it more resembles an Orophea.
POLYGALACE^.
7. POLYGALA ARILLATA, Bucir. Ham.
A form with rather small coriaceous leaves, 2.5 to 3.7 cm. long by
1. to 1.3 cm. wide. Flowers small, 1.3 cm. long, all terminal and
quite glabrous. A new record for this region. Distrib. — India.
PORTULACACE^:.
8. PORTULACA QUADRIFIUA. Li.vx.
S.E. Koh Pennan. No. 5770. Flowers yellow. A tropical
weed.
HYPERICINE^.
9. CRATOXYLON FORMaSUM, BEXxn am) Hooker fil.
Koh Samui. No. 5728.
GUTTIFER^.
10. GARCINIA MERGUIENSIS, Wuhct.
Koh Samui.
Not a typical form, the leaves being intermediate in form between
that species and G. rostrata, Bentli. and Hooker fil.
TERNSTROEMIACE^E.
11. SCHIMA NORONH.E, Rheixwardt.
S.E. Koh Pennan. No. 5758. Distrib. — Malaya.
MALVACE^.
12. SIDA ACUTA, Roxb.
Koh Pennan. No. 5762
Distrib. — Eastern tropics. A coramoii weed.
TILIACE^.
13. GREUIA UMBELLATA, Roxb.
Koh Samui. No. 5734.
U. GREWIA P.\.MCULALA. Roxb.
Koh Samui (No. 5709) and Koh Pennan.
Both common on the Malay Peninsula.
MALPIGHIACE.E.
15. TRISTELLATEIA AUSTRALASICA, A. Rich.
Koh Pennan. No. 57S9. Distrib. — -Malaya to Australia.
GERANIACE^.
10. IMPATIBNS WRAYI, Hooker Fil. (r).
Koh Pennan.
I am doubtful as to this as tlie specimens have not preserved
well. Distrib. — The Malay Peninsula.
160
RUTACE^.
17. CLAUSENA EXCAVATA, Burn.
Koh Samni. Distrib.—The Eastern Tropics.
18. GLTCOSMIS RUPESTRIS, Ridley.
Koh Samui. Distrih. — Kedali.
OLACINE^.
19. OLAX IMBRICATA, RoxB.
S.W. Koh Peniian. Distrib. — Burma, Mala_ya.
CELASTRINE^.
20. HIPPOCRATEA FERRUGINEA, Kikg.
Koli Samui. No. 5735. A cliraber, flowers greenish-brown.
A very imperfectly known plant, only previously collected in
Penang. The disc of the flower is very thick and lobed : King-
describes the anthers as one-celled with transverse dehiscence ;
in these specimens they dehisce into four loculi. The pistil is
pubescent.
21. SALACIA FLAVESCENS, KUKZ.
Hills of Koh Samui. No. 5738.
Common in the Malay Peninsula.
RHAMNE^.
22. COLUBRINA ASIATICA, Brngn.
Koh Samui. No. 5707. Common on sea shores. Distrib. —
Indo-Malaya.
LEGUMINOS^.
23. CROTALARIA SALTIANA, Andr.
Koh Samui. No. 5711. Distrib. — Indo-Malaya.
24. DESMODIUM UMBELLATUM, Dc.
Koh Penan. No. 5766. Distrih. — Indo-Malaya.
MYRTACEyE.
25. RHODOMYRTUS TOMEISTTOSA, Wight.
Koh Samui. No. 5708.
2(5. RHODAMXIA TRINERVIA var SPECTABILIS, Blume .
Koh Pennan. No. 5775.
A form with few flowers on pedicels 1.5 cm. long. Calyx 3 mm.
and petals 4 mm. long. Most resembling a Tenasserim form.
27. EUGENIA SIAMENSIS, Ceaib.
Hills of Koh Samui. Flowers deep rose pink, anthers yellow.
Undoubtedly Craib's Siamese plant but very like a thin narrow-leaved
form of E. macrocarpa, Roxburgh.
28. EUGENIA SUAVIS, sp. nov.
A big ti"ee, 75 feet tall, the bark of the branches light brown.
Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate acute, bases cuneate, drying pale grey,
161
keel prominent below, depressed above, nerves about 11 pairs,
prominent, inarching just within the margin, 15 cm. long, 3.5 to 4 cm.
wide, petiole 1.5 cm. long, stout. Cymes large, lax, lateral on the
branches below the leaves, 10 cm. long, 8 cm. across. Peduncles 2 to
5 cm. long, stout-angled, branches similar, the longest 5 to 6 cm.
long, branchlets trichotomous, with about 6 sessile crowded flowers
at the tip. Bi'acts deciduous. Calyx tube, infundibuliform, 2 mm.
long, 4 mm. across. Petals connate, falling off in a rounded cap.
Stamens short, nearly 5 mm. long. Style 5 mm. much longer than
the calyx, slender.
Flowers scented, whitish.
Hills of Koh Samui. No. 5730.
This belongs to the Jambolana section and is allied to
E. oijerculata, Roxb. but has larger spreading cymes and very different
flowers.
MELASTOMACE^.
29. SONERILA SUCCOSA, sp. nov.
Herbaceous leaves few, whorled at the top of the stems. Stems
erect or ascending weak, 20-30 cm. long. Leaves ovate lanceolate
to ovate, fleshy obtuse denticulate with short hairs on the teeth
2 to 6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide.
Nerves about 4 pairs, petioles 2-3 mm. long. Peduncles 4-8 cm.
long. Flowers umbellate about 4 on pedicels, 3 mm. long. Calyx
long, smooth naiTow with acute points 5 mm. long. Petals 3 lanceo-
late acuminate 7 ram. long, 4 mm. wide, apparently white with
rather long pink tips. Stamens 3, anthers elongate acuminate conic,
orange, 7 mm. long, filaments short violet purple. Style as long,
slender. Capsule smooth, goblet shaped infundibuliform with shoi't
acute lobes, 1 cm. long, 4 mm. wide.
Koh Pennan.
Nearest to S. succulenta, Stapf form Perak.
m. MEMECVLON EDULE v.ve. OVATA, C. B. Clahke.
Koh Pennan. No. 5749.
Flowers cobalt blue, turning lilac. Distrib. — Indo-^lulaj^a.
LYTHRACE^.
.{1. FEMPHIS ACIDULA, FoRST.
Koh Pennan. No. 5755. Distrib. — Burma and Ceylon to Malaya.
SAMYDACfi.E.
32. HOMALIUM GRIFFITHIAXUM, KiRX.
Koh Pennan. No. 5748. Distrib. — Tena.sserim to Kedah.
Small ti'ee, about six inches in diameter. Flowers greenish-
yellow, scented. Leaves small and glabrous.
162
RUBIACE^.
:«. OPHIORHIZA LANCIFOLIA, sp. vov.
Suffruticose, ascending branched 15 to 20 cm. tall, young parts
scurfy.
Leaves equal, lanceolate acuminate at both ends, 6.5 cm. long,
5 to 10 mm. wide. Nerves 7 pairs curved glabrous. Stipules very
small, reduced to short points. Peduncle slender, 2 cm. long branches
of the cjme about 6, 1.5 cm. long to 2 cm. Flowers about 7 on a
branch on pedicels under 1 mm. long. Calyx very short, companulate,
with small ovate obtuse lobes. Corolla 5 mm. long (drying red)
tube stout hairy at the base of the 5 ovate lanceolate lobes which are
as long as the tube. Stamens very short half the length of the
corolla, filaments very short, anthers linear, tips notched, or
stamens as long as the corolla, tips exsert at the mouth. Style
as long as the corolla clubbed. Flowers white.
Hills of Koh Samui. No. 5739. A herb on rocks in the stream.
Nearest to 0. fruticosa, Ridley of the limestone rocks of Selangor
but the leaves are glabrous and the petiole and peduncle longer.
.•M. HBDYOTIS PINIFOLIA, Wail.
Koh Samui. No. 5741. Common in Malaya.
35. RANDIA PENANGENSIS, King and Gamble.
Koh Samui. No. 5743. Distrih.—M.?da,j Peninsula.
36. PRESMATOMERIS ALBIDIFLORA, Thw.
Koh Pennan. No. 5760. Dtsirifc.— Indo-Malaya.
37. CHASALIA CURVIFLORA, Thw.
Koh Pennan. Flowers whitish violet. Distrib. — Indo-Malaya.
.38. PSYCHOTRIA VIRIDI FLORA, Hookkr, fil.
Koh Pennan. No. 5778.
COMPOSITE.
39. COSMOS BIPINNATUS. Cat.
Koh Pennan. No. 5762. A tropical weed.
MYRSINE^.
40. ARDISIA SOLANACBA, RoxB.
Koh Samui. No. 5746. Bistrih. — Indo-Malaya.
EBENACE^.
:41. DIOSPYROS LANCBAE FOLIA, Roxb.
Koh Pennan. Tree about 10 inches in diameter. Flowers white.
Distrib. — Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
APOCYNACE^
42. CERBERA ODALLAM, Gaertn.
Koh Samui (banks of mountain stream on granite) Koli
Pennan. Tree 25 feet tall. Distrib. — Tropical Asia.
V.i. LOCHNKRA ROSEA, Rcnu. fil.
Koh Samui. No. 5704.
Now established all along the Malay Coasts. Native of South
America.
«. TRACHELOSPERMUM ( § Axillares) LAURIFOLIUM, sp. nov.
Erect shrub. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate,
base shortly cuneate, 14 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, nerves 9 pairs,
prominent beneath, midrib depressed above, elevate beneath, petiole
thick, 3 mm. long. Cymes axillary, peduncle thick 1-2 mm. long.
Flowers 5-7, subumbellate, pedicels thick, 7 mm. long, glabrous.
Bracts very small ovate rounded. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes rounded
quite obtuse fleshy pubescent 2 mm. long, scales alternating with
them short narrow lanceolate obtuse. Corolla tube 6-9 mm. long,
cylindric glabrous, yellowish, lobes 5 contori, 6-9 mm. long, oblong
obtuse broad pubescent on the upper face with stellate hairs.
Stamens adnate to corolla mouth, exsert forming a cone, anthers
lanceolate, outside pubescent with a terminal hair tuft, inside
glabrous with a swollen boss at the back and a tuft of hairs on the
connective, base of anther cells slightly divaricate. Ovary bilobed
and four grooved at the top, which is pubescent. Style slender,
stigma conic, coronal scales round the ovaiy in two series, the outer
ones lobed and notched (5) alternate, the inner ones (10) sim])le
obtuse and fleshy.
Koh Pennan. No. 5764.
This species differs from T. axillaris. Hooker til. in its lanceolate
coriaceous leaves and larger flowers with hairy petals.
ASCLEPIADACE^.
45. TYLOPHORA FLAVESCENS, sp. nov.
A climbing hei-b with tomentose stems and leaves. Leaves
herbaceous, ovate to ovate lanceolate, shortly cuspidate, base rounded
slightly cordate 7 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, nerves 3 pairs inarching,
slender petiole 5 mm. long, tomentose. Raceme axillary, peduncle
7-8 mm. long. Bracts linear very nai-row. Pedicels slender 1 cm.
long, all hairy. Sepals very narrow, linear acuminate hairy.
Corolla glabrous, greenish yellow, lobes ovate acute, many nerved
8 mm. across. Corona lobes broad fleshy obovate with a strong
keel on the inner face and a long obtuse tooth. Stamens carinate,
anthers cordate, lobes rounded with a short free central filament.
Pollinia 2 elliptic pale yellow, hardly waxy. Carrier very minute.
Stigma capitate, flat at the top stellate.
Koh Pennan. No. 5751.
Mar., 1916.
164
Allied to T. asthmatica, Wight, but differs in the tomentose stem
and leaves and glabi'ous corolla and the narrower corona lobes which
are long toothed and strongly keeled.
4(i. TYLOPHOE^ ASTHMATICA, Wight.
Koh Pennan. Distrih. — Indo-Malaya.
47. HOYA CiLOBIFLORA, sp. nov.
Stems pale corky, 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves ovate subacute
with rounded bases 6.5 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, nerves 3 pairs
and nervules few visible when dry, one pair from the base ascending,
the others short horizontal soon broken up, petiole very thick, 6 mm.
long. Peduncles stout 3 to 4 cm. long, raceme 1 cm. long, stout,
occasionally branched. Flowers innumerable forming a large
globose umbel 4-5 cm. across when dry. Pedicels 1.5 cm. long.
vSepals 5, short ovate obtuse. Corolla 1 cm. across waxy white a pink
tinge, lobes ovate sub-obtuse. Corona large, upper lobe short erect
tooth-like, lower ovate, spreading obtuse, apex emarginate above
depressed. Staminal column short. Anther cells incumbent over
the style apex. Pollen masses linear oblong straight blunt flattened,
caudicles very minute (hardly any). Carrier small, triangular,
dark brown.
Koh Pennan. No. 5756. Creeper.
18. HOYA PARASITICA, Walz.
Koh Samui. No. 5718. Common in the Malay Peninsula.
49. DISCHIDIA HIRSUTA, DC.
Koh Samui. Distrib. — Malaga.
LOGANIACE./E.
50. FAGRiEA OBLONGA, King axd Gauble.
Koh Samui. Distrib. — Malay Peninsula.
51. FAGRiEA FRAGRANS, RoxB.
Koh Pennan. Distrih. — Malay Peninsula.
CONVOLVULACE^.
52. MBRREMIA HASTATA, Hulliek.
Koh Pennan. Distrib. — Malaya.
SCROPHULAEINE^.
53. STRIGA LLTEA, LouK.
Koh Pennan. No. 5702. Flowers pale yellow. Distrib. — Indo-
Malaya.
ACANTHACE^..
54. ERANTHEMUM MALACCENSE, C. B. Clarke.
Koh Pennan (typical form) ; Koh Samui No. 5714. The latter
is the dwaiier form, which occurs at Chupeng in Pei'lis.
55. RUELLIA REPENS, Link.
Koh Pennan. No. 5755. Distrib. — Tropical Asia.
165
56. JUSTICIA -FLABELLIGERA, sp. iioi'.
A slender-stemmed herb, over 11 cm. tall, glabrous. Leaves
thin, herbaceous subequal ovate shortly acuminate obtuse; base
ciineate, shortly, often unequally, bilobed, with rounded points,
14 cm. long, 8 cm, wide. Nerves 7-9 pairs. Petiole 3 mm. Spikes
20 cm, long, slender subterminal elongate, floriferous nearly to the
base. Flowers solitary, sessile opposite, very numei-ous over 40 in
spike. Bracts foliaceous, green 5 mm. long, the petiole 3 mm. longi
narrow, blade transversely elliptic apiculate, narrowed at the base,
into the petiole. 2 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 6 nerved with long hairs
on the edge. Sepals linear, subulate 2 mm. long glabrous. Corolla
greenish white 9 mm. long. Upper lip narrow, lanceolate obtuse?
lower obovate obtuse rounded. Palate finely ribbed. Stamens 2,
anther-cells ellipsoid separate, the lower one with a \eiy short
blunt spur. Capsule 1 cm. lobes lanceolate, gradually narrowed
to the base, obtuse glabrous. Seeds 4, flat, discoid cordate, corky
wai'ted light brown, 3 cm. long.
Hills of Koh Samui. No. 5736.
Apparently a tall plant, Avith long spikes of small flowers and
leafy bracts, somewhat spade shaped.
YERBENACEyE.
57. CALLICARPA LOXGIFOLIA, Lam.
Koh Samui. No. 5737. Bistrib. — Mala^^a.
58. CLERODENDRON PANICULATUM, Linx.
Koh Samui. No. 5706. Disfrj&.— Malaya.
59. CLERODENDRON CITRINUM, sp.noK.
A bushy hardwood shrub about five feet tall. Leaves opposite,
herbaceous obovate irregularily lobed base cuneate apex acuminate
glabrous, 13 cm. long, 7 cm. wide. Panicle terminal lax 10 cm. long
by 10 cm. wide. Pedicels short. Calyx lobes lanceolate pubescent
2 mm. long. Corolla pubescent 1.7 cm, long tube slender lobes
rounded oblong, edges ciliate, lemon yellow. Stamens, filaments
4, 3 cm. long filiform, anthers oblong dorsifixed with a groove
in th of the most noteworthy facts with regard to these
peojDle is that although they are in close contact and intercourse
with the aborigines of Lenggong, Sumpitan, and Kuala Kenering —
Sumpitan being only some eleven miles distant from Ijok — they
nevertheless speak a somewhat different dialect the speech of
the Lenggong people belonging to the group of dialects generally
termed Northern Sakai, while that of the aborigines of Ijok is
classed as Semang, (Western Negrito). Both tribes, however, are
similar in physical appearance and are undoubtedly of Negrito
origin,t though it is possible that there may be a slight strain of
Sakai blood among them. Inter-marriage between members of the
two divisions appears to be now common. The Ijok people said that,
though having but little intercourse with either, they were related
in speech to the aboi-igines of both Selama and Kupang, the latter
presumably the river of that name not far from the Kedah boundary :
in this they are probably correct, as the Negritos of Kedah all speak
dialects belonging to the Semang group, as do those of Selama
itself.
The Ijok Semang showed no fear of the writer and, if not sent
for after a few days, used to come in to ask if they were not wanted ;
of course with the idea of obtaining food and presents. They seemed
to be truthful in their replies to questions though all information
obtained was checked as far as possible by questioning three or more
individuals.
HABITATIONS.
The Semang settlement was situated near the Chinese mine at
Klian Gunong, about four miles fi-om Ijok. The majority of the huts
were of the same type as those seen on a former visit to Lenggong
{see Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., p. 64, No. 2, Vol. V ; 1914).
Each hut consisted of an arch-shaped framework of bent saplings with
cross pieces connecting them horizontally. This structure was
covered with a thatch of tepiis leaves, and one end of the arch was
usually stopped with a mat of palm leaves on a slight framework of
sticks, the open end being used as a door.
* Selama village is some 18 miles from Ijok.
t The Ijok people, however, until very recently rej^resented as pure a strain
of Negrito as is to be met with in the Malay Peninsula. The Lenggong people
on the other hand have a very much larger admixture of Sakai blood. H.C.R.
177
The floor of the hut was partly occupied by a slight sleeping
platfonn consisting of a sheet of split bamboo raised about a foot
from the ground on a framework of small tree boughs. The rest of
the hut floor with the exception of the hearth, whei'e there was a
fire of logs, was bare. Dart quivers and various small articles, such
as food stirrers and procupine quills used in mat making, were stored
on the under side of the thatch, larger utensils such as cooking pots
were ranged along the wall of the hut. Each married couple
occupied a single hut vvith a slightly larger sleeping platform than
that used by a bachelor. The only other type of dwelling noticed
was the simple wind-shelter consisting of a sloping palm leaf thatch
resting on a rectangular framework of small branches, the whole
being supported in front by two posts about 4^ ft. high with a fork
at the top of each to hold the uppermost bar of the frame.
PHYSICAL CHAKACTERISTICS.
The physical appearance of the Ijok people did not seem to differ
to anj' extent from that of the Semang of Lenggong. The stomach,
specially in children, was often protruberant, though the body
generally was but poorly nourished. This may possibly be due to
the food, when obtainable, being goi^ged in large quantities. The
skins of most of the men and women appeared to be of a dai'k
chocolate colour, but this was at least partly due to dirt. One young
man, aged about 20 or 21, was very fairly and powerfully built and
bad an open and pleasant countenance, which in spite of its rather
rounded forehead, low bridged nose and broad nostrils could
almost be termed handsome. His skin was also rather lighter
than that of the others and his boily by no means unclean.
Both men and women age quickly and atrophy of the muscles of the
body seems to set in much more quickly than in the average
European. The hair of most of the individuals seen had the pepper-
corn sti'ucture well developed, and the Semang themselves seem
to realize that this is a racial feature, as is shown in the legend
of their origin given below.
PERSONAL CHARACTER.
The remarks made in a former paper with regard to the personal
character of the aborigines of Lenggong apply equally well to the
people of Ijok. They have been anything but impi-oved by constant
intercourse with the Malays and Chinese, to whom they are by way
of becoming hewers of wood and drawers of water. Their dependant
condition has developed in them certain traits which are deplorable.
They are the most inveterate beggars and ask without scruple
for anj'thing they see or want. They are also said not to be above
obtaining advances of goods from either Chinese or Malays on
account of rattans, ataps or other jungle produce which they
promise to bring in in payment and failing to complete the bargain.
In an affair of this kind it is probably a case of the " biter getting
178
bitten," at any rate so far as the Malay is concerned, for he is
notoriously unscrupulous in his dealings with the aborigines. The
Chinaman has a better name for fair dealing than the Malay, but
even he probably takes care to make his cent, per cent, over every
transaction. Two of the Ijok people were opium smokers, one
an old man, the head of the tribe, the other a young fellow of
nineteen or twenty. They seem to obtain supplies of the drug
either from the miners at Klian Gunong or else from some shops
a little further down the valley.
DRESS AXD ADORNMENT.
The men all wore loin-cloths or chawats of European-made cloth
as their sole garment, but several of them were decorated with
bracelets of akar batu, and necklaces of the same material, the
strands being tied together in a knot in front. Strings of glass
beads worn crossed over the breast were also popular, and one young
man had a regular collar formed of a long string of beads wound
round and round the neck. The women all affected short skirts
made from the common cotton sarongs worn by the Malays. Two
forms of woman's dress of purely Negrito type were, however,
obtained, though not seen in use ; one was a short skirt of aJcar hatu
the other a similar garment made of narrow strips of terap bark
depending from a string of the same material. Two long necklaces
of lotong monkey teeth interspersed with small glass beads were also
purchased. These are worn by the women or children. The winter
made enquiries as to the use of bark-cloth T-bandages, but was told
that they were no longer worn : one of the men, however, in order
to show that bark-cloth could still be made manufactured a loin-cloth
from ipoJi biirk and another from terap bark and brought them in to
sell. Women's combs of bamboo decorated with typical Negrito
patterns were common, and five specimens were purchased. One or
two bracelets of plaited rattan were also collected as well as a pair
of armlets of spirally twisted brass wire. The latter were, however,
said to have been obtained from the Orang Bukit {i.e., from one
of the trans-Pei'ak River Semang-Sakai tribes.)
WEAPONS.
The weapons in use among the Semang of Ijok do not differ
in any particular from those of the people of Lenggong. The blovv-
pipes of their own manufacture always have the inner tube composed
of two sections of bamboo placed end to end, and united by a
covering section of the same material over the joint. Blow-pipes
with the inner tube made from a single section of bamboo are
occasionally to be seen, but these are procured from other tribes.
The mouth-piece of all the blow-pipes examined was spheroidal and
composed either of wood, or of wood with a covering of " getah "
(rubber of some sort). The outer tubes were either not decorated at
all, or had merely a few incised circles running round them at the
179
top and bottom. The bamboo of the outer tube was, in old
specimens, of a warm red brown hue, this colour being acquired
by frequent polishing with damar gum or oil, and continual smoke
drying when not in use, it being customai'y to keep the blow-pipe
on the under side of the thatch of the hut, where it is constantly in
the smoke of the open fire. When thus out of use both ends of the
tube are kept carefully plugged with down to prevent the entry of
mud-wasps, ants, or other insects. The dart-quivers were of true
Negrito type, being made from a single internode of bamboo wuth
one septum left untouched to form the bottom of the receptacle.
When in use the top, which is coverless, is often plugged with
leaves. New internodes cut for the manufacture of dart-quivex's are
dried by filling them with hot wood ashes fi^om the fire, but the
pattern design is generally roughly scratched in first. Bamboo
receptacles rather larger than the ordinary quivers are used for
holding large spatula? of i})oh poison, but smaller spatulae are
often found in the true quivers. These larger receptacles are also
sometimes used for holding darts. A few experiments were made
to test the range of the blow-pipe, and it Avas found that a man
squatting on his haunches and holding his blow-pipe horizontally
could easily shoot a dart a distance of 65 feet. A piece of white
paper set on a stick as a mark at this distance was not hit in three
or four attempts, but the Semang complained that they could not do
themselves justice owing to the fact that previous to shooting they
had broken off all the poisoned points of their darts as the trial had
to take place along the bridle path, the only convenient place which
could be found. This precaution was wise, as numbers of Malays
quickly turned out to see what was going on. The practice took
place on an almost windless day and shooting was tried in two
directions. The Semangs' remarks about darts with broken points
not flying true was probably quite justifiable, as the dart stem is
considerably thicker just above the point than at any other place.
Above this thickening in the direction of the head a small gi'oove
is cut in order that when an animal is stuck the dart may break
off and leave the poisoned head in the wound. It was interesting
to note the way in which the blow-pipe was treated in preparing
for a shot. The performer first seized it with his right hand
at the mouth-piece and with his left a little way up the stem,
grasping it between the first and second fingers of the latter : using
the right hand he then drew it several times smartly backwards
and forwards between these two fingers meanwhile keeping in the
dart which had been already inserted, by means of the right hand.
Then squatting suddenly he grasped the weapon close to the end
between the interlaced fingers of both hands and taking aim expelled
the dart. The method employed of holding the blowpipe seems to
be common to all the aborigines of the Peninsula or at any rate to
all those using the bamboo blowpipe. The stem of the instrument
rests partly on the upturned palms of the hands. Among the
180
Kayans, Dusuns and oUier blow-pipe using tribes of Borneo, where
the blow-pipe is in use, the instrument is also grasped close to the
mouth-piece but the right hand is placed above the left and both
have their backs directed upwards.
MUSICAL INSTEUMENTS.
The only musical instruments seen were the bamboo stamper,
the bamboo jews' harp and a peculiar kind of earth-drum made by
digging a hole about a foot and a half square in the ground and
sti-etching tightly over it a piece of tree bark tied between two
short posts driven into the earth one on either side of the hole.
OTHER MANUFACTURES.
Besides weapons, articles of dress, and musical instruments the
Negritos appeared to possess very few articles of their own manufac-
ture ; rough mats made of some species of Pandanus were, however,
fairly common, while porcupine quills, indistinguishable from those
worn in the nose, were used as implements in making them.
Graters, for shredding the tubers of jungle yams and made from the
stems of a kind of rattan {rotan sent) with the thorny spathe still
adhering were in use, as were also small wooden pestles and mortars
for pounding up condiments. Pandanus pouches for holding tobacco
or the materials for betel chewing were common : one rather fine
specimen with an inner lining of the same material and ornamented
on the outside with black patterns was obtained for the Museum.
RELIGION, SUPERSTITION AND LEGENDS.
As among the aborigines of Lenggong, enquiries as to the
existence of any definite forms of religious belief were productive of
purely negative results, but while questioning the Semang as to their
explanations of several common natural phenomena a little
interesting information was obtained and also a single legend. The
latter is not new, but the Ijok form is given below, as it differs from
other versions in a few particulars.
LEGEND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE SEMANG.
Told by the Headman of the Semang.
" Our origin was the same as that of the Malays.
" Once upon a time the King of the Mawas* monkeys. Rajah
Mawas, fought with the King of Siamangf monkeys. Rajah Siamang,
in the country where our ancestors lived. Our ancestors ran away
from the place they lived in, being frightened by the wai% and hid
themselves in a plain covered with tall lalang grass. The Rajah
Mawas beat the Rajah Siamang and the latter with his people ran
away and hid in the same plain as our ancestors. The Rajah Mawas
came and set fire to the grass and the Rajah Siamang with his
people ran away and crossed the Perak river. Our ancestors did
not run away, having hid themselves in porcupine burrows in order
* The Mawas is Hylobaien sp. f The Siamang is Symphalangtis sp.
181
to escape i'l'om tlie fire. In spite of this tlie tire reached them and
signed their hail', and this the reason we, their descendants, have
curly hair to the present day. After the war was over the King of
the Brok* monkeys, Rajah Bi-ok, became judge between the Siamang
and the Mawas, and lie gave judgment that the Siamang should stop
on the south bank of the Perak River and the Mawas on the north
bank, and thus they do till the present day, though before they had
both lived on the north bank.
" The ancestors of the Malays, when the war arose, ran away down
stream caiTying a rice spoon with them ; and that is the reason why
the Malays use a rice spoon in cooking their rice. Our ancestors
ran away up stream carrying a pointed stick ; and that is the reason
why we still use a stick for digging tubers in the jungle."
The other infoi-mation obtained was fragmentary and consisted
of certain beliefs concerning the rainbow, thundei', lightning, the
eclipse of the moon, and certain pantangs or tabus attaching to
mother-in-law and father-in-law. These are given below.
THE RAINBOW.
" The rainbow is a fishing line. Somewhere far away there lives a
king of the Dragons (Rajah Naga) who, when he requires fish, sends
a servant to the river to fish for him. As the Rajah's servant lifts
his rod from the water you see his line with its two coloured thread
appearing in the sky as the rainbow.'"
The Negritos will not walk into the foot of a rainl)()w as they
believe that to do so would cause them to fall sick.
THUNDER.
" Thunder is caused by the spirits who lived under the earth.
When they are preparing their food and cooking it, the noise they
make is heai'd on the earth above. This noise is what we call
thunder.'"
LIGHTNING.
" Lightning is caused by the children of the spirits who live
under the earth. When they play at tops they flourish the cords
which they use for spinning them, and these appear above the earth
as lightning."
THE SUN, THE MOON AND THE STARS.
" The stars are the children of the moon. The sun watches by
day and the moon by night. If there is no moon the stars replace
her ; if there is a moon the stars are quenched."
THE ECLIPSE OF THE MOON.
" Eclipses of the moon are caused by a butterfly settling on the
moon and spreading its wings over it while it attempts to eat it."
The Semang name for an eclipse in haiup hihicl (haiup a
buttex'fly and hilud to swallow.)
* The Brok is Macaco sp.
182
PANTANGS OR TABUS.
Of the two pantangs obtained one related to the dislike of having
anything to do with a mother-in-law or father-in-law, and the other
to imparting the secrets of magic. Tabus enjoining avoidance of the
mother-in-law are in force in many regions of the globe ; to give two
examples, they are very rigidly applied by the Zulu-KaflB.rs of South
Africa and by the Dusuns of British N^orth Boi'neo. The tabus
concerning instruction in magical rites have probably been adopted
by the aborigines from the local Malays, who have the same
custom.
* TABUS RELATING TO THE MOTHER-IN-LAW
AND FATHER-IN-LAW.
A man may not speak to his m.other-in-law nor a woman to her
father-in-law and they must both avoid these relations as far as
possible. If communication is necessary, an intermediary must be
employed. The man may, however, speak to his father-in-law and
the woman to her mothei'-in-law, but they must do so very
respectfully.
A man may not mention the name of his mother-in-law nor a
woman that of her father-in-law.
TABU CONCERNING IMPARTING THE SECRETS OF MAGIC.
Secrets of magic may not be imparted to a pupil except on
Tuesday and the night preceding it. This belief, as has been stated
above, has probably been adopted from the local Malays. Our
Monday night, according to Malay methods of computing, becomes
the night of Tuesday (malam selasa) and our Tuesday night the
night of Wednesday, etc.
PANTANG LANGUAGE.
It is tabu to use the ordinary names of certain wild animals
when in the jungle, the idea being that a name is closely connected
with the object to which it is given. Thus to mention the name of
dangerous animal is, according to aboriginal ideas, almost equivalent
to making it appear. A few examples of tabu words are given below
in both the Ijok and Lenggong dialects.
P ,. , Ordinary word Tabu word Ordinary word Tabu word ■
^S^si. (Lenggong.) (Lenggong.) (IJok.) (I.iok.)
Tiger baling kemun teiok kamoit
(evil beast ?)
Elephant gajah Intek chekeh gajah adon
(said to mean
big animal)
* Possibly adopted from the Malays. An Ijok Malay will not mention the
name of his mother.
183
Tlie writer is rather doubtful about the Ijok ordinaiy and tabu
words for elcpliant. With regard to the " baling " and " kemun,"
they are both given by Skeat * as words for tiger used by various
Negrito tribes. The Lenggong Semang from whom the writer got
his information gave "baling" as the word ordinarily in use and
«' kemun " as its tabu equivalent : it will be noticed, however, that in
sentences given below (page 186) the woi'd used for tiger is
the " kemun."
LOVE CHAEMS.
A specimen of the so-called Chenduai flower (Salomonia aphylla)
was bought from a Semang. The Chenduai is in great repute among
the Malays as a love charm.
A CUSTOM RELATING TO DEATHS.
An encampment must always be deserted after the death of a
member of the tribe.
FACE PAINTING AND NOSE PIERCING.
One young woman had stained her forehead with a broad
horizontal band of red pigment. At the corners of her mouth were
two smears of lime, Avhich looked at a distance like tusks protruding
from the top jaw.
Many of the men and women, especially those of some age, had
the septum of the nose pierced to contain a nose-stick, thougli none
of these were seen in use. The Semang showed the writer a
.specimen, made from a procupine quill.
PATTERNS ON DART QUIVERS AND COMBS.
General information concerning the patterns employed to decorate
combs and quivers was very little different from that obtained at
Lenggong. Certain facts, however, came out in the course of
conver.sation with the aborigines, which seem to throw some light on
the assertions made by Vaughan Stevens with regard to the meaning
and use of Semang comb-patterns. He tells us that the largest and
central panel of the Semang comb is called tin-weg and says that
the pattern of this panel represents the disease against Avhich it
is supposed to protect its wearer (vide Skeat and Blagden's Pagan
Races, p. 433). In the course of putting .some questions to the Ijok
people regarding the names of the patterns used on their quivei's the
writer was told that one of their designs was called temvug. When
questioned as to the meaning of the word, they replied that it meant
anything crossed, and pointed as an example to the trellis work
railings of the rest-house steps on which thej^ were -sitting. In
order to make certain that they were understood, they further
volunteered the information that two cords of bead worn diagonally
* Skeat's Pagan Races, Vol. II, Comparative Vocabulary.
184
crossed over the chest are known as tenwug manik. The temvug
pattern is frequently found on the central panels of bamboo combs
and it seems not at all unlikely that Vaughan Stevens, while
intendino" to obtain the name of the central panel of the combs was
merely told the name of the pattern which decorated the panel of
the particular comb which he was studying at the time. Skeat's
quotations from Vaughan Stevens' woi^ks do not, however, make it
sufficientl}^ clear whether these observations were made among the
western or the eastern Semang (Panggan), and Skeat's quotations
are the only medium by which the writer can at present obtain
access to Vaughan Stevens' works. *
At least one man denied that the dart-quiver patterns had any
magical meaning, but another told the writer that the pattern helped
them to obtain food in the jungle. With regard to the quivers it is
probably true that they are supposed to have sympathetic magic
powers since nearly all the designs represent articles of Semang diet,
either animal or vegetable. A Lenggong Semang volunteered a
statement that this was the case (vide Lenggong paper), so it is most
probable that the same thing is also true for Ijok. One or two men
informed the writer in reply to direct questions that the patterns of
the combs had no use as charms, while a single individual on being
rather hardly pressed would only say that perhaps the patterns
were of use, as the women always wore the combs. It is possible
that the patterns had formerly a magical use but that this has now
been almost forgotten. Examples of designs taken from quivers are
given on plate XVI and also a " tenwug " pattern from a comb. It
will be noticed that the designs differ very little, if at all, from
those in use at Lenggong, and that the method of producing many
of them is typically I^egrito, the outer skin of the bamboo being cut
away around the patterns to form a dark coloured background,
the patterns themselves thus standing out slightly in the original
white outer skin of the plant.
AGRICULTURE.
At the time of the writer's visit the aborigines had no ground
under cultivation, but one man said that he intended to open a small
clearing. They were supposed to be at work preparing ataps for
re-roofing the Ijok Mosque but as far as could be seen their labours
did not seem to progress rapidly. The local Malays spoke very
scornfully of the Semangs' agincultural operations saying that they
were too lazy to undertake the troublesome business of burning the
jungle, and that when occasionally they did overcome their natural
indolence an^ had planted a little padi or other crop, they would
probably leave the locality just before it became ripe and everything
would be eaten by birds and monkeys.
* Most of the combs figured by Skeat after Vaughan Stevens are said to be
eastern Negrito, but from where it is not stated.
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Vol. V.
PLATE XVI
TTT T Tn i
rrrrrrrrrrj
TTTTTTTTTl
ES^
k eke k e k
ROUGH SKETCHES OF
PATTERNS EMPLOYED IN THE DECORATION
OF DART QUIVERS AND COMBS
A Sc A'. Decorations at top and base of a dart quiver:
the space between them without ornamentation.
B & B' Two Panels of decoration from a single quiver
w^hich was covered w^ith patterns from top to bottom:
the other designs were however similar to those shown
on this page.
C . Designs from a comb, the central and largest panel
of which is occupied by a Tenwug pattern.
185
TRIBAL NAME AND ORGANIZATION.
The aborigines of Ijok call themselves Menik Gul wliich means
Peoj)lo of the Marsli lands. (Gul, a mai'sh ; menik, men. Baloli
menik = man}" people). Information was also obtained at this
place that the Lenggong Semang called themselves in their own
dialect Scmak Blum, people of the big (water), i.e., the Perak
River. (Scmak, people ; bliim, big. Semak lebeh = many people.)
Ong blum (Semang) = aver besar (Malay) = flood (English). As
at Lenggong each small group or tribe of Semang has an elderly
man in charge of it, who seemed to occupy rather tlie position of the
head of a family than that of a chief.
NAMES OF PATTERNS.
(Plate xvi.)
(a) Padi seed (Kembok bah)
(b) Lotong monkeys teeth (Lemoin boi)
(c) Tenwug
(d) Flying-fox elbows (Kenyong kaweid)
(e) Gourd seeds (Met labu)
(f) Eyes of the Lotong monkey (Met basoh)
(g) Eyes of the Kuwangkweit bird (Mat langkweitn)
This bird is known as the ' gembala riraau ' or tiger's herdsman,
and is said always to accompany a tiger.
(h) Bracelets (Gelang, name obtained in Malay onl}-)
(i) Tenwug of the flower sheaths of the Jack-fruit (Tenwug
nangka.)
(j) Cucumber seeds (Biji timon, name obtained in Malay only)
(k) Tortoise breast pattern
(1) Snakes (Ular, name obtained in Malay only.)
LANGUAGE.
Since several vocabularies of the language spoken by the
Semang of Ijok have already been taken, the writer thought it well,
instead of simi)ly cliecking other observer's lists, and possibly adding
a few new words, to make some slight attempt to break new ground.
With this purpose in view a number of short sentences in the
dialects both of Lenggong and Ijok wei^e obtained in order to
illustrate to some extent the gi-ammatical constructions employed.
This will be found below with their equivalents in both Malay and
English, the sentences in the former language, which is necessarily
used as the medium for communicating with the aborigines, being
given more with the idea of retaining the original form in which the
questions were put than of showing any woi'ds which may have been
borrowed from it by the aborigines or which have a common origin.
It will be noted that the Semang of Ijok as well as the aborigines of
Lenggong use numeral co-efiicients, only instead of speaking of "Oxen
March, 191S.
186
seven tail," as is done by the Malays, they say " Seven body oxen."
The possessive pz'onouns follow the words with which they agree, as
they do in good Malay.
Lensrgong Dialect.
.. Chib deteh...
.. Chib denah
.. Chib dayeh
.. Jek katuiig
.. Geh nihiik ...
English, Malay.
To go up country... Pergi iihi ...
Come here... ... Mari sini ...
To go down stream Pergi hilir . . .
Don't be frightened Jangan takut
To fell trees ... Tebong kayu
Give (me) water ... Kasi ayer ...
Give (me) food (i.e. Kasi makan
rice)
Heavy rain ... Hujan lebat
Many fish ... ... Ikan banyak
Ogong
Og nasi ingae
Ml chekel ...
Lebeh kak ...
Ijok Dialect.
Chug nilling
Pe badih ...
Chug nutok
Yinket intugii
Tebong n'huk
Ag betayu
Ag yeh chi
Hujan lebet
Ikan baloh
(I) don't want to go Ta m a h u pergi Injek kachib kenail Yeh hendak miichub
fishing panching kenigbi
Don't be angry ... Jangan marah ... Jek kachik ... Yin-kat gahat
This fish is nice ... Ikan ini sedap ... Kak noh selel^?^ ... Ikan n'sedep
(I) am frightened (Sahya") takut hari- Intug«. kiimfin ... Intugn teiok,
of tigers mau (possibly tabu
language)
Very beautiful ... Chantek sangat ... Bet lelo'ie ... ... Berut amed
This ox is better Lembu ini 1 e b e h Lemii nah bet lelo'ie Behud lembu uteh
than that baik deripada itu yeh antn ugh ugh
Tm^o (head of) oxen Dua ekor lembu ... Ni kenSk mir lemu Biehkeboh lembu
(lit,two tail oxen) ("mor" means ("keboh" means
body) body)
Lem ii ahudw leloie Lembu m i n c h a h
iimed
ban-
(That) ox is very fat Lembu (itu)
yak gemok
About, approxi - Kira kira ...
mately
About, more or less Kurang lebeh
(About a dollar) (kurang lebeh sa'
ringgit)
Bichiikub
Essen menains
Yeh machaychaw
Kiiflt baloh
I hit his head
Sahya pukul kepala Ikn. t e b a w kuie Yeh chong kuie tekti
He hit my foot ... Dia pukul k a k i Anen tebaw jnkn (A phrase was given,
sahya
ikn
but it means, " I hit
his foot," "Yeh
chong chan tekti ")
ARTICLI
3S OF FOOD.
Hubi
Piang
Gilk«.
Talis
Siliik
Siliik
NAMES OF A FEW
Tapioca ... . Ubi kayu ...
Yam (an aroid) ... Keladi
Keledek Keledek
(A tuber of a con-
volvulus. Convol-
vulus batatas (?)
The Rambutan fruit Buah rambntan ... Boh tangoie ... Boh tangoie
{Nephelium lap-
paeum)
The Durian fruit ... Buah dnrian ... Boh penug... ... Boh penig
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE SEMANG PAY A OF l.JOK,
SBLAMA, PERAK.
By HERBERT C. ROBINSON AND C. BODEN KLOSS.
(Plates XVIT-XXV).
^ j^HE following notes taken by us on a visit to Ijok in March, 1909,
refer to the same tribe, and indeed to practically the same
individuals as those visited by Mr. Evans, forming the subject of
the previous paper. Insomuch as they are accompanied by a
number of photographs and measurements and a fairly full
vocabulary * we have thought it worth while to publish them,
though a certain amount of material, dealing with primitive beliefs
and psychology has unfortunately been mislaid.
I.— RANGE OP TRIBE.
The Negrito people forming the subject of the present notes
are at the present day confined to a district stretching from Selama
and the Krian river on the north to Batu Kurau on the south ;
eastward they are limited by the crest of the Larut range of
mountains, which terminates in Gunong Bintang, a mountain over
6,000 feet in height, while westward they probably never cross the
railway running into Province Wellesley or venture into Kedah.
In former days, as we were informed by their present headman,
their range extended to Kuala Kux'au and Kuala Larut on the
sea coast and even so far south as Bruas but the destruction of jungle
due to the advance of cultivation and the spread of population,
Malay and foreign, now confines them to their present narrow limits.
To the north-west they are in contact with the Negritos of,
Kedah, centring in Sidin and Baling, the former of whom
occasionally cross the Perak boundary at Ulu Selama while eastwards
they are in more intimate relations with the closely allied tribe
inhabiting, according to one of its members, the eastern slopes of the
Larut range, down to the Perak river, from Kuala Kenering, south to
Kota Tampin and Kuala Plus. With these latter they intermarry.
It seems evident that the Semang Paya are a tribe rapidly
approaching extinction, and that the day is not far distant, when
there will no longer be left any representatives of the primitive
jungle dwellers, who formerly inhabited the extensive tract of
country between the Perak river and the sea. It should be noted,
however, that this is the first time that Negritos have been recorded
south of Taiping and that the evidence, such as it is, is solely
traditional.
* To appear in a subsequent number of the Museums Journal.
188
CONDITIONS.
Though maintaining- a nominal independence we found the Semang
of Ijok living in close contact -with the Malay's of the village, who
formerly, by employing them to cultivate liill padi escaped the
payment of rent to Government, aborigines being exempt from this
form of taxation. ]^ow, however, ladang cultivation is discouraged
and the Semang is no longer an agriculturalist.
At the time of our visit their headquarters were situated in
garden land belonging to a Malay who was not improbably their
"gembala" or "herdsman" a term, commonly applied, in Semang
districts, to Malays who possess influence, hereditary or acquired
over these primitive folk, which influence it is needless to i^emark, is
not altogether unprofitable to the possessor. Men and w^omen
entered the village at will and purchased at the Chinese shops, where
we were credibly informed that a proportion of them had acquired or
been persuaded to acquire a taste for opium, They certainly showed
an appreciation of money though whether they were able to obtain
full value for it is problematical.
We saw in all eleven people, five adult males, of whom one was
elderly, three women, one of whom was aged and three children, but
we are certain that a few others did not show themselves. The
Tunku Mentri of Larut, who has held the office of Malay Magistrate
of the district for some years, assured us that he was certain that the
total population of Semangs in the Selama sub-district was less than
fifty.*
HABITATIONS.
(Plates xviii and xix).
The village consisted of about seven " houses " ; each house was
merely a curved wind-break and I'oof combined made up of a light
frame work of bamboos and sticks, supporting a thatch made of the
fi'onds of the bertam palm {Eugeissona tristis), sheltering a floor
space of some six feet by four on which was a rude platform very
slightly raised made of the mid-ribs of the same palm. In two or
three instances these latter were mei^ely laid on the ground. The
huts were in no sequence or order and faced in no particular
direction. There was no regular fire-place and cooking operations
were conducted anywhere over a fire made of a few branches or
smouldering logs. The ground was littered with palm pinnos, wood
shavings and broken bamboo, the debris of matwork and basketry in
process of manufacture.
* As regards the numbers of this tribe tlie third decennial census of the
Federated Malay States taken on the night of the 10th ilarch, 1911, records 37
persons as inhabiting the Selama districts. Of these, 22 were adult, 10 males and
12 females ; and 15 children, 9 males and 6 females.
.189
These houses were built by the women on account of a superstition
that exists to the effect that if any portion of the camp is built by
men the party living in it would be eaten by tigers. *
PHYSICAL CHARACTEKS.
Dealing witli the physical characters of these people the colour of
the skin, was found to be intermediate between shades 3-4 of Broca
as given in the " Notes and Queries on Anthropology " published by
the British Association in 1899, which at the moment was the only
scale to hand, though it is well to note that in the Indo-Malayan
region this scale is not sufficiently extensive to be of much compara-
tive value. In short the skin, though varying widely between the
two tints, neither of which it resembled, might be described as
essentially rufous chocolate, without any lustre or oily appearance.
The colour on the whole body was very uniform but in two
instances was much bleached by an aggravated form of kurap
(Tinea sp.), to which these people, owing to their mode of life, are
especially liable.
The hair, always a difficult character to describe, was dull black
in colour, not coarse in texture, but somewhat wiry. On the whole
it grew evenly over the scalp and it was difficult to detect any trace
of the peppercorn appearance characteristic of the true Andamanese
Negrito. It may be described as woolly or in cases where it had not
been recently shaved as fuzzy. The liair of the children was worn
longer than that of the adults and resembled the wool on the back
of a sheep.
In some cases it was evidently shaved periodically over the whole
of the scalp (pi. xvii, third figure from left ; pi. xx, right hand figure)
which in others (pi. xvii, fourth figure from left ; pi. xx, left hand
figure) a nari'ow brow fillet about two inches wide extended from
ear to ear. The two women we saw, one of whom was nearly nubile
but unmarried, had a lock of hair an inch or two longer than the
rest on the back of the crown.
The headman wore a slightly frizzly beard and one or two others
had indications of a moustache. Body hair including the axillary
and public regions and the lower limbs was scanty, the rest of the
body was practically glabrous.
The eyes were the rich dark brown that is conventionally
described as black, the sclerotic was slightly stained yellow, the
plane of the eyelids was horizontal ; in only two instances was there
the slightest trace of an epicanthus : the eyelashes were particularly
long and fine.
^* With further regard to the sexes we found that this party also maiutained
a custom which forbade father-in-law and daughter-in-law to comnmuicate
directly with each other.
190
The nose was especially broad, concave and flattened, the nostrils
being visible from above, except in one or two instances in which the
tip was depressed and flattened forming a hook.
The lips were not particularly thick nor were they much
everted. Prognathism was only slightly indicated. The cheek
bones wei'e only moderately prominent and the contour of the face
was shield-shaped ; superciliary and other ridges were not in
evidence and the whole cranium appeared like that of the majority
of these tribes to be of infantile type. The chin was somewhat
pointed and the jaw though small was powerfully formed at the
angles, the muscles being well developed. Teeth were white and
regular. The ears were small, flat and without lobes. The fore-
head was narrow and rounded and the skull ill-filled.
The general exjDression was not vivacious, appearing to us
hardly that of a people dependent on their alertness for the means
of subsistence.
The hands were small, the fingers delicate and tapering, the feet
were turned out wlien walking but the great toe was quite in line
with the inner side of the foot, being in no way deflected.
DRESS AISD ADORNMENT.
The dress of the males was a cotton or bark-cloth T-bandage,
the end being brought up beneath a rattan girdle and dependent in
front ; that of the women consisted of two skirts, one being composed
of one foot lengths of the rhizomorph of a fungus {alcar bahi) knotted
by a clove hitch to a double length of cord of doubtful origin forming
a. fringe about three feet long which was found round the waist
The second skirt was of similar form but of greater depth and less
exiguous being made of shredded grass and vegetable fibre, bunched
over the hips. Both sexes wore bracelets and necklet of the same
aJcar hatu as that composing the women's skirts, plaited rattan
bracelets and, for state occasions, ornaments of beads of various
colours strung with the teeth of monkeys and worn either
as fillets or necklets. The men also were pandan leaf fillets
ornamented with scarlet flowers with a long projecting plume at the
back of the same material. The ears were not perforated and no
ear-rings were seen but the septum of the nose was pierced for the
reception of a porcupine quill or other similar ornament. Large
bunches of white flowers were worn by the women on one occasion
at the back of the head. Ornamented bamboo combs were also in use
by the women but were not abundant and were parted with
reluctantly.
WEAPONS.
We have little to add to Mr. Evans' description of the weapons
but it may be mentioned that bamboo spears, with the points hardened
by the fire are in use for hunting, while the bow and arrow though
not actually used at the present day by the Ijok Seraang are ftot
unknown to them.
Journ. F.M.S Mus.— Vol. V.
PI. XVll.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. V.
PI. XV 11 1
JoLirn. F.M.S. Miis. Vol. V.
PI. XIX.
1^
<
IX
Q-
f-'
U
H
<
CO
z
<
UJ
CA)
o
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PI. XX.
H . C. Robinson. Photo.
Semang of IJOK, Sela.ma District, Perak.
JoLirn. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. \'.
PI. XXI.
//. I. . huvim
Se.wang of Ijok, Sela.wa District. Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— \'ul. \'.
1^1. XXll.
//. C. Rorn:>.uii. I'hvL
Se.wang of IJOK, Shla.wa District, Perak.
I
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. \'.
PI. XXIII.
C. B. Klost, Phot,..
SEMANG of IJOK, SELAMA IJISTRIGT, PERAK.
\
JoLirn. F.M.S. Mus. A'ol. \'.
PI. XXIV.
<
a.
z
<
CD
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— V<j1. \'.
PI. XXV.
fV^^I
.^jii^tfflMAdS^'biaK^^kiaii^c^^T
^■^m^ ,.^tf
J
E^Ar 7.«!Sr,^UaL!^^
>. '. ^
^t^r.. -^^
'm'ik--^:.^^ '.:.'-^'\
^1-,^^.
;>^^i^l
n^^-./v
. >J1pi^
>'----^
//. C. Robinson, Photo.
IPOH Poison Tree (Antiaris toxicaria) SHOWING Tapping Cuts.
Juurn. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. \'
PI. XXV.
//. C. Robinson. Photo.
IPOH POISON Tree (Antiaris toxicaria) SHOWING TAPPING CUTS.
191
The only poison in use is ipoh (antiaris toxicaria). Brual, which
derives it potency trom an alkaloid allied to or or identical with
strychnine, being apparently unknown to them.
The photograph of an exceptionally large i'poh tree in the jungle
near Ijok, which must have been in use for several generations is
reproduced on plate xxv.
During our stay we were able to verify the fact that ipoh is not
effective against domestic poultry. A considerable quantity was
applied to a Avound on the thigh of an old rooster and though the
the bird looked uncomfortable for two or three hours it recovered
completely and was later eaten without ill effects by our Malay
boys.
The local Semang, as do other aborigines of the Peninsula, assert
that ipoh is without effect on ground game and poultry whereas
hrtial has a toxic effect on everything wounded by an arrow charged
with it. Ijyoh loses its effect very quickly when kept long and
especially when exposed to damp but the poison used on this
occasion was quite freshly prepai-ed.
MEASUREMENT OF "SEMANG" TAKEN AT IJOK, SELAMA, PERAK.
Number
Age
Character of liaiv
Epicanthus
Stature ...
Length of head...
Breadth of head
Length of face . . .
Breadth of face . . .
Circumference of chest
Length of nose . . ,
Breadth of nose
Indices.
Cephalic index . . .
Facial index
Nasal index
1
2
3
4
5
± 30
± 25
± 40
± 25
± 20
very
shaved
grey
very
woolly
woolly
curly
woolly
absent
absent
absent
absent
slight
6
± 30
shaved
sliffht
MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETRES.
474
1582
1490
1547
1618
178
174
186
183
176
138
140
141
141
138
101
119
107
101
117
134
137
143
129
130
857
873
795
780
797
38
41
42
36
44
45.5
39
46
39
42
77.5
80.5
75.8
77.1
78.4
75.8
86.9
74.8
78.5
90.0
120
95.1
109.5
101.3
95.5
1640
190
148
117
139
815
45
47.5
77.9
84.2
105.5
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are pure bred, Ijok Semang. No. 4 was a half bred
between a Leuggong man and an Ijok mother. Nos. 5 and 6 were
Lenggong " SaKai."
NOTES ON SOME ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF PAHANG.
By Ivor H. N. EVANS, b.a., Assistant Curator and Ethnographical
Assistant, F.M.S. Museums.
(Plates XXVI-XXXVUI),
n^HE folloTving short papers are the results of a month's work in
Pahang carried out in September and October, 1913. Three
parties of Jakun-like people * were met with as well as two small
divisions of Pangan (eastern Negritos). Kuala Tembeling was the
point from which various expeditions were made, short v^isits being
paid to the Cheka river, the Tekai river and the mouth of the
Retang.
The Jelai or Pahang, the largest river in the country, is known
by the former name above Kuala Tembeling, where a small stream
called the Pahang joins it, and by the latter below this point, though
actually the Jelai and the Pahang are one, the stream which gives
.the river its name in its lower reaches being merely a small
tributary. t The Cheka joins the main stream on its right bank not
far above Kuala Tembeling, and the Retang just below Kuala
Tembeling on its left bank. The Tekai is a tributary of the
Tembeling. The Tembeling enters the Jelai at Kuala Tembeling
as the name shows (Kuala, river mouth).
The two divisions of Pangans were living on the Cheka, one
about its head- waters and the other not far from its mouth. Of the
Jakun, sections of two tribes had settled close together on the Tekai,
and a portion of another near the mouth of the Retang. There has
evidently been a great re-shuffling of tribes in this part of Pahang,
and attention is di'awn to the recent wanderings of the Tekai and
Retang aborigines in the sections dealing with these peoples. In the
small district of Pahang under review we have the Jakun tribes of
the Tembeling living some miles to the north of the Cheka Pangan,
whereas properly the Pangan country, comprising very roughly the
eastern Siamese States of the Peninsula, Trengganu, Kelantan and
N.E. Pahang, lies north of that inhabited by Sakai and Jakun tribes,
except along the line of the main mountain range of the Peninsula
to the west, which forms a rough boundary, .between Jakun, Sakai,
and Semang and the eastern Negritos (Pangan). In the district
with which these papers deal Sakai and Pangan and Jakun meet
and overlap, if not fuse.
* These Jakun-like people, have probably a small admixture of Sakai
blood, and speak Sakai dialects. In this paper, for the sake of convenience,
they are elsewhere referred to as Jakun.
t For further reference to this Malay mclhod of naming rivers .see " Kelantan,
a State of the Malay Peninsula " by W. A. Graham (Page 8).
193
THE PAXGAN OB^ TJIE CHEKA lllVER, PAHANG.
(Plates xxvi-xxx, xxxvii and xxxviii).
The two divisions of the Pangan.met with on the Cheka are
settled as compared with those of many of the rivei's of Paliang,
which are said rarely to come in contact even with the Malays.
Each group is under the control of a Malay, whom they look upon
as their master and protector. The Malay on his side no doubt
makes a very good thing out of the pact, sending the Pangan oif into
the jungle to collect large quantities of rattans and other produce
for him, and supplying them in return with rice, tobacco, and
occasionally with a little cloth. The Malay who controls the
Pangan in the Ulu (head-waters of the) Cheka is a Sumatran
named Man, wlio has married a local Malay woman, it being
through his wife that he has obtained his power over the people.
The Pangan of the Kuala (mouth of the) Cheka are also " owned "
by a Sumatran Malay, a Kampar man, named Pakeli, who is a
son-in-law of the local Penghulu or village headman. The writer
was unfortunately only able to meet these groups of Pangan for a
short time, altogether parts of four days, as in both cases their
Malay master Avas impatient for them to go in search of jungle
produce, and only kept them back for a couple of days by special
request.
TllIBAL NAME AND ORGANIZATION.
The tribal name of the Cheka Pangan, and that l)y which they
like to be called, appears to be Battek, which in their own language
simply means " men." In dealing with people in a low state of
civilization there is generally a difficulty in getting them to grasp
abstract ideas, and it it is always quite possible that no true
tribal name may exist apart from that given by a race in a more
advanced state. Many of the aboriginal tribes of the Peninsula, as
the Cheka people, simply call themselves " men " (Senoi, Menik
Semark, etc.), or, if they can give more details, describe themselves
as, "men of the marshes," (menik gul), men of the river reaches,
(menik rantau), men of the big river (semark blum), etc. After all
from what are many of our European national names derived if not
from some such simple beginnings, e.g. Saxons, men who wear the
Seaxe, Cymri said to mean comrades, French (Frank) probably
meaning free ? The Cheka people repudiated absolutely the name of
Pangan, which they gave tlie writer to understand denoted a low,
black, jungle-living, root-eating kind of a person quite different from
themselves. Pangan in the sense of being eastern Negritos they
however undoubtedly wei-e, but they had progressed in so far that
they had to a certain extent abandoned their wandering life and had
taken slightly to agriculture. Pangan too was the usual term used
by the local Malays* in speaking of the Cheka aborigines among
* The Pangan name for the Malays is Gup.
194
themselves, but when addressing an aboriginal they substituted
Battek for the former term. As has been remarked in another
paper, all the jungle tribes dislike having such terms as Sakai,
Semang, etc., applied to them, which they know the Malays use in a
slighting sense, but are pleased if called by some other name to
which no stigma is attached.
The rame applied by the Malays to each small division of Pangaii
is " puwak" ; according to Wilkinson meaning a troop, an assembly,
or the family in the widest sense. The Malays in using the term will
speak of " Pachet's puwak," or say that there is a " puwak " of
Pangan living on such and such a river. Probably the word is used
in the family sense as each party seems to be little more than a
family of which one or two of the elder men are in charge. There
appears, however, to be some slight bond between different " puwaks "
related by blood or language, whicli unites them into a very loosely
knit tribe. The Cheka Pangan call their elders by certain names
which they have probably partly got from the Malays, v/ho often
give aboriginals high sounding titles in fun, these being generally
used by the recipient in all seriousness. If not obtained from the
Malays the titles have been adopted from some Sakai or Jakun tribe,
most likely the latter (Batin, see below, being a Jakun title) with
whom they have been in contact at some fairly recent date. The
full list of Pangan dignitaries, according to the Kuala Cheka people,
runs in order as follows Batin, Rajah, Pengghulu, Pemangku. The
Rajah-ship is at present in abeyance, the former occupant of the
office, who lived in the Ulu Cheka, having died recently. The Batin
and the Pemangku are with the Kuala Cheka division of the tribe.
The writer was told that there was another " puwak " of Pangan,
who were appai'ently part of the same loosely organized tribe, living
on the Krau river with the local Sakai. Titles are said to descend
in the male line, i.e., to the eldest son of the deceased officer.
HABITATIONS.
As has been already remarked, the Pangan of the Cheka river
have made some little advance in civilization owing to having partly
given up their roving habits. The only settlement visited was that
of the Ulu Cheka group. This was reached after about half an
hour's walk from the Malay village of Kampong Ulu Cheka, and
consisted of three huts standing in quite an extensive clearing. The
most interesting feature about these was that they wei-e not raised
from the ground. The houses of the Malay, the Jakun and the
Sakai are almost invariably pile dwellings of the usual type found
throughout the Indo-Chinese and Indonesian regions.
Even Sakai and Jakun huts occupied perhaps only for a couple of
months are generally of this type. The Negrito inhabitants of the
Peninsula, who are typically a nomad people, build either beehive
huts of palm leaves or small wind shelters of the same materials, the
195
only other type of artificial * dwelling recorded being tree-shelters.
The Pangan of the Ulu Cheka have, therefoi-e, even when they have
advanced far enough to build a dwelling which may be dignified by
the name of a house, clung to the old Negrito plan of building on the
gi'ound and have not adopted the pile-dwelling type of house of their
Malay and Sakai neighbours. Each house consisted of a single room
and, apart from the fact that there was no kitchen (dapor) or inner
room and that it was built on the ground, the Pangan dwelling in its
shape, method of construction, and materials was not unlike that of
the poorer class of Pahang Malay. The walls were made of sheets of
bark of the Tcepoiuj tree stretched over the framework of the house
while the roof was thatched with leaves of the chuchoh palm. In
one hut visited, which will serve as an example of the others, there
was a space of bare earth reaching from the door to the wall at the
back, and occupying about one-thii"d of the floor space : in the middle
of this a fire was burning, which was made of small logs placed
radially. The rest of the earth floor was covered in by a sleeping
platform of split bamboo I'aised about six inches from the ground on
a rude framework of saplings or small branches. On the platform
were lying a few pandanus mats, not unskilfully made, but without
any ornamentation. Sevei-al broken pieces of blow-pipes and one
whole specimen were stored under the platform. Various house-
hold utensils such as water-gourds, and cooking pots, the latter
bought from Malay or Chinese tradeis, were ranged along tlie wall at
the back of the hut and in one corner were a couple of large meshed
carrying baskets of hemban. At the time of the writer's visit there
were only four men and a woman with a baby in the settlement,
the other inhabitants, women and children, having gone oft' into the
jungle to dig for roots.
No opportunity of visiting the settlement near Kuala Cheka
presented itself, but they said that they also had a clearing and from
their description their houses seemed to be of the same type as those
of the Ulu Cheka people.
DRESS AND ADORNMENT.
The Pangan men all wora T-bandage loin-cloths of native bark
cloth or of European cotton stuff, supported by a string of vegetable
fibre or split rattan tied round the waist. Above this a long cord,
made either of the plaited rliizomorphs of a fungus called akar batu
or of the plaited fibres of a palm, was wound several times tightly
round the body with its ends tied together. This cord was often
used for holding a sheathless parang or working knife, which thus
hung with its naked blade against the thigh and buttocks. Necklaces
and bracelets of several single strands of alcar batu were common,
the former being tied in front so as to leave an end depending.
Other than these the men were wearing no ornaments. The women
* Rock shelters ai'e of teu made use of.
196
usually made some attempt at decorating themselves ; their dress
consisted of a very scanty T-bandage loin-cloth of terap {artocarpus
kunstleri) or ipoh (antiaris toxicaria) bark held in position by a
string of vegetable fibre wound many times around the waist ; above
this one or two of them wore an ornament made from a single strip
of rattan cane coiled several times round the body, the two ends of
the coil being tied together. These strips of rattan were decorated
with neatly scratched-in patterns ornamented with burnt-in dots
(plate xxxvii). Bamboo combs were rare, but two examples were
obtained, one a large and rather new specimen (length 12.5 cms.
breadth 6.5 cms.) decorated with some very roughly scratched-in
patterns which were said to represent jungle flowers ; the other
older and smaller (length 8.5 cms., breadth 4.5 cms.), the patterns on
it being chiefly of the type known to Malays as " puchok rebong " —
bamboo sprouts. Studs of rolled up palas leaves were noticed in
the ears of an unmarried girl and a married woman was seen
wearing a bamboo comb and several flowers of the sendiidoh
{Melastoma polyanthum) in her hair.
With regard to hair dressing the difl^erent types can be well
seen in the accompanying illustrations. The men often shave the
head entirely, partly in order to rid themselves of parasites, partly
owing to the trouble of dressing their densely matted hair, and
probably also in order that the Malays shall not be able to tease
them about having woolly heads. With their fondness for shaving
or cutting the hair very short it is difficult to obtain any idea as
to what length the hair would grow if not interfered with. The
married woman in the centre of plate xxix (upper figure) is not
typical and it would therefore be unfair to theorize upon the length
of her liair. The other tv/o unmarried girls in the same picture
have their hair cut fairly short. The married woman seen in the
Ulu Cheka had hair reaching only to the base of the neck. Probably
typical Negrito hair if left uncut would only grow long enough to
form a large woolly mop.
WEAPONS.
Apart from two old Tower muskets seen in the house of one
of the Ulu Cheka Pangan, the only weapons in use appeared
to be blow-pipes and even these were comparatively rare, each
man, as a rule, only possessing a single specimen. The reason
for this was, the Pangan said, that bamboos with a length
between the joints sufficient for making blow-pipes wex-e very
difficult to get locally. The most prized weapons they owned
were those obtained from other aboriginal tribes, especially from
the aborigines who live in the hilly country at the source of the
river Jelai, probably a Sakai tribe, who, living in a mountainous
district, are able to obtain long-jointed bamboos. The Pangan
thus value their blow-pipes very highly, one man saying that
197
his had belonged to his lather before him, and it was an heirloom.
A few locally made blow-pipes were however seen : these were mncli
clumsier tlian those made by the liill peojde. Tn general design lliey
resembled the usual type found in Selangoi-. Negri Sembilan and
N, E. Pahang, having a conical wooden mouth-]nece and a lasliing of
rattan binding around the distal end of the outer tube. The baml^oo
of this tube was split longitudinally all round into a number of thin
strips by cutting out long wedge-shaped pieces, the broader ends of
the wedges lying towai-ds the muzzle. The strips of bamboo into
which the muzzle of the outer tube was thus divided were drawn to-
gether again into cylindrical form, this necessarily leaving the muzzle
with a diameter considerably less than that of the rest of the tube.
To keep the strips together they were lapped round with the rattan
binding mentioned above, which is covered over with some kind of
gum or resin, that most generally used being " gettah malau "
or " ambalau."
The purpose of treating the end of the outer bamboo in this
manner is to give it a good grip on the inner tube. Pangan
statements as to the difficulty of obtaining suitable bamboos for
making blow-pipes were supported by two peculiarities in the
outer or covering tube of most of the locally made specimens,
one being that the weapons were rather clumsy since the bamboos
used for the outer tubes were considerably larger than those
generally employed by the jungle tribes of Selangor or Negri
Sembilan ; the other that each outer tube was made in two
sections, and consisted of a long proximal joint, a whole internode,
into which a shorter piece was fitted to form the distal or muzzle
section. These two pieces were joined by shaving down one
end of the bamboo which was to form the muzzle section for a length
of about seven cms. and then pushing this portion into the distal
section, the joint being strengthened by a binding of rattan around
the end of the enclosing bamboo Other aboriginal tribes generally
use either a single long internode to form the outer tube or
else cut two internodes with their connecting node, and poke out
the septum to allow the passage of the inner tube ; the remaining
thickened ring from which the septum arose helping to keep the
inner tube in position. There are, however, several specimens of
blow-pipes in the Perak Museum in which the outer tube is
composed of two pieces, these mostly being from the Slim district of
Batang Padang, and it is noticeable that in all these the proximal
section is made from a rather large bamboo a-^d the distal from one
which is a good deal smaller. These remarks also hold good for the
Pangan blow-pipes, and it seems likely that the reason for making
the outer tube in two pieces is that certain tribes have adopted
rather a different method of insuring the rigidity of the inner tube,
this probably again being owing to the local distribution of diffei-ent
species of bamboo. For this purpose the Upper Perak people rely
198
on a tightly fitting outer tube made from a single internode ; the
tribes who use outer tubes composed of two internodes and their
intervening node on the support afforded by the narrow muzzle, the
remains of the node on the inside of the outer tube, the covering
section of the inner tube joint, which touches the inner wall of the
outer tube, and the attachment of the mouth-piece which is aflfixed
to the inner tube end and fits closely into the outer ; whereas the
users of two-piece outer tubes have the inner tube supported at the
junction of the mouth-piece, and along the whole length of the small
distal section of the outer tube. With regard to the inner tube of
the Cheka type of blow-pipe it has no peculiarities calling for notice
beyond the fact that its proximal section is rather short which
brings the covering section of the bamboo over the joint well down
within the larger portion of the outer tube, without touching it.
The Pangan dart-quiver of the Cheka river is of rather an
intermediate type. The only specimen obtained, which was
purchased from the Ulu Cheka people, is a good example. It is a
plain bamboo receptacle 39 cms. high with a cover of soft plaited
pandanus, the top of which is slightly convex and rises near its edge
into four very slightly marked points. This is rather reminiscent of
the type of cover found on many of the quivers belonging to
what Skeat calls the Kuan tan type of blow-pipe, (see blow-pipe and
quiver described below on p. 210). The Cheka quiver is rather
taller than those of the ordinary Selangor type and contains extremely
long darts, exceeding in length those from any aboriginal tribe in
the Perak Museum collection, their length being on average 33 cms.
The standard for measuring blow-pipe darts according to the Ulu
Cheka people is from the maker's elbow to the bottom joint of his
little finger. The Pangan of Ulu Aring, Kelantan, as Skeat tells us,
also use this standard as well as another, the length of the foot.
The tops of several dart heads in the quiver are marked with a
black cross, which the Pangans said was merely made for ornament.
The poisoned darts of which there are only three in the quiver are
all unmarked, and of the unpoisoned ones some have the marking,
and others not. In a few cases the base of the conical dart-head has
also been blackened to a height of about a third of an inch. The
poison used on the darts was said to be made from ipoh (antiaris
toxicaria), ipoh akar (strychnos sp. ?), bangkong tihus (?) and
other vegetable substances.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
Only a single musical instrument was obtained from the Pangan,
this being a simple two stringed zither of the kind known to the
Malays as " gendang batak." It consists of two fine strings made
from a single length of liana stretched longitudinally on an internode
of bamboo. The upper points of attachment of the strings (i.e., the
ends of the length of liana) are bound several times round the body
199
of the instrument and are finished off in two ornamental scroll-knots.
At the lower point of attaclinient where the coi'd is folded backwards,
the strings are kept in position by a small wooden cross-piece, held
by a loop knot, the cross piece resting against the edge of the
bamboo internode. An excellent illustration of the same type
of instrument will be found in Messrs Annandale and Robinson's
Fasciculi Malayenses (^Anthropology, Part II, (a), plate xxi, c 24).
The only difference between this and the Pangan specimen
being the method of fastening the strings at the base of the
instrument.
The Pangan told the writer that musical entertainments were
only indulged in during the fruit season, and consequently at other
times of year they had few musical instruments in their houses,
those from the previous season having been broken or thrown
away.
OTHER MANUFACTURES.
Other than the blow-pipes, quivers, bark-cloth, combs and
carrying baskets already mentioned the Pangan seemed to have very
few articles of their own manufacture. Small pandanus pouches
for holding sireh leaf and betel nut were in general use, and two
curious tocacco boxes made from the shell of the tertia or kulim
(Sorodocarpus horneensis) fruit were also seen. These were formed
by boring a round hole in the lower end of the shell at either side
and polishing the outside, the septum in the interior being complete.
An nnusual type of wooden mortar, used for pounding up food
stufi" , was bought in the Ulu Cheka. It was cut from a solid block
of wood and its body much resembled that of the mortars used by
the Semang of Perak. The pecularity about it was that its base
tapered into a spike seven cms. long. This enabled the utensil to be
fixed firmly in the ground when required for use. Small wooden
stirrers, such as the Malays call s«<?ii, were seen in the Ulu Cheka
and were used in cooking rice. A heavy palm-wood * club or
mallet, 28 cms. long, used for beating out bark-cloth was purchased
in the Ulu Cheka. The head of this was flattened on either side,
but one side, that used in making the cloth, was cross-hatched with
fairly deep cuts which divided up the surface into small and rather
irregular i-ectangular sections. Gourds for holding water were in
general use but presented no special features.
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY.
As noted above, the Pangan have made some little progress in
the arts of agriculture. The houses of the Ulu Cheka people were
situated in a wide jungle clearing planted with Indian corn. At the
time of the writer's visit they were living partly on such food as
* Made from the wood of the hayas palm.
200
they could obtain from their Malay protector in return for jungle
produce, and partly on tubers which they dug up in the jungle and
roasted in the ashes of their fires. The corn crop was just beginning
to ripen so they were only able to pick a few heads from it each day.
They probably added to the menu by shooting animals and birds
with their blow -pipes. Fish are easy to obtain in the Cheka river,
either by means^of traps or with rod and line.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENTS.
With regard to the aborigines of the Ulu Cheka, the four men
and one women seen might all be said to be fairly typical Negritos.
The skin colour was dark brown to black and the hair woolly and of
the sooty dry-looking colour commonly found among the Perak
Semang. Three of the men very much resembled in facial
appearance the Pangan of the Ulu Aring, Kelantan, of whom a
picture is given in Skeat's Pagan Races (Vol. II, p. 777) : the fourth
man, Pachet the leader of the partly, had a rather childish facial
expression,* like that to be so often seen in the Semang. Among
the Kuala Cheka people it was noticeable that some of the younger
members of the party were much less typical than their elders, for
instance the young man, the second from the left in plate xxvii has
hair which is as straight as that of the average Malay, while that of
the other three members of the group is more or less typical. The
woman who is the central figure in plate xxix (upper figure)
is again not typical, the hair being rather wavy than frizzly
and the skin comparatively light : her whole appearance being
in fact rather Sakai than Negrito. On the other hand the
little girl on the left of the same picture, besides having rather
typical hair, had a skin almost as black as that of a West
African negress, this character being well shown in plate xxvi
where she appears again. The other woman of the three
photographed was fairly true to Negrito type, having frizzly hair, a
dark brown skin, and a rather infantile type of face. The man
shown in plate xxx had the most truly Negrito hair seen among
the Cheka Pangan, each cui"! being tightly wound into a little ball,
the hair foi-mation differing only from that of a South African
Bushman in the lesser extent of skin visible between each curl.
This is best shown in the right hand figure. The writer paid a
second visit to Kuala Cheka after leaving the Tekai in order to make
sure of getting some fairly clear photographs, as those obtained
on the first occasion when he met the Kuala Cheka Pangan had
been taken undei bad weather conditions : unfortunately, however,
this man had shaved his head in the interval. The Batin, who was
in charge of the Kuala Cheka Pangan, had a small chin-tuft beard,
as had also Songsong an Ulu Cheka man.
* The photographs taken in tlie Uhi Cheka unfortunately did not turn out
well enough to rej^roduce.
201
HEAD MEASUREMENTS.
These were all taken from Adult Males.
Length of
Breadth
Cephalic
Locality.
head.
of head.
Remarks.
mm.
mm.
(1) Kuala Cheka
186
138
74.1
(2)
184
136
73.9
(3)
176
137
77.77
(4) Ulu Cheka
176
137
77.77
Man named Yes
(5)
184
144
78.2
Man named Pachet
(6)
171
140
81.8
Man named Songsong
(7)
181
140
77.9
Man named Wul
The average cephalic index of the seven individuals measured is
therefore 77.2, ranging fx'om 82-74.
It is scarcely fair to base any conclusions on so small a series of
measurements, but, in so far as they go, they show considerable
variety, two of the Kuala Cheka men being dolichocephals (cephalic
indices below 75), one of the Kuala Cheka men and one from the
Ulu Cheka, just within the sub-dolichocephalic division (cephalic
indices 77.77 to 75), two Ulu Cheka men mesaticephals (cephalic
indices 77.78 to 80), and one Ulu Cheka man a sub-brachycephal
(cephalic indices 80.01 to 83.33). Typically the Pangan sliould be
mesaticephals or sub-brachycephals, and even on the showing of
this table the Cheka people are not far below the mesaticephalic
line. Probably there is a slight admixture of other blood (Sakai,
Malay or Jakun) in the tribe, but this only crops up here and there
among them, showing itself in a few indis^iduals in the straight or
wavy character of the hair or, if Sakai blood be present, in a
tendency to dolichocephaly.
FACE PAINTING AND TATTOOING:*
Tattooing was common among both sections of the Pangans and
was found on the faces of both males and females. Face painting,
which Avas done with a black pigment made from " gettah prah," f
the sap of a tree, was only noticed on the faces of the Kuala Cheka
women, but is no doubt also practised by the Ulu Cheka people.
The face paint designs as shown in plate xxxviii, figure 1, ai-e not ver}^
clear in the photogTaph, (plate xxix, upper figure). The tattooing
consisted as a rule of large blue-black dots or round marks as large
as the tips of the fingers, the most common form of ornamentation,
both in men and women, being a line of them running round the
face, taking in the chin, the sides of the face in front of the ears, the
* Tattoo marks do not show in any of the photographs.
t The prah tree is said by Wilkinson to be either Mezzetia leptopoda or
Elataerio^permmn tapos.
March, 1915.
202
temples, and the forehefid just above the ej^ebrows. A rather more
complicated design was seen on the face of Pachet the head-man of
the Ulu Cheka Paugan, (plate xxxviii, figure 2). Several individuals
had only a few dots on the sides of the face or on the forehead. All
the Pangan questioned were unanimous in saying that the art of
tattooing was one which had been known for many generations.
With regard to its use they said that it was done merely for
decoration, but one man further asserted that it was a good remedy
for headache. It is rather curious that the Pangan should have
taken to tattooing as tattoo marks do not show up at all clearly on
their dark skins, it being necessary in one case to inspect a man's
face at very close quarters before it was possible to make out how
the pattern was arranged. In no instance was tattooing seen on any
of the Sakai of the neighbouring rivers, though it would show up
extremely well on their much fairer skins.
Dark races do not as a rule tattoo, but instead make patterns on
their bodies by cutting designs in the flesh and rubbing in earth or
mineral substances, raised scars termed keloids resulting from the
operation. The Tamils are, however, a notable exception to this rule.
The Pangan said that the pigment used in tattooing was soot
produced by burning damar gum, and one of the Ulu Cheka men also
stated that before use it was mixed with a little human milk. The
implement at present used in tattooing is the ordinary European-
made needle.
EAR BORING, NOSE PIERCING AND TOOTH FILING.
All the women and girls who had reached the age of puberty
had both ears pierced. The most common objects used as ear-rings
were small pearl or bone shirt-buttons obtained from Malay traders,
these being worn against the front of the lobe and secured b}' a
string passing through the hole. Occasionally a native cigarette
was carried in the lobe of. the ear. Ear studs of rolled " Pallas "
leaves have been mentioned in a previous section. In no case was
piercing of the nose septum observed, although it was said that the
wilder Pangan tribes practised this form of mutilation. Tooth
filing was stated not to be obligatory, but several men had the six front
teeth in the upper jaw rubbed down.
RELIGION, SUPERSTITIONS AND TABUS, ETC.
With regard to religion and belief in an after life the writer could
obtain nothing but negative information, though it would appear
that, apart from the bird-soul theory set forth below, the Pangan
must have some idea that the spirits of men live on after death,
since the Kuala Cheka people stated that food, water, and the dead
person's belongings are placed on the grave.
With regard to the bird-soul Vaughan Stevens has put on record
a good deal of information obtained by him from the Pangan and
judging by what the Pangan of Kuala Cheka told the writer his
(V. S's) observations would appear to be correct.
THE PANGAN BIRD-SOUL.
The following are the statements about tln! hird si>u\ obtained
from the people of Kuala Clieka.
" The soul of every Pangan is a green bird of the kind called
Biau, which has a long beak and feeds on fruit and insects.* The
Biau has two cries, one Kah-Kah-Kah, the other Tutoh buah (gorge
fruit). When a woman is pregnant and hears one of these bii-ds in
the jungle, she knows that the soul of her child has arrived. When
a man dies, his soul leaves him in the form of a bird. If anyone
catches a Biau bird a great thunder stoimi will occur."
Apparently a man's soul can leave his body during life in tlie
shape of a Biau bii'd, for the Pangau said that when they hear one
of these birds they know that a friend is coming to see them, and
they stai't calling out the names of people they know until the bird
is silent. The last name mentioned before tlie bird ceases crying is
that of the visitor who is coming.
THE ECLIPSE OF THE MOON.
The Pangan seemed to be altogether without explanations of the
majority of natural phenomena, but as is the case with all savage
tribes they had an explanation of the eclipse of the moon, a thing
which, according to the ideas of a primitive people, lies altogether
outside the course of Nature. The lunar eclipse, which they call
"jekob hilug," t "snake swallow," is said to be cau.sed, as its name
denotes, b}' some gigantic snake trying to swallow the moon.
TABUS.
The Pangan of the Ulu Clieka informed the writer that it was
tabu for a man or woman to mention the name of their father-in-law
or mother-in-law and that they must not pass in front of either of
them. Both father-in-law and mother-in-law may be addressed, but
they must be spoken to with respect.
PERSONAL NAMES.
The Pangan of the Ulu Cheka said that a child, whetlier male or
female, was named from the river or stream nearest the place at
which it was born. The four men in the settlement, Pachet, Wul,
Songsong, and Yes were all said to have received their names fi'om
local streams or small rivers. The Kuala Cheka Pangan confirmed
the statements made by the other division, giving two men's names
as examples, Geh, and Srtboie (or Choie), both of which the}- said
wei-e also the names of rivers.
MARRIAGE.
Marriages among the Cheka Pangan wei'e stated to take place at
the durian fruit season, and it was also said that there was no
marriage ceremony except a feast ; very possibly however the latter
information is incorrect. The Ulu Cheka people said that marriages
* A species of Bee-eater. (Nyctiornis amicta). f The Semang of Ijok
call the eclipse of the moon " haiup hihul " " butterfly swallow."
204
might not take place within the small (family ?) division or
" puwak," but that a man must seek a wife for himself outside.
They gave as an instance the parents of Pachet the head of the
" pUwak," whose father, they said, came from the Jelai and his
mother from Bukit Raya, Budu Lipis. " Man " their Malay
" owner " stated in the presence of the Pangan and with their
concurrence that, they were even more particular about marriage of
cousins than the Malays. The Kuala Cheka Pangan on the other
hand said that marriage within the puwak was allowed, and pointed
out an engaged couple, but the fact that the girl was the daughter of
the late Pangan Rajah, who had lived with the Ulu Cheka "puwak"
would seem to rather invalidate her claim to be called one of the
Kuala Cheka people. Unfortunately the writer was unable to
enquire further into the matter owing to the short time during
which he met the Pangan ; so that the existence of exogamy remains
a subject for further investigation. The only other fact gleaned
with regard to marriage customs was that although allowable, it was
unusual for a man to have more than one wife.
LANGUAGE.
The vocabulary obtained from the Pangan of the Ulu'^Cheka
is published in a future number of this Journal with other
vocabularies. Judging by this the people seem to speak a true
Negrito dialect, for we have in it such distinctive words as chan
(foot), wong (child), chias (hand), beling (arm), kukayu (banana),
telabas (bear), makoh (egg), kelangis (liver or heart), ad (spear),
hob (jungle), haing (mouth), tenud (lip), ai or aign (father), etc.
Only a single numeral other than Malay forms could be obtained
from the Pangan this being " nai," " one." There are one or two
interesting words in the vocabulary which do not seem to be
included in the comparative vocabulary in Skeat's Pagan Races, e.g.,
chenorong (neck), talu (old), talok (tiger).
ON TWO PANGANS LIVING WITH THE JAKUN OF
KUALA RETANG.
(Plates xxxi, xxxv.)
The two individuals dealt with in the following notes were
members of a small and nearly extinct tribe of Negritos, called Orang
Bukit (Hill-Men), who were said to live not far from the Kuala
Besut * in Trengganu. Of the two, one was a man, probably about
26 or 27 years old, the other, a boy, 13 or 14. The Sakai said they
h^d adopted them both while quite young, apparently on two
different occasions of their making journeys to the Besut river in
search of gutta-percha and other jungle produce. On questioning
the Sakai as to the existence of other members of this Pangan tribe
* The Retang Sakai described the Besut country as in Kelantan, but as a
matter of fact the whole of the Besut river lies within Trengganu, though it is
not far away from the Trengganu-Kelantan border.
205
they at first replied that they were extinct, having been killed off by
diseases, (mati sakit,) but on thinking the matter over further
they said that there were still six other members of it left, who
had all been converted to Islam. The Avriter is rather inclined to
think, judging by the two males seen, that this "puwak" of Pangan
must have been vei'y pure. The hair of both individuals tliough
cut short, appeared to be typically Negrito and in facial appearance
they were also true to type, the childish chai-acter of the expression
being particularly well seen in the elder Pangan. In the boy
the skin colour was an intense black, but this character unfortun-
ately does not show up well in the photographs. In the man the
skin was affected by a form of skin disease, rather a different
species from that causing the disease called " kurap." Owing to
this the skin colour was masked by a scaly crust due to the disease
which gave it a roughened whitish appearance, but probably in
reality his skin was almost as dark as that of the boy. The man
had married a local Sakai woman. Neither of the Pangan could
speak their own native language, having been adopted at such an
early age that it had been forgotten and replaced as their mother
tongue by the dialect of the Retang Sakai.
The head measurements of the adult Pangan are :
Head length. Head breadth. Cephalic Index.
178 mm. ... 143 mm 80.3
ON A PANGAN BLOW-PIPE OBTAINED ON THE TEKAI RIVER.
This blow-pipe was obtained from Kemaman Jakuns living on
the Tekai river, who said that they had purchased it from a
wandering tribe of Pangan who had camped at the headwaters of
the river. The weapon consists of an outer tube of dark brown
bamboo built up of two pieces, the proximal portion of the tube being
much the longest (distal portion length 38 cms. proximal 184 cms).
The join is effected by shaving down the further end of the proximal
portion until the nearer end of the distal portion fits neatly over it.
(The shaved down portion, length 1.6 cms., is not included in the
measurements given above). To strengthen the tube further the
nearer portion of the distal section of bamboo which covers the join
is bound with Ijok (?) fibre string, and coated with some kind of
gum or resin, (perhaps ambalou). The muzzle end of the outer tube
is also bound in the same manner. Below the joint the outer tube
is ornamented with the three circular bands of incised lines disposed
at equal distances, each band containing four lines. The part of the
outer tube nearest the mouth-piece has three similar bands, the
distances between them being 3.5 cms. The upper of the two spaces
between the bands is filled up with diamond shaped cross-hatchings.
The lower or proximal end of ishe outer tube is again finished off
with a binding of vegetable fibre string. The mouth-piece of the
weapon is spheroidal and is composed of a ball of some kind of wild
206
rubber shaped around the end of the inner tube. This proximal end
of the inner tube is slightly larger than the interior of the outer
tube being cased for a length of about 10 cms. with a covering of
bamboo rind which is slipped on over it, and adheres to it by its
nearer end, which is enclosed in the rubber of the mouth-piece.
The further end of this casing of bamboo is shaved down for a length
of 3 cms. so as to fit into one end of the outer tube. There is
thus at the proximal end of the blow-pipe a portion nine cms. long-
projecting from the outer tube, and consisting of the piece of the
inner tube cased with bamboo and the mouth-piece. The inner
tube proper is, as in the majority of aboriginal blow-pipes, composed
of two internodes (or sections of internodes) of bamboo placed end
to end and joined together by a tubular covering section of bamboo
or other material attached with some kind of vegetable glue. In
this case the covering section appears to be made from the outer
skin or wrapping of some kind of palm or rattan. The inner tube
does not reach quite to the further or muzzle end of the outer, and a
small ring of bamboo is pushed down inside the latter until its edges
abut on those of the inner tube. The proximal section of the inner
tube is very short, measuring only 59 cms. from the end of the
mouth-piece to the end of the covering section. The covering
section is 17 cms. long, and the distal section of the inner tube
measured from the farther end of the covering section to its muzzle
153 cms. The total length of the whole weapon is 232 cnas.
THE JAKUN OF THE TEKAI lilYEii.
A short visit was paid to the Tekai river in company with the
Dato Muda Bujal, a subordinate officer of the Tembling and Tekai
rivers. Sections of two tribes were seen, which for the sake
of convenience will be referred to in the following pages as the
wilder and tamer tribes, respectively.
THE TAMER JAKUN.
(Plate xxxii.)
The people have reached as high, or possibly a higher, state
of civilization than that of the ordinary Malay peasant of Pahang.
They were wearing very clean and new looking clothes of Malay
type and had a far more alert air than the local Tembeling Malays,
whe were the most apathetic people the writer has ever met. With
this progress in civilization the Jakun have of course become much
less interesting from an ethnological point of view. In their customs
and beliefs they no doubt remain to a certain extent unchanged,
but in dress, manufactures, and weapons they now almost entirely
follow Malay fashions. With regard to their manufactures, the
household implements used were exactly similar to those of the
local Malay ; the ))low-pipe was no longer made, and the only
specimen seen in the settlement, that described above, had been
obtained from a wandering party of Paiigan.
207
TRIBAL NAME AND HISTORY.
The correct tribal designation of the people appears to be Menik
Rantau (Men of the river readies), the polite term used by Malays
when speaking to them being Orang Dalam. The}' are recent
settlers on the Tekai river having come from near the mouth of the
Kemaman* river and, according to their own account, are closely
related to the abox'igines of Kuantan.f
HABITATIONS.
The houses of the tamer tribe were much like those of the local
Pahang Malays. The chief's house consisted of a verandah and a
single room with a cook-house (dapor) built out at the back.
DRESS AND ORNAMENT.
As mentioned above, the general di^ess of these people differs but
little from that of the Malay. Though rapidly being discarded a
few really non- Malay articles of dress were collected from them.
Two of these were women's girdles of cord made from plaited strips
of bemban {Gliriogyiie grandis) bark, one being coiled twelve the
other forty-two times I'ound the body, both girdles were fastened by
the ends of the strings being tied to the coils. The only other object
of personal adornment obtained was a neatly plaited bracelet of
pandanus leaves, which was being worn by one of the children.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
Two musical instruments were seen and purchased, one a short
bamboo flute with seven stops, of the type called " bangsi " by the
Malays, the other a jews' harp made of some kind of palm wood, this
being also similar to instruments used by the Malays. It was
contained in an o|)en bamboo receptacle made of an internode, with
one of its adjacent nodes to form the bottom.
AGRICULTURE.
The Jakun had a fairly extensive clearing planted with Indian
corn, dry or hill rice, and iibi Jcayu (tapioca.)
BOxVTS AND FISHING.
The ordinary boat in use among both the wilder and tamer people
was a small dug-out prahu, exactly similar to that of the local
Malays and of tlie kind usually called prahu sampan ov prahu sagor.
On occasions when a wooden boat was not to be obtained the Jakun
were, however, said to make a rough canoe from a sheet of tree bark.
Fish traps were also similar to those of the Malays. Although much
used by the Malays, perhaps some mention should be made of rather
a singular method of fishing which was observed. In this a small rod
made from the mid-rib of a bertam palm leaf was used. To this were
bound several rings of brass wire to carry the line. In place of a
* The Kemaman river is in Trengganu not far from the I'ahau^-Trenganuu
boundary. t Kuantan is on the coast of Pahang.
208
reel a winder of rattan cane was used, which was held in place
against the butt of the rod with the right hand. No sinker of any
kind was used on the line and the brass wire hook w^as baited with a
whole fruit of the jamhu ayer, bushes of which grow in abundance
along the river banks in this part of Pahang. The line is cast as in
fly fishing but owing to the rod only measuring about four feet
in length, the casts are necessarily very short. After a cast has
been made the line and bait are allowed to travel down sti-eam, the
rod point following them the while. When the line has reached the
limit of its journey it is withdrawn and the performance repeated.
The majority of the fish caught by this method are ikan lampar,
which looks something like a cross between a roach and a carp.
Two of these which were brought into the village would probably
have weighed about a pound and a half each.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS AND MEASUREMENTS.
In general appearance the Kemaman Jakun rather reminded the
writer of the Besisi of Selangor. The facial type was somewhat
ruder than that of the Malays and the angles of the lower jaw were
usually strongly developed, giving the face rather a square look.
In skin colour they were as light or possibly lighter than the
surrounding Malay population. The hair was straight or only
slightly wavy. The head measurements which are given in the
annexed table were taken from four adult males.
Serial No.
Head Lengtli.
Head Breadth.
Cephalic Index
1
176
149
84.6
2
181
147
81.2
3
192
147
76.5
4
170
141
82.9
RELIGION, SUPERSTITIONS. Etc.
Very little but negative evidence could be obtained with regard
to the religion and superstitions of the tribe. Certain spiritualistic
ceremonies, such as the Malays term berhantu, are performed in
cases of sickness by the medicine man of the tribe.
PAWANG'S SWITCH.
An article used by the Pawang (medicine man) in the herhantu
ceremonies was obtained from the Pengghulu, or head man who also
acted as pawang of the tribe. The instrument consists of a bunch
of rattan sticks, made by bending three lengths of rattan cane
double and placing a seventh stick in the middle of the bunch. The
bundle is fastened together at the end where the lengths of cane are
bent up, with an ornamental binding of split rattan. The instrument
is similar to rods used by Malay pawangs in divination, chiefly for
tracing thieves or recovering lost property. A very good illustration
of three collected by Mr. W. W. Skeat is given in "Man" No. 40
(1902) together with an article on their use by Prof. E. B. Tylor.
209
LANGUAGE.
The vocabulary obtained from the Kemaman section differs
considerably from that used on the Retang river, one of its
peculiarities being the use of (he word "mesong" for "five." The
only tx'ibes recorded by Skeat in the Pagan Races as using this word,
or forms of it, are those of the Ulus (head waters) of the Tembeling,
the Cheres, the Endau and the aborigines of the Serting river.
The people of the wilder tribe, said that they spoke the same
dialect as the Kemaman people. Owing however to the short time
spent in the locality the correctness of their statement was not put
to the test.
THE WILDER TRIBE.
(Plates xxxiii and xxxiv.)
This tribe, or rather section of a tribe, was said to have recently
come from Salang on the Tekam river, Pulau Tawar, where they
belonged, and had settled down close to the tamer or Kemaman
Jakun. The writer, finding the Tekam people the most interesting
group of the two, devoted a good deal of the short time spent among
the Tekai aborigines (two days) to investigating as far as possible
their beliefs and superstitions. The results obtained will be found
below. In dress like those of the tamer tribe this chiefly followed
Malay fashions, but the clothes and the bodies of many of them,
especially of the old men, left much to be desired in cleanliness.
One very old man, as can be seen in plate xxxiii, is wearing a T-
bandage loin-cloth of European material. The skin disease known
as " kurap " {Tinea circinata) was common, being probably freely
propagated owing to dirty habits. In personal appearance they
were just as light as the other section. Their hair was, as a rule,
either straight or slightly waved, but in the man who is the second
from the right in plate xxxiii it is distinctly curly. Chin beards
were not uncommon among the older men, but the hair in them was
rather weak and straggly.
HABITATIONS.
The houses of the wilder tribe were not visited but they were
said to be similar to those of the Kemaman people.
DRESS AND ADORNMENT.
The only objects of dress and adornment other than the Malay
clothes mentioned above were girdles of rattan, worn by the men,
and bracelets of the fungus rhizomorph called akar hatu, M-^hich were
used by both men and women alike. The rattan girdles were made
of whole peeled canes of small diameter, a cane about fifteen feet
long being coiled several times round the body with the ends, which
were shaved down for the purpose, tied together. An example of
this type of girdle can be seen on the old man in plate xxxiii.
210
WEAPONS.
The only weapon seen was a single blow-pipe. This, together
with the quiver belonging to it, were pui-chasecl for the Perak
Museum. Both blow-pipe and quiver were of the same type as the
specimen of each from Kuantan, Pahang, described by Mr. Skeat in
"Man" 1902, No. 108. The blow-pipe consists of two lengths of
hard wood, probably of the kind called penaga (Calophyllum) laid
together and shaved down on the outside until they^ form a long
cylindrical rod. The tube is made by cutting a groove with a semi-
circular section along the adjacent inner faces of both of tlie lengths.
The two sections of the tube are bound together with a long strip of
rattan cane, which is wound spirally round the?n from the base
to the muzzle. In most of the blow-pipes of this type the binding is
covered with a thick coating of a black gutta-like substance, but
the specimen obtained on the Tekai is coated with wild rubber of a
red-brown colour. The mouth-piece, from the top of which the
binding begins, is formed of the same kind of rubber moulded into a
roughly conical shape. The muzzle is covered with a rather thicker
coating of rubber than the rest of the tube. The total length of the
blow-pipe is 169.5 cms., and that of the mou.th-piece 12 cms. The
Sakai informed the writer that both the blow-pipe and the quiver
were made by themselves when living on the Tekam river, but said
that the former had once been longer and had been cut down to its
present dimensions owing to its having been broken. The quiver
which is a very large specimen, with a length of 37.5 cms. and a
diameter of 12.5 cms., has a flattish top of plaited pandanus leaves,
which rises into four slight peaks at the edges. The plaiting of
the pandanus is not finished oft" at the centre of the cover, a
number of free ends thus being left, which cross and recross
each other. The quiver contains a bundle of reed dart-holders
of the usual type and seven short poisoned darts, and besides
these two small spatulse of ipoh. poison are slipped into it at
its edges. In the centre of the bundle of dart-holders are several
memplas leaves (Tetracea assa ?) which are used for polishing
dart stems, a bone awl, vegetable fluif for packing behind the
dart as a wad when placed in the blow-pipe, a spare dart head,
and the two long tail feathers of a Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
In no case do the butt ends of the stems project through to the
upper surface of the dart head as in the specimen described by Skeat.
The quiver is ornamented on the outside at top and base with bands
of roughly scratched-in patterns. For these the writer could obtain
no names, except that the Sakai said that one pattern at the top was
meant to represent a jungle flower, and one at the base bamboo
shoots. The middle of the quiver is surrounded with a band of
plaited cane to which are fastened the cords which attach it to the
hunter's body, the rattan band being tightened around the quiver by
means of two small wooden wedges which are driven in from above.
A similar l)inding encloses the" quiver at the base, but is without
211
wedges. The cover is attached by means of a fine cord wliich is tied
to the base of one of the waist cords at one end, and is fastened to
the edge of the cover at the other. Thei'e are in the Perak ]\luscum
several specimens of this type of blow-pipe and quiver, namely, a
blow-pipe and quiver from the Ulu Rompin, Pahang ; a blow-pipe
and quiver from Kuantan, Pahang, collected by Mr. C. Wray ; five
blow-pipes from Pekan and Kuala Pilah and a single quiver from
Batam Island, Singapore Straits.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS AND MEASUREMENTS.
The i-emarks already made with regard to the tamer tribe apply
almost equally well to the Pulau Tawar people, though perhaps the
Sakai element was stronger than in the former group as very wavy
or slightly curly hair was seen in several individuals, notably in a
man, the second from the right in plate xxxiii.
The measurements given below wei'e all tlii'ee taken on adult
males.
Serial Head Head Cephalic
No. Length. Breadth. Index.
1 ... 181 ... 144 ... 79.5
2 ... 188 ... 142 ... 75.5
3 ... 182 ... 146 ... 80.2
THE JAKUN OF THE RETANG RIVER.
(Plates xxxv and xxxvi.)
With regai'd to these people, the remarks already made aljout
the civilized condition of the tamer Tekai tribe apply equally well.
They had adopted Malay clothing, manufactured no articles which
could be described as being distinctively aboriginal, and the blow-
pipe was no longer used. According to their own account, they
belonged to the same tribe as the people of the Krau river, but they
appear to have led rather a wandering existence, their journeys in
search of jungle produce occasionally taking them as far north as
the Besut country in Trengganu, whence, as described above, they
had adopted two Semang. Until recently they said they had been
living f n the Tekai river, but had left that locality about two
years before, owing to their clearings being constantly visited by
wild elephants, which destroyed tlie crops. Their present settlement
which lies only a few hundred yards up the Retang river
consists of a large clearing containing four houses. The crops
planted ai^e, Indian corn, padi, and a little sugar cane, tapioca, and
kalacli. Sireh too is grown to a small extent. Their houses resemble
those of the Pahang peasantry. The following articles of pi-operty
wei^e seen in the house of the Battin or chief : two drums, of the
type called gendang by the Malays, white pandanus mats, water
vessels made from gourds or coconut shells, small pandanus baskets,
winnowing trays, and a large gong of the sort known as tetawak ;
212
all these articles being similar to those used by the Malays. The
type of boat in use among the Sakai was also Malay, the small dug-
out canoe called prahu sampan or praJiu sagor.
TEIBAL OFFICERS.
The names of only two tribal officers were obtainable. These
were (1) Batin (2) Pemangku.
The Batin, as mentioned above, was living at Kuala Retang, but
the Pemangku with a small party of followers was said to have
rejoined the rest of the tribe on tlie Krau river, when the Tekai
settlement was deserted. The tribal titles are said to be hereditary
in the male line.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS AND MEASUREMENTS.
In appearance all the Retang people approximated to either the
Sakai or Jakun types but perhaps the latter was the commoner,
since in the majority of individuals the hair was as straight as in
Malays. All the men had their hair cut close to the head with the
exception of the young man shown in plate xxvi, upper iigure,
who had the back and sides of the head shaved, leaving a patch of
hair over the forehead. No traces of Negrito blood were seen
among the Retang people, though if the two adopted Pangan
described above have children there will be a distinct strain of this
blood introduced into the tribe. If the custom of adopting children
of other tribes, or the adoption of men from outside into a tribe
thi'ough max'riage, be common, as they most probably are, it becomes
easy to undei'stand how individuals in Sakai or Jakun tribes may
occasionally show distinctly Negrito characters or vice versa.
The head measurements obtained on the Retang, which were all
taken from adult males, are given in the annexed table :
Serial
Head
Head
Cephalic
No.
Length.
Breadth.
Index.
1
179
145
81.0
2
184
146
79.3
3
181
139
76.8
4
172
144
83.7
5
181
148
81.8
The people of the Retang river, like those of the Tekai, are
probably by origin a mixed-blooded Jakun-Sakai tribe. The
measurements in so far as they go rather showing tendency towards
brachycephaly.
TOOTH FILING.
Both men and women have the six front teeth in the upper jaw
filed down.
PERSONAL NAMES.
Three names of men obtained were all of Miilay origin ; they were
as follows, Brahim, Kasim, and Busol.
Journ. F.M.S. .\\us._Vol. V.
PI. XXVI.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus.- Vol. V.
PI. WVll.
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PI. XXIX.
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J. H. N. Evans, Photo.
Pangan of Kuala Cheka. near Kiala Te.mbhling, Pahang.
\
JoLirn. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. V.
PI. XXX.
/. H. .V. Kvans, Photo.
Pangan of Kuala Chhka, near Kuala Tembeling, Pahang.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. V.
PI. XXXI.
/. //. .V. EVii'S, Photo.
Jakun of Kuala Retang, Pahang, and Two Pangan, said to be
FROM KUAL^ BESUT, TRENGGANU.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.- Vol. V,
PI. XXXll.
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PI. XXXll.
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PI. XXXIII.
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PI. WXIV
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JaKI'N (SAIL) TO HE FROM IHl.Ar TaWAR, PaHANG PlVHR/
TiiKAi Ki\i-;r. ri-;Mi^i;LiN(]. Pahang
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. -Vol. V.
PI. XXXV.
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JoLirn. F.M.S. Mus. Vol. V.
PI. XXXVl.
Jakun of Kuala Rbtang, near Kuala, Tembeling, Pahang.
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Vol. V.
PLATE XXXVII
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PATTEENS ON l?^OMEN'S EATTAN GIEDLES
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Vol. V.
PLATE XXXVIII
FIG. I
FACE PAINT PATTERNS ON PANGAN WOMAN
FIG. U
FACE TATTOOING ON PANGAN MAN
213
RELIGION, SUPERSTITIONS, ETC.
Tliout^li the people were very friendly, no account of their i-eligious
beliefs could be obtained, and most pi-obaldy they have none. The
bodies of the dead wei-e said to be buried, and water, food and papaya
fruit placed on the grave.
It is forbidden to mention the names of father-in-law, mother-in-
law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law.
LANGUAGE.
The dialect spoken on the Retang river people seems to come
under the division called Eastern Sakai by Skeat. There are many
words of Malayo or Malayo-Polynesian origin in the vocabulary
and several which are not found in the comparative vocabulary in
Skeat's Pagan Races. Among these are " tiwok," (fever) ;
" rek-rek," (cough) ; " idut," (mother) ; " kesir," (husband) ;
"krakun" or " krakoin," (woman); and " mahong," (wind).
VOCABULARIES.
English and Malay.
Tekai i-iver.
Kuala Retang.
Head (kepala)
... koie
... koie
Ear (telinga)
... untug?i
... untang
Eye (mata) ...
. .. mot
... mat
Nose (hidong)
... moh
... hidon
Nostril (lubang hidong)
... serong moh
... leng hidon
Cheek (pipi)
... meng
... pipi
Mouth (mulut)
... kenut
... mulut
Lip (bibir) ...
... bibir
... bibir
Tongue (lidah)
... lepes
... lentak
Tooth (gigi) .;.
... lemoin
... lemoin
Chin (dagu)
... jangkut ...
... dagu
Neck (leher)
... leng-ek
... lengek
Throat (tengkok) ...
.. tengkok ...
... tengkok (k sounded)
Shoulder (bahu; ...
... kempoh
... bahuk
Arm (lengan)
... bleng
... lengan
Elbow (siku)
... siku
... siku
Hand (tangan)
... ti
... ting
Thumb (ibu tangan)
... gadut ti ...
... idut ting
Finger (jari)
... jari
... jari
Finger-nail (kuku)
... tekok
... cherewis
Thigh (paha)
... belu
... beluk
Knee (lutut)
... kaltong
... kerk lual
Shin (tulaug kering)
... kenhir
... jail arng kring
Foot (kalri)
... Jong
• ■• Jong
Heel (tuniit)
... tumit
... kukun
214
English and Malav.
Sole (tapak kaki) ...
Toe (jari kaki)
Breast (dada)
Back (belakang)
Heart (jantong liati)
Liver (hati).,.
Stomach (perut)
Navel (pusat)
Intestines (isi perut)
Blood (darali)
Bone (tulang)
Skin (kulit)
Hair (rambut)
Old (tua)
Young (muda)
Fat (gemok)
Thin (kurus)
Hot (panas)
Cold (sejok)
Blind (buta)
Deaf (tuli)
Dumb (bisu)
Fever (demam)
Itch (kurap, kudis)
Vomit (muntah)
Grripes (sakit perut)
Diarrhoea (cheret) ...
Cough (batok)
Dead (mati)
Putrid (busok)
Father (bapa)
Mother (ibu)
Husband (laki suami)
Wife (bini)
Male (jantan)
Female (betiua)
Man (orang laki-laki)
[Appear to be no separate
words for male and man,
or if there is could not get
them]
Tekai I'iver.
. tapak jong (k pro-
nounced
. jari jong ...
. dening
. chelor/i
. genos
. grace
. leput
. pusat, paring
. urat perut . . .
. maham
. je-ung
. getu
. suk
. tuhak
. muda
. gemuk (k sounded)
. wat
. pehel
. kerot
. luk
. churig
. budol
. kerot
. barlal, kudis
. kwvik
. jelpoit
. cerot
. kokol
. kebus
. si-it
. ipah
. nioie
. kenlug
. kempun
. iper
. gadoh
. iper
Knala Retang.
tapak jong
jari jong
dadah
kerok
jantong
huiliom
kut
pusat
lepeit kut
inehem
jah-amg
ketuk
sok
tuhak
muda
gemok (k sounded)
kurus
pret
sengeit
butak
pekak, tuli
leluk
tiwok
kurap, kudis
kukiip
inyak kut
cheret
rek rek
kebus
si-it
ibit
idut
kesir
kenah
koin
keung
koin
215
Englisli and Malay.
Woman (orang perempuan). ^'adol
[The same thing seems to
apply to the words for
female and woman also
to son and boy, daughter
and girl]
Tckai river.
Kuala Retansr.
kraliUii
Person (orang) ...
. semark ...
• jah
Son (anak-laki)
. iper enwok
. iwak krakoin
Daughter (anak perempuan) enwok gadoh
. iwak krakuu
Child (kanak-kanak)
. enwok kanek
. iwak Ivwakweit
Boy (budak laki-laki)
. kenkou kenlug ..
. iwak krakoin
Grirl (budak perempuan) ..
. kenkon gadoh
. iwak krakun
Maiden (anak dara)
. kenkon mudak
. iwak kaduah
Elder brother (abang)
. yi-eh
. yi-em
Elder sister (kakak)
. gah-ii
. yi-em
Younger brother (adek)
. adek
. adek krakoin
Younger sister (adek perem
puan)
- adek gadoh
. adek krakim
Elephant (gajah) ...
• o'^i'^li
• £?ajah
Rhinoceros (badek)
. badak
. badak
Tapir (teuok, badak tam-
putaih
. badak murai
pong)
Gaur (seladang)
. seladang ...
. seladang
Bear (beruang)
. kemol
, beiiiang
Deer (riisa) •
. rusa
. suk
Chevrotin (uapoh, pelandok) pelandok ...
. napoh, pelandol,
Wild-pig (babi hutan)
. jalu
. rap
Porcupine (landak)
. jekos
, jekus
Dog (anjing) ... ...
chor
chu-uk
Wild-dog (anjing serigala)
tedu
chu-uk serigala
Tiger (harimau)
. kwep
. klak
Black panther (harimau
kumbang)
kwep kumbang ...
klak kumbang
Wild-cat (kuching hutan) . . .
?
kuching brek
Cat (kuching)
miow
kucliing
Bear-cat (benturong)
kantua
benturong
Civet-cat (musang)
, musang
, musang
Large squirrel (tupai
nandoug, kerewak)
alaw
peruk belang
Small squirrel (tupai
(kampong)
chedek (k sounded)
1 peruk hitam
Flying lemur (kubong)
kubung
216
English niul Malay.
Tekai rivor.
Kuala Retatig.
Loris (kongkang, kera
wat
,.. kongkang
duku)
Bamboo-rat (dekan)
. dekan
... dekan
Rat (tikus)
. karao
... tikus
Gribbon (ungka)
. chenloi
... ungka
Monkey (lotong) ...
. baseng
... tebuat
Monkey (kera)
. teraw
... boie
Monkey (berok)
. tadig
... daung
Fruit-bat (keluang)
. kawat
... kaweit
Bat (kelawar)
. pur pur
... kelawar
Crocodile (buaya) ...
. kerlok
... bah eiah
Monitor-lizard (biawalc)
. griang
... peruk
Grass-lizard (bengkarong)
bengkarong
... merong
Flying-lizard (chichak
ketut
... klechek
kubin)
Land-tortoise (kura-kura,
yeah, sul ...
... kurak, baning
baning)
Water-tortoise (labi-labi) ..
. pa-as
... labi
Snake (ular)
. ti jaw
... tulun
Python (ular sawah)
. talun
... telan
Frog (katak)
. jangok
... kabatak
Fish (ikan)
. ka ...
... kak
Horn (tandok)
. tandok
... tandok (k sounded)
Tuslc of elephant (gading) .
. gading
... gading
Tail (ekur^
. hateh
... sentak
Hornbill (enggang)
. terang
... chemgang
Hawk, eagle (lang)...
. kalang
... klang
Owl (burong hantu)
. (pongok) ...
... tutut
Egret (bangau)
. (bangau) ...
... bangau
Jungle-fowl (ayam denak) .
. ayam denak
... pok denak
(k sounded)
Argus-pheasant (kuau,
kaung
... kuang
kuang)
Green pigeon (punai)
. (punai)
... punai
Crow (gagak)
. ah-ok
... roh-ak
Kingfisher (pekakak raja
'kakah
... chem pem prang
udang)
Woodpecker (pelatok)
.. terenek
... belatok (k sounded)
Magpie robin (murai)
.. murai
... murai
Egg (telur)
. behleh
... peng-lung
Feather (bulu ayam)
. sukayam ...
. . . sok pok (ks sounded)
Beak (parch)
. (paroh)
... parok
217
English nnd Malay.
Ant (semut)
Eed ant (kerengga)
White ant (anai-aiipj)
Bee (lebah)
Honey (ayer madu)
Wax (lilin)
Hornet (tebuan)
Wasp (penyengat) ...
Fly (lalat)
Black scorpion (kala)
Small scorpion (kala
jengking)
Centipede (lipan) ...
Millipede (sepak bnkm)
Cockroach (lipas) ...
Spider (1 aba laba) ...
Coconut- beetle (kumbang)
Mosquito (nyamok)
Tree (pokok kayu) ...
Bough (dahan)
Root (akar pokoh) ...
Leaf (daun kayu) ...
Flower (bunga)
Fruit (buah kayu) ...
Fungus (chendawan)
Bamboo (buloh, aur)
Rattan (rotan)
Thorn (duri)
Rice (padi) ...
„ (beras)...
,, (nasi) ...
Banana (pisaiig)
Areca-nut (piuang)
Durian (durian)
Tampoi (tempui) ...
Rambutau (rambutan)
Sireh-leaf (daun sireh)
Screw-palm (pandan, meng-
kuang)
Terap-tree (terap)
Forest (hutan)
Tekai river,
petom
kasu
darun
lawoi
dak...
lilin
hong
pengket
lalat
kelantam ...
kelantam ...
kai-lp
guahr
semertah . . .
changbun ...
kumbang ...
semoin
tampoug delong
roll
tampong jemok
salar delong
bunga
buah delong
kulat
lieu
tali
jerlah
bar bar
beras
nasi
pisaug
pinang
durian
chao
lengkiang ...
sireh
saket, (for both)
terap
bri
Kuula Retaugr.
bias
lek sole
anai
h>i-eh
toll loi-eh
lilin
tebuan
semoit
lalat
ketep-lil
jengking
keh-ep
sepak bulan
led-ek
chiambung
kumbang
kemud
tekoh nehok
dahan nehok
akar nehok
hlat nehok
bukau
pluk ueliok
tis
ding
sek
julak sek
bah
rokuak
ran
cheng
pinang
sempak
tampoi
(pluk) genteg
hlat gereg
sket, pandan (sket
loie sohouk, leaf)
sohouk
bn'k
March. 1915.
218
English and Ma ay.
Tekai
> 1 \-er. Kuala Retang
Yam (ubi kayu)
.. bakoi delong ... kehnehok
„ (keledek) ....
. keledek
... silak
„ (keladi)
. lebor
lebul
To walk (berjalan)...
. lasuap
... ehi chip
„ run (lari)
. lah-paru
... perduk
„ stand (berdiri) ...
.. au ...
... jinjuong
„ sit (dudok)
. kom
... nerh nok
„ lie down (bei'baring) .
. dum
... dendum
„ sleep (tidur)
. yetek
... chek
„ snore (berdengkur)
. sedul
... bersenur
„ jump (melompat)
. lompat
... mehamu
„ climb (niemanjat)
. hial
... weigh
,, hold (peg-ang) ...
. kum
... chep
„ lift up (angkat) .
. angkit
... ampuh
„ throw (lempar, loutar) .
. pingkah
... lempar
„ scratch (gliru) ...
■ geh
... kukeit
„ spit (ludah)
. toh
... tuoh
„ bite (gigit)
. goiu
gigit
„ pinch (chubit) ...
. chekit
... cheket
„ wash (membasoh)
. sut...
... soit
„ bathe (niandi) ...
. moit
... mah-mu
„ cook (memasak)
. pachin
... n'chel
„ eat (makan)
. inchar
... chichak
„ drink (minum) ...
. jeh-oh
... woh
„ chew (mamah) ...
. mamah
... reng
,, fly (terbang)
. kapoie
... terbang .
Sun (niatahari)
. mail tengic
... mat ketok
Moou (bulan)
. bulan
... bulan
Star (bintang)
. .bintang
... bintang
Cloud (awan)
. awan
... awan
Mountain (guuong)
. gunong
... gunong
Hill (bukit)
. menum
... chong
Day (siang hari
. teugi
... ketok
Night (malam)
. plit
?
Thunder (guroh, petir)
. kuroi
... kareh
Wind (angin)
. johung
... mahong
Eain (hujan)
. gemar
... mik
Storm (ribut)
. bruak
... bruak
Fire (api)
. us
... OS
Water (ayer)
. tom
toh
Smoke (asap api) ...
. i-oi us
... asap
219
English and Malay.
Tekai river.
Kuala Retaufi'.
One (satu)
.. moi
. satu
Two (dua)
.. mar
. dua
Three (tiga)
.. 'mpe ; five, mesong
six, auam
; tiga
Four (empat)
.. empun
. empat
Ashes (abu)
.. tempup
. habu
Salt (garain)
., tepol
. pol
Tobacco (tembakau)
., tembakau ...
. takau
Stone (batu)
.. batu
. temok (k sounded)
Earth (tanah)
.. atai
. teh
A Clearing (lading)
.. atai
. piruk
House (rumah, pondok)
.. si-ah
. i-ek, senom
Eoof (atap rumah)...
.. palong
. keluong
Chopper (parang) ...
.. woie
. nyem
Axe (kapak, beliong)
... kapak, beliong
. kapak, by hong
Knife (pisau)
.. woie
. nyem
Cloth (kain)
.. kain
. kain
Girdle (gendit, kendit)
.. nom
. tali wong
Spear (lembing)
.. tohok
. balus
Blow-pipe (sumpitau)
.. seput
blau
Mouth-piece (paugkal sul
a- tebong seput
. bam blau
pitan)
Muzzle (mata sumpitan) ,
.. seutol seput
mat blau
Quiver (tabong bekas
luk
. tabong damak
damak)
Quiver-cords (tali tabong)
.. dreh luk ...
tali tabong
Dart (damak)
., kohol
damak
Point of dart (mata dama]
£) pradas koh-ol
chemak damak
Butt of dart (pangkal d
1- beloi koh-ol
libut damak
mak)
Dart-holder (sarong damal
i) plait koh-ol
sarong damak
Poison (ipoh)
.. uok
ipoh
REMARKS ON SOME RACES OF CYNOPTERUS.
By Dr. KNUD ANDERSEN akd G. BODEN KLOSS.
" TN a paper on a collection of mammals from the Siamese Province
of Bandon recently published in ' Journal, Federated Malay-
States Museums.' (Vol. V., p. 115 ; 1915) Messrs. Robinson and
Kloss raise the question whether it would not ' be m.ore logical
to regard angulatus as a sub-species of C. sphinx rather than of
C. brachyotis.' Perhaps I may be allowed to say a few words in
elucidation of this subject. If yon desire to separate C. sphinx (all
forms taken together) as a species from G. hrachyotis (all forms),
then you must evidently draw at least a tolerably clear line between
them. That is what I have tried to do by placing all the longer-
eared forms together under the heading C. sphinx and all the
shorter-eared under C. hrachyotis. Destroy that line, as drawn
by me, and so far as I can see, you destroy every possible line of
demarcation between C. sphinx and C. hrachyotis as species^ for I can
find no other clear character binding all the forms of sj)hinx together
as contrasted with all the forms of hrachyotis 'i\\&n the difference
in ears. But destroying that line, that is exactly what you do in
the moment you transfer angulatus (a shorter-eared form) to C. sphinx
(the longer-eared group). This, therefore, is not a question of
whether you would like to see angulatus placed under sphinx rather
than under hrachyotis still keeping sphinx and hrachyotis as separate
species, but whether you svill leave matters as they stand or rather
bring all the forms of sphinx and hrachyotis together under one
specific name.
" But it may reasonably be asked, why not unite them all ?
Because it would, at least over one large geographical area (and
possibly over more than one, when we know the fauna of Indo-
Malaya better), lead to a rather awkward result. In Sumatra you
would have three different sub-species of the same species occurring
together, tittha^cheilus, angidatus and hrachyotis, 1+ is a thing
I have succeeded in avoiding: so far, and which I think certainly
ought to be avoided if possible. Quite apart from that, place the
three forms, a titthsecheilus, an angulatus, and a hrachyotis in g, series,.
together with their skulls, and few, if any, would hesitate for a
moment in declaring that angulatus and hrachyotis are obviously
much more intimately related to each other than they are to
titthiGcheilus, or to put the same thing in other words, that angulatus
and hrachyotis are offshoots from one (the hrachyotis) branch of the
genus, titthsecheilus from a certainly related but clearly different
branch (^sphinx). Angulatus and hrachyotis are bound together not
only by the relatively shorter ears, but also by the relatively shorter
cranial rostrum (less than one-fourth of skull), in both of which
characters they differ from sphinx and titthsecheilus. But if that
is so, if our material seems clearly to indicate the existence of two
221
'branches,' or 'stodcs,' or whatever else they may be called, why
not ti-y to express it in our nomenclature of the forms, by separating
all the forms into two groups ('species'), sphinx and brachyotis'i'
But if that is admitted, then angulatus )mist come under brachyotis,
or else we cannot draw a line between the two species.
" These are some oi the considerations that guided me when
working out this section of the genus Cynopeterus. Of course, if a
form really does exist, in the north of the Malay Peninsula, in the
Islands oif south-east Siam, and possibly somewhere else, which
possesses the skull of angalatas, but the ears of spliinx then an
entirely new and unsuspected element is introduced into tlie genus.
But unless and until the existence of such a form is propei-ly
established I should think it rather premature to discuss its probable
effect on our arrangement." Knud Andersen.
The above remai-ks were made by Dr. Andersen in the course of
a report on some Indo-Chinese fruit-bats but as they apply to
material dealt witli in tiiis Journal and can well stand by themselves
I have extracted them for publication here. As it is possible, from
the criticism of our suggestion, that Mr. Robinson and I did not
make ourselves clear, a few comments may not be out of place.
Dr. Andersen is quite right in attempting to draw a clear line
between the species if possible (and in our notes we indicated no
desire to "lump" forms of sphinx and brachyotis together). The
differential characters he gave in so doing were, for the former,
" ears long, 18-20.5 mm. from orifices ; general size medium or large ;
forearm 66-83 mm." and for the latter " ears short, 18-18 mm. from
orifice ; general size small or medium ; forearm 54.5-72 mm." while
it now appears that the size of the ears is the primax'y feature,
others being of somewhat less importance.
Dr. Andersen has suggested that our method of measuring is
different from his, but we have used, as a matter of fact, that given
above by him. It is the only measurement of the outer external
side of the ear that can be taken with any uniformity and is so
obvious that it suggests itself to every collector. The only possible
alternative is the length of the inner external side from tip to base
on the crown — quite another thing and not to be confused with the
former.
As we have obtained a number of bats (mgidatus, Miller) from
the Malay Peninsula and elsewhere with ears from 18.5 to 21 mm.
in length, as in the type series, it seemed to us that it would have
been more logical on Dr. Andersen's own classification (and not on
sentimental grounds), to regard that form as a small race of sphinix
rather than a lai'ge one of brachyotis with which species it otherwise
closely agi'ees : we had no desire to destroy the dividing line or to
unite all the various forms ; all we suggested was tlie ti-ansfer of
one particular form from one side to the other.
222
N'ow, in his remarks, Dr. Andersen emphasizes the value of
skull-characters which in the "Catalogue of Chiroptera" were only
made use of (in connection with species here discussed) for subspecific
differentiation. Distinctions based on skull chai^acters are not to be
lightly attacked, but I think in that case less importance should be
attached to the ear dimension.
If we accept both brachyotis and angulatus as sub-species of
hracJiyotis we have two forms of one species occupying the same
localities : which is contrary to generally accepted opinion, for while
nearly all zoologists recognize the inter-gradation of geographical
races the great majority are not prepared to i"ecognize overlapping
or intei^mixture ; that is to say you cannot have two sub-species of a
species li\T[ng side by side.
If, however, you are prepared to admit that two forms of a species
do occur together there is no reason why three (or more) should not
be accepted, so this alone is not good cause for not regaining
tittheechtilus as a brachyotis too, though that course might certainly
be less convenient.
Our suggestion was somewhat superficial, but at the moment we
simply had in view the Cynoptertis bats of the Malay Peninsula and
Dr. Andersen's main dividing line of the section under discussion. To
transfer angulatus across that line would not improve matters for then
we should have two bats of the same species {sphinx), titthsecheilus and
angulatus again living side by side. To overcome this difficulty we
have three alternatives to choose from. Either angulatus has no
real existence, the material forming it being part sphinx and part
brachyotis — not very probable; or it is a very variable form of
brachyotis of which the typical race is non-existent from Sumatra to
Annam and Assam; or it is an independent species. In any case the
character of the ears does not seem a very good one to rely upon for
the separation of the primary forms — providing our measurements
and those given for the type series are correct. C. Boden Kloss.
A NEW NAME FOR MUS MICBODON, Kloss.
''PHIS name, applied by me to a rat from Tioman Island, South China
Sea (Journal, Federated Malay States Museums, vol. 2, p 145;
1908), is preoccupied by Mtis viicrodon, Peters (Raise nach Mossam-
bique, Saiigeth., p. 149; 1852) so the surifer race of that locality may
be known as Epimys surifer hinominatus. C. Boden Kloss.
Federated Malay States GoverDment Press.
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