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I. AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT MENUANG
CASING, SELANGOR.
''By Henry N. Ridley, F.R.S., F.L.S.; with an account of
the Journey by C. B. Kloss.*
[Read 7th November, 7912.]
[Mount Menuang Casing is 'Bukit Nyor' or 'Nuang' of local
maps, one of the peaks of the range which forms the backbone of
the Federated Malay States, and is situated within a mile of the
spot where the boundaries of the States of Selangor, Perak,
and the Negri Sembilan meet. It is 4,908 feet in height, and
though separated on the north from the more massive portions
of the main range by passes of 2,000 feet or so, it yet possesses
a true mountain fauna :t south of it the range becomes
gradually broken up into more or less isolated groups of hills,
few of which attain an equal altitude ; while only to those in
the immediate neighbourhood is the high-level fauna known
to extend.
The summit of Menuang Casing itself is a somewhat
steep peak rising above hills of only slightly inferior altitude.
The collection, of which Mr. Ridley treats below, was
made in the course of a four or five days' visit in February,
1912. At 6 o'clock one morning I left Dusun Tua ^in the Ulu
Langat district of Selangor, 17 miles from Kuala Lumpur),
which is a rest-house near some hot springs impregnated with
sulphuretted hydrogen, and at 5.45 P.M. made camp on a hill-
side 2,950 feet high. The day's march had been an extremely
hard one (owing to the many descents we had to make before
finally attaining this altitude), and we all arrived thoroughly
exhausted, but I felt little compunction in getting the utmost
out of the Sakais who acted as carriers, since they had
refused to remain with me for more than one night, and had
stood out for most extortionate remuneration.
Our palm-leaf shelter was made on the mountain-side on
a flat knoll which the Sakais called Bukit Pengaseh, and even
at that moderate altitude we found the nights extremely cold
owing to the presence of a strong wind which blew uninter-
ruptedly across the ridge; at midday the thermometer generally
indicated about 70°,
* Reprinted from the Journal of the Linnean Society — Botany, Vol. XLI,
July, 1913.
f An account of the mammals and birds obtained on a previous visit to these
mountains appears in an earlier number of this Journal (Vol. iv. pp 235-241
(1911).
2 - Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Save for the occurrence of "Job's Tears" (Coix Lachryma
Jobi) at 1350 feet, and the commencement of the Giant Bam-
boo zone at 2000 feet, I noted little of botanical interest, as,
after leaving the various streams which form the sources of the
Langat River, attention was principally directed to a search
for water. I remember, however, a most unexpected show of
Cannas in a Saki clearing at 1,000 feet.
The collection was made between the camp and the top
of Menuang Casing, about 3^ hours distant to the N. W. along
a very undulating track, which ran up and down hill-sides,
along ridges, and over many minor summits, but nowhere
reached as low a level as Bukit Pengaseh.
In two spots some distance apart, but both at an altitude
of 4,100 feet, a yellow Balsam {Impaiiens oncidioides) occurred,
thickly covering swampy patches on the ridges, while I have
rarely seen denser draperies of moss at a height of 4,300 feet
than on a rocky hill-top covered with trees whose roots crawled
over the surface; here orchids were numerous. At this height
also we discovered a swamp and small pond on a level ridge
which was deep in mud all along its length. Much of this
mud was covered by a small-leaved creeping plant {Pratia
hegonioefolia) which bore immense numbers of round pinkish-
red fruits.
The ridges struck me as being unusually swampy, but the
summit of Menuang Gasing itself was quite dry, being of
conical form; it had been cleared some years previously, and
was covered principally with myrtles, pitcher-plants, and long
grasses.
It will be seen that the plants obtained occurred at
altitudes between 3,000 feet and 4,908 feet. — C. B. K.j
The Flora.
yhe collection of plants made by Mr. Kloss on this expe-
dition and described below, shows clearly the fact that this
mountain, possessing as he states a high-level fauna, bears also
a high-level flora.
/yThe mountain itself possesses an interest in that it is one
of the most' southern ones of anything like that altitude in the
peninsula, and the flora we find thereon is shown by this
collection to be similar to that of the central mountain chain
running to the northern part of the peninsula. This is
illustrated by the occurrence here of such plants as the beautiful
Golden Balsam Impatient oncidioides, Bucklnndia populnea, the
rare Polyosoma parviflora, Pratia begonicefolia, Dilochia Cantleyi,
and Goodyera gracilis.
Further south we have one mountain of approximately
the same height, viz. Mount Ophir, 4,000 feet in altitude, the
flora of which is now well known and is very different from
that of the main chain and of Menuang Gasing. Indeed,
igi5.] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. 3
there is every evidence that Mount Ophir was never connect-
ed with the main chain of the peninsula, or at least not during
the period of the evolution of the flora now found on the
mountains of the central main range.
The novelties and additions to our flora are mostly of
peninsular types, but of more special interest are the Javanese
Orchid, Phy sums hunit lis, Forrestia glabrata (Indo-Malaya), and
the Indian Pratia begonicefolia, which, however, was recently
obtained on Gunong Kerbau, in Perak ; while among the new
species, Oheronia grandis, probably the biggest species in this
large genus, the remarkable Blastus pulverulentus, and the new
Balanophora are the most noteworthy.
List of Plants collected.
POLYPETAL^.
MAGNOLIAQEiE.
1. Illicium cambodianum, Hance, in Journ. Bot. xiv.
(1876)240, [287]*
The flowers rather smaller than usual, and the petals not
ciliate on the edge.
Distrih. Common on all the hills at about 4,000 feet
elevation.
ANONACEiE.
2. GoNiOTHALAMUS CuRTisii, King, in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. Ixi. (1892) ii. 75 {Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. i. 324) [287].
Distrib. Selangor and Perak.
3. Unona filipes, 7?/^/.,^n. sp. [287].
Arbor io-12-pedcdis, glabra, cortice nigro. Folia elliptica,
acuta, basibus rotundatis, tenuiter coriacea, superne viridia,
subtus glauca, 19 cm. longa, 8 cm. lata, nervorum 15 paribus,
petiolis I cm. longis. Flores singuli, axillares, kermesini vel
brunnei, pedicellis filiformibus ad 38 cm. longis. Sepala parva,
deltoideo-ovata, acuta, 3 mm. longa. Petala elongata, linearia,
a basi latiore acuminata, ad apices spiraliter torta,angustissima,
15 cm. longa, ad basin 9 mm. lata. Stamina antheris oblongis
apicibns late triangulariovatis. Pistilln- lageniformia, dense
pilis rufis tecta. Carpella matiira ellipsoidea, 8 mm. longa, 5
mm. lata, brevissime apiculata, stipitibus i cm. longis.
Also in Perak (Scorfechini, 342) ; Larut, 2,500 to 3,000 feet
alt., 10 to 20 feet tall: flower brown, fruit glossy-green with
brown tinge (King's Collector, 5291). Hill garden, medium-
sized tree, flowers crimson {Wray, 609).
Figures in square brackets [ ] indicate the pagination of tlie original
paper*
4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
This plant is identified by King (Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. i. 295)
with U. longiflora, Roxb., a native of Assam and Chittagong.
His description in this article and the description and figure in
the 'Annals of the Calcutta Garden,' vol. iv. i. p. 58, pi. 80,
do nojt apply to the Perak plant, which appears to me to be a
very distinct species. It differs in its very much longer and
more slender pedicels, which in U. longiflora vary from iJ-8
inches in length and are much stouter; in its petals, which are
much narrower, narrowing rather abruptly from a broader base
into a long filiform point, whereas in U. longiflora they are
gradually narrowed and linear lanceolate, much broader and
only 9 cm. long or little more ; in the carpels, which in
U. longiflora are often moniliform, with the joints elongate and
much longer in proportion to their breadth than in U.filipes.
4. POLYALTHIA MONTANA, i?«^/., n. Sp. [288].
Arbor ramis tenuibus, cortice nigro, partibus junioribus
pilis flavescentibus appressis tectis. Folia lanceolata,
acuminata, apicibus obtusis, basibus brevius acuminatis,
coriacea, nitida, subtus pallidiora, glabra, 15 cm. longa, 45
mm. lata, nervorum paribus 8, reticulationibus conspicuis
tenuibus, petiolis pubescentibus 5 mm. longis. Florcs extra-
axillares, singuli, i cm. lati, pedicellis i cm. longis. Sepala
parva, ovata, hirta. Petala oblonga, ovata, extus hirta,''intus
glabra, obtnsa, serie externa quam interiore breviore. Stamina
oblonga, connectivo subelliptico, apice canaliculato antheram
vix tegente. Ovaria pauca, oblonga, hirta, stigmatibus glabris.
Ovuluin singulum. Carpella matura ellipsoidea, hirta vel pilis
dejectis pustulata, i cm. longa, stipitibus 3 mm. longis.
Distrih. Ulu Langat (C. B. Kloss).
Nearest to P. dutnosa, King, but differing in the venation
of the leaves, the petals hairy outside and glabrous within, the
connective or appendage of the stamen smaller, somewhat
oblong, grooved along the top, and in the form of the fruit.
Most of the flowers on the specimens appear to be unisexual
and male, having no pistils. The petals appear to have been
purple.
POLYGALACEiE.
5. PoLYGALA VENENOSA, Juss. in Poir. Did. Encyc. v.
493 [288].
There are two forms in the collection, one the common
peninsular form with broad ovate leaves, the other with
oblanceolate leaves.
Distrih. Common in the hill- woods above 1,000 feet
elevation.
STERCULIACE.E.
6. Leptonychia glabra, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
xxxi. (1858) 222 [288]. •
Distrih. Common all over the Peninsula.
igi5.] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing.
RUTACE.E.
7. Gi.YCOSMis PENTAPHYLLA, CoTvea, til Aim. Mils. Par.
I (1804)384 [288].
Distrib. Common all over the Peninsula.
GERANIACE^.
8. Impatiens oncidioides, Ridl. in Kew Bull. (1909) 11
[288].
Distrib. This beautiful Balsam seems to be abundant
here. It occurs also in Perak and other parts of Selangor.
MELIACE.E.
g. Aglaia odoratissima, Blume, Bijdr. 171 [289].
Distrib. Common in the Peninsula and Sumatra and Java.
CELASTRINE^.
10. Glyptopetalum quadrangulare, Prain, ex King in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng.lxv. 11. (1895) 345 [289].
Distrib. Singapore to Perak.
SAPINDACE^.
11. Al.i.ophyl\]s CoBBK, Blume, Rumphia, iu. 1^1 [289].
Var. GLABRA. In this form the leaflets are lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, entire, cuneate at
the base, smooth, shining and papery when dry; the petioles,
petiolules and rhachis of the inflorescence covered with short
stiff hairs ; the flowers rather more scattered on the rhachis
than usual ; the bracts short and the petals fringed with white
hairs. I have seen no form exactly like it.
HAMAMELIDE^.
12. BucKLANDiA POPULNEA, R. Br. Wall. Cat. n. 7414
[289].
Hills of Pahang and Perak.
Distrib. Himalayas, Burma, Java, Sumatra.
SAXIFRAGACE^>.
13. PoLYOSMA PARVIFLORA, King, in Jotirn. As. Soc. Beng.
Ixvi. (1898) n. 300 [289].
I have examined the co-type of this species in the
Herbarium at Kew, a plant collected by Wray on Gunong
Inas, in Perak. It is in young bud, and I have little doubt
that the plant collected by Kloss on Menuang Casing is the
same in spite of some differences in the original description.
King describes the calyx-tube as narrow and nearly glabrous;
6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
but in the type it is distinctly hairy. He gives the flowers as
0*2 inch long. In Kloss's plant, where they are fully open,
they are just twice as long, and nearh' glabrous, and the petals
hardly as long as the anthers. These differences are due, no
doubt, to the young state of Wray's plant.
Distrih. Hitherto only known from Gunong Inas.
MELASTOMACE.5t.
14. SoNERiLA TENUiFOLiA, Biume, 111 Flova, xiv. (1831)
491 [289].
Distrib. Common in the hills of the Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java, and Borneo.
15. BlASTUS PULVERULENTUS, i^j'^/., n. Sp. [290] .
Frutex ramis tenuibus. Folia ovata, acuminata, basibus
cuneatis, superne glabra, 13 cm. longa, 7 cm. lata, stellatim
lepidota et glandulis copiosis munita, subtus nervis prominulis
3 ad basin connatis, petiolis 25 mm. longis. Cyme axillares vel
subterminales, 3 cm. longae, pauciflorae. BractecB lineares, 3
mm. l(jngae. Flares parvi, pedicellis 3 mm. longis. Calycis
tubus sabglobosus, lobis brevibus ovatis 4. Petala 4, ovata vix
longiora, glabra. Stamina 4 aequalia et similia, filamentis
petala aequantibus, antheris longioribus curvis acuminatis, basi
processibiis 2 brevibus obtusis munita. Stylus breviusculus,
basi stellato-pilosus.
Distrib. Ulu Langat {C. B. Kloss).
This species is very different in appearance from our
common Blistns Cogniauxii, Stapf, both in habit and larger
flowers, and more resembles an Anerincleistus, but the four
similar and equal stamens distinguish it from that and allied
genera.
16. Medinilla Clarkei, King, in Joiirn. As. Soc. Beng.
Ixix. (1900) II. 63 [290] .
Distrib. Common on hills from 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation.
Malacca, Perak, Selangor.
17. Medinilla Hulletth, King, I. c. 76 [290].
Distrib. Also occurs in Johore.
BEGONIACEiE.
18. Begonia megapteroidea, King, I. c. Ixxi. (1902) 11.
65 [290].
Distrib. Perak.
19. Begonia Klossii, Ridl., n. sp. [290].
Rhizoma validum, repens, elongatum, lignosum. Folia
longe petiolata, ovata, subabrupte acuminata, basibns rotun-
datis sequilateralibus, Integra, 11 "3 mm. longa, 5-6 cm. lata, in
dorso furfuracea, aliter glabra, nervorum paribus 5 gracilibus,
I9I5-] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. 7
petiolis gracilibus 18 cm. longis. Pedunculm e rhizomate
erectus, subtenuis, ruber, o"i5 cm. longus, squamis lanceolatis
acuminatis obtectus. Flores masculi 3-4, in pedicellis graci-
libus 2 cm. longis. Bractece 2, lanceolatae, persistentes^ i
cm. longae. Sepala oblonga, sabspathulata, apicibus rotundatis,
14 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata. Petala angustiora et breviora.
Andrcecinm sessile, filamentis gracilibns, dimidio antherse
aequilongis, antheris linearibus obtusis baud apiculatis. Cap-
sida trialata, ala una longiore oblonga oblique rotundata, ad
apicem 2 cm. longa i cm. lata, alls obtuse triangularibus 5
mm. longis.
The flowers apparently white. This is allied to B.
Rohinsonii, Ridley; but the leaves are quite equilateral and not
bilobed. It evidently creeps on tree trunks as does that
species, as one specimen shows roots spread out from the
rhizome with moss on them.
ARALIACE.E.
20. Brassaiopsis elegans, Ridl., n. sp. [291].
FnUex cortice griseo, partibus junioribus tomeiito rufo-
tectis. Folia digitata vel simplicia, foliolis lanceolatis
acuminatis, basibus longe angustatis, marginibus minute
denticulatis, herbacea, subtus pallidiora, 16 cm. longa, 4-5
cm. lata, nervorum 5 paribus, petiolulis 3 cm. longis, petiolis
13 cm. longis gracilibus. Stipulcb connatas, latas, hidentatse,
dentibus acuminatis. Panicnla longa, laxa, deflexa, gracilis,
pedunculo gracili 10 cm. longo cum ramis 4-12 cm. longis rufo-
tomentoso, umbellis i cm. longis 13-floris, pedicellis florum 5
mm., fructuum i cm. longis. Bractece lanceolatae, acuminatse,
3 mm. longse, umbellar'es breviores apicibus brevioribus, omnes
rufo-tomentosae. Calyx obconicus, dentibus brevibus rufo-
tomentosus. Petala 5, oblonga, obtusa, parce hirta. Stamina
5, brevia, filamentis brevibus, antheris oblongis obtusis. Stylus
unicus, brevis, crassus, in flore quam stamina brevior, stigmate
capitato. Discus pulviniformis. Ovarium biloculare.
Distrib. Ulu Langat.
This species is allied to B. speciosa, DC. & Planch., but is
very distinct in its much smaller, more slender inflorescence,
and longer peduncles.
RUBIACE.E.
21. Adenosacme lanceolata, Ridl. in Journ. Fed. Mai.
States Mus. iv. (1909) 29 [291].
Distrib. Also in Pahang.
22. Argostemma involucratum, Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 1556 [291I.
Distrib. Perak, Pahang.
8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
23. Argostemma spinulosum, Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. iii. 46 [291].
Distrib. Also Perak.
,24. Argostemma Hookeri, King, in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. Ixxii. (1903) 11. 155 [291].
Distrib. Also Johore, Penang.
25. Ophiorrhiza erubescens, Wall. Cat. n. 6233
[291].
Distrib. Burmah, Perak.
26. Ophiorrhiza Klossii, Ridl., n. sp. [291].
Herba pedalis (30 cm. alta), caule validulo basi glabro,
superne velutino-pubescente. Folia ovata vel oblongo-
lanceolata, acuminata apice obtusa, basi acuminata, glabra
nervis in dorso pubescentibus exceptis, superne viridia, subtus
pallida, 115 mm. ad 15 cm. longa,43 mm. lata, nervorum paribus
ad 14 in nervum submarginalem junctis, petiolis pubescentibus
35 cm. long Stipules lineares, 5 mm. longse. Cynnce compactae,
nutantes, deflexae, pubescentes, i cm. longse. Bractece persis-
tentes, lineares, dimidio pedunculi aequales. Pedicelli breves,
pubescentes, ovario breviores. Calyx globoso-cupulatus,
pubescens, lobis 5 ovatis acutis dimidio tubi aequantibus.
Corolla tubulosa, crassiuscula, 6 mm. longa, glabra, apicibus
paullo pubescentibus exceptis, lobis obtusis \ tubi aequantibus.
Stamina 5, glabra, quam corolla breviora, antheris linearibus.
Stylus longior, stigmate bifido. Capsula obreniformis, sinu
lato profundo, pubescens, 8 mm. lata, ad sinum i mm. alta.
A very distinct species in its rather large flowers in the
nodding head, the persistent bracts and the broad linear
stipules.
27. Klossia MONTANA, Ridl. in Journ. Fed. Mai. States
Mm. iv. (1909) 28 [292] .
Distrib. Selangor and Pahang.
28. Webera puLchra, Ridl. I. c. 33 [292].
The leaves are rather smaller than in the type.
Distrib. Pahang.
29. IxORA KiNGSTONi, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 140
"292].
Distrib. Johore, Selangor,*Perak, Malacca, and Andamans.
30. Pavetta indica, Linn. Sp. PL no [292].
Distrib. Whole Peninsula.
31. Lasianthus WiGHTi ANUS, //oo^./. 7'7. 7? n"^. /;/<-/. iii.
188 [292].
Distrib. Mt. Ophir.
igiS'] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. 9
32. Lasianthus flavicans, Kmg & Gamble, in Joiirn.As.
Soc. Beng. Ixxiii. (1904) 11, 116 [292].
Distrib. Singapore, Pahang, Perak, and Selangor.
33. PsYCHOTKiA STIPULACEA, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey, iv. 164 [292].
Distrib. Common over the whole Peninsula.
COMPOSITE.
34. Gynura sarmentosa, D(J. Prodr. iv. 298 [292].
Distrib. Whole Peninsula, Siam, and Malaya.
[292]
35. Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. Char. Gen. 20
Distrib. Common, especially in hill-districts.
CAMPANULACEiE.
36. Pratia BEGONiiEFOLiA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1373
[293]-
Distrib. Only previously met with in Gunong Kerbau in
Perak, and in India.
VACCINIACE.E.
37. Vaccinium breviflos, Ridl., n. sp. [293].
Frutex. Folia coriacea, oblanceolata, versus apicem
abrupte acuminatum latiora, ad basin angustattr, 4 cm. longa,
2 cm. lata, glabra, superne pallida, subtus brunnea (in sicca),
nervis 6 ascendeutibus, petiolis 4 mm. longis. Racemi axil-
lares et subterminales, breves, 2 cm. longi vel minores, rachi et
pedicellis pubescentibus, ad bases floriferi. Bractece ovatae,
subacutai, 4 mm. longae. Calyx cupuliformis, margine integro.
Corolla extus glabra, cylindrica, lobis brevissimis recurvis
rotundatis, 5 mm. longa. Stamina breviora 10, filamentis
brevibus hirtis. Antheroe parvae, oblongae, rostris oblongis
truncatis ferme sequilongis parallelis, processibus basalibus
nullis. Stylus crassiusculus, ad basin hirtus, superne glaber,
qiiam corolla brevior, stigmate capitato. Discus pulviniformis.
This species somewhat resembles V. Kunstleri, but is in all
parts much smaller.
MYRSINE^.
38. Labisia pumila, var. alata, Scheff. Myrs. 93 [293] .
Distrib. Common in the Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra.
39. Ardisia and am an jca, Kurz, For. Fl. ii. 108 [293].
Distrib. Andamans and Mergui, south to Johore.
10 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
STYRACE^.
40. Symplocos spicata, var. malasica, C. B. Clarke, in
Hcok.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 573 [293].
Distrib. Malacca and Perak.
OLEACE^.
41. Jasminum ADE'ii ophyl.lv u, Wall. Cat. n. 2876 [293].
Distrib. Apparently a rare plant, only obtained in the
Khasiya hills (Wallich) and by Kunstler in Penang.
APOCYNACE^.
42. Rauwolfia perakensis, King & Gamble, in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. (1908) 11. 424 [293].
Distrib. Perak and Pahang.
ASCLEPIADEiE.
43. DiscHiDiA cocciNEA, Griff. Notiil. iv. 45 [294] .
Distrib. Malacca, Perak.
44. DiscHiDiA ACUTIFOLIA, Maing. ex Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. iv. 51 [294].
Distrib. Malacca.
GESNERACE^.
45. Agalmyla staminea, Blume, Bijdr. 767 [294] .
Distrib. Hills of the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra.
46. ^SCHYNANTHUS LOiiGiCAhYX, Ridl. tti Joum. Str. Br.
As. Soc. xliii. 16 [294].
Distrib. Perak and Selangor.
47. DiDYMOCARPUS HISPIDUS, Var. SELANGORENSIS, Ridl.
apud. King & Gamble, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. (1909) 11.
750 (294J.
Distrib. Selangor.
48. Cyrtandrom^a ACUMINATA, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.
PL ii. 1020 [294].
Distrib. Malay Peninsula from Tringanu southwards to
Selangor.
49. Cyrtandra pilosa, Blume, Bijdr. 770 [294].
Distrib. Malay Peninsula to New Guinea.
ACANTHACE.E.
50. Strobilanthes Maingayi, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. /.
Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 448 [294].
igi5.] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. ii
Distrib. Penang, Perak, Selangor.
51. PSEUDEKANTHEMUM LILACINUM, Stapf, in Bot. Mag.
t. 8446 [294] .
Distrib. Johore.
52. PSEUDERANTHEMUM PARVIFLORUM, Ridl., 11. sp.
Suffrutex, glaber. Folia late lanceolata, herbacea, utrinque
acuminata, subtus pallida, 19 cm. longa, 7 cm. lata, nervorum
II paribus, petiolis i cm. longis. Panicula 15 cm. longa, rachi
pubescente. BractecB breves, i mm., lineares, acuminatae.
Pedicelli breves, vix i mm. longi. Sepala hirta, linearia,
acuminata, i mm. longa. Corolla i cm. longa, crassiuscula,
hirta, versus medium gradatim dilatata ; labium superius
lanceolatum, apice bifido, lobis lateralibus sublanceolatis
angustioribus ; labium inferius longius, carnosulum, lanceo-
latum, omnino parce hirtum. Stamina 2, antheris in dorso
hirtis, loculis baud parallelis inaequalibus, basibus mucronulatis.
Stylus glaber. Capsula 3 cm. longa, pedicellata, apice magno
dilatato acuto 7 mm. lato. Seniina 4, complanata, rugosa.
Allied to P. breviflos (C. B. Clarke) Ridl., but differing in
foliage and habit.
53. Leda lancifolia, Ridl., n. sp. [295].
Suffrutex, cortice pallido. Folia lanceolata, acuminata,
basibus longe cuneatis, sequalia, herbacea, 12 cm. longa, 5 cm.
lata, superne glabra, subtus in nervis minute scabro-hirta,
nervorum circiter 10 paribus tenuibus, petiolis i cm. longis.
Panicula terminalis, 6 cm. longa, ramis paucis patulis,
pauciflora. Bractece lineares, 4 mm. longse. Sepala linearia,
acuminata, acuta, 5 mm. longa, glabra. Corolla 15 mm. longa,
lobis labii superioris lanceolatis, inferioribus obtusis, lobo
medio pilis flavis munito. Stamina 2, antheris hirtis muticis
subparallelis.
A single specimen with only one corolla remaining, but
enough to show that the plant belongs to the genus Leda, as
separated by C. B. Clarke, and that it is specifically distinct
from any other species. The inflorescence is open and
spreading, with a few branches and about 7 flowers on short
pedicels 2-5 mm. long. The whole of the leaves and panicle
dries black.
APETAL^.
NEPENTHACE^.
54. Nepenthes gracillima, Ridi. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. xxxviii. (1908) 320 [295].
Apparently a large-sized form of this species, but without
flowers.
Distrib. Pahang and Selangor.
12 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
PIPERACE^.
55. Piper magnibaccum, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv.
Ind. vi. 5 [295] .
Distrib. Perak.
56. Piper caninum, Blume, in Verh. Batav.-Gen. xi.
(1826) 214. f. 26 [295].
The .pubescent form, with ovate, nearly cordate leaves.
Distrib. Common all over the Peninsula.
57. Piper muricatum, Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. 33
[295]-
Distrib. Common in forest in the Peninsula.
CHLORANTHACE^.
58. Chloranthus brachystachys, Blume, Fl. Jav. Fasc.
viii. 13, 14 [295].
Distrib. Common on hills, India, China, and Malaya.
MYRISTICACE^..
59. Myristica Cantleyi, /Joo/fe. /. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. no
[296].
A large-leaved, nearly glabrous form.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
LAURACE^.
60. LiTSEA CINERASCENS, Ridl., n. sp. [296] .
^r6oy, cortice ramulorum pallide griseo. /'"o/m lanceolata,
acuminata, basibus attenuatis obtusis, alterna vel subopposita,
tenuiter subcoriacea, superne glabra, subtus cinerea, 21 cm.
longa, 5-6 cm. lata, costa nervisque ii-jugatis minute rufo-
tomentosis, petiolis crassiusculis tomentosis 5 mm. longis.
Flares feminei in pedunculis brevissimis, 2 mm. longis, bracteis
ovatis lanceolatis tomentosis minimis. Pedunculi umbellarum
tomentosi, 4-5 mm. longi. Bractece involucrales 4, ovatae,
acutae, extus sericeae. Umbellulce 3 in pedunculis crassiusculis
sericeis, 3 mm. longae. Sepala 6, oblonga, obtusa, extus sericea.
Staminodia exteriora 6, filamentis longiusculis sericeis, antheris
abortivis, interiora 3-breviora, exterioribus ad bases adnata,
spathulata, glandulis reniformibus 2 ad basin sessilibus.
Ovarium parvum, ovoideum, glabrum. Stylus filiformis, stig-
mate peltato-discoideo sublobato. Flores masculi et fructus
non visi.
Distrib. Also met with at Telom, Pahang {Ridley, 13781).
Litsea cinerascens seems nearest to Litsea ainara, Hlume,
but is much more glabrous than any form of this species, with
fewer flowers in the umbels and larger leaves. Gamble, in the
igiS-] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. 13
' Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula,' gives the Telom
plant under the variety attenuata of L. amara, but it is very
different from the other plants included under that variety,
and should have at least a varietal name.
THYMEL.EACE.E.
61. Daphne pendula, Sm. Ic. Ined. ii. 34, t. 34 [296] .
Distrib. This pretty shrub is not rare in the hill woods of
the Malay Peninsula, Burma and Malaya.
BALANOPHORACE^.
Balanophora truncata, RidL, n. sp. [296].
Rhizoma arete pustulosum. Folia ad basin pedunculi 3,
ovato-oblonga, apicibus rotundatis vel emarginatis, 5-15 mm.
longa, g-io mm. lata, summa 2, oblonga, majora, truncata, 2
cm. longa, i cm. lata. Pedunculns masculus 7 cm. longus, basi
ad 3 cm. nudds, 3 mm. crassus. Flores in spica dissiti, circiter
30, sessiles. Alabastra transversim oblonga. Sepala 2, ex-
teriora transverse oblonga, 4 mm. lata, multo breviora ;
interiora liiieari-oblonga, apicibus incurvis, exterioribus asqui-
longa, I mm. lata. Andrceciuin transverse oblongum, 3 mm.
latum, antheris plurime dense congestis, serie una.
The solitary specimen in the collection is a male inflor-
escence with the leaves and a small part of the rhizome
attached. It has no trace of female flowers, and evidently
belongs to an unisexual species, such as B. Polyandra, Griff.,
which, however, is a very much larger plant. It is quite
distinct from this in the very unequal and dissimilar sepals,
the upper and lower ones being much wider and quite
truncate, with a long straight edge at the apex.
EUPHORBIACE^.
63. Sauropus forcipatus. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 334
[297] •
Distrib. Hill woods of the Malay Peninsula.
64. Antidesma pendulum, Hook./. I. c. v. 356 [297].
Distrib. Perak.
URTICACE^.
65. Elatostemma acuminatum, Brongn. Bot. Voy. Coq.
Ill [297].
Distrib. Not rare by mountain streams in the Peninsula.
66. Ficus suBULATA, Bliimc Bijdr. 460 [297].
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
14 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
ORCHIDE^.
67. ObERONIA (§ CaULESCENTES) GRAKDIS, Ridl., n. sp.
[297]-
Caules plures, pedales. Folia ensiformia, curva, acu-
minata, 15 — 17 cm. longa, 15 mm. lata. Spicce terminales,
15 cm. longai, ad basin densiflorae, floribus flavidulis sub-
verticillatis. Bractece lanceolatas, cuspidatae ; pedicelli i mm.
aiqiiantes. Sepala ovata, acuta. Petala oblonga, lanceolata,
Integra, angustiora. Labellwn oblongo-obovatiim, apice bifido
marginibus breviter denticulatis, fovea ovata. Anthera late
ovata, subrostrata. Capstda 5 cm. longa, oblongo-globosa.
Ula Langat.
A very large-sized species, with stems a foot to 18 inches
long or more, including the spike, and with about six long
cur\'ed leaves, scimitar-shaped. Spikes not very crowded,
but flowering to the base. Flowers 2 mm. across, apparently
yellow. The sepals short and broad, and the lip resembling
that of 0. biaurita, Hook. f.
68. LiPARis FLACCiDA, Retclib. f. til Linncea,xU. {iSyy) 45
[297]-
In fruit onl}'.
Distvib. Siam, Malacca, Perak, Selangor, and Malay
Islands.
69. Li PARIS coMOSA, Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Sac, Bat.
xxxii. (1896) 229 [298] .
Distrib. Perak.
70. ErIA (§ DiLOCHIOPSIS) SCORTECHINII, Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. v. 809 [298] .
Distrib. Hills of Perak and Pahang, at about 4,000 feet
elevation.
71. Phreatia (§ BuLBOS^) LINEARIS, Ridl., n. sp. [298].
Rhizonia 4 cm. longum, dense pseudobulbis et radicibus
tectum. Pseudobulbi globoso-conici, i cm. longi. Folia 2-3
anguste linearia, obtusa, 11 cm. longa, 5 mm. lata, coriacea,
basi in petiolum angustata. Scapus gracilis, 16 cm. longus,
basi ad dimidium nudus, foliis caulinis circiter 4, lanceolatis
acuminatis 10 mm. longis exceptis. Flores minimi, subremoti.
Bractece anguste lanceolatae, subulata, 2 mm. longae. Ovarium
cum pedicello longius quam bracteas. Sepala ovata. Petala
angustiora, oblonga, subacnta. Labellum ovatum, hand un-
guiculatum, integrum, obtusum, quam sepala brevius.
Ulu Langat.
Very near, if not identical, is a plant collected by Beccari
on Mt. Singalan, Sumatra, No. 397 (Herb. Kew.).
igi5-] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing.
15
This plant most resembles Ph. listrophora, Ridl. ; the lip
is, however, not clawed but ovate, like that of Ph. minntiflora,
Lindl.
72. Ceratostylis GRACILIS, B lume , B ij dr . ^o6 [2gS] .
Distrib. Common all over the Peninsula.
73. Ceratostylis lancifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
^•826 [298].
Distrib. Apparently rare, having only previously been
collected by Scortechini in Perak.
74. Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br. in Bot. Reg. sub t.
573 [298].
Distrib. Johore and Perak, India, Mala}' Islands to
Australia.
75. CCELOGYNE CARNEA, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 838
[298J.
Distrib. Pahang, Selangor, Perak. Common at high
altitudes.
76. DiLOCHiA Can TLEYi, Ridl. in Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Bot.
xxxii. (1898) 332 [298].
Distrib. Perak and Pahang, at high altitudes.
yy. Plocoglottis javanica, Blume, Bijdr. 381, t. 21
[298].
Distrib. Common all over the Peninsula, Java.
78. Saccolabium bigibbum, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 5767
[298].
Distrib. Burmah, Perak, and Pahang.
79. Thrixspermum montanum, Ridl., n. sp. [298].
Caulis validus, 15 cm. longus, 6 mm. latus. Folia coriacea,
lorata, obtusa, 15 cm. longa, 2 cm. lata. Pedunculns 45 mm.
longus. Racemus 15 mm. longus, pauciflorus, vix incrassatus,
compressus, bracteis ovatis acutis. Flores ad 7, pedicellis 4 mm.
longis. Sepala oblonga, lanceolata, subacuta. 6 cm. longa,
4 cm. lata. Petala angustiora, lanceolata, subfalcata. Labelliun
saccatum, nnguiculatum, lobis vix distinctis brevibus truncatis,
lobo medio rotundato brevi, calcare conoideo porrecto obtuso.
Columna brevis, lata, clinandrio late ovato, rostelli lobis
brevibus obtusis. Anthera ovata, rostro lato truncato-quadrato,
polliniis oblongis obtusis, stipitibiis brevibus, disco minuto
ovato.
Ulu Langat.
Not very like any species known to me. The lip has a
saccate base and the margins are elevated, ending in two short
blunt points representing the side lobes ; between these at the
end is a short rounded lobe representing the mid-lobe, the
i6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
spur is conic as in Th. Calceolus. The pollinia seem to be
sausage-shaped rather than pyriform. The clinandrium is
large for the flower, with distinct thick projecting margins.
80. PoDOCHiLUS LANCiFOLiA, SchUcJit. Mou. Pod. 12
[299].
Distrib. Selangor and Perak.
81. GooDYERA GRACILIS, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 112
[299] •
Var. UNiCALLOSA, Ridl., n. var.
Flores ^ poll, longi. Labellum oblongum, cymbiforme,
lobo terminali cordato-ovato, callo singulo oblongo, apice
rotundato obtuso. Anthera longior, magis acuminata, polliniis
elongatis pyriformibus, disco lineari ultra dimidium pollinii
longo.
This has the exact habit of G. gracilis, Hook f., a native
of the upper part of the Larut Hills, near Gunong Hijan. I
find, however, that the two calli in the base of the lip are
connate into one blunt thick round-tipped organ, and that the
pollinia are longer and narrower, with the linear disc more than
half as long as the pollen-mass.
82. Physurus HUMiLis, Blume, Orchid. Arch. Ind. 96, pi.
27. 2, 12-13 [299].
A single specimen.
Distrib. New to the Malay Peninsula. Native of Java.
83. Cryptostylis Arachnites, Blume, Orch. Arch. Ind.
132, t. 45 [299].
Distrib. Common up to about 4,000 feet in the Malay
Peninsula, India, Java, Ceylon.
84. Habenaria zosterostyloides. Hook. f. FL Brit.
Ind. vi. 155 [299] .
Distrib. Malacca, Perak, and Pahang.
85. Habenaria gigas., Hook.f. I. c. 160 [299].
Specimen in fruit only, and so doubtful.
Distrib. Perak.
SCITAMINE^.
86. Globba regalis, Ridl. in Journ. Fed. Mai. States
Mus. iv. (1909) 74 [300] .
Base of stem blood-spotted.
Distrib. Pahang.
AMARYLLIDE.E.
87. Curculigo latifolia. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 253
[300] .
Distrib. Burmah, Andamans, Malaya.
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Mount Menuang Casing. 17
LILIACEM.
88. Peliosanthes albida, Baker, Bot. Mag. t. 71 10
[300] .
Distrih. Perak, Penang, and Borneo.
8g. Smilax aspericaulis, Wall. Cat. n. 5129 [300] .
Distrih. Perak and Selangor, India and Andamans.
90. Drac^na elliptica, Thunb. Diss. Bot. Drac. 6 [300] .
Distrih. Common in the Malay Peninsula; Silhet,
Burmah, Andamans, and Malay Islands.
COMMELINACE^.
91. FoRRESTiA glabrata, Hook. iu Flora, xlvii. (1864)
360 [300].
Distrih. India, Tonkin, Java, and Sumatra.
A new addition to our flora.
PALM^.
92. PiNANGA POLYMORPHA, Becc. MkUsia, iii. 173 [300].
Distrih. Perak, Selangor.
93. PiNANGA ScoRTECHiNii, Becc. MaUsia, i. 170 [300].
The petals of the male flowers are in this form lanceolate
and acute, not ovate.
Distrih. Penang, Perak, Selangor.
94. Iguanura geonom^formis, var. malaccensis, Ridl.
Mat. Fl. Mai. ii. 150 [300].
The form with the leaves cut into many lobes.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
95. Calamus viridispinus, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 458 [300] .
Distrih. Perak.
ARACE^.
96. ARisiEMA ANOMALUM, Hemsl. in Journ. Bot. xxv.
(1887) 205 [300] .
Distrih. Perak.
97. Amorphophallus Bufo, Ridl. in Journ. Fed. Mai.
States Mus. iv. (1909) p. 89 [301].
Distrih. Perak at Telom.
98. Aglaonema Schottianum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 316
[301] .
Distrih. Burmah, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
3
1 8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
99. PiPTOSPATHA ELONGATA, Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mai. Pen. iii.
35 [301]-
Distrib. Hills of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
100. Anadendrum montanum, Schott, in Bonplandia, v.
(1857) 45 ;Proi. 391 [301].
Distrib. Whole Peninsula, Tenasserim, Borneo.
CYPERACE^.
loi. ScLERiA RADULA, Hauce, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4,
xviii. (1862) 232 [301].
Distrib. Perak, Hongkong,
102. Gahnia javanica, Mor. Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98. [301].
Distrib. High altitudes, Malay Peninsula.
GRAMINEiE.
103. Panicum patens, Linn. Sp. PL 86 [301].
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia.
104. Panicum pilipes, Nees & Am. ; Miq. PI. Jungh. iii.
376 [301] •
Distrib. Common in the East from the Mascarene Isles to
Polynesia.
105. Panicum sarmentosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 308
[301].
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China.
106. Panicum uncinatum, Raddi, Agrost. Bras. ^1 [301].
Only previously met with at Temengoh.
Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malay Islands, and South
America.
107. Thysanol^na argostis, N(J«, in Edinb. Phil. Journ.
xviii. (1835) 180 [301].
Distrib. Penang, Perak, Selangor.
108. LoPHATHERUM GRACILE, Brongu. in Duperr. Voy.,
Bot.so,t.8 [301].
Distrib. Tropical and Warm Asia.
FILICES.
109. Alsophila commutata, Mett. in Ann. Mus.-Lugd.-
Bat. i. 53 [301].
Distrib. Hills of the Malay Peninsula.
no. Alsophila latebrosa. Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 37 [302].
Distrib. Common all over the Malay Peninsula.
19^5.
H. N. Ridley: Mount Menitang Casing.
19
111. Hymenophyllum Javanicum, Spreng. Syst. iv. 132
[302] .
Distrib. Mascarene Isles, India, Malaya, Australia.
112. Trichomanes pallidum, Blume, Ennm. PL Jav. 225
[302]
Islands.
Distrib. Common on all the hills of the Peninsula; Java.
113. Trichomanes rigidum, Sw. Prodr. 137 [302].
Distrib. Most of the Tropics.
114. Trichomanes Pluma, Hook. Ic. PL t. 997 [302].
Distrib. Common on the hills at 4,000 feet alt. ; Malaya
115. Trichomanes maximvm, Blume, Enum. PL Jav. 22S
[302] .
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands and Polynesia.
116. Trichomanes auriculatum, Blume, Enum. PL Jav.
225 [302].
Distrib. Selangor and Perak, Malay Isles, Japan, and
Guiana.
117. Leucostegia nodosa, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Stippl'
4 [302].
Only hitherto recorded from Gunong Buba in Perak.
Distrib. India and Java.
118. Davallia divaricata, Blume, Enum, PL Jav. 237
[302] .
Distrib. Rare. Perak, also Java.
iig. LiNDSAYA FLABELLULATA, Dvyand. in Trans. Linn.
Sac. iii. (1797) 41 t. 8. f. 2 [302].
Distrib. Tropical Asia and Australia.
120. Litobrochia incisa, Presl. Tent. 149 [302].
Distrib. Tropics generally.
121. Blechnum okientale, Linn. Sp. PL ed. i, 1077
[302] .
Distrib. Eastern Tropics.
122. AsPLENiUM HiRTVM, Kaulf. Enum. Fit. 169 [302].
A large form with long acuminate pinnae.
Distrib. Malaya, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Sey-
chelles, Polynesia.
123. A. NiTiDUM, Sw. Syn. Fil. 280 [302].
Distrib. S. Africa to I ndo- Malaya.
20 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
124. A. TENERUM, Forst.f. Prod. 80 [302].
Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya, and Polynesia.
125. ASPLENIUM AMBOINENSE, Wtlld. Sp. PL V. 303
[303] .
Distrib. Mergui, Tavoy, Polynesia.
126. DiPLAZiUM BANTAMENSE, Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 191
[303].
Distrib. I ndo- Malaya, China.
127. DiPLAZiUM TOMENTOSUM, Blumc, Euum. PI. Jav. 192
[303] •
Distrib. Common. Butmah, Malaya.
128. DiDYMOCHL^NA LUNULATA, Desv. ill Mem. Soc
Linn. Paris, ii. (1827) 282 (303).
Distrib. Malay Peninsula, Burmah, Mascarene Islands,
Polynesia, America.
129. Mesochl^ena polycarpa, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind.
Suppl. 13 [303].
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
130. AsPiDiUM PACHYPHYLLUM, Kwize, in Bot. Zeit. 1848.
259 [303]-
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
131. LASTRiEA IMMERSA, T. Moore, Index Fit. p. Ixxxix
[303] .
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
132. LASTRiEA CALPARATA, T. Moore, Index Fit. 87 [303] .
Distrib. India and Malaya.
133. LASTRiEA SPARSA, T. Moore, Index Fit. 104 [303].
A new record for the Malay Peninsula.
Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malay Isles, China, Mauritius.
134. Nephrodium heterocarpum, T. Moore, Index Fit.
93 [303].
Distrib. Malaya.
135. Nephrolepis davallioides, Kunze, in Bot. Zeit.
1846, 460 [303].
Distrib. Malay Peninsula, Java.
136. Oleandra neriiformis Cav., in Anal. Hist. Nat.
Madrid, i. (1799) 115 [303]-
Distrib. Common on our hills above 3,000 feet.
I9I5-]
H. N. Ridley : Mount Menuan£[ Gasins^.
21
137. PoLYPODiUM HiRTELLUM, Bltime, Euuni. PL Jav.
123 [303]-
Distrib. Hills at 4,000 feet, also Ceylon.
138. Gymnogramma calomelanos, Kaidf. Ennm. Fil. 76
[303] .
Distrib. Tropics, Natal.
139. Elaphoglossum laurifolium, T. Moore, Index Fil.
p. xvi [303] .
Distrib. Tropical Asia, Mascarene Islands.
140. Angiopteris evecta Hoffrn. Comm. Soc. Reg. Gott.
xii. 29, t. 5 [303].
Distrib. Madagascar, Indo-Malaya, Japan, Polynesia.
LYCOPODIACE^.
141 Selaginella Wallichii, spring, Man. ii. 143 [304].
Common in the hill districts.
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
MUSCI.
142. Pogonatum macrophyllum, Dozy & Molkenb. Bry.
Jav. i. 45, t. 35 [304].
Distrib. Malay Archipelago.
143. Rhizogonium spiniforme, Bruch, in Flora, xxix.
(1846) 134 [304].
Distrib. Throughout the tropics.
Both these mosses are common in the Malay Peninsula.
II. AEROMYS, A NEW GENUS OF FLYING-
SQUIRREL.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. and
C. BoDEN Kloss, F.Z.S.
We have recently been fortunate enough to obtain several
fresh examples of the rare Flying-squirrel described by
Giinther (P.Z.S. 1873 p. 413, pi. xxxvii) as Pteromys tephrotnelas.
On examination these prove to possess so many distinct cha-
racters as to require the erection of a new genus for the
reception of this and the allied species Pteromys phaeomelas,
Giinther, from Borneo, which we have also inspected. We
have characterized this below and propose that it should be
known as
Aeromys, genus nov.
Large to medium sized flying-squirrels, having the external
appearance of Petaurista and the dentition of the Scinropterus
group.
Tail cylindrical, non-distichous, the base contained in the
interfemoral membrane. Antebrachial membrane present.
Soles naked except the heel. Digits hairy beneath.
Skull generally resembling Petaurista but less robust and
narrower. Bullae not constricted mesially and more triangular
in outline. No palatal spine. Zygomatic plate, as in the
Scinropterus group, lacking a pronounced post-orbital point.
Teeth markedly different from those of Petaurista, more
nearly agreeing with Hylopetes. Crowns not flat, with two
transverse ridges meeting on an elevated cusp on the inner
margin of the upper teeth : no deep transverse notch at the
postero-internal angle. Sides of ridges sculptured and
wrinkled, p^ well developed, interior to the anterior extremity
of /)^. /)■* about equal in area to m^.
Type — Aeromys tephromelas {Pteromys tephromelas, Giinther)
from the Malay Peninsula.
Other species: Aeromys phaeomelas (Giinther), from
Borneo.
III. MALAY FILIGREE WORK,
By I. H. Evans, B.A. Assistant Curator and Ethnographical
Assistant F.M.S. Museums.
By the courtesy of Mr. R. O. Winstedt, District Officer,
Kuala Pilah, the writer was recently enabled to visit a Malay
goldsmith at the village of Berlombong, about three miles from
Kuala Pilah. The art of making gold filigree was, until
recently, sujjposed to be dead in the Federated States, but
Mr. Winstedt has lately discovered several smiths in Negri
Sembilan who are capable of turning out this class of work,
Tukang Adam, the man visited at Berlombong, being one of
them.
There is an .excellent account of the manufacture of
Malayan gold filigree work in Marsden's " History of Sumatra "
(pp. 178-180), and this is reproduced in Mr. Winstedt's
pamphlet on Malay Industries in the series of papers on
Malay subjects published by the F.M.S. Government.
The present short article has little claim to add anything
new to the subject, except perhaps, the pendinding prayer
used by the smith, but it may be useful as confirming
Marsden's observations, which were made more than a
hundred and thirty years ago, and showing that the same
methods still prevail.
Before starting work upon the raw- gold the smith
repeats the following spell or prayer in order to shield himself
from all harm.
Allah tuhanku, rasul Allah.
Di-hadapan aku Raja Jibrail,
Di-kiri di-kanan 'ku segala sidang malaikat.
Meninding aku Salam laut sipat-u'llah.
Ya, Musa kalam u'llah,
Ya, hanan,-ya dayan ;
Ya-sin dalam koran tiga-puloh.
Tutup terkunchi hati mulut
Barang barang satu bahaya 'kan lawan-ku ;
Terbuka, terkembang segala pintu rezeki-ku.
Tajam mengadap aku lagi tumpul ;
Bisa mengadap aku lagi tawar;
Gunching (Kanching?) pada hadap aku lagi momah
(mamah ?).
4
26 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Aku dalam kandang kalimah.
La-ilaha-ila-lia, Muhamad rasul Allah.
* Oh Allah, my God ; oh, prophet of God ;
In front of me is prince Gabriel ;
Right and left of me the whole company of angels.
My fences the Lord of the sea, the chosen (protecting)
line of God.
Oh Moses, God's scribe.
Oh Merciful, Gracious.
God's word in the thirty chapters of the Koran.
Shut and locked be the hearts and the mouths
Of those who'd imperil me ;
Open spread wide be the gate of mercies to me.
Let the sharp become blunt at my presence.
The venomous become robbed of its venom ;
Iron bolts (?) as chewed food (?).
I stand in the fold of the faith.
There is no God but Allah and Mahomed's his Prophet.
The tools used by the smith are few and primitive, merely
consisting of an iron plate bored with holes of different sizes,
used for drawing down gold wire to the required size, three
pairs of native or Chinese made pincers, a pair of forceps,
a small anvil set in a block of wood and two or three hammers
of different sizes. The gold is melted in a crucible on a
rectangular open hearth of earth, and the charcoal fire blown
up by a horizontal box bellows t. A pipe from the middle of
the latter leads to the hearth centre, passing under an arch of
hardened clay. In addition to the open hearth the smith uses
a paraffin flare and a blowpipe for softening small pieces
of gold, the flare being simply an old beer bottle, supported at
an angle of about thirty-five degrees, with a rag stuffed into its
mouth to act as a wick.
The first thing to be done in making a filigree ornament
is to get ready the gold backing t (tapak) to which the fine
wire patterns are to be affixed. When a sheet of gold has
been cut to the size and shape required for this, the smith
proceeds to draw down the wire used in making the filigree.
This is a long and tedious process. A piece of gold is first
* I have to thank Mr. R. O. Winstedt for helping me to make a correct
translation of this prayer.
t Bamboo tubes, called tropong, are used in addition for blowing up
the fire.
I Marsden calls this papan.
I9I5]
I. H. Evans: Malay Filigree Work.
27
roughly hammered out into a wire of considerable thickness
and an end is passed through one of the largest holes in the
iron plate mentioned above; the wire is then pulled through
with the aid of a pair of pincers. All the holes on one side of
the plate have their mouths enlarged into cup-shaped depres-
sions of various sizes. A little cocoanut oil is put into the
depression with a feather before the wire is drawn through the
hole, and as the wire is threaded in from the side on which the de-
pressions are, any gold which may be stripped off in the process
of drawing is left behind in the cup and adheres by reason of the
oil. The drawing process is repeated again and again, a smaller
hole being used each time. Occasionally the wire becomes too
hard to stand further fining down without breaking, and the
smith then hghts his paraffin flare, rolls the wire into a coil,
places it on a block of charcoal and softens it by means of the
flame and small brass blowpipe (penyup). Each time the wire
is put through a smaller sized hole the end of it has to be cut
or scraped with a sharp knife, until its circumference is
sufficiently small for enough of it to pass through to afford a
hold for the pincers. The drawing down process is continued,
— the refuse gold being occasionally scraped out from the
cups and deposited in a small cocoanut shell, plate or dish, —
until the wire is rather finer than an ordinary piece of
sewing cotton, when it is considered ready for the next
process. This consists in giving the prepared wire a twist, as
Marsden observes, "like that in the handle of a whalebone
punch ladle," and this is obtained by rolling the wire on a
block of wood under a flat stick. When the twisting is
finished, the wire is lightly tapped with a hammer until
it is slightly flattened. The smith is then ready to being
composing the filigree ( — karangan; i.e. composition). A
long piece of plain flattened wire is first taken and a
sufficient length cut from it to form a boundary round the
edge of the tapak. This is bent into shape and fastened
on edge in the required position with a kind of glue {getah
kenderi), which is made from a small red seed with a
black spot on it, said to be the fruit of a climbing plant
(akar) called Kenderi*. Borax powder ipejar), used as a
flux, and filings from a block of alloy of gold, silver and
brass, are spread evenly along the wire, which is fixed
down to the backing with tiny little clamps, made from
small strips of iron, bent double. Heat is next applied
by means of the flare and blowpipe, and the alloy, acting
as a solder, fuses with the wire and the metal of the backing.
The clamps are then taken off, an inner edging of twisted wire
arranged as before, and the clamps put back. When this has
also been soldered into position in the same manner, the
clamps are finally removed, and the smith begins the work
* The composition ot this alloy is 4 parts Rold, to i part silver and i part
brass. A small square block of the alloy is fixed into the side of a stick of
wood, which acts as a holder for it when it is being filed.
Probably A brus precatorius
28 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
of setting in the patterns of the karangan. For these he
bends up the twisted and flattened wire with the forceps
into the required shapes for the patterns, cutting off each
little portion of pattern as it is made. When he has thus got
enough pieces to do a large section of the work he moistens
them with the "getah" to make them stick, and sets them
in position on the gold backing with the forceps. This
arrangement being finished, he covers all the karangan
evenly with the mixture of borax and solder, and heats it
with the blowpipe flame until the wires have become
attached to the back plate. Large pieces of the karangan
are thus done at one time, and when the whole of it is
completed the only thing that remains to be done is to
clean up the work. Small round balls, called fishes eggs
{telor than) made by fusing a little gold dust on a piece of
charcoal, or tiny circular gold discs, called pepper seeds,
(biji lada), made by flattening the aforesaid balls, are fre-
quently applied to the filigree as ornaments, being affixed
in exactly the same way as the gold wire. Newly made
ornaments are cleaned and then (purposely) dulled by
letting them simmer in a solution of alum (tawas), brushing
them, covering them with alum paste and putting them on
a charcoal ember for a few minutes, before brushing them
again.
The dulling process is called sepoh kuning (yellow sepoh),
as opposed to sepoh merah (red sepoh) a red colouring, much
appreciated by Malays, which is frequently given to gold
articles. This can be produced by two or more methods. One
way, that used by Tukang Adam, is to make a solution of
borax (pijar) and a green crystalline substance obtained from
the Chinese shops, probably green vitriol which is called either
tnnjong or gunjar. The articles to be coloured are dipped
several times alternately into the solution and into hot water,
and then cooked for a short time on a charcoal ember. The
result is that a dark purplish-red deposit forms all over
the gold of the ornaments. In another method a mixture
of saltpetre and sulphur is employed ; but this was said to
be troublesome to use.
The chief articles to which filigree work is applied
are the mountings of kris, or dagger hilts, the tops of small
boxes for holding chewing requisites, the ends (himtut) of
kris sheaths, rings, brooches, buttons, small clasps used
instead of buttons, gold beads for threading as necklaces,
ear studs, and pendants (dokoh). vSilver filigree work is
sometimes to be obtained, that from Upper Perak and
the so-called Patani States being particularly fine.
IV. ON TWO NEW BIRDS FROM THE SOUTHERN
PORTION OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By Herblrt C. Robinson, M.B.O.U. and
C. BoDEN Kloss, M.B.O.U.
Ill 1911 {Ibis, p. 79) we recorded the dull coloured little
Flower Pecker, Piprisoma niodestiim (Hume), from Trang in
the north of the Malay Peninsula, noting this locality as the
most southerly hitherto recorded and, somewhat incautiously
perhaps, stating that it certainly does not occur in that portion
of the Malay Peninsula under British influence.
In this, however, we were in error, as amongst a collection
obtained by the Museum collectors in January, 1913, at Bukit
Tangga in Negri Sembilan, on a pass on the main Peninsular
divide at about 1,500 ft. altitude occur four specimens of what
are certainly this species. They, however, present sufficient
differences from two specimens from Trang to merit
separation as —
PiPRISOMA MODESTUM subsp. REMOTUM, subsp. HOV.
Differing from the typical race in having the whole of
the upper surface, sides of the head and outer aspect of the
wings duller and darker grey, with less tinge of olive green.
White on outer tail feathers perhaps rather less extensive, but
this character not very marked. Total length, 3.8; wing,
2.37; tail, 1.4; bill from gape, 0.43 inches.
Type — Adult male, Bukit Tangga, Negri Sembilan, 1,500',
27th January, 1914 {nat. coll.) F. M. S. Mus. No. 1/14. Two
other males and a female from the same locality examined.
Remarks : Bukit Tangga is nearly 400 miles distant from
the nearest locality from which P. modestuni has been obtained,
otherwise we should have hesitated to describe this form on
distinctions which are somewhat fine, though quite obvious in
the four specimens before us.
Rhinomyias tardus, sp. nov.
In September 1913 the Museum collectors obtained on
Bukit Tampin, a hill in Negri Sembilan near the Malacca
boundary rising to 2,500 ft., two examples of an unknown species
of Rhinomyias, and in the same month of the present year they
collected a third specimen at Genting Bidai, 2,300 ft., a pass
in the main range between Selangor and Pahang.
This species, which may be known as Rhinomyias tardus,
sp. nov. differs from R. pectoralis, the only other species
inhabiting the Malay Peninsuln, in being more olivaceous
throughout, the tail and edges of the wing feathers alone
30 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI»
having a slight rufescent tinge. On the under-surface the
breast-band, light olive-brown in colour, is much broader,
extending over the chest to the abdomen and flanks, and the
white throat patch is less clear, being slightly washed with the
colour of the chest and sides of neck, while the lower abdomen
is pale ivory yellow.
The bill, as compared with that of R. pectoralis, has the
upper mandible slightly less keeled and the lower is pale, not
blackish.
Length of wing, 80 mm; tail, 61; tarsus 16.7; bill from
gape, 20.5.
Dr. E. Hartert, who has examined the two individuals
from Tampin (an adult and a slightly immature female) has
kindly sent us the following remarks : " The new form
resembles much more the large-billed Rh. colonics, Hartert, from
Sula Mangoli and Rh. nicobaricia from the Nicobars (than
R. pectoralis). It differs, however, from Rh. colonits chiefly in
the tail, which is brown and not chestnut rufous, and from
Rh. nicobarica also in the less rufescent edges to the rectrices,
somewhat more olivaceous back and rump and a little darker
chest-band. It agrees with both the latter in the lower
mandible being light in the adult birds.'' In these two
individuals the abdomen lacks the yellow tinge of the male.
Type: Adult male, Genting Bidai, Selangor-Pahang
Boundary, Malay Peninsula, 2,300 ft. 19th September 1914,
F. M. S. Mus. No. 157/14.
V. ON THE SPECIES OF MINIVETS
(PERICROCOTUS) OCCURRING IN
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.R.O.U.
The species of the genus Pericrocotus or Flycatcher Shrikes
are amongst the most brilliant and attractive of Oriental birds
and much attention has, as a consequence, been paid to them
both by systematists and collectors. Owing, however, to
the fact that the characters relied on to separate the species
are, in many cases, variable within the species, the distinctions
between certain of the allied forms are by no means so clear
as might be desired, and a good deal of confusion exists as to
the actual range and occurrences of several of the Malayan
species.
The F. M. S. Musenms possess very large series of all
the species from the Malay Peninsula, and in the present paper
I have attempted to arrange these and the synonymy belonging
them without in any way claiming any originality of treatment.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Bi.
Plumage with no red or yellow —
Plumage mainly red or yellow —
a. The central tail feathers en-
tirely black in the male :
quill lining yellow^
b. The central tail feathers partly
red in the male, quill lining
red
With no isolated red or yellow
marks on the outer webs of the
tertiaries
With isolated red or yellow marks
on the outer webs of the tertia-
ries
a. Larger, wing as a rule exceed-
ing 85 mm.
Smaller, wing
mm.
less than 85
P. cinereus, p. 32.
P. igneiis, p. 32.
P. montaniis, p. 33.
P. zanthogaster
flammtfer, p. 35.
P. zanthogaster
zanthogaster, p. ^y.
32 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS. The Ashy Minivet.
Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr. ; Hume, Stray Feath. v, p.
175, 176 (1876); Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. iv, p. 83 (1879);
Ogilvie, Grant, Fascic. Malay. Zool. iii, p. 90 (1905); Robinson,
Hand-list Birds Malay Pen., p. 14 No. 394 (1910) ; Robinson &
Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 55.
4-dult male. — Whole under surface and under tail coverts
and crown to behind the eye, white, inchning to ashy on the
lower surface ; lores, a stripe through the eye, hind, crown and
nape glossy black ; mantle, back, upper tail coverts, lesser and
inner wing coverts and tertials clear grey ; tail feathers
blackish grey, all except the two median pairs with the
terminal portions largely white, increasing in extent towards
the outer pairs. Primaries and secondaries blackish brown,
with a broad diagonal band of white on the inner webs except
on the outer primary, increasing interiorly ; bases of the
secondaries broadly white. Primary coverts blackish, the
innermost broadly edged with grey on the outer w ebs. Outer
axillaries w^hitish, inner slate grey broadly tipped with white,
inner wing coverts mingled white and slate grey.
Adult female. — The series before me, if the sexing is to be
relied on, indicates that the adult female onh' differs from the
other sex in having the white frontal band considerably
narrower, not extending beyond the eyes.
Immature. — Immature birds of both sexes, which in the
Malay Peninsula are in the large majority, differ from the
adults in lacking the clear w'hite frontal band ;' the lores,
occiput and nape are ashy grey, not glossy black, and the
primaries and central tail feathers are more brownish.
Dimensions. — Adult male : total length, 7.1 ; wing, 3.6 ;
tail, 3.7 in.
Adult female : total length, 7.2 ; wing, 3.7 ;
tail, 3.75 in.
Localities in the Peninsula. — Siamese Malay States: Trang
(December, January, February). Pulau Langkawi (November,
December).- Penang (March). Perak : Temerloh (January).
Selangor : Klang Gates (January); Kuala Lumpur (Decem-
ber, February, March) ; Kuala Langat, Batu (November,
December) ; Pulau Pintu Gedong (October). Pahang : Krau
River (November).
Note. — As the above dates show this species is not
resident in the Malay Peninsula but only appears during the
winter months, when it often occurs in considerable numbers,
especially on the coast.
PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS. The Fiery Minivet.
Pericrocotus igneus, Blyth; Sharpe, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus.
iv, p. 78 (1879); Robinson, Hand-list Birds Malay Penins. p. 14,
No. 393 (1910).
I9I5-]
H. C. Robinson : Species of Minivets.
33
Adult male: — Head all round, throat, mantle, greater part
of the primaries and secondaries, wing-coverts, centre pair of
tail feathers greater part of the second innermost pair and the
bases of the other pairs in a lessening degree glossy black.
External aspect of the wings with a broad diagonal bar of
orange red, starting on the fourth primary and extending to
the innermost tertials, the last tertial only entirely black; inner
aspect of the wing with a similar lemon yellow bar formed by
patches on the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries;
rump and upper tail coverts, under surface except the throat
and those parts of the tail feathers that are not black, vermilion
orange, more crimson on the rump, the bases of the feathers
chrome. Axillaries and under wing coverts, chrome, tipped
with orange red, their bases black, thighs black. Angle of the
wing orange chrome.
Adult female: — Those portions of the plumage that are
glossy black in the male, grey with a faint yellowish cast,
blacker on the wing and tail feathers; a frontal band and eye
ring orange chrome, this colour extending as a short superciliary
beyond the eye. Under surface chrome yellow-, under wing
coverts and wing band similar, lower back and upper tail coverts
vermilion, light portion of the tail orange yellow, suffused with
vermilion, thighs mingled greyish and yellow.
Immature : — Resemble the female but are brownish above,
each feather edged w-ith yellowish white, frontal band and eye
ring absent; beneath pale fuscous faintly barred with brownish
white, the middle of the abdomen pale yellow\
Dimensions: — Adult male: total length, 5.75; wing, 2.9;
tail 2.8 in.
Adult female : total length 5.5 ; wing 2.75 ; tail 2.8 in.
Localities in the Peninsula: — Siamese Malay States: Bandon,
Ban Kok Klap (July). Perak: Temongoh (July); Parit
(September). Selangor: Ulu Gombak (September); Klang
Gates (January); Ginting Bidai, 2,300' (May); Cheras (March).
Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin (September). North Johore:
Segamat, Padang Tuan (September). East Johore: Tanjong
Leman (June).
Notes: — This species is resident and breeds in the country
apparently from May to June. It is fairly common along the
east coast among Casuarinas and in forest country up to about
2,500' but is everywhere much scarcer than either P. montanus
or P. zanthogaster, nor is it found in such large flocks.
Pericrocotus Montanus, Wray's Minivet.
•
Pericrocotus montanus, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv, p. 205
(1879) (^^- Singalan, W. Sumatra); Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 193
(Kinabalu, N. Borneo, 8,000' ) ; id Ibis, 1892, p. 435) Mt. Dulit,
Borneo, 5,000'); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xii, p. 54 (1891)
{Toba Lake, Central Sumatra); Hartert Nov. Zool. ix, p. 554
34 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
(1902) (Gunong Tahan, Pahang); Ogilvie Giant, Fascic. Malay
Zool. iii, p. 91 (1905) {Pernk, Pahang Boundary, 4,000'); id-
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iii, p. 34 (1908); Robmsi'U torn.
cit. ii, p. 192 (1908); id. Hand-list Birds Malay Penins. p. 14, no.
391 (1910).
Pericrocotus cinereigula, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 192;
Whitehead, Exploration, Kinabalu, plate to p. 40 (1893).
Pericrocotus wrayi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 269, pi. xv
(Batang Padang Mountains).
Pericrocotus croceus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 269 {Gunong
Batu Puteh, S. Perak); Bonhote, P. Z. S. (i) igoi,p. 60 {Gunong
Injs, N. Perak); Ogilvie Grant Fascic. Malay Zool. iii, p. 91
(1905) {Perak-Pahang boundary, 4,000').
Adult male: — Head, nape, mantle, inner and lesser wing
coverts shining black; ear coverts, sides of the face and throat
dark grey. Primaries and secondaries the bases of all the tail
feathers and the greater part of the two median pairs, black;
greater inner wing coverts with their terminal portions scarlet;
Primaries and secondaries from the fifth primary inwards with
their outer webs edged with scarlet, increasing progressively
inwards, the basal half of both webs scarlet orange. Rump
and upper tail coverts scarlet, under surface except the throat
and portion of the tail that is not black, scarlet orange, thighs
mingled black and orange buff or apricot; wing lining edge
of the wing and axillaries orange. Bill and feet black, iris dark
hazel.
Adult female: — Distribution of colour similar to that of the
male, the red throughout being replaced by yellow intermediate
between "Cadmium Yellow" and "Light Cadmium" of
Ridgeway. The black of the upper surface more greyish blue
and less shining than that of the male and the ear coverts of a
paler grey. Chin and upper throat greyish white. Thighs
mingled white and brownish black. This is the stage described
as P. croceus by Ogilvie Grant {Fascic. Malay, loc. cit. p. 91.)
Immature. — The immature of both sexes are similar to the
adult female, except that the head and mantle are of a paler
grey, with much less gloss and the yellow of the rump and
upper tail coverts has a strong cast of olive, while the bases of
the feathers are broadly grey, giving an impression of ill-defined
cross barring. This is the stage figured by Sharpe {loc. cit.) as
the adult female of P. wrayi. The adult male plumage appears
to be attained from this stage in part by a moult of the yellow
feathers and in part at least by a direct colour change, though
by the majority of authorities on moulting this is roundly
asserted to be impossible. •
Juvenile. — Younger birds still resemble the immature
female but have a greenish tinge over the grey of the upper
parts, the ear coverts even paler grey and the feathers of the
head and mantle narrowly edged with dirty white.
I9I5-]
H. C. Robinson : Species of Minivets.
35
Dimensions. — Adult male — Total length, 6,7; wing, 3.15;
tail 3.9 in.
Adult female — Total length, 6.7; wing, 3.1;
tail, 3.8 in.
Localities in the Peninsula. Perak : Larut Hills, 3 — 4,000'
(October) ; Gunong Kerbau, 5,000' (March) ; Telom, Perak
Pahapg Boundary 3 — ^4,000' (September, November, Decem-
ber). . Pahang: Gunong Tahaii, 5,000' (July). Selangor:
Bukit Fraser, 4,000' (October) : Semangko Pass, Selangor,
Pahang border (F'ebruary, March, November) Gunong Meng-
kuang Lebah, 5,000' (January, March) ; Gunong Menuang
Gasing, Ulu Langat, 4,000' (May). Elsewhere common in the
high mountains of Borneo and Sumatra.
Notes. — As the synonymy shows this species which is fairly
wide, ranging over elevated land in the Malayan region, has
received numerous names, partly owing to the fact that the
colour of the throat in the male is very variable, ranging from
a light grey to an almost glossy black, while the immature
birds of both sexes differ from the adult female.
The large series before me, which includes topotypes of
Salvadori's P. inontanns, comprises specimens which can be
referred to all the nominal species from one and the same
locality and all, therefore, have to be included under Salva-
dori's as the earliest name, as has already been pointed out by
Hartert. Judging from the dates of immature skins in the
Museum the species probably begins to breed in the Peninsula
about December or January.
Pericrocotus xanthogaster, subsp. flammifer.
Davison's Minivet.
Pericrocotus flammifer, Hume, Stray Feath. iii, p. 321
(1875) ; id op. cit. V, pp. 175, 195 (1877) ; Hume & Davison,
op. cit. vi, p. 211 ; SJiarpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mns. iv, p. 74 (1879) ;
dates. Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i, p. 477 (i88g) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Fascic. Malay. Zool. iii, p. 91 (1905) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus. ii, p. 192 (1908) Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911,
P- 54-
Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus {nee. Swinhoe), Butler,
Journ. Straits Branch Royal. Asiat. Soc. No. 32, p. 17 (1899) ;
Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix, p. 555 (1902).
Adult male. — Head all round, nape, mantle, throat, outer
and lesser wing coverts glossy black. Inner webs of central
pair of tail feathers and bases of the remainder, black, the
black lessening towards the outer pairs. Primaries, secondaries
and tertials black, with an oblique bar of crimson scarlet on
the primaries, beginning on the outer web of the fourth
primary; secondaries and all but the innermost tertials with
their basal halves scarlet ; the inner tertials with isolated
drops of scarlet on their outer webs ; inner primary coverts
36 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. -[Vol. VI,
with their terminal two-thirds scarlet ; axillaries and under
wing coverts orange, the bases of the former black ; thighs
black ; rest of the plumage brilliant scarlet orange, more
scarlet on the rump and upper tail coverts, the bases of the
feathers of the abdomen orange chrome. Bill and feet black,
iris dark hazel.
Adult female. — Head behind the level of the eyes, nape,
mantle and scapulars grey, slightly suffused with greenish.
Forehead to the eyes, a patch round the eyes and a short
superciliary stripe, extending slightly beyond the eyes bright
chrome yellow. Stripe from the nostrils to the eyes, blackish.
Lower back, rump and upper tail coverts, greenish yellow.
Whole under surface bright chrome yellow, the lower of the
feathers of the abdomen white ; the thighs mingled brownish
and yellow. Wings black, the first four primaries uniform on
the outer web, the remainder with a diagonal chrome yellow
bar. Secondaries and tertials with their basal third chrome
yellow and with elongated isolated drops of the same colour
on the outer webs. Lesser wing coverts greyish, except on the
angle of the wing ; greater ones black, their tips chrome
yellow. Under wing coverts pale yello\\' and fuscous, the
axillaries yellow with their bases, blackish. Innermost pair
of tail feathers entirely black, the next pair mainly black, the
third pair about half black, the black regularly diminishing to
the outermost pair in which only the basal third or fourth is
black ; remainder of the feathers pure chrome yellow.
Dimensions. — Adult male. Total length, 6.75 ; wing, 3.38 ;
tail, 3.25 in.
Adult female. Total length, 6.75 ; wing 3.4;
tail, 3.25 in.
Immature. — The not fully adult birds of both sexes resem-
ble the adult female, from which garb the male changes into
the adult dress in part by a deepening of the pure yellow
feathers to orange and thence to vermilion scarlet, this change
being very well shown in the large series in the Selangor
Museum. Still younger birds have the yellow colour beneath
duller, the feathers of the head and mantle with white margins,
and the primaries edged with white.
Localities in the Peninsula: — Siamese Malay States:
Bandon (June) ; Trang (November, December, January).
Perils: Pelarit (November). Perak: Temongoh (July) ; Taiping
(July). Selangor: Semangko Pass, 2,700' (February) ; Bukit
Kutu (August) ; Klang Gates (January) ; Ginting Bidai, 2,300'
(September); Ulu Gombak (September). Pahang : Bentong
(June).
Notes : — This race is widely spread throughout the Penin-
sula in submontane country, ranging up to about 3,000' in
altitude, above which its place is taken by P. montanus. As is
the case with many other species originally described from
Southern Tenasserim by Hume it is evident that it has no
I9I5-]
H. C. Robinson : Species of Minivets.
37
claim whatever to specific rank, but is only a slightly larger
form of the Sumatran and Bornean P. xanthogaster. Raffles
with the female slightly more brightly coloured. None of the
Peninsula examples are as large as those of Hume's series from
Tenasserim, though northern specimens are decidedly larger
than those from Johore and from authentic specimens of
P. xanthognster from Sumatra and Borneo with which I have
compared them. The presence or absence of red on the outer
web of the fourth primary of the male, seems to be of little
diagonistic importance though it is more frequently absent in
southern than in northern peninsular specimens. It is present
in three out of four Sumatran specimens and in both the
Bornean skins which I have examined.
Pericrocotus xanthogaster suhsp. xanthogaster.
Raffles' Minivet.
Lanius xanthogaster, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, p. 309
(1822). Pericrocotus xanthogaster, Sharpe, Stray Fenth. iv,
p. 208 (1876) ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877 p. 315 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. iv, p. 74 (1879) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 46
Buttikofer, Notes Levd. Mus. ix, p. 46 (1887). Pericrocotus
ardens, Bp. Consp. i, p. 357 (1851) ; Hume, Stray Feath, v, p.
196 (1877J.
Pericrocotus subardens, Hume, Stray Feath. v, p. 196.
Adult male. — Practically indistinguishable from that of P.
xanthogaster flammifer but slightly smaller in size.
Adult female. — Yellow on the forehead, more restricted, and
tint of the lower back and rump and under surface more
suffused with greenish olive.
Dimensions. — Adult male. — Total length, 6.4 ; wing, 3.15 ;
tail, 3.1 in.
Adult female. — Total length, 6.7 ; wing,
3.08; tail, 3.1.
Localities in the Peninsula. — Negri Sembilan : Bukit
Tangga (January, July). Pahang : Krau River (November).
North Johore : Segamat, Padang Tuan (February). Malacca
(Brit. Mus.). South Johore {Hume Coll.). Singapore {Brit.
Mus.) .
Remarks. — Owing to the comparatively small series avail-
able, es|3ecially of females, the identification of the bird from
the southern third of the Malay Peninsula with that from
Sumatra and Borneo is not altogether certain, though it is
probably correct. South of the termination of the main range
in Southern Selangor the bird is decidedly rare and but few
specimens are on record. In Sumatra and Borneo it appears
to be fairly common.
VI. TWO NEW PLANTS FROM GUNONG TAMPIN,
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
By H, N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S., late Director of Gardens, S.S.
DiPLOSPORA LASIANTHA, Sp. UOV.
A shrub, branches slender, brown-velvety; leaves lanceolate
to elliptic lanceolate, slightly oblique, shortly cuspidate, shortly
narrowed at the base, 14 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide; above,
subglabrous, not polished except the midrib and margins,
which are hairy ; beneath dotted over with hairs, nerves
8 pairs, slender, ascending, midrib hairy ; petiole, 5 mm. hairy.
Stipules lanceolate acuminate, velvety hairy. Flowers, 3-4
sessile, axillery. Calyx velvety with short obtuse lobes.
Corolla 4 mm. long, tube short, lobes four ovate, acute, all
hairy except the glabrous inner face of the lobes. Stamens
exsert in a cone from the mouth of the tube, hairy.
A very distinct plant in its small leaves and hairy corolla.
Argostemma tenue, sp. nov.
A succulent herb with a basal tuber, stem 6-10 cm. long,
slender; leaves subterminal3, one lanceolate long acuminate,
base cuneate, thin, glabrous, pale beneath, 14 cm. long, 2.5 cm.
wide, very shortly petioled, nerves very fine, ten ; two below
it, small unequal lanceolate obtuse, 8-10 mm. by .2 to 4 mm.
Panicle lax, base, 2.5 cm. wide, bracts short foliaceous 4 mm.
long. Branches slender. Calyx short campanulate, with
rather large 4-lobed limb. Corolla lobes 4, lanceolate acu-
minate 4 mm. long, very narrow.
Stamens very narrow, forming a narrow elongate cone as
long as the corolla, long beaked.
Ne-dv A. verticillatum, but the leaves are reduced to one
long and two very small ones, and the inflorescence and
flowers are very much smaller.
VII. ON TWO SNAKES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By
C. BoDEN Kloss, F.Z.S.
Since the publication of Mr, G. A. Boulenger's volume on
Reptilia and Batrachia in the " Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay
Peninsula" (1912) a specimen of TropidonoUis conspicillatus,
Giintlier, hitherto only kno\\n from Borneo (where it is fairly
common), the Natuna Islands, and Singkep Ishmd near the
east coast of Sumatra and about 100 miles south of Singapore,
has been obtained at Genting Sempah, Selangor-Pahang
Boundary, 2,000 ft.
This snake maybe indicated as follows in the "Synopsis
of the Species" of the Malay Peninsula given in the above
mentioned work (p. 123).
I. Posterior maxillary teeth not ab-
ruptly enlarged. Internasals
broadly truncate in front, nostrils
lateral in a single nasal, 3 labials
entering the eye, a single anterior
temporal. ... ... T. conspicillatus.
The following is a description of the specimen obtained —
Eye moderate; nostril in a semi-divided nasal; rostral twice
as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little longer, broadly truncate in" front,
shorter than the prae-frontals ; frontal once and a half as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long ; one
prae-and three post-oculars; temporals 2+1 ; eight upper
labials, third, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin shields which are
shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, all keeled except the" outer row.
Ventrals 144; anal divided; sub-candals 50.
Above browm, paler anteriorly with a blackish network
containing reddish-brown areas of yellow-edged scales which
become posteriorly two rows of small yellow spots.
Head olive-brown ; nape blackish ; a streak along the
upper lip, others behind the eye and on the occiput and a
patch on the side of the neck pale pink.
Below pinkish-red, the throat and sub-caudal scales
spotted blackish.
Snout to vent 282 mm, tail 68 mm.
6
42 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
An example of Tropidonotus saravakensis, Giinther, hither-
to regarded as confined to Borneo, was collected on Mount
Menuang Gasing, Selangor-Pahang Boundary at a height of
3-4000 ft.
Its place in the SN^opsis of the Species, already referred
to, comes under
//. 2 or 3 last maxillar}' teeth abrupt-
• ly enlarged, 3 labials entering
the eye ...
Scales in 17 rows ... T. saravakensis.
Scales in 19 rows ... All the other species
of section II known
from the Peninsula.
The description of the specimen is as follows : —
Head distinct from neck; eye large; nostril in a semi-divi-
ded nasal; rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from
above; inter-nasals truncate in front, as long as broad, a
little shorter than the prae-frontals; frontal once and a half as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one
prae-and three post-oculars; temporals 2 + 3; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin shields which are
shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows, all keeled. Ventrals 146 ; anal divided ;
sub-candals 45, tail imperfect. (The sub-candals are known to
vary from 52 to 89).
Above olive-brown, paler anteriorly with a series of
interrupted blackish cross-bars or a network of blackish
patches, a series of light spots on either side the median line ;
upper surface of head vermiculated with black ; labials
yellowish with black sutures; yellow of the under-surface
extending on to the sides of the neck and fore-body.
Below checkered black and yellow, the black predominat-
ing posteriorly.
Snout to vent 410 mm, tail (imperfect) 97 mm.
VIII. PLANTS FROM GUNONG KERBAU, PERAK.
By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G. F.R.S.
The collection of plants made on Gunong Kerbau in
February and March by the Dyak collectors of the Federated
Malay States Museum is of considerable interest. A certain
number of specimens had been previously brought from the
mountain by Mohammed Ariff, the plant collector of Penang
Gardens, who visited Gunong JCerbau with Mr. B. Barnard a
few years ago. Of the species then obtained a number were
re-collected by the present party, but the bulk of the collection
forms an important addition to our knowledge of the flora of
this mountain.
Two of the most interesting additions to our flora were
Eurya trichocarpa Korth., and Carex Walkeri Arn., both plants
occurring in India and the Malay islands and not previously
known from the peninsula. There are 25 new species in the
Collection, of which the most important are a Vanilla very
unlike any of the few Oriental species of this genus and more
resembling the South American species, and a handsome
new Gahiiia, belonging to a genus well represented in
Australia but of which only 2 species were previously known
from the Malay region.
Gunong Kerbau is a peak on a spur of the main peninsular
range in the Kinta District of Perak, and is the second highest
mountain in the Malay Peninsula, attaining a height of 7,160
feet, and being exceeded only by Gunong Tahan in Pahang.
The present collections were made m Februar}' and
March, 1913, and cover the whole of the mountain to the
extreme summit.
The Birds and Mammals obtained have already been
listed in a previous number of this Journal (Journ. Federated
Malay States M us, y, pp. 2^-2y,igi/\).
[The present botanical collection, like the zoological one,
contains several species that are also common on Gunong
Tahan, thongh, as might be expected, several of the most
characteristic plants of that mountain- are not represented.
H. C. Robinson.]
Anon ACE AE.
1. Polyalthia pulchra, King. At 4,200 feet.
2. Melodonim mantihriaiunt, Hook. f. At 3,500 feet
elevation.
Menispermaceae .
3. Cyclea laxiJJora, Miers. In fruit. At 4,000 feet.
44 Journal of the F.M.S. Mnseums. [Vol. VI,
POLYGALACEAE.
4. Poly gala venenosa, Bl. At 4,500 feet.
5. Polygala monticoh, Ridl. At 6,000 feet.
6. Epirhizanthes aphylla, Griff. At 3,500 feet.
ViOLACEAE.
7. Viola serpens, Wall. At 4,000 feet.
Teknstroemiaceae.
8. Anneslea crassipes, Hook. fil. At 4,500 feet.
9. Gordonia imbricata, King. At 4,500 to 5,500 feet.
10. Eiirya trichocarpa, Korth. At 4,200 feet, a new
record for the Peninsula, only known from India and Java.
Adinandra Montana, sp. nov.
Bud silky puberulous, otherwise glabrous except the
flower. Leaves elliptic obtuse, narrowed at the base edge
thickened, denticulate with small dark processes in the not-
ches, coriaceous, dotted beneath with black glandular dots,
nerves n pairs, elevated on both surfaces, midrib thick,
grooved above, 7 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, petiole thick 2 mm,
long. Flower solitary, axillary on a thick curved hairy ped-
uncle 1.5 cm. long. Bract short, lanceolate, ovate, pubescent.
4 mm. long. Sepals outer pair ovate, obtuse, pubescent, inner
ones glabrous, coriaceous, 5 cm. long, and as wide. Petals
obovate, hairy, silky in the centre at the tip outside, otherwise
glabrous.
At 6,600 feet. A single specimen. Allied to A. inacrantha
and A. integerrima but with the leaf very coriaceous and
toothed. The flowers are not so large nor as hairy as those
of macrantha.
12. Tenistroemia Maclellandiana, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
Sterculiace^.
13. Leptonychia glabra, Turcz. At 4,200 feet.
Tiliace^.
14. Elcsocarpus reticulatus, Ridl. At 6,600 feet.
Rutace^.
15. Evodia pachyhpylla, King. The small form; at 4,500
feet.
Geraniace^.
16. Impatiens oncidioides, Ridl. At 4,500 feet.
igiS-l H. N. Ridley: Plants from Gunong Kerbau. 45
Ilicine^.
17. Ilex epiphyticii, King. 4,500 to 6,600 feet.
18. Ilex polyphylla sp. nov.
Bark black, the upper parts of the stem pale. Leaves very
close set, coriaceous, elliptic to nearly obovate, margins crenate
serrate, midrib prominent, nerves invisible, above polished 1.5
cm. long, 9 mm. wide, petiole 1.5 cm. long. Flowers 2 to 4 on
short thick axillary peduncles. Bracts ovate, very small.
Pedicels 2 mm. long. Sepals 4 ovate, obtuse, pubescent.
Pet.ils 4 ovate-oblong, obtuse glabrous. Stamens 4 shorter.
Anthers elliptic. Pistillode semiglobose obscurely 4-lobed.
At 6,600 feet. This belongs to the mountain section
VaccinifolicB but differs from all other species in the form of the
foliage.
18. Ilex grandiflora sp. nov.
Branches stout, dark when dry. Leaves alternate,
coriaceous, elliptic cuspidate, bases cuneate, nerves 7 pairs
inarching 3 mm. from the border, prominent beneath, reticul-
ations conspicuous 13-14 cm. long by 4.5 cm, wide, petiole
stout, rugose 1-2.5 cm. Flowers in axillary pairs or in fours on
a short peduncle, pedicels 5 mm. long. Bracts minute, ovate.
Sepals 4 connate rounded, ovate. Petals 4 imbricate, free
nearly to base, 2 outer, oblong, obtuse, inner ones broader, 3
mm. long. Stamens 4, alternate, filaments flattened, broad,
tapering upwards, anthers subcordate terminal. Ovary large
ovoid, stigma large cushion-shaped, lobed, sessile.
At 4,200 feet alt.
Only female flowers seen, apparently allied to I. sclerophylla
Hook., but the flowers larger.
feet
Olacine^.
ig. Gomphandra lanceolata var. angustifolia. At 4,000
20. Lepionurus sylvestris, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
Leaves very narrow and flowers longer stalked than
usual.
SlMARUBE^.
21. EurycomcL apiculata, Benn. At 2,000 to 4,000 feet.
22.
Celastrine^.
E Hony mils jiW aniens, Bl. At 2,000 feet.
A form with much longer peduncles than usual and larger
flowers.
46 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Leguminos^.
23. Bauhinia Scortechinii, King. At 4,500 to' 5^500
feet alt.
Saxifragace^.
24. Polyama ilicifolia, Bl. At 4,500 feet.
25. Polyosma coriacea, King. At 4,500 to 5, coo feet.
Melastomace^e.
26. Melastoma malabathricum, veir. normale, Don.
The form commonly found at high altitudes.
27. Oxyspora stellulata, King. At 4,500 to 6,000 feet.
28. Allomorphia exigna, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
29. Allomorphia hirticalyx sp. nov.
A shrub. Stems rough brown, glabrous, internodes 2.5
cm. long. Leaves elliptic cuspidate, base rounded, glabrous,
coriaceous 14 cm, long, 6.5 cm. wide, main ner\es very
prominent beneath, petiole 3 mm. long. Panicle terminal, lax,
spreading 6-7 cm. long, base nude, scurfy for 3 mm. lowest
branches 8 cm. long, cyme branches 4 cm. or less, all covered
with glandular hairs. Bracts very small, linear, acuminate.
Calyx goblet-shaped, narrowed to the pedicel 5 cm. long,
covered with glandular hairs, lobes short, blunt, ovate. Petals
small, rounded 3 mm. long, obovate, refuse. Stamens all
similar and very nearly equal, filaments slender, glabrous,
anthers horn-shaped, lanceolate, 3 mm. long. Style slightly
dilated upwards, filiform. Fruit ellipsoid, narrowed at the
base, 5 mm. long, dehiscing from the top, eventually
glabrous.
At 4,500 to 5,000 feet altitude. Also collected at the same
locality by Mohammed Aniff.
30. Sonerila trachyaniha, King & Stapf. At 4,500 feet.
31
32
33
34
Sonerila rudis, King & Stapf. At 4,000-4,500 feet.
Sonerila tenuifolia, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
Medinilla Clarkei, King. At 4,500 feet.
Astronia smilacifolia, Tri. At 2,000 feet.
Myrtaceae.
35. Boeckia frutescens, L. At 4,500 feet.
36. Leptospermum flavescens, Sm. 6,000 to 6,600 feet.
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Plants from Gunong Kerbaii.
47
37. Rhodamnia trinervia var. uniflora. At 5,500 feet
elevation. The same form as on Mt. Ophir and Gunong
Tahan ?
38. RJiodauinia trinervia var. snb-trifiora. At 4,500 feet.
39. Eugenia Stapfiaiui, King. At 4,500 feet.
40. E. (Jambosa) jugalis sp. nov.
Branches grey. Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic, blunt or
rounded, narrowed at the base or obovate, drying pale, dotted
black underneath, nerves about 8 pairs faint on both surfaces,
especially beneath, secondaries nearly as conspicuous, midrib
grooved above, elevate beneath, reticulations fine and
prominent, 5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, petiole thick channelled
.5 mm. Corymb shorter than the leaves terminal 5 cm. long,
pedicels i cm. long. Calyx obconic 7 mm. long. Petals
suborbicular 5 mm. long, soon caducous separately. Stamens
very numerous 1.5 to 2 cm. long, anthers small. Style longer.
From 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. In one specimen the
leaves are larger, 8 cm. long by 5 cm. wide.
Begoniaceae.
41. Begonia praeclara, King. At 4,000-4,200 feet.
42. B. vennsta, King. At 4,500 feet.
Samydaceae.
43. Casearia esculeiita, Roxb. At 4,000 feet.
Araliaceae.
44. Brassaiopsis palniata, King. x\t 4,500 feet.
45. Heptapleurum subulatum, Seem. At 2,000 feet.
RUBIACEAE.
46. Ophiorrhiza communis, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
47. Argostemma involucratum, Hemsl. At 4,500 feet.
48. Viir. glahrum. At 4,000 feet.
49. Argostemma snhcrassum, King. At 4,500 feet.
50. Urophyllum glahrum, Roxb. At 4,200 feet.
51. Hedyotis c.ipitellata, Wall. At 2,000 to 3,500 feet.
52. Gardenia (Gardeniella) puldiella, Ridl. At 5,000 feet.
53. Ixora stricta, Roxb. At 4,500 feet.
54. /. opaca, Br. At 5,000 feet.
48 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
55. Psychotria sarmentosa, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
56. P. Birchiana, King. At 4,000 feet.
57. p. Megacarpa sp. nov.
A shrub. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, acute, base
narrowed to the petiole, thinly coriaceous, 14 cm. long,
3.5 cm. wide, drying red-brown, glabrous, nerves 12 pairs,
fine, meeting near the edge, petiole 1.5 cm. long, rather
slender. Stipules short, ring-like. Flowers not seen.
Panicles few flowered lax 6 cm. long, branches few, spreading.
Fruit ellipsoid, crowned with the remains of the perianth,
I cm. long on pedicels i cm. long. Seeds convex on the
outer side, 6-ribbed at inner surface, flat, 6 mm. wide.
At 3,500 feet.
Allied to P. Jackii, with very similar leaves but very much
larger fruit.
58. Psychotria condensa, King & Gamble. At 6,600 feet.
There are two forms of this, very different in appearance,
one with distant pairs of elliptic leaves, blunt tipped 3 cm.
long and 2 cm. across, and the other with smaller, more
lanceolate condensed leaves, 1.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide.
59. Lasianthus rhinocerotis, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
60. Laudiculatus sp. nov.
Branches slender, covered with fine yellow appressed
hairs. Leaves lanceolate, long caudate base sharply cuneate
above, glabrous, shining, drying greenish, nerves obovate,
5 pairs beneath, glabrous, except the edges, long, ciliate and
rounded midrib and elevated nerves all appressed, hairy,
petiole slender 4 mm. long, silky. Stipules persistent,
triangular, acute, silky. Cymules sessile, shorter than the
petiole, few flowered. Bracts small. Cahx lobes ovate, acute,
covered with silky yellow hairs. Corolla tube rather stout,
lobes 4, ovate, triangular, acute ; 4 mm. long, all hairy. Style
long, protruding. At 4,500 feet.
Allied to L. longicauda, Hook. fil. of the Himalayas, but
with leaves hairy on nerves and edges and sessile flowers.
COMPOSITAE.
61. Gynura sarmentosa , DC. At 3,000 feet elevation.
62. Erigeron linifolius, Willd. ? At 6,000 feet.
Campanulaceae.
63. Pentaphragma Scortechinii, King. At 4,000 feet.
1915-] H. N. Ridley : Plants from Gunofig Kerbau. 49
Vacciniaceae.
64. Vaccininm viscifoHum, King & Gamble. At 4,500
feet.
Vaccininm longibracteaUmi, Ridl. At 5,000 to 5,500
feet elevation.
Ericaceae.
66. GaiiUheria fragrantissinia, W&W. At 6,000 feet alt.
67. Gaultheria hirta sp. nov.
Branches flexuous, roughly hairy, with red clubbed hairs
and shorter silky hair. Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate,
base rounded, red, hairy, coriaceous, paler beneath, neives
4-5 pairs inarching within the margin, reticulations pro-
minent, 7 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, petiole thick, red, hairy
.4-. 5 mm. long. Racemes axillary beneath, the leaf 3 cm.
long, 5 to 6 flowered, hairy, pedicels .5 mm. long. Sepals
5-ovate, acutem connate at the base for half their length.
2 mm. long, hairy outside. Corolla, tube urceolate, 6 mm.
long, sparingly hairy outside, the hairs rather long, lobes 5,
short, lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous within. Stamens 10, fila-
ments glabrous half the length of the corolla. Anthers
elliptic, oblong with a pair of bifurcated appendages with
filiform points, orange colour. Ovary rounded, flattened,
silky; Style as long as the perianth tube glabrous, pink.
Stigma discoid, small.
At 5,000 feet alt.
Allied to G. lencocarpa, Bl. but hairy.
68. Pieris ovalifolia, Don. At 6,000 feet alt.
69. Rhododendron Wrayii, King & Gamble, 5,500 to 6,600
feet.
70. RJiododendron Malay annm, Jack. At 4,500 -feet.
71. Rhododendron elegaiis, Ridl. At 6,600 feet.
Only previously known from Gunong Tahan,
72. Rhododendron spathidatmn, Ridl. At 6,600 feet.
First collected at this spot by Mahommed Ariff.
73. Pernettyopsis Malayana King. At 6,600 feet.
Epacrideae.
74. Lcucopogon Malayanus, Jack. At 4,500 feet.
Myrsineae.
75. Myrsine lanceolata sp. nov.
A shrub or tree with spreading branches. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate at both ends, midrib
7
5o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
prominent, primary nerves inconspicuous, very numerous,
secondary nerves similar, reticulations fine and prominent,
12 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, petioles 6 mm. long, thick, rugose.
Flowers not seen. Fruits on pedicels i mm. long, 4 or 5
together on small bosses, below the leaves. Calyx lobes ovate,
acute, glandular, not ciliate. Drupe 2 mm. through globose
crowned with the style, pale, reticulate with deep red glands
round the style. At 5,000 feet.
Allied to M. perakensis, King & Gamble, but with thinner
acuminate leaves.
76. Lahisia longistylis, King & Gamble.
77. Ardisia pachysandra, Mez. At 4,500 feet.
78. Ardisia theaefolia, King & Gamble. At 4,500 feet.
79. Ardisia rosea, King & Gamble. From 3,500 to 4,000
feet.
80. Ardisia chrysophyllifolia, King & Gamble. At 6,000
feet.
81. Ardisia colorata, Roxb. At 4,200 feet.
82. Embelia kotundifolia sp. nov.
Shrub, probably a climber. Leaves stiffly coriaceous,
elliptic ovate, blunt,, bases rounded, midrib grooved above,
main nerves, secondaries and reticulations slender, prominent
above, not or hardly visible beneath, densely black-dotted on
both surfaces, 4.5 cm. wide, petiole 7 mm. long. Panicles
very short, axillary, peduncles 2 mm. long, covered with ovate
bracts, with one or two short branches, similarly bracteate,
pedicels 3 mm. long. Sepals 4 connate at base, ovate, obtuse,
gland-dotted. Petals free, pubescent, elliptic, somewhat
clawed, glandular at the tip, 1.5 mm. long. Stamens 4, adnate
to the petals near the base. Anthers ovate, notched at the
base eglandular. Ovary ovoid, style cylindric, short, red,
glabrous.
At 5,000 feet alt.
Curious from its rounded, almost orbicular stiff leaves
and the very conspicuous glands on the sepals and petals.
Apocynace^.
83. Chilocarpus costatus, Miq. At 2,000 feet elevation.
ASCLEPIADACE^.
84. Dischidia tubuliflora, King & Gamble.
85. Dischidia monticola, King & Gamble. At 4,200 feet.
This appears to be a shrubby plant, and not a twiner like
most species.
19I5'] H. N. Ridley : Plants fronT^mong Kerbau. 51
86. Pentasacme caudata, Wall. At 3,500 feet alt.
LOGANIACE^.
8y. Gaertnera acuminata. Benth.
88. G. Koenigii var. oxyphylla.
This is so clearly distinct from G. Koenigii, Wight of
Ceylon, that it is preferable to keep it a distinct species.
89. Gaertnera Caudate sp. nov.
Stem slender, pale, corky, barked below. Leaves patent,
lanceolate, caudate, base long-narrowed, acuminate, thinly
coriaceous, nerves 7 pairs, reticulations visible, very fine,
midrib prominent 11 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, glabrous, petiole
I cm. long. Stipules tubular with a few setaceous points,
5 mm. long, uppermost shorter.
Panicle terminal lax 3.5 cm. long, with one or two
branches i cm. long at the base, scurfy. Bracts very small,
lanceolate acuminate. Pedicels 2 mm. long. Calyx broadly
cup-shaped with 5 setaceous points, 2 mm. long, glabrous.
Corolla funnel-shaped, base cylindric, minutely scurfy 1.5 cm.
long, lobes lanceolate, shorter than the tube, inside glabrous
except for long white hairs surrounding the mouth of the tube.
Anthers linear in the mouth of the corolla, included.
At 4,500 feet elevation.
GENTIANEiE.
go. Crawfurdia Bluynei, Don. At 6,600 feet.
Symplocace^e.
gi. Symplocos (Cordyloblaste) Crenulata sp. nov.
A shrub. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, crenate
at the upper part with a short tooth in each crenulation, base
narrowed, coriaceous, glabrous, nerves 5 pairs with the re-
ticulations conspicuous on both surfaces, midrib stout, 4.5 to
5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, petiole 5 mm. long. Flowers
numerous, solitary, axillary, pendulous, on short (t mm.)
pedicels, silky, with 2 small ovate lanceolate silky bracts to each
flower. Calyx campanulate, short, lobes 5, subacute, white,
silky. Corolla tube stout, lobed nearly to the base, but adnate
except the apices and margins to the staminal tube, i cm.
long, lobes broad, obtuse, appressed hairy on two rows and
towards apex, margins and inner face glabrous. Staminal
tube hairy within, adnate to the corolla for most of its length
lobes 15, oblong truncate, tipped by a short, free filament
52 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Anthers small, about 40. Ovary cylindric, silky, hairy, little
broader than the glabrous, stout style. Stigma pulvinate.
At 6,600 feet.
Mohamed Aniff obtained another species on Gunong
Kerbau, Symplocos obovata, Ridl. This differs from that in the
solitary flowers and crenulate leaves.
GESNERACEiE.
g2. A eschynanthus per akensis, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
93. „ longicalyx, Ridl. At 5,500 feet.
94- „ Lobbiana, Hook. fil. At 2,000 feet.
95. ,, obccnica, Clarke. At 2,000 feet.
96. Agalmyla staminea, Bl. At 2,000 feet.
97. Didissandra filicina, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
98. DiDYMOCARPUS (ElAT^.) RoBUSTA Sp. HOV.
Very tall and woody, over 60 cm. tall, stem stout 4 mm.'
through woolly, internodes 7 cm. long. Leaves in distinct
whorls of 2 or more, ovate, thick, densely red, woolly, on both
sides, equal, subacute, edges shortly bluntly toothed, base
rounded, nearly aequilateral, 4.5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide ; nerves
10 pairs, elevated beneath, wholly .5 mm. Cymes several from
the upper axils, peduncles 16 cm. long, hairy. Bracts 2,
ovate shaped, acute glabrous 5 mm. long. Calyx glabrous
funnel, i cm. long with short distinct cusps. Corolla yellow,
1.5 cm. long, tube rather narrow at the base; gradually dilate
upwards, i cm. across the mouth, lobes broadly rounded.
Stamens 2, filaments adnate to the tube half way down
included. Pistil puberulous. Style rather long, stigma spoon-
shaped. Capsule cylindric 3.5-4 cm. long, glabrous, cuspidate.
From 6,000 to 6,600 feet alt.
Differs from other species of the section in the thicker
leaves in equal pairs or whorls, smaller and more woolly, the
much longer peduncles, larger calyx and smaller corolla.
99. DiDYMOCARPUS SULPHUREA var. GrANDIFLORA, ViV.
nov.
Differs in the calyx lobes being broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, and the corolla being 3 cm. long and 1.4 cm. across.
At 6,000 feet alt.
100. Didymocayptis quinqne-vulnera, Ridl. 4,200 to 5.500
feet alt.
loi. Didymocarpus malayana, Hook. fil. At 4,500 feet.
A variety with a white feather in the centre of
the leaf.
102. Didymocarpus hispida, Ridley. At 6,600 feet.
igiS-] H. N. Ridley : Plants from Gunong Kerhau.
53
103. DiDYMOCARPUS MODESTA, Sp. IIOV.
Stem slender or moderately stout ; woody, unbranched,
14 cm. tall, appressed, hairy. Leaves opposite in equal pairs,
lanceolate, acuminate at both ends ; entire, thin, glabrous
except the edges and nerves beneath, which are hairy, nerves
4 pairs ascending, 7 cm. long, 2.2 cm. wide, petiole .5 mm.
long. Flowers solitary, axillary, usually in the uppermost axil,
peduncle 5.5 cm. long, hairy. Bracts narrow, setaceous,
hairy, short. Calyx-lobes setaceous, deep purple, 2 mm.
long. Corolla tube narrowed at the base, gradually dilated
upwards, curved, sparingly hairy, lobes oblong, rounded half
as long. Stamens 2, included filaments from near the base.
From 3,000 to 5,500 feet elevation, var. b, minor. Leaves 5.5
cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, peduncle 7 mm., much shorter than the
leaves. Corolla i cm. long. At 3,500 feet elevation.
Perhaps nearest to D. parviflora, Ridl., but unbranched,
with larger leaves and a curved corolla, which appears to be
white or yellowish.
104. Cyrtandra deciirrens, var. Wallichii. At 4,000 feet.
105. Cyrtandra pilosa, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
ACANTHACEAE.
106. JusTiciA Inconspicua s/). nov.
Weak branching, glabrous herb. Leaves alternate, thin,
ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse, base long, narrowed,
usually inaequilaterally, raphides short but very abundant on
both sides. 12.5 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide or less, midrib scurfy
beneath, petiole i cm. long. Raceme terminal i cm. long, few
flowered, pedicel 2 mm. long. Bract narrow, lanceolate, acute
erect, appressed minutely mucronate with a broad, flat
elevated midrib, .5 mm. long, .1 mm. wide, as long as the
corolla tube. Corolla 1.2 cm. long, tube thick, upper lobe
narrowed, lanceolate, obtuse, lower with three short, blunt
lobes, pubescent outside. Stamens 2, filaments stout 8 mm.
long. Anthers 2, cells unequal, the lower one with a long
conic point, as long as the cell. Style glabrous.
Alt. 3,600 to 4,000 feet. The flower appears to have been
yellow with purple veins on the palate. The bracts are more
or less tinted with purple. Allied to J . flaccida, Ridl. but with
a much shorter spike and bracts not as long as the flowers.
Labiatae.
107. Gomphostemma crinitum, Wall. At 4,000 feet.
Verbenaceae.
108. Vitex gamosepala, Griff'. At 4,500 feet.
54 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Nepenthaceae.
109. Nepenthes Macfarlanei, Hemsl. 5 — 6,000 feet.
Balanophoraceae.
no. B alatiphor a gigantea, Wall. At 4,000 feet.
Piperaceae.
111. Piper magnibaccum , DC. At 4,000 feet.
Loranthaceae.
112. Loranthtis pnlcher, DC. At 4,500 feet.
Laurineae.
113. cinnamomum parvifolium, sp. uov.
Tree or shrub with dense branches, bark dark, blackish
brown. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, acuminate, base
rounded, subopposite or alternate, three nerves conspicuous,
transverse, nervules fine, hardly visible, above glabrous,
shining, 5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, petiole 5 mm. long, Cymes
1.5 long, axillary, peduncle slender, i cm. long, pedicels 3
subumbellate, 5 mm. long.
Flowers 2 mm. long. Sepals 3 elliptic, obtuse. Petals,
ovate, obtuse, all pubescent, silky within. Stamens 4-celled,
outer row 6, filaments linear, glabrous, anther oblong, inner 3,
with 2 large glands on the hairy filaments.
Staminodes 3 conic on short filaments. Ovary flask-
shaped, style short.
At 4,200 feet. Remarkable for its little, stiff, ovate leaves.
T14. Alseodaphne oleifolia, Gamble.
Urticaceae.
115. PsEUDOSTREBLUS CAUDATUS sp. 710V.
Glabrous, unarmed, probably a shrub, branches slender,
bark black. Leaves alternate, elliptic, caudate, tip with a long,
blunt point, base shortly cuneate, thinly coriaceous, nerve,
horizontal, primaries about 11 pairs inarching within the
margin, secondaries nearly as prominent, reticulations conspsi
cuous beneath. Male flowers on short pedicels 2 mm. long-
axillary bracts ovate, very small. Pedicels 5-6 mm. long,
slender flowers crowded at the tip, 4 or 5 to each spike,
sessile. Sepals 4 or 5 ovate, acute. Stamens 4-5 inflexed
in bud, filaments twice as long as the sepals, flat, 2 mm.
long. Anthers elliptic, rounded, Pistillode oblong, truncate.
At 4,500 feet.
igi5.] H. N. Ridley: Plants from Gnnong Kerhau.
55
feet.
I am a little dubious as to the genus of this plant as I
have not seen the female. I refer it to Pseudostreblns rather
than Taxotrophis as it is quite unarmed and has, occasionally
at least, 5 sepals and stamens.
116. Hullettia dumosa. King, at 4,000 feet.
117. Ficus chartacea,\<I^\\. At 4,200 feet.
118. Ficus diversifolia, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
One form has elliptic leaves, acuminate at both ends, 11
cm. long and 2 cm. wide, a curious form.
CUPULIFERAE.
119. Pasania grandifyons, Gamble. 5,000 to 6,000 feet,
Gnetaceae.
120. Gnetum Brnnonianuui, Griff, at 5,000 feet.
Orchideae.
121. Dendrobiuni longipes, Hook. fil. At 6,000 to 6,600
122. Trichotosia pyrrhotricha, Ridl. At 3,400 to 4,500.
123. Eria Scorte'chinii, Hook. hi. At 5,500 feet.
124. Eria (aeridostachya) crassifolia sp. nuv.
Rhizome stout, wood}-, with many slender, wiry branched
roots. Pseudobulbs approximate, ascending, cylindric, 5 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. through, covered with brown, coriaceous, truncate
sheaths, or the sheathing bases of leaves. Leaves very
coriaceous, lanceolate, obtuse, or subacute, narrowed gradually
to the base, 13-18 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less, nerves
invisible, under surface quite smooth. Scapes axillary, with a
large pale papery sheathing, bract 5 cm. long, i cm. wide at
the base. Peduncle 13 to ig cm. long; brown, woolly. Raceme
as long, dense, ovary, pedicels, rachis and outside of sepals
brown tomentose. Bracts minute, acute. Pedicel and ovary
I cm. long. Upper sepal oblong, tip rounded, lateral sepals
broadly triangular, ovate, 2 mm. long, mentum cylindric, conic,
obtuse 2 mm. long. Petals glabrous, linear, oblong, blunt,
incurved over the column. Inner face of sepals and petals
apparently bright yellow. Lip short, base very shortly
narrowed, blade oblong, faintly 3-lobed apex broad, rounded,
truncate, i^labrous, base slightly thickened. Column stout,
broad (apparently purple) face flat, a V-shaped ridge at the
base, margin of clinandrium distinctly elevated all round but
not tall.
From 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation.
56 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VI,
This resembles E. crassipes, Ridl. to some extent, but the
petals are not lanceolate and the leaves are wider, the
pseudo bulbs are different. The mentum is shorter than in
E. aeridostacliya, Lindl., E. lorifolia, Ridl. etc.
125. Phreatia nana, Hook. fil.
126. Phaius callosus, Lindl. At 4,000 to 5,000 feet.
.127. Arundina speciosa, Bl.
128. S ephelahhyllum pnlchrnm, Bl. At 4,500 feet.
129. Spathoglottis piicata, Lindl. At 2,000 feet.
130. Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. Small form. At 4,500 to
6,000 feet.
131. Dilochia Cantleyi, Hook. fil. At 6,000 feet.
132. Platydinis Kingii, Hook. fil. At 6,600 feet.
133. Platyclinis pulchella, sp. nov.
Pseudobulbs crowded on a rhizome 6 inches long, ovoid,
conic, rugose i cm. long. Leaf coriaceous, lanceolate, obtuse,
narrowed to base, 2 — 3.5 cm. long, .5 mm. wide, keel
prominent beneath. Scape 9-10 cm. long, base (3-4 cm.) nude.
Flowers crowded, numerous. Bracts narrow, lanceolate 2
mm. long, longer than the pedicel and ovary. Sepals
lanceolate, acute, 7 mm. long, 2 mm. wide at the base. Petals
a little shorter, the two outer nerves curve in and join
the median about the middle of the sepals and petals. Lip
pandurate, basal wings rounded, denticulate with short, acute,
free points, middle ovate, acute, keels 2 from the base
brown, incurving, ending on the base of the midlobe, median
nerve straight elevate running to end of midlobe. Column
slender, curved, stelidia linear, acuminate from near the
base, winged to the base, nearly as long as the column. Hood
of clinandiium ovate, rounded, entire.
From 5,500 to 6,600 feet. The flowers apparently
yellow or green, with the outer raised veins brown. Tiie
lip has much the shape of that of P. latifolia.
134. Platyclinis carnosa sp. nov.
Rhizome long, woody, pseudo-bulbs conic, 2 cm. long,
5 mm. through at base, 1-5 cm. apart. Leaves coriaceous,
elliptic, lanceolate, obtuse, base slightly narrowed, 6-5 cm.
long, .6 mm. wide, nerves 6.7, petiole stiff, i cm. long. Scape
nodding 14 cm, long, basal half nude. Bracts lanceolate,
obtuse, longer than the pedicel and ovary 3 mm. long.
Flowers numerous, fleshy. Sepals broadh' lanceolate, obtuse.
Petals shorter, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, nerves 3, incurving
into the median at the tip. Lip fleshy, side-lobes minutely
t9i5-J H. N. Ridley: Plants from Gmwng Kerbau. 57
lenticulate, free points distinct, lanceolate, acuminate, curved
"outwards, ridges elevate 2, short, dark-coloured, rising from
the base to near the middle, midlobe o\ate, acuminate,
acute denticulate. Column short, thick, straight, apex
hooded, hood tall, oblong toothed. Stelidia short from
near the stigma, broad, acuminate, upcurved.
At 6,600 feet. Remarkable for its fleshy flowers.
135. Platyclinis graminea sp. nov.
Rhizome woody, stout, 4 mm. through, pseudo-bulbs
elongate conic, cylindric, 3 cm. long, 4 mm. through at the
base. Leaf long, lanceolate, acuminate, long-narrowed to the
base, thin, grassy, membranceous, subacute, mucronulate,
nerves 2 pairs, fine; midrib conspicuous, 16 cm. long, 1.5
cm. wide; petiole 7 mm. long. Scape enclosed with the
petiole in a narrow tubular sheath at the base, 6.5 cm. long,
slender, 30 cm. long, lower half nude. Flowers numerous,
small. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, much longer than
the ovary and pedicel, 2 mm. long. Sepals lanceolate
acuminate, narrow, acute, i-nerved, 4 mm. long, i mm. across,
at base. Petals f as long. Lip very narrow; nearly entire,
lanceolate, acute with 2 thin raised keels at the base, side
lobes indistinctly marked; free points minute. Column
straight. Stelidia from near the stigma broad-based, apices,
acuminate, acute, shorter than the column. Clinandrium,
hood ovate 2-3, toothed at the tip. Anther ovoid, pyriform-
acute.
ft At 5,500 and 6,000 feet.
^^K Allied to P. linearis, Ridl. but smaller, with a different lip.
P
136. COELOGYNE RADICOSUS Sp. UOV.
Rhizome stout, woody, branched, with numerous long.
thick, wiry roots, 4 mm. in diameter. Pseudo-bulbs narrow,
,_ cylindric, 6 cm. long, 4 mm. through when dry, 2 cm. apart.
\m Leaves 2, coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, narrowed to a stout
' petiole, 9 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, 5 nerved, petiole i cm.
long. Scape from between the leaves, 11-13 cm. long,
slender, erect, peduncle about as long as the raceme, flattened ;
slightly ancipitous. Raceme fiexuous, few flowered.
Bracts caducous, the lower one lanceolate, acuminate 1.5 cm.
tlong. Pedicel 3 mm. long. Sepals linear, oblong, obtuse, 12,
mm. long, 2 mm. wide, 6-nerved. Petals as long, linear,
filiform, very narrow. Lip shorter, lateral lobes curved, apicis
lanceolate, as long as the column ; midlobe longer, flabellale,
rounded, 2 semi-elliptic, thin, flat keels on the disc. Column
rather short, hardly curved ; margin of clinandrium large,
ovate, obtuse, entire. Rostellum large, rounded.
At 6,600 feet. A single specimen.
5^ Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Allied to C.^ cuprea, Wendl., but with much smaller
flowers and different keels.
137. Coelogyne carnea, Hook. fil.
138. Dendrochilum album, Ridl. At 6,000 feet.
139. Dendrochilum augustifolium, Ridl. At 6,000 feet.
140. Saccolabium bigibbum, Lindt. At 4,200 feet.
141. Podochilus cornutus, Schlechter. At 2,000 feet.
142. Podochilus unci/erus, Hook. fil. At 2,300 feet.
143. Aphyllorchis pallida, B\. At 3,500 feet.
144. Vanilla Montana sp. nov.
A long, stout climber. Leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, obtuse at the tip ; narrowed to a rather broad base,
12-14 ^^- loi^gj 3'5 cm. across. Racemes axillary, i cm. long,
few flowered. Bracts orbicular, rounded, 2 mm, long. Sepals
oblanceolate, sub-spathulate acute; nerves 7, undulate, 5 cm.
long .7 mm. wide. Petals similar but smaller. Lip 4.2 cm.
long, base .narrow, adnate to the column; limb long trumpet-
shaped, 2 cm. across at the mouth, margin in the centre with
filiform processes. Callus in the mouth, broad, fan-shaped,
pectinate with linear acute teeth. Column 4 cm. long.
Clinandrium margin tall, hooded, bilobed, obtuse, rounded.
Rostellum broad, oblong, truncate, entire. Fruit (pressed)
oblong, broad, 8 cm. long .2 cm. across.
Perak, Gunong Kerbau 4,400 to 4,500 feet.
Scitamineae.
145. Globba pendula, Roxb. At 2,000 feet. The same
plant as grows at the Penang waterfall.
146. Globba cernua, Bak. At 4,000 feet.
147. Globba violacea, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
148. Globba perakensis, Ridl., var. with more elongate
panicle.
149. Camptandra ovata, Ridl. At 4,200 feet.
150. Conxmomum citrinum, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
151. Alpinia aurantiaca, var. hirtior. Much more hairy
than the type, the p3tals quite silky, hairy outside.
Apostasiaceae.
152. Abostasia Wallichii, Lindl. At 4,000 feet,
IgiS-] H. N. RiDLKY : Plants from Gunong Kerbau. 59
Amaryllideae.
153. Curculigo latifolia, Dryand. At 4,000 feet.
A form with long, narrow leaves.
BURMANNIACEAE.
154. Burmannia longifolia, Becc. At 6,000 feet.
LiLIACEAE.
155. Protolirion paradoxum, Ridl. At 6,600 feet.
" Chinduai " of the Sakais.
156. Peltosanthes stellata, Andr. At 4,000 feet.
157. Tupistra grandis, Ridl. At 4,500 feet.
158. Dracaena ellipticn, Thunb. At 4,200 feet.
159. Dracaena robusta Ridl ? In fruit only.
160. Rhuacophila javanica, Bl. At 4,500 to 5,000 feet.
Triurideae.
161. Sciaphila affinis, Becc. At 3,500 feet.
Flagellarieae.
162. JoinvilUa Malayana, Ridl. At 4,000 feet.
Palmae.
163. Areca pnmila, B\. At 4,000 feet.
164. Penanga Scortechinii, Becc. At 3,500 to 4,000 feet.
165. Penanga subintegra, Ridl. At 3,500 feet.
166. I gnamira polymorpha, Becc. At 4,200 feet.
167. Iguanura Wallichiana, Hook. fil. At 3,000 to 4,000
feet.
168. Licuala Kingiana, Becc. At 4,000 feet.
i6g. Calamus pacificus sp. nov.
Almost entirely unarmed. Leaf-sheaths with a few
flattened, light-brown grey-tipped thorns 4 mm. long, leaf-
blade quite unarmed, 105? cm. long; petiole subterete, smooth
.5 cm. through, 100? cm. long; leaflets linear, acuminate with
a long point, smooth, 3-nerved, two side nerves faint, glabrous
except for a few black bristles at the tip. 22 cm. long, 1.4 cm.
wide. Spadix slender, 98 cm. long, base (32 cm.) nude except
for two narrow, flat spathes wdth lanceolate points, entirely
6o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI
unarmed; branches 4, about 15 cm. long with 8-13; flower-
spikes slender, spreading, 5 cm. long. Spathels i cm. longer,
less tubular with an acuminate limb. Spathellules ovate, cup-
shaped with a long point, ribbed. Bracts ovate, short.
Calyx wide, cup-shaped, obscurely 3-lobed with obtuse lobes.
Petals 3 cm., oblong, striate. At 4,000 feet.
Allied to C. Diepenhorstii, Miq. var. singaporcnsis but
almost completely unarmed. The specimens show no flagella
Araceae.
170. Arisaema Roxburghii, Kunth. At 3,500 to 4,200
feet.
171. Homalonena pwnila, Hook fil. A variety with the
leaves hardly pustulate. At 4,500 feet.
Cyperace^.
172. Kyllinga hrevifolia, Rottb. At 4,000 feet.
173. Finibristylis globulossi, Kunth. At 3,000 feet.
174. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. At 3,500 feet.
175. Gahnia javanica, Mor. 5,500 to 6,600 feet.
176. Gahnia castanea sp. nov.
Large tufted plant. Leaves with a broad (2 cm. wide)
shining purplish-brown, sheathing base, gradually narrowing
to a filiform point 100 cm. long. Panicle 45 cm. long, with
spikelets borne on sleuder scabrid peduncles, about 50 from
the axil of a long leafy bract, 2-3 cm. long, with 5 or 6
spikelets towards the apex. Glumes lanceolate, mucronate,
chestnut-red, lower one tubular at the base, enclosing 2 or 3
branchlets. Spikelets one-flowered 4 mm. long with imbricate
glumes. Stamens 3, with very long filaments, and linear
long-acuminate anthers. Ovary cylindric, style very long,
black with three long filiform stigmatic arms.
This species is very different from G. javanica in having
fewer glumes ; the flower certainly appears terminal.
177. Lepidosperma chinense, Nees. At 6,600 feet.
Occurs also on Mt. Ophir and Gunong Tahan.
178. Carex Walkeri, Arn. At 6,600 feet elevation.
A fine addition to our flora, and very fine specimens.
The glumes in this form are very conspicuously scarious at
the tip.
Native of South India, Ceylon and Java and the
Philippines.
179. Scleria radula, Hance. At 4,200 feet elevation.
1915. J H. N. Ridley: Plants from Gunong Kerbau.
61
Di
Mala
glabr
Gramine^.
:8o. Isachue javana, Nees. At 6,600 feet.
[81. /. Kunthiana, W. & Arn.
The same form as that obtained on Mt. Kinabalu by
Haviland, and very different from the lowland plant of the
Peninsula said to be I. Kunthiana, notably in its
oils glumes and the denticulate edge of tlie leaf.
82. Panicum indicum, L. At 3,000 feet alt.
FiLICES.
83. Alsophila dnhia, Bedd. At 3,500 feet.
84. Cibotinni Barometz, Link. From 3,500 to 4,000 feet
85. Hymenophyllum Smithii, Hook. At 6,500 feet.
Trichomanes pyxidifenim, L. At 5,000 feet.
Trichomanes pallidum, Bl. At 6,600 feet.
Trichomanes pluma, Hook. At 6,000 to 6,600 feet.
Trichomanes gemmatum, Sm. At 5,500 feet.
[86
[87
[88
[89,
[90
Trichomanes apiifolium, Presl. At 5,500 to 6,000
feet.
191. Trichomanes- maximum, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
192. Prosaptia Emersoni, Presl. At 4,200 feet.
193. Prosaptia contigua, Svv. At 4,500 to 5,000 feet.
194. Davallia moluccana, Bl. At 4,500 feet.
195. Lindsay a scandens, Hook. At 4,000 feet.
196. Lindsaya flabellnlata, Hook. At 6,000 feet.
197. Schizoloma lobata, Pers. At 4,000 feet.
ig8. Litobrochia incisa, Thunb. At 4,200 feet.
199. Lomaria procera var. vestita. At 6,600 feet.
200. Diplazium porrectum, Wall. At 5,000 feet.'
201. Diplazium asperum, Bl. At 5,000 feet.
202. Diplazium bantamense, Bl. At 4,000 feet.
203. Diplazium sylvaticum, Presl. At 5,000 feet.
204. Didymochlaena lunulata, Desv. At 4,500 feet.
205. Lastraea calcarata, Bl. At 4,200 feet.
206. Nephrodium truncatum, Presl. At 5,000 feet.
207. Nephrodium davallioides, Kze. At 4,000 feet.
62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
208. Oleandra neriformis, Cav. At 4,200 to 5,000 feet.
209. Polypodium nutans, Bl. At 6,000 feet. Only known
previously from Mt. Ophir and that dubiously.
210. Pleopeltis muscBfolia, Bl. At 4,200 feet.
211. Gymnogramnie calomelanos, Kaulf. At 4,000 feet.
212. Vittaria elongata, Sw. At 5,200 feet.
213. Tcenitis blechnoides, Sw. At 4,200 feet.
214. Chrysodium biciispe, Hook.
Lycopodiace^.
215. Lycopodium filiformc, Roxb. At 4,000 feet.
216. Lycopodium casuarinoides, Spring. At 6,600 feet.
217. Selaginella Wallichii, Spring. At 3,500 feet.
218. Selaginella Morgani, Zeill. At 6,000 feet.
MISCELLANEA.
I
The Vertebrate Collections of the Federated
Malay States Museums.
The collection of terrestial vertebrates from the Malay
Peninsula in the possession of the Federated Malay States
Museums is now so nearly complete that it may be of interest
to give some comparative figures concerning it.
In 1899 and 1900, Capt. Stanley Flower, then in charge
of the Bangkolc Museum, devoted much attenticjn to the
mammalian fauna of Siam and the Malay Peninsula, and,
after studying all the available collections both local and in
the British Museum, compiled a list which is published in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, pp.
306-379. A summary of his list gives the following figures :
Species.
Primates ... ... ... 10
Carnivora ... ... ... 28
Ungulata ... ... ... 14
Rodentia ... ... ... 30
Insectivora .... ... ... 6
Cetacea ... ' ... ... 5
Sirenia ... ... ... i
Edentata ... ... ... i
Chiroptera ... ... •••39
Total
134
The intensive study of mammals can only have said to
have begun with the opening days of the present century, and
since 1899 vs'^Y great attention has been paid to the Malaya
Peninsula and region, principally by Doctor W. L. Abbott, of
Philadelphia, whose collections have been worked out by
Messrs. G. S. Miller and M. W. Lyon of the United States
National Museum at Washington, and by the Federated
Malay States Museums. It had been pointed out by English
naturalists and by the authorities of the British Museum that
it was unfortunate that the proper study of the fauna of a
British Possession could only be effectively carried out in a
foreign Museum, owing to the lack of modern material in the
national collection. As a result, since 1908 very much of the
energy of the Museum staff and considerable sums of mone)^
have been devoted to removing this reproach. After five
years' work, figures dealing with the mammalian fauna of the
Malav Peninsula now stand as follows;
64
Journal of the F.M.S. Musenttis. [Vol. VI,
Number of Races of Mammals known from the Malay
Peninsula and Adjacent Islands, 1913.
Number in
1
'otal Number.
Federated Malay
States Museums.
Primates
20
19
Carnivora
34
32
Ungulata
22
19
Chiroptera
• 63
46
Insectivora
26
24
Rodentia
. 118
112
Cetacea
8
4
Sirenia
I
Edentata
I
I
Total ..
293
257
Of the additions to the list 71 races have been described
either from material actually in the Federated Malay States
Museums or from specimens collected and sent to the British
Museum.
The 36 forms not represented in the local Museums with
the localities from which thev were obtained are as follows:
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Macaca capitalis
Arctonyx dictator
Lutra macrodus
Bos sondaicus butleri
Tragulus stanleyanus
Rhinoceros sondaicus
Sciuropterus genibarbis malaccanus
Pteromyscus pulverulentus
Sciuropterus phayrei
Sciurus caniceps epomophorns
Epimys pullus
Gunomys varius varillus
Ptilocercns lowi continentis
Gymnura gymnura
Balaenoptera indica
Physeter macrocephalus
Steno plumbeus
Sotalia sinensis
Halicore duyong
Pteropus intermedins
Rhiiiopoma microphyllum
Taphozous saccolaemus ...
Chaerephon plicatiis
Chaerephon johorensis ...
Myotis oreias
Myotis emarginatus
Trang.
Trang.
?
Perak.
Uncertain.
Malacca.
Malacca.
North Malay
Peninsula.
Salanga Island.
Tioman Island.
Penang Island.
Klang Gates,
Kuala Lumpur.
South Malay Pen-
insula.
H Surrounding seas.
Trang.
Ghirbi.
Peninsula.
Peninsula.
Johore.
Singapore.
Biserat.
I9I5.1
Miscellanea.
65
i
I
27.
28.
29.
30.
31-
32.
33.
34-
35-
36.
Pipistrellus imbricatus ...
Pipistrellus ridleyi
Pipistrellus tenuis
Hesperoptenus tomesi
Chilophylla hirsuta
Rhinolophus ccelophyllus
Hipposideros stoliczkanus
Petalia tragata
Kerivoula picta
Kerivoula bicolor
... Peninsula.
... Selangor.
... Penang.
... Malacca.
... Port Swettenham.
... Kedah.
... Penang.
... Peninsula.
... Penang.
... Jalor.
The original specimens of Nos. 2, 4 and 13, which were at
the time unique, have been deposited in the National Museum
at South Kensington.
Of the remaining 33, 26 species are of marine or
nocturnal habits and are, therefore, difficult to obtain ; Giinomys
varius varillus is an introduced form in Penang; Epimys
pulius is a small rat from Tioman known from one specimen
only, while Tragulus stanleyanus, though said to occur in
Batang Padang, has never been obtained of late years. The
last species Gymnura gymnura is the southern race of the
common tikus hulan found throughout the Peninsula.
The total number of birds ascribed to the Malay Penin-
sula on any evidence, good, bad or indifferent, is now 654.
Of these, 26 are either species identical with other forms
or which have been recorded from the region erroneously or on
the strength of wrongly identified or captive specimens,
leaving 628 species about which no doubt exists.
Of these the Federated Malay States Museums possess
specimens of 589, leaving 39 species still to be procured.
Of these 39, we have at different times possessed examples of
six, which have either been transferred to the British Museum
or perished from defective preservation. Of the remaining
33 forms, four are oceanic birds, rarely approaching land, six
are marsh or shore birds, nine are migratory species only
resting in the Peninsula for very short periods on their way
north or south, two are owls of extreme rarity, one (Acrido-
theres torquaUis) is known from one specimen only which ought
to be in the Singapore Museum but cannot now be found,
while the remaining eleven are known almost entirely from
the extreme north of the Peninsula, though one (Cyornis
ruecki) of very doubtful validity is described from Malacca.
The only additions to be looked for are, therefore, either
occasional migrants or actual novelties, which are necessarily
few and far between, as, ornithologically speaking, the Malay
Peninsula is better known than almost any other area of equal
extent in Asia.
As showing the advance that has been made in the last
thirty years, Hume, in 1880, gives the number of birds actually
known from the Malay -Peninsula as 459, of which he had
procured 415. The corresponding figures are now 628 and
589, or increases of 34.6 and 41.9 per cent., respectively.
9
66 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Species Recorded from the Malay Peninsula but now
Removed from the List for Various Reasons.
28.* Carpophaga griseicapilla
(Wald.) Wrong identification,=C.
badia (Temm.)
34. Turtur humilis (Temm.) ... Specimens almost certainly
caged.
53." Seena seena (Sykes.) ... Specimens examined=S^^r-
na inedia (Horsf.)
55. Sterna longipennis, Nordm. Sterna tihetana, Saunders,
80. Himantopus himantopus
(Linn.) .. ... ... Transposed label.
130. Nyroca fuligula (Liim.) ... Alleged collector obtained
the dry skin only; real
locality therefore doubt-
ful.
175. Falco severus, Horsf. ... No definite locality.
183. Scops sunia, Hodgs. ... = Scops malayana, Hay
220. Halcyon humii, Sharpe ... Identical with H. arm-
strongi, Sharpe.
307. lyngipicus pumilus,
Hargitt ... ... ... Not separable from I. cani-
capilltis, Blyth.
310. Dendrocopus analis (Horsf.) No authentic locality or
collector.
316. Micropternus phaeoceps,
Blyth ... ... ... Specimen identified as such
is M. brachyurus (Vieill.)
353- Cyornis tickellias, Blyth ... Specimens identified as
such are C. sninatrensis,
Sharpe.
354. Cyornis frenata, Hume ... Female of C. erythrogaster,
Sharpe.
357* Cyornis turcosa, Bruggem Female of C. elegans
(Temm.)
384. Stoparola melanops (Vig.) Specimens identified as
such are S. thalassmoides
(Cab.)
425. Pycnonotus blanfordi, Jerd. P. robinsoni, Grant.
390. Pericrocotus fraterculus,
Swinh. ... ... ... Specimens identified as
such are P. flammifer.
455. Setaria melanocephala,
Davison ... ... ... Type and topotypes are
indistinguishable from
S. affinis (Blyth).
463A. Stachyrisnigriceps (Hodgs.) C. Wayworn, Sharpe
• The numbers quoted are those of " A Hand-list of the Birds of the Malay
Peninsula, south of the Isthmus of Kra" by H. C. Robinson, Kuala Lumpur,
1910.
I9I5-]
Miscellanea.
67
476A. Myiophoneus temmincki, Vig. M. crassirostris, Robinson
557. Sturnia malabarica (Gm.)
558. Sturnia nemoricola (Jerd.) ...
562. Sporaeginthus amandava
(Linn.)
563. Sporseginthus flavidiventris
(Wall)
Ruticilla aurorea, Temm.
Escaped cage bird
transposed label
Do. do.
or
Do.
do.
Do. do.
No authentic locality.
Species Undoubtedly Occurring in the Malay
Peninsula but not Represented by Local Specimens
IN the Federated Malay States Museums.
14. Rheinwardtius nigrescens, Rothsch.
48. Porphyrio edwardsi, Elliot.
64. Anous stolidus (Linn.)
65. Micranous leucocapillus, Gould.
67A. Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.)
73. Ochthodromus veredus (Gould).
104. Thaumatibis gigantea (Oust.)
107. Leptoptilus dubius (Gm.)
131. Plotus melanogaster (Gm.)
133. Phalacrocorax javanicus (Horsf.)
134. Fregata aquila (Linn.)
136. Phaethon indicus, Hume.
138. Pelecanus roseus, Gm.
142A. Neophron ginginianus (Lath.)
145. Circus pygargus, Linn.
157. Circaetus hypoleucus (Pall.)
179. Asio otus (Linn.)
192A. Glaucidium radiatum (Temm.)
194. Strix javanica (Horsf.)
203. Coracias affinis, McClell.
208. Pelargopsis burmanica, Sharpe.
245. CoUocalia gigas, Hartert.
268. Cuculus canorus, Linn.
275. Chalcococcyx basalis (Horsf.)
302. Gecinus robinsoni, Grant.
324. Hemicercus canente (Less.)
351. Cyornis ruecki, Oust.
414. Microtarsus cinereiventris (Blyth).
416. Criniger salangae, Sharpe.
441. Timelia jerdoni, Walden.
491. Oreocichla affinis, Richm.
507. Sutoria sutoria (Forst.)
517. Acanthopneuste trochiloides, Sundev.
520. Acanthopneuste magnirostris (Blyth).
544. Dicrurus nigrescens. Oates.
560. Acridotheres torquatus (Davison).
572. Chlorura sp.
576. Motacilla feldeggii, Mich.
579. Motacilla taivanus, Swinh.
THE SEMANG BETWEEN JANING AND RAMAN.
by
F. O. B. Dennys.
[During a recent conversation with Mr. F. O. B. Dennys,
of Taiping, he mentioned to me that he had once met a tribe of
naked Semangs in the far north of Perak. As I believe that
there is so far no record of any tribe in the Peninsula absolutely
dispensing with clothes I asked him to write down what he
could remember about them. This he has very kindly done in
a letter from which I have made the following extract. /. H.
Evans.]
" About 1897 I went on a prospecting tour from Janing up
to Rhaman and after leaving Janing on elephants we went
through rather hilly country. Qn our second day away — I
should say about 1,500 feet above sea level — we got to a fairly
large stream and noticed that there were the remains of a
Sakai camp. The Malays said they were Semangs and I told
the Gembala to try and make them come and see me if he
could find any and after a good deal of trouble he managed to
get some of them to come near our camp. They were rather
short and very dark sk'inned, with very close, curly hair — rather
heavy about the shoulders in build, put poor below the belt.
They did not understand Malay, but the Gembala (elephant
driver) could make himself understood. After giving them
some tobacco and rice they got more friendly and others
appeared, in all about 15 to 20 turned up, and I noticed they
were no clothes of any description, either men or women, and
I think there were about 6 or 7 women. This was the cause
of some amusement to my followers, who said only monkeys
went naked. I got the Gembala to show me their present
camp and I noticed they had small shelters built up in trees,
but nothing on the ground. They could hardly be called huts
as there were sticks to act as a flooring and the roofing was
of leaves. This is all I can remember of the Semangs."
Journ. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI
Senoi of Sungkai, Perak
Joum. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
H. C. A'obi'iisnii, Phot
Senoi of Sungkai, Perak.
Joum. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI.
PI. III.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
PI. IV.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Up-river Senoi of Sungkai, Perak.
Joum. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
Pl.V.
C. B. A
•r^r.rf-«.,^i
Senoi of Ulu Sungkai, Perak.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI
PI. VI.
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Journ. F M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
PI. VII
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C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Jeram Kawan, Sungkai River, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
PI. VIII.
/ ,
v*
^^^.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Jeram Kawan, Sungkai River, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus .— Vol. VI
PI. IX.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Jeram Kawan, Sungkai River, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus— Vol. VI
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Jeram Kawan, Sungkai River, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus— Vol. VI.
PI. XI.
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PI. XII.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI.
PI. XIII.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Slim, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus — Vol. VI
PI. XIV.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Slim, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus-Vol. VI.
PI. XV.
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PI. XVII.
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PI. XVIII.
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PI. XX.
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PI. XXII.
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C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Senoi of Sungei Kol, Ulu Slim, Perak.
IX. MEASUREMENTS OF SOME SAKAI
OF SUNGKAI AND SLIM, SOUTH PERAK, WITH
NOTES ON THE SAME (Plates I— XXIII).
By C. BoDEN Kloss, F.R.A.I.
NOTES.
The hair of all these people was black ; by which is meant
a sooty or rusty tint, not a shining or dead black colour. The
colour of their skin varied between tints 3 and 4 of Broca.
Their bodies were in normal condition, neither stout nor thin,
and generally bore only slight traces of hair, though a few
individuals were glabrous. All called themselves " Senoi,"
all were bihngual and all the parties met with had " penghulu "
sometimes two or three to a party. They had no bomor or
Pawang.
Nos. I — 5 {see Table of Measurements).
Living between the road and the railway line about two
miles south of Sungkai Station in small clearings cultivated
with rice, bananas, sugarcane and tapioca. The floors of some
of the houses in this settlement were barely raised above the
ground, others were from three to six feet high and beneath
these latter goats were penned. Roofs were of lalang grass,
walls of palm leaf and floors of bamboo, covered with pandanus
mats, some of which were very finely woven. Three or four
blowpipes and quivers were obtained and a few arrows. These
weapons were made by the Sakai of the hills and evidently
were very little used by these people, who owned several old
muskets. Malay garments were in general use and also
common forms of Malay utensils and implements, such as rice
strainers and winnowers.
Some of this party gave their tribal name as " Senoi Sakai
Burong." The quiver-cover was of rattan, circular, and
flattened on top.
Nos. 6 — 7.
Came from some miles up the Sungkai river. Both
appeared to have retained their primitive condition, wore bark
cloth 'chawat,' and had forehead and nose streaked with
vertical blue Hues. Both suffered from skin disease. The
quiver cover was of pandanus leaf, elongate, triangular and
flattened on top.
Nos. 8 — 13.
Members of a group of 10 individuals, men, women and
children, felling jungle on contract for a rubber estate near
Sungkai. One or two of the party wore bark cloth 'chawat,' the
remainder possessed Chinese trousers or Malay sarongs.
September, 1915.
72 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Said to be from the Ulu Sungkai and called themselves
" Senoi." Skin disease (Kurap) was very prevalent among
these people.
Nos. 14 — 31.
Living near Jeram Kawan on the Sungkai River or higher
up in the hills. Houses built on piles 3-6 ft. high, bertam
palm roof and sides, bamboo floors : clearings contained
tapioca, sugarcane, bananas, with langsat and durian trees. A
few small dogs were to be seen, generally tied by a hind leg to
a house post.
This party were free from " Kurap." Many had painted
their faces, the pattern consisting of either a red or yellow
ground on which black markings were laid. The painting on
the women was more ornate than on the men ; girl children
were less elaborately decorated than the adults. The latex of
the Jelutong tree (Dyera costulata) was used for this purpose.
The men wore bark-cloth 'chawat,' fillets of bark-cloth
twisted round grass with pendants of grass overhanging the
nape, also woven fillets of palm leaf. Women all wore either
sarongs or sheets of bark-cloth supported by a belt in which
they kept young squirrels or rats, suckling them from time to
time. Other ornaments were ear plugs of leaves, leaf decoration
in their chignons, hair combs and skewers : attached to their
girdles were bunches of sweet-scented grasses and fibre. The
principal use of the combs was for scratching the scalp when
parasites became too active. Both sexes wore nose skewers
up to 8 or 9 inches in length, bracelets and necklaces of
coloured beads and seeds and silver rings.
This group had no dances but sang well. "Women sat
pounding on stones with the end of a short piece of bamboo
closed by it internode (chentukn) while the men sat and sang
together. The form of quiver cover was similar to that used
by Nos. I — 5.
Men's head fillets ... ... Chinkoi.
Bark cloth of men's fillets ... Galuk.
Creels or small bark baskets ... Raga.
Small pouches for tobaccoo, etc. Tapok.
Leaf bunches worn by women ... Benmong.
Woman's ear ornaments ... Slebak.
Woman's combs ... ... Sor^h.
Nos. 32—35-
Living in a clearing, a couple of miles south of Slim near
the road, in two very substantial houses of bertam with bamboo
floors raised 5 ft. The only true Sakai objects in their
possession were blow pipes and quivers ; all their implements,
though made by themselves, were of Malay type. In threshing
padi, of which they possessed a quantity, they placed a heap of
ears in a mat and rubbed the grains out with the feet ; I saw
them spear water tortoises in the stream by means of a long
igiS-] C. B. Kloss: Measurements of Sungkai Sakai. 73
sapling fitted with an iron head. Here was obtained a
beautifully ornamented blow pipe and a quiver with a slightly
conical cover, both made by one of this party. The maker
(a Mai Darat Senoi) stated that blow pipe covers are made by
individuals to suit their own fancies, either like this specimen
or with the flattened tops as seen in the other groups. These
people wore clothes (jackets and trousers) and had attained a
social state which they were superficially at any rate most
unattractive, the reason given by one man for a shaven head
was that previously bugs had worried him unbearably.
Nos. 36 — 39.
Came into Slim from the hills. Three out of the four
were more or less clothed in Malay cotton garments.
Nos. 40 — 52.
Came into Slim from the Sungei Muda. Except for the
headman, who wore a wreath, the males were undecorated save
for face paint. The costume and ornaments of the women
resembled those of the Jeram Kawan Sakai but they had, in
addition, lavishly ornamented their heads with pink Ixora
flowers. With regard to face painting, combs and blow-pipe
patterns it was stated that these were used at will and that
whatever was fancied was drawn. No patterns were private
property, none had any significance however used, being
merely ornamental to suit the maker's taste and all had been
employed from time beyond memory. Faces are painted for
songs, weddings and any occasions of a ceremonious nature
(such as a visit to a European). There were no dances.
No. 53.
From Sungei Kol above Sungei Muda. The only member
of the group (three klamin, one penghulu) inhabiting that
locality remaining, the rest having crossed the hills for a long
visit to Pahang. •
74
Journal of the F.M.S. Museum.
[Vol. VI,
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Sex
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Age
35
45
20
25
30
Name
Rang
Jinrus
Pulai
Git
Jahya
Height of Stature
1-592
1.544
1. 510
r.472
1.554
Girth of Chest
797
752
786
750
822
Vertex to Tragus
138
129
131
131
136
Length of Head
180
T72
182
174
180.3
Breadth of Head
141
137
139
138
146
Length of Face
106
100
III
106
no
Breadth of Face
133
129
130
129
135
Bigonial breadth
125
114
109
no
122
Length of Nose
40
44
45
44
46
Breadth of Nose
42
42-5
43
38
39
Interocular Breadth
32
31
35
32
32
Cephalic Index
78.3
79.8
76.4
79-9
80.8
Cephalic Height Index . .
76.6
75-0
72.0
75-2
75-3
Facial Index
79-7
77.5
85.1
82. a
83.0
Nasal Index
105
96.5
95-5
86.3
84.8
Hair Character
Curly
Curly
Very curly
Curly
Curly
Hair on Face . . '
Slight
Marked
Very slight
Very slight
Medium
Eye Plane
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Epicanthus
Medium
Very slight
Slight
Slight
Very slight
Nose
Short,
broad,
Straight,
short,
Short,
broad.
Short,
broad.
Straight
nearly
straight,
turned-up
broad, tip
depressed
nearly
straight, tip
flattened
straight
Nasal Bridge . .
Nearly
absent
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Lips
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rather thin
Thick
Prognathism . .
Slight labial
Slight labial
Slight labial
Slight labial
Slight labial
Chin
Square
Round
Retreating
Retreating
Pointed
retreating
Shape of Face . .
Shield
Shield
Short oval
Shield
Shield
Prominence of Cheek-
bones.
Marked
Slight
Slight
Slight
Medium
igi5.] C. B. Kloss: Measurements of Stmgkai Sakai. 75
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
20-25
36
45
20
20
40
20
Ba-hi-luk
Pa Luchong
Chegam
NQn-chuk
Nia
Chira-bo
Ko-eb
1.533
li522
1,491
1.505
1,626
1.533
1,400
877
774
736
755
785
795
141
135
138
139
141
138
137
187.5
177
173
172
184
183
165
148
141
139
143
147
138
136
II5-5
116
97
102
108
124
95
142
132
131
124
133
131
120
122
116
III
1 no
121
107
108
55
55
45
43
47
53-5
39
44
35
43
38
40
49
38
35
315
32
32
36
36
38
78.9
79.6
78.9
83.1
79.8
75-4
82.4
75-2
76.2
79-7
80.8
76.6
75-4
83.0
81.3
87.9
74.0
82.2
81.2
94.6
79.1
80.0
63.6.
95-5
88.3
85.1
91-5
97-4
Slightly
wavy
Slightly
wavy
Slightly
wavy
Wavy
Curly
Curly
Wavy
Nearly
absent
Slight
Moderate
Nil
Slight
Moderate
Nil
Horizontal
Slightly
oblique
Horizontal
Horizontal
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Horizontal
Slight
Absent
Absent
Slight
Marked
Absent
Very slight
Straight,
broad, tip
depressed
Straight, tip
depressed
Straight,
broad
Straight,
broad,
turned up
Concave,
turned-up
Straight,
flat, tip
- depressed
Straight,
short, broad,
turned up
Medium
Marked
Slight
Medium
Nearly
absent
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rather
thin
Thin
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Absent
Absent
Absent
Slight
Slight
Medium
Medium
Pointed
••
Round
Round
Round
Round,
prominent
Round,
retreating
Shield
Long oval
Elliptic
Shield
Long oval
Long oval
Long oval
Medium
Marked
Slight
Slight
Slight
Marked
Slight
76
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Number
13
14
15
•16
17
Sex
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Age
25
17
25
20
20
Name
Ni-it
Galuk
Yok-gading
Ansorr
Bu-suk
Height of Stature
1. 431
1,412
1.542
1,500
1.463
Girth of Chest
801
762
831
823
831
Vertex to Tragus
128
135
139
137
130
Length of Head
183
184
189
189
177
Breadth of Head
146
137
139
141
140
Length of Face
lOI
99
"5
114
116
Breadth of Face
134
127
136
141
133
Bigonial Breadth
117
117
117
126
113
Ivcngth of Nose
41
43
49
49
48
Breadth of Nose
41
40
43
42
36
Interocular Breadth
35
33
37
42
31
Cephalic Index
79-7
74-4
735
74.6
79.1
Cephalic Height Index . .
70.0
73-3
74-3
72.5
73-4
Facial Index . .
75-3
78.0
82.7
80.8
87.2
Nasal Index
100.
930
87.7
85.7
75-0
Hair Character
Wavy
Curly
••
Curly
Curly
Hair on Face . .
Slight
Slight
Absent
Slight
Slight
Eye Plane
Oblique
Oblique
Oblique
Oblique
Oblique
Epicanthus
Slight
Absent '
Absent
Slight
Marked
Nose
Very broad,
concave,
turned up
Straight,
broad, turned
up, tip
depressed
Short, broad,
concave, tip
depressed
Slightly
concave, tip
flattened
Straight, flat,
turned up
Nasal Bridge
..
Nearly
Absent
Slight
Medium
Slight
Slight
Lips
..
Medium
Thick
Thick
Rather thick
Rather thick
Prognathism . .
Slight
Slight labial
Medium
Slight labial
Slight labial
Chin
Square,
prominent
Round,
prominent
Round,
prominent
Pointed,
prominent
Pointed,
retreating
Shape of Face . .
Shield
Long oval
Shield
Elliptic
Shield
Prominence of Cheek-
bones.
Medium
Slight
Medium
Slight
Slight
igiS-] C. B. Kloss : Measurements of Smtgkai Sakai.
77
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
20
35
18
40
25
15
25
Kin-Manang
Pa Jelpuk
Yok-ban
Pa Loi-un
Bi-Kedehk
Yok-ton
Han-Kuis
1.478
1.491
1. 514
1.452
1.450
1,432
1,360
••
840
762
780
813
760
♦•
134
134
148
140
140
137
130
169
182
178
177
183
180
168
139
145
143
138
142
^43
140
108
108
107
in
115
100
90
126
136
132
127
132
129
121
105
127
117
103
108
112
102
44
48
47
47
44
39
415
38
47
39
41
38
37
32
32
31
34
33
31-5
34
29
82.2
79-4
80.3
77-9
77-5
79-4
83.3
79-3
73-6
83.1
79.1
765
76.1
77-3
85-7
79-4
81.0
87.4
87.1
77-5
74-4
85-9
97-9
82.9
87.2
86.3
94.8
77.1
Curly
Frizzy
Curly
Curly
Curly
Curly
Rather curly
Nil
Slight
Nil
Slight
Slight
Slight
Nil
Oblique
Slightly
oblique
Rather
oblique
Rather
oblique
Rather
oblique
Horizontal
Oblique
Marked
Absent
Marked
Absent
Slight
Marked
Slight
Straight, flat,
broad, tip.
depressed
Slightly '
sinuous,
turned up
Straight,
short, broad,
turned up
Straight
short, tip
flattened and
depressed
Convex,
short, broad,
turned up
^hort, broad,
concave, tip
flattened
Concave
Slight
Medium
Slight
Slight
Slight
Nearly
absent
Slight
Rather thick
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rather thick
Medium
Rather thick
Absent
Slight
Absent
Slight labial
Slight
Absent
Slight
Round,
Round
Round
Square,
Square
Pointed
prominent
retreating
Long-oval
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Long oval
Shield
Slight
Medium
Slight
Rather
marked
Medium
Medium
Rather
marked
78
Journal of the F.M.S. Mmetwis.
[Vol. VI,
Number
25
26
27
28
29
Sex
M.
M.
M.
F.
F.
Age
30
(?)
25
25
40
Name * . .
Yok-sengoi
Ba-serrlok
Yok-teluk
Kin-eurk
Kin-blunk
Height of Stature
1,482
1.557
1.415
1.350
1.433
Girth of Chest
836
818
900
• •
Vertex to tragus
128
134
140
125
138
Length of Head
185
180
183
155
184
Breadth of Head
146
137
139
130
133
Length of Face
III
III
100 •
96
105
Breadth of Face
134
136
136
121
124
Bigonial breadth
124
117
120
108
98
Length of Nose
47
41
40
45
44
Breadth of Nose
41
38
39
39
39
Interocular Breadth
35
30
34
32
37
Cephalic Index
78.9
76.1
75-9
839
72.2
Cephalic Height Index . .
69.2
74 4
76.5
80,6
750
Facial Index
82.8
81.6
73 5
79-3
84.6
Nasal Index
87.2
92.6
97-5
86.6
86.3
Hair Character
Frizzy
Curly
Curly
Wavy
Wavy
Hair on Face
Slight
Slight
Slight
Nil
Nil
Eye Plane
Slightly
oblique
Horizontal
Oblique
Horizontal
Horizontal
Epicanthus
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Nose
Convex, tip
flattened
Straight,
broad, tip
very de-
pressed
Short, broad,
slightly
convex
Straight,
flat, short,
broad, tip
depressed
Straight,
broad
Nasal Bridge
Rather slight
••
Rather slight
Slight
Very slight
Lips
Rather thick
Medium
Rather thick
Rather thick
Medium
Prognathism
Slight labial
Slight
Slight
Absent
Slight
Chin
Pointed
Prominent
Pointed
Round
Pointed
Shape of Face
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Prominence of Cheek-
bones.
Medium
Marked
Medium
Medium
Rather
marked
,] C. B. Kloss : Measurements of Sunghii Sakai.
79
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
40
35
35
30
18
35
35
Pa Kaga
Penghulu
Dalam
Tapong
(Penghulu)
Pa Win
Sari
Jerr-nas
Eu-bol
1.470
1,560
1,698
1. 651
1,610
1.465
1.503
798
826
880
834
783
> 835
129
134
147
145
137
137
134
187
f87
192
194
185
176
183
145 .
133
145
148
144
137
147
107
114
"5
"4-5
119
99
122.5
134
126
140
138
123
128
" 138
98
117
117
114
119
104
120
46
47
46.5
49
47
38
53
43
44
39
38
39
39
42
31
34
34
32
33
31
31
77-5
71.1
75-5
76.2
77.8
74-4
80.3
6g.o
71.6
76.5
74-7
74.0
77.8
79-7
79.8
90.4
82.1
830
96.7
77-3
88.7
93-4
93-6
83.8
77-5
82.9
974
79.2
Curly
Wavy
Woolly
Curly
Woolly
Curly
Curly
Moderate
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Nil
Slight
Horizontal
Slightly
oblique
Horizontal
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Slightly
oblique
Horizontal
Absent
Marked
Slight
Slight
Marked
Very slight
Absent
Straight,
flat, short,
broad
Straight,
broad,
tip flattened
and
depressed
Straight
Straight
Short, broad,
tip flattened
Short, broad,
tip depressed
Convex,
tip slightly
depressed
Slight
Rather
slight
Medium
Medium
Nearly
absent
Slight
Marked
Rather thin
Rather thin
Rather
thick
Medium
Medium
Rather
thick
Medium
Slight
Absent
Slight labial
Slight
Slight labial
Slight labial
Slight
Kound
Pointed
' •
Pointed,
Pointed
prominPiU
retreating
Shield
Shield
Shield
Long oval
Shield
Shield
Shield
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
September, 1915.
8o
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Number
37
38
39
40
41
Sex
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Age
30
17
17
40
40
Name
Putong
Chen-tol
Aiap
Penghulu
Kerrdih
Penghulu
Yok-nam
Height of Stature
1.551
1-449
1,461
1,506
1.545
Girth of Chest . .
765
736
872
801
804
Vertex to Tragus
126
130
132
129
132
Length of Head
176
178.5
181
%
179
Breadth of Head
149
147
147
149
152
Length of Face
108
102
110.5
no
"3
Breadth of Face
139
137
138
140
140
Bigonial Breadth
121
120
124
114
118
Length of Nose
45.5
41
40
46
42 5
Breadth of Nose
40
39
40
40
39
Interocular Breadth
35
36
35
32
32
Cephalic Index
84.6
82.3
81.3
84.1
84.9
Cephalic Height Index . .
71-5
78.4
72.9
72.9
73-7
Facial Index
77-7
74-4
88.3
78.5
80.7
Nasal Index
87.9
95- 1
100.
87.0
91.7
Hair Character
Curly
Curly
Wavy
Curly
Wavy
Hair on Face . .
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate
Plentiful
Ej'e Plane
Oblique
Oblique
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Epicanthus
Very slight
Very slight
Very slight
Absent
Absent
Nose
Straight,
flat, broad
Straight,
flat, short,
broad
Straight,
flat, short,
broad, tip
depressed
Straight,
flat, short,
broad
Straight,
flat,
turned up
Nasal Bridge . .
Slight
Nearly
absent
Very slight
Slight
Slight
Lips
Thick
Rather thick
Kather thick
Medium
Medium
Prognathism . .
Slight labial
Slight labial
Slight labial
Absent
Slight labial
Chin
Pointed,
retreating
Pointed
Round,
prominent
Round
Shape of Face . .
Shield
Shield
Shield
Oblong
Oblong
Prominence of Cheek-
bones.
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
1915.] C. B. Kloss : Measurements of Siingkai Sakai.
81
II
II
42
M.
Yek-ampeh
1.532
750
134
176
150
105
133
III
41
35
32
85.2
76.1
78.9
853
Wavy
Nil.
Horizontal
Slight
Straight,
turned up
Slight
Rather thick
Slight labial
Round
Shield
Medium
43
M.
35
Y6k-pa
136
181
143
III. 5
136
125
415
43-5
33
81.2
75.1
81.2
95-4
Frizzy
Moderate
Horizontal
Absent
Straight,
flat, broad,
tip flattened
and
depressed
Very slight
Medium
Slight labial
Long oval
Medium
44
M.
18
45
M.
22
Nur-seh Yok-pang
1.552
833
135
184
148
ICO
132
"5
^39-5
41
32
77.1
73-3
75-7
963
Curly,
Nil.
Oblique
Slight
Slightly
convex,
broad, tip
depressed
Medium
Thick
Slight labial
Pointed
Oblong
shield
Medium
1.527
820
130
180
149
113
138
121
45
40
35
82.7
72.2
81.8
88.8
Curly
Slight
Horizontal
Marked
Straight
Medium
Rather thick
Slight
Round
Shield
Marked
46
M.
35
Sun
1,561
816
130
188
I47
117
133
115
53
41
35
72.8
69.1
87.9
77-3
Frizzy
Moderate
Horizontal
Slight
Straight
Medium
Thick
Slight
Round,
retreating
Shield
Marked
47
M.
18
Yok-bawok
1.555
789
134
186
151
104
140
125
48
41
36
81. 1
72.0
74-3
85-4
Curly
Nil.
Slightly
oblique
Absent
Straight,
flat, broad
Very slight
Rather thick
Slight labial
Pointed,
retreating
Shield
Medium
48
M.
16
Teh-bang
1,490
741
136
186
143
106
138
125
43-5
41
36
76.8
73-1
76.7
94.2
Curly
Nil.
Oblique
Marked
Short broad
Slight
Thick
Slight labial
Very pointed
Oblong
shield
Medium
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Number
49
50
51
52
53
Sex
M.
F.
F.
F.
M.
Age ..
17
20
40
35
Name . .
Yok-pangai
Indah
Leh-nap
Gitan
Buasuk
Height of Stature
1,380
1. 148
1,400
1,400
i,5oi
Girth of Chest
••
••
889
Vertex to tragus
125
135
132
130
1345
Length of Head
173
176
178
177
199
Breadth of Head
136
137
143
141
150
Length of Face
107
106
94
102
112
Breadth of Face
,125
125
120
132
145
Bigonial breadth
107
99
105
118
121
Length of Nose
46
42-5
43
41
44
Breadth of Nose
39
40
33-5
39
43-5
Interocular Breadth
30
37
31
37
36
Cephalic Index
78.5
77.8
834
79.6
75-3
Cephalic Height Index ..
72.6
76.7
74-1 .
76.7
67.6
Facial Index
85.6
84.8
78.3
77.2
77.2
Nasal Index
84.7
94.1
77.9
951
98.8
Hair Character
Wavy
Curly
Wavy
Wavy
Curly
Hair on Face . .
Slight
Nil
Nil
Nil
Slight
Eye Plane
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Slightly
oblique
Epicanthus . . . .
Marked
Marked
Absent
Slight
Absent
Nose . .
Straight,
broad, tip
slightly
flattened
Short, broad,
concave
Straight
Concave,
turned-up
Short, broad
straight, tip
slightly
depressed
Nasal Bridge . .
Slight
Nearly
absent
Medium
Slight
Medium
Lips . .
Thick
Rather thick
MediuTi
Rather thick
Thick'
Prognathism . .
Medium
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Chin ..
••
Pointed
Round
Pointed
Round
Shape of Face . .
Sheild
Long oval
Long oval
Short oval
Oblong
shield
Prominence of Cheek-
bones.
Medium
Rather
marked
Medium
Medium
Medium
igi5.] C. B. Kloss : Measurements of Sungkat Sakai.
83
NOTE.
The tribe whose measurements are recorded in the fore-
going pages have also been measured by Messrs. Annandale
and Robinson, whose figures are given in detail in ** Fasciculi
Malayenses, Anthropology," Part i, pp. 105-149 (1903). As
the measurements have been taken, which one exception, in
precisely the same manner the results obtained are here given
for comparative purposes, while in the third column both
series have been combined, the number of observations, viz.,
78, representing a very appreciable fraction of the total adult
males of the tribe.
It will be noted that in those measurements that admit of
a high degree of accuracy such as the length and breadth of
the head and the length and breadth of the face, the two
series show very close approximation, while in others, such
as the height of the head from vertex to tragus, which are more
difficult measurements to take, a considerable amount of diver^
ence is exhibited.
The difference of bigonial breadths is due to the fact that
in one instance an attempt was made to give the bony breadth
of the face and in the other the fleshy breadth was recorded.
H.C.R.
84
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
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PI. XXIV.
Sakai of Jeram Kawan, Sungkai River, Perak.
Ph <tos, I. H. N. Evans.
Sakai Village of Ungkun, Sungkai River, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol. VI.
PI. XXV.
Photo, I. H. A'. E-
Sakai of Ulu Sungkai, Perak.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus -Vol. VI.
PI. XXVI.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus— Vol. VI.
PI. XXVIII.
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X. NOTES ON THE SAKAI
OF THE ULU SUNGKAI IN THE BATANG
PADANG DISTRICT OF PERAK. (Pis. XXIV— XXVIII.)
By Ivor H. N. Evans, Assistant Curator
and Ethnographical Assistant F.M.S. Museums.
In April, 1914, I paid a visit of about a fortnight's duration
to Jeram Kawan, a rapid in the Sungkai river about eight
or nine miles by boat from Sungkai village. A Malay settle-
ment had recently been made on the bank of the river just
below the rapid, the clearings at the time of my visit being
only about three or four months old. Close b}' on the opposite
bank was a single Sakai house standing in a considerable
clearing which was planted with Indian corn, and it was from
the inhabitants of this house that I obtained a good deal of
the information embodied in the present paper. I took up my
quarters in the hut of an old Malay named Hassan, who was
employed by a Sungkai Chinaman to barter goods with the
Sakai in exchange for rattans, and I was thus enabled to get
into touch with aborigines from many up-country settlements,
who came in to dispose of heavy bundles of cane. About a
quarter of an hour's walk from the Malay clearing, and on the
same side of the river, is a hot spring, the waters of which are
strongly impregnated with sulphur, and to this, in dry weather,
big game, chieiiy seladang and deer, come in numbers to lick
up the sulphur deposit. I mention the spring as I shall have
occasion to refer to it later in connection with a Sakai
folk-tale.
The Central Sakai of Batang Padang have been more
measured and described than any other tribe in the Peninsula,
and I therefore thought it better, with the exception of taking
some photographs, to devote myself as much as possible to
finding out what I could of Sakai folk-lore and beliefs.
Before turning to other subjects I should like to say
a word of warning against accepting aborigines who may live
in a certain district as necessarily truly belonging to it. The
amount of shuffling and re-shuffling among aboriginal tribes
has often been extraordinarily complex. Some of the various
causes which have contributed to this admixture of tribes, and
even of races in the Malay Peninsula are ; pressure of alien
populations (Malays, Siamese, Chinese, etc.), slave raiding
expeditions by Malays before the country came under British
control, especially by Sumatran Malays, Rawa and Mendiling
people, in Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang; the escape
or liberation of slaves who had been sold into another country,
and on regaining their freedom reverted to jungle living, often
forming small villages of their own, and taking wives from
among the aborigines of the country : and the wandering habits
86 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
of certain tribes, notably in Pahang, who undertake long
journeys in search of jangle produce or for other reasons.
All the up-country people who came down to Jeram
Kawan seemed to be typical Senoi (Central Sakai), the purest
tribe of Sakai in the Peninsula. They had the somewhat long
and lean type of face with an often almost delicate nose, the
straight eyes without any trace of the Mongolian fold, and the
long wavy hair so characteristic of the true Sakai. On the
other hand, of the three males in the house at Jeram Kawan,
two presented features which led me at once to suspect the
presence of Negrito blood, though their skin colour was
scarcely darker than that of many of the up-country Sakai.
(pi. XXIV) These two individuals were brothers and the faces
of both were of the round and rather childish type so
commonly seen among the Pangan and Semang, which
contrasts very strongly with the long, serious-looking face of
the pure Sakai type. On making further enquiries they told
me that their father had been a Mai Pahang (Pahang man),
and that he had come from somewhere in the Lipis district.
As it is well known that there are a few wandering' families of
Pangan in this neighbourhood it is extremely likely that their
father was a negrito.
Besides the settlement at Jeram Kawan there is another
aboriginal village, Ungkun, (pi. XXIV) on the river between
that place and Sungkai. Here again the community is
decidedly mixed, the villagers being the descendants of slaves,
aborigines of Selangor, who were sold into Perak by Rawa and
Mendiling raiders, and on gaining their liberty formed alliances
with Senoi women and settled down comparatively close to
the Malay villages.
I brought two boys from this kampong back with me to
Taiping, and on talking about the different Sakai settlements
with them, they informed me that they could scarcely under-
stand the people of the up-country villages at all, while though
they understood, pretty well, the dialect talked by the people
of the Jeram Kawan settlement, they (the J. K. Sakai)
occasionally used words which they did not know ; so appa-
rently the dialect of the Sungkai settlement is a sort of bastard
Senoi-Sakai. The Jeram Kawan people, from whom, as
remarked above, I obtained much of my information, are
evidently more akin in language and customs to the true Senoi
than the people of the down-stream settlement.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE
SUNGKAI ABORIGINES.~(Pls. XXV— XXVII).
All the aborigines I met with called themselves Senoi and
though they recognised the term Mai Darat * they said that it
* If this is so it is rather extraordinary as Mai is a Sakai word meaning
people. Possibly the truth is that some other section of the Central Sakai use
the term as their tribal name.
igiS-] I- H. N. Evans: Snkai of the Uhi Siingkai.
87
was applied to them by the Malays. The general appearance,
habitations, dress, manufactures, and mode of life of the Senoi
have been so frequently described that I think it unnecessary
to record at length any observations on these matters, unless
I believe them to be new or at variance with the accounts of
other observers.
Face painting was seen on several of the women, the
pigment being obtained from charcoal, or the face was marked
with saliva coloured by sireh chewing.
Tattooing w^as observed on only three individuals. One
of these had a design over the right breast, which apparently
was meant to represent some kind of animal, but he informed
me that it had been done by a Chinaman. Of the other two,
one had a series of vertical lines tattooed on the forehead, and
the other a single line reaching from the top of the forehead
to the tip of the nose. Both these men told me that tattooing
had been known to their ancestors for many generations and
they further got for me some thorns of the " rotan dudok," the
implements with which they said the colouring matter,
charcoal, was pricked in. I handled the heads of both my
■t informants, so, in addition to the information ^ey gave me
' there was no pos=:ibility of my mistaking face painting for
tattooing. In the case of the man with the single line down
the nose, a good deal of colouring matter seemed to have been
forced in, as the skin over the markings was slightly raised
above the level of the adjacent parts. Several of the men who
■ came from up-country had the septum of the nose bored for a
nose stick, (PI. XXVI) and ear-boring for the insertion of
small Malay-pattern ear-studs or large bamboo ear-plugs was
universal among the women. Unfinished cigarette ends were
often carried in these holes in the ear-bole, or were placed
behind the ear. Both men and women have the front teeth
in the upper and lower jaws filed down. With regard to the
blow-pipes of the Sungkai people, a long and short variety
were seen, and long and short darts were used in them
accordingly. The measurement for a long dart is from the
point of the elbow to the tip of the little finger, and for a short
one from the point of the elbow to the wrist. Two types of
dart quiver were seen, one with a large, hard, round and
almost flat coyer of finely shredded and closely woven rattan
cane, the other with the soft bag-like cover of plaited pandanus
leaf, which is typical of the Central Sakai. I was told that
the rattan covers were made by the men, and those of
pandanus by the women.
The only clothing worn by most of the men from up-
country was a simple T bandage of terap bark-cloth, which was
often so small that it did not suffice to properly cover the
genitals. Remarks On the scantiness of the loin-cloth among
the Central-Sakai have however already been made in the
"Fasciculi Malayenses" of Messrs. Annandale and Robinson.
All the Senoi I met were able to talk fluent Malay, though
some of them spoke with a harsh and jerky intonation.
September, 1915. 3
88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
•SENOI NAMES.
•
Names are, I believe, generally given by the midwife.
The prefix Yok before a name signifies a man, and Han a
woman. When a married couple have had a child they are
frequently not called by their own names, but are simply
known as father (Bek) or mother (Ken) of so-and-so. Several
examples of this will be found in the attached list of names of
some of the Sakai I met at Jeram Kawan. The custom is
common throughout Malaysia.
Males.
(7) Yok Integ.
(i) Yok Simbok.
(2) Yok Dalam.
(3) Yok Pataling (or
Bek Landas).
(4) Yok Tangkop.
(5) Yok Jahaia.
(6) Yok Sagop.
Han Gamak (or
Ken Landas.)
Han Landas.
(8) Yok Angong.
(9) Yok Batiwou (or
Bek Sunyap.)
(10) Yok Gok (or Bek
Kidai.)
(11) Yok Intan.
Females.
Han Un.
Han Yok.
FOLK STORIES, RELIGION, AND SUPERSTITIONS.
The following folk stories were obtained from Yok Patal-
ing, one of the Senoi of Jeram Kawan. They were told in a
very disjointed fashion, important details being often omitted
at first, and only coming to light after considerable question-
ing. I have however tried in translating to preserve the
narrator's words as nearly as possible.
The Orang Mensud.
The Senoi used to be attacked by a race of men called
M at M ensud *' {Mensud men) who came from Pahang. These
had hair all over their bodies, arms, and legs. They used to
come into people's houses and after feeding there (as guests,)
seize some of the inhabitants in their arms, as they were
squatting round the fire, and fly off with them to the mountains.
After travelling for some time they used to come to a great
marsh called Paya Lekat (The sticky marsh: lekut = Malay
lekat.) Here they told their prisoners to sit down and rest,
and when they did so, they seized them and threw them into
the middle of the swamp. As soon as the prisoners had sunk
into the marsh there arose from its surface spears, parangs
(working knives,) adze heads, and blow-pipes. These the
Orang Mensud collected and took home with them. If the
Orang Mensud seized children they sold them as slaves.
Sometimes a Mensud man used to take a Halak (magician)
with him and go to a cave. They placed a little Kijarf near
* The Mensud and Temir rivers on which they were said to live were stated
to be tributaries of the Bertang river in the Ulu Jelai district of Pahang.
t A kind of damar gum.
igiS-] I- H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Stingkai. 89
the mouth of the cave, and a snake came out of the hole,
smelt the Kijar, and then went back again. After this dollars
and beads appeared from out of the cave. These they
gathered up, and then went home.
I was told that one man named Bek Jawil, who was still
alive, had been seized by the "Orang Mensud" about three
years ago, but had managed to make his escape.
Legends of the Eclipse of the Moon.
I was fortunate enough to obtain two legends which
differ considerably in details, but which both profess to
account for the lunar eclipse: they were told to me by Yok
Pataling, and are as follows: —
Legend L
When the moon is quenched it falls to the earth.
Presently a Halak (magician), — always the same man, — comes
to the place where the moon has fallen to the earth and asks;
"What are you doing there?" The Moon replies: "I have
fallen down. I came down to get food for my children the
stars. If you don't help me to get back again to the sky all
you men upon the earth will die. " "Wait," says the Ha/a^,
and, as it is night, he goes to sleep. While he is asleep his,
familiar spirit (Anak Yang) comes to him and says, "Help the
moon to get back or all men will die." "How can I help the
moon to get back," says the Halak; "I cannot do it." "Get
ready a bnmbnn" (a round hut made of large leaves), says the
Anak Yang. So the Halak calls together his people and they
prepare the biimhun and make music with bamboo stampers
(berchetog: Malay, berchentong) andTgo through magical rites
(berjualak) there for seven days and seven nights, calling on
the Anak Yang to help them to get the moon back to the sky.
At the end of this time the Anak Yang puts the moon back
again.
Legend IL
The sun is angry with the moon because of an old quarrel *
Formerly both the sun and the moon had many children, but
the moon said to the sun, " Men cannot stand the heat of
your children. If you will eat your children, I will eat mine."
So the sun ate his children, but the moon hid hers (the stars)
and afterwards producing them refused to carry out her part
of the bargain. So that is why the sun is angry with the
moon and fights her whenever they meet.
When an eclipse occurs I was told that the Senoi call out
O Rahu* perjuk gechek jik !
Jik mong kulit dunia !
*c. f. Ulu Bertang Sakais' beliefs. Skeat's Pagan Races Vol. II, p. 235,
According to Thompson (Lotus Land p. 130) Pra Rahoo is the Siamese deity
who tries to swallow the moon and sun, thus causing solar or lunar eclipses.
See also Wilkinson's Malay Dictionary "rahu."
go Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
which means
sky, give me back my moon !
1 am still upon the crust of the world !
The Senoi are very much afraid of thunder and lightning,
and certain actions which are thought to bring about bad
storms are tabu. If a person offends against one of these
tabus it is considered necessary to take precautions to avoid
the evil consequences of the infringement, otherwise the house
of the transgressor will be struck by lightning and everyone in
it killed. The tabus of this kind which I collected are given
below.
It is tabu to —
(i) take a jungle leech off the body and put it into the
fire.
(2) put malau (a kind of gum) into the fire.
(3) tease a cat or dog in the house.
(4) tease a tame monkey or dress it up like a man and
laugh at its antics.
If a child breaks the tabus relating to cats, dogs, or
monkeys and a storm comes up soon after, its mother cuts off
some hair from its head, wraps it up in a piece of thatch and,
going out of the house, places the parcel of hair on the ground
and strikes it with a parang or a billet of wood. Up-country
Senoi were also said to cut a piece of hair from a friend's
head, place it on the ground and strike it with a parang, when-
ever a thunder storm overtook them in the jungle.
The hot springs near Jeram Kawan are thought to have
arisen owing to the infraction of a storm tabu by some Sakai
many generations ago, and the Senoi told me the following
legend about them.
The Legend of the Hot Springs.
Long ago a man who had three wives, all sisters, lived on
the present site of the hot springs. He was a Halak. One
day he shot a brok monkey* with his blowpipe and was just
going to roast it when his father-in-law came to his house and
seeing the monkey said " If you want to keep my daughters
with you and are really a Halak don't roast that monkey but
bring it to life again." For a long time the Halak refused but
as his father-in-law insisted on it he at last went and pulled
the poisoned dart out of the monkey and drew the poison out
of the wound with his fingers. Then the monkey came to
life again, and they dressed him in coat and trousers and gave
him a sword, and he danced (berstlat) on the ground outside
the house.
After a time the Halak wanted to stop the monkey danc-
ing and said to his father-in-law, " that is enough," but his
father-in-law, who was much amused, told him to let it con-
* Macaca nemestrina.
I915-] I- H. N. Evans : Sakai of the Ulu Sttngkai.
91
tinue. After the performance had gone on for some time, the
father-in-law, two of the Halak's wives, and the people who
had come together to see the sport, all laughing at the monkey,
the Halak got ready his carrying basket and going into his
house to the wife of whom he was fondest, and who had not
gone outside to see the monkey dance, or laughed at it, he
rubbed her between his hands, and she became a pebble, which
he put into his carrying basket. Then he lay down on his mat
as if he were going to sleep. When his father-in-law, his two
wives and the rest of the people stopped laughing at the
monkey, there immediately arose a great thunder-storm, and as
soon as this began the Halak, taking his basket, came down
from the house, and went off into the jungle, leaving his other
two wives, his father-in-law and the rest of the people behind
him. Thereupon his house was struck by lightning and his
father-in-law and the people who had come to watch the monkey
were all killed. As for the Halak he fought the lightning
(chilon) stabbing at it with his spear while his familiar spirit
(Anak Yang) helped him by biting at it. At last the Halak
finding that he could not win the fight, ran off into the jungle
and escaped. The two wives whom the Halak had left behind
at the house were not struck by lightning and ran away
to Bukit Ubai Baleh (The Maiden's Hill.) Here they saw
something which looked like a big tree-root, but which was
really a dragon, so, plucking some bertain fruits, they put them
on the " root " and cut them open with a parang. When they
had done this they were immediately drawn in under the
"root" (the dragon's body) and died. The dragon has now
become a stone and can still be seen on the side of the hill,
and the two wives' dresses of leaves also became smaller
stones, and lie near the dragon's body.
The Senoi have many charms and incantations for
stopping or warding off thunder-storms. Those I was able to
collect are given below.
(i) To try and stop a storm which has already begun, a
man will call out
Gar ingar, eng sengoh.
Don't thunder (?) 1 am frightened.
(ii) For the same purpose
Pole sur ! Chongkajok !
Chongburbur !
Sur kinjok nor laut !
Go wind! Creepers and Rattans! Go clouds to the
sea!
(iii) For the same purpose
Brou gek-gek-gek !
S'lak berjut !
S'lak n'rik !
Srek asut !
Stop a little !
92 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Leaves of the berjut ! (a kind of creeper).
Leaves of the chapa ! (Blumea balsamifera).
Stop (?) altogether! {asut means dry).
(iv) For the same purpose *
Lors pateh-ge !
Go back there ! (The Malay, Balik ka' sana).
After repeating this the face is turned towards the
direction from which the storm comes, the right hand is put
in front of the mouth, trumpet fashion, and blown through
" Puah," the hand, almost at the same moment, being sharply
moved away from the mouth in a horizontal direction for a
couple of feet and the fingers opened. This may also be done
after repeating any other of the charms.
(v) To be used when thunder is heard coming up in the
distance.
Garoh, Garoh, Garoh ! (supposed to represent the
sound of thunder).
Sa'hari ini kamaru!
Sa'hari esok pek jadi !
Which means
Let the weather be hot to-day
and don't let it rain to-morrow.
(Literally — To-day hot weather. To-morrow don't
let it become (rainy).
This charm is of course almost entirely in the Malay
language, the only Sakai word being pek. A somewhat
different version was given as well and I reproduce it here
though I could not get its full meaning.
(vi) Garoh, Garbh, Garoh.
Makoh menrit pek jadi.
{Makoh was said to mean pregnant).
(vii) Used when the sound of coming rain is heard by
people on a journey in the jungle.
Orang sini gulai kaladi.
Orang sana gulai tapah.
Orang sini jangan jadi.
Orang sana biar basah.
This charm again is entirely Malay and means
The people here eat curried kaladi.
The people there eat curried tapah (a kind of fish).
Don't let it rain on the people here.
It does not matter if the people over there get wet.
According to the Senoi, when there comes a shower
followed by sunshine, the rainbow springs up from a place
where a tiger has been sick.
igi5.1 I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Uln Sungkai. 93
VARIOUS BELIEFS AND TABUS.
Most of the following tabus are I believe not in force
among the people of the settlement near Sungkai, and are less
rigidly adhered to at Jeram Kawan than" among the up-country
Senoi.
(i) Women and children may not eat, cook, or touch
deer's flesh, or go near the body of a dead deer.*
(ii) They are also prohibited from eating the flesh of the
following animals.
The Seladang (Bos gaurus)
The Brok Monkey (Macaca nemestrina)
The Krah Monkey (Mac^aca fascicularis)
The Menturun Raya or Benturong (Arctictis bintu-
rong)
(iii) The flesh of elephants may not be eaten by the
Senoi of Sungkai under any circumstances. It was said that
anyone who broke the tabu would fall ill and die.
(iv) Some people consider it tabu to tell their own
names.
(v) It is tabu to strike a parang (working knife) into an
old tree stump in a clearing and leave it sticking there. This
action would disturb the earth spirit and cause plagues of rats
or insects.
(vi) If a man drops a piece of food and says " Peninah,"
which is a curse, he considers that the food is tabu to him and
will not pick it up and eat it. To do so would be to court
dysentery.
The existence of one rather interesting tabu, which I
believe is also kept by local Malays, I found out in the follow-
ing way. Yok Dalam, the headman of the Jeram Kawan
people, had the misfortune to fall from a tree and bruise
himself very badly. It appears that a message was sent to
the settlement near Sungkai asking that any women, who were
skilled in medicine should come to Jeram Kawan to treat him.
On the day after the accident I was sitting outside the hut in
which I was staying, when three Sakai women and two youths
went by, evidently on their way to Jeram Kawan, walking
quickly in single file. As I was acquainted with two of the
party I called out and asked them if they were going to treat
Yok Dalam, but was rather surprised to get no answer. On
thinking for a minute I concluded that there was probably a
tabu against speaking binding on persons going to treat a sick
man, and on subsequent enquiry I found my surmise to be
correct.
Another rather curious little observance came to light
owing to the same accident. One of the Sakai, after telling
me how Yok Dalam had fallen down, said that his companions
* The infringement of any of these tabus is said to bring convulsions on
the head of the guilty party.
94 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
had made a bed of leaves for him so that he might rest until
he had recovered a little, and had then taken repeated strides
backwards and forwards over his body. Asked why this was
done my informant said that he did not know, except that it
was customary to do so when a man fell from a tree, and that
the action was supposed to help the patient to recover.
The reason of Yok Dalam's misfortune was thought to
have been because he left the house without chewing sireh, as
he had wanted to do, but being in a hurry had put it off. On
account of this he was said to have been stricken by " Punan'
(kena Punan), it being considered particularly unlucky to go
out into the jungle with any craving unsatisfied. This belief
according to Hassan is also current among the local Malays.
There is a Malay word Kempunan meaning " a dilemma or
difficulty caused by every course open to one having its
disastrous features" (Wilkinson's Dictionary), which very
probably has some relation to the punan of the Sakai.
Religion.
The Sakai seem to have very few definite religious beliefs,
but they have a supreme God, Yenang, whom they say corres-
ponds to the Tuhan Allah of the Malays. The following
legend gives some details about Yenang and the Sakai after-
life, though I am inclined to think that the greater part of it
may have been borrowed from the Malays, and slightly adapted
to suit Sakai ideas.
"The souls of Senoi leave their bodies, before they actually
die, by the whorl of hair at the back of the head (ruai.)
The soul passes to the west and tries to get into heaven
{Surga, Malay) by the gate by which the souls of Malays
enter. This it cannot do, so it goes round by another way
until it comes to a large iron cauldron {kawah) full of hot
water. This is spanned by a bridge called Menteg (meaning
unknown to Yok Pataling, who told me the story) which looks
like a tree trunk from which the bark has been removed.
Below the iron cauldron there is a great fire. The souls of
little children pass safely over the bridge for they are without
fault, but those of full grown people fall into the cauldron of
hot water. Yenang takes these souls from the cauldron and
plunges them into the fire until they are reduced to powder.
Then he weighs them in a pair of scales and if they weigh
lightly he passes them over into heaven, but if they are heavy
he puts them into the fire again until they are sufficiently
purified.
BURIAL CUSTOMS.
I had no opportunity of visiting any Sakai graves, but I
made a good many enquiries about burial customs, and about
the haunting of the grave by evil spirits. The results of my
questioning are as follows.
The body of a dead person is buried lying on the left side
with the head towards the west and the face looking north.
II
igi5.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Sungkat. 95
To make a grave a rectangular pit is dug to a depth of a man's
breast and a cave-like excavation sufficient to contain the
body is then made in one side of it. The corpse, which is
wrapped in mats, is put into this, and the mouth of it closed
up by driving stakes into the bottom of the pit and stretching
a sheet of tree bark between the stakes and the mouth of the
burial niche. The hole is then filled in and the deceased's
belongings and food and tobacco placed on the top of the
grave.
[This information was obtained from Yok Pataling, but
one of the youths of the Ungkun settlement, whom I brought
to Taiping, afterwards contradicted the statements about the
position in burial saying that the corpse was put on its back
with its head pointing to the east. Possibly different customs
may prevail among the Ungkun people.]
For the first five days after burial, food is placed on the
grave every day, and for six days numbers of evil spirits are
thought to collect at the grave of the deceased and feast.
During that period children are not allowed to go out after
dark.
The following information, obtained from Yok Pataling,
is somewhat "jumbled" but I found it impossible to obtain a
clearer account.
An eVil spirit in the appearance of the dead person,
(apparently not the actual soul or spirit of the deceased)
haunts the grave. It has its face turned backwards on its
body and its eyes are rolled upwards till only the whites are
visible. When an evil spirit of this kind catches hold of
a human being the part touched withers. If a Halnk dreams
that there is an evil spirit at a grave, his Anak Yang coming
to him in the dream and telling him, he goes to the grave with
his Anak Yang and hiding behind a tree watches the evil
spirit feasting with the companions he has called together.
Now the evil spirit's companions are chiefly spirits whom the
Halak has already conquered and who are afraid of him.
After watching for a time the Halak and his Anak Yang rush
out and the latter seizes the spirit while the Halak stabs it
with a bamboo spear. When the Halak stabs the spirit the
other ghosts all vanish, being frightened of the Halak, and
immediately the mouth of the grave opens and the spirit
jumps into it, pursued by the Halak and the Anak Yang. The
spirit runs away into the earth. The Halak and the Anak Yang
go to the corpse, and the Halak strokes its face to see that all
is well. Then the bottom of the grave opens below^ them and
they find their way to heaven (Snrga), passing over the bridge
called Menteg. After this the Halak returns to earth by some
unknown road. When he has got back to the earth he makes
a medicine hut {huuihnn) and decorates it with sweet smelling
flowers, lehak leaves and long bamboo water- vessels decorated
with patterns and full of water. When night comes he
performs magical rites (berjualak) and in the early morning the
September, 1915. , 4
96 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
spirit whom he wounded comes outside and hurls the spear
with which he was stabbed through the wall of the bunibun.
The Halak seizes the spear and then goes to sleep and what-
ever offerings the spirit asks of him in his dreams such as bras
kunyet,* or soaked rice in the husk, he throws out of the hut
into the jungle. The spirit takes the bras kunyet and the
soaked rice (bertis) and throws back a few grains as a sign that
he wishes to be friendly with the Halak. So after this the
spirit becomes the Halak's friend and helps him to cure sick
people and in other ways.
The Halak.
I obtained the following further details about Halaks and
their attributes, which I may as well give here.
(i) The Halak is said not to be buried in the earth.
Instead of this his body is placed in a round hut {bumbnn) and
left there. Two or three days after death the body vanishes
from the hut.
(ii) The spirit of a dead Halak becomes a B'lian or were-
tiger.
(iii) The last of the great Halaks in the Sungkai district,
a man named Bekoh, is said to have died about five years ago.
Since then, though there are several men who are supposed to
have a little knowledge, there has been no one to succeed him.
Old Hassan, the Malay, declared that he had seen Bekoh,
when possessed, grow a large pair of canine teeth {taring) three
or four inches long. These on Bekoh's command he had
taken hold and shaken in order to prove that they were
genuine. Jahaia, headman of the settlement between Jeram
Kawan and Sungkai, makes some pretence to being a Halak
and is supposed to have a familiar spirit which descended to
him from his father, but he can scarcely be counted a Senoi,as
his father was a Malay-speaking Selangor aborigine and his
mother I believe half Senoi half "Mai Selangor." I will
however describe a performance, seen at Jahaia's kampong
later on.
Senoi Oaths.
If a Sakai wishes to take an oath he swears by the sun.
This I found out in the following manner. While I was at
Sungkai a dog of Yok Pataling's chased and slightly bit a
goat belonging to a Malay. This was, the Malay thought, too
good a chance of imposing on a -Sakai to be let slip, so he
started "dunning" Yok Pataling for seven dollars cash as
compensation, or demanded in lieu thereof that he should
come and work for him for several days. Hassan, the rattan
gatherer, told me about the affair and I called Yok Pataling
and asked him if the goat was badly damaged. He replied,
that the wound was little more than a scratch. "Very well,"
I said, "you go and tell this Malay that if he considers he has
* Rice coloured with turmeric.
igi5.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Snngkai.
97
II
any claim on you for damage to his goat he is to come and
see me about it." Yok Patahng went off at once and gave the
Malay my message, whereupon the latter immediately changed
his tone and said that he had only been joking and that Yok
Pataling did not owe him anything, at the same time upbraid-
ing him very bitterly for having gone and informed the
"Tuan." To this Yok Pataling replied "I swear by the sun
that I did not tell the "Tuan," and if I lie, may the sun
shrivel up my tongue."
Birth Customs.
My informants with regard to birth customs were two
Jeram Kawan Sakai- The information obtained from them is
given below.
The expectant mother is isolated in a small hut of leaves
built on the ground not far from her own house, it being tabu
for a birth to take place in an ordinary dwelling. Here she is
attended by the midwife, and after the child has been born she
goes through a three days purification ceremony in the hut,
bathing under a decorated bamboo spout into which water is
poured from a long water bamboo. When the purification is
over the mother returns to her own house and the midwife
ceases attendance. No fish or chilies may be eaten by a
woman for two months "after she has given birth to a child,
and salt and the cabbages of all palm trees which have thorny
stems are forbidden for several days. The midwife must be
present and eat with a woman when she takes fish or flesh with
her rice (makan berlauk) for the first time after her delivery.
A similar heating treatment to that employed by the Malays,
is undergone by Sakai women after their confinement.
HALAK'S PERFORMANCE AT UNGKUN.*
While stopping at Jeram Kawan I arranged with Jehaia,
the headman of the down-stream settlement, Ungkun, to hold
a magical performance on the night of May 26th. I left Jeram
Kawan by boat at about 3 p.m. and arrived at Jahaia's
kampong, where I was to sleep that night, some time before
dark. Here I found the women busy cutting up and plaiting
leaves which were to form the ceremonial decorations and
getting ready the bamboo stampers with which an accompani-
ment is played to the Hnlak's chants. Jahaia was becomingly
modest and said that he would do his best though he could not
claim to be a proper Halak, and only knew how to perform a
little. Some time after dark the sound of the bamboo
stampers from a neighbouring house announced that the
performance was about to begin. Making my way to this,
and up the tall ladder, I found the hut crowded by the
inhabitants of the whole settlement, who were engaged in
chattering, sireh chewing, and slapping their bodies in order to
* See photo PI. XXVIIl taken outside the house on the morning after the
performance.
98 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
obtain some relief from the swarms of sandflies which infested
the village. The HalaK's apparatus consisted of a circular
frame of rattan cane, with a diameter of about four feet, hung
all round with a fringe of bertam leaves cut into strips about 3 ft.
long. This frame was suspended at a distance of about 4 ft.
frpm the floor, the ends of the hangings thus being about
6 ins. from it. The frame was held in position by three
strips of tree-bark, which were attached to it at regular
intervals, and were all tied together to a roof beam of the house.
Close to the frame, and about 5 ft. above it, was hung one of
the ceremonial offering tra}s (ancliak) which are used both by
Malays and aborigines. This was decorated with ceremonial
hangings of cut and plaited leaves and the scented inner bark
of some tree. At the side of the hut was tied a sheaf of the
large leaves of the salak palm (Zalacca edulis). Jahaia
reserved his exhibition till late in the evening and the first
performer was a youth who I was given to understand did not
possess a familiar spirit, but hoped possibly to cultivate one in
time. He wore a loin cloth round his waist and on his head a
wreath of shredded leaves, studded with flowers, which had a
sort of ornamental brush of stiff leaves standing up from it at
the back. Two garlands of cut leaves on a foundation of
tree-bark were worn crossed over his chest and in his hand he
carried a switch of lebak leaves. He took up a squatting
position on the floor within the circle of the hangings attached
to the rattan frame, and another young man, wearing a wreath
of flowers on his head, also entered the circle *s'his assistant.
When the hut had been plunged into semi-darkness by tying
iip salak leaves in front of a lamp hung near the door, the
women, with a bamboo stamper in either hand, took places
behind a log of wood which had been placed near one side of
the hut. The young Halak then commenced a chant in a
Sakai dialect, each line being taken up and repeated by his
assistant and an accompaniment played by the women with
their stampers on the log of wood. Every time the Halak
raised his voice he brought the switch of lebak leaves smartly
down on the palm of his left and he also frequently flourished
it over his right shoulder. The chant was, I understand,
an invocation to an Anak Yang to come and obey his
commands. Presentlj' two or three other youths came and
crouched under the circle of hanging leaves, those who could
not get entirely inside it managing at any rate to squeeze in
their heads and shoulders. After the performance had gone on
for some time it was brought to a close, and Jahaia with a
single assistant took his place within the circle. Jahaia,
having inherited his familiar spirit from his father who, as
mentioned above, was a Malay-speaking Selangor aborigine,
proceeded to call upon it in Malay. His chant was taken
up by his assistant and the women who were beating time
with the stampers, and after a while a Sakai who was squatting
next to me told me that the Anak Yang had came. Jahaia
then stood up and grasping (he circular rattan frame in his
1915-] I- H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai.
99
II
hands told it to dip towards myself, which it immediately
did, — not a very wonderful thing, as Jahaia had hold of it on
each side of his body. After this I left the hut as it was 2 a.m.
and I was told that the rest of the performance would be
similar to that which had already taken place. I was un-
fortunately unable to catch sufficient of the chant to be able to
write it down, but I heard " mari ka' ujong jalan (come to the
end of the path) frequently repeated and from what I could
make out of the rest it seemed to be a prayer to the Anak Yang
to come to Jahaia. I have since been told by the two boys I
brought home with me that there is another man in the village
who has a better claim to be considered a Halnk than Jahaia.
He was able, they said, by the help of his familiar spirit, — and
they had seen him themselves do it, — to split a large section
of bamboo without touching it, and they described how his
Anak Yang was heard to enter the bamboo with a noise like
crik-crik-crik, the bamboo splitting into two pieces, with a
loud report, a few minutes afterwards. He was also able to
grow large eye-teeth, taring, out of the corners of his mouth,
and between his first and second fingers. Yok Tong, the
elder of the two boys, told me that the Halak had once caught
hold of his head with the teeth between his fingers. Another
of his accomplishments was to turn himself into a tiger, — he
had been seen to do this by Yok Tong's sister, — and to go off
into the jungle in search of game. Perhaps I may be able to
return to Sungkai at some future date and investigate these
remarkable performances for myself. I had heard before at
Jeram Kawan that Sakai Halaks were able to split open
bamboos as described, but it would be worth while to see if a
Halak can be got to undertake to do it for a suitable reward.
fourn. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol. VI.
PI. XXIX.
Photo, I. H. N. Evans.
Jakun of Pertang, Negri Sembilan.
Journ. F.M S. Mus — Vol. VI.
PI. XXX.
^hotos, I. H. N. Evans.
Jakun of Johol, Negri Sembilan.
XL NOTES ON VARIOUS ABORIGINAL TRIBES
OF NEGRI SEMBILAN (Plates XXIX— XXX).
By Ivor H, N. Evans, B.A., Assistant Curator and
Ethnographical Assistant F .M.S. Museums.
These notes were made during a Museum expedition to
Negri Sembilan at the beginning of 1914. Aborigines were
found at the following places, Pertang in the State of Jelebu,
Bahau on the railway line to Pahang, and Kelapi, an aboriginal
village about two miles from Kampong Inas. The trip did
not yield any objects of great ethnographical interest, but this
was only to be expected, since none of these people are now
distinguishable in dress and belongings from the local
Malays. From only one of the tribes visited w'as a vocabulary
other than Malay obtained, namely, from a few Serting River
aborigines seen at Bahau, whose speech was essentially
similar to that of the mixed peoples of S. Pahang. The
most interesting result of the expedition was some information
with regard to certain beliefs about the shamanistic practices of
the Serting tribe, and a little information concerning the
appeasing of the evil spirits of the jungle, got both from the
Serting and the Pertang groups.
THE JAKUNS* OF TITI RAMEI,
PERTANG (PI. XXIX).
Thanks to the kindness of Mr. T. R. Hubback, of Pertang
the writer was enabled to spend a few days in this locality, and
to get into touch with sections of two tribes of aborigines.
One of these small parties had a couple of huts in a clearing
close to the place where the Pertang River crosses the Ayer
Baning bridle path, the spot where their houses were situated
being called Titi Ramei (Populous bridge). Two visits were
paid to these people, and in addition some of them came up
twice to Mr. Hubback's bungalow. They are a Malay
speaking tribe, but they seem to use a few non-Malayan words,
and their speech is rather a rude dialect. To the Malays they
are known as Sakai (a term applied to most aboriginal tribes)
Berenyup or Renyup, the latter apparentl)'' because of their
constantly using the expression " nyup," (there is not, tid'ada),
but the name they apply to themselves, is Orang Lepan (men
of the plains). Their houses resemble those of the poorer
class of Malay peasants, as do also their household utensils
and their clothes. At the time of our visit a number of the
people were away in the jungle at some durian groves, there
* For the sake of convenience throughout these papers the aborigines are
referred to as Jakuns, for though there may be some small admixture of Sakai
blood in them, and one tribe speaks a Sakai dialect, their physical characteris-
tics are those of Proto-Malays,
102 Journal ^ the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
being only four fully grown men left at home. These were all
brothers, and sons of a very old woman, who said that she had
thirteen children, of whom six males and, two females still
survived. The clearing in which the houses stood was planted
with tapioca and keladi, but neither of these were sufficiently
advanced to be used as food. Until the crop ripened the
Jakuns were living by cutting rattans in the jungle and selling
them to the Chinese storekeepers at Pertang, supplementing
the rice which they were thus enabled to purchase with
whatever animals they could shoot with their blow pipes.
The four brothers mentioned above all possessed titles, being
respectively Batin, Mentri, Toh Kampong and Penghulu.
The following list of tribal officers was given, and they were
•said to have precedence as enumerated. If this information
is correct, and the natives insisted that it was, the order is
distinctly unusual ; since the Batin, Jinang and Jukrah are the
chief officers among most southern tribes.
(i) Batin.
(2) Penghulu dalam.
(3) Toh Kampong.
(4) Mentri.
(5) Jukrah.
(6) Jinang.
According to these Jakuns' own account their place of
origin was the Klau River * and there are said to be more of
the tribe at Jeram.t
PERSONAL APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER.
Of the four adult males seen, three were distinctly hand-
some and well built, especially the youngest of them, Bongsu.
The fourth man, who was suffering from a bad foot, and was
covered with kurap (Tinea circinata), so that he had not a veiy
prepossessing appearance. One of the younger women who
had given birth to a male child the night before the writer's
first visit, was also good-looking. She seemed to be suffering
very little from her recent trials and insisted on coming to the
door of the hut to be photographed, although she was told to
keep quiet inside. The hair of all the people was either straight
or very slightly wavy, while their skin colour was as light as
that of the local Malays. Thoujj^h accused by the Malays of
being lazy, a failing from which the latter are not unknown
themselves to suffer, they seemed to be a pleasant, well
mannered, and contented people.
WEAPONS.
The blow-pipe is of the usual Negri Sembilan type and
calls for no special remark. The outer tube is decorated with
incised patterns reaching from above the mouth-piece to the
* A tributary of the Semantan River, Pahang.
t On the Bentong River, not far from the Klau.
igi5.] I. H. N. Evans: Various Aboriginal Tribes. 103
node, separating the two internodes of bamboo of which the
outer case is formed. The quivers seen, with one exception,
were without covers of any kind, the Jakuns saying that they
were too la^y to make them. In the one complete specimen,
the sides of the cover werernade of plaited rattan and the top
of a piece of wood, flat above, but with a conical projection on
the under surface, which fitted into a space in the centre of the
quiver, inside the dart holders. The darts were short, as is
generally the case in Negri Sembilan. The poison for the dart
points was said to be made of getah ipoJi obtained from the
Kayas tree (Antiaris toxicaria) and from akar tengah (?), a kind
of liana.
OBJECTS COLLECTED.
As remarked above the tribes visited proved to have few
objects of interest to a collector and the only specimens
obtained at Titi Ramei were a single blow-pipe, a quiver
without a cover, two snares of fine cord made from the bark of
the Terap tree (Artocarpus Kunstleri), a chapeng (little girls' fig
leaf) made from a piece of a tortoise shell and a bamboo flute
with three stops. The nose flute is not used.
FIRE MAKING.
The only method of making fire which the Pertang people
know, other than by cheap matches purchased at the Chinese
shops, is by flint and steel. One man said that he had once
tried to make fire with a rattan saw and a piece of soft wood,
but had been unsuccessful.
RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS.
The Pertang aborigines seem to have no belief in any
supreme Deity of their own, though they know of the Malays'
Tulian Allah. They are, however, much afraid of what they
call Punan, which seems to be a personification of all the ills
which may befall them in the jungle. Before starting on a
journey it is necessary to burn incense to Punan and the man
who cooks for the rest of the party in the jungle must also
burn a little incense each time he prepares food ; while if a
stranger passes when cooking is going on he must take a little
rice or water from the pot and call Punan to partake of the
offering that he is making, at the same time smearing the rice
or water on the back of his neck or on his left forearm. If
Punan is not appeased, some calamity is sure to happen, the
person or persons who have failed to make the customary
offerings, will suffer from fever, or swellings in the groin, or
will be bitten by snakes or centipedes. It is said that Punan
stabs those who have offended him (and thus causes their
illness).
The semangat padi or rice soul is said to be taken where
hill padi is planted, an old woman going into the crop before
reaping commences and cutting seven ears. Three days after
September, 1915. 5
104 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
the taking of the semangat general reaping may be begun. The
semangat is hung up in the house in a basket and is finally
mixed with the seed padi for the next crop.
It is tabu for the Pertang people to mention the name of
either father or mother. On being questioned as to the reason
for* this they replied " kita takut matt, kena danlat ayah,'' — we
are afraid of dying through being struck by the indwelling
power (daulat) * of our father.
There is no Pawang or Bomor (magician or doctor) at
Titi Ramei and in cases of sickness they call in the Batin of a
tribe living at Durian Tawar, who is supposed to be skilled in
magic.
CIRCUMCISION AND TOOTH FILING.
Circumcision t is customary for males, though not com-
pulsory, and many of the women undergo a corresponding
operation. Bongsu, one of the four brothers mentioned above
had not been circumcised, though he was about twenty years
of age. He had a long lock of hair like \he jamhtil oi little
Malay boys, which he rolled into a ball on the front of the
head, but whether he wore this as a sign that the operation
had not been performed, or merely as an ornament, the writer
did not find out. Possibly the custom of circumcision has
been adopted in imitation of the Malays.
Tooth filing is general.
MARRIAGE.
Apparently the people of Titi Ramei do not marry among
themselves, the reason probably being that they are all closely
related. They said they took wives either from the Durian
Tawar tribe, or from another settlement at Durian Tipus.
LANGUAGE.
The only words, other than Malay, obtained from the
Pertang Jakun were as follows: —
Gibbon (ungka) ... ... Timok.
Kingfisher (pekakak) ... ... Burong changah.
Millipede (sepak bulan) ... Gelentu.
Blowpipe (sumpitan) ... ..." Temiang.
* Daulat is the peculiar sacred power which invests Royalty, and which is
also communicated to regalia. Formerly the belief in this divine power of
kings or chiefs, which is a very widely spread one, was strong among the
Maories of New Zealand, and in most of the Islands of Polynesia, where it was
thought that if any commoner were to unwittingly. offend against the royal tabu
by using an article which belonged to a king or chief he would be stricken ill
and die; there are several well authenticated cases of natives of Polynesia, who
had' without knowing it, broken a roval tabu, having actually died of fright
when informed of their crime. Deaths said to be due to violation of the
sanctity of the regalia of Malay Sultans are not unknown in the Peninsula
(vide "Malay Magic" p 41).
+ The word used for circumcision was sunat which is the usual word for the
operation among the Malays, but possibly they may really practice incision
which is found among many Jakun tribes.
^15.] I. H. N. Evans: Various Aboriginal Tribes. 105
Blowpipe Mouthpiece (pangkal
sumpitan)
Dart Quiver (tabong bekas
damak)
Quiver cords (tali tabong)
Butt of dart (pangkal damak) , . .
Dart-holder (sarong damak)
Tebong temiang.
Telak damak.
Tali telak.
Pahabong damak.
Plet damak.
THE JAKUNS OF DURIAN TAWAR, NEAR
PERTANG. (PI. xxix).
These people came down to Mr. Hubback's estate on
being called by his Malay tracker Yassin. They were led by
an old man who turned out to be a most unmitigated rascal,
and the whole party, probably at his instigation, were loud in
cadging for money. The old man, who was the Batin,
appeared to have travelled a great deal and to have lived with
the Besisi in Selaugor. A short vocabulary was obtained from
him, which appeared to resemble greatly a Besisi dialect; but
this was left uncompleted, since it was intended to visit his
settlement a couple of days later. However, on it being
mentioned to the Titi Ramei people that the Durian Tawar
aborigines spoke a Sakai (non-Malay) dialect they seemed
surprised and said; "Well, we know all about the Durian
Tawar people, as we frequently take wives from there, but we
have never heard them speak anything but Malay, as we do."
On talking the matter over further it became evident that the
Durian Tawar Batin had deliberately given us Besisi words,
a knowledge of which language he had picked up on his
travels, his idea probably being that the white man would be
better pleased to hear that his people had a language of their
own, than that they merely spoke Malay. The intended
journey to Durian Tawar was not carried out in consequence
of the unreliability of the Batin.
THE SERTING JAKUN. (PI. XXX.)
The Serting people did not prove to be much more
interesting than the aborigines seen at Pertang or Kelapi,
except in so far as they were not a Malay-speaking tribe, but
of course they were quite familiar with that language for
purposes of conversation with outsiders. The few of them
seen, made a very favourable impression on the writer, as did
the people of Titi Ramei ; their manners were good, and they
did not clamour for presents or money as do so many of the
tamer aborigines. Only one small settlement was visited,
which was close to an estate at Bahau belonging to Mr. M.
Hemmant, who very kindly put the writer up for a few nights,
and did everything in his power to make the visit a success.
TRIBAL NAME.
The Serting people are called by the Malays either
" Orang Bukit," a very general name for aooriginal tribes, or
io6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Sakai Semlai (or Semleh). The latter name refers to their
language, which, for some undiscoverable reason, is called
Semlai. According to their own account they call themselves
Bekturk CJiong, which has exactly the same meaning as the
Malay, Orang Bukit, i.e. Hill People.
TRIBAL OFFICERS.
The following are the names of tribal officers given in
their correct order of precedence.
1. Batin.
2. Mentri or Jukrah,
3. Jinang.
On the death of the Batin the Jukrah usually replaces
him, and the Jinang becomes Jukrah.
HABITATIONS.
The few houses seen were similar to those of the poorer
local Malays, except that they lacked a cook house (dapor) and
were not divided up into rooms. The house walls were made
of the bark of the kepong tree and the floor was of bamboo
laths. Cooking was done on an open hearth of dried mud.
One house had the space between the floor and the ground
fenced in to form a fold (kandang) , for a few goats which the
owner was rearing.
BLOW-PIPES, QUIVERS AND DART POISON.
The blow-pipe is similar to that of the Pertang people.
The only dart-quiver seen was without a cover. Poison for
blow-pipe darts was said to be composed of the juice of the
kayas tree (Antiaris toxicaria) mixed with akar ipoh (probably
some species of strychnos).
FIRE-MAKING.
The methods of making fire with a rattan saw and a
block of soft wood, or with a drill and block were both known.
AGRICULTURE.
The houses of the Bahau settlement were situated in a
fairly large clearing planted with kaladi, but tibi kayii (tapioca)
and hill rice are also grown to a certain extent. According to
the Jukrah, a clearing is only used for a year i.e., long enough
to get a crop from it, and is then abandoned.
INTOXICANTS.
As among several of the tribes of Selangor and Negri
Sembilan, notably the Besisi, an intoxicating drink is brewed
from the tanipoi fruit. The liquor is not stored, but consumed
as soon as ready for use. The tampoi season is the great time
I9I5-] I- H. N. Evans: Vai'iotis Aboriginal Tribes. 107
for feasting, and the Serting people at the time of the writer's
visit were feeling rather sorry for themselves because the
tampoi trees had failed to fruit.
RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS.
The Serting people say that they believe in a Supreme
Deity (Tuhan Allah) and that after death the good go to
Shurga (Heaven), while the bad are condemned to suffer in
Neraka (Hell;, but these ideas have obviously been adopted
from the surrounding Malays. Much more interesting were
the beliefs connected with the poyangs* methods of treating
the sick. The Jakuns said that their poyangs often worked
their spells for the recovery of the sick in a beehive hut of
palm leaves t in the depths of the jungle, the interior of the
hut being decorated with the long ceremonial hangings of
plaited leaves which are known as jari lipan or centipedes
toes. On being asked what was the use of the jari lipan, one
old man replied that in his conjurations the poyang made use
of a good spirit called the Mambang (not the same as the
Mambang of the Malays, the personification of the sunset
glow). "The Mambang lives on the hills and the shadows of
the jari lipan within the poyang's hut stretch out to the hill
tops and form a path for the Mambang to descend to the hut
at the poyang's request. When the Mambang has come down
into the hut the poyang tells him to go and look for the soul of
the sick man. The Mambang, obeying the poyang's command,
goes back to the hills by the road that he came, and when he
reaches them journeys to the houses of the evil spirits who
live on the hill-tops. Outside their houses are the souls
(semangat) of many people hanging up in cages, and if he finds
the soul for which he is looking the sick man recovers, but if
the evil spirit has carried the soul into his house he is unable
to release it and the sufferer dies."
According to the same old man, people fall ill because
evil spirits lie in wait for them and strike their shadows with a
club as they pass.
As among the Pertang Jakuns Punan is feared and propi-
tiated. Water in which rice is cooking is taken from the pot
and rubbed on the fore-arm, the man who is making this
offering calling out " Punan, Punan, Punan,''' and at the same
time stretching out the arm on which he has smeared the rice
water.
The semangat padi is said to be taken occasionally when
they have a rice crop.
The names of father or mother, father-in-law or mother-
in-law must not be mentioned.
* The poyang among these southern tribes has the position of both the
Malay pa wang, magician, and the bomor, doctor.
t This procedure is similar to that of the Ulu Langat and Ulu Kenaboi
poyangs.
T08
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums.
BURIALS.
[Vol. VI,
Graves are stated to be railed in with a trellis work fence
(pagar tingaiong). Deaths are an occasion for feasting, but it is
said that no offering of food is placed on the grave.
MARRIAGE.
Marriages, which are celebrated with feasting, usually
take place between members of the same tribe, but occasional-
ly they are contracted with strangers. Second cousins (dua
pupu) are prohibited from marrying, but marriages between
third cousins (tiga pupu) are allowed.
CIRCUMCISION AND TOOTH FILING.
Both circumcision and tooth filing are general among
the men.
VOCABULARY.
English — Malay.
Head — kepala
Ear — telinga
Eye — mata
Nose — hidong
Nostril — lubang hidong
Cheek — pipi
Mouth — mulut
Lip — bibir
Tongue — lidah
Tooth — gigi
Chin — dagu
Throat— leher
Neck — tengkok
Shoulder — bahu
Arm — lengan
Elbow — siku
Hand — tangan
Thumb — ibu tangan
Finger — jari
Finger-nail — kuku
Thigh — paha
Knee — lutut
Shin — tulang kring
Foot — kaki
Heel — tumit
Sole — tapak kaki
Toe — ^jari kaki
Breast — dada
Back— belakang
Heart — jantong hati
Serting River Jakun
(Bekturk Chong.)
koie.
tung.
mot.
muh.
liang muh.
meng.
M.*
M.
lepes.
lemoin.
M.
lengek.
baseng.
bahuk.
bleng.
chinchung.
ti.
gadut ti.
jarek.
cherus.
belu.
kaltong.
betis.
Jong.
M.
tampar jong.
jarek jong.
M.
cherolu.
jantung.
■ The letter M indicates that the word used is the same as the Malay.
igiS-] I- H. N. Evans: Various Aboriginal Tribes.
109
English — Malay.
Setting River Jakun
(Bekturk Chong).
Liver — hati
. gris.
Stomach — perut
. lepoit
Navel — pusat ...
. M.
Intestines — isi perut
. kung weit.
Blood — darah
. maham.
Bone — tulang
• je-arng.
Skin — kulit
. M.
Hair — rambut
. suk.
Old— tua
. gedoh.
Young — muda
.. mudak.
Fat — gemok
. M.
Thin — kurus
. M.
Hot — panas
. pret.
Cold — sejok
. tekot.
Blind — buta
. butak.
Deaf— tuli
. M.
Dumb — bisu
. M.
Fever — demam
.. trok.
Itch — kurap, kudis
. M.
Vomit — muntah
.. kaku.
Gripes — sakit perut
. ni lepoit.
Diarrhoea — cheret
.. jer-jaur.
Cough — batok
.. M.
Dead — mati
.. kebus.
Putrid — busok
.. see-it.
Father — bapa
. apet.
Mother — ibu
. M.
Husband — laki, suami ...
.. kenlug.
Wife — bini
.. kempun.
Male — ^j an tan
remol.
Female — betina
.. kedol.
Man — orang laki-laki
.. kenlug.
Woman — orang perempuan ,
.. kedol.
Person — orang
.. berkturk.
Son — anak laki-laki
.. kenon remol.
Daughter — anak perempuan
kenon kedol.
Child — kanak-kanak
.. kenkon raket.
Boy — budak laki-laki
.. kenon remol.
Girl — budak perempuan
kenon kedol.
Maiden — anak dara
.. kedol darah.
Elder brother — abang ...
i-ek.
Elder sister — kakak ... . .
.. gah-u.
Younger brother — adek ...
.. M.
Younger sister — adek perempuan .
.. adek kedol.
Elephant — gajah
.. M.
Rhinoceros — badak
.. M.
Tapir — tenok, badak tampong
.. M.
Gaur — seladang
.. M.
Bear — beruang
.. M.
Deer — rusa ...
.. jisuk.
no
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
English — Malay.
Chevrotin — napoh, pelandok
Wild-pig — babi hutan ...
Porcupine — landak
Dog— anjing
Wild dog — anjing serigaila
Tiger — harimau
Black panther — harimau kumbang
Wild cat — kuching hutan
Cat — kuching
Bear-cat — benturong
Civet-cat — musang
Large squirrel — tupai nandong
Small squirrel — tupai kampong
Flying lemur — kubong ...
Loris — kongkang, kera duku
Bamboo-rat — dekan
Rat — tikus ...
Gibbon — ungka
Monkey — lotong
,, kera
,, berok
Fruit-bat — keluang
Bat — kelawar
Crocodile — buaya
M on itor-lizard — biawak
Grass-lizard — bengkarong
Flying-lizafd — chichak kubin
Land-tortoise — kura-kura, baning
Water-tortoise — labi-labi
Snake — ular ...
Python — ular sawah
Frog — katak
Fish — ikan . . .
Horn — tandok
Tusk of elephant — gading
Tail — ekur...
Hornbill — enggar»g
Hawk, eagle — lang
Owl — burong hantu
Egret — bangau
Jungle-fowl — ayam denak
Argus-pheasant — kuau, kuang
Green pigeon — punai
Crow — gagak
Kingfisher — pekakak, raja udang
Woodpecker — pelatok ...
Magpie-robin — murai
Egg — telur
Feather — bulu ayam
Beak — paroh
Setting River Jakun
(Bekturk Chong).
chee-ong, plandok.
jalu.
jekos.
chor.
chor bri.
podong.
podong.
kuching bri.
M.
?
M.
M.
M.
M.
riu.
M.
kanek.
tau.
baseng.
trau.
kok.
M.
semah, sentot.
kerbok.
pari.
M.
M.
yeoh, (M).
M.
tejoh.
tejoh (no other name).
M.
chereh.
M.
M.
pas.
tekiiup.
kalang.
chiim.
banghau.
hay am.
kaung.
M.
agak.
M.
M.
chltoi.
kapoh.
suk hayam.
chenu.
igi5.] I. H. N. Evans
Various AborigiHal Tribes.
Ill
I: English— Malay.
Serting River Jukun
(Bekturk Chong).
Ant — semut
... M.
Red ant — kerengga
... M.
White ant — anai-anai
run.
Bee — lebah
... ibu.
Honey — ayer madu
.. ? (manisan).
Wax — lilin
... M.
Hornet — tebuan
... hong.
Wasp — penyengat
.. kemut ket.
Fly— lalat
.. roie.
Black scorpion — kala
.. keleutam.
Small scorpion — kala jengking
.. pepesan.
Centipede — lipan
... kai-ip.
Millipede — sepak bulan ...
kelui.
Cockroach — lipas
... sebertek.
Spider — laba laba
... kelekap.
Coconut-beetle — kumbang
... M.
Mosquito — nyamok
semoin.
Tree — pokok kayu
.. delong.
Bough — dahan
.. roh.
Root — akar pokok
.. res.
Leaf — daun kayu
... daun delong.
Flower — bunga
.. bekau.
Fruit — buah kayu
... pie.
Fungus — chendawan
.. M.
Bamboo— buloh, aur
.. ding.
Rattan — akar
.. dreh.
Thorn — duri
.. jarlah.
Rice — padi
.. babah.
,, beras
.. beras.
,, nasi
.. hiiit.
Banana — pisang
.. tiuk.
Areca-nut — pinang
.. M.
Durian — durian
.. M.
Tampoi — tempui
.. M.
Rambutan — rambutan ...
.. M.
Sireh-leaf — daun sireh ...
.. M.
Screw-palm — pandan, mengkuang
.. M.
Terap-tree — pohon kayu terap
.. delong meran.
Forest — hutan
.. bri.
Yam — ubi kayu
.. hubi.
„ keledek .
.. M.
„ keladi
.. rebol.
To walk — berjalan
.. suak.
,, run — lari
.. paloh.
,, stand — berdiri
.. uh-ow.
„ sit — dudok
.. kem-kom.
,, lie down — berbaring
.. dem-dum.
„ sleep — tidur
.. jepek.
,, snore — berdengkur ...
.. bersenur.
,, jump — melompat
.. M.
September, 1915.
6
112
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums.
[Vol. VI,
English — Malay.
To climb — memanjat
„ hold— pegang
,, lift up — angkat
,, throw — lempar, lontar
„• scratch — garu
,, spit — ludah
„ bite— gigit
,, pinch — chubit
,, wash — membasoh
„ bathe — mandi
,, cook — memasak
,, eat — makan
„ drink — minum
,, chew — mamah
,, fly — terbang
Sun — matahari
Moon — bulan
Star — bintang
Cloud — awan
Mountain — gunong
Hill— bukit
Day — siaiig hari
Night — malam
Thunder — guroh, petir ...
Wind — angin
Rain — hujan
Storm — ribut
Fire — api
W^ater — ayer
Smoke — asap api
One — satu
Two — dua
Three — tiga ...
Four — empat
Ashes — abu
Salt — garam
Tobacco — tembakau
Stone — batu
Earth — tanah
A clearing — ladang
House — rumah, pondok...
Roof — atap rumah
Chopper — parang
Axe — kapak, beliong
Knife — pisau
Cloth — kain
Girdle — gendit, kendit ...
Spear — lembing
Blowpipe — sumpitan
Serting River Jukun
(Bekturk Chong).
yaur.
tenglong.
M.
jah jok.
gah-gish.
tatoh.
gingoin.
chet kit.
M.
hum.
panchin.
chiar.
jah-oh.
M.
perh.
M.
M.
M.
M.
chong.
chong.
siang tingi.
petom.
M.
M.
lesum.
M.
us.
jah-oh.
jek-turkus.
moie.
duah.
'mpe.
'mpun (five = mesong)
six = peruk.
habuk.
M.
M.
M.
ateh.
dehuh.
dol, pondong.
hatap.
waie.
M.
waie gos.
M.
M.
lembeng.
ding.
19I5--] I- H. N, Evans: Various Aboriginal Tribes. 113
English — Malay.
Mouthpiece — pangkal sumpitan
Muzzle — mata sumpitan
Quiver — tabong bekas damak
Quiver-cords — tali tabong
Dart — damak
Point of dart — mata damak
Butt of dart — pangkal damak
Dart-holder — sarong damak
Poison — ipoh
Serting River Jakun
(Bekturk Chong).
delong ding.
soin ding.
liik.
tali luk.
damak.
cheh (poison) damak.
pahabong damak.
blet.
cheh.
THE JAKUN OF INAS. (PL xxx).
A short visit was paid to an aboriginal settlement named
Kelapi which was situated rather more than a couple of miles
from Kampong Inas, near Johol. The distance from Inas to
the Jakun village was traversed on foot, the baggage being
carried by a mixed crew of Malays and Jakuns along a rough
mining road. When nearing Kelapi, a small party of Jakuns
were encountered sitting under a tree by the wayside. These
people volunteered the information that they were Catholics,
and had come originally from the mission at Ayer Salak,
about nine miles from Malacca. They had with them a little
boy of about two years old w ho had a very light skin and
looked distinctly Chinese. On being asked if the child was
one of theirs, the oldest man of the party said that it was his
grandson, his daughter having married a Chinese mechanic
at Malacca. A few of these mission Jakuns were scattered
about in several of the neighbouring aboriginal settlements,
notable Charek and Miku. The name of Father Borie, the
Founder of the Ayer Salak mission is still known among them,
and Emi, the old man mentioned above said that he could
remember him, though he was only a youngster when Father
Borie left Malacca owing to ill health.* There were no Catho-
lics in the settlement of Kelapi. All the Jakuns met near Inas
were pleasant and well mannered people, though to an ethno-
graphist they were not particularly interesting, since they had
to a very large extent adopted Malay fashions.
HABITATIONS.
The houses of the Kelapi aborigines were similar to those
of the Pertang and Serting Jakuns. The space between the
flooring and the ground was fenced in to form a fold (kandang)
for sheltering goats and fowls at night, and one of these folds
contained a tame deer.
AGRICULTURE.
The kampong had quite extensive wet rice {sawah) fields,
which were well protected by fences. Buffaloes, of which the
* He was said to have died on the voyage "to Europe.
it4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Jakuns had several had been turned loose among the stubble
of last year's crop. A remark made with regard to these
animals rather well illustrates the Jakuns' attachment to their
old wandering habits. On one man being congratulated on
the prosperous appearance of the village, and possession of
goats, buffaloes and fowls, he replied, " Oh yes, it is very
nice, but one day we shall get tired of it all, sell the whole lot,
and move off somewhere else."
THE BLOW-PIPE.
The description already given of the blow-pipes of the
Pertang and Serting peoples applies equally well to those of
the Inas Jakun. The only quiver seen had a conical wooden
top to the cover, the sides being made of plaited rattan.
Blow-pipes are still used a good deal, though the Jakuns
have some fearful and wonderful old muzzle loading guns of
which they are extremely proud.
RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS.
The beliefs of the Pertang and Bahau people with regard
to Punan, and the Poyang's use of the Mambang were confirmed
by the people of Kelapi. In addition, a field tabu similar to
one in force among the Besisi of Selangor was obtained from
them. It was said that in preparing ground for cultivation
great care must be taken not to disturb the Hantu Tanah
(earth spirit) or Jembalang. When once a clearing has been
made, no tree stump or old branch must be struck with a
parang, or the Hantu Tanah will be aroused and will appear in
the form of rats or mice and destroy the crop.
The semangat padi (rice soul,) which by these people is
called the kepala padi is said to be taken tor both dry and hill
rice.
The names of mother-in-law, father-in-law, mother or
father should not be mentioned. A man is said to be tenung
(afraid) to mention these forbidden names, or those of any of
the fiercer kinds of animals found in the jungle.
I
II
11
XII. SOME SEMANG VOCABULARIES OBTAINED
IN PAHANG AND PEKAK.
Vocabulary I. — Pangan of Cheka, Central Pahang.
This vocabulary was taken by I. H. N. Evans, the tribe
speaking it being described in No. 4, Vol. V. of this Journal.
Vocabulary II.— Semang of Ijok, Selama. North
Perak.
Taken by H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss in April 1909:
vide No. 4, Vol. V.
Vocabulary III.— Orang Bukit of Lenggong, Upper
Perak.
Taken by H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss at Ijok, Selama,
in 1909. The people are described bv I. H. N. Evans, in No.
2, Vol. V.
Vocabulary IV. — Sakai Jehehr of Temengoh, Upper
Perak.
The Sakai Jehehr appeared to us nearly pure Negritos and
are fairly numerous in the neighbourhood of Temengoh,
living in a state of absolute dependance, hardly to be disting-
uished from slavery, on the local Malays. We could see no
characters which would differentiate them physically from
the Semang of Ijok except that on the whole they are perhaps
a somewhat taller and more robust race, perhaps less affected
by kurap.
The vocabulary was taken at Temengoh on July 9th,
1909 and checked from a second member of the tribe a fev.'
days later. The Ethnology and physical anthropology of the
tribe have been dealt with by Dr. Annandale and one of us
and photographs of the people reproduced [Fascic. Malay.
Anthropology, Part i. pp. 27, 28, 112, 159-162 (1903)].
Vocabulary V. — Sakai Tanjong or Sakai Jehehr Blukar
of Temengoh.
This vocabulary was taken by H. C. Robinson and
C. B. Kloss at Temengoh in July 1909 from a small tribe of
six men, who visited that village. In complexion and skin
they were very dark, almost chocolate, with very broad nose,
prognathism was slight and the oldest man had a very wedge
shaped face, was relatively very tall and had grizzled hair.
One youth was very much yellower than the others, with
more oval eyes, possibly indicating an admixture of Chinese
blood. His colour was practically identical with that of the
local Malay.
Vocabulary VI. — Sakai Tanjong or Semang Paya.
Elicited from a party of half a dozen men met at Grik
Rest house by H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss. They
appeared to be physically true Negritos and ranged from Betong
in Rhaman to Lenggong west of the Perak River.
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Sakai Tanjong, or
Semang Paya,
Kampong Padang,
near Grik, Perak.
3
X
3
baleh.
kloh.
poh.
poh baloh.
gajah.
badag.
baiyad.
sapi.
klabaus.
rusa.
napag.
lanag.
choh.
choh chelog.
baling.
baling berting.
kuchig.
Sakai Jehehr
Blukar, Temengoh,
Upper Perak.
3
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badak
baret
sapi
kawep
kasa
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kawen
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elong
Sakai Jehehr,
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bo
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behr (?)
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kuching
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Perak.
3
• • • • •
:::::: ^ bo"^ :
bo hr ? 60
'Sea ^ 5ea5'ca3rtca=x3J3§xJ.S
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Perak.
bO
3
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3
.... • ■ *
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oh
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eh
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tai yoh
go-ong
chepu (r)
Pangan of the
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Pahang.
3
3
bO
3
wong kong
wong kanid
? wong tungkal
? wong kong
wong keradah
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tok kong
bel tungkal
bel kong
leman
hagap
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pachig
badih
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werh
serangul
talok
talok rohong
?
kuching
English — Malay.
to biC
• -; bo
-« 3
1m -
iS -
1I
rt :
1 "O
1
Daughter— anak perempuan
Child- — kanak-kanak |
Boy— budak laki-laki
Girl — budak perempuan
Maiden — anak dara
Elder brother— abang
Elder sister — kakak
Younger brother— adek
Younger sister— adek perempuan
Elephant — gajah
Rhinoceros — badak
Tapir — tenok, badak tampong
Gaur — seladang
Bear— beruang i
Deer — rusa
Chevrotin — napoh, pelandok
Wild-pig — babi hutan
forcupine — lanaak
Dog — anjing
Wild-dog — anjing serigala
Tiger — harimau
Black panther — harimau kumbang
Wild cat — kuching hutan
Cat — kuching
September, 1915.
120
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■
XIII. THE BOTANY OF GUNONG TAHAN, PAHANG.
By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S.
Late Director of Botanic Gardens,
Straits Settlements.
As it was intended to collect as thoroughly as possible on the
highest mountains of the Tahan Range, the plant-collector
who was sent ahead with the baggage to Wray's Camp was
instructed not to collect till he reached that point, an altitude
of 3,300 feet. Unfortunately he was attacked with Malaria
immediately he arrived there, and was sent back after our
arrival. I had, however, thanks to the kindness of Mr.
Robinson, the use of two Dj-aks in collecting, who proved
very useful and were excellent plant-collectors. The Euro-
peans of the party, Mr. H. C. Robinson, Mr. C. B. Kloss, and
myself, started from Kuala Lipis in a house-boat on June 27th,
arrived at Kuala Teku on July 3rd, and reached Wray's Camp
July 6th, where regular collecting commenced.
No attempt was made at collecting before this point was
reached, as the plain country through which run the Pahang
and the Tembeling Rivers had been fairly well investigated in
my first trip in this region in 1890, as had also the forest-flora
of the Tahan River. The account of the plants collected
there was published in the 'Transactions of the Linnean
Society, Botany,' series 2, vol. iii. pp. 267-408. *
These two distinct floras are very different from any floras
of the west coast of the Peninsula, that of the plains con-
taining many more of the typical Siamese plants, as well as
an additional number of Australian types, missing on the
east coast.
A few notes taken en route from Kuala Lipis to Wray's
Camp, however, may be added here. At Jeram Ampai, in the
Tembeling River, while the boats, were being drawn up the
rapids, I found a new species of Hedyotis, described later,
in company with Phyllanthus chamcepence, Ridl., on the rocks,
and observed Passiflora fcetida abundant on the river-bank at
Pasir Stengah Laut. This South-American plant, introduced
into cultivation in Singapore many years ago, seems now
to have spread very widely over the whole peninsula, no doubt
dispersed by birds.
Along the Tahan River the Nerrum, Dipterocarpus ohlongi-
folius, was in flower as we went up and fruiting on our return,
note. — The Collection on which this paper is based was made by the
author in the course of an expedition to Gunong Tahan in July and August
1912 carried out by the F.M.S. Museums. It was intended to form part of a
general account of the mountain, the publication of which has been delayed
through various causes, though the greater part is in print.
In order to secure earlier publication of the various new species
Mr. Ridley's paper is therefore printed here and apologies are due to the
jiuthor for the delay in the issue, which has been unavoidable. Ed.
128 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
both in the greatest abundance. The tree seems to be
confined to the river-edge, over which the huge trunks lean at
such an angle that it is marvellous how they can retain their
position. Extremely abundant along the Tahan River, it
disappears in the Tembeling River, only a comparatively
few trees being seen there. Grammatophyllum, which was
abundant in the forks of these trees, was in bud at the end of
June and in flower on our return in August. The narrow-
leaved shrubby Eugenia Heyneana was in fruit on the journey
up (the fruits are globular, pithy, white, and sweet, with
a rather unpleasant flavour, and are widely used as bait
for fish), but we found it fully in bloom on our return. I had
not previously met with flowers, and the shrub seems to
be confined to the Tahan River in this country. It is omitted
from the 'Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula.'
The typical Tahan River flora continues up to Kuala
Teku. During a day or two's stay at this Camp I examined
it, and noted such characteristic plants as Didymocarpus
filicina, D. pyroliflora, Ixora stenophylla, Curcuma sylvestris,
Hygrophila saxatilis ; Tristania Whitiana was a common tree
along the banks and in full flower. Bnrmannia tiiberosa
occurred in muddy spots near the Camp. Palms were
represented by Oncosperma filamentosa, Pinanga disticha, and
P stibruminata, one or two Iguanuras, and a good many
rattans. But the most interesting was a new species of
Bertam palm, Eugeissona, which occurred on the hill behind
the Carnp. On the track towards Wray's Camp I was pleased
to recover the beautiful Eugenia cauliflora, described by me
from a single specimen obtained along the Tahan River. It
is a rather small and slender tree, with brilliant crimson
flowers borne in clusters on the trunk, resembling those
of Eugenia Malaccensis, to which the tree is evidently nearly
allied.
The woods through which the track to Wray's Camp
runs possess a flora much like that of the Tahan forest away
from the river, the river-bank flora being absent, the most
noteworthy plant seen being the Jungle Waterlily, Barclaya
motleyana, in a drj^ patch of mud on the comb of the ridge, a
most unusual place for this plant. The men brought into
Camp twigs and leaves of a Cinnamomum with a very pleasant
aromatic taste, which they used as a spice. I was unable to
obtain flowers or fruit of it, and certainly never saw it before.
Teysmania altifrons, Miq., commonly known as Daun Sang or
Daun Payong, but here called K'roh, occurs up to about 3,300
feet elevation, close up to W^ray's Camp. It is invaluable for
roofing huts, as it is easy to fix and quite waterproof and
durable.
WRAY'S CAMP.
We reached Wray's Camp, 3,300 feet, on the 6th, and
remained till the 9th, during which time I collected a large
series of plants in the neighbourhood. Messrs. Robinson and
I9I5-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
129
Wray had previously made collections here, an account of
which has been published by me in the 'Journal of the
Linnean Society, Botany,' xxxviii. p. 303, the plants recorded
therein from 3,300 feet being those collected here. The flora
here completely changes on reaching the ridge upon which
the Camp is built. Up to this point the flora is that of the
Teku woods, and we find such lowland plants as Calophyllum
spectabile, Eugenia claviflora, Hornstedtia scyphus, Memecylon
garcinioidcs, but along the ridge on which the Camp is built is
a more montane flora with some distinct plants. Here we
found Argostemma albociliatwn, Ridl., Sonerila suffruticosa,
Gaertnera violascens, n. sp., G. lanceolata, n. sp., Biilbophyllum
virescens, a variety of Pterhanthes coriacea, Geostachys rupestris,
and Pentaphragma grande. Besides these we got a number of
the ridge-plants, characteristic of the rocky ridge running to
the west. To the north of the Camp lay a deep wooded
valley, through the base of which ran the stream which
supplied water to the Camp. The most conspicuous plant
here was the fine palm Livistona Tahanensis, which was very
abundant and afforded food to wild elephants. On one of
these palms Mr. Robinson espied a beautiful crimson-flowered
shrub, which proved to be a new Pachycentria and one with
the largest flowers known in the genus. Here also grew
Rhododendron longiflorum. Descending to the stream, I
followed it to its junction with another, and followed this to
its source, then, cutting our way along the ridge at further
side of the valley, joined the track to Gunong Tahan, and
returned to Camp by it. The banks of the stream bore many
plants peculiar to this district, notably Xyris grandis, Canscora
trinervia, Tainia vegettssinin, Nephelaphyllnm pulchrum, and
Cystorchis aphylla.
SKEAT'S RIDGE.
The track to Gunong Tahan runs along a succession
of precipitous sandstone ridges with a distinctly xerophytic
flora. This flora stretches along these ridges as far as the
Gunong Tahan Padang, and, though part of it disappears,
many of the plants still occur at this place. Aroids, scarce
after leaving the Kuala Teku, have disappeared, with the
exception of Scindapsus Scortechinii. Grasses, except for one
or two plants of Isachne javana, and sedges, except Gahnia
tristis and G. javanica, are wanting. Gesneraceae are repre-
sented by an epiphytic Mschynanthns and Parabcea rubiginosa.
The palms, except Calamus elegans in the damper spots, have
disappeared, for the Livistona, though occurring in the damp
woods running up to the sides of the rocky ridge, can hardly
be said to enter this flora. The hygrophytic ferns, Alsophila,
Lastrea, Cyathea, etc., are gone, and replaced by the
xerophytic species of epiphytic Polypodiuni, Dipteris Horsfieldi,
Matonia pectinata, Oleandra neriiformis, and Schizcea M alaccana.
The Dipteris and Matonia were so abundant that we used
them for bedding. The characteristic shrubs are Boeckia,
i30 Journal of the F.M.S. Museum. [Vol. VI,
Leptospermwn, Vaccinimn longihracteatum, Rhododendron malay-
cmuui, Anneslcea crnssipes, Rhodamnia trinervia, var. montana,
Evodia pachyphylla, Gordonia imbricata, Symplocos pulcherrima,
Olea capitellata ; and Pentaphylax malayana, its brilliant red
shoots making it very conspicuous all over the forest which
lay on the slopes of the ridge. Burmannia disticha, Hedyotis
patens, Spathoglottis aurea, Bromheadia rupestris, with many
epiphytic orchids, made up the herbaceous flora.
THE GULLY.
After passing along this ridge for some distance we came
to a wide cleft between two lofty precipices, which we call
" The Gully," and here is a steep ascent of about goo feet
over broken rocks and mud. The Gully contains many trees
of some size and, being very damp, there are many more
hygrophytic plants. On the trees near the entrance grows
the pretty creeping Rhododendron elegans, and among the
rocks Sonerila ccesia and 5. temiifolia, Phyllagathis hispida,
Didymocarpus Robinsonii, Loxocarpns incana, Begonia Hervey-
ana, Lastrea calcarata, and other such plants. At the top, on
trees sloping at all angles and draped with olive-coloured
moss, grew Dendrobium cornutiim. The series of plants here
is of a Malayan type, and seems to have pushed up from the
low-lying woods of the Tahan and Teku valleys.
THE PADANG FLORA.
The Padang is an extensive plateau of open undulating
country from 4,600 to 7,186 feet altitude, including herein the
higher peaks. The greater part of it consists of sandstone
rocks traversed by veins of white milky quartz, and strewn
plentifully with quartz-fragments. This region is traversed
by small streams which run down from the higher hills
to join the Teku. Along the banks of these streams there is a
deposit of peaty soil, which is covered with a close dense
wood of small trees, the biggest barely 40 feet tall, most
of them only an inch or two through, and often only 2 or 3
inches apart, forming a wood very difficult to pass through.
Where the ground through which the stream passes is flat,
we find a dampish spot with a certain amount of soil, which
bears a vegetation of bushes and herbaceous plants mixed.
The entrances of the flora of this area lie betw^een the dry
rock-flora of the open Padang and the wet woodland flora of
the upper part of the streams. Some plants are common to
both, but then are usually, as might be expected, modified to
a certain extent, those on the rocks being more adapted
for a xerophytic life than those in the woods.
I will treat of these two floras separately: — '
The Rock-Flora. — This flora extends with very little
variation over the whole of the stone field to the top of the
high ridges of Gunong Ulu Riang, 6,600 feet altitude, and the
summit of Gunong Tahan at 7,186. The whole of this area
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahaii.
131
II
is covered with low shrubs about 2 feet tall, mixed with
herbaceous plants. Here and there we fine shrubs attaining a
height of some 10 or 12 feet, and these occur mostly on
elevated hillocks or ridges. The most abundant plant is
Leptospernium amboinense, and mixed with it is Boeckia frutescens.
This shrub often takes the form of a prostrate or almost
creeping plant in these spots. With these are the dwarf
Tristania, Terminthodia, Carallia montana, and Calophyllum
ventisiuin. Among herbaceous plants Xyrns Ridleyi, Schcemis
distichus, Gahnia javanica, Actinoschcenus, Scleria carphiformis,
and the two Nepenthes, Singalana, var nlba, and N. gracillima
are also abundant. Hnbenaria zosterostyloides (a dwarf form)
is common also, and looks very different from the tall form
in the woods. SpatJioglottts aiirea and Arundina speciosa
occur more sparingl3^
On the rocks where quite bare grow the following
orchids : — Platyclinis linenrifolia, Bromheadia rupestris and B.
pimgens, Tylostylis pulchella, Ceratostylis gracilis, and Den-
drobinni rupicolum. The peculiarity of this flora is shown
in the dwarfing of the plants, which in many cases also
take on a peculiar yellow colour. This is specially noticeable
in Tylostylis and the Ceratostylis. The rock form of this
latter is short, thick, and flesh}-, quite erect, and entirely
yellow. I found it also in the Teku woods, with slender, soft,
pendulous, green stems. The same yellow colouring appears
in Agathis flavescens, of which the leaves and branches of the
trees growing in the open Padang exposed to the full sun
are of the same yellow colour, while in the woodland trees the
leaves are green. The peculiar ochre-yellow of these plants is
represented in the plain country in Dischidia Rafflesiana, when
it grows (as it usually does) on dying, nearly leafless trees
in sunny places by the sea. The flora of the Padang is
typically xerophytic, the foliage being stiff and hard, on the
whole.
Here and there are damper spots with a little accumula-
tion of soil, and we find besides most of the shrubs here
mentioned some additions: Podocarpus neriifolins, a curious
variety with deflexed leaves, looking as if it was withered ;
Dacrydium Beccarii, which occurs, too, on the drier parts,
but less abundantly, and its parasite Arceuthobinni, Burmannia
disticha. Ccelogynes creeping over old stumps, Isachne javana
(the only grass here), Rhynchospora glaiica, Lycopodium caroli-
manuni, and Eriocaulon silicicolum. This Eriocaulon is replaced
in the higher and drier spots by E. Hookerianuin, which is
evidently closely allied, but is a much condensed plant, with
short, stiff, coriaceous leaves. I should be quite prepared to
find these two species passing into each other, the latter being
a mountain or subalpine form. In these damp spots on
the Padang occurs the Pandanns (P. Klossii) as a dwarf stout
plant, unbranched, about 8 or g feet tall. In the dense woods
it attains a much greater height and is more slender and
weaker.
October, 1915.
132 Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol. VI,
THE PADANG WOODS.
The margins of the streams are fringed with dense woods
for the most part, the thickest part of the woods with the
largest trees being near the source. 'Jhe trees, however,
are by no means large, few reaching to 60 feet tall. These
woods run up to nearly 6,000 feet altitude ; at one point on the
* Teku River at 4,500 feet the forest is much larger and the
trees bigger. I will speak of these Teku woods later.
In some parts of the Padang woods the forest consists
of small trees 2 or 3 inches through, and so close that there
are only a few inches between them. It is impossible to
get through these without cutting one's way every step. The
ground is covered with dense deep moss, in which grows
Cypripediwn Rohinsonii, Elaphoglossuvi decurrens, Geostachys
elegnns, Protoltrion, Nepenthes Macfarlanei, Biirmannin longifolia,
etc. : while on the trees are Dendrobmm hynienopterum,
Bulbophyllum rostratmn, B. galbinnm, Phreatia crassifolia, and
Obivonia condensata, magnificent plants of Coelogyne Dayana,
var. Massangeana, and the pretty little Bulbophyllum Skeaiia-
nuvi. In the more open spaces over the streams we find
Schitna noronhce, Ilex patens, Altingia sp., Pieris ovalifolia,
Melastoma sp., and Rhododendron jasminiflorum.
On the stream edges lined with mosses and hepatics
we find the three little Utricularias, and here, too, grow
Xyris grandis, Argostemmas, and on the stones, in such a
position that they must be often submerged, are Anerincleistus
fruticosus, Scirpus Clarkei and Rhnacophila. The ferns of this
district are all of a xerophytic type — Dipteris, Matonia, Polypo-
dium, and Gleichenia, — the hygrophytic Lastrcea and Alsophila,
with the Selaginellas, being confined to the damp forests or to
wet shady banks.
Of Cryptogams I collected a good many mosses and
hepatics, but have been unable to work them out at present.
Mosses are extremely abundant, at least in amount, the damp
forests by the stream edges being deeply carpeted with
them, and in some of the cold dark woods just above the
Gully and on the Padang the trees are draped in curtains
of olive-coloured mosses. Hepaticae are abundant by the
stream. Lichens are less conspicuous, with the exception
of Usnea dasypoga, which drapes the bushes of Boeckia and
other shrubs in the bleakest and windiest spots, and Cladonia
macilenta and rangiferina, which form clumps on the ground.
Epiphyllous lichens occur on coriaceous leaves in the woods,
but are bj' no means as common as in the low country.
Fungi are conspicuously scanty, and, from the remarkable
duration of dead sticks on the Padang, seem to be actually
very few in number. Some of the sticks erected by Mr.
Robinson in 1906 for surveying purposes seemed to be
quite sound and undecayed.
I found one fructification of the common Polystictus
i^niarius at the Camp, which may have been brought up
I
I
II
i
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gmiong Tahaii. 133
accidentally on sticks etc. from below, and two or three
fructifications of a species of Fonies or Polyponis in the Teku
Woods, but that was all, except, perhaps, a few leaf-fungi in
an imperfect state.
In damp spots on the Padang were very conspicuous
masses, 2 or 3 inches long, of a brilliant orange-scarlet alga
forming small pads.
TEKU RIVER WOODS.
The Teku River commences by the junction of two
streams from the watershed of the actual Tahan Mountain,
and traverses the Padang through a deep gorge with precipi-
tous sides, eventually joining the Tahan River at Kuala Teku.
At the point where it enters the gorge it is joined by the
stream that, in descending from the Ulu Riang Mountain,
traverses the Padang from north-east to south-west. This
stream I have called the Camp stream, because the Camp
is placed close to it. This part of the Teku River contains
a number of plants which are much more characteristic of the
forest-region of the lower Tahan River, and which have not
spread up the Padang stream for more than a few yards, such
as Honiolomena angustifolin, Scindapsns Scortechinii, Dipteris
Lobbiana, LoxocarptiS incana, and Eurya acuminata ; and the
forest which borders the Teku River in this locality, which is
of a larger type of tree and more resembles in appearance the
forests of the lower Tahan, contains such lowland types as
Plectocomia, Freycinetia, Curculigo, Phyllagathis hispida, Polyal-
thia, and Labisia pumila.
Here we have, it seems, a flora pushing its way up the
Teku River from the low country up to an altitude of about
4,600 feet, where it seems to stop. Along the stream we have
also a number of plants of Himalayo-Javanese distribution —
Bucklandia, Altingia, and Itea.
The last two genera have not been previously met with in
the Peninsula. The number of Himalayo-Javanese plants
over this region is small, especially when one compares it with
the number found in some other parts of the Peninsula, such as
Telom, w^here occur Viola, Sanicula, Sarcopyramis, and Dis-
porum. Itea occurs on Kinabalu, and the other two genera
above mentioned probably had a very much wider distribution
in earlier days and have disappeared except in isolated spots.
Except for these plants the Teku Woods flora seems to
be composed of plants from the Tahan valley woods, mix^d
with a number which have descended from the plateau.
ORIGIN OF THE FLORA.
The flora of this mountain is evidently derived from
more than one source, and the distribution of the genera
and species found there is very instructive. We have natu-
rally a large Malayan element — that is to say, the element
of species and genera which occur chiefly or almost exclusively
in Malayan regions. Many of the endemic species of this and
134 journal of tJu b\M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
others of our higher mountains appear to be species of the
lower country which, having found their way to the tops of the
mountains and being able to maintain themselves there, have
become modified into alpine forms or adapted in one way
or another for life under mountain conditions.
These plants with Malayan affinities are: —
Polyalthia pulchva, King Wehera.
Calophylluni veniistuni, King Lasianthus.
Garcinia monantha, Ridl. Cephaelis.
A dinandra. Pentaphragmn.
Elceocarpns. Einbelia myrtillus.
Evodia. Ardisia.
GoDiphandra. Symplocos.
Salacia perakensis, King. Alyxia.
Euonymiis jav aniens, Bl. Gaertnera.
Parinarium. Gesneracece.
Pygeuni. Nepenthes.
' Polyosma. Balanophora.
Carallia. Loranthiis.
Melastonia. Henslowia.
A nerincleistus. CinnainoviMn mollissimuin.
Oxyspora. Choriophyllinu.
Sonerila. Orchidece (all).
Phyllagathis. Dischidia.
Medinilla. Camptandra.
Begonia. Geostachys.
Heptaplenrum. Cnrcnligo,
A rgosteimna. Sciaphiln.
Urophyllum. Aracece.
Timonius. Gnetum.
In the case of the genera of world-wide distribution, those
included in this list, e.g. Begonia and Ardisia, are represented
by species either occurring in or allied most closely to the
species in the forests of the lower zone.
A number of these species have obviously crept up the
Teku rivers or Tahan rivers, occurring in the adjacent lo\Ner
country, such as the Gesneraceae, Araceae, and Melastomaceae ;
some, like the Loranthi and Ardisia, have drupaceous fruits
constantly dispersed by birds and easily borne to these heights.
It is interesting to note that practically all the plants with
seeds easily borne by wind, like Dischidia, Orchidece, Sciaphila,
and the vascular Cryptogams, are Malayan forms, with the one
exception of Lycopodiwn Carolinianum.
Comparatively few of our highest mountains here have
been thoroughly explored as yet — perhaps the best known are
Mt. Ophir and Kedah Peak. The former, small as it is, bears
a number of plants which are almost or quite peculiar to this
mountain and Gunong Tahan. A list of those common to
both will be of interest : —
Illicium camhodianuni, Hance. Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl.
Anneslcea crassipes, Hook. fil. Arundina speciosa, Bl.
igiS-] H. N. Ridley : Botany of Giinong Tahan.
135
I
Ilex Grifithii, Hook. fil.
Euonymus javanicHS, Bl.
Weinmannia Blnmei, Planch.
Rhodoleia Teysmanni, Miq. Also
Kedah Peak and Tel6m.
Boeckia fiutescens, L.
LeptosperuinjH aniboinense, Bl.
Rhodaninia trinervia, Bl. (moun-
tain form).
Pachycentria tuberculata, Korth.
Psychotria sarmentosa, Bl.
Rhododendron malayanum, Jack.
Rhododendron jasminiflorum,
Hook. fil.
Leucopogon malayanus, Jack.
Embelia myrtillus, Kurz.
Dischidia albida, Griff.
Nepenthes sanguinea, Lindl.
B nlanophora multibrachia ta,
Fawc.
Loranthus Lobbii, Hook. fil.
Henslowin Lobbii, Hook. fil.
Podocarpus neriifolius, Don.
Dacrydium Beccarii, Pilq.
Platyclinis linearifolia, Ridl.
Dendrobinrn unijiorujn, Griff.
Erin nutans, Lindl.
Eria uwnticola, Hook. fil.
Bromheadia rupestris, Ridl.
Also Kedah Peak.
Bromheadia pnngens, Ridl.
H abenaria zoster ostyloides.
Hook. fil.
Apostasia nuda, Lindl.
Geostachys elegans, Ridl.
Curculigo lattfolia, Dryand.
Burniannia disticha, L. Also
Kedah Peak.
Actinoschcenns.
Cladium Maingayi, Clarke.
Also Kedah Peak.
Lepidosperma chinense, Nees.
Also Gunong Kerbau.
Gahnia tristis, Nees.
Isachne javana, Nees.
Gleichenia circinata, Sw.
Matonia pectinata, Br.
Dipteris Lobbiana, Hook.
Lastrcsa viscosa, Bl.
Polypodinvi hirtellum, Bl.
Polypodiwn parasiticinn, Mett.
Poly podium ciicnllatnm, Nees.
Polypodium tnalaccannm, Bak.
Mt. Ophir only.
Chrysodinin bicuspe, Hook.
SchizcBa malaccana, Bak.
Ceratostylis gracilis, Bl.
A good many more widely distributed ferns also occur on
both mountains.
On Kedah Peak occur five plants which have not yet been
met with elsewhere than on Gunong Tahan. These are
Hedychiuni collinwn, Ridl., Dendrobinrn hyinenopterum. Hook,
fil., Xyris Ridleyi, Rendle, Scleria carphiforniis, Ridl., and Eria
lorifolia, Ridl.
It is probable that further exploration may show their
occurrence in intermediate stations.
COMPARISON WITH MOUNT KINABALU
IN BORNEO.
The flora of the high mountain Kinabalu has been well
worked up from the collections of Dr. Haviland and Low by
Dr. Stapf in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society,
Botany,' and we find the following species common to this
mountain and to Gunong Tahan : —
Itea macrophylla, Wall.t Eriocanlou H ookerianum,
Clethra canescens, Reinwdt.t Stapf t.
Leucopogon malayanus, Jack. Scirpus Clarkei, Stapf t.
Gentianaf [G. malayana being Podocarpns cnpressina, R. Br.
closely allied to G. Borneensis). Dacrydium elatuni, Wall.
136 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VIj
Burniamiia longifolia, Becc. Podocarpus neriifolia, Don*
Eria ferox, Bl. Lycopodinm ceylanicum,
Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. Spring.
Smilax IcBvis, Wall. Lycopodmm casuarinoides.
Spring.
The plants marked t have not yet been found in any part
of the Malay Peninsula, except on Gunong Tahan. I have in
this list excluded the Ferns, which are mostly widely distri-
buted. There are also a number of species on Gunong Tahan
very closely allied to species on Kinabalu, such as Rhododendron
elegans, Ridl., allied to R. cuneifoliwn, Stapf ; Psychotria
demiflora, Stapf, allied to Ps. condensa, King.
The occurrence of these plants seems to show a former
land-connection with Kinabalu, as many are species which
have neither drupaceous (bird-borne) or wind-borne seeds.
ABSENCE OF THE HIMALAYAN ELEMENT.
As shown in a paper on the flora of the Telom valley in
Perak, we have there a distinct Himalayo-Javanese element
represented by such plants as Viola, Sanicula, Sarcopyramis,
and Disporum. This type of flora seems to be remarkably
absent from the Tahan region, as it is from Mt. Ophir and
Kedah Peak.
We have, it is true, a series which seem to have come
from the Himalayas, but are also Burmese and occur elsewhere
in the Peninsula, e.g. Pyvus and Eriohotrya ; Hedychium
collinum, allied to a species from Burmah and also occurring
on Kedah Peak, seems to have crept downwards from the
north. The Hamamelideae {Bucklaudia smd A Itingia) and the
Saxifragacese (Itea) also occur in the Himalayas and Java.
THE AUSTRALIAN ELEMENT.
All through the Malay Peninsula we lind scattered a
number of plants which have at least affinities with plants
characteristic of Australia or belong to characteristic Australian
genera. A greater part of this class of plants disappears
north and west of the Peninsula, being absent from the Indian
and Ceylon regions.
In the Malay Peninsula they occur on the sea-shore and
on the higher parts of the mountains, being absent from the
intervening forest-regions. They persist, in fact, in our only
xerophytic districts — the sea-coasts and the more xerophytic
parts of the higher mountains. They are missing from the
wet forest-hills of Perak, although the altitude of these hills is
as high or often higher than the xerophytic zone of Mt. Ophir,
where they occur.
All, or almost all, of these Australian plants have been
met with in similar localities in the islands lying east of the area
lying between the Malay Peninsula and Australia, and with an
increasing number of species the nearer we get to Australia.
i
1915.] H. N, Ridley: Botany oj Gtmong Tahan. 137
Thus the Australian element is larger on Kinabalu than on
Gunong Tahan, and it appears to be larger in New Guinea
than on Kinabalu.
On our sea-coasts in the Peninsula we get Spin ifex sqiiarro-
sus, Casuarina equiseti folia, Dianella, Melaleuca lettcadendron,
Pittosporum fernigineum, Rhodamnia trinervia, Philhydrum
lanuginosuin, and several species of Tristania and Helicia.
On Gunong Tahan at high elevations we find Boeckia
frutescens, Leptospermum, Rhodamnia, Tristania, Leucopogon,
Pittospoiuui, Helicia, Cryptostylis, Dianella, Gahnia, Schcenus,
Lepidosperma, Dacrydiwn.
In Borneo, besides these plants, we find Driviys, Drapetes,
Patersonia, Coprosnia, Trachynicne, Havilandia (a genus allied to
the Antarctic species of Myosotis), Euphrasia, and Ranunculus,
allied to Australian and New Zealand species.
Most of these Bornean plants which do not, as far as is
known, occur on any of the Malay Peninsula mountains occur
only on Kinabalu at a greater altitude than any of our moun-
tains rise to, and this is probably the cause of their absence.
Such of the mountain genera of Australian origin as can
thrive near the sea occur in both localities, such as Boeckia on
sea-shore rocks in Borneo, Rhodamnia , Tristania, Leucopogon
(sea-shores in Singapore and Labuan), Dianella, Gahnia tristis,
Schcenus, and Pittosporum.
One is forced to conclude that at one period there was
extending from the Australian region an extensive xerophytic
area, which bore an Australian flora. That, probably owing to
climatic changes, this flora was swamped by a typical Malay
forest-flora of the rain-forest or hygrophjtic t}'pe, so that all
that remains to us are such species as could persist in the only
xerophxtic regions we possess — the sandy sea-shores and drier
mountain-tops.
The rocks of Gunong Tahan have been examined by
Mr. Scrivenor, who considers them to be Estuarine and dates
them as having probably been deposited between the Rhsetic
and Inferior Oolitic periods. The flora now on this ground,
of course, is of much later date than this, but the sands of
these ancient Estuarine beds have been much altered, formed
into rock and upheaved, and it must have been at a very much
later period that these Australian or far Eastern plants crept
along over its surface.
The similar plants occurring on Mt. Kinabalu are believed
to have migrated there in Tertiary times (Stapf, ' Flora of Mt.
Kinabalu').
I would suggest that the history of this flora was
somewhat as follows : —
A big river existed in Northern Pahang, which deposited
sand at its mouth which eventually became hardend into rock
and elevated as time went on to considerable altitude, and
forraed the great mass of mountains kno\An a,s Gunong Tahaii
138 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
and was connected in the form of cool dry tableland with Mt.
Kinabalu on one side and Gunong Kerbau and Mt. Ophir on
the other. This tableland was — at least, in part — of granite,
for both Kinabalu and Mt. Ophir are of granite. This was the
state of affairs in Tertiary times, when this Australian flora, of
which we have these few relics left, covered this country.
PLANTS OP THE MOUNTAIN ABOVE 3,300 FEET.
POLYPETAL-ffi.
ANONACE^:.
I. PoLYALTHiA PULCHRA, Xwo^; autea, p. 42- Woods by
the Teku River at 4,600 feet altitude.
Distribution. Gunong Bubu and Gunong Kerbau, 4,200
feet.
This is here a moderate-sized tree with large leaves, and
flowers 3 inches across, pendulous from the ends of the
branches, yellowish white with a purple blotch at the base. It
differed a little from the type-form in having the base of the
sepals on the back and the petals pubescent. The flowers,
though large, can hardly be said to be very beautiful, as their
colouring is dull ; but they possess the most extraordinarily
strong perfume of Magnolias, so powerful that I could easily
perceive the odour after the flowers were put in the collecting-
book and carried some yards away.
POLYGALACE^.
*2, PoLYGALA MONTicoLA, Ridley, Jouru. Linn. Soc,
Botany, xxxviii. p. 303 (igo8); antea, p. 44. Common in the
woods of the Padang. This pretty shrublet varies in size, and
is not rarely branched. The flowers are VA-hite, with the petals
deep rose-pink. The capsule is flattened, usually purple when
ripe, the small black seeds enclosed in an orange-scarlet aril.
Distribution. Gunong Semangko, Gunong Bubu, Gunong
Kerbau, 6,000 feet, and Benom.
PITTOSPORE.E.
*3. PiTTOSPORUM sp., Ridley, op. cit. p. 303. This plant,
first collected by Robinson, is not rare in the open woods on
the Padang, but no trace of flowers or fruit were to be seen.
GUTTIFER^.
*4. Calophyllum venustum. King) Ridley, op. cit. p.
304. A common small tree, about 20 feet tall, in open woody
places on the Padang, at 5,600 feet elevation.
Distribution. Perak.
5. Garcinia monantha, n. sp.
A small tree, the bark of the branches grey. Leaves
coriaceous, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, acute,
cuneate, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide ; nerves 25 pairs, invisible
*Species thus marked occur in the original collection from this mountain
(Journal Federated Malay States Museum 11 pp. 107-142 (1909).
I9I5-] H. N. Ridley : Botany of Gunong Tahnn.
139
I
I
above and indistinctly marked beneath; petiole thick, half an
inch long. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers axillary,
solitary, on short stout peduncles a quarter of an inch long, with
several small ovate acute bracts; pedicel short and stout;
perianth caducous; ovary \ inch long, with a rather large,
circular, entire fleshy stigma.
Woods on the banks of the streams, Padang.
The only plant seen was past the flowering stage, and
description is necessarily very incomplete, but it is so distinct
that I venture to describe it. In the solitary axillary flowers
it resembles G. imiflora, King, but it is very distinct in its
smaller, ovate, very coriaceous leaves, in which the nerves are
very much more numerous.
TERNSTRCEMIACEiE.
*6. .\nneslea CRASSiPES, Hook; Ridley, op. cit. p. 304.
Common on the ridges from 3,300 feet to the Padang at 6,000
feet; a small tree or shrub, in frnit at this time, the fruiting
calyx red.
Distribution. Hills of Mt. Ophir and Perak.
*7. Adinandra villosa, Chuisy; Ridley, op. cit. p. 304.
Collected by Robinson at 5,000 to 5,600 feet. I did not see
this plant on this occasion.
Distribution. Perak and Tavoy.
*8. Adinandka angulata, RidL op. cit. p. 304. Origin-
ally collected by Robinson in this locality. I met with it in the
woods near the Teku River at 4,600 feet elevation; a big tree
for the genus. The flowers are white and large, the bud
conical, half an inch long. The sepals ovate, glabrous,
imbricate, with rounded tips J inch long. Petals lanceolate,
thick and fleshy. Stamens numerous, J inch long; filament
flat, rather broad, nearly glabrous; anthers acuminate, covered
with long hairs; ovary ovoid-conic, tapering into the style,
glabrous. Endemic.
*9. GoRDONiA imbricata. King; Ridley, op. cit. p. 305.
A shrub or bush only a few feet tall usually, the flowers
creamy white. The petals are rather peculiar in having a
brown coriaceous patch on the back.
I found a plant with broadly fasciated branches on the
Padang across the Teku. It is plentiful from the ridges just
above Wray's Camp to the Padang at 6,000 feet altitude.
*io. Schima Noronh^, Reinwdt.; Ridley, op. cit. p. 305.
A fairly large branched tree on the banks of the camp stream
on the Padang, in flower up to nearly 6,000 feet.
Distribntion. Hills of Burmah, the Malay Peninsula and
islands.
*ii. Pentaphylax Malayana, Ridl. op. cit. p. 305.
Very common on the upper ridges and on the Padang, and
very conspicuous from its bright red terminal leaves forming
conspicuous patches of colour all over this district. It is a
October, 1915. J
140 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
bush or a small-sized bushy tree. Endemic; the only other
species of the genus occurs in China.
12. EuRYA ACUMINATA, var. EUPRISTA. A common large
shrub in the rocky stream of the Teku, and less bushy on the
streams on the Padang, where it is less common. This shrub
'is very abundant all up the Tahan River, and seems to have
found its way up thence.
Distribution. Himalayas to Fiji.
*i3. Ternstrcemia Maclellandiana, n. sp; a«fffl, p. 44.
Ternstramia japonica, Ridley, op. cit. p. 304.
A small tree about 20 feet tall. Leaves thickly coriaceous,
drying olive-green above, yellowish beneath, oblanceolate,
shortly acuminate and narrowed at the base, more rarely
obovate-obtuse, 3J-5 inches long, 1-2 inches wide; nerves
three pairs, hardly visible below, invisible above; midrib
prominent below, grooved above; petiole stout, \ inch long.
Flowers from the axils of the upper leaves, solitary in the axil;
pedicels thick, decurved, ^ inch long. Calyx with 5 short
rounded lobes, ^ inch long, much shorter than the corolla.
Corolla half an inch across, white; petals 5, oblong at the base,
then obovate, rounded, margins denticulate. Stamens nume-
rous, subsessile, short; anthers longer than the filament,
oblong-truncate, rather broad.
Not rare on the Padang. Endemic.
Most nearly allied to T. Scortechinii, King, a Malayan
species, but with a hardly lobed calyx and different leaves with
fewer nerves.
I referred this in the previous paper to the T. aneura,
Miq., of Banka, which is referred to a variety of T. japonicn,
Thunb., by Hooker. It differs, however, in the much smaller
calyx and the almost clawed petals from T. japonica. I am
pleased to associate this plant with the name of Mr. F. A. S.
McClelland, District Officer of Kuala Lipis, who assisted us
very materially in making the expedition.
TILIACE^.
*i4. El^ocarpus monticola, Ridl. op. cit. p. 305.
Common small tree on the Padang. Endemic.
15. El^ocarpus reticosa, n. sp.
A small tree, the young parts pubescent. Leaves ovate,
abruptly acuminate, acute to lanceolate-acuminate, base
rounded, margin thickened, faintly crenulate, with small black
processes in the crenulations, stiffly coriaceous, 2 to 4 inches
long, I to 2 inches wide; main nerves seven pairs, branching
and inarching within the margin, polished yellow-brown,
strongly reticulate above when dry, and similarly reticulate,
with numerous black dots beneath; young leaves red and
minutely pubescent on the petiole and midrib beneath; petiole
J inch long, decurved, pubescent. Panicles from the lower or
median leaf-axils, i^ to 2 inches long; branches and pedicels
pubescent. Sepals and petals not seen. Stamens with line?ir
■
i
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 141
anthers on very short filaments, glabrous. Torus covered
with short stiff white hairs. Fruit ellipsoid, ^ inch long,
blue-black. Tree on the Padang, young leaves red; out of
flower.
A very distinct species in its coriaceous closely netted
leaves.
RUTACE^.
*i6. EvODiA siMPLiciFOLiA, /??(i/. 0^. a^. p. 306. A shrub,
rather scarce, in fruit only on the Padang. Endemic.
17. [EvoDiA PACHYPHYLLA, King. Occurs on the ridge
above Wray's Camp.]
Terminthodia, gen. nov.
A shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, unifoliate,
articulate on the petiole, glandular, subcoriaceous, obovate,
obtuse. Flowers in axillary corymbs, small, green; calyx
4-lobed, lobes rounded. Petals 4, triangular; disc large,
4-angled; gland dotted. Stamens 4; iilaments, subulate, short;
anthers small. Ovary 4-lobed, protruding from the disc.
Style central; stigma small, capitate. Ripe carpels i to 3
developed, boat-shaped, dehiscing along the inner edge. Seeds
two in each carpel, small, flattened and winged, pale brown,
exalbuminous.
Species one.
18. Terminthodia viridiflora, n. sp.
A bush 3 or 4 feet tall, occasionally developing into a
treelet about 15 feet or more tall; bark wrinkled, dark.
Leaves alternate, crowded at the end of the branches, unifoliate,
subcoriaceous, bright green, aromatic, obovate, with a rounded
entire or retuse apex, or shortly acutely acuminate, nerves
about five or six pairs, faintly visible above, elevate beneath,
inarching within the margin, paler beneath, and profusely
gland-dotted, 2 to 3 inches long, ij to 2 inches wide; petiole
^ inch long, articulate with the leaf. Flowers in small pubes-
cent panicles shorter than the leaves, in the upper axils,
panicles J inch across on a peduncle i^ inch long. Bracts
small, one-tenth inch long, lanceolate-ovate, acute. Sepals 4,
rounded, imbricate, pubescent, green. Petals longer, 4,
triangular acute, spreading, glabrous, I inch long, darker green.
Disc large, 4-angled, flat, gland-dotted. Stamens 4, alternate
with the petals and nearly as long; filaments thick, subulate.
Anthers very small. Ovary protruding from the disc, 4-lobed.
Style central. Stigma very small, cocci i to 3 usually de-
veloped, J inch long, boat-shaped, obtuse, green, reticulate
when dry. Seed very small, winged, ovoid or obovate, thin,
flat, apex rounded, ^ inch long.
Common on the Padang in rocky places. The leaves
have a strong turpentine odour when crushed.
This plant is allied to the genus Evodia, but differs in its
alternate leaves, large square flat disc, and its thin-winged flat
seed. There is a distinct line between the lamina of the leaf
142 Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol, VI,
and the petiole, but the leaf does not disarticulate when falling.
The flowers seem to be always hermaphrodite. I have found
bushes in which the flowers were replaced by a globose mass
of minute green bracts.
OLACINE^.
19. GOMPHANDRA PUBERULA, n. sp.
A shrub with slender branches, pubescent, with yellowish
hairs in the young parts. Leaves ovate, acuminate, apex
blunt, base slightly narrowed, rounded, thinly coriaceous,
nerves 6 pairs, distant, conspicuousl)- interarching well within
the margin, indistinct above, elevated beneath, above glabrous,
shining beneath, midrib pubescent with yello\\ish hairs,
appressed, the rest covered wath profuse scattered short hairs
from black tubercles, caducous in older leaves, 3 to 4 inches
long, I J to if inches wide; petiole yellow, hairy, \ inch long.
Cymes from the lower axils, peduncles ^ inch long with a few
short branches. Calyx small, cupular, with 5 small points.
Flowers not seen. Fruits fusiform, slightly narrowed at each
end, grooved on one side, crowned with round discoid stigma,
J inch long, \ inch through, i-celled and i -seeded. Seed
oblong-ellipsoid, straight, not flattened.
Woods on streams, Padang.
This appears to be nearest to G. nyssifolia, King, but wuth
smaller leaves.
ILICINE^.
20. Ilex Griffithii, Hook. fil. A shrub on the Padang
and more common on the ridges. Common in the mountains
of the Peninsula at an altitude of 4,000 feet, also in Sumatra
(Forbes).
21. Ilex rupicola, n. sp.
A shrub with elliptic, obtuse, or subacute coriaceous leaves,
rounded at the base, 2-2J inches long, i-i^ inch wide, above
smooth, shining; nerves invisible, midrib channelled beneath,
glaucescent, midrib prominent, nerves faint, 4-5 pairs; petiole
thick, \ inch long. Panicle shorter than the leaves terminal, \
inch long, and about as wide, of about six branches. Flowers
about 8, subumbellate on the branches, on pedicels -^ inch
long, small, white. Sepals orbicular, imbricate, 5, margins
ciliate. Petals 5, oblong, hardly connate at the base, edges
ciliate. Stamens 5, glabrous ; filament short, thick, forming
a keel on the back of the elliptic broad anther. Style short,
single. Ovary conic. No disc. Fruit globose, \ inch long,
terminated by a short cylindric style-beak. Pyrenes four.
Padang, Gunong Tahan.
Most nearly allied to /. epiphytica, King, differing in the
foliage and terminal panicle.
22. Ilex epiphytica. King; antea, p. 45. On the
Padang at 5,600 feet altitude.
Distribution. Perak; (Gunong Kerbau 4,500-6,600 feet).
.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
143
23. Ilex patens, n. sp.
A tree with spreading branches; bark black. Leaves
alternate, dark green, thinly coriaceous, ovate, entire, obtuse,
rounded or slightly narrowed at the tip, base rounded, 2 to 3
inches long, i^ to 2 inches wide, smooth, glabrous, shining
above, lighter beneath; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, almost invisible
above, slightly elevate beneath; midrib prominent beneath;
petiole ^ inch long. Flowers cymose on peduncles, as long as
the petiole, flattened, grooved, occasionally branched, about 5
flowers on a cyme, nearly as large as those of /. glomerata,
King, white or pale pink. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5, rounded,
glabrous. Petals connate at the base, 4; apex rounded.
Stamens 4, adnate to the base of the petals; filaments short,
white; anthers black. Ovary conic. Fruit globose, with a
short rounded style-beak, J inch long when ripe, on wider-
spreading cymes.
Woods along the stream at the Ninth Camp.
A pretty tree, allied to /. glomerata, King, but the petals
shorter and the cymes borne on peduncles.
CELASTRACE^.
*24. Salacia perakensis, King; Ridley, op. cit. p. 306.
Gunong Tahan at 5,000 feet (Robinson), not seen again.
Previously collected by Scortechini in Perak.
25. EuoNYMUS jAVANicus, Bl ; antea p. 45. Woods near
the Camp stream and on other streams near the Padang.
Distribution. Burmah, Malay Peninsula and islands.
ROSACE.E.
*26. Pyrus GRANULOSA, Bettol. ; Ridley, op. cit. p. 306.
Padang, open woods and borders of streams.
Distribution. Khasiya, Burmah, Sumatra, Malay
Peninsula.
27. Eriobotrya bengalensis. Hook. fit. A small little-
branched treelet with few branches. The leaves more coriaceous
and ovate than usual, red when young; flowers white,
deliciously fragrant. This is the plant described as Photinia
diibia, Wall, in previous lists, from which it was separated by
Hooker. It occurs in the East Himalayas, Tenasserim, and in
the Malay Peninsula.
28. Parinarium costatum, bl, var. rubiginosum. A
tree about 20 feet tall; the panicles are denser and the stem,
backs of the leaves, and flowers more densely covered
with ferruginous hairs.
In a wood on the Padang across the Teku.
Distribution of type. Malay Peninsula and Java.
29. Pygeum rubiginosum, n. sp.
A small bushy tree. Leaves ovate, acuminate, base
rounded or refuse, ij inch long, f inch wide, above smooth,
glabrous except the depressed midrib, beneath paler, sparsely
hairy except the nerves 6-7 pairs and midrib covered with
144 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VI,
rufous appressed hairs, as is the leaf-margin ; petiole thick, J
inch long, rufous, hairy when young. Racemes short, very
dense, rufous hairy, under ^ inch long. Bracts oblong ovate,
obtuse, rufous hairy, ^ inch long. Pedicels very short.
Calyx campanulate, ^ inch long, with ten very small lobes, all
densely red hairy outside. Petals none. Stamens glabrous;
filaments slender, red, adnate to the mouth of the calyx-tube.
Anthers small, subglobose. Pistil conic, covered with white
silky hairs. Style fairly stout. Stigma capitate.
On the Padang and ridges, 5,000-6,000 feet altitude.
Allied to P. brevifolium, Hook, fil., of Mt. Ophir, but with
different leaves, ovate and very hairy, as are the young
branches.
30. Pygeum patens, n. sp.
A treelet about 20 feet tall ; branches red, scurfy. Leaves
ovate-cuspidate, coriaceous, base rounded, margin entire, above
smooth, glabrous, nerves sunk, beneath paler, sprinkled over
with short dark hairs, midrib and main nerves g-ii elevated,
red, scurfy, reticulations conspicuous, red, scurfy, 6 inches
long, 3 inches wide. Petiole thick, red, scurfy, j inch long.
Flowers in small facicles, shorter than the petiole. Bracts
small, ovate; peduncle and calyx densely ferruginous, hairy.
Flowers minute, ^q inch long. Calyx cupular, with very short
lobes, densely hairy. Petals none. Stamens about 15,
glabrous; filaments short. Anthers elliptic as long. Style
thick, protruding shortly beyond the calyx, hairy. Stigma
obscurely lobed, broader. Fruiting peduncle stout, \ inch
long, hairy. Drupe transversely oblong, rounded, 2-seeded, \
inch long, f inch wide, sparsely hairy.
Woods on Gunong Tahan, and below the Gully, not seen
on the open Padang.
Allied to P. Griffithii, Hook, fil., of Mount Ophir, but the
leaves are entire.
SAXIFRAGACE.E.
*3I. POLYOSMA CORIACEA, King, Var. LANCEOLATA.
Polyosma coriacea, Ridley, op. cit. p. 307.
A small tree, with grey bark. Leaves narrow-lanceolate,
glabrous, shining above, glaucous beneath, apex acuminate,
base cuneate, nerves indistinct, seven pairs, 4 inches long, i
inch wide. Raceme terminal, 3 to 5 inches long, rachis
glabrous, pedicels ^ inch long, slightly sprinkled with hairs.
Calyx-lobes ovate-acute, longer than in the type.
Woods on the Padang (collected also by Robinson in the
first expedition, No. 5388). At first sight this plant looks very
different from the type-form, which has shorter and broader
leaves, but it is connected with it by the next form.
*32. Var. INTERMEDIA. Leavcs oblong-lanceolate, lighter
in colour when dry, not glaucous beneath ; flowers rather larger
and calyx-lobes longer.
Woods on the Padang, also collected by Robinson
(No. 5493).
igiS-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
145
I
*33. P. L^TE-viRENS, Grtff. ; Ridley, op. cit. p. 307.
Padaiig woods. This form differs from the typical Penang and
Perak plants in the larger fruit, which is nearly sessile, and the
larger ovate hairy sepals.
34. Itea macrophylla. Wall. A big tree on the banks
of the Teku River, near its junction with the Camp stream. A
new record for the Malay Peninsula. It occurs in the
Himalayas and the Malay islands.
35. Weinmannia Blumei, Planch. {Ridley, op. cit. p. 306.
Woods by the Camp stream. Common on all the hill-ranges
over 4,000 feet.
HAMAMELIDE^.
36. Bucklandia populnea, Br. Young trees in the
Teku woods at 4,600 feet elevation.
Distribution. Temperate Himalayas, Burmah, Java, and
Sumatra.
*37. Rhodoleia Teysmanni, Miq.; Ridley, op. at. p. 307.
Common on the Padang, a low shrub here. The young leaves
are red woolly beneath, becoming white beneath later.
Distrihtition. Mt. Ophir, Perak Mountains, and Sumatra.
38. Altingia excels a, Noronh. In the Teku woods at
4,600 feet altitude. Flowers white. A new record for the
Peninsula. The tree occurs also in the Himalayas and Java.
RHIZOPHORE^^
39. CaRALLIA MONTANA, n. Sp.
A shrub about 8 or 10 feet tall. Bark black, branches
bluntly angled, nodes dilated. Leaves only at the ends of the
branches, obovate or elliptic ovate, shortly acuminate, blunt at
the tip, cuneate at the base, margin thickened with minute,
black, thorn-like processes, coriaceous, shining above, paler,
profusely black-dotted beneath, nerves 7 pairs, slender, midrib
grooved above, prominent beneath, 2 inches long, ij inch
wide; petiole stout, ^ inch long, reddish. Cymes axillary,
three-flowered; peduncle ^ inch long; pedicels ^ inch long.
Flower J inch long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped; lobes tri-
angular, acute, 5, coriaceous. Petals thin, ovate, laciniate,
shorter than the sepals, clawed, white. Stamens 10; filaments
thick, narrowed upwards. Anthers ovate, minutely cuspidate.
Style thick. Stigma wider, discoid.
Gunong Tahan, common on the Padang. Also Kluang
Terbang (coll. Barnes) and Gunong Kerbau in Perak (coll.
Mohammed Aniff). Apparently allied to Miquel's C. floribunda,
but with a very much reduced inflorescence.,
MYRTACEiE.
*40. Baeckia frutescens, Linn.; Ridley, op. cit. p. 307;
Antea p. 46. One of the commonest trees on the ridges and all
over the Padang. In the open rocky places of the Padang it
often takes the form of a prostrate shrublet only a few inches
146 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
high, and varies from that to a bush or, in the woods where the
soil is richer, to a tree of considerable size, with a stem a foot
or so through. The httle flowers are w^hite, with a greenish
ring in the centre, which becomes red when the flowers have
been open some time.
It is visited by the Bombus.
This plant has wide distribution over all our hills, where
they are xerophj'tic, over 4,000 feet. It occurs also as a
sea-shore plant on rocks in Borneo. The distribution is from
China westwards.
*4i. Leptospermum flavescens, Sm.; Ridley, op. cit
p. 307. Common all over the Padang and along the ridges,
forming on the Padang a low brushwood about i to 2 feet tall.
It forms also bigger shrubs of a somewhat erect habit, but
never seems to get as large as Baeckia.
t)istribution. From Australia to the Malay Peninsula at*
high elevations.
* 42. Rhodamnia trinervia, var. uniflora. A shrub
about 12 or 14 feet tall with slender branches, the young parts
silky. Leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate, base rounded, thinly
coriaceous, entirely silky w^hen young, glabrescent, shining
above when adult and white silky beneath, the three nerves
prominent beneath, with about eight pairs of secondary nerves
at rather an acute angle, 2 to 3 inches long, i J inch wide ;
petiole very short. Flowers few or solitary, axillary or
terminal, sessile, ^ inch across, white. Calyx obconic, silky,
with short-ovate lobes. Petals white, glabrous, oblong-
lanceolate ; stamens short, just protruding from the calyx-tube.
Berry globose, ^ inch long, silky, terminated by the short-
oblong calyx-lobes.
In low scrub at Wray's Camp and on the Padang.
Different as this plant is in appearance and in the solitary
sessile flowers and the silky fruit from the long-leaved tree with
small panicles of flowers and glabrous fruit, I conclude it to be
an alpine form of this species. A shrub from Mt. Ophir (No.
3229 of my collections) much resembles this in foliage, but the
flowers are more numerous, pedicelled, and not silky, wath
wider petals — in fact, an intermediate form between the
typical lowland species and the Tahan one.
43. Eugenia Stapfiana, Kin^. A tall shrub or treelet
with bright green leaves and white flowers. On woods on the
Padang across the Teku River. It occurs in the hills of Perak
and Selangor.
*44. Eugenia Pahangensis, Ridl. op. cit. 307. A big
shrub; flowers tinted with pink. The fruit is an inch long,
globose, and dull pink, and occasionally contains two seeds,
Endemic.
45. Eugenia Tahanensis, n. sp.
A shrub about 5 feet tall ; bark black. Leaves stiffly
coriaceous, c<bovate-obtuse, rounded at the top or shortly
acute, base cuneate, 3J inches long, 2^ inches wide ; nerves
II
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gnnong Tahan.
147
5 to 7 pairs, very slender and obscure; midrib grooved above,
thick and elevated beneath ; the leaves dry pale brown, lighter-
coloured beneath ; petiole \ inch long. Cymes compound in
the upper axils, 2 to 3 inches long; many-flowered, the
bratiches obscurely angled. Pedicels short, oblong, angled.
Flowers white, resembling those of the preceding species.
Calyx-tube oblong-conic, \ inch long; lobes small, ovate.
Petals small. Fruit oblong, globose; the base rounded,
erminated by the short oval sepals.
Gunong Tahan at the top in a small woody patch, at
7,186 feet altitude.
This species is certainly allied to E. Pahnngensis, but is
distinct in its obovate leaves, narrowed at the base, and the
much fewer nerves. The leaves are also less thickly coriaceous.
*46. Eugenia viridescens, Ridl. op. cit. p. 308. A shrub
with buds white tipped with pink. Common on the Padang.
Endemic.
47. Tristan I A fruticosa, n. sp.
Usually a small shrub about 3 or 4 feet tall, bushy; ttie
bark red, flaking off. The leaves crowded, coriaceous, oblan-
ceolate-obtuse, shortly narrowed towards the blunt tip and
narrowed gradually to the base, dark green, drying greenish
yellow above, yellow beneath, nerves 30 pairs, joining a fine
intrauiarginal vein within the edge, midrib prominent beneath,
2 to 4 inches long, i to 2 inches wide; petiole thick, winged
to the base, ^ inch long. Cymes axillary and terminal,
numerous, shorter than the leaves, i inch long; peduncle
stout ; pedicels short, thick. Flowers \ inch across, calyx-
lobes 5, triangular, spreading. Disc large, flat. Petals
obovate, clawed, small. Stamens numerous, filaments very
short in fascicles ; anthers small. Capsule \ inch long,
dehiscing into three ovate lobes, on the remains of the calyx
in the form of a flat spreading saucer. Seeds three in each
cell, ^ inch long, crescent-shaped or oblong-cuneate, flat, light
brown.
Abundant on the Padang. In the thicker woods there were
trees of larger size which may belong to this species, but I
could get no flowers on these.
The species is allied to T. Merguiensis, but difl"ers in the
glabrous flowers and the shallow flat calyx with longer points.
MELASTOMACE^.
48. Melastoma longisepala, n. sp.
Melastonia malabathricuin, Ridley, op. cit. p. 508.
A tall straggling bush about 12 feet tall. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, shortly narrowed at the base,
4 inches long and i inch wide, glabrous above,, beneath hairy
on the nerves with broad flattened scalelike hairs, nervules
finely hairy ; petiole scaly, hairy, ^ inch long, red. Flowers on
pedicels J inch long. Bracts 2, lanceolate-acute, red, f inch
long. Calyx ^ inch long, covered with pale yellow scales;
October, 1915. 4
148 Journal of the F.M.S. Museiinis. [Vol. VI,
lobes as long as the tube, linear-oblong, acuminate, cuspidate,
hairy on the back and tip, smooth within, red. Petals light
rose-colour, obovate, rounded, f inch long ; stamens 5, similar ;
filaments white at the base, jointed above, upper part curved,
yellow with a 2-forked process at the base, apex voilet ; antliers
.voilet, acuminate. Style bright red.
On banks of streams, Padang.
This has the habit of M. sanguinea, but the scale-hairs on
the calyx are like those of M. Malabathricum.
49. Anerincleistus Robinsonii, Ridl. Journ. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 57, p. 46 (1910). Common in the
woods along the Teku River at 4,600 feet altitude. Flowers
white. A shrub about 4 feet tall. Endemic.
50. A. PULCHRA (Oritrephes pulchra, Ridley, pp. cit.
p. 309). This plant was mixed with the preceding in the
collections made by Robinson, and distributed under No.
5,509. The character of the genus Oritrephes was the baccate
and apparently indehiscent fruit, not opening by valves at the
apex. The fruit in the specimen first examined was apparently
nearly ripe. Other specimens, however, now show that the
fruit at a later stage does dehisce by valves as in a true
Anerincleistus, and that the plant is allied to A. grandiflora,
Ridl., of the Semangkok Pass.
This section of the genus is, however, very distinct in
habit from the type as represented by A. hirsutus, Korth., and
its ally, and, if not generically separated, this group might be
distinguished as a section under the name of Oritrephes, the
description being amended.
This species, which was not in flower at the time of my
visit, is abundant on the open woods of the Padang. It
should be pointed out that the stems and branches are
distinctly quadrangular.
*5i. Anerincleistus fruticosus, Ridl. op. cit. p. 309.
Very common in the rocky streams of the Padang, varying in
size from a few inches tall, with one or two slender stems, to a
stout woody plant with a stem half an inch or an inch through
and over a foot tall, with red-brown bark bearing a cushion-
shaped mass of branches. It grows in cracks in the rocks,
and must frequently be covered by the rushing torrents. The
calyx is red, and the buds, tinted with pink, expand in the
early morning to a large, white, pointed star, half an inch
across. The stamens are all similar and fertile.
This plant is certainly very unlike any other species
known to me, and in fruit at least resembles a Sonerila.
Endemic.
52. OXYSPORA HIRTA, n. Sp.
A tall shrub with few branches, base of stem bare, corky,
white, 5 to 6 feet tall, leafy only at the top. Leaves lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, rather stiff, apex acute, base
peltate, cordate, 8 inches long, 3 inches wide, nerves 3,
conspicuous, nervules horizontal, numerous, above glabrescent,
II
I
II
[915.] H. N. Ridley : Botany of Gunong Tahan. 149
beneath hairy with small hairs, the nerves densely covered
with longer black hairs, as are the margins of the leaf; petiole
3 inches wide, black, hairy. Panicle in fruit, terminal base
with spreading branches, hairy, 8 inches long. Fruit pink,
elongate urn-shaped, narrowed to the base, J inch long, on a
pedicel as long, glabrous.
Damp woods in the Gully and the first Padang stream
In fruit only.
Allied to 0. rosea, Ridl., of the Tahan River and Trengganu,
but differing in the rounded cordate peltate leaf-base and its
hairiness.
53. [Pachycentria speciosa, n. sp.
Epiphytic shrub, strongly woody, with a stem over a foot
tall, J inch through, bark grey, branched above, branches
knotted. Leaves fleshy coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed
to an obtuse tip, base shortly narrowed, nerves 3, not very
conspicuous except the midrid beneath, 2-3! inches long,
I inch across, petiole f inch long; Flowers in umbelled red
viscid cymes, terminal on the branches ; peduncle f inch long,
cyme-peduncles | inch, pedicels 5 inch, each cyme of 3 flowers.
Bracts minute, tooth-like. Calyx-tube dilate at base, over the
ovary subglobose, above a tube ending in a shortly 4-lobep
limb, constricted below, ^ inch long, red, viscid. Petals 4,
ovate, cuspidate, rose-pink, J inch long. Stamens 8, unequal, 4
short, 4 rather longer, all similar in form ; filaments linear,
long, flat; anthers yellow, C3'lindric, acuminate-arcuate, base
bifid with two short curved points, connective at the back of
the base, prolonged into a short linear process.
Above Wray's Camp on a Livistona Tahanensis, Becc.
This beautiful plant is distinct in possessing the largest and
showiest flowers of any recorded species. The whole of the
inflorescence is very viscid and gummy, as is the case in other
species of this genus.]
54. SoNERiLA c^siA, Stapf. A large form in the Gully
below the Padang.
Distribution. Perak and Telom in Pahang.
55. SONERILA TENUIFOLIA, Bl. antca, p. 46, In the Gully
and damp spots along the first stream on the Padang beyond
the waterfall.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula, Java, and
Borneo.
56. Phyllagathis hispida, King. In the Gully and the
Teku woods up to about 4,600 feet elevation. Common in
the woods of the Tahan River and in Perak.
*57. Medinilla Pahangensis, Ridl. op. cit. p. 310.
Gunong Tahan at 5,000 feet {Robinson). Not seen again.
Endemic.
58. M. Hasseltii, var. Epiphyte, stem white, with
dark warts. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, blunt, slightly narrowed
at the base, fleshy, pale beneath, nerves 3, prominent on the
150 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI
back, 4 inches long, i| inch wide; petiole slender. Cymes
axillary below the leaves, 2 inches long; peduncle i inch,
branches and pedicels spreading, pedicels ^ inch long. Fruit
\ inch long, small, cupular, with four short sepals.
Padang woods.
This differs from typical M. Hasseltii, BL, in its elliptic
blunt leaves, and may be a distinct species, but I corld get no
flowers.
*59. Memecylon Maingayi, Hook, fit.; Ridley, op. cit.
p. 310. I found this plant in fruit again as it was collected by
Robinson on the previous expedition, and can confirm his
statement that it is a climber. As no Memecylon is known to
be scandent, and the plant Ic^oks otherwise different from any
typical species of the genus, I am doubtful as to what it
really is.
BEGONIACE^.
*6o. Begonia Herveyana, King; Ridley, op. cit. p. 310.
In the Gully. The petioles are cooked and eaten by Malays.
Distribution. Pahang and Perak. Common in the hills.
ARALIACE.E.
61. Heptapleurum glomerulatum, n. sp.
Erect treelet. Leaves digitate, petiole terete, 14 inches
long, leaflets 8, petiolules 2-3 inches long, blade thinly coria-
ceous, elliptic-ovate, cuspidate, rounded, or narrowed slightly
at the base, nerves impressed above, elevated beneath, 6 inches
long by 3 inches wide, drying black, paler beneath. Panicles
short, not fully developed, with several branches, scurfy.
Flowers sessile, in small globose heads subtended bj- lanceo-
late-acuminate bracts, ^ inch long, ciliate on the margins.
Floral bracts similar, smaller and narrow^er. Calyx short and
broad, turbinate. Petals pubescent, ovate, blunt, connate.
Stamens 6, short, filaments very short, not as long as the
anthers; anthers elliptic, blunt. Stigmas connate, forming a
blunt cone.
Woods on the banks of the stream at the Ninth Camp.
Several trees of this were seen, but only one bore young
flowers.
The tree is allied to the little-known H. Scortechinii, but
differs in the broader, shorter, thinner leaves and bracts flat,
not convolute, lanceolate-cuspidate, and ciliate with white
hairs.
62. Heptapleurum elegans, n. sp.
A tall, rather slender-stemmed plant. Leaves digitate,
with ten leaflets, leaflets elliptic, cuspidate, coriaceous, drying
dark brown, polished above, glabrous, 4 inches long, i^ inch
wide; nerves six pairs, indistinct; petiolule i inch long; petiole
10 inches long, rather slender, ^ inch through when dr)'.
Panicles numerous, about 5, strict, erect, 12 inches long, basal
3 inches nude, terete, above with distant umbels half an inch
long ; peduncles scurfy ; flowers small, about 20 in an umbel.
I
li
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gnnong Tahan. 151
Bracts very small, lanceolate, scurfy brown ; pedicels jjj inch
long; ovary obconic; petals o\'ate-obtuse, connate, as long as
the ovary; sepals reduced to minute points. Stamens very
short; filaments as long as the elliptic-ovate, obtuse, deeply
grooved anthers. Disc umbonate, rugose.
On the Padang in small woods. Endemic.
Most nearly allied to H. Hullettii, King, but a taller
slenderer plant with smaller leaves.
63. Heptapleukum coriifolium, Ridl. Common on
the Padang. A fairly large erect shrub here, about 8 feet tall.
On Gunong Berumbun in Perak, where the type was found, it
was adwarf shrub only a couple of feet tall.
GAMOPETALiE.
CAPRIFOLIACE^.
64. Viburnum longistamineum, n. sp.
A shrub about 12 feet tall. Leaves opposite, elliptic-cus-
pidate, base cuneate, membranous, glabrous, with four pairs of
nerves, slender above, fairly stout, elevate beneath, 3J-4J
inches long, 2 inches wide, petiole half an inch long, all
glabrous except for a tuft of hairs in the nerve-axils. Corymb
terminal on peduncle, 2 inches long; branches umbellate, f
inch long, secondary branches \ inch long, umbellate, all sub-
glabrous with a few white hairs. Bracts very sm^I, ovate.
Flowers sessile, white ; calyx oblong, with 5 ver}- short lobes,
ovate, margins ciliate. Corolla shortly campanulate, with 5
ovate spreading lobes, white; whole flower \ inch long and as
wide. Stamens 5 ; filaments four times as long as the corolla,
spirally twisted, \ inch long, white ; anthers elliptic, obtuse,
dorsifixed. Pistil short conic, truncate, ribbed ; stigma small,
conic.
Woods by the streams on the Padang at 5,600 feet
elevation.
Allied to V. sanibucinum, BL, the common low-country
species, but nearly glabrous, with a smaller corymb (2 inches
across) and very long projecting stamens.
RUBIACE^.
65. Argostemma involucratum, Hemsley. Common on
banks of streams on the Padang.
Distribution. All the higher hills of the Peninsula.
*66. Argostemma muscicola, Ridl. op. cit.- p. 310.
Common on banks of streams in the Padang, also at Wray's
Camp. This plant, besides being a tufted erect herb, creeps
with a slender stem and distant leaves. Endemic.
67. Argostemma elongatum, n. sp.
Stem succulent, creeping, 2 feet or less long, with slender
roots from the nodes, which are 3 inches apart. Leaves very
unequal, the larger ones thin, succulent, glabrous, ovate-
acuminate, base rounded, pale beneath, with 10 to 12 pairs of
152 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
thin nerves, 3 inches long, i inch across ; petiole ^ inch long,
the small leaf sessile, lanceolate-acuminate, f inch long, ^ inch
wide. Stipules ovate, obtuse. Flowers about 4 on a peduncle,
an inch long, with 4 stipuliform bracts about halfway up,
glabrous below, pubescent above the bracts. Floral bracts
linear, j^^ inch long. Pedicels ^ inch long, pubescent. Calyx
•campanulate, hairy, ^ inch long, the lobes lanceolate-acuminate,
nearly as long as the tube. Corolla white, half an inch cicross;
tube very short ; lobes 5, lanceolate-^icuminate, acute. Stamens
as long as the petals, lanceolate-acuminate, beaked.
In thick woods on the bank of the Teku River at about
4,600 feet altitude.
This is most nearly allied to A. Hookeri, King, but the
leaves are larger and more remote and the flowers are smaller.
*68. Akgostemma Yappii, King; Ridley, op. cit. p. 311.
Common in shady wet spots up to 7,100 feet elevation on
Gunong Tahan.
Distribution. Hills of the Malay Peninsula.
*69. Hedyotis patens, Ridl. op. cit. p. 311.
A very common plant from Wray's Camp, 3,300 feet
elevation, to the top of Gunong Tahan, in open places among
low bushes. The plant is very variable in size, tall with a
widely spreading panicle in the denser thickets by Wray's
Camp, short and more compact in leaf and panicle in the open
dry Padang. I never saw it creeping, as described by
Robinson. The petals are usually greenish white, occasion-
ally purplish, and when open are curled back so as to expose
the long projecting stamens. These are extended in a hori-
zontal direction, the two lower ones slightly longer than the
three upper ones. The anthers are purple. The flower opens
in the morning very early, and the petals curl back. The
stamens are projecting and the style is only § of the length of
the stamens. On the second da)^ the stamens are withered
and the style is now considerably longer than them and is pro-
jecting horizontally. In the ordinary species of the genus the
short stamens hardly protrude their tips from the mouth of
the tube and the petals are not recurved, and they do not
appear to be visited by Hymenoptera. The structure of the
flower of Hedyotis patens appears to be unique in the genus.
The flowers, which are very inconspicuous, are visited and
regularly pollinated by a species of Bombus. This insect
spends the whole day, from shortly after sunrise to sunset, at
these flowers, almost to the exclusion of any other flower,
wherever the Hedyotis is abundant. I have, however, seen it
at work on Xyris grandis, Melastoma longisepala, and Bneckia.
It does not fly from one species to another, but confines its
attentions to the Hedyotis or Xyris as long as there are any in
the vicinity. In attacking the Hedyotis, it clings to the
branches of the cyme and inserts its proboscis above the
stamens, in such a way that the anthers brush the underside
of the abdomen. It visits also flowers in which the stamens
II
II
II
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 153
have withered and the style has attained its full development,
and strikes the abdomen beneath as the stamens previously did.
The humble bees, Bombi, are by no means common in the
Malay Peninsula, and are practically, it appears, confined to
this and a few other of our mountains and Tenasserim. The
flower of the Hedyotis seems to be specially suited for pollina-
tion by the humble bee, and it may be suggested that its
peculiar modification is a special adaptation for pollination by
this insect.
70. [Hedyotis rivalis, n. sp.
A branched weedy plant, about 2 J to 3 feet tall. Stem j\j
inch through, half woody with a pithy centre, subquadrangular,
with four narrow ribs running from the basal angles of the
stipules. Leaves linear, acuminate, acute, base narrowed
gradually to the petiole, glabrous, subcoriaceous, drying
yellow-green, 3^ inches long, ^ inch wide or less, glabrous.
Stipules broadly triangular, mucronate, scurfy, \ inch long.
Inflorescence axillar}^ and terminal of dichotomous cymes an
inch long with a few flowers on short pedicels at the base ;
cyme-branches half an inch long with about 3 flowers in each
cymule, lower cymes rebranched. Bracts small, linear, acute.
Flowers small, white, ^ inch long, very shortly pedicelled.
Calyx small, campanulate, with 5 rather large ovate-lanceolate
pubescent green lobes longer than the tube. Corolla-tube
cylindric. glabrous, twice as long as the calyx-lobes, ribbed;
lobes oblong-acute, pubescent, recurved, as long as the tube.
Stamens 5, adnate to the mouth of the tube; anthers linear-
oblong, just protruding at the tips. Style stout, stigmas
elliptic, rather large. Disc pulvinate. Capsule ovoid, pale,
^ inch long, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seeds
minute, very irregular in form, acutely angled, black, reticulate.
On rocks at Jeram Ampai, Tembeling River.]
71. Urophyllum glabrum, Wall. In the Teku woods,
apparently not common. I did not see the plant here, but
below Wray's Camp, 3,300 feet alt., I found a remarkable
plant of the Griffithianum form which was a tall bush, like an
elder bush, with a stem 4 inches through at the base, and strict
erect branches, all covered with pale corky bark. The rest of
the plant was quite indistinguishable from the ordinary slender
shrub, which is little or not branched from the base and with
smooth green or brownish thin bark.
The species is common all over the Peninsula and most
of the Malay islands.
*72. TiMONius MONTANUS, Ridl. Op. cit. p. 312. Common
on the Padang. A slender treelet like T. jambosella, but with
smaller leaves and slender flowers. The fruit is very distinct,
being small, narrowly ovoid, narrowed to the apex, ^ inch
long, and black. Endemic.
73. Webera stellulata, var? A shrub only obtained
in fruit may perhaps belong to this species. It was found in
the Teku woods.
154 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
*74. IXORA ROBINSONII, n. sp.
Shrub, with dark brown bark. Leaves coriaceous, oblan-
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, apex blunt, narrowed
at the base, nerves slender, about ten pairs, midrib prominent
beneath, grooved abcn^e, petiole winged to base, 4 to 7 inches
Jong, 2 inches wnde. Stipules connate, cylindric, truncate,
mucronate, persistent. Cyme large, lax, with several branch-
es, many-flowered, 3 inches long, 4 inches wide. Flowers red,
on pedicels ^ inch long ; lobes ovate-subobtuse, shorter.
Corolla 2^ inches long; tube slender, 2 inches long; lobes 5,
half an inch long, lanceolate-acute, acuminate, narrowed at
the base, red. Style shortly protruded, grooved.
Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson, 5304). It occurs from
a little above Wray's Camp, 4,000 feet alt., to the Gully, about
5,500 feet alt. Accidentally omitted from the original public-
ation of the Gunong Tahan collections. A very distinct
species in its coriaceous leaves, and large flowers an inch across,
with acute lobes narrowed at the base. Nearest perhaps to
I. stricta, Roxb. A most beautiful, perhaps the most beautiful
of the Ixoras ; the flowers of a salmon-red in a fine spreading
cyme.
75. Lasianthus flavinervius, n. sp.
Shrub, stem, and young parts covered with appressed
yellow hairs. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, base slightly narrow-
ed, above glabrous, smooth, shining, beneath nerves and
secondary nerves strongly elevated and covered with yellow^
hairs, nerves 7 pairs, nervules transverse, parallel, almost
horizontal, reticulations distinct, 6 inches long, 2 inches wide;
petiole yellow silky, J inch long. Stipules very short, with
two or three short teeth, all yellow hairy. Cymes shorter than
the petioles, few-flowered. Flowers small, verj' shortly
peduncled. Calyx ^ inch long, campanulate, with 5 short
teeth, hairy, tipped with blue. Corolla silky. Fruit ^ inch
long, campanulate, narrowed at the base, with five large,
linear, lanceolate teeth, ^^ inch long, all hairy and blue.
Pyrenes 4, backs rounded, front angled.
Gunong Tahan woods. Endemic.
Perhaps nearest to L. pilosus, Wight. The fruit is rather
peculiar in its size, long sepals, and hairiness.
76. Lasianthus Robinsonii, Ridley. In the Gully and
Teku woods. In fruit. Also occurs on the ridges at Telom.
77. Lasianthus montanus. King & Gamble. Woods
round the Padang.
Distribntion. Perak.
*78. Lasianthus chinensis, Benth.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 312.
In the Gully.
Distribution. Perak, China.
*7g. Lasianthus coronatus, King & Gamble. Common
in the Padang woods and at Wray's Camp. A low shrub.
Distribution. Perak.
1915-] H. N. Ridley : Botany of Gunong Tahan. 155
80. Cephaelis albiflora, n, sp.
A tall branched shrub 6 feet or more high. Leaves mem-
branous, thin and flaccid when dry, oblanceolate-acuminate,
acute, narrowed a long wa}- to the base, glabrous, 6 inches
long, 2 inches wide; nerves 10 to 11 pairs, slender; petiole i^
inch long. Stipules lanceolate-ovate, mucronate. Peduncles
terminate, green, flattened, 2 inches long; capitulum of 17
sessile flowers. Bracts several, ovate, rounded, truncate,
green, i to ^ inch long, one below the head on the peduncle
ovate-acute, cuspidate. Floral bracteoles linear-lanceolate,
. very small. Calyx-tube thick, with very short obscure lobes.
B Corolla-tube cylindric, half an inch long, with white hairs in
'^ the mouth; lobes ovate-acute, reflexed, the tips hairy.
Stamens projecting above the mouth of the tube, oblong-
obtuse, white. Style filiform, long. Stigma broad, trans-
versely oblong, bilobed.
Common in woods by streams on the Padang.
A very distinct plant in its size and in the thin leaves
and white flowers ; allied to C. cuneata, Korth.
81. PsYCHOTRiA SAKMENTOSA, BL, var. On the Padang
in woods, climbing. I take this to be a mountain form of
P. sarmentosa, reduced in all parts and with more coriaceous
leaves. I have somewhat similar forms, but less distinctly
condensed, from Mount Ophir and Matang in Borneo.
The species is common all over the Malay Peninsula and
islands.
82. PSYCHOTKIA BRACHYBOTRYS, Rtdl.
Scandent ; stem herbaceous, branched; internodes an inch
long. Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate, base acuminate, apex
long-cuspidate, 7-nerved, glabrous, 4 inches long (including
the cusp half an inch long), i inch wide; petiole slender, ^-^
inch long. Stipules connate, broad, with a short point.
Cymes terminal, elongate, 1J-4 inches long; peduncles 3
inches long, terminated by small dense cymes an inch long,
secondary branches scabrid. Bracts ovate-acuminate, ^ inch
long. Flowers in the terminal umbels about 20 ; pedicels in
flower, jl^ inch long, minutely pubescent. Calyx saucer-
shaped, with 5 short teeth, pubescent. Corolla ^ inch long ;
tube thick, short, pubescent; lobes 5, bluntly lanceolate, nearly
as long as the tube, densely woolly within the tube to the base.
Stamens barely protruding from the mouth of the tube;
filaments free nearly to the base ; anthers elliptic. Style
longer, stigmatic; arms 2, recurved. Fruit globose, white,
pulpy, I inch long when dry, on a pedicel ^ inch long.
Pyrenes flattened on the inner face ; back rounded, with five
ribs.
Gunong Tahan in the Gully, climbing on bushes by means
of its petioles.
Distribution. Gunong Berumbnn near Telom.
Near Ps. Knnstleri, King & Gamble, but has long cuspi-
date leaves and five-nbbed seeds. The specimens from which
October, 1915. 5
156 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
the plant was originally described were not fully developed, so
I have given a fuller description of it,
83. PsYCHOTRiA CONDENSA, King & Gamble. Small
compact shrub, epiphytic, with close-set, coriaceous, lanceo-
. late-acuminate leaves with slightly narrowed base, i inch long
by half an inch wide, glabrous, shining above, with the nerves
almost invisible ; petiole -^q inch long. Flowers in short dense
cymes, shorter than the leaves, ^^ inch long. Calyx shallow,
with 5 very short teeth, glabrous. Corolla thick, tubular,
scurfy outside, the lobes oblong-obtuse, not half as long as the
tube, inside white, woolly round the stamens, glabrous above
and below. Stamens with short filaments, shorter than the
oblong-obtuse, rather large anthers. Style long, slender,
glabrous, bifid at the tip. Fruit nearly a quarter of an inch
long, oblong, very obscurely ribbed.
On Gunong Tahan to the summit, 7,186 feet elevation.
Distribution. Perak and Gunong Berumbun near Telom.
A single flowering specimen also got on the Padang differs
in the thinner leaves in remoter pairs and the flowers just twice
as large. A very little-known plant, of which the flowers have
never been adequately described.
CAMPANULACE^.
*84. Pentaphragma grandis, Ridl. op. cit. p. 312.
Abundant from Wray's Camp to the Padang in wet shady
spots. Endemic. The petals are oblong and retuse, yellowish
white ; the tube turns purplish within before withering, as it
does in P. Ridleyi, King.
VACCINIACEiE.
85. Yxcci'^iuu ScoKYECumu, King & Gamble. A shrub
with rose-pink flowers. On the ridge by Bukit Bandera and
on the top of Gunong Tahan, altitude 7,186 feet. It occurs
also in Perak at high elevations. V accinium buxifolium, Hook,
fil., of Kinabalu, is closely allied to this plant; but the leaves
of V. Scortechinii are rounder and distinctly gland-dotted
beneath, and the flowers are pubescent.
*86. Vaccinium Teysmanni, Miq. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 313.
A common shrub on the Padang, in fruit only.
Distribution. Perak and Java.
87. Vaccinium Kunstleri, King & Gamble. A shrub in
fruit, Gunong Tahan. Not epiphytic here.
Distribution. Perak.
*88. Vaccinium pubicarpum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 313. A
large branching shrub or treelet, very common on the stream-
banks in the woods of the Padang. Also collected on K'luang
Terbang by Barnes.
*89. Vaccinium longibracteatum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 313;
antea, p. 49. A large bush common on the ridges of the track
and the Padang. The original specimens were only in fruit,
but I got flowers on this occasion and also received a flowering
specimen from Gunong Ulu Kali, Selangor.
I
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 157
The flowers are in axillary pairs, on curved pedicels § inch
long, covered with short white hairs, as are the calyx and
corolla. The calyx-tube is short and broad, campanulate,
about to inch long ; the lobes lanceolate, triangular, acute, all
very hairy. The corolla rose-pink, is f inch long, cylindric, |
inch through, with short, recurved, ovate, obtuse lobes, hairy
within and without. Stamens 10, included shorter than the
tube; filaments slightly dilated at the base, hairy; anthers
oblong as long, terminated by two cylindric pale-coloured
tubes, truncate with circular openings at the tip; the body of
the anther is 4-grooved, pustulate, red; the connective is
prolonged from the centre of the anther on the back into a
projecting lanceolate flat process. Style long and stout, hairy
for most of its length. The fruit is pink when ripe, and sweet,
but hard and not worth eating.
The plant has only been obtained on these two mountains,
and on Gunong Kerbau 5,000-5,500 feet.
ERICACE^.
*90. PiERis OVALIFOLIA, Dou; Rjdl. op. cit. p. 313. A
large spreading shrub or tree overhanging the streams.
Flowers white. On the Padang.
Distribution. Himalayas, Burmah, Perak, Japan.
*9i. Rhododendron Malayanum, Jack; Ridl. op. cit. p.
313. Very common as an epiphyte and also as a terrestrial
erect shrub on the ridges above Wray's Camp and on the
Padang.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra.
*92. Rhododendron elegans, Ridl. op. cit. p. 314.
Epiphytic on trees in thick woods, below the Gully and also
in the Padang woods ; not rare, but seldom in flower. The
capsule is \ inch long, the valves lanceolate acute, widest
towards the tip and slightly narrowed towards the base, ^ inch
wide in the widest part.
This pretty species is most nearlj allied to R. cuneifolium,
Stapf, of Kinabalu.
*93. Rhododendron Wrayi, var. minor {Rhododendron
Wrayi, Ridley, op. cit. p. 314). On the Padang and up to the
top of Gunong Tahan. The plant is smaller than the typical
form of Wrayi in every part, the leaves usually distinctly
smaller, and the flowers (wlxich, however, were quite withered
at the time, of our visit) appear to have been not more than
half the size. A plant collected in fruit on Telom ridge in the
Batang Padang district seems to be the same species.
Distribution. Perak and Selangor.
94. Rhododendron jasminiflorum, Hook. fil. On the
camp stream on the Padang and the ridge near Bukit Bandera,
just coming into flower at the end of our visit. The form
more resembles that of Mount Ophir, both in the shape of the
leaves and absence of pink spots in the mouth of the tube.
The mouth is, however, tinted with rose-colour.
15^ Journal of the F.M.S. Museiuiis. [Vol. Vl,
*95. Rhododendron longiflorum, Lindl. ; Ridl. op. cit:
p. 314. At 5,000 to 6,000 feet, collected by Robinson. I did
not see this here, but found it at Wray's Camp, at 3,300
feet alt.
Distribution. Perak, Borneo, and Sumatra.
96. DiPLYCosiA LATiFOLiA, Bl. Ridge by the Gully,
Ciunong Tahan.
Distribution. Perak, Selangor, and Java.
97. DiPLYCOSIA BREVIFLORA, n. Sp.
Epiphytic shrub with slender branches, the young parts
red witli long, appressed, red hairs. Leaves alternate,
obovate-obtuse, coriaceous, margins thickened with obscure
crenulations, in each of which is a red appressed hair, above
rugose (when dry), beneath paler dotted with depressions each
containing a hair, nerves 2 pairs, very indistinct, i inch long
and as wide ; petiole ^ inch long, red, hairy. Flowers in
axillary pairs. Peduncles stout, rufous, hairy, ^ inch long.
Bracts 2, ovate, densely rufous, hairy, appressed to the calyx.
Calyx-lobes ovate-acuminate, coriaceous, dark green, margins
and apex long, hairy, ^ inch long. Corolla shorter, subglobose,
glabrous; lobes 5, triangular, quite obtuse, fleshy. Stamens
10; filaments base broad, flat, thin, narrowed, linear. Anthers
orange-coloured, minutely papillose, lanceolate-acuminate;
base rounded, bilobed ; apex with two flattened, smooth, light
yellow processes. Pistil glabrous, conic.
Epiphytic on a tree on the ridge below the Gully.
Flowers green. July 15.
98. Clethra canescens, Remu-dt. A single specimen
obtained on the Padang.
Distribution. Java, Borneo, Celebes, and Lombok. New
to the Peninsula.
*q9. Leucopogon malayanus. Jack; Ridley, op. cit. p.
314. A common shrub on the Padang.
Distribution. Tenasserim to Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
and Banka.
MYRSINE^.
100. Myrsine perakensis, King & Gamble! A big
shrub, with branches only leafy at the ends. Leaves oblong-
obtuse, narrowed to the base or rounded, stiffly coriaceous,
glabrous, polished above, midrib thick on the back of the leaf,
nerves very numerous, fine, and indistinct, 4 to 5 inches long,
if to 2 J inches wide. Flowers not seen, fruits in short racemes
on persistent thick peduncles, below the leaves very numerous.
Pedicels 4-angled, \ inch long. Sepals 5, ovate, eglanduhir.
Drupe globose, ^ inch long, about 5 fruits on a peduncle^ inch
long, with small ovate bracts.
Common on the Padang, In dry open places the stems
are thicker, the leaves shorter, rounded at the base, and more
coriaceous.
I have seen no specimen of the type, but I suppose from
the description this plant is what is intended by M. perakensis.
I9i5-i H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
159
II
I
II
II
li
It
loi. Embelia myrtillus, Kurz. On tree over the
stream at the Ninth Camp.
Distribution. Burmah, Mount Ophir, and Perak Hills.
102. Labisia pumila, var. lanceolata. A single speci-
men brought in by a Dyak from the banks of the Teku River.
Distribution. Common all over the Peninsula.
103. AkDISIA PETRICOLA, n. Sp.
Shrub, branches slender, dark brown; young parts scurfy,
ferruginous. Leaves elliptic-obtuse, shghtly narrowed to each
end, coriaceous ; nerves numerous, primary nerves slender,
horizontal, parallel, hardly distinguishable from the secondary
nerves; leaf above smooth and nerves inconspicuous, beneath
nerves visible and whole leaf densely dotted with minute
glands, midrib elevated, red, scurfy, 3 inches long, ij inch
wide ; petiole \ inch long, chanelled and winged to the base,
red, scurfy. Panicle terminal, dense, 2 inches long, rachis red,
scurfy ; branches 7 or 8, short, half an inch long, bearing cymes
of 3 or 4 flowers. Bracts very small. Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes
Corolla pink, ^ inch across, tube hardly any; lobes 5,
lanceolate acuminate, with large red glands on the tips,
lanceolate ovate, obtuse, with numerous red glands on the back
Stamens a little shorter ovate, cordate, mucronate, eglandular;
filaments short. Style subulate, \ inch long. Buds acute.
Gunong Tahan, not rare up to 7,186 feet elevation.
Near A. chrysophyllifolia, King & Gamble, but the panicles
almost invariably terminal (I found one plant with axillary
panicles as well), not pubescent; the buds acute and stamens
not gland-dotted.
*i04. Ardisia retinervia, Ridl. op. cit. p. 315. Shrub,
fruits black. Endemic.
*i05. Ardisia biniflora, Ridl. op. cit. p. 314; Common
in the Padang woods and thickets. Flowers pink. Drupes
red. Endemic.
*io6.
antea, p
Ardisia rosea. King & Gamble; Ridl. op cit. p. 314;
50. Common in thickets and open woods on the
Padang. Flowers usually nearly white.
Distribution. Hills of Perak and Selangor.
107. Ardisia Montana, King & Gamble. A small tree
with pink flowers, woods below the Gully.
Distribution. Perak.
108. Ardisia i.abisi^folia, King & Gamble. Small
tree with the panicle much more lax and spreading than in the
type, in woods on the Padang.
Distribution. Perak.
STYRACE^.
log. Symplocos pyriflora, n. sp.
A medium-sized tree. Leaves coriaceous, drying greenish
yellow, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate-acuminate, obtuse, margins
t6o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. Vl,
undulate, crenate at the apex, base shortly narrowed, 5 inches
long, 2 inches wide ; midrib elevate beneath ; nerves 6 pairs,
branched and anastomosing ; petiole 5 inch long. Inflorescence
of terminal sessile panicles of racemes 2 inches long. Branches
pubescent. Bracts caducous. Flowers large, half an inch
across, white, fragrant, sessile. Ovary short, obconic. Sepals
large, glabrous, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, yu inch wide,
white. Corolla of 4 oblong rounded lobes, shortly joined at the
base. Stamens about fifty ; filaments as long as the corolla,
free to base. Style stout. Stigma capitate. Drupe elliptic,
rounded at both ends, sessile, light brown when dry, and
crowned by the presistent sepals, f inch long, f inch through;
pericarp corky. Seed not ribbed.
A common tree on the Padang in open woods and on
stream-banks.
Near S. cerasifolia, Wall., but the flowers are larger, the
fruit smaller, and the seed not ribbed. A very handsome tree.
no. Symplocos (Cordyloblaste) pulcherrima, n. sp.
Symplocos Scortechinii, Ridley, op. cit. p. 315.
Small tree; branches dark red, glabrous. Leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, obtuse, harrowed to the base, margins crenulate
with few long crenulations, coriaceous, glabrous, midrib chan-
nelled above, elevate beneath, red, nerves 9 pairs inarching
within the margin, main reticulations nearly as prominent, 4
inches long, if inch wide; petiole channelled above, flattened,
\ inch long. Inflorescence axillary, of i — 4 flowers on a short
J inch peduncle, nodding, glabrous. Bracts and bracteoles
linear, very small. Calyx campanulate, \ inch long, with short
rounded-ovate lobes, glabrous except the pubescent tips.
Corolla § inch long, base tubular; lobes free for J their length,
oblong-rounded, nearly glabrous with a little silky hair in the
centre outside; margins pubescent, white veined with red.
Staminal tube silky pubescent within, adnate to the corolla at
the base of the lobes; free part of the filaments slender, of
various lengths, the tallest little shorter than the corolla-lobes,
about 60. Anthers rounded, oblong, four-lobed. Ovary ovoid.
Style as long as the corolla-tube, all hairy. Stigma capitate.
Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed at the base; apex elevated
above the calyx-rim, white, silky, J inch long, \ inch through.
Stream-banks on the Padang and woods on the ridges at
Observation Hill. In the previous paper I referred this
beautiful shrub to S. Scortechinii, King & Gamble, which
species I have not seen. It differs, however, from the descript-
ion in the smaller flowers, stiffer leaves, less hairy corolla, and
several other points.
OLEACE^.
*iii. Olea capitellata, Ridl. op. cit. p. 317. A shrub
with dark green leaves and small yellowish-white flowers.
Common on the Padang and the ridges from near Wray's
Camp. Endemic.
igi5.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gtmong Tahan.
i6i
i
EBENACEiE.
112. [Maba elegans, n. sp.
A small slender tree about lo feet tall, with drooping
branches covered with rather long stiff hairs. Leaves alternate,
elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, above
glabrous, smooth, beneath the midrib covered with long hairs,
nerves invisible, ^ inch long, ^ inch wide, nearly sessile, with
*a very small petiole. Flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so, on
the underside of the branches entirely silky hairy, \ inch long.
Sepals 4, ovate-rounded ; tube of corolla elongate bottle-shaped,
narrowed upwards; lobes lanceolate-obtuse, 3, hairy outside,
glabrous inside. Pistil club-shaped, hairy, shorter than the
tube of the calyx. Styles short, thick, glabrous; stigmas
subtriangular, toothed, white. Disc hairy. Staminodes fili-
form, 3, slender, shorter than the pistil. Male flowers not seen.
Kuala Teku woods behind the Camp.
Apparently allied to M. Beccarii, Hiern, of Borneo.
Altogether the smallest Ebony-tree I know, not much more
than a shrub, and with very small leaves and flowers.]
APOCYNACE^.
113. Alyxia angustifolia, n. sp.
Usually a slender climber in woods, suberect on the open
Padang. Stems dark brown. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-
lanceolate, blunt or subacute, glabrous, margin thickened,
midrib on the back very thick, channelled above, nerves
invisible on both surfaces, i to 2 inches long, \ inch wide, in
pairs or whorls of 3; petiole | inch long. Flowers in terminal
or axillary cymes, half an inch long, about 12 in a cyme;
peduncle and pedicels short, scurfy, pubescent, ribbed. Sepals
linear or lanceolate-linear, ^^ inch long, pubescent. Corolla
white, \ inch long, glabrous; tube slender, cylindric, dilated
slightly just below the lobes; lobes short-ovate, obtuse; mouth
of tube with a thickened ring inside, below white hairy.
Stamens 5; filaments very short; anthers tapering upwards,
lanceolate. Style not longer than the anthers, glabrous.
Stigma clubbed. Ovary white, villous. Fruit black, elliptic-
obovoid, \ inch long.
Very common on the Padang, and in the woods, one of
the very few climbers there.
Allied to A pmnila, Hook fil., of Mount Ophir and other
parts of the Peninsula, but with very narrow stiffly coriaceous
leaves with invisible veins.
ASCLEPIADE.E.
114. DiscHiDiA ALBiDA, Griff. On trees in the Padang.
Flowers yellowish white with pink tips to the petals.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula, usually at high elevations.
115. DiscHiDiA cocciNEA, Gviff.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 315.
On trees on the Padang at 5,600 feet.
Distribution. Common on the Peninsula at high elevgi-
tions,
i62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. ' [Vol. VI,
ii6. DiscHiDiA COKDIFOLIA, King & Gamble. The leaves
in this plant, as well as in another quite similar collected by
W. D. Barnes in K'luanj^ Terbang, are lanceolate and hardly
cordate; but I think it is the same as the plant from the
Taiping hills, which I take to be the species intended by the
authors.
117. [DiscHiDiA BENGALENSis, Colcbr. Occurs on the
ridges above Wray's Camp, alt. 3,300 feet. It ranges from
India to the Malay Islands.]
GENTIANACE^.
*ii8. Gentiana MALAYANA, i^tW/. o/>. «Y. p. 316. Common
on stream-banks on the Padang, and in damp spots, also near
Skeat's Camp. The flowers are a pure azure-bhie; I once,
however, found a pure white one on Gunong Ulu Riang.
Endemic.
*ii9. Canscora trinervia, Ridl. op. cit. p. 316. Common
in damp shady places at Wray's Camp 3,000 feet altitude to
the Padang woods 5,600 feet. The flowers are pure white,
two of the petals are smaller than the others and so closely
appressed that at first glance they look like a single one, giving
the flower the appearance of a Sonerila. Endemic.
120. Crawfurdia Blumei, Don.; antea, p. 51. A pretty
twiner with yellowish corolla and beautiful pulpy violet fruit.
In woods on Observation Hill and the Padang.
Distribution. Java, previously collected by Wray in
Pahang. Gunong Kerbau, Perak, 6,600 feet.
LOGANIACEiE.
*i2i. Gaertnera ramosa, Ridl. op. cit. p. 317. Common
on the Padang in the woods at 5,000-6,000 feet altitude.
Flowers white. Endemic.
*i22. [Gaertnera lanceolata, n. sp. {G. oblanceolata,
Ridl. op. cit. p. 317.)
Shrub with a brown woody stem ^ inch through. Leaves
elongate, lanceolate-acuminate equally to each end, coriaceous,
7 inches long, i inch wide; nerves 7 pairs, upcurved towards
the margin, secondary nerves nearly as distinct, reticulations
fine, distinct, whole leaf minutely punctate above, dotted
beneath; petiole stout, half an inch long, winged to the base.
Branch-leaves similar, nearly 2 inches long, \ inch wide.
Stipules tubular, \ inch long, with 5 or 6 ribs and 5 or 6 setaceous
points, usually entire, but often split nearly to the base. Cymes
slender, base 3 inches long, with a peduncle half its length;
branches few and short, the lowest a quarter of an inch long,
two pairs, the rest one-flowered. Rachis minutely pubescent.
Bracts, lower ones linear, setaceous, as long as the cymes,
upper ones short-ovate, acuminate. Pedicels -^ inch long.
Calyx small, cup-shaped, margin entire or nearly so, teeth
absent or minute, pubernlous. Corolla ^ inch long, white,
glabrous, tube as long as the lobes, cylindric, lobes ovate,
igiS-l H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gimong Tahan.
163
ll
i
oblong, obtuse. Fruit globular, smooth, black, small, sup-
ported by the enlarged saucer-like calyx.
Wray's Camp, in bushy spots {Robinson & Wniy, 5,343;
Ridley, 16,255) at 3,300 feet.
I have seen no type of G. ohlanceolata, King & Gamble,
but from description I take it that the plant intended is one
of much stouter habit and large leaves, with short-panicled
cymes shorter than the leaves, which occurs at Maxwell's Hill
on the Taiping Range.
In the Tahan plant elongate branches are borne which
cany narrow leaves very different from the stem-leaves, and
on the ends of the branches are slender, reduced, compound
cymes.
Allied to this plant is one from the Semangko Pass and
one from Bukit Hitam in Selangor, \\ hich I will describe here.]
123. [Gaertnera diversifolia, n. sp.
Stem woody, stout, 5 inch through, pale brown; stem-
leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate,
cuspidate, gradually narrowed to the base, glabrous, nerves
conspicuous on both surfaces, 6 to 10 pairs, 11 inches long and
3 inches wide; petiole winged for part of its length, only an
inch long, stout. Stipules tubular, half an inch long, with 5
long setaceous teeth. Side-branches 10 inches long, base for
3 or 4 inches bare (a single internode), then i to 2 pairs of
leaves, distant, terminated by i or 2 rather lax-panicled cymes
i^ inch long; leaves 2-3 inches long, ^-\ inch wide, lanceolate-
acuminate. .Stipules shorter and often split. Inflorescence
glabrous, of short stout branches, each bearing three flowers,
lower branches rebranched. Pedicels very short, -j^t; inch. Calyx
cup-shaped, with five short teeth. Corolla white, \ inch long;
tube cylindric, thick; lobes oblong-obtuse, as long, glabrous
outside. Fruit globose, smooth, one-seeded or double globose,
2-seeded, \ inch long; calyx but little enlarged; seed globular.
Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall, 1,995; Ridley, 7,429.)
This plant seems to me to be intermediate between the
plant from Maxwell's Hill and the next species. The elongate
axillary cymes with a long basal internode and the different-
shaped leaves in this branch are absent in the former, while in
the general structure of the stem-leaves and the flowers it
resembles it.]
124. [Gaertnera intermedia, n. sp.
Stem woody, stout. Leaves oblanceolate, abruptly
cuspidate, gradually narrowed from the middle to the base,
subcoriaceous, nerves 10 pairs, conspicuous and prominent
beneath, hardly so above, minutely dotted on both surfaces, 8
inches long, 2I inches wide; petiole \ inch long, winged nearly
to the base. Stipules tulular with 4 or 5 setaceous points,
often splitting in 2 halves. Floriferous branches nearl}- a
foot long, with 4 pairs of leaves, internodes 3 inches long;
leaves narrowly lanceolate-acuminate at both ends, smallest
ones at the base, i inch long, ^ inch wide, upper ones 2 inches
October, 1915. 6
164 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VI,
long by \ inch, upper portion of the branch puberulous.
Bracts linear-acuminate at the base of the cyme, ovate-
acuminate above. Branches in fruit stout, lowest one half an
inch long. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely 5-lobed; fruit globose.
Selangor, Hulu Semangko {Ridley, 12,080)
This plant distinctly connects G. diversifolia with G.
lanceoLita, especially in the texture of the leaves and their
narrower form and shorter petiole.]
125. [Gaertnera violascens, n. sp
A shrublet with pale brown stems about ^ inch through,
the younger branches smooth, purplish. Leaves elongate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the tip, gradually narrowed
and decurrent on the petiole below, herbaceous, glabrous, with
8 pairs of thin ascending nerves, drying olive-green above,
paler beneath, 6 inches long, i inch across ; petiole slender,
I inch long. Stipules connate in a ring ; lobes free, rounded-
ovate, ^ inch long. Peduncle terminal, 2-3 inches long,
glabrous, bearing 3 or 4 branches, the lower ones spreading, f
inch long, upper ones on a longer peduncle. Bracts at the
basal pair linear, obtuse, from a broad lanceolate base, half
an inch long, green. Cymes 2 or 3 on the end of each branch,
of few flowers, sessile. Bracteoles ovate. Calyx campanulate,
short, with slight traces of teeth. Corolla dirty violet ; tube,
cylindric, half an inch long ; lobes ovate, subacute, ^ inch long,
spreading or reflexed ; tube within glabrous, except in the
mouth at the point of attachment of the stamens, which is
covered with dense white short hair. Stamens 5 ; filaments
very short ; anthers linear, obtuse. Style very slender, capil-
larv. Ovary short, oblong, truncate. Fruit ellipsoid, sessile,
half an inch long, of 2 pyrenes, each flat with a strong keel on
the outer face.
By Wray's Camp, Tahan, at 3,300 feet altitude.
A very distinct plant, with unusually coloured flowers; all
other species in the genus which I know have white flowers.]
LENTIBULARIACE^.
*i26. Utricularia nigricaulis, Ridl. op. cit. p. 317.
This was flrst collected bv Mr. Robinson, and described in
the ' Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany,' vol. xxxviii. p.
317. I add the following notes about the plant : —
The leaves are narrow and linear, obtuse. The calyx has
the upper lobe very obtuse, rounded at the tip and violet in
colour, the lower lobe oblong and greenish, much smaller.
Upper petals oblong-obtuse, whitish, violet at the base. Lip
3-lobed ; lobes nearly equal, middle one a little smaller than the
other two, violet with a darker spot at the base. The
spur porrect, gibbous at the base, a little longer than the
lip, violet. The stems are not always deep-coloured, some-
times beini^ green.
This little plant was very abundant in damp spots on the
peaty banks of the streams on the Padang and up the Teku
igiS-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
165
River; I also found it in a small damp spot on the ridge
between Wray's Camp and Skeat's Camp.
127. Utricularia aurea, n. sp.
Leaves several in a tuft, linear, lorate, obtuse, ^ inch long,
narrow, bright green. Stem 1 inch to i^ inch tall, stouter
than in the other species, purple, with 2 or 3 distant, bract-
like, linear, oblong-obtuse leaves i mm. long. Flowers i or 2.
half an inch long from the tip of the lip to the tip of the spur,
Bracts lanceolate-ovate, purplish or yellow. Calyx : upper
lobe broad, oblong-obtuse, lower one ovate, rather shorter,
obtuse, all yellow. Petals ovate, oblong-obtuse, curved up at
the tip, yellow, each with 2 fine brown streaks in the centre.
Lip semiorbicular, broad, a quarter of an inch across ; apex
broad, truncate, with three obscure lobes, two rounded with a
narrow tooth in the centre, two raised bars in the centre, and
three short brown streaks at the base. Spur thick at the base,
horn-shaped, curved, yellow, j3_ inch long.
•On peaty banks of streams among moss and hepatics
on the Padang. Just coming into flower at the time of our
visit and not very abundant. This pretty little species has the
biggest flowers of the three species here ; the whole flower is of
a rich orange-yellow with brown streaks on the petals and lip.
I do not know any species here at all allied to it.
*i28. Utricularia anthropophora, n. sp.
Utricularia orhiculata, Ridl. op. cit. p. 318.
Leaves in rosettes, orbicular or obovate, ^q inch across,
bright green ; petiole \ inch long. Branches with bladders,
axillary, an inch or less long, as thick as the petioles.
Bladders distant, elliptic-ovate, with two or three branched
processes at the mouth. Stem slender, 2 inches long, pale.
Upper sepal ovate, concave, much larger than the small lower
one, apex broad, truncate; lower one ovate, very small.
Petals linear, oblong-obtuse. Lip ^ inch long, base oblong,
apex four-lobed ; side-lobes spreading, oblong-obtuse, central
pair longer, oblong-obtuse, all violet with a yellow spot at
the base. Spur longer, horn-shaped, curved, violet, plender.
Very abundant, and forming tufts over an inch across
on rocks, with Jungermanniae etc. on rocks in streams on
the Padang, but only a few flowers met with. The form
and size of the lip vary somewhat, but when fully developed it
has much the form of that of Aceras anthropophora. The
leaves somewhat resemble those of U. orbicnlata, but are more
narrowed to the base. This must be the plant recorded as
U . orbiculata in the previous paper.
GESNERACE^.
^129.
iEscHYNANTHUs KADiCANS, Jack ? In fruit only.
A larger
Wray's Camp and the Padang
130. iEscHYNANTHUS sp. Also in fruit only
species, near ^. longifiora, Dec.
l66 . Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
*I3I. DiDYMOCAKPUS ROBINSONII, Ridl. op. cit. p. 318.
Abundant in the Gull}-. The flowers are rather white streaked
with violet and with a yellow blotch in the tube, than purplish
streaked with white as originally described. Endemic.
132. DiDYMOCARPUS (SaLICIN^E) FILICIFOLIA, H. Sp.
Stem woody, 3 — 4 inches long. Leaves crowded at the
top, oblong, linear, acuminate, base more or less narrowed,
decurrent and obtuse on the petiole, margins bluntly closely
serrate, above dark green, beneath whitish, glabrous, midrib
and petiole transversely rugose, nerves about 17 pairs, 3^-5^
inches long, \ inch wide or little less ; petiole ^ iuch long.
Peduncles * red, scurfy, slender, 1^-2 inches long, 2-4
flowered. Bracts linear, acuminate, ^ inch long. Calyx-lobes
narrow, linear acute, as long. Corolla short, campanulate,
curved ; lobes ovate, acute, i inch long, white. Capsule
linear, cylindric, acuminate, half an inch long.
Damp banks of the first Padang stream, local and nearly
out of flower.
Closely allied to D. salicina, Ridl., of the Tahan River, but
differing in its leaf-base which is decurrent on the petiole
above, ending in a rounded point, the short petiole, more
parallel-sided leaves, and larger white flowers. The wrinkled
midrib is very curious.
133. [DiDYMOCARPUS ERIC^FLORA, n. Sp.
Stem over a foot tall, ^ inch through, woody, pale gla-
brous below, red-brown above when dry. Leaves elongate-
lanceolate, apex long, acuminate, base narrowed gradually,
somewhat inequilateral, glabrous, nerves 16-18 pairs, very
inconspicuous, midrib elevated, transverseh- rugose below,
channelled above, 6 inches long, i inch wide ; petiole \ inch.
The leaves are in slightly unequal-sized opposite pairs. Bracts
2, linear, glabrous. Peduncles ^ inch long, adnate to the
petioles. Pedicels erect, slender, ^ inch long, scurfy, pubescent.
Flowers in pairs, white. Sepals 5, linear, obtuse, blimt, green,
^ inch long, very narrow, spreading. Corolla ^ inch long,
thick, tubular, slightly gibbous, below pubescent, white ; lobes
very short, -^j^ inch long, ovate-obtuse, subequal, violet, gla-
brous within. Stamens 2, very short, less than half the
length of the tube; filaments linear, straight; anthers rather
large, cordate, obtuse. Style longer, fairly stout, pubescent ;
ovary angled, tapering slightly upwards. Stigma orbicular.
Capsule I inch long, cylindric, acuminate at the tip, slightly
upcurved, glabrous.
Wray's Camp, Tahan, not common.
The only plant at all allied to this is D. lilacina, Ridl.,
which is common on the Tahan River. It is allied in the
connature of the axillary peduncle of the inflorescence to
the petiole, in the groove of which it seems to be imbedded.
The short broad corolla-tube (somewhat of the shape of a
heath flower), the short stamens (of which, however, the
anthers are not connivent as in Parabcea, but are free and ovate,
II
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II
It
II
H. N. Ridley: Botany oj ^unong Tahcui.
167
not reniform — there are no rudiments of the second pair
visible), make the plant very distinct, and these two species
may well form a distinct section, if not a genus.]
*I34. [DiDYMOCARFUS FLAVOBRUNNEA, Var. MONTANA.
Stem woody, 10 inches tall or less, closely covered with
short dense hairs. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, base narrow-
ed and decurrent on the petiole, margin dentate, herbaceous,
sprinkled with hairs above, densely velvety hairy beneath,
nerves 10 pairs, 6 inches long, 2 inches wide; petiole velvety, |
inch long. Scape 6 to 10 inches long, velvety, haiiy. Flowers
6 or 7, crowded at the tip. Bracts lanceolate-acuminate, long,
hairy. Pedicels ^ inch long, hairy. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-
acuminate, hairy. Corolla half an inch long; tube cylindric,
dilated a little at the top, maroon-red; lobes rounded, ^ inch
long, yellow with broad maroon streaks. Capsule linear,
acuminate, glabrous, an inch long.
Wray's Camp, at 3,300 feet.
This differs from typical D. fiavobrnnnea, Ridl., of the
lower part of the Tahan, in its greater size, more softly woolly
leaves, and in the different colouring of the corolla, which
is barred with broad bands of red-brown instead of a few
streaks.]
135. [DiDYMOCARPUS GRANDIFLORA, n Sp,
Stem elongate, a foot long, olive-green, woody, pubescent
in the young part. Leaves opposite, in pairs three-quarters of
an inch apart, oblanceolate, obovate or lanceolate, 1-2 inches
long, obtuse or shortly cuspidate, base cuneate, glabrescent,
with a few scattered pale hairs on the upper surface, beneath
paler ; nerves elevated, 3-4 pairs ; petiole half an inch long,
hairy. Pedicel ^ inch long, purple, glandular, hairy, axillary
from one of the lower leaves. Bracts lanceolate-acuminate.
Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, both glandular, hairy, green.
Corolla 2 inches long; tube glandular-pubescent, narrowed at
the base, then dilate, trumpet-shaped ; lobes broad, rounded,
all purple; limb over an inch across, irregular,' distinctly
bilobed; median lobe of the lower lip larger than the side-
lobes; a yellow, oblong, two-horned patch on the centre of the
mouth of the tube, the rest violet-purple. Stamens 2, white ;
filaments long, slender, rising from the lower part of the tube
to the mouth ; anthers connivent. Style slender. Stigma
circular.
In forest by the stream below Wray's Camp, Tahan.
Rare. I could only find one flowering plant. In habit this
certainly suggests a Chirita near C. elata, but the character of
this genus, the bifid stigma, is wanting.]
136. Parabcea leucocodon, n. sp.
Stem rather stout, woody, simple or often branched, 8
inches to over a foot tall; bark corky white; young parts
hairy. Leaves numerous, at the tips of the branches, oblan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base,' subacute at the tip, 5J inches
long, 2 inches wide, thick, rather fleshy, dull dark green above.
i6$ Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
paler beneath, and hairy glabrous above ; nerves ascending, 7
pairs, hairy beneath ; petiole short, stout. Flowers 1-4 on
pedicels, shorter than the leaves, slender, red, hairy. Bracts
lanceolate-acuminate, hairy, narrow. Sepals lanceolate-acu-
minate, sparsely hairy. Corolla campanulate, pubescent, pure
white (very rarely tinted violet)-, an inch long; lobes ovate,
regular, equal, obtuse. Stamens 2 ; anthers connivent, semi-
ovate, white; filaments short, sigmoid. Style longer, curved.
Stigma capitate. Capsule f inch long, ^q inch through, rather
broadly linear and woody.
Very abundant in all the damp woods from the Gully
upwards. In one plant on the first Padang stream I found the
flowers of a violet colour, the other plants pure white. This
fine species is not clearly allied to any other known to me. It
is the largest species of the genus known to me, and remarkable
for its beautiful white bells.
* 137. Parahcea rubiginosa, Kidl. op. cit p. 319. On dry
rock-faces, at Skeat's Camp, and by the Camp stream on the
Padang; alinost out of flower. Endemic.
*i38. LoxocARPUS INCANA, R. Br.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 319,
In the Gully and on rocks in the Teku at 4,600 feet elevation.
Distribution. Perak, Penan g, and Selangor.
Flowers light violet with a darker central ring in the
mouth. Stamens yellow at base, tips violet.
*I39. LoXOCARPUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ridl. Op-'cit. p. 319.
On rocks by the Teku at the junction of the Camp stream.
P'lowers violet, larger than those of L. semitosta, Ridl. I have
specimens of a plant apparently identical collected by Mr.
Hullett in Lingga Island.
APETAL^.
NEPENTHACE^.
140. Nepenthes SANGUiNEA, Masters. A few plants seen
on the Padang.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Perak, and Selangor hills,
Kluang Terbang.
141. Nepenthes Macfaklanei, Hemsley, antea, p. 54.
This noble pitcher-plant, easily distinguished by the pubescent
lid to the pitcher, is common in the damp mossy woods of the
Padang. The pitchers are usually deeply embedded in the
thick moss; they vary in colour from apple-green with red-
brown slashes to entirely red with darker spots.
It occurs on many of our highest mountains.
* 142. Nepenthes gracillima, Ridl. op. cit. p. 320.
Abundant on the Padang. The leaves and stem are usually
red or dark purple, and the stem when broken exudes a violet-
purple stain. The pitchers vary in colour from green with
vertical streaks of fuscous-black to entirely fuscous-black.
I found also forms in which there was a distinct white ring
round the mouth as in iV. albomarginata, to which plant
1915.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
169
It
It
It
Macfarlane, .in the ' Monograph of Nepenthes,' says this is
allied. Endemic.
*i43. Nepenthes Singalana, var. alba.
Nepenthes Bongso, Ridl. op. cit. p. 320.
In the previous paper I referred this plant to N . Bongso,
Korthals, but Macfarlane in the Monograph published in the
' Pflanzenreich ' refers it to N. Singalana, Becc, of Singalang
Mountain in Sumatra. Beccari figures a pitcher of this plant
of very much greater size than anj' I have seen of the plant on
the Tahan Padang, and though he does not appear to have
recorded the colour of the pitchers at the time of gathering he
gives them as dark purple. The plant is extremely common
all over the Padang in the driest and rockiest spots, having
a short thick stem deeply imbedded in cracks in the rocks,
from which numerous long stems are emitted, which scramble
over bushes and often form a very large mass. The pitchers
are always very small, about the size of those of N. gracilis,
and, on the whole, rather larger than those of A^ gracillima.
Usually they are of an ivory-white colour tinted with green at
the base, and before opening of a yellow tint, and Mr. Kloss
brought in one of a pure canary-yellow. The lid and the
upper part of the pitcher within are frequently spotted with
circular spots of pure rose-colour, and as the pitcher begins to
wither it develops irregular blotches of the iTsual dull red
of the other Nepenthes. This colouring is, I think, quite unique
in the order of Nepenthaceae. The pitchers usually contained
little or no water, being quite dry inside. I found in the
liquid, where there was any, the remains of ants and small
diptera, and on one occasion a small Rutelid beetle, which
was alive and uninjured, but most of the pitchers contained
nothing.
BALANOPHORACE^.
144. Balanophora multibrachiata, Fawc. Common
in the Padang woods up to 6,000 feet, deeply buried in the
ground and just coming into flower. This species is common
at high altitudes all over the Peninsula.
PIPERACE^.
145. Piper sp., near P. stylosnm, Miq. In the Gully in
wet spots. This may be a variety only of P. stylosnm, but it is
certainly not typical, and I have no specimens quite like it in
the herbarium, except a similar plant collected on Gunong
Kerbau by Mohamed Aniff.
146. Piper gymnocladum, De Cand., var. This grew
with the last species in the Gully. It differs from the plant
which is a native of the Taiping hills, and is named by De
Candolle P. gymnocladum, in. its more coriaceous leaves, and
may be a distinct species. The Piperaceae of the materials for
' A Flora of the Malay Peninsula ' are not yet published.*
"Issued since this paper left the author's hands. C. De Candolle, /owrw.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Ixxv, pt iii, pp. 288-339 (1914).
170 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
LORANTHACE^.
*i47. LoRANTHUS PULCHER, DC. ; Ridl. Op. cit. p. 321;
antea, p. 54. Common on the trees in the Padang.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula.
* 148. LoRANTHUS LoBBii, Hookfil.) Ridl. op. cit. p. 321.
Common up to about 5,600 feet; the little flowers are*rufous-
orange.
Distribution. Common at high elevations.
*i49. Elytranthe Robinsonii, Gamble ; Kew Bull., 45
(1913). On trees in the Padang woods. Endemic.
150. ViscuM ORiENTALE, WHld. ? On a tree by the
stream on the Padang. I am doubtful about this species.
151. Akceuthobium Dacrydii, n. sp.
A small greenish-yellow parasite of Dacrydinm Beccarii,
an inch tall, trichotomously branched ; stems obscurely
4-angled, minutely papillose and rugulose ; at each node a
cup-shaped double bract with two small points. Flowers
sessile, 2 to several protruding from this connate bract. Males
shortly stalked ; sepals 2, ovate, keeled ; anther minute, sessile
on the sepals. Female ovary elliptic-ovoid, with two ovate
subacute sepals at the apex i mm. long. Drupe elliptic-ovate,
shorth' stipitate, crowned with two sepals.
Near the Camp on the Padang. This little parasite kills
the branches gradually downwards, eventually apparently
killing the bush altogether.
The genus is new to the Peninsula ; species occur in the
Palasarctic Regions of both Worlds, always parasitic on
conifers, usually at least on pine-trees. This species is
distinct in its host and the shortly stalked male flower, with
two developed sepals and a trace of a third. These sepals are
keeled and apparently do not expand.
SANTALACE^.
152. Henslowia Ridleyi, Gamble, Kew Bulletin, 201
(1912).
A slender climber, the stems about ^ inch through, leaves
elliptic-obtuse to ovate, apex rounded, base rather abruptly
narrowed, coriaceous, with 3 parallel nerves running from the
base ; adult leaves greenish yellow to yellow, young ones red,
one inch long by half an inch wide; petiole \ inch long.
Male flowers in short axillary racemes, usually 2 in an axil ;
peduncle | inch long; flowers yellow, 2 or 3 on a raceme,
subumbellate at the top, shortly pedicelled. Perianth flat in
bud; lobes 4, acute-triangular, connate for nearly half their
length, base not cylindric ; whole perianth -^ inch across.
Stamens 4, adnate to the perianth, lobes near the base ;
filaments short, flat, linear; anther subglobose, 4-lobed.
Rudimentary stigma very small. Female flower solitary, on
a verv small peduncle, axillary, iisually 2 in the axil of a leaf,
1 inch long, red. Perianth-lobes 4 or 5, triangular-acute, with
igiS-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gtmong Tahan.
171
an equal number of stamens as in the male. Fruit half an
inch long, when ripe ellipsoid, narrowed at the base, and
crowned at the top by the triangular perianth-lobes, with the
stamens, at first red, eventually black. Seed indistinctly
5-ribbed.
Common on the Padang, climbing on bushes, also on
Skeat's ridge. Also on Kluang Terbang (Barnes) and at the
Sempana Mines, Selangor.
The absence of any tube to the male flowers and the
rudimentar}^ ovary are very distinctive.
Since writing the description of this Gamble has described
it in the Kew Bulletin, and " Materials for a Flora of the
Malay Peninsula," Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii. igi2, p.
271, under the name of H . Ridleyi.
*i53. Henslowia Lobbiana, A.DC. I did not see this
on the Padang. Mr. Robinson collected, however, specimens
which, I believe, belong to this species.
154-
TH YM RLE AC E^.
WiKSTRCEMiA Candolleana, Meisii., var. With
more ovate, cuspidate, coriaceous leaves and flowers on very
short racemes. A somewhat similar, but less xerophytic,
form occurs in Gunong Hijati of the Taiping hills. It may be
the W. androsoemifolia, Lesch., of Java.
It was an abundant shrub on the Padang, kno\\n to the
Malays as "chandan," and its bast was invaluable for tying.
Flowers yellowish green.
PROTEACEiE.
155. Helicia suffruticosa, n. sp.
A shrub or dwarf treelet with pale bark. Leaves
lanceolate-acuminate, slightly narrowed at the base and
rounded, margins with a few short tefeth, coriaceous, glabrous,
drying light green, nerves 7 pairs, inconspicuous abo\ e,
prominent beneath, slender, inarching within the margin,
ft 7 inches long, 3 inches wide; petiole thick, i to J inch long,
'^ geniculate at the apex. Raceme from below the leaves,
slender, 6 inches long. Flowers solitary or in pairs, on a short
pedicel, \ inch long, white, about 50. Bracts lanceolate-
acuminate, minute. Sepals lanceolate, ^ inch long; base
linear, narrow, i inch long ; stamens 4, elliptic, connective
prolonged into a short blunt point. Style i inch long. Bracts
lanceolate-acute, j-\j inch long.
Gunong Tahan, Teku woods. In dense forest by the
stream. The smallest species of Helicia I have seen. Plants
under 2 feet tall seemed to be adult.
LAURINE^.
156. Cinnamomum MOLLissiMUM, //oo^/i/. Teku woods.
Gunong Tahan.
Distribution. Penang and Perak.
October, 1915. 7
172 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI
*I57. Dehaasia lancifolia, Ridl. A common shrub or
tree in the open woods and stream-banks of the Padang.
Endemic.
158. AcTiNODAPHNE PKUINOSA, Necs. This plant differs
from A. pruinosa of the Penang hills in having the leaves
rounded at the base.
A shrub on the Padang.
Distribution. Singapore, Penang, and Perak.
159. ACTINODAPHNE sp. A tree with grey bark ; leaves
shining above, glaucous beneath and glabrous, with seven
pairs of nerves strongly elevate and red beneath, margin
strongly thickened, transverse nerves horizontal, 11 inches
long, 6 inches wide; peiiole i inch; cluster of fruit half an
inch across; peduncle thick, J inch long, red, hairy. Drupe
subglobose, J inch long.
Dense woods on the Teku River (No. 16,125),
160. LiNDEKA STRICTA, n. Sp.
A shrub with dark purplish bark. Leaves coriaceous,
shining above, glaucescent beneath, lanceolate-acuminate,
acute, base rounded, 3-4 inches long, i inch wide, lo-nerved,
nerves fine, reticulations conspicuous on both surfaces; petiole
thick, ^ inch long, young leaves pubescent. Male flowers on
axillary peduncles, f inch long. Bud globose. Outer bracts
orbicular, imbricate, coriaceous, 4, margins ciliate, inner ones
thinner. Flowers in a head ; pedicels silky, thick, -^ inch long.
Perianth-lobes 6 as long, oblong, linear, obtuse, silky.
Stamens g; filaments short, narrowed upwards. Anthers
truncate, oblong, opening introrsely by valves, dehiscing below.
Staminodes 6, adnate, in pairs to 3 of the stamens, shorter,
apex yellow as of an abortive anther. Rudimentary pistil
cylindric, short, obtuse. Female flowers too young. Fruit
globose, ^ inch through-, black. Peduncle ^ inch, somewhat
thickened, dilated above into a short cup.
Gunong Tahan. Common on the Padang. An elegant
bush with very erect leaves.
161. LiNDERA MONTANA, n. Sp.
Shrub. Leaves lanceolate-obtuse, shortly narrowed at
base, coriaceous above, finely reticulate beneath, reticulations
obscure, glaucous, ^-^-^ inches long, i-ij inch wide; nerves
fine, 4 pairs ; petiole | inch long, rather thick. Capitula
globular, |- inch long, in pairs on extra axillary peduncles, J
inch long, on pedicels as long. Bracts 4, orbicular boat-shaped,
ciliate at the edges. Flowers 5, on stout pedicels. Perianth-
lobes short-oblong, quadrate, truncate, dotted. Stamens 7,
fertile, as long; filament short, slender; anther wide-oblong,
2-celled ; connective prolonged, rounded. Staminodes several,
irregular. Fruit 2 or 3 together, pedicelled on a short
peduncle. Pedicels stout, J inch long, pubescent. Perianth
cup-shaped, | inch long and as wide, shallow, entire, margins
pubescent. Drupe oblong-ovoid, f inch long, black,
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 173
Ridges above Wray's Camp, in flower, in fruit on the
Padang.
162. LiNDERA CINNAMOMEA, n. sp.
A branching tree. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-acuminate,
base narrowed, above dark green poHshed (brown when dry),
beneath glaucous, sub-trinerved, the midrib and two ascending
spreading nerves being connate at the base for i inch from
the leaf-base, above is another pair, the reticulations very fine
and conspicuous, 4 inches long, 2 inches wide ; petiole | to f
inch long. Inflorescence ^ inch long, dense, sessile. Bracts
ovate-obtuse, minute, hairy. Capitula very small, 3 or 4
together, outer bracts 4, imbricate, orbicular, hairy on the
edges. Flowers 4, shortly pedicelled ; pedicels silky, hairy.
Perianth-lobes 4, oblong-ovate, hairy. Stamens 6; filament as
long as the anther; anther extrorse. Fruit ellipsoid, acumi-
nate, ^ inch long, ^ inch through ; pedicel ^ inch long, stout.
In woods on a stream near the base of Gunong Tahan
and Gunong Ulu Riang (No. 16,124).
*i63. LiNDERA sp. A shrub, quite glabrous except the
flowers, with coriaceous leaves, white beneath, three-nerved.
This was referred by me to L. ccBsia, Nees, but is certainly not
that species as named by Gamble. It resembles L. rufa,
Gamble, but is glabrous and has not acuminate leaves.
Common on the Padang.
164. LiTSEA sp. A big tree with ovate leaves, glaucous
beneath, and large globose bright red fruits like cherries.
Dense woods on the Teku at 4,600 feet.
The part of the flora dealing with the Laurineae has
recently been published, and many of the previous species also
described by Mr. Gamble in the ' Kevv Bulletin.' None of
the above described species appear to be therein described,
nor can I elsewhere find any description to suit them.
EUPHORBIACE.E.
*i65. Choriophyllum montanum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 322.
A shrub with dull red capsules. Common on the Padang.
I could find no flowers. Endemic.
MYRICACE^.
*i66. Myrica Farquhariana, Wall. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 322.
I only saw seedling plants of this in the Teku and other woods
on the Padang. Mr. Robinson got complete specimens on the
previous expedition.
Distribution. I ndo- Malaya.
CUPULIFERi5i.
*i67. QuERCUS Rassa, Mi^-. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 322. Col-
lected by Mr. Robinson at 6,000 feet. I did not see any plants
of it, but saw fallen fruits in the Teku woods.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula and islands.
174 journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VL
MONOCOTYLEDONS.
ORCHIDACEiE.
*i68. Oberonia condensata, Ridl. op. cit. p. 322. Epi-
phytic on trees by streams on the Padang. The stem is
remarkable, being long and bare of leaves below and clinging
to the bark by numerous roots. The flowers are yellow.
Endemic.
*i69. Platyclinis gracilis, Hook. fil. Ridl. op. cit. p.
323. In woods on the Padang. Epiphytic, very fragrant.
Distribution. Perak and Borneo.
170. Platyclinis linearifdlia, Ridl. Very common
all over the rocks in all parts of the Padang exposed to full
sun. The bright orange pseudobulbs and bright yellow
flowers make it quite attractive. This was accidentally named
P. Kingii in the previous paper.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, and Batang Padang and Gun-
ong Bubu in Perak.
*i7i. Dendrobium longipes, Hook. fil.; Ridl. op. cit. p-
323. On the top of Gunong Tahan and Ulu Riang.
Distribution. Ulu Batang Padang, Gunong Semangkok
and Gunong Kerbau, 6000 — 6,600 feet.
172. Dendrobium macropodum, Hook. fil. On trees in
the woods by the Camp stream.
Distribution. K'luang Terbang and the Larut Hills.
173. Dendrobium geminatum, Hoo^. 7?/. Rather scarce
on the Padang.
Distribution. Perak and Kedah at 4,000 to 5,000 feet
altitude, also Java.
*i74. Dendrobium Kelsalli, Ridl. op. cit p. 323. On
trees on the Padang. I did not see flowers of this plant,
which was scarce, and so am not quite sure Jis to the
identification.
*i75. Dendrobium sp., near D. gracilk, Lindl. Col-
lected by Robinson on the previous occasion ; I could not find
it again.
*i76. Dendrobium uniflorum. Griff, op. cit. p. 323.
Collected by Robinson at 5,000 to 6,000 feet altitude. On the
Padang.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir and the Larut Hills.
^177. Dendrobium rupicolum, n. sp.
Dendrobium bifarium, Ridley, op. cit. p. 324.
Stems six inches to a foot tall, erect, ^ inch through,
slightly undulate, the internodes ^ inch long. Leaves \ to
neiirly \ inch long, oblong-obtuse, obliquel}- bifid at the tip
and slightly dilated at the base, rather fleshy and bright green.
Flowers solitary, \ inch across; ovary and pedicel ver}- short.
Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pale ochreous-brown. Mentum very
short and blunt. Petals smaller than the sepals, and nar-
rower, 3 nerved. Lip white or light yellow with a darker
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Guiioiig Tahan. 175
central mealy blotch in the centre; claw linear, oblong; limb
abruptly suborbicular, deeply retuse. Column short, with
l^_ short tooth-like stelidia.
|H| Common on rocks and trees on the Padang. 1 have the
'^^ same plant from Bukit Hitam in Selangor collected by
Kelsall, and from Kluang Terbang in Pahang (with leaves
I a little longer and thinner) by Barnes. This might be but
an alpine form niD. bifavium, to which I previously referred
it ; but the leaves are only half as big as in that species, as
are the very small flowers, and the colouring is different.
178. Dendrobium sinuatum, var. An elongate form,
bigger than usual. On the Padang, not common. A similar
plant was obtained in Kluang Terbang by Barnes. It is a
foot long, with leaves i inch long and \ inch wide.
IK *i79. Dendrobium cokNUTUM, Hook.fil.; Ridl. op. cit. p.
'^" 324. This beautiful plant with its bright pink flowers is
abundant on mossy trees from below the Gully to the Padang.
It seems to prefer the cold, damp, and dark woods, draped in
moss.
Distribution. Perak.
*i8o, Dendrobium subflavidum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 324.
Common on the trees from Wray's Camp to the Padang, but
less abundant above 5,000 feet. Endemic.
181. Dendrobium hymenopterum, Hook.fil. Common
on the stems of trees in the woods by the streams on the
Padang and by the Teku.
Distribution. Kluang Terbang, Perak Hills, Kedah Peak,
and Lankawi.
*i82. Bulbophyllum galbinum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 324.
Common in the woods of the Teku and Padang to 5,000 feet
altitude.
Distribution. Mountains of Perak and Selangor.
183. Bulbophyllum microglossum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 325.
Common in the woods from below the Gully to the Padang.
Endemic.
184. Bulbophyllum Titania, Ridl. op. cit p. 325. On
trees on the Padang. Endemic.
185. Bulbophyllum (monantha-parva) Dryas, n. sp.
Rhizome very long and slender; no pseudobulbs. Leaves
half an inch apart, ovate, fleshy, rugose, reddish in colour,
covered with short black hairs, J inch long, 1% inch wide.
Peduncle slender, filiform, an inch long, with a single
appressed sheathing-leaf below. Bract amplexicaul, cup-
shaped. Pedicel ^ inch long. Flower solitary. Sepals
elliptic-ovate, obtuse, ^ inch long, primrose-yellow. Petals
similar, but only half as long, paler. Lip oblong-ovate,
obtuse, rather broad, as long as the petals, flattened, dull red
with paler edges, and two low keels on the centre. Column
whitish broad with broad, rounded, short stelidia.
li
li
176 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VI,
A single plant was brought in by one of the Dyaks from
the Teku woods. It is a very distinct species of the section in
its distant leaves with no pseudobulbs (looking like those of a
Dischidia) and large flower.
186. BULBOPHYLLUM (MONANTHA-PARVA) PaN, n. sp.
Rhizome short, corky, white; pseudobulbs conic, rugose,
purplish, ^ an inch long. Leaf i^ to 2 inches long, \ inch
wide, oblanceolate and acute; base narrowed to the petiole.
Peduncle filiform, 3 inches long, with one sheathing-leaf, red.
Flower solitary. Sepals over half an inch long, oblong-obtuse,
red, striped with darker colour. Petals a quarter of the length
of the sepals, oblong, the margins denticulate, whitish, tipped
with black. Lip broad, short, flat, fleshy, blunt, tongue-shaped,
grooved down the centre, base greenish, the larger part deep
purple, nearly black. Column whitish, stout, with rather long
curved slender stelidia.
Not rare on trees in dense woods on the Camp stream,
Padang.
Perhaps nearest to B. tenerunt, Ridl., but not hairy.
187. BuLBOPHYLLUM CAPiTATUM, Luidl. Common on
trees on the Padang. Flowers light yellow or orange. Petals
broader and larger than usual, oblong, rounded at the tip.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula and islands.
188. BULBOPHYLLUM MUSCIFERUM, n. sp.
Rhizome short, 2 inches long, with many roots; pseudo-
bulbs oblong-conic, half an inch long, approximate or shortly
separate. Leaf coriaceous, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, 2 to 5 inches long, ^ to ^ inch wide,
narrowed into a petiole from ^ to i inch long. Scapes
slender, 12 inches long, with two lanceolate, cuspidate,
convolute sheaths; raceme deflexed, an inch long, dense
with numerous closely appressed flowers. Bracts triangular,
lanceolate-acuminate below, ovate-acuminate above, longer
than the very short ovary. Flowers ^ inch long. Upper
sepal lanceolate-cuspidate, purple with darker stripes and
minute spots, hairy. Lower sepals deflexed, as large, slightly
oblique, the internal edge whitish, outer red-purple. Petals \
of the length of the upper sepal, lanceolate, fleshy-white
tipped with a tuft of black hairs, and the edge denticulate,
ciliate. Lip fleshy, cordate, lanceolate, base deeply emarg-
inate, with a central groove on the surface, yellow; claw
reflexed on the underside, purple. Column very short and
broad with a moderately long purple foot. Stelidia short,
oblong, bifid. Anther-cap flat, ovate.
Gunong Tahan on trees, in forests up to 7,000 feet.
This species is allied to B. alcicorne, Par., from which it
differs in its denser spike, remarkable petals, and the shape of
the lip. The extraordinary little flowers resemble a number
of small flies perched on a stalk.
II
I
11
I
H, N. Ridley: Botany of Giinong Tahan. 177
i8g. BuLBOPHYLLUM (cirrhopetalum) Skeatianum, n.
Pseiidobulbs several together in a small clump, obpyri-
form, rugose transversely, i inch long, purple. Leaf linear,
lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to the base, coriaceous, i to 2
inches long, i to f inch wide. Peduncle 5 inches long or less,
slender, purple. Bracts linear, acuminate, very small.
Flowers 9 to 12 in a half whorl ; pedicels i inch long. Upper
sepal ovate-obtuse, dark purplish red with red streaks; lower
sepals bright red to orange-red, half an inch long, linear,
acuminate, connate towards the apex. Petals ovate-obtuse,
deep red-purple, quite glabrous, as long as the upper sepal.
Lip bright orange, tongue-shaped.
This charming little species is distinct in its broad sepals
and petals all blunt, and the latter without the hairs usually
found in Cirrhohetala.
On bare branches of trees on exposed rocky spots at
Skeat's Camp, and also on the Padang on trees by the stream
and in open woods on the side of the Teku. I am pleased to
associate it with the name of W. W. Skeat, who first ascended
the ridge as far as the spot named Skeat's Camp, where I first
found this pretty plant.
190. Dendrochilum angustifolium, Ridl. On the
summit of Gunong Tahan.
Distribution. Selangor Mountains, Bukit Hitam, and
Klnang Terbang.
*i9i. Eria nutans, LindL; Ridl. op. cit. p. ^26. Gunong
Tahan, 6,000 feet (Robinson), also found by me at Wray's
Camp.
Distribution. Whole Peninsula, common in the low
country.
*i92. Eria carunculata, Ridl. op. cit. p. 326. Gunong
Tahan, 5,000 to 6,000 feet (Robinson). Not seen on this
occasion. Endemic.
*I93. Eria longifolia. Hook, fit.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 326.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 to 6,000 feet (Robinson). Not seen on
this occasion.
Distribution. Hills of the Malay Peninsula.
194. Eria Tahanensis, n. sp.
Stems erect, a foot tall, ^ inch through, leafy, somewhat
dilate at the base. Leaves coriaceous, linear, acuminate, 4
inches long, J inch wide; sheaths i inch long, slightly flattened.
Scapes terminal, 2-3, slender, many-flowered, laxly racemose,
8 inches long; rhachis white, woolly. Bracts lanceolate-
acuminate, caudate, persistent, jY) inch long. Ovary and
pedicel slender, woolly, J inch long. Perianth ^ inch long.
Upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, woolly outside; lower sepals
much broader, triangular-ovate, woolly outside. Mentum
short, broad, half as long as the sepal. Petals oblong, thin,
glabrous, obtuse, as broad as the upper sepal. Lip three-lobed;
side-lobes from the base long, oblong, obtuse, thin; disc
178 Journal of the F.M.S. Mtisenms. [Vol. VI,
narrow, fleshy; mid-lobe transversely oblong at the base of the
lip; one erect rounded callus, with a smaller similarly shaped
one on each side, between these a nerve elevated runs along
each of the side-lobes; the narrow linear fleshy disc runs to the
end of the middle, ending in an irregular, thick, fleshy, oblong
roujided callus. Column, free part short, broad, with rounded
stelidia.
Gunong Tahan, on trees in woods, 5,600 to 6,000 feet
altitude. Endemic.
Allied to E. bidens, Ridl., and E. iridifolia, Hook, fil., but
with a very different lip.
195. Eria Earine, n. sp.
Stems terete, 2 inches tall, fleshy, covered with papery
sheaths; leaves at the lip only, 3-4, oblong, linear, fleshy, 2
inches long, \ inch wide, acute, light green. Racemes 1-2,
erect, slender from the upper axils, 5 inches long, base nude,
woolly, pubescent, red, with a few very small ovate bracts.
Flowers very numerous, small, white. Bracts ovate, truncate
or obtuse, persistent, red, woolly, ^-^ inch long. Ovary and
pedicel longer, C3'lindric, woolly, red. Sepals, upper one
ovate-oblong, laterals bluntly triangular; mentum nearly as
long as the ovary, all pubescent, white. Petals linear, oblong,
nearly as long as the upper sepal. Lip shorter than the
sepals, spathulate, apex rounded-triangular; two short, linear
oblong, erect lobes at the base. Column broad, as long as its
foot, purple with a very large, triangular, ovate stigma.
Anther-cap broad. Rostellum short, but distinct. Capsule
y\j inch long, oblong.
On a tree on the Padang, rare.
Perhaps nearest to E. Rimanni, Rchb. fil., but remarkable
for its very small white flowers in a strict spike. A very
pretty Jittle plant.
*ig6. Eria ferox, BL; Ridl. op. cit. p. 326. Common on
the Padang.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula, Java, and
Borneo.
197. £ria poculata, Ridl. On trees on the Padang.
Common.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Larut Hills, and Kedah Peak.
198. Eria MONTicoLA,i/oo^.y?/. On treason the Padang.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Pulau Aur, Selangor, and Perak
Hills.
199. Eria teretifolia. Griff.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 326. On
trees by the Camp, 5,600 feet elevation.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula and Borneo.
*20o. Eria Scortechinii, Hook, fil.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 327;
antea, p. 55. On the Padang. Common.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula.
*2oi. Eria crassipes, Ridl. op. cit p. 327. On low
bushes or terrestrial, Padang. Common. Endemic,
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
179
II
202. Ekia lorifolia, Ridl. Not common, on trees on
the Padang.
Distribution. Kedah Peak.
Flowers yellowish white ; petals purple at the base; lip
obscurely three-lobed at the tip, with a large rounded central
lobe.
203. Tylostylis pulchella, Bl. On bare rocks on the
Padang. Scarce. The whole plant yellow.
Common all over the Peninsula and Java.
204. Phreatia crassifolia, Ridl. Very common on
trees in the woods everywhere.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula.
*205. Phreatia listrophora, Ridl. op. cit. p. 327.
Woods of the Padang, on the highest parts of Gunong Ulu
Riang and Gunong Tahan.
Distribution. Perak hills and Lankawi.
206. Ceratostylis gracilis, Bl. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 327.
On bare rocks on the Padang, an erect tufted form with fleshy
thick yellow stems and leaf; in the damp dark woods of the
Teku River, long, slender, pendulous, and green stems.
Distribution. Whole Peninsula and Java.
*207. Tainia speciosa, Bl. Ridl. op. cit. p. 328. Common
at Wray's Camp, rarer in the Padang woods.
Distribution. Mountains of the Peninsula and Java.
*2o8. Tainia vegetissima, Ridl. op. cit. p. 328. From
Wray's Camp to the Padang w^oods. Endemic.
*209. Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 328.
Open places in the Padang and also in the thinner woods.
Distribution. All mountains of the Peninsula and Borneo.
*2io. Arundina speciosa, 5/.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 328 antea,
p. 56. Rather scarce on the Padang and local; a fine dark-
coloured form. Abundant on the gravel banks in the Tahan
River.
Distribution. India, the Malay Peninsula, and Java.
211. Cai.anthe veratrifolia, jBr. ? A single plant in
fruit, found in the Teku woods at 4,600 feet altitude, may
belong to this species.
212. DiLocHiA Cantleyi, Ridl.
Very abundant and conspicuous all over the Padang, and
also in the thicker forest. The form on the open rocks is
usually about 2 feet high ; the stems terete, purple; the leaves
rather close set, ovate-acuminate, suberect, coriaceous, green
edged with purple, ij inches long, i inch wide; in the forests
it is taller, as much as 8 feet high; the leaves longer, rather
more distant, and thinner in texture. - The uppermost leaves
are bractlike, ovate, cymbiform, pink, purple, or white. The
racemes from 3 to 9, often branched and 3 inches or more
long. The floral bracts boat-shaped, white, reddish or pink;
pedicels purple. The petals and sepals creamy-white. The
October, 1915. i}
i8o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
lip oblong, half an inch long, with short rounded lobes, apex
truncate, five elevated veins on the centre, dull purplish pink
with a cream edge or darker purple with a yellow edge.
Column yellowish striped with pink. The buds pink. The
fruit globose to ovoid, pendulous, green, with a broad
purple bar over each fertile segment and a narrower one bet-
ween each ; it is as big as a small gooseberry.
The plant is always terrestrial. It does not appear to
have been met with outside the Malay Peninsula, where it
occurs on Gunong Bubu, Gunong Inas, and Gunong Ulu Kali.
I am quite unable to guess why Reichenbach put this very
distinct and peculiar genus under Arundina, from which it
differs in habit, foliage, inflorescence, form of the lip, and
most notably, in its three anthers and peculiar dehiscence
of the fruit.
*2I3. CCELOGYNE DaYANA, var. MASSANGEANA.
Ccelogyne cymhidioides, Ridl. op. cit. p. 329.
Very abundant on the trees overhanging the streams of
;he Padang and the Teku River, and also in the Gully. The
plant described by me as C. cymhidioides (Journ. Linn. Soc,
Bot. xxxviii. p. 329) is a rather odd form, which was terrestrial,
but is obviously an abnormal condition. The plants here were
very fine, the pendent spra3^s of flowers reaching four feet in
length.
214. Cgelogyne longibracteata, Hook. fil. A single
specimen, iflentical with the plant of the Sempang Mines, was
brought in by the men from the ridge between Wray's Camp
and the Padang. ,
215. Ccelogyne (§ Specios^) xanthoglossa, n, sp.
Rhizome stout, woody; pseudobulbs conic, four-angled,
ij inches long. Leaves solitary, oblanceolate-acuminate, long-
petioled, 5-nerved, 7 inches long, nearly 2 inches wide; petiole
2 inches long. Raceme 2 inches, 1-2-flowered ; peduncle
stout, i^ inch long. Bract lanceolate-acuminate, i\ inch long.
Pedicel very short ; ovary 6-winged, short. Sepals lanceolate-
acute, keeled, 2 inches long, pinkish, whiter at the base. Petals
very narrow, linear acute, nearl}?^ as long. Lip 3-lobed; side-
lobe oblong, I inch long ; mid-lobe lanceolate, edges crisped,
acute; keels from the base, 3, low, edge crisped, median one
lowest, not hairy, canary-yellow; keels orange; centre of mid-
lobe orange, margins pinkish. Column very stout, white;
margin of clinandrium rounded ; wings large, rounded. Anther
large, half an inch long, ovate-obtuse, pale yellow. PoUinia
pyriform, large, yellow. Rostellum large, ovate, entire.
Stigma deep and wide with a distinct lip.
Woods on the Padang. A single plant brought in by the
Dyaks.
Perhaps most closely allied to C. Rumphii, Lindl., very dis-
tinct in its yellow lip, with 3 low keels, the central one of which
runs to the tip, the others half down the lip.
w
M 1915-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 181
^^^ 216. CCELOGYNE XYREKES, n. Sp.
^^Hi Pseudobulbs crowded on a stout rhizome, oblong, 4-angled,
^^^2 inches long, top truncate. Leaves obovate-oblanceolate to
lanceolate, apex subacute, base narrowed for a long way,
nerves 5, distinct, 9 inches long by 3 inches wide. Raceme 3
inches long, from the axil of the young leaf, 2-3-flowered.
Barct lanceolate, 2 inches long; ovary and pedicel half an
inch long. Upper sepal keeled, 2 inches long, \ inch wide,
lanceolate, pinkish. Petals narrow, linear, i^ inch wide. Lip
a little shorter than the sepal, distinctly three-lobed ; lateral
lobes rounded; mid-lobe half an inch long, oblong, rounded at
the tip, rather narrowed ; keels two, low, not hairy, deep
brown ; base of mid-lobe sepia-brown, edged with flesh-colour ;
side-lobes dark brown spotted with white. Column long ;
clinandrium longer than the anther, ovate, yellow. Rostellum
lanceolate.
Teku woods below the Padang.
Allied to C. speciosa, Lindl., but with no hairs on the lip,
the ed^es entire and mid-lobe smaller.
*2iy. CCELOGYNE CARNEA, Hook. fil. ', Rtdl. Op. cit. p. 329,
antea, p. 58. Common on the Padang. Creeping in moss or
over stumps or low bushes. Flowers white, the two central
keels yellow.
Distribution. Selangor and Perak Hills (Gunong Kerbau).
*2l8. CCELOGYNE STENOCHILA, Hook. fil.', Ridl. Op. cit. p.
329. Common with the last and more abundant. Flowers
brownish flesh-colour.
Distribution. Selangor and Perak Hills.
*2i9. Pholidota parviflora, Hook. fil. ; Ridl. op. cit. p.
329. Top of Gunong Tahan and elsewhere high up on the
Padang.
Distribution. Perak Hills.
220. Pholidota Elizabethiana, n. sp.
Rhizome long, 6 inches or more. Pseudobulbs elongate,
cylindric, blunt at the top, closely approximate and appressed
to the rhizome, 2 inches long, \ inch wide. Leaves 2, linear,
acuminate at both ends, apex shortly acuminate, acute,
mucronate, narrowed gradually to the base, 3-nerved, thinly
» coriaceous, g inches long, \ inch wide. Scapes from the centre
of the leaves of the young bulb, 4 or 5 inches long, graceful,
erect ; base about an inch, nude ; raceme many-flowered ;
flowers distichous, white, small; rachis straight. Bracts
lanceolate-acute, papery, ^ inch long, longer than the flower-
buds, caducous before the opening of the flower. Ovary and
pedicel -^^ inch long. Upper sepal lanceolate, base gibbous,
keeled. Petals oblong or ovate-oblong, shorter and thinner.
Lip at the base cymbiform with short blunt lobes; mid-lobe
broad, suborbicular, obscurely 3-lobed ; margins crisp ; disc
thickened with two elevated, semilunar, fleshy ridges between
the two side-lobes; centre of middle lobe thickened. Column
short and broad; stelidia short, distinct, tooth-like; rostellum
i82 Journal 'of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. Vl,
broad, rounded, entire. Anther wide, rounded, flat ; apex
rounded. PoUinia pyriform.
Gunong Tahan at 7,ioo feet and Gunong Ulu Riang at
6,000 feet.
A pretty plant, remarkable for its narrow grassy leaves and
close-set, small, white flowers.
221. Cymbidium sp. A terrestrial plant growing on
quartz rocks at 7,100 feet on Gunong Tahan, tufted; the roots
hick, white, and corky. Leaves linear, lorate, blunt, keeled, 8
nches long to half an inch wide, coriaceous, the sheathing
portion an inch long. Scape erect, nodding, g inches tall,
covered with acuminate sheaths; raceme apparently few-
flowered. Fruit large, ellipsoid, 2 inches long, with the
persistent remains of the column. Apparently allied to C.
Finlaysoniannm, Wall.
222. Bromheadia pungens, Ridl. On rocks near the
Camp on the Padang. Rare and out of flower.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir.
223. Bromheadia rupestris, Ridl. This beautiful plant
was common on the ridges above Wray's Camp up to the
Padang, where however it was scarcer. The flowers are firmer
in texture than in most of the genus. The sepals and petals
were acute, cream-colour, the sepals tinted red on the back.
The lip had long narrow lobes curved outwards at the tip ; the
mid-lobe oblong, the sides at the tip curved over to form a
point. The lip is white, the sides and lobes spotted and
streaked with purple. The column has the base white spotted
with pink, the middle deep pink, and the apex yellow. The
anther-cap is small, cap-shaped; pollinia globose with a
crescent-shaped gland. The rostellum has two short incurved
points and the stigma is large, transversely elliptic.
It also occurs on Mt. Ophir.
224. Saccolabium bigibbum. Hook. fil. On trees at the
stream at the Ninth Camp. Not common.
Distribution. Perak hills and Kluang Terbang, also
Burmah.
225. Sarcochilus ckassifolius, n. sp.
Stem 6 inches tall, with 6 very fleshy leaves crowded at
the top, elliptic, broadly bilobed, lobes rounded, very unequal,
dark green, strongly keeled, ij inch long, i inch wide.
Racemes short, thick, an inch long; rhachis slightly flattened,
green ; bracts ovate, acute, flattened. Pedicels very short.
Flower small, white. Sepals ovate-acute, greenish white, the
upper one lanceolate. Petals lanceolate, obtuse, a little
smaller. Lip pure white ; side-lobes short, erect, subtriangular ;
mid-lobe none; spur broadly rounded, fleshy, with a bright
brown blotch and a few in the mouth. Column short and
broad, subtriangular, white.
On trees on the stream by the Ninth Camp. Rare.
Allied to the next species, but with very different leaves and a
shorter rounder flower.
.1915.] H. N. Ridley : Botany of Gunong Tahan.
183
226. Sarcochilus violaceus, n. sp.
Stem broad, flattened, 3 inches long. Leaves lorate,
keeled, apex unequally bilobed, tips rounded, short,' blunt,
thickly coriaceous, dark ^reen, purplish beneath, 4 inches long,
half an inch wide. Raceme ij inch long, lengthening
gradually, subterete, with short-ovate bracts. Pedicels \ inch
long. Nplowers half an inch long ; upper sepal lanceolate-acute,
lower ones ovate-triangular, gibbous at base, v\hitish violet
outside, violet within. Petals narrower, lanceolate-acute,
violet. Lip white ; side-lobes obliquely ovate, incurved ;
epichil low, indistmct ; spur fleshy, ovate, subacute, with a
brown bar near the month, and numerous white and some
brown hairs within. Column stout, white, base brownish ;
stelidia thick, incurved. Anther .semiglobose. Stigma very
small, subtriangular.
On trees along the stream at the Ninth Camp. Not
common. A very distinct plant in its thick leaves and violet
flower. The lip has much the shape of that of Sarcochilus
calceolus. The roots are very stout and corky.
*227. Thrixspermum Scortechinii, Ridl. op. cit. p. 330.
Woods on the Camp stream, Padang. Not common.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula.
228. PoDOCHiLUS sciUROiDES, Rchh. fil. Very common
on trees in the woods on the Padang.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula.
229. PoDOCHiLUS TENUIS, Lindl. Mossy stones on the
Padang woods. Not common. Leaves more spreading than
usual. Out of flower.
*230. AcRiopsis JAVANICA, Bl. ) Ridl. op. cit. p. 330. On
trees, rare. Flowers not seen.
231. Het^ria elegans, Ridl. op. cit. p. 330. Woods by
the Teku, nearly out of flower. Endemic.
232. Ckyptostylis ARACHNITES, B/. Wet woods by the
stream on the Padang and near the Gully.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, and Java.
*233. Habenaria zosterostyloides, Hook, fit.; Ridley,
op. cit. p. 330. Very common on the Padang, both in wet
woods, where it attains the height of two feet with w^ell-
developed leaves on the stem, and in damp open spots on the
Padang, where it is reduced to a height of 6 inches, with the
stem-leaves reduced to little more than sheaths. It ascends
to a height of 7,186 feet. Flowers bright green.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir and Perak hills.
*234. Cypripedium Robinsonii, n. sp.
Cypripedium barbatum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 330.
Stems frequently stolcniferous. Leaves few, about four,
eUiptic-oblong, subacute, glabrous, 3 inches long i^ inch wide,
pale greei with darker spots and transverse bars. Peduncle
erect, over a foot tall, purplish, hair5^ half an inch long.
Flower solitary. Upper sepal broadly ovate, narrowed at the
184 journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
base, apex somewhat abruptly acute, base dull purple, above
pale green, darker at the edges and the tip, hairy, i^- inch
long, f inch wide. Lower pair shorter, ovate, pale green,
acute, hairy. Petals 2 inches long, spathulate, broadest to-
wards the tip, which is subacute, half twisted at the base,
glabrous ; margin dull yellowish green with a longitudinal
•purple central bar, many round spots. Lip glabrous, purplish,
ij inch long, f inch wide. Anther orbicular, widely emarginate
at the tip and retuse behind, yellowish with a green centre.
Fruit cylmdric, narrowed at each end, 2 inches long.
Common in woods near the streams, growing in deep
moss, in shady spots at an altitude of 5,600 feet on the Padang.
Certainly allied to C. barbatum, Lindl., but distinct in the
smaller abruptly, acuminate upper sepal and petals without
hairs on the glandular dots. The leaves are much smaller than
in most specimens of C. barbatum, Lindl.
APOSTASIACEiE.
*235. Apostasia nuda, Br. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 330. Banks
of the stream at the Padang Camp.
Distribution. The whole Peninsula.
SCITAMINE^.
*236. Hedychium collinum, Ridl. op. cit. p. 331. This
beautiful and fragrant plant grows near the Gully and on the
stream-banks on the Padang, but is not common. It has only
been previously met with on Kedah Peak and is allied to H.
Gomezianum, Wall.
237. [Alpinia PETioLATA, J5a^. Was fouud near Wray's
Camp at 3,300 feet. Occurs also in Perak.
238. A. MuRDOCHii, Ridl. Also grows here. It was
found in flower and fruit.]
239. Camptandra Tahanensis, n. sp.
Whole plant 5 or 6 inches tall, succulent. Sheaths four
or five on the stem, lanceolate, acute, lower ones ribbed when
dry. Leaves 2 to 4, ovate-acuminate, caudate, obliquely bright
green, 3 to 3J inches long, i^ inch wide; petiole i inch long.
Peduncle ^ to ^ inch long. Bract urn-shaped, top rounded,
J-f inch long, green, containing two flowers. Calyx cylindric,
\ inch long, truncate, slightly dilated upwards, reddish, persis-
tent* in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, half an inch long,
protruding far from the top of the bract ; lobes white, f inch
long, oblong. Lip large, obovate, with two yellow central
semiovate longitudinal keels. Capsule oblong, \ inch long.
Gunong Tahan, abundant in damp spots by streams, but
nearly over in July. Allied to C. ovalifolia, Ridl., of Semangkok
Pass, but with larger flowers, with longer tube to the corolla,
and different lip.
The second flower in the bract opens about the time that
the fruit of the first flower is ripe.
I9I5'] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
185
I
240. CONAMOMUM SERICEUM, n. Sp.
Rhizome large, supported on stilt-roots. Leafy stems 8
feet tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 18 inches long, 7 inches
across, narrowed at the base, shortly cuspidate at the apex,
glabrous except on the edges of the tip, dark green above, paler
beneath ; petiole short, grooved ; ligule \ inch long, oblong,
truncate, silky. Peduncles stout, 6-7 inches long, covered
with 5 large, glabrous, ribbed, truncate sheaths, about 2 inches
long. Spike cylindric, stout, 4 inches long, dense-flowered.
Rachis hairy ; pedicels half an inch long. Bracts urceolar,
subulate, with an acuminate cusp, pale, papery, silky, containing
2 flowers on short pedicels, the second enclosed in another and
smaller bract. Outer bract i inch long. Calyx tubular, thin,
papery, prolonged at one side into a cusp, glabrescent, half an
inch long. Corolla-tube short, hardly as long as the calyx;
lobes elliptic, oblong, white, shorter that the stamen, obtuse.
Lip 3-lobed, ovate ; lobes not deeply cut and subequal in length,
yellow, darker on the mid-lobe, base and side-lobes spotted
with pink. Anther oblong, crest 3-lobed, central lobe oblong,
truncate or rounded, side-lobes oblong, truncate or curved,
slightly acuminate, white tinted and spotted with pink. Fruit
not ripe, elliptic, ribbed when dry, glabrous.
Gunong Tahan, in damp woods in the Gully and in the
woods bordering the streams in the Padang. Common.
This species is allied to C. citrininn, Ridl., of the Taiping
Hills, and Bujong Malacca, differing in the papery, cuspidate,
pubescent bracts, the form of the lip (which is much more
distinctly lobed), silky ligule, etc.
*24i. Geostachys elegans, Ridl. op. cit. p. 331. Com-
mon in the drier part of the woods on the upper slopes above
the streams. Also collected by Robinson. In many plants
the leaves are of a brilliant purple beneath, very attractive.
The corolla is yellow, the lip darker in colour, and there is a
pair of short linear crimson staminodes at the base. There are
two flowers in each bract, which I find also in some, at least,
of the type-form from Mt. Ophir.
The only other localitv for this plant at present known is
Mt. Ophir.
AMARYLLIDE^..
242. CURCULIGO LATIFOLIA, Dryaiid. ; antea, p. 59.
Narrowed-leaved form. Wet woods of the Teku, 4,600 feet
elevation.
Distribution. Burmah, Andamans, whole Peninsula, and
Malay islands ; common, but seldom at any great altitude.
BURMANNIACE^.
*243. BuRMANNiA LONGIFOLIA, Becc. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 331 ;
antea, p. 59. Abundant in damp shady spots all over the
Padang, and along the ridges from about 4,000 feet upwards.
The flowers are white with blue corolla and calyx-lobes.
Distribution. From Borneo (Sarawak) all over the Malay
Peninsula at an altitude of 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Absent from
M^ Ophir.
i86 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
*244. BuRMANNiA DiSTicHA, L. ; Ridl. Op. cit. p. 331.
Common all over the Padang, except in very dry spots.
Flowers light blue.
Distributed over the mountains of Australia, China,
Sumatra, Ceylon, and Kasiya; in the Malay Peninsula only
seen from Mt. Ophir and Kedah Peak.
I have in vain sought for any insect visiting this plant and
B. ccelestis, Don. The petals and sepals in B. disticha remain
connivent the whole day, but are most widely separated about
midday, leaving only a narrow opening for an insect to
pollinate it.
245. [BuRMANNiA TUBEROSA, Becc. Occurs at Kuala
Teku in muddy spots on the banks of the Tekli River. It is
scattered all over the Peninsula in the low country.]
LILIACE^.
246. Protolirion paradoxum, Ridl. & Groom, antea,
p. 59. Common in wet woods on the Padang to 6,000 feet
elevation. As usual associated with Dacrydium.
Distribution. All high hills in the Peninsula where these
conifers grow.
247. DiANELLA PARVIFLORA, n. Sp.
Habit of D. ensifolia, Red. Stems one or two, about 6
inches long, covered with distichous leaves from the base and
flattened slightly. Leaves linear-acuminate, coriaceous, usually
revolute at the margins when dry, armed with short thorns on
the midrib and the margins for the whole length, 12 to 18
inches long, \ inch wide. Panicle terminal, elongate, lax, 14
inches long, with a single, lanceolate, acute sheath halfway up ;
branches few and short, about half an inch long. Bracts
lanceolate-acuminate, a quarter of an inch long. Flowers 4 or 5
together a quarter of an inch across. Sepals ovate-obtuse.
Petals longer, elliptic-obtuse, all blue in the centre, fading off to
dirty white at the edge, spreading, not reflexed. Stamens shorter
than -the petals ; filaments short, white, abruptly dilated above
into a yellow swelling. Anther brown, dehiscing at the apex
only. Ovary shining green. Style cylindric, white. Berry
deep blue.
This species is distinct from D. ensifolia, Red., the common
lowland species, in its smaller flowers, shorter and differently
shaped stamens, ovate sepals, and longer petals. When dried,
it might easily be mistaken for D. ensifolia. This plant is
recorded from Mt. Kinabalu at 7,000 to 8,000 feet altitude by
Dr. Stapf in the 'Flora of Mt. Kinabalu.' It is improbable
that this lowland and sea-shore plant should occur at such an
altitude. May the Kinabalu plant not be D. parviflora, Ridl. ?
248. Rhuacophila javanica, Bl. Enum. i. 14; antea,
P- 59-
Stems usually numerous, 6 to 8 feet tall, strongly flattened.
Leaves rather flaccid, glaucous, subcoriaceous, linear, acumi-
nate, unarmed, midrib very inconspicuous, disappearing
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gnnong Tahan.
187
altogether towards the tip, 12 inches long, 5 inches wide, or in
younger plants smaller. Panicle terminal, 3 to 6 inches long,
sessile {i.e., there is no bare peduncle as in the other species) ;
branches immerous, 3 inches or less, with lax secondary
branches, 'elongating in fruit to half an inch long. Bracts at
base of primar}' branches leaf-like, lanceolate, broad. Brac-
teoles small, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, papery. Flowers
white, on short pedicels, a quarter of an inch long. Sepals
oblong-obtuse, tip rounded, 3-nerved. Petals nearly as long
but wider, 5-nerved. Stamens shorter ; filaments linear, rather
thick, flat, half as long as the elongate linear obtuse anther ;
base of anther shortly bifid, yellow. Ovary small, ovoid.
Style cylindric, fairly stout, as long as the petals. Stigma
small, capitate. Berry oblong, half an inch long when dry.
Seeds 4 in each cell, ellipsoid, slightly flattened towards the
base, jj inch long, black, shining.
On rocks in the Teku River and its affluents, occasionally
on banks, altitude 5,600 to 6,000 feet.
I have also fruiting specimens from Mohammed Aniff, of
the Penang Gardens, from Gnnong Kerbau at 7,000 feet
altitude. Of flowers I have only seen one spray, and those
not opened. They differ from those of Dianella in the linear
filaments not swollen at the top and the elongate anthers.
The fruit, too, with its more numerous and small ellipsoid
polished seed is quite unlike that of Dianella. From Stypandra
it mainh' differs in its glabrous stamens and its baccate fruit.
The perianth dries over the fruit and is not twisted.
This distinct plant was referred to the genus Dianella by
Kunth under the name of D. javanica, and to D. ensifolia, Red.
by Baker. It occurs also in Java and Borneo; on Gunong
Kerbau, Perak, 4,500 — 5,000 feet and on Koh Pennan off the
coast of Bandon, Siamese Malaya.
249. Smilax peguana, DC.
Unarmed; stem smooth, brown, wiry, ^ inch across.
Scales at" the base of the branches oblong, truncate, or
lanceolate. Leaves coriaceous, ovate with rounded base,
occasionally cuneate-acuminate or, more rarely, lanceolate,
occasionally narrow-oblong, 3 inches long by 2 inches wide or
less, above bright green (olivaceous when dry), beneath white,
drying glaucous; nerves 5, conspicuous on" both surfaces,
reticulations conspicuous; petiole half an inch long, with a
pair of short tendrils. Peduncles axillary, a quarter of an
inch long in flower, bearing an umbel of 5 or 6 flowers on
pedicels as long. Sepals rather coriaceous, ovate obtuse.
Petals much smaller, lanceolate, obtuse, narrow. Stamens
shorter, on very short filaments. Anthers broadly elliptic.
In fruit peduncles elongated, i inch long ; pedicels \ inch long.
Berry (nearly ripe) globose, green, J inch through.
Common in the woods in the Padang, but out of flower at
the time of our visit. I have not seen this before from the
Malay Peninsula, but have exactly the same plant from Matang
collected by Hullett and from Mt. Serapi collected by Haviland,
October, 1915. 9
i88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI
both localities in Saiawak. The leaves are very variable in
shape, the fully developed ones being ovate. I refer this plant,
very variable as it is in leaf, to S. peguana of Burmah, as
described in the ' Flora of British India.'
250. Smilax LiEVis, Wall. Woods on the Padang, in
fruit only. It occurs on all our higher mountains from 2,500
to 5,000 feet and also in China.
XYRIDE^.
*25i. Xyris GRANDis, i?»^/. 0/). «Y. p. 332. This remarkable
plant occurs very abundantly in damp spots by streams from
Wray's Camp to the Padang, 3,300 to nearly 6,000 feet
elevation. It grows in shady woods, the flowers are small in
proport'on to the size of the plant, dark yellow, the base of the
corolla is tubular. Stamens, 3 fertile and 3 sterile. It is
pollinated partly at least by the Bombus. Endemic.
*252. Xyris Ridleyi, Rendle; Ridl. op. cit. p. 332.
Extremely abundant all over the Padang in slightly damp
spots. A most attractive little plant with its bright yellow
flowers. It varies much in size, and in damp sunny spots
attains a height of over a foot with bright red stems. It also
occurs on Kedah Peak in grassy spots.
TRIURIDE^.
253. SciAPHiLA AFFiNis, Becc. ufitea, p. 59. From Wray's
Camp to the stream on the Padang.
Distribution. Whole Peninsula and Borneo.
254. [SCIAPHILA ASTERIAS, n. sp.
Stems slender, lo-ii inches tall. Leaves lanceolate-
acuminate, -^ inch long, not sheathing. Raceme lax; flowers
distant, white. Bracts f the length of the pedicel, which is ^
inch long. Perianth \ inch across; lobes nearly equal, linear,
subulate, very narrow from a broader lanceolate base. Stamens
in the male flower 3, orbicular or oblong, sessile, closely
approximate, glabrous. Female perianth shorter; carpels
numerous, oblong, clavate, papillose, whole head -j\j inch across.
Wray's Camp at 3,300 feet.
Allied to S. major, Becc, but the perianth-lobes are much
longer and narrower.
255. SciAPHiLA MAJOR, Becc. Wray's Camp at 3,600
feet.
Distribution. The Malay Peninsula and Borneo.]
PALMiE.
256. PiNANGA BrEWSTERIANA, n. sp.
A tufted or solitary stemmed palm with the stems attaining
a height of about 6 feet and a diameter of about half an inch,
reddish brown. Leaves usually simple, occasionally lobed ;
sheaths 7 or 8 inches long, scurfy, dark brown ; petiole 6 to 12
inches long, stout, brown, scurfy ; blade obcuneate, narrowed
to the base, apex deeply bilobed (more rarely with a pair of
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 189
lobes at the lower part) ; terminal lobes with g or 10 acute
teeth about an inch long and half an inch wide at the base;
whole blade about 2 feet long and 8 inches across in the widest
part; terminal lobes 6 inches long; nerves and midrib very
prominent on both surfaces, above dark green, beneath
glaucescent. Spathes boat-shaped, about 6 inches long.
Spadix 2-3 branched; peduncle 3 inches long; branches 4
inches wide, densely covered with reddish wool. Flowers
spirally arranged, remote. Male flower ^ inch long; petals
triangular, acuminate. Female ^ inch long, subglobose.
Sepals orbicular, striate, glabrous. Fruit (not quite ripe)
olive-shaped, half an inch long. Seed nearly as long, base
blunt, ribbed externally. Albumen ruminate, with rather
large intrusions running nearly to the centre.
This palm is the only one, except two Calameae, occurring
on the Padang. It is abundant in all the wet woods from
below the Gully to nearly 6,000 feet elevation. It constantly
emits lateral buds from the stems. I had a great difficulty in
finding any male flowers, till by cutting into a leaf-sheath that
appeared to be swollen I found a much decomposed spathe
with some rotten flowers on the spadix, and the female flowers,
though not }et free from the leaf-sheath, were fairly developed.
I suspect that this palm is usually self-tertilized before the
spathe opens. Spadices with female flowers and young fruit
were abundant. The rachis of the spadix is red and the fruits
apparently black when ripe.
*257. [LiyiSTONA Tahanensis, Becc. Abundant by
Wray's Camp up to about 4,000 feet, when it disappears.
Endemic]
258. Calamus elegans, Ridl. Abundant from round
Wray's Camp to about 7,000 feet on Gunong Tahan. A*
slender rattan of no great length, probably the highest-growing
palm in the Malay Peninsula.
Distribution. Bujong Malacca, in Perak.
259. [EUGEISSONA BRACHYSTACHYS, n. sp.
A bush-palm smaller than E. tristis. Leaves erect, 14 to
20 feet long, the petiole terete, 12 feet long, an inch through,
glaucous green finel}^ speckled with dull red, with two rows of
short spines, one on the back and one on the front; spines
black, half an inch or less long, in pairs, one pointing upwards,
the other downwards ; leaflets deep green, alternate, lanceolate,
caudate, broad, base shortly narrowed, 2 feet long, 3 inches
wide; tail 4 inches long, midrib raised, nerves 14; rachis, back
rounded, upper surface flat. Flower-spike about 3 feet tall ;
peduncle short, stout. Spathes broad, lanceolate, cuspidate,
clasping the stem, base green above, red, scurfy, with short
erect black spines increasing in length towards the apex ; cusp
acuminate, 6 inches long; upper sheaths shorter, about 15 in
number. Lower flowers panicled, upper branches racemose,
on peduncles of dark brown ovate bracts; peduncles i J inch
long. Calyx cylindric, irregularly lobed, green. Petals narrow^,
igo Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VI,
linear, acuminate, 2 inches long, green. Fruit ovoid, shortly
broadly stipitate at base ; apex abruptly beaked ; beak half an
inch long, obscurely trigonous ; scales ovate, triangular, obtuse,
margins paler, thin, shortly fimbriate.
On the drier part of the hill at Kuala Teku.
A very distinct plant from the only other Peninsular
species, E. iristis, Griff., in its smaller clumps, broad leaflets,
and short inflorescence. It only occurs on the drier parts of
the hills and woods at Kwala Teku.]
ARACEiE.
260. HoMALOMENA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Hook. fil. Abundant
in cracks in the rocks of the Teku Rivei to a height of about
5,000 feet. There are two forms, the ordinary long-leaved
form with leaves 5 inches long on a four-inch petiole, and a
dwarf form forming dense mats 2 to 3 inches high. This form
has spathes as big as those of the taller plant, and both have
cusps rather longer than usual.
It occurs in mountain-streams all over the Peninsula,
varying in form according to the rapidity of the stream at its
place of growth.
261. HoMALOMENA PUMILA, Hook. fil. aiitca, p. 6o. Wet
woods on the first stream on the Padang; local.
Common in the Malay Peninsula from sea-level to about
4,000 or 5,000 feet elevation; also Borneo.
*262. SciNDAPSus ScoRTECHiNii, Hook. fil.; Ridl. op. cit.
p. 332. Woods on the Teku, where it joins the stream from
the Camp, and a short way up that stream. Collected here
also by Robinson. Out of flower in July.
Usually common on rocks and trees at 3,000 to 4,000 feet
,in Selangor, Perak, and Kedah, but not common on Gunong
Tahan. It does not seem to go over 5,000 feet elevation.
PANDANACEiE.
263. Pandanus Klossii, n. sp.
Stems usually solitary, 8 to 20 feet tall, 3 inches through,
rounded, grey and bare, leafy at the top only. Leaves linear,
somewhat abruptly cuspidate, over 5 feet long, 3 inches wide,
hard and coriaceous, with strong black-hooked or ascending
thorns \ inch long along the edge and keel to the lower part,
smaller and closer-set on the edges upwards, very small and
close on the cusp. Cusp slender, stiff, i inch long. Capitulum
globose or oblong, as big as the head, on a short stout pedimcle
6 inches long, breaking up into syncarps of 6 or 7 fruits, 2^
inches long, above bluntly angled; apex of fruit shortly free,
truncate, obscurely angled, and cone-shaped. Style \ inch
long, slightly bent, acute, dark brown, simple or branched,
broad with two spreading points. Stigma linear for the whole
length.
Common all over the Padang. In the more open exposed
spots the stem is short and erect, about 6 to 8 feet tall; in the
woods the stems are long and weaker, often falling about at
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Giinong Tahan.
191
11
I
li
all angles, 20 feet or more long. The capitulum is large and
showed signs of turning red or orange; the drupes are separate
till the fruit is nearly ripe, when from 6 to 7 become adnate
and remain so as the whole fruit breaks up.
I do not know any pandan like this in the Peninsula.
The fruit when ripe has the appearance of that of P. fascicular is,
but it has thorn-like stigmas belonging to a different section.
The stigmas are often simple, acute, thorn-like processes, but
frequently also on the same head are broad, fiat, and bifurcate
at the lip, with recurved points like those of P. bicornis, Ridl.
No trace of male flowers could be seen anywhere. The
plant is very abundant, almost filling up the woods in some
places.
264. Freycinetia sp. A large and stout species of
Freycinetia is abundant in the Teku woods. No signs of
inflorescence were seen, but it resembled F. valida, Ridl.
ERIOCAULACEiE.
*265. Eriocaulon Hookerianum, Stapf.
Eriocaulon macrophyllwn, Ridl. op. cit. p. 332.
Dry spots on Gunong Riam, 6,000 feet altitude, and on
summit of Gunong Tahan, 7,100 feet. This exactly resembles
the type-plants of Kinabalu collected by Haviland. I find the
petals of the male flower very unequal, one being considerably
longer than the other.
In the lower-lying and damper parts of the Padang there
is another plant which differs from this species in having a less
distinct stem and thin long flaccid leaves, but of which
the flowers bear a very close resemblance to those of
E. Hookerianum, and it is possible that it is a lowland
form of that species. In the previous paper I named this
E. inacrophylliim, Ruhl., only known from a Javan specimen
collected by Warburg, but closely resembling a Javanese plant
collected by Horsfield and now in the British Museum. (It is
always regrettable that so many authors of the ' Pflanzenreich'
volumes appear to have omitted to inspect the largest and
most important herbaria of Kew and the British Museum.)
I think, however, this plant is probably not the plant
intended by Ruhland for his macrophylhim, and I cannot find
any description to exactly suit this lowland species. I will
describe it herewith, and give it a name: —
266. Eriocaulon silicicolum, n. sp.
Stem very short, herbaceous, covered by the bases of the
leaves. Leaves linear, flaccid, herbaceous, acute, 5 to 8 inches
long, g^ to ^ inch wide, with a few sparse hairs soon disappear-
ing. Scapes I to 3 in a tuft, slender, erect, 12-18 inches tall,
glabrous, ribbed. Spathe at base tubular, 4 inches long, with
lanceolate elongate limb. Capitulum \ to nearly J inch across.
Involucral bracts oblong, rounded at the tip, pubescent. Male
flowers: bracts cuneate, apex rounded, pale translucent, apex
thickly covered with white hairs. Perianth stalked. Sepals
oblong, cuneate, tipped with white hairs and black-dotted,
192 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
connate for most of their length. Corolla hardly longer;
lobes 3, very unequal, one twice as long as the other two, all
crested with white hairs. Stamens with pale whitish
filaments; anthers rather large, black, little longer than the
shorter perianth-lobes. Female flower: sepals as in the male.
•Petals free to base, linear, with long white hairs all over.
Capsule trilobed, globose. Seed oblong, obtuse at both ends.
Style elongate, slender.
In damp spots on the Padang.
Certainly near E. macrophyllnm, Ruhl., from description,
but the unequal male petals are those of E. Hookerianiun, and
the leaves are always shorter than the culm.
CYPERACE^.
267. SciRPUS Clarkei, Stapf. Abundant in cracks of
rocks in the streams on the Padang. This slender sedge forms
good-sized tufts in the rapid torrents, the culms being often
pendent ui the water. I find the nut distinctly trigonous and
narrowed at the base, dilated upwards, where it ends abruptly
in a short beak, the style base. Stapf describes it as "obovato
oblongo dorso convexo leviter carinata, facie subplana. "
It was first obtained in Kinabalu by Haviland, and has
not been found elsewhere.
268. ACTINOSCHCENUS FILIFORMIS, Beilth VAT. RUPESTRIS.
A dwarf tufted form, 6 inches tall, with very slender erect
stems and capitula hardly an inch across.
Common on one or two of the rocky slopes between the
Camp stream and the top of Gunong Tahan. I have the same
form from Gunong Dai in Lingga, collected by Mr. Hullett,
and from the top of Ben Karum in Sarawak by C. J. Brooks.
The usual form of the species has long pendent or weak
stems often twice as thick as in this and has larger capitula.
This form occurs in Hongkong, Ceylon, and the Karimon and
St. Barbe Islands, the waterfall, Taiping, Mt. Ophir, Penang.
Hill, and Kedah Peak.
269. Cladium pulchrum, n. sp.
Rhizome short, woody; base of stem swollen, covered with
broad red-brown sheaths. Leaves coriaceous, linear, obtuse,
narrowed upwards, base dilated, margins denticulate, scabrid
or smooth, 6 to 9 inches long, j^2 ^"^h broad, dilated, base J
inch wide. Inflorescence 10 to 14 inches tall; peduncle
glaucous, terete. Panicle bracts at the base i inch long,
narrowly linear, base dilated, sheathing, deep red. Rachis
flexuous. Branches few, 6 or 7, about half an inch long,
crowded spikelets on short angled peduncles. Lower glumes
empty, 3, two basal, broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, strongly-
nerved, red; upper much longer, more narrowly lanceolate,
acute, dark red, fertile; glume lanceolate, as long as the
previous one. Stamens 3; filaments linear; anthers narrow,
linear, yellow. St}'le long. Stigmas 3. Bristles 3, narrowed
upwards, pubescent, half as long as the nut. Nut (not ripe)
narrowed into the style.
igiS-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 193
Abundant on the Padang in slightly damp spots. In
more shady spots the bracts are more green, and there is a
slight tendency to lengthening of the panicle. This species is
undoubtedly near to CI. undiUatum, Thw. {Tricostnlaria
finibristyloides, Benth.), but that is a much more elongate tall
plant forming great tussocks of long leaves in sandy spots at
Pekan, Setul, etc., and occurring in Ceylon. This plant is
short, dense and reduced, and has the habit of a rush, and
there are also distinct differences in the form of the glumes.
Hi 270. Cladium Maingayi, Clarke. Very common on the
Padang. Occurs also on Mt. Ophir and on Gunong Bubu in
Perak, otherwise only known from Celebes.
\^m 271. Lepidospekma chinense, Nees. Common all over
the Padang up to the summit of Gunong Tahan. Also occurs
in Mt. Ophir and Gunong Kerbau, collected by Mohammed
\^^ Aniff at 7,000 feet elevation.
\^m Distribution. South China.
Hp The typical form with fairly stout glaucous stems, attain-
ing a height of six feet, grows among Gleichenia and other
fairly tall plants in damp thickets as high as 7,186 feet altitude.
On the open bare Padang in cracks in rocks and among the
quartz-fragments grows another form extremely abundant,
much reduced, and dwarfed, for which I propose the varietal
name of var. alpina. Dwarf tufted plant, 6 to 8 inches tall;
stems rigid, obscurely angled, as are the leaves. Leaves
acute, almost pungent, nearly as long as the flowering stems.
Panicle an inch long, denser, with very short branches much
reduced. Hypogynous bristles ovate-acuminate, broader than
in the type.
Very different in appearance and habit from the tall rush-
like type, with its terete, rather pithy stems, and elongate
slender panicle, 3 inches long, with branches of several
spikelets, but it seems only a dwarfed, stiffer, and reduced
alpine form.
272. Rhynchospora glauca, Vahl. On slightly damp
spots on the Padang. A very slender form.
Distribution. All the Tropics, except India.
273. Gahnia javanica, Mor. antea, p. 60. Common on
the Padang. In open rocky spots it develops a stout ropelike
prostrate stem about 3 feet long covered with leaf-bases and
roots. This usually lies in a curve on the ground. The
inflorescence of this Padang form is thin and poor compared
to the robust panicles of the plants grown in better soil.
Distribution. From Fiji and New Caledonia, through the
Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, to Kedah Peak, from 1,500
to 7,000 feet. And on Gunong Kerbau, Perak, 5,500-6,600 feet.
274. Gahnia tristis, Nces. Not common here. It
occurs also on the ridges by Wray's Camp. This plant is
common near the sea-coast in Singapore, Johore, etc., and also
on the mountains of Ophir and Kedah Peak.
194 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
275. SCHCENUS DISTICHUS, n. Sp.
A small tufted plant, forming small clumps; the stem
erect, from less than an inch to 6 inches or more long,
branched, and terminating in flattened branches with distichous
close-set leaves. Leaf- bases coppery, above bright green,
linear, triquetrous, scabrid, stiff, i to 6 inches long and ^^2 i"ch
or less thick. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, from one
of the upper axils. Culm slender, strongly curved, bearing 2
or 3 sheathing leaves. Sheaths with a broad scarious margin;
back green, grooved; from the sheath rise one or two branches
half an inch long, angled, scabrid, bearing one fusiform
spikelet ^ inch long. Glumes 4, imbricate, lanceolate,
maculate, deep violet-purple, keeled; lower ones empty,
terminal one only fertile. Style trifid, slender, purple. Nut
pale pyriform, covered with ihe pericarp, obscurely 3-angled
and beaked; hypogynous bristles none.
Padang, abundant, but seldom in flower; Perak, Gunong
Kerbau, 7,000 feet altitude {Aniff, May igio). •
This remarkable little sedge, with its leaves forming small
fans, was very abundant on the Padang in dry or slightly
damp spots. It forms clumps a few inches across, and in
most places was only an inch or two high. I found it larger
in damper shadier spots under bushes on the summit of
Gunong Tahan, and the specimens sent from Gunong Kerbau
by Mohammed Aniff were very much larger, having a stout
stem six inches long and leaves of equal length.
The flowers were difficult to find, and it does not seem to
be at all floriferous. It only bears a few spikelets on its very
short culm. The spikelets resemble those of other species of
the genus, but there are no visible hypogynous bristles. I do
not know any plant resembling it.
276. SCLERIA CARPHIFORMIS, n. Sp.
Stems 2 to 3 together in a tuft, thick at base, covered with
hairy red sheaths about one inch or less long, lower sheaths
split on one side with a lanceolate point on the other. Leaves
3 or 4, linear, obtuse, 6 inches, long, | inch wide, glaucous
green with long white hairs on the edges and keel. Panicle
shorter, 2 inches long, with two or three distant fascicles of
spikelets, subsessile, or the lower one shortly pedicelled.
Bracts leafy, the upper-most one elongate, i^ inch long,
resembling an ordinary leaf. Spikelets 2 or 5 together, 2 to 3
males to one female. Male spikelet |t inch long, subterete;
glumes dark red with white hairs. Four lower glumes
narrowly lanceolate-cuspidate, empty; four terminal ones
similar, but each containing 3 stamens. Filaments bright red,
longer than the glumes. Anthers very narrow, linear, long,
minutely cuspidate. Female spikelet shorter and thicker, with
4 bracts, the lowest ovate, lanceolate, but the others lanceolate,
reddish, all with white hairs. Flower solitary. Style slender,
trifid. Nut hemispheric with a broad base, ^ inch long,
white, thickly sprinkled over with pustules bearing brownish
hairs stellately arranged. Disc large, flat, orbicular.
1915-] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 195
In slightly damp spots on the Padang bej-ond the 8th
Camp, local, but abundant. It also grows on Kedah Peak.
This was named by me 5c/. Neesii in the "Materials."
Mr. Clarke, to whom I had referred it, states that it appeared
to be a variety of that Ceylon species, but might be made a
new species. I obtained a better set of this curious plant on
Gunong Tahan, and find it differs markedly from the Ceylon
species, not only in habit, smaller panicle, and other such
points, but in the fruit, which in the Ceylon plant is described
as "very small, ^^ to ^^ inch, globose, echinate, disc obscure."
In our plant the nut is twice as large, pustular, with brown
hairs on the pustules, and seated on a large conspicuous disc.
The Kedah Peak plant is much less hairy than that from
Gunong Tahan, and more weak — probably these differences
are due to the surroundings. The Kedah Peak one was
growing in a grassy spot surrounded by forest, that of Tahan
on slightly damp exposed rocks and screes.
277. ScLERiA RADULA, i/a^^c^; a«/^a, p. 60. A tall plant,
often over 6 feet high; stem with a distinct but low wing,
stout, over ^ inch through. Leaf sheath-mouth with a
hemispheric rounded lobe opposite the leaf-blade; blade linear-
acuminate, 18 inches long, half an inch wide, margins and
midrib scabrid. Panicles spreading, two inches long and as
wide, lax, on peduncles two inches long; slender terminal
panicle larger and more lax. Bracts elongate, almost setaceous
from a broader hairy base, about ^ inch long. Spikelets deep
purple, one female at the base of the branch and 2 or 3 males
above, rather distant. Rachis triangular. Female spikelet
with ovate-acute glumes, | inch long. Males cj-lindric, terete,
^ inch long. Glumes lanceolate, all deep red. Nut globosely
ovoid, white, quite smooth, ^ inch long, base broad. Disc
conspicuous, white, three-lobed ; lobes subacute, margins
between decurved.
Wooded stream-banks on the Padang.
Near and much resembling S. elata, Nees, in habit, but
the nut is quite smooth and the disc large. The whole plant
has the purple colouring that all this set of mountain-form
Sclerias possess.
Distribution. Hongkong and Perak (Gunong Kerbau,
4,200 feet.)
278. Carhx rivulorum, n. sp.
A tufted plant, emitting stolons. Leaves linear-acuminate,
2 feet long, ^ inch wide; base purplish brown, minutely
scabrid on the back; midrib prominent. Culm 3 feet long,
very slender, weak, terete. Foliaceous bracts sheathing, very
narrow, longer than the lower spikes. Spikes 6, pedunculate,
very ^slender, cylindric, an inch long, ^^ inch through, lower
ones all female, or with male flowers at the tip; upper one
male only. Glumes ovate, lanceolate, keeled, with a long
mucro, as long as the utricle, pale brown, minutely pubescent,
edges and mucro scabrid. Utricle J inch long, fusiform,
October, 1915. 10
196 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
narrowed and stipitate at the base, prolonged above into a long
beak, triquetrous, ribbed, and densely hairy with appressed
hairs; mouth bifid. Style long, projecting far beyond the
beak, hairy. Stigmas 3, long. Nut shorter, fusiform, triquet-
rous, narrowed at both ends, base of style not thickened, dark
brown.
Mossy wooded stream-banks on the Padang. Nearly out
of flower. Altitude 5,600 feet.
Allied to C. fnsiformis, Nees, but with hairy utricles;
possibly only a variety of that species.
279. Carex ligata, Booth. In damp woods along the
stream from Gunong Riang and Gunong Tahan in shady
spots, local but abundant.
Distribution. From Formosa to China. Not previously
recorded from the Malayan region.
280. Carek Lindleyana, Nees, var. A tall sedge form-
ing large tufts by the banks of the same stream as the last, but
in more open spots, less hairy than the typical plant, which
occurs in Southern India and Ceylon. New to the Peninsula.
GRAMINEiE.
281. Isachne albens, Trin. In woods by a stream,
Gunong Tahan, local. Occurs in the Larut Hills, Gunong
Semangkok, and Telom, from 3,000 feet altitude upwards.
Distribution. India, China, and Malay Islands, and in the
Malay Peninsula on the top of the Larut Hills.
282. Isachne JAVANA, A^^^s; a7/^^fl, p. 61. Abundant in the
Padang, but scattered, also seen on a ridge near W^ray's Camp.
The leaves are very strict and erect, white beneath. Altitude
3,400 to 7,000 feet.
Var. SAXicoLA. A densely tufted plant with numerous
short stems 3 inches high; leaves half an inch long and more
flaccid; panicles short and simple. Glumes I and II narrower
and acuter than in type, often purplish.
This grows in the cracks of the stones in the streams, and,
though very different in appearance from the type-form, I find
connecting forms and conclude it is merely a forrri modified by
its habitat.
Isachne javana occurs in Burmah, Java, and Borneo, and
in the Malay Peninsula on Mt. Ophir, Gunong Bubu, Gunong
Kerbau, 6,600 feet, Gunong Batu Puteh, and in Penang.
GYMNOSPERMiE.
CONIFERS.
^283. Agathis flavescens, Ridl.
A tree about 40 feet or less on the open woods of the
Padang, with a diameter of a foot or less at the base of the
trunk; branches spreading, few, yellow. In the lower woods
of the Teku of much larger size, trunks occasionally as much
as two feet through and a large coma of deep green leaves.
L,eaves elliptic, narrowed at the base, apex rounded, blunt, very
H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan.
197
|l
I
II
It
II
coriaceous, shining yellow above, paler and not shining beneath
(green in shady woods), 2 to 2 J inches long, J to i inch wide.
Male spikes 1^ inch long, J inch in diameter, cylindric, obtuse;
antheriferous scales ^ inch across the top, | inch long;
limb nearly orbicular, edges rough. Pollen-sacs few. Cone
globose, apex rounded, 2^ inches long, 2 inches through.
Scales i^ inch long, i inch wide, broadly obovate; the base
trilobed; the two side-lobes acute, incurved; the central lobe
oblong; limb narrow, hardly ^ inch wide, elevated in the
centre slightly. Seed elliptic, rounded at both ends, flattened,
^ inch long, ^ inch wide; wing large, broad, and rounded at
the tip, half an inch or more long.
On the Padang and in the woods near the Teku, and
along the ridge towards Skeat's Camp.
The biggest tree on the Padang, though barely 40 feet
tall, attaining a larger size in the damper woods, but not as
tall as the species on the Penang and Perak Hills. Where
exposed the branches and leaves are of a curious yellow colour
and very coriaceous, glaucous beneath, the edges reflexed.
It is most closely allied to A. regia, Warburg, of Batchian,
but the leaves are not lanceolate and acute as in that species.
The male cone and the antheriferous scales closely resemble
the cone of that species, but the scales of the female cone have
a much narrower limb and the base is usually distinctly
trilobed, the side-lobes being acute and curved in. The wing
of the seed is usually large and broad.
In previous papers I referred this species collected, first
by Robinson, to A. loranthifolia (rhomboidalis, Warburg) of
Penang Hill, but, on seeing the plant alive and procuring a
nearly ripe cone and male spikes, I find it cannot be classed
with that one. The male spikes are smaller than in any other
species known to me except A. regia, Warb.
*284. Dacrydium elatum, Br.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333. On
the Padang in small woods. The trees are of no great size,
and it is less common than the next species.
285. Dacrydium Beccarii, Pari. A shrub or bush,
hardly a tree, very common on the Padang, and flowering and
fruiting when only 5 feet tall. In this plant the leaves on the
flowering shoots are shorter and thicker than those of the
barren stems, but not reduced to scales like those of D. elatum.
The male spikes were either dried or just commencing growth
at the time of our visit. They were \ inch long and rather
stout. The antheriferous scales, elongate, lanceolate, i inch
long. The fruit in the female trees in borne on the ends of
the branches, single or 2 or 3 together, and hardly longer than
the shortened leaves which surround them. The ovules are
inch long, obovoid, shortly acute at the tip, deep black-purple,
shining at the tip.
Distribution. Borneo, Mt. Ophir.
286. Dacrydium falciforme, Pilg- Common in the
woods of the Padang, but the trees quite small. I saw none
igS Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [^ol. VI,
nearly as large as those of Gunong Semangkok. The male
spikes were dried up and young ones just commencing growth.
The dried adults i| inch long, ^ inch thick, cylindric; the
antheriferous scales triangular, rather long acuminate.
Distribution. Borneo and Selangor Hills.
287. PoDOCARPUS NERiiFOLius, Don (P. bracteatus, BL,
Ridl. op. cit. p. 333). A tree about 20 feet tall with few-
branches. The peculiarity of this form is that all over the
Padang, where it is cojnmon, the leaves, which are rather
longer and thicker than in most forms, are deflexed, so that at
first the tree appears to be dead. In the denser woods the
leaves were more normal.
Distribution. Nepal, Malay Peninsula and islands to New
Guinea, China, and Yunnan.
*288. PoDOCARPUS cuPKESsiNUS, Br.) Ridl. op. cit. p. 333.
I only found this in the thick woods by the Teku at about
4,600 feet elevation. Common on all our hills.
Distribution. Malay Islands from Celebes west to North
Burmah, Hainan.
GNETAClE^.
289. Gnetum microcarpum, Bl., var. This occurs in
the woods by the Camp and on the Teku. It resembles the
var. sylvestris of the low country, but the leaves are rather
narrower and pointed. I have almost the same form from Mt.
Ophir and the top of Penang Hill, and it seems to be a
moimtain-form. The species is common over the whole
Peninsula.
FERNS.
*29o. Gleichenia dicarpa, var. alpina. Common on
Gunong Tahan up to 7,000 feet.
291. Gleichenia Norrisii, Mett.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333.
Woods by the Teku River, Gunong Tahan, 4,600 feet altitude.
This occurs also in the hills of Perak and Penang.
292. Gleichenia flagellaris, Spr. Upper part of the
Teku stream, base of Gunong Tahan.
Distribution. Polynesia, Malay Islands and Mascarene
Isles. Most of the higher mountains of the Peninsula.
*293. Alsophila Kingii, Bedd.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333.
Teku woods and along the Camp stream. Not rare in the
woods by the streams.
Distribution. Johore and Perak Mountains.
294. Alsophila dubia, Bedd. Woods of the Teku
River at 4,600 feet.
Distribution. Taiping hills.
*295. Matonia pectinata, Br.) Ridl. op. cit. p. ^^■^.
Common all over this district from the ridges above Wray's
Camp to the Padang streams.
*2g6. Lecanopteris carnosa, BL; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333.
Common on trees on the Padang and ridges from 3,300 to
6,000 feet.
i
I915.J H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gunong Tahan. 199
Distribution. Malay Peninsula from Sino^apore to Perak
and islands.
*297, Hymrnophyllum polyanthum, Sw., var. Bi.um-
EANUM, Ridl. op. cit. p. 333. Trees in woods, Padang.
298. Hymenophyllum javanicum (Spring). Trees in
woods, Padang.
299. Hymenophyllum denticulatum, Sw. On trees
in the woods, Padang.
*300. Trichomanes pallidum, BL; Ridl. op. cit. p. 733;
antea, p. 61, Under rocks, in damp spots, Padang streams and
woods.
*3oi. Trichomanes digitatum, Sw.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333.
Woods on the Padang.
*302. Trichomanes pluma, Hook. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 333;
antea, p. 61. Common under banks and rocks and in woods in
damp spots to 5,600 feet.
^303. Trichomanes apiifolium, Presl-, Ridl. op. cit. p.
334; antea, p. 6t. Woods near the Teku.
Distribution. Malay Isles, Polynesia, and Mt. Ophir.
*304. Trichomanes radicans, Sw., var. Kunzeanum,
Ridl. op. cit. p. 334. Woods near the Teku, Gunong Tahan,
4,600 feet.
305. Trichomanes denticulatum, Bak. Damp woods.
Gunong Tahan.
*3o6. Humata pedata, Sni.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334. Rocks
in the streams at 9th Camp. Ridges below the Gully.
Distribution. Common at all elevations in the Peninsula,
Malay Isles, India, Ceylon, and Mascarene Isles.
307. Prosaptia Emersonii, Presl', antea, p. 61. On
trees in the wood behind the Camp.
Distribution. Indo-Malaya.
*3o8. Lindsaya cultrata, Sw.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334.
Common on banks, especially at the Camp stream.
*309. Lindsaya scandens, Hook.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334.
Woods by the Teku, 4,600 feet altitude.
310. Lindsaya orbiculata. Lam. Banks of streams on
the Padang.
*3ii. Lindsaya rigida, Sm.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334. Banks
of streams on the Padang.
312. Pteris aquilina, L. Only seen close to the Camp
houses, near Wray's Camp; Padang Camp, and the top of
Gunong Tahan, 7,186 feet altitude.
It was curious that the only plants of the bracken seen
were under or actually in contact with the Camp houses.
The form here was usually the softly woolly one usually
met with at high altitudes.
*3i3. Plagiogyria euphlebia, Kze. Common in woods
and on banks of all the streams, often attaining a large size.
Collected also by Robinson and Wray in the expedition of
200 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
1905; these specimens were rather dwarfed and looked some-
what distinct, but they were obviously not fully developed.
Distribution. India, Japan, Australia, and Perak Moun-
tains.
314. AsPLENiUM LUNULATUM, Sw. Teku woods at 4,600
feet.
Distribution. India and Perak.
315. DiPLAZiUM spEciosuM, Mctt. Dense woods by the
first Padang stream and Teku woods.
Distribution. Indo- Malaya.
316. Lastr^a aristata, Moore. A clump at the base
of locks in the valley of the first Padang stream. This has
quite the habit of a Davallia with a long ferruginous hairy
rhizome. It much resembles a specimen from Mt. Matang,
Borneo.
New to the Peninsula.
*3i7. DiPTERis HoRSFiELDii, Br.; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334.
Abundant on the ridges between Wray's Camp and the
Padang. Common also in woods and on stream-banks on the
Padang to 5,600 feet.
Distribution. Common at high altitudes and on the sea-
coasts in the Peninsula, also the Malay Inlands and Polynesia.
318. DiPTERis LoBBiANA, Hook. In dense masses by
the Tahan River and also at the mouth of the Camp stream
where it joins the Teku.
Distribution. Hills of the Peninsula and Borneo.
319. DiPTERis QUINQUE-FURCATA, Christ. On rocky and
sandy banks of the Teku near the mouth of the Camp stream,
local, a single patch. New to the Peninsula, native of Borneo.
I have only seen the description of this striking fern in
the 'Ferns of Malaya' by Christ.
It had a stout rhizome, J inch through, covered with a
dense coat of closest black subulate hairs; stems over two feet
tall, glabrous, except at the base, more than ^ inch through;
lamina 6 inches long and wider, coriaceous, bifurcating thrice,
cuneate at the base; ultimate segments linear, acuminate,
subacute; main nerves forming square areolae; the reticulations
less conspicuous. Sori circular, i to 5 in the centre of an
areolus. The sori are fewer than in the original description,
but otherwise the description fits this plant well.
320. Lastr^a viscola, Bl. Common in the Gully and
damp peaty spots just below Bukit Bandera (L. Ridley i,
Christ MSS.)
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Tahan River, Selangor and
Perak Hills.
*32i. Oleandra neriiformis, Cav.\ Ridl. op. cit. p. 334.
Common on the ridges above Wray's Camp.
322. PoLYPODiUM HiRTELLUM, Bl. A large form on
trees in woods, Padang.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Perak Hills, Ceylon, and Malay
Islands.
It
1915.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Gnnong Tahan. 201
323. PoLYPODiUM PARASiTicuM, Mcit. Rare on trees
near the Camp stream.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Penang Hill, and India.
*324. PoLYPODiUM cucuLLATUM, Nees; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334.
Common on trees in the Padang Woods.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Kluang Terbang, Pahang,
Selangor, and Perak Hills, also Ceylon.
*325. POLYPODIUM STREPTOPHYLLUM, Bak.) Ridl. Op. cit-
Common on trees and rocks, Padang.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula.
326. POLYPODIUM MALACCANUM, Bak. Woods on the
Padang,
Distribution. Mt. Ophir.
327. POLYPODIUM SUBPINNATIFIDUM, Bl. Woods near
the Padang.
This form I have also collected on the Semangkok Pass.
It was first identified by Dr. Christ as P. trichoinanoides, a
species which, however, does not occur here.
*328. Pleopeltis Wrayi, jBa^. ; i?/(i/. 0/). aV. p. 334. On
trees on ridges near Bukit Bandera,
Distiibution. Pahang and Perak Hills.
^329. Pleopeltis stenophylla, Bl. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334,
A very narrow form.
Trees on the ridges below the Gully. Common in our
Hills,
330. Pleopeltis incukvata, Bl. Open woods on the
Padang.
Distribution. Mountains of Selangor and Perak, also
Malay islands.
*33i. Pleopeltis LACiNiATA, B/. Terrestrial open woods
near the gth Camp.
Distribution. Perak Hills.
*332, ViTTARiA FALCATA, Kze. ; Ridl. op. cit. p. 334. Com-
mon on trees in the Padang woods.
Distribution. Mountams of Selangor, Malacca, and Perak.
333. Elaphoglossum decurrens, Bl. Terrestrial, in
deep moss in woods on the Camp stream, local. New to the
Peninsula.
*334. Elaphoglossum laurifolium, Bedd. On trees
above the Gully. Also obtained by Robinson in 1905,
335. Polybotrya appendiculata, var. subintegra,
Web. Woods by streams on the Padang. Form with the
leaf-margins quite entire.
336. Chrysodium bicuspe. Hook.; antea. p. 62^ Under
and on dry rocks, by the Camp stream, and by the upper part
of the Teku.
Distribution. Mt. Ophir, Taiping Hills, Java, and
Forrnos^.
202 Journal of the F.M.S. M^iseums. [Vol. VI,
*337- ScHiz^A MALACCANA, Bak. ; Rtdl. op. cit. p. 335.
Very common on rocks in woods, or on stream-banks all over
the district; a rather short thick form,
Dktrihiition. Mt. Ophir, Kedah Peak, and Malay
Peninsula generally.
LYCOPODIACE^.
338. Lycopodium cernuum, L. a very curious, stiffly
rigid form occurs on the dry parts of the Padang.
*33g. Lycopodium casuarinoides, Spring.; Antea p. 62.
Common in the woods and occasionally creeping over rocks
from 4,000 feet to 5,600.
340. Lycopodium ceylanicum, Spring. On stream-
banks by the Teku and in other spots, attaining the height of
a foot and branched.
341. Lycopodium reflexum, Lam. Banks of Teku
stream at 4,600 feet elevation in wooded spots.
342. Lycopodium Carolinianum, L. Common on damp
spots on the open Padang, with bright green creeping stems,
sending up fruiting shoots as much as 6 inches tall. The
plant exactly resembles a specimen from Missouri, North
America, collected by Tracy, in the Singapore herbarium.
New to the Peninsula.
Distribution. Africa, Ceylon, New Guinea, China, N. and
S. America.
343. Selaginella suberosa. Spring. In the Teku
woods.
344. Selaginella pinangensis, Spring. Banks of
streams near the Camp.
345. Selaginella oligostachya, Ba^. GunongTahan
{Robinson.)
346. Selaginella alutacea. Spring. Teku woods on
damp banks.
347. Selaginella acutangula, Spring. Woods, Gun-
on g Tahan.
348. Selaginella polita, n. sp.
Stem ascending, 6 to 8 inches, nude, rough with persist-
ent leaf-bases, pale yellow ; branches about 4 inches long,
little-branched, suberect. Leaves of the main stem oblong-
lanceolate, apex rounded, spaced, deciduous; of lower plane
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, base broad, apex rounded,
imbricate, texture firm, polished, dark green above, a little
paler beneath, leaves of upper plane half as long, lanceolate,
long-cuspidate, paler. Spikes |^ to i inch long, slender. *
Bracts of lower plane triangular, acute, small, and pale ; of c
upper plane subtriangular, quite obtuse, dark green. Spo-
rangia large, globose.
Woods by the Teku, Gunong Tahan.
Nearest to S. suberosa, but smaller and denser, and little-
branched ; leaves rigid, polished and not ciliate. The habit of v
the plant is more that of S. trichobasis, ■
%
^
XIV. SOME NOTES ON ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF
UPPER PERAK. (Plates XXXI— XXXIV).
By Ivor H. N. Evans, B.A., Assistant Curator and Ethno-
graphical Assistant F.M.S. Museiims.
The following observations were made among three
aboriginal tribes during an expedition to Upper Perak in
March and April of 1915. The tribes visited were the Semang
of Grik, the Orang Jehehr of Temengoh, and the Hill Sakai of
the main range, the particular sections of the last-named
tribe met with livmg close to the bridle path which runs from
Temengoh to Lasah in Ulu Plus. I here deal with each tribe
separately and in the order given above.
THE NEGRITOS OF GRIK. (Plate XXXL Fig. i).
The Negritos of Grik appear to be absolutely similar to
those of Lenggong, whom I have already described in a former
number of this Journal.* I purpose therefore to say but little
about them here, with the exception of setting down any in-
formation which I did not obtain at Lenggong. It has, I
think, been customary to look upon the Negritos or Semang
of Grik as being of purer race than those of Lenggong, and,
indeed, in the article on the Lenggong tribe I myself spoke
of "the pure Semang of Grikt." The Grik people told me
that some of them are related to individuals of the Lenggong,
Gelok, and Kuala Kenering communities, but I gathered they
do not hold very much intercourse with them. The Malays
call these small bands of Semang from Lenggong to and
beyond Grik, Sakai Jerani. They speak a Sakai, i.e., non-
Semang dialect, and are of fairly pure Negrito stock.
In my former paper on the Semang of Lenggong I stated,
on evidence obtained from the Negritos of Ijok,t that the
Lenggong tribe called themselves Semark Blum. This infor-
mation is perfectly correct, but I find (from what I learnt at
Grik) that the translation of the name which I gave, i.e. men
of the big (water), is not. Semark in the first place does not
appear to mean men in general (homines), but is used in refer-
ence to the aborigines only; secondly, Ong Blum, which I
translated " big water," is as far as I can make out the abori-
ginal name for the Perak river, which presumably rises not far
from the Blum district in Upper Perak. Ong Blum, thyefore,
means the Blum River (or water), and Semark Blum, the
aborigines of the Blum. Of course the Perak river is to them
//ig big river (or water), hence, I imagine, the mistake.^ The
. — ^
* Journal F.M.S. Museums Vol. V, No. 2, 1914.
t I had not then visited them.
I See also " Notes on the aboriginal inhabitants of Ijok," Journal F.M.S.
Museums, Vol. V, No. 4.
H " The big Perak river " would, they said, be " Ong Blum chekah':"
204 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Grik Semang gave me to understand that the word which they
used for people in general (homines) was Go6 and the following
examples showing its use.
Gob Semark. — One of themselves : i.e. a Negrito.
Gob Peletau. — A white man.
Semark Plek (or Pleh), however, is the name given to the
Hill Sakai, so, as I have stated above, Semark in their dialect
means any kind of aboriginal. A rather curious point is that
the word Gop or Gob seems to be used among some tribes of
aborigines to denote the Malays only, for instance the Sakai
of Sungkai call the Malays Gob or Mai Gob, the word they use
for men (homines) being Mai.
The Semang of Grik, like the Jehehr, whose custom in
this respect I describe below, use the blood-throwing cere-
mony when frightened by a thunderstorm, and say to the
thunder spirit " Dayah hog di baling.'" This they told me
means " Take up the blood," but, if baling has the same
meaning as in Malay, I should guess that a more correct
translation would be, " Take up the blood that we throw you."
Children are forbidden to play about in the water, as it is sup-
posed that this would cause a thunderstorm.
At burials the Semang say to the spirit of the deceased
" Dh\ Du\ Yakl," which they told me means "Go! Go!
Hear ! " i.e. " Go your way ! Hear our command ! "
THE ORANG JEHEHR OF TEMENGOH.
(PI. XXXI Fig. 2, PI. XXXII Fig. i.)
This tribe, which speaks a Semang dialect, appears to be
of fairly pure Negrito blood. The hair of many individuals,
though not all, is typically woolly, and, with one exception,
the skin colour in all that I met, was extremely dark. The
type of features, however, varied to some extent, as did the
character of the hair, and while it was easy to pick out
individuals who in both respects were typically negritic, mixed
types were observable, some of whom had straight or wavy
hair, and other features which were decidedly not Negrito, but
Sakai. As on first acquaintance, and also to a less extent
later, they were inclined to be rather nervous, I thought it
better not to attempt to take any physical measurements, a
performance which was likely to be regarded with considerable
suspicion. A fair number of ethnographical specimens were
purchased for the Perak Museum; and for the smaller articles,
silver «ten cent pieces were in great demand. In the matter
of money the Jehehr are still very unsophisticated, and when
I had to pay more than a dollar for specimens, I had the
greatest difficulty in getting them to accept notes, their con-
stant request being for silver dollars, as they said that they did
not want, or understand, "tree leaves." One man to whom
I paid two dollars in ten cent, pieces was quite uncertain how
many he ought to receive. Needless to say, the local Malays
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
205
II
frequently take advantage of the Jehehr's guilelessness.
Among the Jehehr, as among other Negrito tribes of the
western, and I beHeve, most of those on the eastern side of
the Peninsula, the hair of both sexes was cut short or the head
shaved, but in many cases a small top-knot was left, which
they adorned with sweet-smelling leaves or other ornaments.
Annandale places the Jehehr in the Sakai section of his
notes on the aborigines of Upper Perak* though he himself
says : " The first two tribes to be dealt with under the
heading t are so closely related to the Semang stock, that the
wisdom of separating them from it may be doubted. It is
hardly controversial to state that they are Semangs with a
slight admixture of either Malay or Sakai blood, supposing
that it is legitimate to speak of a definite Sakai race, which is
very doubtful at the present stage of our enquiry. Still, it has
seemed better to make the division, seeing that the differences,
though inconspicuous, most certainly exist, and that the tribes
of Upper Perak, other than Semang, include persons among
their numbers whose hair is nearly straight and whose com-
plexion is very much paler than chocolate."
There is certainly truth in these observations, still, if we
take into consideration the three characters of hair, skin
colour, and features, the Jehehr are, according to my mind,
very distinctly Negrito. It is but seldom that an individual can
be found (I can only remember one) in whom two out of the
three characters are not negritic, and, though there is no
doubt some slight admixture of foreign blood in the tribe, pro-
bably few people, if they were shown a group of Jehehr, would
hesitate in saying that they were Negritos. Furthermore,
though language is in itself admittedly not a fair criterion of
race, yet the Jehehr do speak a "Semang dialect;" (i.e. one
in which the words given by Skeat as distinctive of Semang
dialects occur). Now, though instances of Negrito tribes
speaking Sakai dialects are well known (e.g. the tribes of Grik
and Lenggong) I do not ever remember having heard of a case
in which a Semang dialect had imposed itself upon a Sakai
tribe.
An account of the dress and ornaments worn by the
Jehehr has already been given by Annandale 1], and to this I
can add ver}' little fresh information. One man seen was
wearing rather a curious crown-like head-dress made of strips
of pandanus leaf, coloured yellow, interwoven with akar or
urat batu. The nasal septum was pierced in the majority
of the men, the operation being, the Jehehr told me, performed
with a porcupine quill, porcupine quills being also frequently
worn through the hole as an ornament. Annandale mentions
that the young shoots of some ;cingiberaceous plant were used
• Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology p. 22.
t The Jehehr is one of the two.
\ Skeat's Pagan Races, Vol. 11, page 390.
U Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology p. 27.
2o6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
for the same purpose, but I did not notice this. Tattooing was
observed on one man and one woman, but I do not think that
the practice is truly native to the Jehehr, and in the case of the
man he told me that it had been done by Hill Sakai, among
whom as I shall point out later, I found a very large percent-
age of individuals with tattoo marks. The tattoo patterns on
the woman consisted of two parallel and vertical lines running
from the top of the forehead to the tip of the nose, those on
the man of two similar lines from the top of the forehead, but
terminating on the level of the eyebrows. The chief weapons
in use among the Jehehr are blow-pipes, bows and arrows, and
spears. Skeat has described very fully various bows, arrows,
and quivers from Upper Perak,* so I do not propose.to enter
into these matters at any great length here; but I will record
shortly a few points worth mentioning concerning them, under
the section of this paper which deals with the Sakai of the hill
district, since the bows and arrows purchased from these
people were identical with those obtained from the Jehehr,
with the single exception that the Jehehr quivers were quite
plain, while those of the hill people were decorated with
patterns.
Annandale states that the Jehehr make neither bows and
arrows nor blow pipes, but obtain these articles from the Hill
tribes, yet the Jehehr told me that they made both, and were
capable of hammering out scrap iron into arrow-heads. I did
not, however, see any forges in the Jehehr's camps as I did
among the Hill Sakai. With regard to the blow-pipes
purchased from the Jehehr, out of four specimens, three have
an apple-shaped mouth-piece of damav kelulut, the remaining
example a wooden mouth-piece of the same shape; otherwise
they are similar to those of the Hill Sakai which I describe
below. The same thing holds good for the quivers for blow-
pipe darts, except in one case where I obtained a specimen of
the true Negrito type of dart quiver, i.e., a coverless receptacle
consisting simply of an internode of bamboo with a node left
at one end to form its bottom. This quiver was ornamented
with rudely scratched-in patterns. Sometimes numerous strips
of rattan leaf are put into the quivers with the idea of keeping
the darts apart. In no case that I saw were the dart-stems
notched above the poison, in order that the point might break
off in the wound, when an animal was struck.
Two Jehehr settlements were visited, one of which, on a
hill above Kampong Temengoh, was a single tree-dwelling.
This was a hut supported on eight small trees, with the floor
about fifteen feet above ground-level. Small trees growing
together in the most advantageous manner possible had been
selected to support the dwelling, and the house was built among
their slender trunks much as a bird's nest is built between the
twigs of a branch. Access to the hut was obtained by a ladder
of several saplings placed side by side. Near Jeram Subang
* Pagan Races, Vol. i p. 270-278.
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
207
on the Temengoh River, and some five or six miles below
Temengoh village, I paid a visit to a shelter, or rather assem-
blage of shelters, which was much more typically Negrito.
This camp consisted of eight screens of attaps placed roughly
in a circle, and arranged so that the "roofs" nearly met in the
centre, a\ hile enclosed within the circle were the boles of two
fairly large trees. One or more bamboo sleeping-platforms
was to be seen under every shelter, and a fire, at which the
Jehehr not only cook their food, but warm themselves at night,
was smouldering close to each platform. This type of habita-
tion was exactly similar to those I 'had seen on a former
occasion among the Semang of Lenggong.
In reaching the settlement just described, I had to pass
through t\NO clearings of considerable size. The first of these
was deserted, but the second, although the padi crop had been
reaped, still afforded the Jehehr some bananas, some brinjals
and other vegetables. In this second clearing was a small
watcher's hut, built in a commanding position, and raised
on very high posts. On one side of the clearing and not far
from the jungle, was a house built on posts in the usual
Malay (or Sakai) fashion, but this had been abandoned, after
the harvest, in favour of the ground shelters already described,
which were in the jungle.
As far as I could gather, the Jehehr have practically
no religious beliefs. Souls after death, according to their
statement, went to dwell by the edge of the sea, and they seem
to be afraid that the spirits of the dead may linger near
the huts of their relatives and trouble them, since they told me,
that when a corpse is being buried they say "Bail Dun\
Dunl Diinl Di-prak\" \\hich they said meant "Dig! Leave!
Go ! " I was also told that offerings of food were placed on the
graves. Two kinds of grave-ghosts, not, it seems, spirits
of the dead, are much feared, these being named Kemoid and
Sara. I could obtain no evidence that there was any belief in
a Supreme Being, though the Jehehr, are certainly, exceedingly
afraid of thunder {hare), as are most of the aboriginal tribes,
but though thunder, according to Vaughan Stevens, is the
Semang supreme god I could find nothing to show that it was
so regarded by the Jehehr, yet it is certainly thought to
be caused by a powerful spirit, who may be appeased by an
offering of blood.
The Jehehr said, that when a thunderstorm came on, they
cut the outside of the calf of the right leg near the shin-bone
with a knife, and taking a few drops of blood from the wound
on the knife blade, and putting them into the palm of the left
hand, threw them up into the air saying, "Haroidl Saidthl"
(Throw it away! Sleep! (?)). Various actions are tabu, as
they are supposed to bring on thunderstorms, which may
involve the death by lightning (cJiilou) of others, as well as of
the transgressor. For instance it is tabu for anj^one to kill a
millipede, to shoot an owl with blow-pipe, or to flash a
2o8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
looking-glass or other shining object about in the open, and
for the same reason it is tabu for a man to have intercourse
with his wife during daytime.
An attempt is sometimes made to drive away a
threatening storm by blowing through the teeth with a hissing
sound — " Hish." The ideas of the Jehehr with regard to the
lunar eclipse, which they call Kenod biilan are similar to those
of the Semang of Ijok. They believe that the moon is
attacked by a butterfly which attempts to swallow it. The
Jehehr frighten away the butterfly by making music with
bamboo stampers. ^
It is curious to note that among most, if not all, the
aboriginal tribes of the Peninsula the spells of the magician are
performed within a magic circle. In some cases a round hut
of leaves is erected in which the magician ensconces himself,
in others merely a round frame with hangings is used. The
Jehehr told me that they too made use of the round hut
or bumbnn.
The custom of avoidance of the mother-in-law seems to
be very strictly in force, since she may neither be named,
or spoken to, by her son-in-law.
Some articles of diet are tabu to the women, it being
considered that the infringement of the tabu would cause the
offender to suffer from convulsions {sawan). The flesh of the
piandok or chevrotain is rigidly tabued, but though, to a lesser
extent, the meat of the sambhur (Cervus unicolor) and the
muntjac (Muntaicus muntjac) are also tabu I was told that
some women were not afraid to eat it. It teoks rather as if
these tabus might have arisen from the desire of the men to
reserve the rarer and most savoury items of diet to themselves.
As far as I could gather, there appears to be little or
no marriage ceremony. The Jehehr said that it was allowable
to have two wives, but not usual.
A man who wishes to marry takes a wife from another
settlement (the girls of marriageable age in his own will
probably be all his near relations) and brings her back to his
own camp. After a while, however, he returns to live with his
wife's relatives for a time, and visits are paid to them at
varying intervals.
A woman is forbidden to eat certain articles of food for
four days after giving birth to a child, ; these are the cabbages
of palms, flesh and fish, and tubers.
Names of children are usually taken from the river, or
small streams, nearest to which they are born, or from rapids
or promontories, but they are also given from the kind of
tree under which the birth takes place. The following list of
Jehehr names is, I think, fairly representative.
Name.
Chermin derived from Sungei Chermin, the Chermin
River.
igi6.] I. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
209
II
■
Lek „ „ Chegar Lek, Lek rapid.
Rambai ,, ,, Tanjong Rambai, Rambai Tree
Point.
Kunyet ,, „ Pokok Kunyet, Turmeric.
Langsat „ ,, Pohun Langsat, The Langsat
Tree.
Eseng ,, ,, Sungei Eseng, The Eseng
River.
Kepah „ „ Sungei KepaJi, The Kepah
River.
Chuit „ ,, Sungei Chuit, The Chuit River.
Ka'un „ ,, Sungei Ka'tin, The Kb.' un River.
Darah ,, ,, Jeram Darah, A Large Rapid
in the Temengoh River.
Lanah ,, ,, Tanah LanaJi, A piece of land
called Lanah.
The so called rivers in the above list are, I believe, in
most, if not all cases, quite inconsiderable streams, and I have
been unable to trace them on the map. The aboriginal tribes
of the Peninsula have names for even the tiniest streamlets.
THE HILL-SAKAI (Pis. XXXII— XXXIV.)
The Hill-Sakai, seemingly the same as the Po-Klo of
Messrs. Annandale and Robinson although I did not get this
name for them — occupy, according to their own accounts, the
slopes of the main lange, both on the Western and Eastern
sides. One of their headmen told me that the extreme
boundary of their tribe northwards along the range was the
Pergau, a tributary of the Kelantan River. " Beyond this,"
he said, "live the Orang Sabnn," but his description of these
people was so hazy that I was unable to obtain any idea as to
whether they were Negritos or Sakais. The Kinta River was
stated by the same man, to be the southern boundary of the
tribe, while locally, in the neighbourhood of Temengoh, the
dividing line between the territories of the Jehehr and the hill
people is, a Malay told me, a river which he called the
Keronang, but which I take to be the stream given on the
map as the Kerunai, since it is in about the right position.
The Jehehr call the Hill-Sakai, who are known to the Malays
as Sakai Bukit, Mendrak Plek {or pi eh), but the only thing I
could get from the hill people as a tribal name was Senoi, and
Seuoi appears to be simply their word for people (homines).
The Sakai of the Sungkai district also use the word Senoi as
tribal designation, but if they wish to speak of a white man,
a Pahang Sakai etc., thev'say Mai pnteh, a white man; Mai
Pahang, a Pahang Sakai; Mai Gop, a Malay. Presuming, as
I have already done, that the Hill Sakai whom I met are the
same as Annandale's Po-Klo, no doubt he is perfectly right
in classing them as Sakai though he seems uncertain whether
he should do so, and not as Negritos. He says, however, in
speaking of fifteen men who came to Temengoh during his
February, 1916. 2
2IO Journal of the F.M.S. Mnsetuns. [Vol VI,
visit, who were the only members of the tribe he met, that
" while the majority of these individuals only differed from the
*Semang of Grik in that they were taller and stouter and did
not suffer from skin disease, a few were very considerably
paler in complexion, had hair which was straight, and faces of
a much less infantile type. Indeed extremes in both directions
existed." The photographs given in the Fasciculi certainly
show some Negrito types, but as I met, I should judge, about
a hundred of the hill people, I had, apart from the fact that I
did not take any measurements, a better opportunity of examin-
ing these Sakai than Annandaie had. Just as, on sight, I should
unhesitatingly class the Jehehr as Negritos, so I should place the
Orang Bukit among the Sakai, Not that I would for a minute
deny that they have a considerable admixture of Negrito blood,
for such is obviously the case, as is shown by the occurrence
of Negrito facial characters, woolly hair, and dark skins in
individuals ; but the sum total of the obvious physical
characteristics of a large number of the tribe would make me
set them down immediately as being much more of the Sakai
than Negrito type. Of the Negrito characters which occur,
I should say that hair with a tendency to ulotrichy and childish
facial appearance were commoner than dark skin colour.
As a tribe, however, these people are distinguished as Sakai by
comparatively light skin colour, taller stature than that of the
Negritos, more regular features, and hair often straight or
wavy.
The Hill Sakai, though it might hardly be expected of
them, since they live at a distance from Malay villages, are
really a good deal more sophisticated than the Jehehr. In the
first place I believe that their wits are sharper than those of
the Jehehr, and that they have far greater capabilities for
adapting themselves to new circumstances. Secondly, the
Jehehr, a lazy tribe, hang around the few Malay villages in
their neighbourhood and seldom think of going further afield.
The Hill Sakai, on the other hand, travel considerable dist-
ances, and of those I met, some, and especially the two head-
men, were accustomed to visit Sungei Siput and Kuala Kang-
sar, where they sold rattans gathered in the jungle. Notes
were taken in payment for articles bought without the same
hesitation that was shown by the Jehehr, and if all the
members of the tribe could not tell the difference between
a one dollar and a five dollar note, the headmen at any rate
could do so, and assured them that they were not being
cheated. These two headmen, Toh Raja and Toh Stia, were
extremely pleasant and well mannered young men and seemed
to possess a very considerable influence over their followers.
The latter, as compared with other aboriginal tribes were
very independent in their manners and bearing, and were not
at all inclined to be ordered about by the Malays, or imposed
upon by their brag and bluster. One of my " gembalast "
♦ Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, p. 23. t Elephant drivers.
Igi6.] 1. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
ail
ordered a Sakai to fetch him some water, and the Sakai, much
to the surprise of the Malay turned round and told him that if
he wanted water he had better go and get it himself. Several
cases are known of the Hill Sakai of this region objecting to
the presence of strangers in their territories and ejecting them.
Tattooing, called by the Sakai chenul, was observed on the
faces of a number of individuals, both on men and women.
In no case did I see tattoo marks on any other part of the
body. Since, though tattooing has been recorded among the
Sakai by various observers, there seems to be some doubt in
Skeat's mind as to how far evidence with regard to tattooing
was to be believed, I will state here — I have already done so
in other cases where I have met with the practice — that in
speaking of tattooing I invariably mean tattooing proper, i.e.,
pricking colouring material into the skin by means of a pointed
instrument. Skeat sums up the evidence with regard to
tattooing, available at the time he wrote, as follows :
" In spite of this apparently strong consensus of evidence,
I must still repeat the warning that (although there is clearly
soine form of real tattooing, i.e., skin-puncturation, practised in
the Peninsula), yet what many of the observers from whom I
have quoted, are wont to call tattooing, is certainly no more
than sacrificatioii * or even perhaps nothing but mere face-
paint after all."t
The Sakai told me that the operation was performed with
a bertam thorn and soot or charcoal. The resulting patterns
were generally rather faint, not very much pigment having
been forced in under the skin. In the men the most usual
tattoo marks found were three pairs of parallel lines on either
side of the face, the topmost line usually running slanting
across the face from near the top of the ear to the nostril, the
lowest from rather below the ear to the corner of the mouth.
In one case a man, besides having this arrangement of tattoo
markings, was also ornamented with two parallel lines from
the top of the forehead in the centre, to the root of the nose.
In the women the tattoo patterns were generally confined
to the forehead, one of the commonest forms being, roughl)^ a
reversed broad arrow composed of three pairs of parallel lines,
the centre pair reaching from the top of the forehead to just
above the root of the nose, the other two pairs from the top of
the forehead to above the eyebrows. One man, in addition to
the ordinary cheek pattern, had also this type -of forehead
design, but the two lines forming the shaft of the arrow
were prolonged to the tip of the nose. Several women,
whom I saw, had the face stained yellow with some vegetable
colouring matter resembling turmeric, which, they said, they
obtained from a fairly tall shrub.
The custom of boring a hole in the septum of the nose
was common, but not universal: porcupine quills were worn
* I have never yet seen scarification employed.
t Pagan Races: Vol. 2, p. 43.
212 Journal of the P. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
thrust through the hole. Both men and women among the
Hill Sakai wear their hair short, but the latter grow a small
tuft at the back of the head like the women of the Semang
tribes.
It is not necessary to say very much regarding the dress
of the tribe. Malay pattern sarongs or T bandages of European
cloth were the usual costume of the men, while most of the
women wore short sarongs of red twill which reached from the
waist to a iittle below the knees. Necklaces of beads were in
favour among the women, and, to a less extent, among the
men, the women's necklaces being long loops reaching to the
waist, while the mens' consisted of a string of beads tied tightly
round the neck with the long ends hanging down in front.
Head-fillets of twisted vegetable fibre were commonly worn by
the men. The bamboo combs used by the women were gener-
ally decorated with scratched-in patterns, but in one specimen
that I saw the outer skin of the bamboo had been partly
removed after the Semang fashion. I secured one very pretty
little comb which was 10.2 cms. in length, but had a breadth of
only 1.7 cms. both the top and the teeth, of which there were
seven, being covered with neatly etched patterns. Other
objects of dress, which I obtained, were a couple of necklaces,
one of small, white seeds, the other of white and black seeds
strung alternately, and a crown-like headdress of green and
yellow leaves similar in construction to a specimen which I
bought from the Jehehr.
Before speaking of the agriculture of the tribe I will give
a short description of the only type of house seen. On the
journey from Temengoh along the Lasah bridle path Sakai
were first met with at Kuala Jinaheng (Jermahing) where we
camped out for the night. Their house was not visited, since
it was some distance away, and was stated to be only a
temporary abode, while I was anxious to push on the next
morning to another settlement, said to consist of a single
communal house. This house, about which I found the in-
formation received to be perfectly correct, was situated on a
rising ground near a small stream, and was surrounded by a
very considerable clearing. We also passed a similar type of
dwelling on a hill above the bridle path after leaving Kuala
Jinaheng, but it was newly built, and the Sakai had not yet
moved into it from their old clearing, which was a long way
off. The communal house, near which I camped for the night,
(PI. XXXni Fig. i) was raised on posts to a minimum height
often feet from the ground ; its length was forty-nine, and its
breadth nineteen feet. Entrj^ was obtained by a main ladder
at one end of the house and a couple of subsidiary ladders
against the side walls at the other end of the building. These
ladders were constructed of a number of large bamboos or
small tree-trunks placed side by side with steps of bamboo or
wood lashed across them. A very large amount of bamboo
was used in the construction of the dwelling, the rafters,
1916.] i. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
213
floor stringers, and many of the supplementary posts were
all of bamboo, and sheet bamboo was used for the floors,
walling, and for covering the bamboo sleeping benches or
platforms. The height between floor and the cross beams
(about four feet) was so little that in walking about it was con-
stantly necessary to dodge under timberings. Most of the
sleeping platforms were arranged along the walls, but some
jutted out at right angles. There was, however, sufficient room
left to allow passage from one end of the house to the other.
The dwelling contained four earth hearths, these being built
close to the sleeping platforms. As far as I could find out,
there were no very definitely allotted sleeping places, but the
unmarried of either sex were kept apart. The Hill Sakai are
hard workers, and, for an aboriginal tribe very good agricultur-
alists. Each community has several large clearings planted
with different ciops, but padi does not seem to be grown on the
Perak side of the main range. The headman of the village at
which I stopped told me that his people had four clearings in
use at the time of my visit, one planted with sengkuai (millet),
two with ubi kayji (tapioca) and one with a mixed crop of kaladi
(caladium) and keledek (Convolvulus batatas). It appears that
the work of clearing and planting is performed by the whole of
the settlement in common, and the crops are also common
property.
I had imagined, chiefly owing to the size of the house I saw,
that the Sakai w^ould probably only have watching huts on the
other clearings, and w^ould go to and return from them the
same day; hence I omitted to ask them whether they had any
kind of dwellings on them, but after my return to Temengoh,
the Malay Gembala Sakai * Pak Lebai Ishak, informed me that
they usually had a large communal house in each clearing and
the whole community moved from one abode to another when-
ever there was any necessity for doing so.
The tribe plants a fair amount of tobacco, for though I
did not com.e across any growing I saw a considerable quantity,
cut into shreds, drying on rectangular frames made of loosely
plaited strips of beniban. These were placed on the low cross
beams above the fire places. The Sakai told me that the
tobacco was generally smoked as soon as dry, but occasionally
they stored it in joints of bamboo to mature.
With regard to weapons, blow-pipes were of the usual
Upper Perak type, i.e. weapons with a one-piece outer tube
consisting of a single internode. The mouth pieces, which
were of wood, were oblately spheroidal. The outer tube
was never sufficiently long to enclose the whole of the inner,
which is of course the important part of the blow-pipe, the
reason probably being that bamboos of sufficient size and
with internodfts long enough for the purpose could not be
obtained. To get over this difficulty a cylindrical piece of
• Herdsman of the Sakai, a name frequently given to any Malay who has
gained authority over the aborigines.
:2l4 journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
bamboo is pushed over the inner tube just above the mouth-
piece. This may be either larger or smaller than the outer
tube. If the former is the case, the end of the outer tube is
somewhat pared away and the short section fitted over it ; if
the latter, the end of it is fitted into the outer tube. The only
attempts at ornamentation on the blow-pipes externally
were annular scratched-in markings below the muzzles and
occasionally some slight patterns on the extra bamboo
section next the mouth-piece. The dart quivers were all of
the usual type of covered quiver obtained from Upper Perak,
and the Piah and Plus valleys. The main type of decoration
is said by Annandale to be derived from the tail of the Argus
pheasant, but, as I found that I was given several names for
each kind of pattern, — the Argus pheasant was not one
obtained, — I ceased making further enquiries. I also took
pattern names among the Jehehr with very similar results.
Descriptions of several specimens of bows from Upper
Perak having been given by Skeat, I do not think that I can
add anything very material to what has already been recorded,
but I set down here a few noticeable features with regard to
them, and their arrows and quivers. The bows which were of
some kind of palm wood, ibul or menhar (unidentified) were
furnished with shoulders at top and bottom. The permanently
attached end of the cord was fastened with a knot at one pair
of shoulders. The other end was furnished with a loop, which,
when the bow was strung, was fitted over the shoulders at the
other extremity, and when loose was allowed to slip down
the wood. The outer faces of the bows were rounded, but
the inner, though somewhat flattened, always had a ridge
running down the middle from end to end. The bow is bent
for stringing by placing the end at which the cord is fixed on
the ground, grasping, the other end in the hands and pressing
with the knee of the right leg, the wood of the bow being
gripped near the ground between the big and second toes.
None of the arrows I saw had detachable foreshafts, as
had some described by Mr. Wray. The blades of the arrow-
heads were broadly lanceolate, or spatulate, in shape, and
furnished with either one or two barbs at their base. A stem
of at least 5.5. cms in length, often considerably more, pro-
jected from the base of the blade and the end of this was
lashed into the bamboo arrow-shaft with a rattan binding, but
more than two-thirds of it were left protruding. The notch
for the cord across the top of the shaft was in the same plane
as the flattened arrow-head, as was also the feathering. This
consisted of two long and narrow strips of the tail feathers of
a hornbill, fixed to the shaft at their ends with sliglit bindings
covered over with damar kelnlut, but free along the rest of their
length. The part of the shaft to which the feathers were
attached was ornamented with incised annular markings. In
some arrows these markings extended beyond the lower point
of attachment of the feathers. The quivers were made, as is
usual, from an internode of bamboo with a node to form the
1916.J I. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines, 215
bottom of the receptacle, a piece of the next internode,
sharpened to a spike for planting the quiver in the ground,
being left adhering to the node. The arrows were prevented
from rattling in the quiver, or from falling out by a plug of
leaves pushed down into its mouth between the arrow-shafts,
which projected from it to the extent of rather less than half
their length. Both the quivers made by the Hill Sakai, which
I obtained, were partially ornamented with scratched-in pat-
terns, but one had some of the patterns made more prominent
by removing poitions of the outer skin of the bamboo and
rubbing in brown colouring matter, after the manner of the
Negrito tribes.
The Hill Sakai, as I have already stated, have some little
skill in forging iron. Outside the communal house there was
standing a small thatched shelter, and under this was a Sakai
blacksmith's forge. The anvil, or anvils, on which the iron
was hammered out were a couple of small boulders with rather
concave faces; and the hammer used was an iron spike with a
flattened head, hafted to a short handle after the fashion of
a native adze (beliong). The bellows or apparatus for blowing
up the fire consisted of a couple of vertical bamboo cylinders,
from the open tops of which projected two slight wooden
piston rods. The piston-heads were made by binding a mass
of feathers to the end of each rod. The cylinders were lashed
to a stake driven into the ground, and further steadied by
spikes of bamboo projecting into the ground from the node
which formed the base of each. The air was delivered from
the cylinders to the hearth by two bamboo tubes issuing
from their base. The apparatus was exactly similar to one
in the Perak Museum collected by Mr. L. Wray in the Piah
Valley, and is of a type found throughout the Indo-Malayan
region. Two or three half-completed spear-heads, which had
cracked in forging and had been thrown aside as useless, were
lying about near the forge. Iron for making spear and arrow-
heads is, of course, obtained from Chinese or Malay traders.
Fish-spear heads are also made by Sakai blacksmiths and one
kind of which I purchased a specimen, deserves description in
detail. This implement, 18 cms. in length, was composed of
four fine bars or strips of iron, bound together at the " tang,"
or end which is inserted into the shaft, with a strip of rattan-
cane. This "tang" is exceedingly clumsy and measures as
much as 2.5 cms. in breadth below the base of the blade
proper, but tapers towards its other end owing to the fining out
of the iron bars of which it is composed. In the blade
the two outer strips are bent at the base so as to separate them
from those in the centre : the latter are slightly bent apart at
their tips. The spear-head looks a very inefficient implement,
but in spite of this, I saw fish each of about three pounds
weight, which had been obtained with fish-spears of this type.
Barbed fish-spears like those of the Malays (serampang) were
also used, and the Sakai told me that these too were of their
own manufacture.
2i6 Journal of the F.M.S. Mtiseums. [Vol. VI,
The time spent with the " Sakai Bukit " being ver}- short, —
one night at Kuala Jinaheng on the way out, a night and parts
of two days at the communal house, and another night at
Kuala Jinaheng on the return journey, — I naturally could not
gather a great deal of information with regard to their inner
life ; such details, however, as I was able to obtain are set
down below.
I could get no evidence that there was any belief in a
Supreme Being, that they had any legend of the creation of the
world, or of an existence after death. One Sakai, when asked
what happened to the souls of the dead, replied that he did not
know, but anyhow the body just went rotten.
As among the Sakai of the Batang Padang District of
Perak, the shamans of the tribe are termed Halak, and the
shaman's familiar spirit is called his Anak Yang.
Like the Jehehr, and other aboriginal tribes, both Negrito
and Sakai, the hill people appear to be very much afraid of
thunder and lightning.
It appears, that, as is also the custom of the Sakai of the
Ulu Sungkai, should a child have been teasing, or playing with
a cat or a dog, and a thunderstorm come on shortly afterw ards,
the child's mother cuts off a piece of its hair and going outside
the house places the piece of hair on the ground and beats it
with a club or stick. It is tabu to flash any glittering object
about in the open since it is thought that this would bring on
a thunderstorm, and the house would be liable to be struck by
lightning.
On the night I passed at the communal house at Lanag I
asked the Sakai to arrange to have a musical entertainment —
I have said something about this elsewhere, — and suggested
that the performance might be held in the open near the house.
To this suggestion they demurred, and though they could not,
or would not, state their objection very precisely, I understood
that they thought that if they were to hold the entertainment
in the open, their singing would cause mists to gather round
them which would engender sickness.
The Hill Sakai told me that, on a death occurring, they
buried the body and did not desert either their clearing or
house. On the other hand the Jehehr, in talking about them
afterwards, said that the hill people not only deserted the
house, but left the corpse unburied in it. As I had no
opportunity of investigating the matter further since this
occurred after my return to Temengoh from my visit to them,
I asked Pak Lebai Ishak who is local Malay Gembala of
both the Jehehr and Orang Bukit what he could tell me about
the matter. He replied that he had seen graves on hill tops at
some distance from the clearing, but he seemed to think that
the body might be occasionally deserted as the Jehehr said.
The avoidance of the mother-in-law is strictly observed
and it is forbidden to speak to her, to pass in front of her, or
even to hand anything to her.
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Upper Perak Aborigines.
217
I
II
II
II
There seems to be some prejudice against a man men-
tioning his own name, but it can scarcely be said to amount to
a tabu.
When a woman is about to give birth to a child a small
hut is built on the ground, and in this the event takes place.
For three days after her delivery the mother may not eat rice
or fish ; sengkuai or ubi are allowable.
The flesh of the sambhur, the muntjac or wild pig is not
eaten by women, as it is thought that it would cause sickness
either in themselves or in their children.
Toh Stia told me that it was customary to take the
semangat sengkuai (soul of the millet) and that the ceremony
was performed by an old woman. On the first day of the
proceedings, before reaping had been begun, she went into the
crop and cut about a gantang measure of the sengkuai heads,
and, on the second day, she again took the same amount. On
the third day no reaping might be done, but on the fourth
harvesting was started. Flowers, water and sireh were
placed near the semangat which was hung up in the house.
The semangat was finally mixed with the grain reserved
for seed purposes.
The lunar eclipse is thought to be caused by an animal, or
spirit, called Pud, which swallows the moon.
The custom in force among many Sakai tribes of never
going out into the jungle with any craving unsatisfied, which I
have referred to in previous papers on the Sakai of the Ulu
Sungkai and on the Aborigines of Negri Sembilan, is also
observed by the Sakai Bukit. Thus it is thought that if
a Sakai were to start on a journey without chewing sireh,
though he had wished to do so, some misfortune would be
sure to overtake him.
The same belief (the evil effects following the breakage
of the custom being called kenipunan*) seems to be held by
the Malays of Upper Perak and other districts. In connection
with this belief the Sakai mentioned the word shelentap, and
though I could not definitely find out its meaning — they said
shelentap means "there is not" — it may possibly be equivalent
to the kempnnan of the Malays.
In marriage exogamy is usual, but not invariable, since
whether or not a man takes a wife from another community
partly depends on the presence or absence of girls of marriage-
able age and of a sufficiently distant degree of consanguinity
in his own settlement. As far as I could ascertain, first
cousins are within the prescribed degrees, but second cousins
are not. When exogamy takes place the husband very
frequently goes to live with his wife's family. This was so in
the case of Toh Stia, a Sakai from the Plus River, who on my
* A Johore Malay, whom I recently questioned about the meaning of the
word Kempunan, immediately said "going out without having eaten something
you wanted to." Wilkinson translates the word as a " dilemma."
February, 1916. , 3
2i8 Journal of the F.M.S. Mmeuuis. [Vol. VI,
arrival was acting for Toh Rajah the real headman, his
brother-in-law, who had gone over the main range into
Kelantan.*
It is allowable to have two wives, but I gathered, not very
usual. Children appear to be named from the place (the
Malay word used was tanah) at which they are born. This
would, I suppose, usually be the clearing on which the
community was living in at the time of the event.
The musical entertainment, which I have mentioned
above, was given by a small party of young men and women
on the night I spent at the Hill Sakai's house.
As is usual at such gatherings the performance went on
till day-break, but I only stopped to hear it for a couple of
hours. The songs, which were not unmusical, were accom-
panied by the women with bamboo stampers, one of which
they grasped in either hand. The words of the song were
given out line by line by one of the men and followed by the
others. Toh Stia made an attempt to tell me what the per-
formers were saying and I gathered that the song was almost
without meaning, the Sakai merely mentioning the names of
mountains and rivers, saying that they felt very hungry, and
proclaiming that "there was a boy who rode a horse" and
other equally interesting items of intelligence.
* Tph Rajah returned from his wanderings while I was at the settlement.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol. VI.
PL XXXI.
/. //. .V. Eujits, Plwto.
Semang of Grik, Upper Perak.
/. H. N. Evans, Photo.
Jehehr of Temengoh with Bow and Blowpipe,
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI.
PI. XXXII.
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Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI.
PI. XXXIII.
I. H. X. Evans, Photo. FiG. i.
Communal House of Hill Sakai, Temengoh-Lasah Bridle-path, Upper Perak.
J. H. N. Eviiis. Phot
Hill Sakai with Bow.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI.
PI. XXXIV.
<
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XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KEDAH PEAK.
By H. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U., and
C. BoDEN Kloss, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
I. INTRODUCTION.
Kedah Peak, or Gunong Jerai, to use its Malay name, is a
familiar landmark to all voyagers through the Straits of
Malacca, dominating as it does the roadstead of Penang.
It is situated about 22 miles NNE of Penang with its
summit about 6 miles from the sea and according to the latest
computations attains a height of 3,976 feet being, if we except
the Bintang Range on the Perak border, considerably the
highest mountain in the State of Kedah. It is quite isolated,
standing on a base that does not exceed 50 square miles, and is
separated by low land not exceeding 50 feet in elevation from
all other hills. Its slopes to the north and west are much
steeper than those to the south and east and vertical rock faces,
many hundreds of feet in height, exist. Geologically the
mountain appears to consist of sandstones and quartzites
of varying degrees of hardness, traversed b}' veins of quartz,
while in one or two places deposits of haematite are found.
It is well watered, being cut into by three great valleys which
have been utilized for a water supply to the neighbouring dis-
tricts and the cliffs are ornamented in several places by
cascades which are very conspicuous after \\et weather of any
duration.
On the lower slopes the forest is now poor, timber cutting
having been, until the last few years quite unrestricted, but a
good deal of Meranti {Shorea and Hopea spp) is found up to
about 2,000 ft., while Medang {Lanraceae) is also abundant.
There is but little hard wood except in the first two or three
hundred feet where it has almost all been cut out, and but little
jelotong. We saw no taban of any kind. The stemless palms
are by no means numerous and the forest generally is dry and
with but little undergrowth.
On the Eastern side above about 1,800 feet where timber
cutting ceases, the character of the forest changes and on the
ridges great numbers of orchids begin to appear. Conifers,
Agathis, Dacrydium (spp.) and Podocarpus are abundant and
large shrubby Rhododendrons with salmon, lemon-yellow and
white flowers begin to show themselves. In the damper hol-
lows and among rocks near the streams a scarlet Balanophcra
was very abundant. Many of the ridges and flatter areas from
2,500 feet to the summit were clothed with a zerophitic vegeta-
tion, amongst which Boeckia frutescens, Tristania, Leptospenninji
and Vaccinium were the commonest shrubs, while in damp
hollows amongst the rocks and amongst the coarse grasses and
sedges that covered the more open spaces Burmannia longfolia,
220 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
a Par})le and a Yellow Utriculana and two species of Xyris
were very conspicuous. Melastomaceous plants and Begonias,
in contradistinction to the flora of the Perak main range, were
by no means common and only two or three species of ginger-
worts were met with. We did not see a single tree fern.
Collections were made in all groups of the animal kingdom
and rather over two hundred species of flowering plants were
obtained amongst which was an unusually large proportion of
orchids. Very many species however were not in flower or in
fruit at the time of our visit and it was therefore impossible to
obtain identifiable specimens. This was especially the case
among the Gesneraceae, of which about a dozen species were
noted.
Animal life was extraordinarily poor, not only in species but
also in individuals, and the only group represented by large
numbers of specimens is the Lepidoptera Heterocera, of which
considerable series were obtained by the use of a Lux lamp at
night. In other groups the Millipedes were perhaps most
abundant, though the number of species was not large. Al
orders of day flying insects were extremely scarce.
The most interesting capture of the trip was a specimen of
Eoperipatus secured by a collector belonging to Dr. R.
Hanitsch of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, who accompanied
us. A single specimen was obtained in rotten wood at about
2,goo ft : though diligently searched for by ten other collectors
for a day no other specimens were met with. The collections
as worked out will be published group by group in this Journal.
In the present number lists are given of the vertebrates.
Owing to the fact that there is now a railway station at
its eastern foot, Kedah Peak has become very accessible and it
is one of the easiest mountains to ascend that we have visited.
From a practical point of view perhaps the most interesting
feature attaching to it is that at about 3,300 ft. there exists a
far better site for several hill bungalows than we know of at
any similar altitude in the Peninsula.
The ascent from Gurun Station to Padang 'toh Seh, 3,200
ft., takes about three hours and the return journey about half that
time. For the first two thousand feet the going is excellent in
dry weather, a smooth and broad track having been formed by
the extraction of baulks of timber drawn by buffalo, but as the
subsoil is clayey this road becomes very slippery after rain
though it is nowhere steep.
Between 1,500 ft. and 2,500 ft. there are an unusual num-
ber of flat spaces or slightly rounded ridges such as we have
noted nowhere else and to this altitude the forest is open, with
but little undergrowth.
Padang 'toh Seh is an open, somewhat rocky area (with
abundant water near by) in a shallow gully between the actual
summit and a ridge to the north. It is on the main track
■which continues westward and shortly beyond the Padang falls
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss: Kedah Peak. 221
steeply towards the sea, and is about 100 yards beyond the
point where the path leading to the actual summit of the Peak
branches off to the left.
The building site which lies N.W. beyond the Padang and
four or five minutes distant, consists of a long, slightly undu-
lating ridge running east and west, gently rounded from side
to side, in some places flat, and varying in width from one to
two hundred yards. It is covered with grasses, etc., pitcher-
plants and orchids and is dotted throughout with bushes,
(Boeckia, Leptospermuui, Vaccinitun, Rhododendron and heaths),
of a general height of 3-10 ft. but on several of the highest
points of the ridge where the soil is deeper some of these be-
come small trees growing in clumps with a height of 15—20 ft.
and afford a welcome broken shade on a fine day. Golden -
flowered Xyris and a pretty free-blossoming pink Argostenima
give colour to the herbage, while everywhere the growth is so
open that charming views can be obtained in many directions
and if a certain amount of clearing were done the whole sur-
rounding sea and land could be seen except in the section
SE-SW.
Roughly, that portion of the horizon is obscured by the
secondary summit of the mountain, seen from the site, a steep-
sided ridge running parallel to the southward, thickly wooded
and rising 500 ft. higher. Seaward this drops sharply for 100
ft. and then descends morg gently to become a narrow arrete
which rises again to a lower peak in the S.W. and screens the
island of Penang from view. Landward this summit drops
more gently, the path to the Peak tunning near its profile,
while across its base the mland plains and distant hills can be
seen.
The prospect eastwards is closed by the continuation of
the ridge from which these views are recorded but to the north-
ward can be seen the wide-spreading plain under rice cultiva-
tion stretching right away to the hills of Perlis and bordered
by the sea. Through this can be traced the railway to Alor
Star and the town itself can be picked up with beyond it, the
most conspicuous of all features, the precipitous mass of
Gunong Keriang. The islands of Terutau and Langkawi lie
clear on the horizon and running south in a long curve is the
sea-shore with the mouth of the Kedah River jutting out in the
centre, Pulau Paya is in the middle distance and the wooded
islets of the Bunting group with their glistening yellow beaches
are strung out in a line nearer in ; while only about four miles
away lie the village and fruit-groves of Yen, the mouth of its
stream being marked by a long grove of cocopalms. Sails, and
even canoes at sea, can be seen quite clearly.
The open portion of the ridge, on which the soil is very
shallow and peaty and where numerous outcrops of sand-stone
and quartzite occur, is some 7-800 yards long and is only fit
for building purposes : inland, however, where the forest grows,
the soil is much deeper and richer and the surface being rounded
12± Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. V1>
and even flat, a considerable area is provided which is suit-
able for vegetable gardens with little need for terracing.
Through the woods of the ridge a path runs more or less north-
wards and having a gentle slope affords a pleasant walk.
In all about 20 acres would be available for building while
about half that area could be cleared of forest for gardening
and cow-keeping.
There appears to be an ample supply of water all the year
round in the galley. Though a few mosquitoes occur at night
no Anopheles were included in the collection made.
The higher ridge near the summit has also some extent of
flattish land but this is much smaller than the area available at
the lower site and there would be a difficulty about water: also
a good deal of cloud or mist is generally present so that the
slightly lower temperature ( + 2") due to an extra height of
4-500 ft. would not counter-balance the greater area and con-
venience of the other locality.
Quite close to this is the actual summit which is reached
in about 50 minutes from Padang 'toh Seh : from it there is a
clear view in all directions, including Penang and its shipping,
the Muda River and the Larut Hills.
II.— MAMMALS.
The mammal fauna of Kedah Peak appears to be very
poor. This is due to the fact that the mountain has never
had any connection with the main range of the Peninsula
while uncongenial conditions have as usual prevented the up-
ward spread of the lowland forms. By far the most interesting
of the few animals obtained were Hylomys suillus, Epimys
ferreocanus and Chiropodomys gliroides.
Besides the species recorded below there were observed a
tiger, binturong and some small bats, but none of these were
obtained. Fresh tracks of tapir were freqnently met with just
below the summit and the goat-antelope is reported to inhabit
some of the peaks, while the cries of a species of gibbon and
leaf monkey were heard from the lower slopes.
I. SCIURUS VITTATUS MINIATUS.
Scinrus notatus miniaius, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Washington, II, p. 79 (1900).
3 Males.
Three very typical specimens in which the red pencil
of the tail extends nearly half-way towards the base.
Not at all common on the higher slopes of the mountain.
2. SCIURUS TENUIS SUKDUS.
Scinrus tenuis surdns, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Washington, II, p. 80 (1900).
3 Males, 7 Females.
i9i5."J H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 223
By far the commonest squirrel on the mountain and not
differing in any way from lowland animals: in no way
approaching our recently described S. /. gtmong from the
Bandon Kills [Journ. F.M.S. Mus., V. p. 119 (1914).]
3. Epimys vociferans.
Mus vociferans, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiii.
p. 198 (1900), pis iii and iv, fig. 3,
2 Females.
Only two examples of this generally common hill rat were
trapped.
4. Epimys surifer.
Mus surifer, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiii, p.
148 (1900), pi. V, fig. 4, a, b, c.
2 Males, 2 Females.
Four exa.nples of this, the commonest spiny rat in the
Peninsula, were obtained : the pelage of all is somewhat pale
and dull.
5. Epimys cremoriventer.
Mus creniorivenier, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
xiii, p. 144 (1900), pi. V, fig. 2, a, b, c.
I Male, I Female.
This little rat has always been found sparsely distributed
in the mountains of the Peninsula and only two individuals
were obtained on the present occasion.
6. Epimys asper.
Mus asper, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xiii, p.
145 (1900), pi. V, fig. 3, a, b, c.
22 Males, 8 Females.
This species was extremely common. It was found, here
as elsewhere, to vary considerably in brightness of colcnration,
the yellow tone of the upper surface ranging from bright
ochraceous-tawny to pale clay. The grey under surface is
sometimes suffused with ochraceous but this feature is, in no
way correlated with a brighter back.
7. Epimys jalorensis.
Mus jalorensis, Bonhote, Fasciculi Malaj'enses, Zoology, Pt.
I, p. 28 (1903), pi. ii, figs I and 2 ; pi. iv. fig. 4.
3 Males, 2 Females.
These are representatives of the common rattus of the
Malay subregion and though we have used for it the name
applied by Bonhote we doubt, when large series of Malayan
and Bornean animals are compared, that it will be considered
in any way distinct from the subspecies neglectus of that
island.
224 Journal of ihe F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
7. Chiropodomys gliroides.
Mus gliroides, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv, p.
721 (1855).
3 Males, I Female.
Of this charming little rodent four individuals were
obtained which were taken in the hollow internodes of
bamboos. It was represented in our Museum hitherto by five
examples only and we had regarded it as a species of rare
occurrence in our area, but this scarcity in collections is
possibly rather due to reasons of habitat and habit.
g. TUPAIA GLIS WILKINSONI.
Tupaior ferrnginea wilkiitsoni, Robinson and Klos?, Journ
F.M.S. Mus, iv, p. 173 (1911).
I Male, I Female.
These are rather dull coloured examples of this subspecies,
the rump showing very little ferruginous tint ; thus approa-
ching, in its little-varied upper surface, the northern species
T. belangeii.
10. Hylomys suillus.
Hyloniys suillus, Mull, and Schleg., Verhandelingen p.
153 (1839-44) Pl- 25, figs. 4-7, pl- 26, fig. I.
Though generally included as a member of our fauna this
species seems to have been first definitely recorded from the
Peninsula by Robinson whose collectors obtained an individual
from the mountains of Selangor in igio [Journ. F.M.S. Mus.
IV. p. 223 (igii)]. Several examples have since been
captured in Perlis, the state north of Kedah, and now we have
these two examples from Kedah Peak. We have compared
them with animals from Sumatra (type region) and can
discover no differences.
III. BIRDS.
We are aware of no paper dealing exclusively with the
avifauna of the State of Kedah, nor indeed to our knowledge
have any but very inconsiderable collections been made therein.
A few species obtained by Cantor are mentioned by Moore in his
" List of Malayan Birds collected by Theodore Cantor, M.D.,"
P. Z. S. 7^54, pp. 258-285 ; 1859 pp. 443-468, while others
obtained by the " Skeat Expedition" in 1899 are listed by
Bonhote,P. Z. S. 1901 (i) pp. 57-81. To the east the avifauna
of the Patani States is well known, that of Province Wellesley,
Penang and Perak to the South and South-east has been
thoroughly worked out, while to the north considerable col-
lections have been obtained from the small boundarj' state of
Perlis by the collectors of the Federated Malay States Museum,
which disclose nothing of special interest.
To the north-east the fauna of Senggora is known from
collections obtained by the " Skeat Expedition," which dis-
close no material difference between it and Patani and Jalor,
1916 ] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss: Kedah Peak. 225
^vhich was extensively worked by one of us. From the nature
of the terrain it was not therefore probable that Kedah as a
whole would disclose any form of special interest, but it was
thought possible that Kedah Peak, rising as it does to a height of
approximately 4,000 feet, might harbour some of the mountain
species that are known from the main range mountains of the
Federated Malay States to the south and from the mountains
of Trang and Bandon to the North and North East. Moreover
it was desirable to ascertain, whether the faunal boundary
separating purely Malayan species from Tenasserimese races
passed to the north or south of the peak.
With this object in view the mountain on its higher levels
from the summit to about 2,500 feet was exhaustively searched
from November 2gth to December nth, by three trained Dyak
Collectors, well acquainted with the local fauna, and we do not
think that they are likely to have missed any species really
resident on the hill at the time.
As a result the hill was found to be extraordinarily barren
in bird life, both species and individuals being very scarce, the
only forfns at all common being Aethopyga temmincki,
Turdinus niagnirosiris and Hemixns cinerea.
The results conclusively show that Kedah Peak has never
been connected either with the Trang mountains or those of
the main range in such a manner as to permit the passage of
the fauna of these two districts to it. The tradition in Malay
Legend that until comparatively recent times the Peak was an
island has probablv therefore some foundation in geological
fact.
Besides the specimens actually listed, three species of
hornbills were seen and numerous individuals of a large
Spizaetns, probably the black form of Sp. limnaetns, but these
have no bearing on the general conclusions. No game birds
were seen or heard nor did pigeons of any kind occur on the
peak, though Carpophaga badin is usually found on mountains
of this elevation. Round the summit Hirundo javanica and
H. gutturalis, Chaetura gigantea and Ch. lencopygialis were noted,
but no species of Collocalia.
The rarest and most interesting acquisition w as Prionochihis
tJioracious, of which but few specimens have ever been obtained
in the Malay Peninsula, while AntJius uiaculatns and Cichloselys
siberictis are rare seasonal visitors. The specimens obtained
have been listed in detail but it has not been thought necessary
to give any extensive references to the local literature. Occur-
rence to the north in Trang and Bandon have, however, usually
been quoted.
Rallina superciliaris (Eyton).
Rallina superciliaris (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. xxiii, p. 76 (1894) Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 10.
a. I Female imm. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th Novem-
ber, 1915. No. 2,112. "Iris orange, bill dark slate, sea
February, 1916. 4
226 Jonmrl of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
green at base of lower mandible, feet Payne's grey." H.C.R.
&C.B.K.
This bird is quite immature and has the head earthy
brown, uniform with the mantle. From the relative lengths of
the tarsi and toes it would appear to be referable to this species
and not to Limnohaenus paykulli, from which it is somewhat
difficult to distinguish young birds.
AcciPiTER AFFiNis, Gurney.
Accipiter affinis, Gurney; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 728.
a. I Male imm. Kedah Peak, 3,950 ft. 2nd December,
1915. [No. 2,142.] " Iris lemon yellow, bill slate, black
on culmen, greenish yellow on cere and gape, tarsi, greenish
yellow, toes more yellow." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
This specimen, which is in immature plumage, agrees well
with Kloss' specimens from S. E. Siam. Total length,
270; wing, 158, tail, 128, tarsus, 45 bill from gape, 18 mm.
Several of these little hawks frequented the cliffs at the
summit of the peak and hunted the Spine-tailed and common
swifts that were common there, though they never seemed to
be successful.
Scops malayana, Hay.
Scops malayana. Hay ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. ii, p.
58 (1875) ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 31.
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 5th December,
1915. [No. 2,181.]
" Iris chrome, bill horn, darker at tip, yellowish beneath,
feet dirty whitish, yellowish on soles." H.C.R. & C.B.K.
This owl, whose soft hoot was heard on two or three
nights, appears to be commoner in the northern half of the
Peninsula than in the south, where very few specimens have
been obtained.
Cypselus pacificus (Lath).
Cypselns pacificus (Lath.) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. ii, p. 175, (1909).
a. I Male. Summit of Kedah Peak, 3,978 ft. 4th
December, 1915. [No. 2,167.]
?Iris dark, bill black, feet pinkish black." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
In considerable numbers flying round and over the cliffs
at the summit.
Pyrotrogon orescius (Temm.).',
Pyrotrogon orescius (Temm.) ; Robiuson & Kloss, Ibts,
1911, p. 39; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v, p. 92
(1914).
a. b. 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 2— 5th Decem-
ber 1915. [Nos. 2,141, 2, 185. J
I916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss: Kedah Peak. 227
" Iris greyish-purple, bill and orbital skin smalt, culmen
black, feet pale lead, soles pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Not common on the hill. More abundant generally in the
northern parts of the Peninsula than further south.
Zanclostomus javanicus (Horsf.).
Zanclostomus javanicus (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. xix, p. 370 (1891) ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 42;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v, p. 94 (1914).
a.-d. 4 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 29th November —
5th December, 1915. [Nos. 2,106, 2,168, 2,170, 2,172.]
"Iris claret, orbital skin smalt, bill coral, feet Payne's
grey, soles dirty yellow." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Very common, climbing about the trees in the laboured
way peculiar to this group of Cuckoos. Widely spread
throughout the Peninsula, ascending the hills to over 4,000 ft.
Alseonax latirostris (Raffles).
Alseonax latirostris (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
iv, p. 127 (1879) ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 51 Male.
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 3rd December
1915. [No. 2,151.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill dark horn, basal half of lower mandi-
ble yellowish white, feet brownish grey." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Cyornis concreta (S. Mull.).
Pachycephala cyanea (Hume) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. viii, p. 224 (1883).
Cyornis concreta (S. Mull.) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix, p. 549
(1902) ; Robinson, Jouni. Fed. Malay States Mns. v, p. 25 (1914).
a, b. 2 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th November —
3rd December, 1915. [Nos. 2,108, 2,148.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet greyish black." [H.C.R.
& C.B.K.]
Of late years this anomalous flycatcher has been found on
most of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula from about
1,000 ft. to 3,500 ft. It is, however, nowhere common.
POLIOMYIAS LUTEOLA (Pall.).
Poliomyias luteola (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
iv, p. 201 (1879).
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 6th December
1915. [No. 2.189.]
" Iris dark, bill corneous, feet greenish brown." [H.C.R.
& C.B.K.]
A migrant, widely distributed throughout the Malay
Peninsula, especially on the islands off the coast from Septem-
ber to May.
228 Journal of the F.M.S. Musemns. lVol. VI,
Philentoma pyrrhopterum (Temm.).
Philentoma pyrrhopterum (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. iv, p. 366 (1879) ; Robinson & KlosSi Ibis, 1911, p. 53;
Robinson, J ourn. Fed. Malay States Mus. v, p, 100 (1914).
a, b. I Male, i Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 9th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,219 — 20.]
"Male: iris red, bill black, feet lavender. Female: iris
red, bill pale horn, whitish at gape, feet pale brown." [H.C.R.
& C.B.K.]
Widely distributed all over the Peninsula, commoner in
the more northern districts.
Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvad).
Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvad.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. iv, p. 368 (1879)"; Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix, p.
553 (1902).
a — b. I Male, i Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 2-5th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,146, 2,184.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet livid purplish pink."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Not very common an\vvhere but found at medium eleva-
tions throughout the Peninsula.
Chloropsis icterocephala (Less).
Chloropsis icterocephala (Less.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vi, p. 30 (188 1).
a—f. 4 Males, 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 3rd-8th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,155, 2,175, 2,182, 2,197, 2,209-10.]
Male: iris rich hazel brown, bill black, feet greenish lead.
Female: iris chestnut, bill slate, greenish slate on lower
mandible, feet pale greenish plumbeous." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
Fairly common on the peak, which is nearly the northern
limit of the species. The form occurring in Trang and
Bandon is C. chlorocephala, while birds from Perlis immediately
to the north of Kedah are intermediate.
Hemixus cinereus (Blyth).
Hemixus cinereus i Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
vi, p. 52, pi. II (1881).
a — h. 8 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 29th November-7th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,103-4, 2,138, 2,147, 2,165-6, 2,198,
2,201.]
" Iris red or chocolate, bill black, feet greyish brown,
soles yellowish flesh. Common everywhere on the hill in
parties of two or three.
Several of the specimens have the undertail coverts faintly
washed with greenish, which is apparently an indication of
immaturity.
b
m
I916.] H. C. Robinson & C. II. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 229
Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth).
Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vi, p. 52 (1881) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 56;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay. States Mns. v, p. 102 (191 4).
a—c. I Male, 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th
November— 9th December 1915. [Nos. 2,113, 2,132, 2,217.]
" Iris chocolate, orange, or ochraceous, bill dark greenish
slate, brownish on lower mandible, feet pinkish brown."
[H.C.R. &C.B.K.]
Widely spread in the Peninsula in the same situations as
the preceding species but not so common or conspicuous
a bird.
Criniger tephrogenys (Jard. and Selby).
Criniger tephrogenys (Jard. and SoXhy) ; Hartert. Nov.
Zool. ix, p. 558 (1902) ;
a — e. 2 Males, i Female. Kedah peak, 3,000 ft. 7-9th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,200, 2,215-6.]
" Iris reddish brown, bill slate, black on culmen, feet
yellowish pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
This is the yellowish low-country and southern form not
C. ochraceus, Moore, which occurs further north and in the
mountains of the southern part of the Peninsula above
about 3,000 ft.
Pycnonotus simplex. Less.
Pycnonotus simplex, Lesson ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vi, p. 153 (1881).
a — e. 2 Males, 3 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 3-7th
December 1915. [Nos. 2,149, 2,159-60, 2,194, 2,203.]
" Iris white, bill black or dark horn, feet pinkish brown."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.] Agreeing well with other specimens from
the southern parts of the Peninsula in having the ear-coverts
entirely unstreaked therein differing from the more northern
form P. robinsoni, Ogilvie Grant. Wing 86-76 mm.
There is considerable doubt as to the proper name to be
applied to this bulbul which can probably be divided into
numerous local races. Pending a general investigation of the
whole group we have adopted that generally used by English
authors.
RUBIGULA cyaniventris (Blyth).
Rubigula cyaniventris (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mns. vi, p. 169 (1881) ; Robinson, J onrn. Fed. Malay States Mus.
ii, p. 196 (1909).
a. I. Male. Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. November 30th 1915.
[No. 2,120.]
"Iris dark blue, bill black, feet pale slate." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
^30 journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
The only one met with. Common all over the Peninsula
up to 3,000 ft.
TuRDiNus MAGNiROSTRis (Moore).
Turdinus magnirostris (Moore) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vii, p. 547 {1883) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
V, p. 103 (1914).
a — k. 7 Males, 4 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th
November — 6th December, 1915.
Nos. 2,109-10, 2,124-7, 2,130-1, 2,154, 2,158, 2,193.
"Iris carmine, brick-red or Indian red, bill slate, the
culmen black, feet pale lavender." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
One of the commonest of submontane birds met with in
small trees and low bushes in the undergrowth. It is one of
the few Timeliine birds that is at all common on the islands
off the Peninsular coast.
Anuropsis malaccensis (Hartl.)
Anuropsis malaccensis, (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vii, p. 588 (1883).
a — d. 2 Males, 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 29th
November — 2nd December, 1915. [Nos. 2,100, 2,107, 2,143-4.]
" Iris red or chestnut, bill slate, black on culmen, feet
fleshy pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
A common scrub bird ranging in altitude to about 3,000
feet but not extending much further north than Trang.
CoRYTHOciCHLA LEUCOSTicTA, Sharpe.
Corythocichla leucosticta, Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 438;
Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 61; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. v, p. 104 (1914).
a. I Male. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 29th November,
1915. [No. 2,099.J
"Iris carmine, bill bluish horn, blackish at base, feet
greyish brown." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
It was somewhat surprising to meet this short-tailed
Babbler on Kedah Peak, where none of the other species with
which it is usually associated occur. Of late years it has,
however been met with in several other outlying situations
notably on Gunong Tampin in Negri Sembilan and on Pulau
Tioman off the coast of Pahang.
Alcippe cinerea, Blyth.
Alcippe cinerea, Bhth : Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vii,
p. 622 (1883); Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 61; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v. p. 105 (1914).
a — h. 6 Males, 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. ist-
9th December, 1915. Nos. 2,128, 2,183, ?»i9i-2, 2,206-8,
2,218.
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 231
¥
" Iris reddish hazel, bill dark horn, tomia and gape paler,
feet pinkish slate." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Common everywhere on the lower hills of the Peninsula
as far North as Bandon, but more numerous in the South.
Stachyrhis nigriceps subsp. Davisoni, Sharpe.
Stachyrhis davisoni, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, \, p.
vii, (1892); Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 61; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v, p. 105 (1914).
Stachyrhis nigricep davisoni, Harington, Jonrn. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Bombay, xxiii, p. 625 (1915).
a — c. 3 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th November-
4th December, 1915. [Nos. 2,123, 2,161-2.]
*• Iris pale hazel, chestnut or chocolate, bill slate, the
culmen black, feet greyish brown with a greenish cast."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
On low trees and shrubs, fairly common. Apparently
ranging from the extreme south of the Peninsula northv^ards
to Karen-nee. The above specimens exactly agree with
topotypes from the Tahan River with \\hich they have been
compared.
Herpornis zantholeuca (Hodgs).
Herpornis zantholeuca (Hodgs): Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit.
Mus. vii, p. 636 (1883); Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 191 1 p. 63;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v, p. 107 (1914).
a — i. 6 Males, 3 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 3rd-9th
December, 1915. [Nos. 2,152, 2,157, 2,169, 2,173-4, 2,196,
2,199, 2,205, 2,221.]
"Iris dark brown or hazel, bill pinkish horn, feet
yellowish pink. [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
A very common and characteristic submontane bird, not
found as a rule above 3,500 ft. or at low elevations near the
coast.
CiCHLOSELYS SIBERICUS (Pall).
Cichloselys sibericus (Pall); Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. ii, p. 206 (1909).
a — c. 3 Females. Kedah peak, 3,000 ft. 29th Novem-
ber — 2nd December, 1915. [Nos. 2,098, 2,105, 2,140.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, yellowish green on base
of lower mandible, yellow at the gape, tarsi and feet brownish
5'ellow, more yellow posteriorly and on the soles." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
A migrant found during the winter months on several of
the higher mountains of the Peninsula.
Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm).
Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vii, p. 319 (1885); Robinson Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
ii, p. 207 (1909).
232 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
a. I Male. Kedah peak, 3,000 ft. 2nd December 1915,
[No. 2,139.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet pale whitish pink."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Not common. Elsewhere in the Peninsula it is abundant
on mountain streams up to about 3,500 feet.
Larvivora cyanea (Pall).
Larvivora cyanea (Pall) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. ii, p. 207 (1909); id. op. cit. v, p. 149 (1914);
Robinson & Kloss, Ibis 191 1, p. 64.
a — b. 2 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 5th December
1915. [Nos. 2, 176, 2, 178.]
" Iris hazel, upper mandible horn, lower pinkish, tarsi and
feet pale pinkish white." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Common throughout the Peninsula in the winter months,
though possibly some few individuals remain throughout the
year as it has been obtained as late as May i6th.
Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm).
Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. vii, p. 220 (1883); Robinson, Journ Fed. Malay States Mus.
ii, p. 208 (1909).
a — b. 2 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 2-3rd December
1915. [Nos. 2, 145, 2, 156.]
" Iris brown or hazel red, bill pinkish horn, darker on
culmen, feet brownish pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Here reaching about its maximum elevation. Common
about low bushes in the clearing.
Phylloscopus borealis subsp. .Borealis (Bias).
Phylloscopus borealis borealis, Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. I.
1909, p. 517; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 754.
a—h. 5 Males, 3 Females. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 29th
November— 9th December, 1915. [Nos. 2,101-2, 2,150,
2,153, 2,180, 2,188, 2,204, 2,213.]
" Iris hazel, bill yellowish, upper mandible and tip brow-
nish horn, feet brownish, yellowish posteriorly." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
A very common winter visitor to the Malay Peninsula.
All these specimens are in worn and faded plumage and are
difficult to make out. The wing measurement varies from
about 63-67 mm. so they cannot be referred to the larger
eastern race P. b. zanthodryas, Swinh.
Melanochlora flavocristata (Lafr).
Melanochlora flavocristata (Lafr.) ; Robinson and Kloss,
Ibis, 191 1, p. 70; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.\, p.
108 (1914).
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 233
a — h. 2 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 5th December,
1915. [Nos. 2,177, 2,179.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet greenish slate." [H.C.R.
&C.B.K.]
One flock only was met with ; elsewhere the species is
numerous, throughout the submontane tracts of the Peninsula.
MOTACILLA MELANOPE, Pall.
Motacilla melanope, Pall.; Sharpe, Cat. Birds But. Mus.
X, p. 497 (1895) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 73.
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 9th December
1915. [No. 2214.]
" Iris dark, bill bluish slate, darker on culmen, feet pale
brownish." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
The only one seen, though this wagtail is usually common
on forest paths up to a considerable altitude during the winter
months.
Anthus maculatus, Hodgs.
Anthus maculatus, Hodgs. ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
X, p. 547 (1885) ; Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 478.
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th November,
1915. [No. 2,117.]
" Iris dark, upper mandible horn, lower pink, feet whitish
pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
A rare winter visitor to the Malay Peninsula, only two other
records of its occurrence being to hand.
Aethopyga temmincki (S. Miill.)
Aethopyga temmincki (S. Miill.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mns. ix, p. 16 (1884).
a — /. 10 Male ad., i Male imm, i Female. Kedah Peak,
3,000 ft. 29th November— 9th December 1915. [Nos.
2,111-2, 2, Ilia., 2,114-5, 2,122, 2,129, 2,171, 2,186-7, 2,195,
2,211-2.]
" Iris dark, feet reddish brown, bill brownish horn "
[H.C.R. &C.B.K.J
Exceedingly common in open spaces at 500 feet, and over,
together with the Flowerpeckers.
This is a very characteristic submontane bird inhabiting
the zone between about 500 ft. and 3,000 ft. In the coast
lands it is replaced by Ae. siparaja and Ae. s. cara and on the
higher mountains by Ae. wrayi, Sharpe.
The present species has a pleasant though feeble little song
and is very active and restless in its movements. On Kedah
Peak females. were curiously scarce and hardly any were seen.
February, 1916. 5
234 Journal of the F. M. S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
DiCAEUM TRIGONOSTIGMA (Scop.)
Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scop.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mm. X, p. 38 (1885).
a—f. 5 Males, i Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th
November — 8th December 1915. [Nos. 2,118-g, 2,133-4,
2,137, 2,202.]
" Male: iris dark, bill greenish slate, paler at the base of
the lower mandible, feet dark slaty green. Female: iris dark,
bill pale orange, ciilmen and tip horn brown, feet dark green
slate." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Common on flowering trees in open spaces near our
camp.
Abundant everywhere in the Peninsula up to about
3,500 ft.
Pkionochilus ignicapillus (Eyton).
. Prionochilus ignicapillus (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. X, p. 65 (1885).
a — b. 2 Males. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 4th December,
1915. Nos. 2163-4.
" Bill black, iris chestnut, feet slaty black, lower mandible
slate except at tip." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Not very common on Kedah Peak. Sparsely distributed
throughout the Peninsula, attaining about 3,000 ft. as its
maximum elevation.
Prionochilus maculatus (Temm.).
Prionochilus maculatus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. X, p. 6g (1885).
a. I Female. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 6th December,
1915. [No. 2,190.]
b. I Male. Gurun, Kedah 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,252.]
" Iris chestnut, bill slate, the culmen black, feet dark
greenish slate." (H.C.R. & C.B.K.)
Not so common as others of the family but very generally
distributed over the whole length of the Peninsula, from
Bandon to Singapore.
Prionochilus thoracicus (Temm.).
Prionochilus thoracicus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
X, p. 67 (1885) ; Ogilvie Grant, Jotirn. Fed. Malay States Mus.
iii, p. 19 (1909); Robinson, Journ. Straits Branch. Roy. Asiat.
Sac. No. 57, p. 14 (1911).
a — c. 3 Male. Kedah Peak, 3,000 ft. 30th November —
1st December, 1915. [Nos. 2,121, 2,135-6.]
" Iris dark, bill black, feet greenish slate." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 235
This bird was found singly feeding on the flowers of a
small species of Eugenia growing in open tracts on the moun-
tain. Though very common in Borneo it is one of the rarest
of Peninsular birds and of late years has been met with on
onl}' two occasions, once on Gunong Tahan at 3,000, ft. and
again at Temengoh, in Upper Perak, at low elevations.
IV. REPTILES and BATRACHIANS.
As with the other vertebrata these appeared to be very
scarce on Kedah Peak and none were obtained of any special
interest excepting perhaps Mabnia novemcarinata \\ hich has not
often been met with in the southern half of the Peninsula.
The references are to Boulenger's recent volume on the
Reptilia and Batrachia of the Malay Peninsula.
I. Gymnodactylus pulchellus (Gray).
BIgr. p. 36.
A young example of this beautiful gecko was obtained at
3,000 ft. Snout to vent 55 mm. x\bove brownish-yellow with
four broad black bands on the trunk and another on the head
running from the eyes round the nape, all narrowly edged
with bright lemon-yellow. Rostrum and limbs brown ; a nar-
row lemon-yellow band between, and in front of, the eyes;
supra-orbital regions greenish. Tail white with nine broad
black bauds. Under surface deep fleshy-pink.
2. Draco melanopogon, Blgr.
Blgr. p. 62.
,3 Males, I Female.
Evidently not uncommon on the Peak but the only flying-
lizard met with.
3. Aphianotis fusca (Peters).
Blgr. p. 64.
A single specimen was obtained at 2,000 ft.
4. Mabuia novemcarinata (And).
Blgr. p. 82.
Two small examples of this lizard, rare in the Peninsula,
were obtained at 3,000 ft.
Besides the foregoing scink a small lizard, probably
Lygosonia sp. was frequently observed on the extreme summit
where it lived among the grass and stones; it was, however,
too rapid in movement to allow of capture.
5. Tropidonotus trianguligerus, Boie.
Blgr. p. 125.
One example from 3,000 ft. taken by the banks of a
stream.
m
236 Journal of the F. M. S. Museums. [Vol. Vl,
6. Coluber oxycephalus, Boie.
One example from 3,000 ft. Its brilliant green colour and
tail of orange black-edged scales render this a remarkably
handsome snake.
7. Dendkophis formosus, Boie.
Blgr. p. 145.
One small individual from 3,000 ft.
8. Dryophis prasinus, Boie.
Blgr. p. 175.
One example from 3,000 ft.
9. Lachesis wagleri (Boie.)
Blgr. p. 218.
One specimen from 3,000 ft.
10. Rana macrodon, Dum. and Bibr.
Blgr. p. 233.
An immature example of this frog was obtained at 3,000
ft, measuring 78 mm. from snout to vent.
II. Rhacophorus leucomystax (Gravenh).
Blgr. p. 249.
One specimen of this frog was obtained at 3,000 ft. It
is the commonest of its genus in the Peninsula.
12. BuFO asper, Gravenh.
Blgr. p. 271.
Two full-grown examples from 3,000 ft.
13. Megalophrys nasuta (Schleg.)
Blgr. p. 279.
A small example (snout to vent 55 mm.) was met with at
3,000 ft. Colour of body above yellowish-brown with a
reddish-chocolate area covering the back, extending over
the sides and forking on the nape to the eyelids.
APPENDIX. .
Durino^ our stay at Alor Star previous to our ascent of
Kedah Peak and at Gurun after our return, small collections
were made. Few things therein were of any special interest,
but a list of the species is here given for the sake of the
locality.
I— MAMMALS.
I. Pkesbytis obscura.
Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, P.Z.S., 1837, P- ^4-
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss: Kedah Peak. 237
1 Female imm. Gurun, Kedah,
2. PtEROPUS VAMPYRUS MALACCENSIS.
PteropHS vampynis malaccensis, K. Andersen, Ann. & Mag.
[at. Hist. (8) II, p. 363 (1902).
A single immature example of this fruit-hat was obtained
at Gurun : it is a halt-grown individual with a forearm of 175
mm. only.
3. Cynopterus brachyotis.
Pachysoma brachyotis, S. Mull, Tyd. Nat. Gesch., V, pt. i
p. 146 (1838).
2 Males, 15 Females. Gurun, Kedah.
A large number of smaller fruit bats were obtained at
Gurun but those which were obviously immature were not
preserved. As shown by the external measurements given
below, they are undoubtedly examples of C. b. btachyotis.
Head and Body ... 89 — 95
Ear from orifice ... 16 — 18.
Forearm ... ... 60 — 65.5
3rd Metacarpal ... 39 — 44.5
Tibia ... ... 21.5 — 24.5 mm.
4. Taphozous melanopogon, subsp.
Taphozovus melanopogon, Temm. Mon. Mamm., II, p. 287,
p. 60, figs. 8, 9 (1835—41).
14 Males, 13 Females. Gunong Kriang, Kedah.
Gunong Kriang, 700 ft. high, is an isolated and precipitous
limestone mass standing in the flat Kedah plain some miles
north of Alor Star. It is penetrated by deep tunnel-like caves
and in its walls are many more of a shallower nature. These
latter are inhabited by large numbers of bats of this species
but no others were met with.
These examples resemble all other specimens of melano-
pogon from the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands but
appear to differ from the typical race in having paler fur and
wing-membranes which are almost white.
5. Sciurus concolor.
Sciurus concolor, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
XXIV, p. 474 (1855).
I Female.
A very typical example, showing no approach to Sc.
milleri, Robinson and Wroughton [Journ. F. M. S. Mus. IV,
p. 233 (191 1) ] from Trang, a state to the north of Kedah.
i
6. Sciurus vittatus miniatus. Miller.
I Male, 2 Females.
238 Journal of the F. M. S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
7. Epimys SUKIFER (Miller).
2 Males, 1 Female.
Of similar dull colour to specimens from the Peak.
8. Epimys asper (Miller.)
2 Females.
9. Epimys ferreocanus (Miller.)
Mus. ferreocanus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XIII, p. 140 (1900), pis. Ill and IV, figs 2, a.
2 Females.
This rare Malayan rat has hitherto been taken only on the
mountains at altitudes of 3,000 ft. or so. It was therefore
a surprise to find that it occurred in the plains at the foot
of Kedah Peak, while it was not met with on that mountain
itself.
10. Galeopterus peninsulae, Thomas.
Gaieopterus peninsulae, Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8) II, p. 303 (1908).
1 Male.
II. TuPAiA GLis WILKINSONI, Robinson and Kloss.
2 Females.
Typical specimens with ferruginous rumps and thus
rather brighter than the examples from the Peak.
12. Tragulus kanchil ravus.
Tragulus ravus. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV,
p. 173 (1902).
I Male.
The lesser Malayan mouse-deer (pelandoc), appeared to be
very common at Gurun, as during our stay of a couple of days
a number were brought to us by the inhabitants who, how-
ever, said they w^ere unable to trap the napu or larger mouse-
deer.
In the examples of the pelandoc which we examined the
nape-stripe was a clear black, sharply margined and con-
trasted with the colour of the sides of the neck, and cannot
quite be matched by numerous other examples from all parts
of the Peninsula.
2. BIRDS.
Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe.
a. 1 Female. Gurun Kedah 50 ft. 12th December, 1915.
[No. 2,237.]
" Iris dark brown, bill maroon, tip black, tarsi and orbits
coral, claws dark." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
1916.] H. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 239
Precisely agreeing with southern specimens and showing
no approach to the northern form, P. g. burinanica, Sharpe.
Halcyon pileata (Bodd.).
a. I Male. Gurun Kedah, 50ft. 14th December, 1915.
[No. 2,256.]
SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS (Horsf.)
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,254.]
" Iris dark brown, bill, feet brownish black." [H.C.R.
& C.B.K.]
HiEROCOCCYX NANUS, Hume.
Hierococcyx nanus, Hume; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Miis.
XXX, p. 238 (1892); Robinson & Kloss, Joiirn, Fed. Malay
States Mus. v, p. 172 (19 15).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. December nth, 1915.
[No. 2,224.]
" Iris very dark brown, bill greenish slate, base of upper
mandible black, orbital skin and gape pale chrome, feet
yellow, claws pale wax yellow. [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
This specimen agrees well with two others in the Museums,
one from the Krau River, Pahang, collected on 31st October,
1913 and another from Ginting Bidei, Selangor-Paliang
border, 2,300 ft., obtained on September 30th 1914.
Measurements of the above bird taken in the flesh.
Total length 281; wing 150; tail, 158; tarsus. 20; bill from
gape, 30 mm.
Wing of the Krau River Bird, 146 mm. Of the Ginting
Bidei one, 147 mm.
This species is extremely rare in the Malay Peninsula
proper and the above tliree specimens are the only ones from
our area of which we have any record, with the exception of
the birds from Salanga or Junk Zeylon, recorded by Muller
(Journ. fur. Orn. 1882, p. 405). It is probably commoner in
Tenasserim.
Rhopodytes diardi (Less.)
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,241.]
" Iris pale blue, orbital skin crimson lake, feet dark gree-
nish slate, bill sea green, area of nostrils bluish." [H.C.R &
C.B.K.]
Chotorhea versicolor (Raffles).
a—b. 2 Females. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [Nos. 2,227, 2,233.]
" Iris chestnut, bill black, slaty at base, feet greenish
lead." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
240 Journal of the F. M. 5. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Chrysophlegma malaccense (Lath).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,242.]
" Iris chestnut, upper mandible black, lower slate, feet
plumbeous green." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus (Gm.)
C3'mborhynchus macrorhynchus (Gm.) Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 740.
a — b. I Male, i Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. ii-i2th
December, 1915. [Nos. 2,223, 2,238.]
" Iris emerald, bill robin's egg blue, lower mandible
chrome yellow, except gape and tomia, tarsi smalt grey.
Of these two specimens one has a marked white patch on
the inner web of the three outer pairs of tail feathers and the
other on the outermost pair only. One just received from
Paku Saribas, Southern Sarawak, Borneo has no white what-
ever on the tail.
Pitta cyanoptera, Temm.
a. I Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [No. 2,232.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, pinkish yellow at gcipe, feet fleshy
pink." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Hypothymis azurea subsp. Prophata, Oberholser.
a. I Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December,
1915. [No. 2,251.]
" Iris dark, bill black, feet slaty black." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Terpsiphone paradisi subsp. Affinis, Blyth.
a. I Female imm. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December
1915. No. 2,229.
"Iris dull green; eye, wattle, and tarsi, smalt; bill pale
lead.
Being in quite immature plumage the identification of
this specimen is somewhat doubtful ; it may possibly be T. p.
incii, Gould.
Philentoma velatum (Temm.)
a — b. I Male, i Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th
December, 1915. [Nos. 2,250, 2,253.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Artamides sumatrensis (S. Miill).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,240.]
"Iris yellowish white, bill black, feet powdery black./
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
1916.] H. C. RoiUNSON & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. 241
out
Always a rather rare bird, but widely distributed through-
the Malay Peninsula.
Chloropsis cyanopogon (Temm).
a — c. 2 Males, i Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 14th
December, 1915. [No. 2,257-9.]
EuPTiLosus EUPTiLosus (Jard. and Selby).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,248.]
"Iris red, bill black, feet slaty black." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
MiCROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Gm).
a. I Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [No. 2,228.]
"Iris turquoise, bill black, feet dark olive brown."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Trichollstes criniger (Blyth).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December 1915.
[No. 2,249.]
" Iris greyish white, bill bluish horn, feet yellowish flesh."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Pellorneum subochkaceum, Swinh.
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915,
[No. 2,247.]
"Iris hazel, orbital skin greenish yellow, bill pale horn,
base of lower mandible and gape yellow, feet yellowish flesh."
[H.C.R. &C.B.K.]
Erythrocichla bicolor (Less).
a — h. 2 Males. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December,
1915. [Nos. 2,243-4.]
" Iris pale hazel, bill horn, blackish on culmen, feet fleshy."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Drymocataphus nigrocapitatus (Eyton).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December, 1915.
[No. 2,234.]
" Iris red, upper mandible black, lower greenish white,
feet pale brown." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Setaria affinis (Blyth).
a. I Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [No. 2,230.]
" Iris hazel, bill slate, lower mandible greenish slate, feet
pale slate. [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
February, 1916. 6
242 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
Anuropsis malaccensis, Hartl.
a. I Female. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. nth December,
1915. [No. 2,222.]
Stachyris nigricollis (Temm).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,246.]
"Iris red, bill black, base slate, feet black." [H.C.R. &
C.B.K.]
Macronus ptilosus, Jard. and Selby.
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 13th December, 1915.
[No. 2,245.]
" Iris red, orbital skin smalt, bill black, feet greenish
black." , [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Platysmurus leucoptkrus (Temm).
a — b. 2 Males. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [Nos. 2,226, 2,231.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Dicrurus annectens, Hodgs.
a — c. 3 Females imm. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. I2-I3th
December, 1915. [Nos. 2,225, 2,236, 2,255.]
" Iris red, or reddish brown, bill and feet black."
[H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Dicrurus nigrescens, Oates.
Dicrurus nigrescens, Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i, p.
315(1889).
a — e. 2 Male, 3 Female. Near Alor Star, Kedah. 25th
November, 1915. Nos. 2,260-4.
" Iris red, bill and feet black." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
This locality is the most southerly recorded for the
Tenasserim Ashy Drongo. The species is new to the Federated
Malay States Museums.
Eulabes javanensis (Osbeck).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December, 1915.
[No. 2,139.]
" Iris hazel, bill orange, tip and lappets chrome, legs
chrome, claws, dark horn. [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
Leptocoma hasselti (Temm).
a. I Male. Gurun, Kedah, 50 ft. 12th December,
1915. [No. 2,235.]
" Iris dark, bill and feet black." [H.C.R. & C.B.K.]
igi6.] rt. C. Robinson & C. B. Kloss : Kedah Peak. ^4^
r
REPTILES & BATRACHIANS.
I. GoNYOCEPHALUS GRANDis (Gray).
Blgr. p. 66.
A half-grown example was obtained at Gurun.
2. Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl.).
Blgr. p. 70.
One example of the green " chameleon," so jcommon in
the more southern parts of the Peninsula, was obtained at
Gurun, where it was apparently largely replaced by the follow-
ing species.
3. Calotes versicolor (Daud).
Blgr. p. 71.
Very numerous in the scrub vegetation about Gurun, and
very sluggish, being easily taken by hand while seated on the
branches and twigs of bushes, though it attempted to bite
vigorously when caught.
4. Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl.).
Blgr. p. 84.
I juv.
5. OxYGLOssus laevis, Gunth.
Blgr. p. 225.
A small specimen of this frog was obtained at Gurun. It
does not appear to have been met with often in the Peninsula.
Snout to vent 18 mm.
6. Rana macrodon, Dum and Bibr.
One example from Gurun measuring no mm. from snout
to vent.
7. Rana limnocharis, Wiegm.
Blgr. p. 236.
Numerous specimens were obtained at Gurun, the largest
measuring 55 mm. from snout to vent ; with two exceptions
all possess a yellow vertebral stripe varying from 4 mm. to a
hair's breadth.
8. Rhacophorus leucomystax, Gravenh.
2 examples from Gurun,
g. BuFO asper, Gravenh.
A small example of a toad from Gurun, measuring 27 mm.
from snout to vent, appears to be the young of this species:
there are, however, no bony ridges on the head nor in any
tympanum distinguishable.
244 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
lo. BuFo MELANOSTicus, Schneid.
Blgr. p. 273.
A medium-sized individual from Gurun, with cibornmal
coloration, being blackish-brown above with this colour exten-
ding over and covering much of the undersurface in the form
of patches and spots.
II. BuFO PARVUS, Blgr.
Blgr. p. 274.
One example from Gurun, snout to vent 28 mm. There
are a number of distinct dark patches and irregular stripes on
the upper surface, sides and limbs.
XVI. NOTES ON THE HYPOMELANUS FRUIT-
BATS OF THE STRAITS OF iMALACCA, WITH THE
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW RACE PTEROPUS
HYPOMELANUS FRETENSIS.
By C. BoDEN Kloss, F.Z.S.
During the course of a cruise in the Straits of Malacca in
April, 1915, the small islands of Paya and Jarak were visited
and from each examples of the hypomelmius species of Flying-
fox were obtained. This species has been represented hitherto
along the west side of the Malay Peninsula by P. h. geuiinorum
from the Mergui Archipelago and by P. h. robinsoni from the
Sembilan Islands, about 10 miles from land, off the mouth of
the Perak River.
P. h. geminoriim, Miller, has until now been known only
from the type locality, South Twin Island, in the Mergui
Archipelago, so that its occurrence on Pulau Paya, about 350
miles to the south, considerably extends its range which, when
more of the small intermediate islands have been examined,
will doubtless be found continuous between the two.
Pulau Paya is roughly 7 miles west of the mouth of Kedah
River and about the same distance south-east of the Langkawi
group. It is a wooded island about a mile in length and half
in breadth standing just within the 15 fathom line of sound-
ings. Three examples of P. h. geuiinorum, which has now to
be added to the faunal list of the Malay Peninsula, were
obtained upon it, a male and two females, having the following
external appearance : —
Backs : blackish-brown freely sprinkled with silvery hairs,
producing a markedly grizzled effect.
Heads : like backs, the palest-backed specimen (female)
having the greyest head ; that of the male tinged with brown.
, Mantles: male; hazel,, narrowly edged posteriorly with
bay; females, i, bay, and 2, blackish-bay.
Underparts; throats blackish (except in the pale-backed
female where it is grey like the head), chests seal-brown, rest
of the lower surface strongly grizzled aniline black.
(For measurements see table p. 248.)
P. h. robinsoni, K. And., was described from three speci-
mens collected on Pulau Rumpia : as we have now obtained
others from that island, and also two more examples from
Pulau Lallang, another of the Sembilan group, it is possible to
give further particulars about this race.
Males, 4 examples : —
Backs: all specimens; brownish-black, sprinkled with
silvery whitish hairs.
246 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
10/15. Mantle; ochraceous-tawny, becoming bay at the
edges.
Head ; black, rather more frosted than the back.
Underparts : brownish-black to black, scantly griz-
zled with pale hair tips.
9/15. Mantle ; russet with darker edges.
Head; Mars-brown tinged with black.
Underparts; cheeks and throat blackish, chest
bay, abdomen from ochraceous-tawny in centre
to black on sides.
84/15. Mantle; warm blackish-brown, chestnut post-
eriorly.
Head; dark Mars-brown.
Underparts; as 9/15 but darker throughout.
85/15. Mantle ; ochraceous-orange washed with chestnut
on nape and shoulders.
Head and Underparts as 9/15.
Females 4 examples : —
Backs ; light seal-brown sprinkled with a few whitish
hairs (one individual, 8/15, is much paler than the others
approaching in colour examples of P. h. lepidus, Miller, from
the east side of the Peninsula).
248/09. Mantle, Sanford's brown, paler on posterior
edge.
Three other females : — Mantles as above but much paler
throughout.
Heads; pale Mars-brown, but this colour extending only
to the cheeks and just beyond the eyes, crown like the
posterior part of mantle or paler.
Underparts; centres of abdomen pale ochraceous-tawny,
becoming seal-brown on throat and sides; no black.
An immature male resembles the females.
(For measurements see table p. 248). «
V^hile visiting Pulau Jarak seven specimens of a hypome-
lanus bat were collected. This little islet, which lies
towards the middle of the Straits of Malacca about 30 miles
west of the Sembilan Islands, is about 500 ft. high, in greater
diameter about half a mile and is covered with forest. As is
the case of Pulau Paya and the Sembilans the only other
mammal met with on it was a form of Epimys rattus.
A series of seven bats was obtained, having the following
characters : —
I Male: —
Back; like P. h. robinsoni.
Mantle; burnt-sienna paling posteriorly, but be-
coming dark bay where it meets the back.
1916.] C. B. Kloss : Fruit-hats of Malacca Straits. 247
Head ; dark Mars-brown to nape.
Underparts; Mars-brown, becoming blackish on
throat and sides of body.
6 r^emales: —
Backs; as in females of P. h. rohinsoni.
Mantle ; bay to chestnut, much darker than P. h.
rohinsoni (one example, 83/15, however closely
resembling 248/09 of that race).
Heads; resembling the male (except in 83/15, where
the crown and mantle are concolorous, but differing
from 248/og in which the crown is pale).
Underparts ; dark like the male or with the centre of
the abdomen paler (the underpart of 83/15 however
almost concolorous with the mantle).
(For measurements see table p. 248).
Amongst the above animals certain sexual differences of
colour seem to be observable.
In P. h. geminorwn, the series is too small for deductions
and the male is only distinguished by a paler, brighter mantle
as is usual among the Fruit-bats.
In animals from the Sembilans and Jarak the back of the
males are uniformly darker, being blacker (less brown) and in
the Sembilan examples the heads and mantles are also darker :
an immature male alone resembling the females. In the Jarak
series the mantle of the single male is, on the contrar}',
brighter and lighter than that of the female: so that the only
constant difference between the sexes of animals from those
two places is in the colour of the back.
The males from the three localities much more nearly
resemble each other than do the females, in whom characters
seem more stable. P. h. geminorum, with its grey head and
back, is very unlike the others, and, since their darker head,
mantle and underparts clearly distinguish Jarak females from
females of P. h. rohinsoni, I propose that the former should be
known as
Pteropus hypomelanus fretensis, subsp. nov.
Characterised as follows : Back, light seal-brown,
sprinkled with a few whitish hairs; mantle dark bay, head
dark Mars-brown to nape; underparts bright Mars-brown,
becoming blackish on throat and side.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) F.M.S. No. 80/15.
Collected on Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca, on April
5th, 1915-
(For measurements see table p. 248).
There are no characters in the skulls and teeth which
will serve to distinguish between these races and, as may be
seen from the table, measurements completely intergrade.
248
Journal of the F.M.S. Musenuis. [Vol. VI,
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all, total length to gnathion ...
, palation to incisive foramina
, front of orbit to tip of nasals
, width of brain case at zygomata
, zygomatic width
, width across m^ externally
, lachrymal width
, width across canines externally .
, postorbital constriction ...
, interorbital constriction ...
, width of mesopterygoid fossa
, width between p*-p* internally .
, between cingula of canines
, orbital diameter
mdible, length
„ coronoid height
)per teeth, c-m^
wer teeth, c-m^
;ad and Body*
rearm*
r*
CO
l-L, ^ 03 1
XVII. ON TWO RODENTS NEW TO THE FAUNA
OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, WITH THE
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUB-SPECIES,
PITHECHEIRUS MELANURUS PARVUS
By C. BoDEN Kloss, F.Z.S.
In August 1915 I spent a fortnight on Bukit Kutu,
Selangor, 3,485 ft., for the purpose of collecting insects. A few
vertebrates were also obtained and preserved and amongst
them were two mammals which have not hitherto been re-
corded from the Malay Peninsula : one being a species of
small flying squirrel known hitherto from Billiton Island only
and the other a form of the " red bush rat " only known
until now from Java and Sumatra.
PITHECHEIRUS.
This genus has hitherto been represented by a single
species, Pithecheirus melanurns Cuv., occurring in Java and, it
is supposed, in Sumatra also, though no critical comparison
between the animals of these two islands has been made.
It is a genus remarkable among the rodents of the
Malayan sub-region for its long soft pelage which extends for
some distance along the base of the tail, the remainder of that
organ being practically hairless; and for the peculiar molar
teeth. A full account, with illustrations, of P. melanurus is
given by Dr. Jentinck in " Notes from the Leyden Museum,"
Vol. xii (iSgtj), p. 222; pi. 9, figs 1-4, and vol. xiv (1892),
p. 122; pi. 3/4, figs 5-8.
In colour the Selangor animal apparently differs from
Javanese specimens which are " chestnut tinged with red ";
for the whole of the upper pelage, long, dense and very soft, is
tawny throughout, but less rich in tone on the sides of the
head and body and on the limbs. This colour occupies the
tips of the hairs only, the whole of the bases and median
portions being slate-coloured. There are a great many
longer hairs which project beyond the denser fur but they are
of the same colour and equally as soft as the latter.
The undersurface is clear white throughout with the excep-
tion of the fur on the base of the tail which is similar to that of
the upper parts; and the chin, sides of the abdomen and lower
parts of the hind-legs which are suffused with warm buff.
The ears are whitish at the base with pale brown tips and
are clad with short tawny hairs on both sides. The feet are
February, 1916. 7
250 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VI,
white. The tail, which has [2 rings to the centimetre at its
middle, is dark brown throughout and practically naked save
for about 18 millimetres at the base, the hairs on the remainder
being invisible except through a glass.
The skull, though smaller, is of the same general form as
that of P. melnnurus with the same extremely large, dilated,
kidney-shaped bullae but otherwise differs in the following
respects : — almost complete absence of parietal ridges with
entire lack of a marked angular projection at their commence-
ment ; interparietal broader; interpterygoid space parallel-
^ided, not lyrate or horse-shoe shaped.
The teeth are apparently similar: of the upper molars the
first has three longitudinal rows of triple cusps; the middle
molar has two central, three internal and a single external
cusp in contact with the lirst of the former (in both these teeth
the median longitudinal cusps are largest); and the somewhat
complicated posterior tooth has a single cusp at the anterior
outer angle, two on the curved inner side and one posteriorly.
Of the lower molars the first has a small anterior cusp
followed by three transverse rows of two cusps, those of the
first row being as small as the front one; the middle tooth is
of Epimys type with two transverse rows qf two cusps; situated
mesially at the posterior edge of both these teeth is another
and much smaller cusp ; the last molar has two small cusps
anteriorly followed by a broad transverse ridge.
There is a marked difference in size between the teeth of
Javan and Malay animals, and as the dimensions of the molars
are not prone to increase with age it is apparent that the latter
is a considerably smaller animal.
Though the Selangor specimen has the basi-occipital
suture still open and the teeth scarcely showing signs of wear,
the cranium, while globose, is somewhat rugose and I think
the individual is sufficiently mature to illustrate the characters
of the Peninsular animal : therefore in view of the difference
of colour, size and skull characters I feel justified in separat-
ing Malayan animals from those of Java under the name of
PiTHECHEIRUS MELANURUS PARVUS, Subsp. nOV.,
with characters as above.
Dimensions: — collectors' external measurements: — head and
body, 122 (2og)*; tail, 140 (186); hindfoot without claws, 26
(with claws, 30); ear, 15(15)- Skull: greatest length, 34.7
(41); condylo-basilar length, 30; palatilar length, 15.7;
diastema, 8.7 (11) ; upper molar row, 7.3 (g) ; length of palatal
foramina, 6; greatest length of bulla, 8.8; median nasal length
7.5 ; zygomatic breadth, 17.4 (22).
• Measurements in parentheses those of a Javanese example of P. melanurus,
(Jentinck op. cit. supra, p. 227).
1906.] C. B. Kloss: Rodents of the Malay Peninsula. 25!
r>'/)^ :— Sub-adult male (skin and skull), F.M.S. Mus. No.
479/15. Collected on Bukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,400 ft., on 22nd
August, 1 915, by C. Boden Kloss.
PETINOMYS VORDERMANNI.
Sciuropterus vordermanni, Jentinck, Notes Leyden Museum,
xii, p. 150, pi. vii, tigs 13 and 14 (1890); Willink, Natuurkundig,
Tijdschrift Nederlandsch-Indie, LXV, p. 233 ; Lyon, Pioc.
U. S. National Museum xxxi, p. 593 (1906).
P. vordermanni, which was described from a single speci-
men obtained from Billiton Island by Dr. A. Vordermann
belongs to a genus characterised by a fairly short rostrum and
very large, but low and flattened, bullae.
The following is the description of the type specimen, an
adult male in (spirit): —
" Hairs of back black, each hair with a terminal chestnut
band; sides of parachute bordered with pure white; under
surface of body and of parachute pure white, cheeks and sides
of neck with a brownish orange tinge. Hairs of tail of a fine
chestnut, lighter towards the base of the tail. Generally the
hairs are very soft and rather long.
The tail is partially distichous, namely, only its under side
is distichous. All the hairs of the tail from its root to its tip
are exactly of the same length.
No cheekbristles, nor bristles at the base of ears.
Whiskers black."
Young animals of the Sciuropterus group are generally
blacker and duller above than adults and the Selangor example
differs from the type in having the hairs of the upper surface
tipped with ochraceous-tawny rather than chestnut, while the
pelage adjacent to the edges of the membranes is clear black
for 3 or 4 millimetres and in the same areas on the underside
the base of the hairs are blackish with the terminal portions
buffy white. The hairs of the tail are, again, vinaceous buff
at the base, where they are a little shorter than on the distal
portion, rapidly darkening to clove-brown: the tip is rounded;
as in the type the tail is almost bushy above. In other
respects the colour of the two animals appears to be similar.
The immaturity of the specimen is shown by the teeth, of
which pm^ and the last molar, though up, are not extruded
but the unduly long ear and short nasals possibly indicate that
when better material is available we may be able to distinguish
a Malay Peninsula form. The nasals somewhat resemble
those of P. setosHs, as figured by Jentinck {loc. ciL, figs 5-6), but
in all other respects the skull eminently resembles his illustra-
tion of P. vordermanni.
That the dimensions of the three examples may be
compared with each other they are all given here.
252 Journal of
the F.M
.5.
}\{usenins
[Vol. VI
Billiton.
Selangor.
•
"adi
Male
Lilt, type.
Female
adult.
Female imm
Head and body
100
103
96
Tail
no
100
96
Hindfoot
21
22 (with 23
claws)
Ear
12.5
12
16
Skull: greatest length
27
29
28.8
Condylo-basilar length
24-3
Diastema
5.5
5.6
5-6
Upper molar row
5-5
5-5
5-5
Medium length of nasals
8.0
6.2
Greatest breadth of skull
17.0
T^7-d>
"16.8
XVIII. NOTES ON SOME ROCK-SPECIMENS
FROM THE AROA ISLANDS.
(Plates XXXV— XXXVIII).
By J. B. ScRiVENOR, Geologist, F.M.S.
[In August and November, igo6, the Aroa Islands were
visited by Mr. H. C. Robinson and an account of the group
and of the collections obtained on Pulau Jemor, the largest
islet, was published b}' him in the Journal Federated Malay
States Museums II, pp. 8-16 (igo6).
A request having been made to the Museums Department
for information as to the geology of the Aroas a third visit was
paid to them in February, 1915, to collect rock specimens and
to obtain a series of the native rat {E. rattus subsp.,) of which
animal insufficient examples had been secured on the former
visits.
It is unnecessary to repeat the description of the islands
already given : here it may be added, however, that they are
situated near the northern extremity of a 10 fathom area
projecting from the Sumatran Coast in long. 100° 33' E. and
Lat. 2° 53' N. where they form a compact little group with a
number of isolated rocks and islets occurring in the sector
N.E. — S.E. of it, at distances varying from 3^ to 7 miles.
The main group is fringed by numbers of jagged rocky reefs,
many of which are exposed at low spring tides (PI. XXXV.,
fig. I).
Contrasted with the numerous forested islets of this
region the Aroas are somewhat remarkable on account of their
lack of vegetation, a scarcity which Js most pronounced on
Pulau Jemor, the north-easternmost and largest of the central
islands. On account of their open nature charming views are
obtained from the summits of most of them and the exposed
reddish earth and rocks add richness to the colour of the scene.
Amongst the shrubs in flower in February was the pretty pale
pink myrtle, Cynomyrtus tomentosa.
The rat is the only terrestrial mammal and no bats were
seen. No birds besides the common sea or shore species (and
the few others which always occur in such situations) except
a pitta (P. cyanoptera) and rail {A. phaenicura) were observed,
the collection made being practically similar to that secured
on the former visit in August, thus showing that the migration
season which was at its height in November 1906 had come
to an end. A day-flying mosquito was both numerous and
active.
Weathering appears to have taken place most strongly on
Jemor, where vegetation is scantiest. The rocks seem to be
tilted at a high angle, about 70 or 80 degrees, and to dip from
^54 Journal of the F.M.S. Mmeums. [Vol. VI.
S. W. to N. E. The sandstone is of varying stages of hard-
ness and at the summit of the island is soft and crumbly
(pi. XXXVI. , fig. 2). Where it has weathered it is cut down
to about sea-level and what were once larger islands now
consist of a group of several smaller ones connected by a
sandy gully or standing on a common reef awash at low tides.
There appears to be no coral in the vicinity. C. Boden Kloss.]
Sedimentary rocks from Pulau Jemok,
OR Long Aroa.
Specimens of sandstone and shale from Pulau Jemor
were sent to me in February, 1915 by Mr. H. C. Robinson.
They are grey shale, light coloured sandstone, and a slightly
coarser sandstone, partly stained red, and containing small
white angular fragments which suggest kaolinized felspar, but
which are in reality derived from a weathered rock containing
micro-organisms.
The shale contains minute flakes of mica and resembles
the grey shales found in several localities of the Peninsula.
The specimens do not show any organisms.
Thin sections mounted for examination with the micros-
cope are necessary to see the micro-organisms in the white
angular fragments of the sandstone. As the sections are not
very translucent, bright illumination is necessary, and then
only a few fragments show the organisms clearly. They are
all radiolaria, sometimes showing the reticulation of the test
plainly but never sufficiently well preserved for specific
determination.
Fragments and pebbles of a similar radiolarian rock are
common in the coarse quartzites of the Peninsula, where
they have been almost certainly derived from certain radio-
larian cherts found in situ. The quartzites, as far as is known
at present, are all Mesozoic, fossils having been found in
Perak, Pahang and Singapore, and the fragments in the Aroa
rocks suggest that they may be an extension of the Peninsula
rocks. If opportunity offers, the grey shales should be
searched for Estheriella, a small fossil difficult to detect, that
occurs in Perak and points to brackish or fresh water condi-
tions during the Trias, when the shales were laid down.
Mr. Robinson describes the rocks on Pulau Jemor as
highly inclined. One of the photographs (PI. XXXVI, fig. i)
shows this.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VI.
PI. XXXV.
C. B. Ktoss, Photo.
Fig. I.
Low Water at West Bay, Pulau Jemor, Aroa Islands,
Straits of Malacca.
C. B. Kloss, Photo.
Low Land across the Middle of Pulau Jemor.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol. VI.
PI. XXXVI.
C. />'. A'/o'.s-, Vholo.
Fig. I.
South-East Coast of Pulau Jemor, Aroa Islands.
Summit of the South-West Extremity of Pulau Jemor.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol. VI.
PI. XXXVII.
C. B. Kloss, Photo. Fio- I-
PULAU JeMOR from THE WESTERN GrOUP, ArOA IsLANDS.
C. B. Kloss, Photo. Fig. 2.
Western Group, Aroa Islands, from Pulau Jemor.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus .— Vol. VI.
PI. XXXVIII.
C. B. Kloss, Photo. I'lR- I.
Bay in the Main Island, Western Group, Aroa Islands.
C. B. Kloss, Photo. Fig.
Some Smaller Islands of the Western Group, Aroa Islands.
XIX. ADDITIONS TO RIDLEY'S "LIST OF
THE FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA."
By C. G. Matthew, Fleet-Surgeon.
Mr. Ridley's List of the Ferns of the Malay Peninsula
was published in igo8 on pp. 1-50 of the liftieth part of the
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
To it the following are addenda, arranged with references to
the pages of the List : —
p. 7. Gleichenia flagillaris, Spr. Singapore, Johore
(Matthew).
8. Alsophila Ridleyi, Baker. Penang Hill (Matthew).
g. A. Kingii, C.B. Clarke. Perak: Gunong Inas, 5,600
ft. (R. H. Yapp); Gunong Hijau, 4,500 ft.
(Matthew).
A. dnbia. Bedd. Gunong Inas (R. H.Yapp.).
10. Dicksonia {Dennstoedtia) scaudens, Bl. Perak : 4,600
ft. (Hose) ; Gunong Hijau, 4,000 ft, (Matthew) ;
Gunong Bubu, 5,400 ft. (Herb. Kew).
12. Trichomanes Mottleyi, van den Bosch. Perak :
Kunas River (Matthew).
13. T. pyxidiferum, Linn. Singapore (Matthew).
14. T. Penangianum, Christ., sp. nov. Penang Hill,
(Matthew).
17. Davallia Lorruinei, Haner. Penang (Herb. Kew).
23. Pteris pellucida, Presl. Perak: Gunong Hijau (Mat-
thew). Penang: Richmond Pool (Matthew).
Pt. inaeqnalis. Baker. Perak: Maxwell's Hill,
2,500 ft. (Matthew).
24. Pt. aspei'ula, J. Sm. Perak : Gunong Pondok
(Matthew).
Pt.longipes, Don. Perak: Maxwell's Hill, 3,000 ft.
(Matthew).
27. Asplenium Mactieri, Bedd. = A . Wightianum, Wall.,
with simple fronds.
A. snbaveniiwi, Hook. Maxwell's Hill (Matthew).
28. A. hirtnm, Kaulf. Maxwell's Hill (Matthew).
29. Diplazinm porphyrorachis, Baker. Perak (Herb.
Kew).
30. D. ziphophyllum, Baker. Perak (Hose).
D. japonicnm, Christ. Perak: Maxwell's Hill
(Matthew).
31. Anhogonium hetcrophilcbinm, Mett. Pahang :
Telom River. (Ridley).
256 Journal of the F.M.S. Mnsewm. [Vol. VI.
p. 35. Lastrea spnrsa, Don. Perak ; Maxwell's Hill,
(Matthew).
36. Nephrodiiim extenstim, Bl. Singapore (Matthew).
37. N. glandulosnni, Hook. Singapore (Matthew).
N. procurreiis, Baker. Singapore : Bukit Timah
(Matthew).
38. N. abortivum, J. Sm. Singapore: Bukit Timah
(Matthew).
39. Nephrolepis ramosa, Moore. Selangor: Batu Caves
(Matthew).
41. Polypadiwn callophyllnm, C. H. Wright, sp. nov.
Perak: Gunong Hijau (Matthew).
P. loniarioides, Bl. Singapore: Bukit Timah, on
high Shoreas. This is the fern referred to in
Ridley's List p. 10 as Lecanopteris, Bl.
42. P. harathrophylluin, Baker. Perak (Hose).
46. Pleopeltis Sarawakensis, linker. Perak: Maxwell's
Hill (Matthew). Probably the " P/. snperfi-
cialis, Bl."
47. PL pteropus, Bl. Selangor: Batu Caves (Matthew).
49. Syngramme quinaia, Hook. Perak: Maxwell's Hill
(Matthew).
Selliguea Hamiltoniann, Hook. Malay Peninsula
(Scortechini).
51. Antrophyhun coriaceiim (Wall.). Perak (King's
collector, No. 565).
A . plantagineuin var. augustifoliwii (Brack.). Malay
Peninsula: Gunong Sonoy (M. de Morgan).
Vittaria Sikkiiiiensis, Kuhn. Penang Hill (Ridley).
Perak: Maxwell's Hill (Matthew).
V. Ridleyi Christ., in lit. Province Wellesley :
Bukit Panchur (Ridley). Very near V. elongata.
55. Photinopteris rigida, Wall. Perak: Maxwell's Hill
(Matthew).
58. Lygodium polystachyiDii, Wall. Perak : Gunong
Pondok (Matthew).
59. Alsophila glabra, Hook. Perak : Gunong Hijau,
4,500 ft. (Matthew).
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI, PART I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
APRIL, 1915.
An Expedition to Mount Menuang Casing,
Selangor. H. N. Ridley.
Aeromys, a New Genus of Flying-SquirreL
Herbert C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss
Malay Filigree Work. L H. N. Evans ...
On Two New Species of Birds from the
Southern Portion of the Malay Peninsula.
Herbert C. Robinson Silid C. Boden Kloss
On the Species of Minivets (Pericrocotus)
occurring in the Malay Peninsula.
Herbert C. Robinson
On Two New Plants from Gunong Tampin,
Negri Sembilan. H.N.Ridley
On Two Snakes, new to the Fauna of the Malay
Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss
On Plants from Gunong Kerbau, Perak. H. N.
Ridley
PAGE
I
23
25
29
31
39
41
43
MISCELLANEA (pp. 63—69).
The Vertebrate Collections of the Federated Malay
States Museums—//. C. Robinson. The Semang between
Janing and Rhaman — F. 0. B. Dcnnys.
Singapore :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1915.
ERRATA.
p. 48 No. 60 fov Laudiculatus read L. caudiculatus.
p. 51 No. S6 for Caudate read Caudata.
"^
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI. PART I.
APRIL, 1915.
PAGE
I. An Expedition to Mount Menuang Casing,
Selangor. H.N.Ridley. ... ... ... i
ll. Aeromys, a New Genus of Flying-SquirreL
Herbert C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss •••23
III. Malay Filigree Work. I.H.N. Evans ... 25
IV. On Two New Species of Birds from the
Southern Portion of the Malay Peninsula.
Herbert C. Robinson smd C. Boden Kloss ... ... 29
V. On the Species of Minivets (Pericrocotus)
occurring in the Malay Peninsula.
Herbert C . Robinson ... ... ... ...31
VI. On Two New Plants from Gunong Tampin,
Negri Sembilan. H.N.Ridley ... ... 39
VII. On Two Snakes, new to the Fauna of the Malay
Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... 41
VIII. On Plants from Gunong Kerbau, Perak. H. N.
Ridley ... ... ... ... ... 43
MISCELLANEA (pp. 63—69).
The Vertebrate Collections of the Federated Malay
States Museums — H. C. Robinson. The Semang between
Janing and Rhaman — F. 0. B. Dcnnys.
Singapore :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1915.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI, PART II.
SEPTEMBER, 1915.
PAGE
IX. Measurements of some Sakai of Sungkai and
Slim, South Perak, with notes on the same.
C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... ... 7^
X. Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai in the
Batang Padang District of Perak. Ivor H. N.
Evans ... ... ... ... ... 85
XI. Notes on various Aboriginal Tribes of Negri
Sembilan. Ivor H. N. Evans ... ... loi
XII. Some Semang Vocabularies obtained in Pahang
and Perak ... ... ... ... 115
Singapore :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1915
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI, PART HI.
OCTOBER, 1915.
PAGE
XIII. The Botany of Gunong Tahan, Pahang.
H. N. Ridley ... ... ... ... 127
Sdtflapore :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
iai5
JOURNAL
OF THE
ederated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI, PART in.
OCTOBER, 1915.
PAGE
XIII. The Botany of Gunong Tahan, Pahang.
i H. N. Ridley ... ... ... ... 127
Sltiflapore :
KELLY «& WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1915
*- '^•!iu
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI. PART IV.
PAGE.
FEBRUARY, 1916.
XIV. Some Notes on Aboriginal Tribes of Upper
Perak. /. H. A^ Evans ... ... 203
XV. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. H. C.
Robinson and C. Boden Kloss ... ... 219
XVI. Notes on the HY POM EL AN US Fruit-bats of
the Straits of Malacca with the Description
of a New Race PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS
FRETENSIS. C. Boden Kloss ... ... 245
XVII. On two Rodents new to the Malay Peninsula
with the Description of a new sub-species
PITHECHEIRUS MELANURVS PARVUS.
C. Boden Kloss ... ... ... ... 249
^III. Notes on some Rock specimens from the
Aroa Ids. J. B. Scrivenor ... ... 253
XIX. Additions to Ridley's List of the Ferns of the
Malay Peninsula. C. G. Matthew ... ... 255
Stngapoie :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
(Incorporated in Hongkong)
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1916.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
VOL. VI, PART IV.
FEBRUARY, 1916.
XIV. Some Notes on Aboriginal Tribes of Upper
Perak. /. H. N. Evans
XV. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. H. C.
Robinson and C. Bodcn Kloss
:VI. Notes on the HYPOMELANUS Fruit-bats of
the Straits of Malacca with the Description
of a New Race PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS
FRET EN SIS. C. Boden Kloss
XVII. On two Rodents new to the Malay Peninsula
with the Description of a new sub-species
PITHECHEIRUS MELANURUS PARVUS.
C. Boden Kloss ...
XVIII. Notes on some Rock specimens from the
Aroa Ids. /. B. Scrivenor
XIX. Additions to Ridley's List of the Ferns of the
Malay Peninsula. C. G. Matthew ...
PAGE.
203
219
245
249
253
255
Singapore :
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS,
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road.
1916.
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