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1. LIST OF MICROCHIROPTERA, OTHER THAN'
LEAF-XOSE BATS. IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES MUSEUMS.
By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S.
,1 owe to the kindness of Mr. H. C. Robinson the oppor-
tunity of examining certain of the bats preserved in the
collection of the F.M.S. Museums, and at his suggestion I have
written the following list. It contains the Microchiroptera
other than the Leaf-nose bats, with which latter Dr. Andersen
is dealing. By the generosity of the authorities of the F.M.S.
Museums the British Museum has been permitted to retain a
number of the specimens here enumerated, including the tvpes
of the three new forms described.
Eptesicus dimissus, sp. nov.
Eptesicus pachyntis, Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. V. p. 116 119141.
Type. 9 in al. Kao Nawng, Bandon, Malay Peninsula
3,500'. June 1913. F.M.S. Mus. No. 529/13. Collected by
H. C. Robinson and E. Seimund.
A medium — sized species related to E. pachyotis. Size
rather greater than in E. pachyotis. Body proportionally rather
larger compared with the wings. Fur short (hairs of back
about 3 mm. in length 1, rather >parse, mostly confined to the
body except on the interfemoral, on a triangle at the base of
the tail. Colour chestnut brown above, lighter below, the
haiis of the mesial area of the understirface broadly tipped with
dull whitish or huffy. Ears short, rattier narrow, inner base
with a rounded basal lobe; inner edge slightly convex, tip
rounded off, outer edge straight above, convex lower down,
with a low antitragal lobe. Tragus short, its inner margin,
which is scarcely longer than its breadth, slightly concave, tip
rounded, outer margin convex with a fleshy basal lobe. Wings
to the middle of the metatarsals. A distinct post-calcarial
lobule.
Skull broad and stoutly built, with a well marked occipital
"helmet." Upper incisors with less disparity 111 size than in
the allied species, the tip of the outer attaining three fourths
the height of the inner, the latter rather small but still of the
characteristic Eptesicus shape, parallel sided, bicuspid ter-
minally; the outer tricuspid, obliquely concave. Last lower
molar with its posterior portion nearly equal to the anterior
part in area, and similar to it, as in nvst of the smaller species
of the genus
Dimensions of the type, measured on the spirit specimen.
Forearm, 42 mm.
2 JoUmul of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Head and body, 57; tail, 39; ear, 14; tragus, length on
inner edge 3, width 2-3. Third finger (epiphyses not fully
ossified), metacarpus 39; first phalanx, 15; lower leg and
hind foot with claw, 25.5 mm.
Skull, greatest length. 17.4; condyle to front of canine
15.8; basi-sinual length, 12.4; palato-sinual length. 6.3; front
of canine to back of m 3 , 6.2 mm.
Habitat and Type, as above.
This bat has been determined as E.paphyotis t Dobs, of
Assam, to which it is no doubt closely allied. But it may be
distinguished by its larger size (the type being barely adult),
the attachment of the wing membrane to the middle of the
metatarsus instead of to the base of the toes, and by its
proportionally much larger outer upper incisor.
Nyctalus stenopterus, Dobs.
Nyctalus stenopterus, Thomas & Wroughton, Journ. F.M.S.
Mus. IV. p. no (1909).
$ in al. Krian Road, Larut. Perak.
7 „ Singapore.
Pipistrellus tenuis, Temm. (?)
Kirivoula tenuis, Cantor Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XV,
p. 185, 1846.
V Telok Bahang, Penang.
All the pigmy pipistrels of this region aie very rare in
collections, and it is impossible at present to make out their
relations to each other, or even to identify with certainty the
original P. tenuis.
Glischropus tylopus, Dobs.
Vesperugo tylopus, Bonhote, P. Z S., 1900, p. 876.
j Krian Road, Larut, Perak.
Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Dobs.
Hesperoptenus blanfordi. Robinson & Kloss, Journ. F.M.S.
Mus. V. p. 116 (1914).
Vesperugo blanfordi, Anderson Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.,
1, p. 133 (1881).
2 skins. Semangko Pass, Selangor — Pahang Boundary.
2,700 ft.
$ in al. Gunong Tampin, Negri Sembilan. (Malacca
boundary).
$ in al. Telok Bahang, Penang.
9 ., Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
I ,, Kao Nawng, Bandon, Peninsular Siam.
iqib.j Thomas: Some Malayan Microchiroptern. 3
A rare bat, not hitherto received at the British Museum.
These specimens quite agree with Dobson's description of the
type from Tenasserim. A rather strongly maikeri naked pad
or wart just under the symphysis mcnti is not mentioned by the
describer, but is present in all the specimens.
Scotophilus castaneus, Horsf.
Scotophilia Umminckii, Cantor. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xv, p. 185 (18461.
Nycteceius kuhlii, Flower. P. Z. S. 1900, p. 34b.
Scotophilus castaneus, Bonhote. P. Z. S. 1900. p. 142 ; id.
Fasciculi
Malayensis
, Zool. Pt. 1, p. 17 11903)
: Thomas
and Wroughton, Jou
rn. F. M. S. Mus. IV. p. no (19001.
4 sk.
1
and 5 in al.
1
Telok Bahang, Penang.
Lenggong, Perak.
Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
2
2
Changi, Singapore.
6
Tanjong Surat, Johore.
Myotis peytoni federatus, subsp. nov
Type.
V skin.
Semangko Pass, Selangor —
-Pahang
Boundar)
'. 2,700 ft..
1 25 Feb. 1908. S. M. 938/11.
Original
number 617.
Similar in general characters to typical M. peytoni.
Wrought. & Ryley,* of Kanara, but the forearm, metacarpals
and hind legs shorter.
Colour uniform dark brown, darker than in true peytoni,
the tips of the hairs with scarcely an)- of the lighter wash
evident in every specimen of peytoni.
Dimensions of the type, the italicized measurements
taken in the flesh :—
Forearm 39.5 (45 in peytoni).
Head and body, 53; tail, 35; ear, 15. Third finger,
metacarpus 36 (42 in peytoni) first phalanx 15.7 (16). Lower
leg and hindfoot with claw 23.3 (28).
Skull, greatest length 16.5; basi-sinual length 12.6; front
of canine to back of wt 3 6.5.
Habitat and Type, as above.
This fine Myotis is so essentially similar to the S. Indian
M. peytoni, the skulls being practically indistinguishable, that
I only consider it as representing a local subspecies, in spite
of the marked difference in the length of the limb-bones.
Curiously enough, while the metacarpus is so much shorter
than in true peytoni, the first phalanx of the third finger is of
about the same length in the new forms.
* Journ. Bombay Nat. Soc XXII, p. 13 (1913V
4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Myotis muricola, Hodgs.
Myotis muricola, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1898, p. 321; Bonhote, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 876; id. Fasciculi
Malayensis, Zool. Pt. i, p. 18 (1903) ; Robinson and Kloss,
Journ. F. M. S. Mus. V, p. 116 (1914).
Vespertilio muricola, Flower, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 347.
2 in al. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
$ Kao Nawng, Bandon.
$ Batu Caves, Sehmgor.
Leuconoe hasselti, I'emm.
Myotis adversus ? Thomas and Wroughton, |ourn.
F. M. S. Mus. IV, p. no (1909).
2 5 Lekop, Karimon Id. Rhio Archipelago. (1,578, 80).
The middle lower premolar quite as in typical hasselti.
Leuconoe horsfieldi, Temm.
j in al. Jugra, Selangor.
9 ,, Selangor.
9 ,, Batu Burong, Pahang.
Kerivoula papillosa, Temm.
g. 5. Semangko Pass, Selangor. — Pahang Boundary,
2,700 ft.
A rare species. The British Museum contains ex-
amples from Cambodia (Mouhot) and Borneo (Everett). The
specimens recorded from Calcutta (Pearson), now prove to be
distinguishable and have been recently described as K. lenis,
Trios.
Kerivoula hardwickei, Gray.
<? Semangko Pass, Selangor. — Pahang Boundary.
Miniopterus medius, Thos. and Wrought.
2 skins and 12 in al. Pulau Kaban, E. Coast of Johore.
g in al. Terutau Id, West Coast, Malay Peninsula.
These specimens agree closely in size and coloration with
the middle of the three species of Miniopterus collected in
Java by G. C. Shoitridge during the Balston Expedition.
Emballonura monticola, Temm.
Emballonura peninsularis, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1898, p, 323; id. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XIII, p. 193 (1900); Bonhote, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool. r,
p. 18 (1903); Kloss, Journ. F. M. S. Mus. 11, p. 155 (1908);
Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. F. M. S. Mus. IV, p. no
(1909); Robinson and Kloss, Journ. F. M. S. Mus. V, p. 115
(1914)-
1916. ] Thomas: Some Malayan Microchiroptera. 5
Emballonura amimbensis. Kloss, Journ. F. M. S. Mus. IV,
p. 186 (1911).
25 in al. from various localities, including Aor and
Tiornan Is. Skins from Kao Nawng, Bandon (2); Bliah, Pulau
Kundur (2); Pulau Tiornan (1); and Kuala Lumpur (1).
Taphozous melanopogon fretensis, snbsp. nov.
Taphozous melanopogon, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, 1846 p. 180; Flower P. Z. S., 1900 p. 347.
5 skins and 9 in al. Terutau Id. Straits of Malacca.
11 ,, 14 ., Pulau Angsa, Coast of Selangor.
12 ,, Batu Caves, Selangor.
Essential characters as in true melanopogon, but colour
both of fur and membranes far paler.
Cieneral colour above pale brown, near " avellaneous " of
Ridgway, varying a good deal in intensity, the hairs
white for the greater part of their length, avellaneous termin-
ally, or with their extreme tips again light. Undersurface
"drab grey," the black beard when present contrasting
markedly with the general light colour of the underside. In
some specimens the brown parts of the upper hairs may be
considerably darker, but never or very rarely as dark as in
ordinary melanopogon, the average colour of all Peninsular and
Straits specimens being conspicuouslv lighter. Membranes
pale brown throughout.
Dimensions of type : — Forearm 60 mm.
Head and body (measured in flesh) 80; tail 25, ear 17.
Skull, greatest length 21 ; condvle to front of canines 20, front
of canine to back of m 3 9.
Habitat. Islands and coast of the Straits of Malacca.
Type from Pulau Terutau.
Type. Adult male. F. M. S. Mus. No. 391/12. Original
number 5,163. Collected 1st December. 1912 by native
collector.
The light colour of the fine series of this bat is in
striking contrast to its dark hues elsewhere. A large number
of specimens are in the British Museum from other parts of
the range of T. melanopogon; but none show the peculiar
pallor of the present set. The Terutau specimens average on
the whole the lightest, then those from Pulau Angsa, and the
Batu Caves, Selangor. Other peninsular examples, of which
there are few available, appear to average rather darker than
in the extreme of fretensis. lighter than in true melanopogon.
Taphozous leucopleurus albipinnis, Phos.
Taphozous longimanus albipinnis, Thomas, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, II, p. 246 (1898). Thomas & Wroughton.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, p. no (1909).
6 Journal of the F.M.S. Musemns. [Vol. VII,
Taphozous logimanus, Bonh. Fascic. Mai. Zool. i, p. 18
(1903)-
$ Taiping. S. M. 1,054.
As noted in my recent paper on Taphozous,* the peninsular
representation of the longimanus group agrees best with the
Bornean T. I. albipinnis, Thos.
Chiromeles torquatus, Horsf.
Chiromeles torquatus, Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 350;
Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, p. 110
(1909)-
2 in ail. Terutau Id.
5 sk. Juara Bay, Pulau Tioman.
? Krian Rd., Larut. Ferak. 923/11.
• Journ Bombay Nat Hist Soc. XXIV. p. 60 (1915).
II. A NOTE ON THE VARIATION OF A LOCAL
RACE OF EPIMYS RATI I i - RATTl S
J ARAN (BONHOTE), i ROM PULAU JARAK,
STRAITS Of M vL.U CA.
By H. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
In an earlier number ol vol. i, pp. 70, 71
119051. Mr. j. L. Bonhote described this rat on a single
specimen obtained by me ii 1904.
The mth 1 1 ■ ,:. rded it as a rao t the Sumatran
I rttink), but the acquisition ol lar.ye series of
closely allied foi ud and from various
groups of islands show that it is rather to be regarded as
a form of the cosmopolitan E. rattus.
In view of the fact that Pulau Jarak is very isolated and
is practically never landed on, 1: 31 mm h as it possesses no
beach and is steep to right up to the masses of granite
boulders that form the shore, it is probable that the local rat
population is hardly, it ever, contaminated by the introduction,
whether by man or by natural agencies, of fresh blood. The
race has therefore, in bility, had time to attain
a position of more murium and I have
therefore compiled the follow ins; tables based on a very consi-
derable series obtained during two 01 three days in April, 1915.
The specimens wi by two natives and were
measured by them, but 1 ( ought it advisable to
submit their* figures to analysis as the personal error is
probably large nstant a race almost
certainly masks the individual variation. It is, moreover,
difficult to tell from skins whether tne tails are really perfect,
while the fo it-measure, even for experienced European
collectors, is subject to a. personal or individual error, which is
relatively considerable.
The measurements on the skulls have all been taken by
myself with fine pointed dividers on a metal scale, the tenths
of millimetres being estimated and in this connection it is well
to consider the errors inherent to the methods of measure-
ment, as ring on modern work
in mammalol gy, lo al rai ften founded on small
differences in measurements based on series which from a
biometrical point of view are frequently small.
Masking errors may therefore be introduced from the
following cases : —
(1) A skull which has been comparatively recently
cleaned, has been overboiled in the
process of cleaning, will always give slightly
larger measun to opening of the
sutures; in the case of badly overboiled skulls
this increase is permanent.
August, 1916. 2
8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
(2) There is probably a small error due to blacklash or
spting in the dividers; this error is positive and
is relatively greater in the smaller than in the
larger measurements.
(3) In the case of the measurement of total length old
skulls may give a longer measurement than that
really representing their morphological size due
to the development of post-occipital ridges. The
length is also increased at the anterior extremity
in very old specimens owing to occasional
ossification of the cartilage at the tips of the
nasals.
In the case of the measurement of the length of the
nasals an element of uncertainty is often introduced by the
irregularity of the suture with the frontal. This error may be
either positive or negative.
In the Zygomatic breadth, a negative (i.e. the measure-
ment obtained is too small) error is introduced by the spring
of the zygomatic arches.
The Diastema is affected by the position of the roots ot
the anterior premolars which spread forward to a variable
degree. This error also is negative.
The tooth-row measurement, which is taken on the
alveolus, is affected in the same way, though the error in this
case is positive (i.e. the result is too large); and also in old
skulls by actual absorption of the teeth when the sign is
negative. This is not very marked in most rats* but the genus
Rhinoscinrus (Sciuridae) may be cited as an extreme case.
The specimens which have been measured, have been
selected as adult, those specimens which show no signs
whatever of wear on the molars having been rejected.
The arithmetic mean error, the error of mean square or
Standard Deviation of Pearson have been calculated as also
the Coefficient of Variation. It will be noted that the
measurements in all cases, if plotted, form curves of a
symmetrical type, the arithmetic mean agreeing very closely
with the Median.
In the case of the upper tooth-row I have not given the
standard deviation or the arithmetic mean error as the
measurement does not admit of sufficient accuracy to give
consistent results, the actual dimensions being very small and
the normal variation being apparently contained within very
narrow limits.
Table I. Measurements of Epimys ratttts jarah
(Bonhote)
Adult males.
Table II. Do.
Adult females.
[yiO., Robinson on Epimys rattus jarak y
Table III. Measurements of skulls of Epimys rattus jarak
(Bonhotel
Total length = roo
Adult males.
Table IV. Do.
Adult females.
Table V. Skull Measurements of E'imys rattus jarak
(Bonhote)
Arithmetic Mean
Median
Arithmetic Mean Ermr
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Deviation
ins used in Tables.
M = much.
V = very.
Ml = moderately.
SI = slightly.
column.
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III. ON AN ABERRATION OF SCIURUS PREV0ST1
FREVOSTI FROM SOUTH WESTERN PAHANG.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
Three races of the handsome Raffles squirrel are re-
cognizable in the Malay Peninsula, two very distinct, and the
third somewhat indefinite both in range and characters.
These are
Sciurus prevostii prevostii, Desm.
Desm. Mamiu. p. 335 (18221.
Range. The Southern portion ot the Malay Peninsula not
north of a line drawn from the northern border of the territory
of Malacca to Kuala Kurau on the Pahang River.
This form is at once distinguishable by having the white
side stripe continuous from ankle to ear over the shoulder.
Sciurus prevostii wrayi, Kloss.
Kloss, Joum. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv, p. 148 (,1911).
Range. From the Siamese Malay State of Trang, through
the districts of Selama and Temengoh in northern Perak and
across the main range of the Peninsula to the headwaters ot
the Pahang and Tahan Rivers. Range northwards on the
east side of the Peninsula not yet determined.
This form is separable from the other two by having a
wash of ochraceous fulvous on the shoulder, thereby breaking
the continuity of the white lateral stripe. In the next race
this wash is almost as deep in colour as the feet.
Sciurus prevostii humei, Bonhote.
Bonhote, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii, p. 170 (1901).
Range. Central and Southern Perak to the south of
Selangor.
In this form the ochraceous chestnut of the shoulder is
broadly in contact with the black of the back.
Of the first race, Sc. p. prevostii, the Federated Malay-
States Museums, possess a series of skins from Nyalas,
Malacca, which are practically topotypes of the species and
call for no special remark. They have the hands and feet
chestnut, the extremities of the fingers and toes sometimes
rather paler, tending to orange buff, while in one case the feet
near the ankle are clad with speckled black and grey hairs
mingled with the chestnut, though this colouring is not sym-
metrical.
20 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. vil.
Two skins from Aver Kring, Negri Sembilan, on the
eastern watershed of the Peninsula (Nos. 239, 240/12) are
typical, but a third has the speckled markings on the feet well
developed, while there is a tendency to the same change on
the hands. (No. 241/121.
But of seven skins from Triang, about 20 miles north from
Ayer Kring, three, Nos. 475. 477, 480/12 are typical, though the
feet are somewhat paler chestnut, while the others show-
marked variations.
One No. 479/12 has the hands and feet almost entirely
white, the colour of the hands soiled with chestnut and the
feet with a narrow ring of chestnut near the ankle. The bases
of the hairs throughout black.
Another, No. 478/12 has the hands dull chestnut, inter-
mixed with many black and silvery white hairs and the feet
silvery, dark maroon towards the ankle. The point of the
shoulder blackish and the shoulder above much sprinkled with
blackish hairs so that the white lateral stripe appears partially
interrupted. No. 476/12 is more nearly normal but has the
feet decidedly paler chestnut and the feet dirty whitish on the
distal phalanges, chestnut on the proximal. No. 481/12 differs
in the greater extension of white down the forearm towards
the fingers, which are orange, and in the paler tint of the feet,
which are clad with buffy golden hairs towards their
extremities.
These variations all occurring in specimens from one
localitv and which are not correlated apparently either with
the age of the individual or with that of the pelage, which is
fairly fresh and uniform in the whole series, appears to in-
dicate a state of unstable equilibrium in the species, parallel to
but on a smaller and less striking sc;:l<' than that described by-
Messrs. Thomas & Wroughton in the Chindwin squirrels of the
superspecies, Callisciurus sladeni Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Bombay.
The facts are interesting and worth}' of note and though
I do not think that the creation of yet another subspecies is
justified with existing material it may be permissible to borrow
a method of nomenclature from the entomologists, and record
the form as an aberration.*
Sciurus prevostii, subsp. prevostii.
ab. meticulosus, aberrat. loc. nov.
Type of the Aberration. Adult female (skin and skull).
F.M.S. Museums No. 479/12, collected on 9th September, 1912
by Museum Collector, at Triang, South-western Pahang.
Characters. Similar to Sc. prevostii prevostii, but having
the white side stripe practically continuous from the tips of
the fingers to the tips of the toes.
• Rothschild, Hartert and Jordan, Nov. Zool I. p. I. (1894). iid. op. cit.
II. p. 180, para 2. (1895).
1916.J H. C. Robinson on Sciurus Prevostii Prevostii 21
Measurements (taken in flesh by native collectors) Head
and body, 255; tail, 235; hindfoot, 52; ear, 22 mm.
Skull: Total length, 57.0; condylo-basilar length, 49.2;
palatilar length, 23.9; diastema, 14.0: uppei molar series
including^m. 3 . 10.5; interorbital breadth, 22.4; cranial breadth,
24.8; zygomatic breadth, 35.1; median length of nasals, 19. 1.
mm.
Should this aberration, as will not improbably prove to be
the case, be found to occur in a definite area to the exclusion
of the normal form, it will, of course, have to be classed as a
subspecies.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol. VII.
PI. I.
IV. NOTES ON THE SAKA1 OF THE ULU
KAMPAR. (Plates I— V).
By Ivor H. N. Evans, B.A., Assistant ( urator and Ethno-
graphical Assistant, F.M.S. Museums.
l'he toll.. wing notes are the results of rather over a
month's work among the Sakai of the Kampar River, above
Gopeng, in the Kinta district of Penik ; my visit to these
people having been made during the months of May and June,
rgi5. Starting from Gopeng on May 29th, a three miles walk,
chiefly through old and new tin workings, took me to
" Kampong Ulu Pipe," a Malay settlement, about three miles
distant from Gopeng, which is close to Messrs. Osborne &
Chappel's new pip -li ie. On the hills near this village can be
seen several Sak li clearings, so, with ihe idea of getting into
touch with their inhabitants and of learning something of the
ali irigines living round tin.; headwaters of the Kinta River,
I made a few days stay in this locality. With regard to
my second intention, I met with very small success. The
Malays of the settlement are all foreigners, Sumatra men, who
have come into the country within the last twenty years or so,
and know practically nothing of the district with the exception
of their own village and the road to Gopeng. I could not
even obtain from them the name of a conspicuous mountain,
which was clearly to be seen from the village. The informa-
tion I got from the local Sakai was almost as unsatisfactory
as that from th>' Malays, since they also seemed to move only
within a small radius in the region of the foot-hills. The
country of the Fahang border was to them unexplored
territory, and they seemed to have no intercourse with the
aborigines of that district. These tame Sakai inhabit the Kinta
Valley from about Gopeng to localities some little w#y above
the dam on the big pipe-line, and also those of the Guroh and
Geruntum (Kuntun on the map) Rivers, tributaries of the
Kinta, while they have some intercourse with the people
of Sungei Raia, who are said to differ slightly from them in
dialect. This particular section of the Sakai, which cannot
well be called a tribe, falls within the large division of the
Central Sakai. The aborigines who live near Gopeng have
adopted Malay fashions in dress, and the blow-pipe seems to
be falling into disuse among them, as do also their ancient
customs and beliefs.
Finding these people, therefore, too sophisticated to be
likely to afford me much of interest, I moved to a Sakai
settlement on the Kinta River, some two and a half miles
above the dam on the larire pipe-line, and some ten miles from
Gopeng. Here I staved for about a fortnight. Though the
inhabitants of this settlement had been to a considerable
August, 1916. 4
24 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
extent in contact witli Malays and Chinese, they were much
less civilized than the Sakai living closer to Gopeng. Si Busu
the headman of the settlement, which consisted only of one
small house, gave me a good deal of interesting information
about customs and beliefs, and I also had with me a
Sumatran Malay named Dana; he had a Sakai wife who told
me a good deal about aboriginal affairs, though I did not
accept his statements before verifying them by questioning
the Sakai themselves.
Si Busu's settlement consisted of a rather small house,
roofed and walled with palm leaves, which stood in a consider-
able clearing planted with tapioca. Access to the dwelling was
gained by a bamboo ladder. The doorway could be closed
with a sliding door of sheet bamboo, and on the left of this
there was built ^out a small room, occupied by an old man;
this had a window to the outside and another and a door
opening into the house. A single large room occupied the
rest of the space below, but above this, built out towards the
back of the house and supported on high poles, was an upper
room which was entered from below by means of a bamboo
ladder. The co >king place, with its earthen floor, was built
rather to one side of the large room and over it was a
framework with shelves for storing firewood, cooking utensils,
etc. The dart quivers belonging to the men of the house were
hung against the uprights supporting the shelves. One or
two store-bins for padi, made of tree-bark, were placed
near the walls, while a space in one corner of the room, walled
in to a height of about two and a half feet with tree-bark, but
empty at the time of my visit, had also been used for holding
padi grain. I spent a good deal of time in the house and was
interested to notice that, unless asleep, the Sakai were never
without occupation of some sort. Their appetites were
insatiable, and shortly after a hearty meal of rice, gourd, and
frogs or some other such delicacy, they would start roasting
Indian corn or tapioca in the ashes of the fire. The consump-
tion of Indian corn and tapioca, if the Sakai were at home,
went on - intermittently all day long. Apart from eating, the
men occupied themselves in making stocks of blow-pipe darts
and snares for small game, or in repairing their casting nets;
the women devoted themselves to the manufacture of mats
and carrying baskets or the cutting and drying of tobacco,
previously rolled leaves of the plant being shredded with a
sharp sliver of bamboo on a billet of wood. This was placed
on the slant, one end resting on the floor, the other against a
wall of the house.
The clearing in which the house was situated had been
planted in the previous year, the Sakai's custom being first to
sow a new clearing with rice and then to plant tapioca, a
much slower growing crop, among the rice. Thus, after the
rice harvest is over, and most of the crop consumed, they are
able to fall back on their tapioca, which by that time is
sufficiently far advanced to be dug up.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII.
igi6.J I. II. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. 25
It is not necessary to saj anything about the blow-pipes
or the dart-quivers generally in use among the Kampar Sakai,
as they are of the same type as those of the aborigines of the
Batang Padang District of Perak, which have been fully
described by Skeat and others. One quiver, however, which
was hanging from t lie posts supporting the shelves above tne
cooking place, immediately attracted my attention, since its
cover was of quite a different type from the normal, being a
hard and stiff cap of plaited rattan 17.5 cms. high. After a
considerable amount of fruitless questioning I elicited the
information that it had been bought from a Kinta River Sakai,
and this of course explained its resemblance to the quivers
used by the aborigines of the Kuala Kangsar and Upper
Perak Districts.
Customs, Religious Beliefs and Superstitions.
1 gathered from the Sakai living on the clearings around
" Kampong Ulu Pipe"' that they haw- some hazy idea of a
supreme Being or Deity (the -inn, whom they call Yenong.
This statement is supported by the information which
Wilkinson obtained from one of the same people, whom he
induced to live in Taiping for about three months. As
among the Sakai of Sungkai and the Hill Sakai of the
Temengoh District of Upper Perak, the shaman or magician
is termed Halak and the familiar spirit, by whose aid he
works his spells, his Anal; Yung. It is said that formerly the
body of a dead Halak was left unburied in the house where he
died. I was also told that the Halak's bumbun, or round hut,
is built within a dwelling house, and consists of seven bertam
palm-leaves plaited together and fastened to form a circle
within a rectangular frame of wood, which is attached to the
posts of the shelves over the fire-place and to some of the
posts of the house.
The rest of the information under this heading is derived
from Si Busu and the people of his house.
First, I will give some account of various superstitions
and tabus which influence the people's daily life. As among
so many aboriginal tribes, lightning ichilou) and thunder are
held in dread. The following actions are thought to cause
thunder storms, and are therefore tabu.
(i) To roast an egg in the fire.
• 2i To laugh if a snake is met with in the jungle.
(3. To pull a jungle-leech off the body and burn it.
When a bad thunder storm comes on, the Sakai descend
down from the house to the ground, strike their parangs into
the earth and leave them there. Hot stones from the hearth,
the supports for cooking pots, are also thrown out of the door
of the house. Both these actions are thought to be helpful in
dispersing the storm; and the hot stones, symbolically at any
rate, dry up the rain.
26 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
Should anyone in the house, a child at play for instance,
break off the tail of a lizard, each person cuts a piece of hair
from his. or her, head, burns it in the hie. and then, after
collecting the ashes, blows them through the hands, placed
trumpet iashion before the mouth, saying : " Usah, usah
gelebeh " (don't any more). If this were no; done, the house
would be struck by lightning.
We will next take some beliefs and customs connected
chiefly with sickness.
If three men have planned to go on a journey or to fell
jungle together, but one man remains at home without saying
anything (i.e. excusing himself from going), and should one of
the two companions fall sick, his illness is at once ascribed to
the man who stopped behind. The two will immediately
return, and the third man must say charms for the recovery
of the patient. If, however, the man who stops at home
makes some excuse for not going, no ill fortune encountered
by his companions can be ascribed to him.
If a man throws away the end of a cigarette or some
scraps of food, and what he throws away falls into a hoie in a
tree-stump, a mortar for pounding padi, the stump of a
bamboo, or any place which holds, or can hold, water, and
should he afterwards fall ill with pains in his stomach, he
thinks that this action is the cause. He will, therefore, go to
the place where he threw away the food fragments and remove
them. If he did not do this, he would not recover from his
illness.
If a man is sleeping in the jungle on the ground (or some-
times if he is living in his house), and falls sick with itchy
feelings in his body or swellings, he will dig up the ground
under his sleeping place, and if he finds an ants' nest will
destroy it. The ants, so he thinks, have caused him to fall
sick, and the destruction of the nest insures his recovery.
If a man who has been camping in the jungle falls sick,
and should remember that he has left a pole of one of the
shelters he has used standing in the ground, he will return and
pull it up, otherwise he will not recover.
If a man sits down on a spot where the roots of two trees
interlace he will fall sick: for places of this kind are the
abodes of spirits.
If a man leans against a tree which has a creeper twining
about it, he will become ill ; for this tree is the dwelling place
of a spirit.' The sick man will, however, recover if he returns
and cuts through the creeper.
Tabus with regard to mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law
are in force. A man must avoid his mother-in-law as much as
possible, and a woman her father-in-law.
Some very interesting information with regard to cus-
toms, now obsolete or nearly so, came to light during my
conversations with Si Busu. He told me that he had seen
Joum. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII.
PI. III.
1
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Snkai of the L'ln Kampar. 27
these observances practised while still a youth. In choosing
a site tor a new clearing, a kind of divination was practised to
see whether the Earth Spirit would allow the ground to be
used. When a suitable piece of ground had been chosen, the
Sakai went to the site proposed for iJie new clearing and
spells. The} then swepl all rubbish from a
small plot of ground, and enclosed it within a frame made of
four pieces of wood each aboul a f< 01 and a half long. The
pieces of wood were called galang dapor. Incense was burnt
within the square, and, ll much smoke arose from it, this was
that :! padi crop would be plentiful.
Next, little cups made of lebnk leaves containing incense,
water, lebak leaves and rice-flour were placed within the
square. The man who performed the ceremony then covered
the square over with leaves and everybody went home. If
this man dreamed on that night that the place was not good
another site was chosen for the clearing. Dreams about fire
or of a piece of wood wrapped in a mat (i.e. a bod}- ready for
burial) were bad. Providing that the celebrant's dreams were
favourable, the Sakai went the next morning to the clearing
site and uncovered the square of ground which they had
swept. If the ground under the covering of leaves was un-
disturbed, the\- looked upon this as a sign that they might
make the proposed clearing, but if they found any adventitious
substances under the leaves, such as rubbish of any kind, or
twigs and scraps of w-ood, another site had to be chosen and
the performance repeated. If some rubbish had merely fallen
on the leaves covering the square, the clearing might be made,
though this was regarded as a sign that somebodv from
another settlement would die in their house. If, however, a
clearing were to be made after rubbish had been found under
the covering leaves, it was thought, that this would result in
the death of a man of the house.
When the young padi has sprung up no bamboos or
rattans must be cut near the clearing until the crop is ripe.
The season for sowing padi is when the petai fruits are
ripe and the durian and prah nearly so.
Another curious Sakai superstition is that the earth must
not be struck with a stick, this action being thought to irritate
the Earth Spirit.
Tabu signs are hung up across the approaches to the
clearing and outside the houses on the first day of padi sowing
to warn the people from other settlements that they may not
enter, but the tabu period is only for one day.
In making a clearing the first step is to cut away the
undergrowth. This work proceeds for three days, and then a
one day's stop is made. When the undergrowth has all been
cleared the felling of the big trees begins, and heie again after
working for three days the Sakai rest for a day.
During the first three days of clearing undergrowth it rs
tabu to touch the chopping knife of a man who is engaged in
28 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
the work. Similarly during the first three days of felling the
big trees nobody may touch an adze belonging to another num.
At the time of the reaping of the padi crop the settlement
is laid under certain tabus for a period of six days. During
this period cigarettes may not be smoked nor blow-pipes and
lish be brought into the houses. Tabu signs of palm leaves are
hung up as a warning to outsiders not to visit the clearing.
On the first day of reaping seven ears of padi, the rice-soul,
are tied up, and incense burnt to them. These seven ears are
left till reaping is finished, and round them sufficient padi to
fill two or three reaping baskets, this being the rice-soul's
companion. The rice-soul is finally reaped, and incense is
burnt under the place where it is hung up for six days. After
this the grain from the rice-soul and its companion are taken
and mixed with the seed padi.
Si Busu also gave me a little information with regard to
customs connected with child-birth. It appears that after a
bii th the navel cord is buried under the house. Should the
child fall ill and its body appear swollen, the cord is dug up
and inspected to see whether white or other ants are eating it.
Should this be the case, the ants are killed with hot water and
the cord is re-buried in another spot. If no ants are found,
the cord is again interred in the same place.
After a woman has been delivered, spells are said over her,
and when this has been done, she is allowed to eat every kind
of food with the exception of chilies, which are forbidden to
her for six days.
I was told that articles of property, not necessarily be-
longing to the deceased, and food are placed on a newly made
grave, and that a fire is kindled, morning and evening, at the
spot for the first six days after burial.
Contact with Malays and Chinese has tended to destroy
the customs and beliefs of the Sakai living within easy reach
of the settlements of these races. Consequently the Sakai
around " Kampong Ulu Pipe " seem to have lost most of their
distinctive customs, and the same is true in a less degree of
those living above the dam. I gathered that some of the
customs described above are obsolete or obsolescent among the
people that I visited, though they probably remain in full
force among the wilder aborigines in the headwaters of the
Kampar River.
ABORIGINES OF THE PAHANG BOUNDARY.
Apart from the fact that aborigines of the foot-hills have
little intercourse with the people of the main range and are
therefore ignorant of the whereabouts of their settlements, my
visit to the Kampar district was very ill-timed with regard to
getting coolies for an expedition to the mountains, since the
Sakai were engaged in making clearings for planting their padi.
Repeated questionings of the Malays and Sakai gained me but
little information about the people of the mountains, though
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII.
PI. IV.
Mountain Sakai, Ulu Kampar, Perak.
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai 0/ the L'lu Kampar. 2y
I chanced to hear imports ot communal houses. Si Busu knew
almost as little as the other Sakai from whom I made enqui-
ries, but I arranged with him that he should go up country
and try to bring down some wild people to see me. He lelt
his house 011 May 51 h, and calling in at a relation's dealing, a
little further up the Kampai River, took this man with him,
since he iSi Busu's relation) occasionall} had dealings with
the hill Sakai. On the afternoon oi May 8th Si Busu and his
relation returned, bringing with them twelve wild Sakai, three
men. two boys, and seven women. Ad ot them seemed very
much frightened, the women keeping their e\es fixed on the
ground, and the men beinu obviously extremely nervous.
None of these people -poke Mala}', though 1 believe that one
of the men understood a lew words of that language. On the
day of their arrival I to a; a few photographs and some
measurements of the men, and in the evening 1 got Si Busu to
bring two of them to my tent. One kept his face averted
the whole tunc and the oth 1 spoke in whispers when answer-
ing questions. I took a vocabular] (printed with this paper),
of rather more than thirty words, bill I did not ait. nipt to
carry the matter furthei owing to the Sakai's uneasiness.
fudging from the words obtained, however, their dialect
belongs to the central Sakai gro ps, as does that ot the more
civilized aborigines >~t tin Kampai River. I did my best to
rind out from Si Busu where these people lived, what moun-
tains their clearings were on. and what was tin nearest riser,
but without much success, bul probably they wore from the
Perak side of the main range. The next morning I was told
that the women-folk being, I supposed, frightened, had tie-
parted at daylight. This was particularly annoying as some
of them had tat 11 marks on the face, which I wanted to
sketch. The men left at about 10 a.m. on the same day. I
afterwards found out that Si Busu had got them down on false
pretences, asking them. I believe, :o help him in making his
clearing. This, no doubt, partly accounted for their nervous-
ness, since, when thev found that I had called them, and that
they hail been told a he. they pr >babl) 'bought that they were
to be kidnapped. I reproached Si Busu f r having told the
Sakai an untruth, but he said that if they had known that a
European wanted to see them the} would have refused to
come and would most likely have desert< d their clearing. The
only other information that I was aide to gain about these
people, partly from Si Busu, partly from themselves with Si
Busu's assistance, was that theii houses were small, but had
several fire-places, and that one family occupied each house.
Each household appear-; to possess two clearings, one planted
with quick-growing crops such as Sengkuai (millet), Indian
corn and gourds, the other with slow -growing vegetables such
as tapioca, keledek (convovulus batanas?) and caladium.
When the quick-growing crops ire exhausted thev subsist on
the produce of their second planting. I gathered that the
Hill-Sakai only moved within a very small radius since they
jo Journal of -the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
said that they did not knjow the aborigines of the Kinta, Raia,
Telom or any other rivers. They had never heard of the bow,
nor did they know anything about the working of iron ; so it
would seem that they are not in touch with the Northern
Sakai.
With regard to the tatu patterns mentioned above,
except in one case where I have made a note that ,i man had
a line tatued from the top of the forehead to the tip of the
nose — only one man was tatued — I have to rely on my
memory, owing to the Sakai women taking their departure
as I have already related but, as far as I can recollect, the
womens' patterns wire very similar to those affected b\ the
hill Sakai men of the Ulu Temengoh, i.e., three pairs of
parallel lines running slantingly across each cheek and some
V shaped markings on the forehead.
English.
Head
Ear
Eye
Nose
Cheek
Mouth
Lips
Tongue
Tooth
Chin
Neck
Nape of neck
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Hand
Thumb
Finger
Nail
Thigh
Knee
Shin-bone
Font
Heel
Sole of foot
Toe.-,
Breast
Back
Liver
Stomai li
Navel
Intestines
Blood
Bone
Skin
Hair
Malay.
Kepala
relinga
Mata
Hidong
Pipi
Mulut
Bibir
Lidah
Gigi
Dagu
Lcher
Tengkok
Bahu
■ Lengan
Siku
Tangan
Ibu tangan
Jan
Kuku
Paha
Lutut
Tulang ker
Kaki
Tumit
Tapak kaki
fari kaki
Dada
Belakang
Hati
Prut
P u sat
Isi pei ut
Da rah
Tulang
Kulit
Rambut
.Sakai.
Jelbal.
Lntak.
Mat.
Moh.
Ming.
Nynum.
Xynum (?)
Lentag.
Lemoin.
Lingkah.
Tangun.
Tangkok.
Gelpol.
Kengris.
Kanang.
Tok.
Jaras (?) ok.
Jaras tok.
Chendros.
Lempar.
Kurul.
Jong kemaun
Juk.
Chanong juk.
Tapar juk.
Jaras juk.
Entok.
Kenok.
Gris.
Ek.
Suk.
Chong ek.
Behip.
Je-ark.
Getug.
Sok.
V. NOTE ON A COLLECTION OF ROCK
SPECIMENS FROM PULAU PISANG, WEST COAST
OF JOHORE.
By J. B. Sckivenor, Geologist, F.M.S.
In May igi6 Mr. C. Boden Kloss sent me a collection of
rock specimens from the small island, Pulau Pisang, off the
southern part of the west coast of Johore. Mr. Kloss stated
that only two of the specimens represent rock that he saw
exposed in situ and that the remainder came from a shingle
beach. All the specimens are from the north side of the
island.
These specimens are of sufficient interest to warrant a note
on them and their relations to other rocks in the Malay
Peninsula. On glancing over the collection one had the
impression that they were largely rocks of the " Chert Series"
indurated by metamorphism, and thin sections prepared for
the microscope support this view, while a pebble of granite in
the collection shows how the metamorphism was effected, but
on the other hand they show that volcanic ashes are also
represented on the island. The following is a brief description
of the rocks.
i. Granite. This pebble is too small to say what type of
granite it was derived from. The slide contains only one mica,
biotite, but a larger specimen might very likely show muscovite
as well. There is nothing unusual about the rock.
2.. Qua/rtz-mica-syenite-porphyry. Nothing exactly corres-
ponding to this rock has been found before in the Peninsula
and it is unfortunate that it is only represented by a pebble.
Hornblende is common and there is an equal quantity of
altered biotite also in fairly large flakes. There are numerous
porphyntic crystals of felspar full of finely divided decom-
position products. Some of them appear to be kaolinized
orthoclase but others show traces of polysthenic twinning.
The felspar crystals are generally bordered by a very delicate
growth which in some cases looks like a radial arrangement of
minute fibres of felspar, but with a high power much of it is
resolved into a micropegmatitic intergrowth of quartz and
felspar. Quartz is confined to this intergrowth and to the
base, which does not form a large proportion of the rock and is
of felspai and quartz in small grains. The quartz is a minor
constituent, and the rock is a porphyry of same composition
as quartz-mica-syenite. The nearest approach to this rock
known as yet in the Peninsula are certain svenitic rocks found
in the Benom Range of Pahang (vide "The Geology and
August, 1916,
32 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Mining Industries of Ulu Pahang," p. 59, 60) which are
believed to be of the same age as the granite of that range and
possibly to owe their distinct composition to a mixture of a
basic magma with that of the granite. Some of these rocks,
however, contain pyroxene. There is none in the Pulau
Pisang pebble nor is there any reason to believe that the
hornblende is derived from pyroxene, and a rock of this nature
might consolidate at a shallow depth from a part of a
hornblende-granite magma poor in quartz. There is a quantity
of white opaque matter showing a trace of crystal outline
which is probably a decomposed titaniferous mineral.
j. This is a dark pebble, shown by the thin section to be
altered volcanic ash rich in quartz and with orthoclase and
soda-plagioclase as felspars. Alteration is proved by the hard
compact nature of the rock and the presence of a secondary
mineral, in minute grains. It may be zoisite.
4. Another altered ash similar to 3. The secondary
mineral is probably epidote.
5. A finer grained ash, full of a granular mineral, probably
secondary epidote.
6. A rock with much secondary epidote which obscures
its original nature. It may have been sandstone.
7. A pale grey pebble of very fine but hard texture. It
is impossible to say anything with certainty about its mineral
composition even after examination under a 1/12" oil immersion
objective. It is probably altered shale with minute granules
of epidote.
8. A pebble closely resembling black chert of the Chert
Series, the resemblance being confirmed by the section. The
secondary minerals are epidote, some forming minute veins,
and a very finely fibrous mineral of which nothing definite can
be said but which is probably an amphibole. There is no trace
of radiolaria.
9. A banded pebble showing black and grey rock. Both
are very fine grained but the black rock is certainly altered
chert, while the grey is either shale or fine ash.
ro. This is one of the two specimens mentioned by Mr.
Kloss and is like No. 7. It shows stratification. Thin sections
of the rock point to it being fine shale full of granular epidote.
11. The other specimen mentioned by Mr. Kloss consists
of alternating bands of black and grey rock, the latter having a
slight buff tint. The grey bands resemble 7 and 10 and mav
be either altered shale or fine ash. The black bands are
altered chert and fine black shale. The secondary minerals
they contain are epidote, the fibrous mineral seen in No. 8,
which, in one slide, has a distinct greenish tint, and brown
mica.
fgifi.l ScRIVENOR on Pulau Pisang Rocks. 33
There can be no doubt that these rocks are from a junc-
tion of Chert Series rocks and granite and there are two points
concerning them that are worth attention. The first of these
is the association of volcanic ash.
The coarser specimens cannot be distinguished from some
of the ashes of the Pahang' Volcanic Series, and this is the
third instance in which these volcanic rocks have been found
associated with chert. Another instance is at Lubok Plang, on
the Pahang River, where a bed of chert was found between a
flow of lava and a layer of ash. Epidote occurs in the chert
and in the volcanic rocks but in the Pulau Pisang chert it is
more abundant. Radiolaria are more abundant in the Lubok
Plang chert.
The second known instance of the association of volcanic
ash and chert was afforded by specimens taken from a stone-
heap in Singapore. The radiolaria in the chert are in some
cases at any rate preserved as casts of chlorite and the same
mineral occurs in the ash. Nothing definite could be learned
about the locality whence these rocks came. One statement
was to the effect that they might have come as ballast from
Mauritius, but that is very unlikely, and in view of the nature
of the Pulau Pisang rocks, they may have come from a neigh-
bouring island.*
Generally the radiolarian cherts are found close to thick
beds of quartzite and shale, and in the coarser quartzites
pebbles of chert are abundant. Lately Mr. E. S. Willbourn
has reported chert and quartzite to be interbedded in certain
sections in Negri Sembilan. These three cases of ns^ociation
with igneous rocks suggest that in some cases their origin may
be the same as that put forward in the Geological Magazine
for 191 1 (British Pillow Lavas and the rocks associated with
them — loc. cit. pp. 202-209 and 241-248) by Messrs. Dewey
and Flett, who think that silicate of soda from volcanic
eruptions was dissolved in sea-water and created conditions
favourable for siliceous protozoa such as radiolaria. A^ the
eruptions that formed the Pahang Volcanic series were in part
submarine, this may be a case of similar conditions ami similar
results.
The other point of interest is the resemblance of the pale
grey rock (Nos. 7 & 10) to some of the boulders and pebbles
found in Kinta with the boulders of tourmaline-corundum
rock. These are light colored, sometimes oolitic, and some-
times contain a little corundum and tourmaline. In a descrip-
tion - !" of the tourmaline-corundum rocks it was suggested that
certain bodies in them may be replacements of casts of
radiolaria, and a rock was found in Kinta actually showing
• A fourth occurrence of chert associated with an igneus rock fs known
on the Ginteng Sempah Road, Selangor.
t Quart Journ Geol Soc. Ixvi 1910, pp. 435-449.
34 Journal of the F.M.S. Mitteums. [Vol. VII.
radiolaria. The resemblance then, of the Pulau Pisang f^rey.
fine-grained rock, to the light-coloured rocks forming part of
"tourmaline-corundum rocks " and its association with chert,
is further evidence for the tourmaline-corundum rocks being in
part altered Chert Series rocks.
But, assuming this to be correct, there is a great difference
between the alteration by granite on Pulau Pisang and by
granite in Kinta. In the former case the very fine grain makes
determination of constituent minerals difficult, but epidote,
fibrous amphibole, and brown mica seem to be the result of
metamorphism, while in the latter the alteration produced
large quantities of tourmaline and corundum, with rntile,
spinel, white mica, and fluorite.
VI. A NOTE ON CALLOSCIURUS FINLAYSONI
(HORSF* AND ALLIED FORMS.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
In recent articles on Sciurus finlaysoni in the "Journal of
the Natural History Society of Siam* Mr. C. B. Kloss has dealt
with this species and its allied forms at considerable length
and has erected for races inhabiting Koh Si Chang and Rok
Phai, islands in the Gulf of Siam, close to the mouth of the
Menam River, two new races, viz. Sciurus finlaysoni portus,
inhabiting the former, and Sc. f. follctti, the latter, island.
After discussing the literature in some detail Mr. Kloss
has, after consideration, decided that the name Sc. finlaysoni,
sensu stricto, shall be retained for the form inhabiting the
mainland.
He attempts to justify his contention by referring to the
original description by Horsfield (Zool. Res. Java , 1824)
in which that author states that " this species has hitherto
been mentioned by Buffon alone from, the following concise
notice in P. Tachard's travels" while, in addition,
Mr. Kloss also refers to Anderson, who states that " the type
of Sc. finlaysoni was obtained in Siam by Dr. Finlayson and
another was procured by the same traveller in Sichang Island.
These two squirrels are exactly alike, being white squirrels
with a yellowish tinge.'* The latter clause shows that
Dr. Anderson did not study these two specimens in any great
detail.
Further, Mr. Kloss quotes Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. E. Ind.
Co. Mus., p. 154, 1851) as stating that the locality of the speci-
men in the Museum of the East India Company (transferred
to the British Museum in 1879) was " Siam." This is, how-
ever, not strictly accurate. The habitat of the species is given
as "Siam" while a specimen "A" is mentioned "from
G. Finlayson's Collection during Crawford's Embassy to Siam
and Hue," which is not quite the same thing.
The whole crux of the matter, however, is that the older
authors paid no very particular attention, either to the exact
localities of their specimens or to minute subspecific differences,
and Koh Si Chang is certainly near enough to Siam to be
quoted as such by Horsfield. The conception also, of a
definite specimen as a type of a species when one or more were
available is of very much later date than Horsfield in 1824 or
for the matter of that than Dr. Anderson, writing in 1878.
We come, therefore, to the first detailed revision of the
group on modern lines, that of Wroughton (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (8) ii, pp. 393 et seq., 1908). This paper has been
* Vol. i, pp. 157—162 (March 1915) ; op cit. pp. 225—228 (December
1915) : Vol. ii, pp. 16, 30 (June igi6).
36 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
quoted by Mr. Kloss but he has unfortunately omitted to note
that therein the specimen from Koh Si Chang has been
definitely selected as the type, as indeed had already been done
by Bonhote in 1900. The dimensions given by Wroughton
perfectly agree with those of the type of Sc. f. partus, Kloss, as
is shown by the figures here repeated, those in parentheses
being from the type of Sc. f. portus. Allowance must of course
be made for the fact that the body measurements of the type
of Sc. finlaysoni have presumably been taken on the dry skin.
Head and body, 175 11971: tail, 175 (183); hindfoot, 43
(44) mm. Skull: greatest length, 46 (46.5); interorbital
breadth, 17.3 (16.7); zygomatic breadth, 28 (27.5); length of
nasals, 13 (12.6) mm.
Under the rules governing nomenclature, as almost un-
iversally recognised by zoologists, the first reviser has the right
to designate the type of a species from the original material, if
such has not been done by the author of the species.
Sciurus finlaysoni portus therefore becomes a pure synonym
of Caljosciurus finlaysoni finlaysoni 1 Raffles).
The mainland animal being thus without a name I propose
to dedicate it to the original discoverer.
Callosciurus finlaysoni tachakdi. subsp. now
Diagnosis. Similar to the typical form from Koh Si
Chang but considerably larger, greatest length of skull
53-5 — 57-° mm - against 44.0 — 47.7 mm. in the typical form.
Type. Male adult (skin and skull) in British Museum
from R. Mee Nan, Siam, altitude, 75 m. collected by Mr. T.
H. Lyle on April 4th, 1900 (spin. f. sub. Sciurus finlaysoni,
Bonhote, P.Z.S. (i) 1901, p. 53.)
Co-types. Krabin, Bangpakong R., Central Siam, collect-
ed by native collector in November, 1915. Nos. CBK. 2020,
2037—8. 2046 — 8). (cf. Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, ii.
pp. 16, 30 (1916).
VII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KEDAH PEAK.
V. Botany.
By H. \\ Ridley., M.A.. C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S.
Late Director of Gardens. Straits Settlements.
\A short account of the physiography of the mountain and a list of
the Vertebrates obtained during the expedition has already been
published in this journal (Vol. VI. pp. 219, 244). H.C.R.]
The Mountain of Kedah Peak, Gunong Jerai of the
Malays, has been visited by several botanists, the first of
whom appears to have been Thomas Lobb, who collected a
few plants there which are now in the Kew Herbarium; later,
Sir Hugh Low ascended it, accompanied by the well known
orchid collector, Boxall. In 1893 I visited it myself and
brought down a fairly extensive collection of the plants there.
Some account of this trip was published in the Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society Straits branch, vol. 34, p. 23. Mohamed
Aniff, of the Penang Gardens, has also been there,* and now we
have an excellent collection made by Messrs. H. C. Robinson
and C. B. Kloss in December, 1915. The specimens were
gathered at a height of from 2,800 to 4,000 feet, and to these
are added a few collected at Gurun at the foot of the Peak.
Among these are especially noticeable the additions of
two new genera to the flora and both of these species new to
science, viz. Myrioneuron (Rubiaceae) an Indo-Malayan genus,
and Eulalia, a fine grass allied to Indian species. There are
a number of other interesting species in the collection, notice-
ably the beautiful Jasmine/. Kedahense. A tall, white-flowered
Vaccinium V. eburueiun, another handsome new Xyris\, besides
the X. Ridleyi formerly obtained by me here, and the very rare
Acriopsis Ridleyi, of which the only specimen previously known
was a single plant found in a pepper garden in Singapore.
The flora of Kedah Peak bears a considerable resemblance
to that of Mt. Ophir, especially in the occurrence of lowland
seashore plants at this altitude, isolated as they are from the
ordinary habitats of these plants by the forests which lie
between them and the sea. Tnis is perhaps most marked in
Mt. Ophir, but the occurrence here of such plants as Archy-
tea Vahlii, Adinandra dunwsa, Euthemis leucocarpa, Vaccinuan
Malaccense, Aneilema giganteum, Isachne rigida, typically plants
of open and usually sandy country distinctly suggest an
original flora of a sandy, littoral character of which these
•Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlements, I. No. 10, p. 353 (July 1916).
[A small list of Monocotyledons collected by Mohamid Hariri shortly before
our visit to the Hill.]
t The Xyridaceas have unfortunately been omitted from Mr. Ridley's
Manuscript but will be published In a subsequent number of this Journal.
38 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
littoral plants are the relics. There can be little doubt that
Mt. Ophir was at one time an island detached from the main-
land as Penang is to this day, and it seems highly probable
that Kedah Peak may have been similarly isolated. The
absence of any real Siamese element in the flora of Kedah
Peak in spite of its practically over-looking the southern
Siamese rice fields and heaths with their distinctive Siamese
flora, has been noted by me previously, and this collection
confirms it, although it includes the handsome Bauhinia
bracteata, Grab.., a plant of Siam which was obtained in the
low country round Gurun. The flora of Kedah Peak is typi-
cally Malayan, and it is the most Northern Malayan mountain
in the peninsula, unless the Gunong Perak range, quite un-
known botanically as yet, should also contain a Malayan flora.
Magnoliaceje.
I. Talauma longifolia, Sp. 110V.
Talauma mutabilh, var. longifolia, 131. Anon. p. $J.
A shrub io to 12 feet tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
glabrous, lanceolate, long acuminate and shortly narrowed to
the base, nerves 7 pairs, slender, reticulations conspicuous,
6 to 8 inches long, 17 to 2-5 inches wide, petiole "5 inch long.
Peduncle I-I"5 inch (in fruit) long, appressed, silky. Bud
ellipsoid, beaked, appressed, silky. Petals glabrous, oblong,
obtuse, cream or pale yellow, 7 inch long, "3 inch wide. Fruit
glabrous, pustular 1*5 inch long, carpels about 6, beaked.
Kedah Peak at 3,900 feet alt. Flowers cream (no. 6040),
small tree, flowers pale yellow, scented (no. 6110), also col-
lected here by Mohamed Aniff, Moulmein (Lobb), Pungah
(Curtis), Java. The narrower leaves and much smaller flower
distinguish this from T. mutabilis, Bl.
ia. Illicium Cambodianum, Hance. At 3,900 feet (6002).
Small tree, rosy cream flowers, at 3,000 feet (6089). Common
in all mountain districts in the peninsula.
DlLLENIACEJi.
2. Acrotrema costatum, Jack. Flowers sulphur yellow,
Gurun (6178), Kedah Peak (6067). Common in hill districts
all over the peninsula.
Anonace<e.
3. Goniothalamus subevenius, King. Gurun (6174).
Distrib. Perak.
Polygalace.e.
4. Poly gala venenosa, Juss. At 3,800 feet. Common in
the hill districts 6035.
5. Salomonia cau'.oniensis var gracilis.
Stems slender, simple or little branched, slightly winged
with small, nearly sessile ovate leaves above, longer petioled
ones below. Fruit with short bristles along the edge.
1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak, 39
This has the habit of S. oblongifolia but the leaves of
S. cantoniensis reduced. This latter plant is usually a weed of
cultivation and one would hardly expert to find it high upon
Kedah Peak.
Flowers purplish at 3,000 feet. No. 6064.
Ternstroemiaceae.
6. Adinandra dumosa, Jack. A variety with very rounded
leaves at 3,000 feet. No. 5987. Common in the plains, but it
also grows on Mount Ophir at 3,000 feet.
6a. Eurya acuminata var glabra, HI. A form with rather
larger flowers than the low country form. Small tree 15 to
20 feet, flowers whitish. Gurun No. 6172.
7. Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy. On dry ridges, yellowish
white. No. 6083. Common in the low country and also on
Mt. Ophir.
8. Ternstroemia japonica, Thunb. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii.
535-
Small shrub, leaves rather thinly coriaceous, lanceolate,
long acuminate, subacute base gradually narrowed, nerves 5-6
pairs, rather conspicuous beneath for a Ternstroemia, 2~3 - 25
inches long, "] to 1 inch wide, petiole '2 inches long. Calyx
lobes ovate obtuse. Fruit globose "3 inches long on a slender
pedicel '5 inches long. Seed ellipsoid '25 inches long, red.
Kedah Peak. Small shrub, seeds brilliant scarlet. No.
6039.
This resembles plants from Khasiya, Siam and Java.
The leaves are thinner and more acuminate than in other
eastern species. The specimens are all in fruit.
Guttifer.e.
9. Calophyllnni Prainianum, King ? Kedah Peak No.
6039.
Only leaf specimens with reniform galls, but apparently
this species.
10. Garcinia eugenifolia, Wall. At 3,000 feet. Distrib.
Malaya.
STERCULIACE.E.
11. Buettneria Jackiana, Wall. Gurun No. 6169.
Flowers whitish. Distrib. Penang.
12. Leptonychia glabra, Turcz. Gurun No. 6153. Shrub
about 10 feet. Common all over the Peninsula.
Geraniace.e.
13. Impatiens Griffithii, Hook. fil.
Kedah Peak 6007. Flowers rich, rose pink. Also
collected there by Lobb and myself. It occurs too on Mt.
Ophir.
40 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
OCHNACE.E.
14. Enthemis leucocarpa, Jack. Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet
from Padang upwards. No. 5967. Small shrub, flowers white,
anthers pale yellow. This is usually a sea shore plant, but
occurs also at the top of Mt. Ophir far from the sea as here.
15. Gomphia Hookeri, Planch. Tree about 20 feet tall.
Flowers deep rose red at 3,000 feet. No 5989.
Also usually a sea coast plant.
Ilicine.e.
16. Ilex patens, Kidl. var. tenuifolia.
Differs from the type in Gunong Tahan in its thinner,
more polished leaves and more distinctly winged petiole.
Petals 5 or 6.
Shrub, flowers white at 3,000 feet. No. 6105.
Celastrine<e.
17. Euonymus javanicus, BI. Padang to Sch. Small
shrub. Capsule salmon pink. No. 5975.
Common all over our hill district.
Leguminos.-e.
18. Bauhinia bracteata, Graham. Branches tomentose,
reddish. Leaves glabrous, broadly ovate, bifid coriaceous, sub-
cordate, lobes 2.5 inches long, nerves 10 nervules curved
parallel, 3.5 m. long and as wide, petiole 2 inches. Panicle
large 9 inches long, 7 inches across, branches tomentose.
Pedicels 1-5-2 inches long, pubescent, with 2 linear bracts '15
nches long midway. Buds ellipsoid narrowing to tip.
Sepals 2, ovate oblong, persistent pubescent, "3 inches long.
Petals 5, claw slender pubescent '6 inches long, blade cordate,
rounded, greenish white, conspicuously dark veined, edge
crisp, back silky hairy, face sparsely hairy, '4 inches long and
wide. Stamens 3, fertile '5 inches long, filaments hairy,
anthers short, oblong, sterile ones 6 glabrous '4 inches long,
filaments subulate gradually narrowed from base, anthers
small, ovate. Pistil hairy at base.
Gurun. Flowers greenish white, very handsome. No.
6180. New to the Flora, a native of Siam.
Rhizophore.e.
19. Anisophylleia trapezoidalis, Baill. A. disticha, Baill.
Gurun No. 6168." Shrub 7 to 8 feet.
Common in most parts of the peninsula.
20. Pellacalyx saccardianus, Scort. Gurun No. 6163.
Small tree, flowers greenish.
Common in the low country.
1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 41
Hamameude.e.
21. Rhodoleia Teystnanni, Miq. At 3,000 feet. No. 5985.
Small tree to 20 feet. Sepals yellowish, anthers rose pink.
On most of the mountain ranges of the peninsula.
Myktace.e.
-'_\ Backea frutescens, Linn. From 3,000 to 6,000 feet. No.
6071. Habit very variable.
On all the high ranges.
2j. Leptospertnum flavescens, Sin. At 3.000 feet. No. 6082.
Usually with the last.
24. Z > istania Mergiiinsis, Griff. At 3, 800 feet. No. 6034.
24A. Eugenia claviflora, Koxb. At 2,500 feet. No. 6019.
Tall shrub. Flowers white.
25. Eugenia subdecussata, Duthie. At 3,000 feet. No. 6080.
In fruit. Common in hill ranges.
Ml-LASTUMACE.E.
26. Sonerila erectti, Jack. At 3,000 feet No. 6063. Distiib.
Penang — Perak.
27. Sonerila linearis, Hook. til. Padang'to Seh upwards
Nos. 5957. Flowers deep pink, anthers yellowish, leaves
beneath purplish.
First collected here bj Lobb., but overlooked by King, as
the locality, Gunong Jerai, was referred to Burmah by error.
Endemic.
28. Sonerila calophylla, Ridl. Flowers pink. Stem and
leaves very succulent. No. 6068.
Endemic to Kedah Peak. First collected by me.
29. Phyllagathis rotnndifolia, 151. Gurun. No. 6166.
Flowers crimson.
30. Medinilla Maingayi, Clark. Epiphytic on Hydno-
phytum. No. 6055.
Common in low country south of the Peninsula. Also on
Mt. Ophir.
[I. Pternandra paniculata, Benth. At 1,500 feet. No.
6148. Flowers whitish.
Samydai 1 1
Casearia Flexuosa, sp. nov.
32. Branches flexuous with pale bark. Leaves glabrous.
thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acuminate,
acute, nerves 4 pairs, reticulations tine, distinct 3-35 inches
long, r-1/25 inches wide, petiole '2. Capitula dense, flowers
about 20, rachis finally developing short ami thick. Bracts
numerous, lanceolate, acute ciliate. Flowers glabrous 'I inch
42 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
long, pedicels. Sepals oblong glabrous. Petals (inner pair)
obovate orbicular, slightly broader, edge ciliate, stamens
nearly as long as the sepals, glabrous, filaments thick, anthers
broad obtuse. Staminodes as long as the stamens, oblong
linear, villous at the tips, glabrous below. Pistil elongated
conic, stigma capitate. Fruit ellipsoid 75 inches long, apricot
coloured.
Kedah Peak (Ridley 5218, 5364), (Robinson & Kloss
6025). Penang (Curtis 1019).
Begoniace.e.
33. Begonia sinuata, Wall. Flowers white. (No. 6005).
Occurs also in Penang.
34. Begonia sibthorpioides, sp. nov.
Rhizome tuberous "2 inches long, oblong, covered with
golden hairs, stems very slender, 2- 4 inches long, red, glabrous.
Leaves in distant pairs, orbicular, cordate, crenulate, glabrous,
nerves from base 6, "5 inches long and as wide, red beneath,
petiole - 2- - 8 inche long. Stipules hardly - i inch long, triangu-
lar lanceolate, ciliate. Male flowers 2-3 subterminal en slen-
der erect branches 1 to 3. Bracts sheathing, lanceolate,
acuminate. Sepals 2, oblong obtuse, narrowed towards the
base. Petals 2, as long and wide, but subacute. All white.
Anthers in a small globose head on a filament-pedicel as long.
Fruit - i inch long with one large oblong rounded wing - 2 inches
long, the other ones hardly developed. At 3,800 feet. No.
6047.
Flowers rose pink. Leaves red beneath. A very curious
little plant with leaves like those of Sibthorpia europea in form.
Akaliace.e.
35. Arthrophyeum ovatum, sp. nov.
A woody shrub. Leaves opp isite paired, ovate to elliptic,
base cuneate. rather long and sharply acuminate, edge thick-
ened, coriaceous, nerves 3 to 5 pairs, sunk above, elevate
beneath, 3-5 inches long, 175 inches wide, petiole i"25-2 inches
long. Umbels 2-5 inches long of 15 rays each, jointed half
way, where is a caducous pair of small leaves. Flowers in
umbellules of about 20. Pedicels '2 inches long. Buds sub-
globose, pointed. Calyx lobes short, rounded. Petals greenish
yellow, triangular, lanceolate, acuminate 'I inch across.
Stamens shorter.
No. 5905. Woody shrub 10 feet high, flowers greenish
yellow. Also on Gunong Semangkok in Selangor (Ridlev
I56I7).
36. Arthrophyllum nitidum, sp. nov.
Small shrub. Leaves 12 inches long, pinnate, leaflets
g-15 coriaceous, oblong or elliptic lanceolate, base often obli-
que 2-5 to 3*25 inches long, 1 inch wide, petiolule 25 to -4
1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 43
inches long, terminal leaflet ovate acuminate, narrowed to the
base, 2-5 inches long, 175 inches wide, petiole 75 inches long
polished above nerves, inconspicuous above, visible beneath,
fine 3 to 4 pairs. Umbels 11 to 12, of 18 to 20 flowers, ped-
uncle i-i'25 inches long, pedicels "2, umbels subtended by 1
to 3 phyllous leaves longer than them. Buds obovoid, blunt,
Calyx lobes distant, blunt, rounded, short. Petals oblong,
obtuse subtriangular. Stamens as long.
Small shrub (No. 6093).
37. Dendropanax Maingayi, King. At 3,000 feet. No.
6104. Shrub, flowers greenish.
At 3,900 feet. No. 6014. Shrub, flowers waxy-white.
Distrib. Mt. Ophir, Perak.
RUBIACE.E.
38. Ophiorrhiza tnmentosa, Jack. Kedah Peak (No. 6037).
Distrib. Penang, Perak.
Oldenlandia diffusa, Roxb. By sides of streams. Kedah
Peak. Flowers white. No. 6147.
Distrib. Trop. Asia.
39. Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. Gurun. Creeper, flowers
greenish-white. No. 6175.
Common all over the peninsula.
40. Hedyotis pedunculata, King, Kedah Peak. At 3,000
feet. Flowers lilac.
Endemic.
41. Hedyotis flexuosa, Ridl. Kedah Peak. (5988). Also
Mt. Ophir and Batu Pahat.
42. Hedyotis macrophylla, Wa\\. Gurun. Flowers white.
No. 6177.
Distrib. Malacca, Penang.
43. Myrioneuron microcephalia, sp. nov.
A shrub, branches slender, pale coloured. Leaves
lanceolate, membranous, long acuminate, narrowed to the
base, nerves 6 pairs, inarching within the margin, 4 inches
long, i-y inches wide, '2 inches long. Stipules - i inch long,
tubular, with two broad acute points and two subulate
bristles. Inflorescence terminal of 2-3 short branches, ped-
uncle less than 'i to - 2 inches long. Flowers few 3-4,
subsessile. Bracts lanceolate as long as the flower, acuminate.
Ovary obconic with wavy ridges. Calyx-lobes 5 linear,
acuminate. Corolla hardly longer, tube very short, cylindric
lobes much longer, linear acuminate, '2 inches long.
Gurun. No. 6i8o«.
The genus Myrioneuron occurs in India and Borneo, but
this is the first species recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
December, 1916. 2
44 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
It is very distinct from the other species, which have large
heads of flowers in its only having- 3 or 4 quite small ones
on a short peduncle. There is no fruit on any of the
specimens and only a few flowers and some buds. The
stamens and style in the two I could examine were destroyed
by some hymenopterous insect.
44. Argostemma unifolium, Benn. Kedah Peak, on rocks
at 3,000 feet. Flowers white. No. 61 16.
Distrib. Penang.
45. Urophyllum streptopodium, Wa\\. Gurun. Mixed with
Myrioneuron No. 6180a.
Common whole Peninsula.
46. Pavetta indica var polyantha. Kedah Peak at 3,500
feet. No. 61 19.
Common all over the Peninsula.
47. Ixora Brunonis, Wall. Gurun. Flowers white,
slightly scented. No. 6176.
Distrib. Penang, Perak, also Burmah.
48. Ixora stricta, Roxb. Gurun. Six feet tall. Flowers
salmon pink. No. 6161.
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
49. Ixora congesta, Roxb. Kedah Peak at 1,500 feet.
Ten feet tall, orange red. No. 6150.
Distrib. Burmah, Malaya.
50. Ixora arguta, Br. Gurun. Shrub, flowers white.
No. 6141.
Distrib. Whole Peninsula.
51. Canthium didy mum, Gaertn. Kedah Peak 2,500 to
3,200 feet. Shrub, flowers greenish 6132.
Common all over the Peninsula.
52. Randia macrophylla, Benth. Gurun 6179, 6157.
Whole Peninsula and Sumatra.
53. Hydnophytum formicarium, Jack. Kedah Peak at
3,000 feet. No. 6054, 6076.
Whole Peninsula.
54. Psychotria polycarpa, Hook, fil. var. Kedah Peak.
Creeper, fruit white. No. 6032.
This is the stiff leaved form which also occurs on
Mt. Ophir.
55. Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack. Kedah Peak at 1,500
feet. Shrub, flowers white, fruit turquoise. No. 6143.
Distrib. Indo Malaya.
56. Lasianthus appressus, Hook fil. Gurun. Herb, flowers
white, fruit black. No. 6154.
Distrib, Whole Peninsula.
1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kcdah Peak. 45
57. Lasianthui Wrayi, King. Small shrub, fruits pur-
plish. Kedah Peak 6065.
Distrib. Perak.
58. Cliasalia curviflora, Thw. Gurun. 6158, 6159.
Common all over the Malay Peninsula, var angustifolia.
Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 6051.
59. Saprosma pubescens, Ridl. Gurun. Shrub 7 feet tall.
Also on Mt. Ophir.
60. Cephaclis Griffithi, Hook. fil. No ticket.
61. Cephaelis Ridley i, King. Kedah Peak 2,500 to 3,000
feet. Shrub, flowers waxy-white.
Composit.e.
62. Gynura sarmentosa, DeC. Kedah Peak at 3,996 feet.
No. 6044.
Distrib. Whole Peninsula.
63. Erechthites valerianifolia, DeC. Gynura rosea Ridl.
Gynura bicolor King, not DeC.
Kedah Peak beneath the Trig, station, no doubt brought
by coolies. Flowers pink. No. 6038.
A South American weed spreading all over the old-world
tropics.
Vacciniace.e.
64. Vaccinium ebur.meum sp. nov.
Tree up to 20 feet tall, much branched. Leaves thickly
coriaceous, elliptic ovate, narrowed equally to both ends, apex
acute, base cuneate, nerves ascending 3-4 pairs slender, 1-5 to
2 inches long, -5 to 8 inches wide. Petiole "i inch long.
Raceme 1-5 inch long, flowers waxy white, pendulous on one
side '25 inche long; pedicels '15 inche long. Calyx lobes ovate,
subacute or rounded edges ciliate. Corolla cylindric, lobes
short, ovate, recurved, glabrous. Stamens short, about half
the length of the corolla, filaments hairy; anthers oblong,
connective, prolonged oblong crenulate, cell-spurs subulate.
Style stout pubescent, longer than the corolla, ovary half
inferior. Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 5986.
Allied to V. Kunstlcri, King & Gamble.
65. Vaccinium malaccense, Wight. Kedah Peak. Also
collected here by Lobb.
All over the Peninsula, but local.
Ericaceae.
66. Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. Kedah Peak at
3,000 feet. Flowers white, flushed pink. No. 6057. Flowers
white, Shrub. No. 6030.
Mt. Ophir and Perak Hills.
46 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII
67. Rhododendron Teysmanni Miq. Small shrub, flowers
apricot yellow.
Kedah Peak. No. 5966.
68. Rhododendron leucobotrys Ridl. A tall shrub, flowers
white. No. 6033.
Endemic on Kedah Peak.
69. Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl. Kedah Peak from
3,800 feet upwards. Flowers "Rose doree." No. 5967.
Epacride^e.
70. Leucopogon Malayana Jack, var moluccana.
Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 5983.
Distrib. of variety Tenasserim collected on Kedah Peak by
Low.
Myrsine^e.
71. Myrsine Porteriana Wall. Kedah Peak 3,500 feet.
Small shrub, flowers white 6075. Distrib. Penang, Pahang,
Selangor or Perak and Mt. Ophir.
72. Labisia pumila Benth. var lanceolata. Kedah Peak
2,500 to 3,000 feet alt. No. 6125.
Common all over the Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.
73. Ardisia colorata Roxb. var salicifolia King. Kedah
Peak. Small tree 20-25 feet tall, flowers pink at 3,000 feet.
No. 6094.
Distrib of variety, Perak and Malacca.
74. Ardisia crenata Roxb. No specific locality. Distrib.
Burmah to China and Japan. Common.
Gentianace^e.
75. Canscora andrographioides, Griff.
A slender herb over a foot tall, stems 4 angled. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved,
2 inches long, - 3 inches wide, lower ones 1*5 inches long, "4
inches wide. Flowers solitary, axillary on pedicels 1 inch
long with 2 pairs of small leaves. Calyx - 5 inches long,
cylindric, narrow, not winged, lobes narrow acuminate.
Corolla white -4 inches across, lobes narrow.
Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 6072.
An addition to our flora. A native of India and Burmah.
Oleace^e.
76. Jasminum Kedahf.nse sp. nov.
Jasminum Maingayi var Kedahense King & Gamble.
Climber; branches rather stout, pubescent. Leaves stiffly
coriaceous, ovate, base rounded, apex acuminate, blunt, nerves
4 pairs sunk above, elevate beneath, above glabrous, beneath the
igi6.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 47
nerves and often whole surfai <• of the leaf pubescent, 3 in< hes
long, 2 inches wide, petiole '2 inches long, pubescent. Flowers
about 14 crowded in a terminal head, peduncle and pedicels
"2 inches long or less, pubesi • nt. Calyx tube obconic, lobes
narrow, linear, acuminate, hairy, n z inches long. Corolla
glabrous, tube l'5 inches long, '2 inches wide.
Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet, Padang, to Seh. No. 5981, 6077.
This beautiful Jasmine was first collected by me in fruit only
on Kedah Peak. The specimens however were too incomplete
for description and Dr. King and Mr. Gamble made it a
variety of /. Maingayi, Clark, suggesting that it might be a
distinct species. The excellent specimens above described
show that it is quite distinct.
STYRACE.E.
77. Symplocos prunifolia, Ridl. Shrub, flowers white.
Kedah Peak 6096.
Distrib. Gunong Tahan and other mountains.
APOCYNACE/E.
78. Alyxia pilosa, Miq. Creeper or semiscandent shrub,
flowers white. Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 6092.
Also in Perak, Bujang, Malacca and on Mt. Ophir, and in
Sumatra and Borneo.
79. Ervatamia Malaccensis, King & Gamble. Gurun
No. 6171. Shrub 10 feet, capsules chrome yellow.
Distrib. Whole Peninsula.
ASCLEPIADE^E.
80. Dischidir. bengaUnsis, Colebr. No special locality.
Distrib. India, whole Peninsula, Java, Borneo.
Loganiace^e.
81. Gaertncra oxyphylla, Benth. Gaertnera Koenigii var
oxyphylla Clark. Leggy shrub, flowers white, Kedah Peak
2,500 to 3,000 feet alt. No. 6013.
The latter a narrow stiff-leaved form.
This plant has long been mixed with the Gaertnera
Koenigii, Wight, of Ceylon, as a variety, but it seems to me
clearly distinct.
CONVOLVULACEjE.
82. Lettsomia argentea, Sp. 110V.
Shrubby climber, stems "2 inches through, woody shortly,
silky hairy. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, blunt, the mid-rib
running out into a small mu.ro, base narrowed, blunt, sub-
coriaceous, silky on both sides but densely so on the back,
nerves sunk above, elevate beneath about 10 pairs, '3 inches
long, 1 inch across, petiole "5 inches.
48 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Cvmes lax, silky, 3-4 flowered, peduncle "5 inches long,
pedicels as long. Sepals ovate rounded, sub-equal, stiff, '4
inches long, silky outside, glabrous within. Corolla and
stamens not seen. Style 3 inches long, filiform. Berry
globose, covered with thick red pulp, 2 celled.
Kedah Peak 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. A very beautiful
plant, silvery silky all over.
SCROPHULARINE.E.
83. Torenia peduncularis, Benth. Kedah Peak at 1,500
feet. No. 6145. Herb, flowers purplish violet.
Distrib. Malaya.
UTRICULARIACE.E.
84. Utricularia involvens, Ridl. Kedah Peak at 3,000
feet. No. 5959. The only known locality.
85. Utricularia ophirensis, Ridl. Kedah Peak No. 6112.
Flowers purple.
86. Utricularia striatula, Sm. Utricularia orbiculata,\\a.\\.
At 3,000 feet. No. 5976, on rocks among moss, general color
of plant pale violet.
87. Utricularia nigricaulis, Ridl. Among moss in stream,
flowers pale violet. No. 5956.
Distrib. Pahang.
Gesnerace.e.
88. Aeschynanthus Lobbiana, Hook. Kedah Peak 3,000
feet. No. 5997, No. 6049.
Distrib. Malaya.
89. Didymocarpus citrina, Ridl. Kedah Peak at 3,000
feet. No. 6004. Endemic.
90. Didymocarpus sulfurea, Ridl. Kedah Peak, on rocks,
flowers yellow. No. 6052.
Distrib. Selangor and Perak.
91. Boea elegans, Ridl. Kedah Peak, on rocks below
beacon. Leaves silvery. No. 60O2.
Only known locality.
ACANTHACE.E.
92. Psenderanthemum porphyrantlios, Clarke. Kedah Peak,
small shrub, flowers lilac. No. 6149.
Distrib. Whole Peninsula.
Verbenace^e.
93. Clcrodendron deflcxum. Wall. Kedah Peak at 3.5°°
feet. 6117. Common all over the Peninsula.
1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 49
LaBIAT.E.
94. Scutellaria discolor, Colebr. Kedah Peak at 3,800
feet. Xo. 6036. Flowers purplish.
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, not common in the Peninsula.
95. Gomphostemma oblongum, Wall. Kedah Peak at 1,500
feet. No. 6144. Small shrub, fruit white.
Apetal.e.
PlPERACE.E.
96. Piper penangense, C. de C. Kedah Peak at 3,500 feet.
No. 61 15 ; also occurs in Penang.
Nepenthace.e.
97. Nepenthes gracilis, Korth. Kedah Peak, Padang 'To
Seh. 3,000 feet, 5969.
98. Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. At 3,000 feet. No. 6050.
Balanophorace.e.
99. Rhopalocnemis rufideps, Kidl. Rich strawberry red,
root stock yellowish. Xo. 6107.
Distrib. Perak, Penang.
Loranthace^.
100. Korthalsella japonica, Engl. On Alyxia and other
shrubs. No. 6079. Also collected bv me here and on Mt.
Ophir.
Distrib. India, China, Japan, Australia.
101. Loranthus ferrugineus, Roxb. At 2,800 to 5,000 feet.
No. 6131.
Common in the Peninsula.
102. Elytranthus uveitis, Don. At 3,000 feet. No. 5980.
Also collected here by Lobb and myself.
Distrib. Java, Sumatra.
Proteace^e.
103. Helicia attenuata, Bl. At 3.500 feet. Tall shrub
flowers greenish. No. 6118,
Distrib. Whole Peninsula and Java.
THYMELEACEjE.
104. Wikstroemia Candolleana, Meissn. At 2,800 to 3,000
feet. Small shrub, flowers yellow.
Distrib. Gunong Tahan and other mountains of the
Peninsula.
50 Journal of the 1 .M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Santalace^e.
105. Henslowia varians, Bl. A climber, rather slender.
Leaves oblanceolateor obovate, obtuse, rounded, narrowed at the
base, nerves 5, conspicuous on both sides when dry, 175 to*2
inches long, 5 to 1 inch wide, petiole '5 inches long. Flowers
yellowish, solitary or 2-4 axillary on very short peduncles with
one or more ovate bracts. Perianth tubular "i inch long, lobes
ovate acute. Fruit very small, red, 1 inch through, globose or
oblong globose with 5 longitudinal grooves, and transverse
ones, making it nodulose.
At 3,000 feet ; flowers yellowish. No. 6088.
Distrib. Java.
This is not the plant described in the Materials by
Gamble as H. varians 151., which appears to me to be certainly
H. umbellata Bl. and has shorter tubed flowers, many in an
axil, on longer pedicels and a considerably larger fruit. H.
varians Bl., very well figured in Mus. Bot. I. p). xliii. has a very
small fruit resembling that of H. buxifolia Bl. This latter
species however is more of an erect shrub with round leaves
and is entirely yellow in leaf and stem ; usually found in low
ground near the sea. It is quite possible that some of the
specimens quoted as H. buxifolia BL, from mountain districts,
are H. varians Bl.
Henslowia Ridleyi, Gamble. In the account of the flora of
Gunong Tahan published in the Journal of the Federated
Malay States Museum, Vol. vi., p 170, I described a plant to
which I had originally given the name of H. minor, but the
account of this genus by Gamble being published before this
paper was printed I thought that H. minor was the plant in-
tended for H. Ridleyi by Gamble, as he had given Gunong
Tahan as a locality. I therefore gave the description as that of
H. Ridleyi. I have since found out that the plant intended as
H. Ridleyi by Gamble is quite a different species, though it
occurs in the same localities. The name Henslowia minor
therefore I restore for the species described as above under the
name H. Ridleyi.
Laurine^e.
i06. nothophoebe angustifolia, sp. nov.
Shrub 4 feet tall. Leaves alternate, coriaceous lanceo-
late, acuminate, narrowed at the base, nerves about 10 pairs,
very inconspicuous, 3'5 inches long, 1 inch wide, petiole 2-5
inches long. Panicle i'5 inches long, '5 inches wide, about
•5 inches across, sparsely pubescent, pedicels nearly 'i inch
long, silky. Flowers dirty yellowish-green, - i inch long.
Buds oblong blunt. Perianth segments subequal, ovate;
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, inner row slightly smaller, connate
shortly at the base. Stamens, outer row 3 with hairy slender
filaments, anthers 4-celled, introrse, second row similar, third
row introrse, glands oblong, flat, glabrous. Staminodes
1916 ] H. N. Ridley: Botany oj Kedah Peak. 51
villous. Ovary obovoid, narrowed at the base. Style filiform,
rather stout, stigma capitate. At 3,800 feet. No. 5990.
Shrub 4 feet tall, flowers dirty yellowish-green.
This is possibly a Machilus, of which it has more the habit,
but I have seen no fruit.
EUPHORBIACEiE.
107. Phyllanthits frondosus, Wall. Small shrub, flowers
pinkish, 3,000 feet. No. 6103.
Common in the hill forests.
108. Sauropus forcipatus. Hook. lil. At 1.500 feet. No.
6146. Shrub, flowers yellowish.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
109. Coelodiscus montanus. Muell. Arg. Gurun. No.
6173. Small shrub 4-5 feet.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
M allot us porterianus, Muell. Arg. 2,800 to 3,200 feet.
No. 6129. Small shrub, fruit prickly.
no. Galearia Lindleyana, Muell. Arg. Gurun. No.
6170. Large under-shrub 10-15 f ee t tall.
Distrib. Malaya.
111. Agrostistachys filipendula, Muell. Arg. Tall shrub,
flowers yellow. 2,500 to 3,000 feet. No. 6017.
Exeoecaria quadrangularis, Muell. Arg. Kedah Peak.
No. 6126. Hills of the peninsula.
Conifers.
112. Dacrydium elatum, Br. At 3,000 feet. Tree up to
40 feet tall. No. 6053.
Distrib. Tenasserim and mountains of the Malay Penin"
sula.
113. Agathis loranthifolia, Salisb. At 3,000 feet. No.
6106.
Distrib. Penang and Perak hills.
GNETACEiE.
114. Gnetum campestre, Gamble mss. G. microcarpum var.
campestre, Ridl. At 3,000 feet. Padang 'To Sell. No. 5972.
Orchidk.e.
115. Liparis Maingayi, Ridl. Damp rocks at 3.500 feet.
No. 6121.
116. Dendrobium revolutum, Lindl. At 3,000 feet. On
trees. Flowers white, upper wings of lip brownish, lower
more yellowish. No. 5951.
Distrib. From Tenasserim to Rhio.
December, 1916. 3
52 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
117. Dendrobium villosulum, Wall. At 3,000 feet.
Flowers creamy yellow. Sepals faintly striped darker. No.
61 13. Lip pale orange. Petals and sepals pale cream, lined
with brown. No. 6137.
118. Dendrobium hymenopterum, Hook. fil. At 3,000 feet.
Flowers pale lilac, sides of column orange. Nos. 5952, 5953.
Distrib. Pahang, Perak and Lankawi.
119. Desmotricluim Kelsalli, Ridl. Kedah Peak. Flowers
reddish brown. No. 6031.
Distrib. Pahang, Malacca, Perak.
120. Bulbophyllum longiflorum, Ridl. At 3,500 feet.
Flowers white, petals and sepals with regular lines of magenta.
Lip and column orange. No. 6084.
121. Bulbophyllum continuum, Hook. fil. No. 6087. Epi-
phyte. Flowers pale yellow.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.
122. Bulbophyllum Selangorense, Ridl. Flowers yellow,
lip apricot. No. 6028.
Distrib. Selangor Mountains.
123. Eria lorifolia, Ridl. On dead logs at 3,000 feet.
No. 6061. Endemic.
124. Eria floribunda, Lindl. 6059. In fruit only.
Common in the Peninsula and Borneo.
125. Eria teretifolia, Griff. Flowers pale lemon, base of
column pale yellow, edged magenta, lip reddish distally.
No. 5978.
Common in the hills of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
126. Eria diluta sp. nov.
Rhizome apparently long, creeping, stems erect, remote,
■4 inches long, slender, covered with lanceolate, acute brown
sheaths, '4 inches long. Leaves narrow, linear, acuminate,
acute, base narrowed, 3.75 inches long, "4 inches wide.
Raceme subterminal "5 inches long, covered with brown,
lanceolate acuminate bracts 2-flowered. Pedicel '4 inches
pubescent. Sepals "3 inches long, lanceolate, acute, yellowish-
white, laterals nearly '2 inches wide. Mentum short and
broad. Petals linear, acute, as long as sepals but much
narrower. Lip trifid, as long as sepal, lateral lobes falcate,
broad, midlobe oblong, subacute, dilate towards the tip. at the
ba=e two short ridges meeting in a V, fleshy, thick, 2 short
undulate ridges along the lobe bases, one median running
to tip elevate into a prominent keel, undulate. Column long,
curved, margin entire, highly elevate, filament rather long.
Anther phrygian-cap-shaped and blunt. At 3,000 feet.
Flowers yellowish white. Lip and column tinged brownish-
pink. No. 5980.
1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 53
Apparently allied to Eria nut. ins, Lindl. and Erin ramulosa,
Ridl.
127. Eria xanthocheila, Ridl. At 3,500' feet. Sepals
whitish-green, faintly veined with reddish. Lip yellow. No.
6120.
Distrib. Malay peninsula.
128. Eria tenuiflora, Ridl. At 3,000 feet. No. 6074.
Distrib. Malay peninsula and Borneo.
129. Ceratostylis gracilis, Bl. At 3,800 feet. Flowers
yellowish, lip pale red. No. 6006.
Distrib. Malay peninsula and islands.
130. Trichotosia poculata, Ridl. Kedah Peak. No. 5999.
Also in Perak and Mt. Ophir.
131. Trichotosia aporma, Hook. fil. Flowers campanu-
late, white. At 3,000 feet. No. 5965.
Distrib. Malay peninsula.
132. Plocoglottis javanica, Bl. At 1,500 feet. Flowers
crimson and yellow. No. 6140.
Distrib. Malay peninsula, Java.
133. Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. The true, deep coloured
form (Spathoglottis Wrayi) leaves often reddish beneath. No.
5992-
Distrib. Malay and Borneo mountains.
134. Calanthe angustifolia, L in dl . At 3,500 feet.
Flowers white, ridges to base of lip faintly yellow. No. 5993.
Mountains of Malay peninsula.
135- Calanthe (Lim&todes) gracilis, Lindl. Stem 3 inches
or more. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate plicate, narrowed to-
wards the base, - g inches long, 1-25 inches wide. Scape
slender from the stem below the leaves. 20 inches long,
puberulous. Flowers about 15 remote, pedicels "3 inches long.
Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, narrow, pubescent outside '4
inches long. Petals linear, lanceolate, acuminate glabrous.
Lip spurless, 3 lobed, side lobes long, lanceolate, acute, midlobc
fleshy at base, longer, -3 inches long, oblong with a small
orbicular, undulate, crenulate, bilobed lamina, claw of midlobc
channelled with thick fleshy ridges, and a hairy mass at the
base. Column short, thick and free from the lip. At 3,000
feet. Flowers white, sides of lip yellow. No. 5998. Distrib.
North India, Siam and China. A good addition to our Flora.
136. Arundina Philippii var. Malay ana, Ridl. At 3,000
feet. Tip of lip pale pink, throat yellow. No. 5982. Found,
here by me also.
137. Coelogyne perakensis, Rolfe. At 3,000 feet. Flowers
apricot yellow, throat rich chrome. No. 6060. Distrib.
Perak Hills. Pahang.
54 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
138. Coelogyne pallens, Ridl. Flowers delicate, greenish-
white, edges of lip fringed. At 3,000 feet. No. 6085. Also
collected hereby Mohammed Aniff. Distrib. Perak Hills.
139. Bromheadia palustris, Lindl. At 3,000 feet. No.
6073.
140. Agrostophyllum callosum, Bl. 2,500 to 3,000 feet.
Flowers pale cream. No. 6133.
141. Acriopsis Ridleyi, Hook. til. At 3,000 feet. Padang
'To Seh. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple, column pinkish.
Nos. 5973, 5974.
This is an unexpected discovery. The species was only
known hitherto from a single specimen obtained by me on a
pepper stump in Singapore, no doubt found by a Chinaman in
felling the forest and put to grow on the stake. No other
specimen has been seen till in the present collection comes a
fine series from the other end of the peninsula.
142. Oxyanthera elata, Hook. fil. 2.500 to 3,000 feet. No.
6018.
Distrib. Whole peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
143. Podochilus inuricatus, Schlt. At 3,000 feet.
Flowers white, hairy, threat purple. No. 5990.
144. Podochilus cornuta, Schlecht. Kedah Peak, no
special locality. No. 6090.
145. Podochilus sciuroides, Reichb. At 3,000 feet. No.
5952.
146. Tropidia squamata, Bl. Flowers white, with a
slight greenish cast. No. 6012.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
147. Anoectochilus Reinwardtii, Bl. Flowers white, stem
reddish. 3.000 feet. No. 5977.
Also occurs in the Perak Hills, Java and Sumatra.
APOSTASIACEiE.
148. Apostasia iiuda, R. Br. Without locality.
Distrib. Whole peninsula.
SCITAMINEAE.
149. Costus speciosus, var. argyrophyllus. At 2.800 to 3,200
feet. No. 6128.
Common all over the peninsula.
150. Globba panicoides, Miq. At 3,000 feet. No. 6070.
Distrib. Whole peninsula and Sumatra.
151. Hedychium collinnni, Ridl. Flowers white, heavily
scented at 4,000 feet. No. 6027.
The original locality for this species.
igi6.] H. N. Ridlev: Botany of Ktdah Peak. 55
BURMANNIACEiE.
152. Burmannia disticha, L. At 3,000 feet. Padang
'To Sell. Flowers usually large, with many heads, pale blue.
No. 5961.
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia.
Liliace.4-:.
153. Protolirion paradoxum, Kidl. and Groom. On dead
leaves at 3,800 feet. No. 6000.
Distrib. All over the Malay Peninsula at high altitudes.
154. Dianella ensifolia, Red. 3-4,000 feet. Nos. 5994,
6001.
155. Dracaena terniflora, Roxb. About 3 feet tall.
Gurun. No. 6165.
156. Smilax calophylla, Wall. Kedah Peak, 3,500 feet.
No. 6:35-
Distrib. Whole peninsula.
157. Smilax laevis, Wall. Climber, flowers greenish
yellow, at 3,000 feet. No. 6066.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula, China.
Flagellariaceae.
158. Susum malayanum, Hook lil. Kedah Peak. No.
6,011. Unripe fruit, whitish.
Distrib. Malay peninsula.
Palmae.
159. Licuala Scortechinii, Becc. Short stemmed palm
2,500 to 3,000 feet. No. 6016.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
160. Pinanga disticha, Bl. Gurun. No. 6152.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
161. Iguanura Wallichiana, Hook. fil. Gurun. No.
6151. Small palm stem about 4 feet, flowers white.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
162. Calamus ramosissimus. Griff. At 2,500 to 3,000
feet. Inflorescence greenish white. No .6015.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
Pandanaceae.
163. Pandanus colliuus. Ridl. Kedah Peak. No. 6127.
Distrib. Mountains of Malay Peninsula.
CYPERACEiE.
164. Mariscus Sieberianus, Nees. Kedah Peak 3,000 to
3.500 feet. No. 6046.
Unusually high for this common lowland plant.
56 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
165. Actinoschcenus filiformis, Benth. At 3,000 feet. No.
6109.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula, China.
166. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. At 1,000 feet. No.
6142.
167. Gahnia javanica, Moritz. At 3,000 feet. No. 5970.
Distrib. All high mountains in the Malay Peninsula and
Java.
168. Gahnia tristis, Nees. Padang 'To Seh 3,000 feet.
No. 5964.
Usually a sea shore plant, but it also occurs on Mt. Ophir.
169. Scleria multifoliata, Bceck. At 3,000 feet. No.
6108.
Usually a hill plant but it does occur in the low country.
170. Carex indica, L. At 3,000 feet. No. 6136.
Scattered over the peninsula, India and Malay peninsula.
Gramine;e.
171. hachne rigida, Nees. A stiff, erect grass 18 inches
tall, leaves stiff, lanceolate, acuminate, acute, coriaceous, glab-
rous, strongly ribbed, edge denticulate, base cordate "5 inches
long, '2 inches wide, sheath smooth or occasionally armed \\ ith
stiff cilia rising from pustules. Panicle 1 inch long, 7 inches
across, spreading, lax, stiff. Outer glumes round pubescent.
At 3,000 feet. No. 6111. Rare in the peninsula. Only
collected in our area at Setul. It occurs often in sandy spots
on heaths and dry spots on mountains in Borneo and Java.
Ischcemum Fieldingianum, Rendle. At 3,000 feet. Padang
'To Seh in open spaces. No. 5958.
Also Mt. Ophir.
172. EULALIA LANIPES, Sp. )10V.
Base of stem and sheaths densely white, woolly. Leaves
flaccid, 20 inches long, - 2 inches wide, linear, gradually acu-
minate, bases white-hairy, ligule white-silky hairy. Culms
rather slender, terete glabrous except at the top, 20 inches
long. Spikes 3-8, six inches long, densely white, hairy.
Flowers in pairs, one sessile and one stalked, similar pedicel
and outer glumes covered with long white hairs. Glume I
and II lanceolate, acuminate, narrow, thin, hairy on the back
with long soft hairs. Ill lanceolate, acuminate, very narrow,
sparsely hairy. IV narrow, lanceolate, acuminate. Awn 7
inches long, base dark brown, spirally twisted, apex pale
scabrid. Styles purple, short plumed. Caryopsis oblong,
ellipsoid, narrowed at base, beaked with the remains of the
style, light brown, smooth. At 4,000 feet. No. 6026.
A beautiful grass allied to E. argentea, Brngn. Voy. Coq.
Bot. p. 92, but with much larger spikes and flowers and long
acuminate narrow glumes, and the base of stems woolly.
1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 57
173. Oxytenanthera sinmta, Gamble. At 3,000 feet. No.
6069.
Rather a rare or rarely collected Bamboo. Endemic.
Filices.
174. Gleichtnia circiuata, Sw. At 3,000 feet. No. 6101.
On all mountains.
175. Gleichtnia flagellaris, Spr. At 3,000 feet. No. 6102.
176. Ahophila commutata, Mett. At 2,800 feet. No.
6042.
High mountains Malay Peninsula.
177. Hymenophyllum Xeesii, Hook.
178. Hymenophyllum Blumeanum. Spr. No tickets.
179. Davallia solida, Nees. At 3,800 feet. No. 6045.
Common all over peninsula.
180. Davallia bullata, Wall. Kedah Peak. 3,500 feet.
Got this on the precipice at the top of Kedah Peak. It is not
common in the peninsula. Xo. 6130.
181. Humata angustata, Sm. At 3,000 feet. No. 5991.
182. Lindsaya flabellulata, Dry. At 2,500 to 3,000 feet.
Common on high mountains. No. 6095.
iS3. Matonia pectinata, R. Br. At 3,000 feet. Xo. 6100.
On all our mountains.
184. Oleandra neriiformis, Cav. At 2,500 to 3,000 feet.
Nos. 5979, 6024.
On all our mountains.
185. Polypodium decorum, Brack. Kedah Peak. No. 6020
186. Polypodium (Pleopeltis) stenophyllum, Bl. At 2,500
to 3,000 feet. No. 6021.
Common in mountain districts.
187. Polypodium (Pleopeltis) incurvatum, Bl. At 2,500 to
3,000 feet. No. 6022.
Mountains of Malaya.
188. Dipteris Horsfieldii, Benn. At 2,500 to 4,000 feet.
Fairly common. No. 6023.
Common on our shores and mountains.
Lycopodiace^e.
189. Lycopodium Hippuris, Bl. At 3,500 feet. No. 6078.
Distrib. Malay peninsula.
190. Lycopodium ccvnuum.Sw. At 3,800 feet. No. 6029.
Distiib. All tropics.
191. Lycopodium phlegmarta.L. At 3,500 feet. No. 6002
on damp, open ground.
Common all over Tropical Asia.
58 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. !"Vol. VII,
192. Selaginella Belangeri, Spring. S. proniflora, Bak.
At 3,000 feet. No. 6oq7.
Distrib. Malayan mountains.
193. Selaginella canaliculata, Spring. Gurun. No. 6174.
Common in hill districts.
MUSCI.
By C. H. Wright.
194. Syrrhopodon revolutus. Dozy & Molk. At 3,000 feet.
No. 6091.
LICHEN ES.
By Miss E. M. Wakefield.
195. Cladonia bellidiflora. Haerke. At 3,000 feet. No.
6009. Fructification scnrlet.
VIII. A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS
FROM PULAU PANJANG OR PULAU MAPOR,
RHIO-LINGGA ARCHIPELAGO.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
INDEX.
Bibliography ... ... ... ... p. 60
Geographical —
Description of the island ... ... ... p. 61
Systematic —
Crocidura maporensis, Rob. & Kloss, sp. now ... p. 63
Tupaia castanea redacta, Rob., subsp. nov. ... p. 63
Callosciurus ~< : ittatits maporensis, Rob. subsp. nov. p. 64
Rattus rattus batin, Rob., subsp. nov. ... p. 66
The mammals of the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago have been
investigated in great detail during the last fifteen years and
large collections have been made on the majority of the islands,
by Dr. W. L. Abbott, Mr. C. B. Kloss and' the Federated
Malay States Museums, these collections having been reported
on by Messrs. G. S. Miller, R. W. Lyon, Oldfield Thomas and
R. W. Wroughton in the following papers.
Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... " Mammals collected by Dr. \V. L.
Abbott on Islands in the South
China Sea."
Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, ii, pp. 203 — 246 (1900).
Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... " Mammals collected by Dr. W. L.
Abbott in the Region of the
Indragiri River, Sumatra."
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, pp. 143 — 159.
Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... "Seventy New Malayan Mammals."
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 45. pp. 1 — 73 (passim) (1903).
Gerrilt S. Miller, Jr. ... ' The Mammals collected by Dr.
W. L. Abbott in the Rhio-Linga
Archipelago."
Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. vol. xxxi, pp. 247 — 286 (1906).
Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... '• The Mouse Deer of the Rhio-Linga
Archipelago : A study of specific
Differentiation under uniform
environment."
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol, xxxvii, pp. 1 — 9, Pis. 1 — 8 (1909).
Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... "Fifty-one new Malayan Mam-
mals."
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 61, No. 21, pp. 1 — 28 (1913).
December, 191G. 4
60 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Marcus Ward Lyon, |r. " Mammals of Batam Island, Rhio
Archipelago."
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, pp. 653 — 657 (1907).
Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr. "Additional notes on mammals of
the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago,
* with descriptions of new species
and a revised list."
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxvi, pp. 479 — 491. PI. 39 (1909).
Marcus Ward Lyon. Jr. "Tree Shrews: an Account of the
Mammalian Family, Tupaidae."
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlv. pp. 1 — 88. Pis. 1— 11 (1913).
Oldheld Thomas, and " Diagnoses of New Mammals col-
R. C. Wroughton. lected by Mr. H. C. Robinson in
the Malay Peninsula and Rhio
Archipelago."
Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iii, pp. 439 — 441 (1909).
Oldlield Thomas, and "On Mammals from the Rhio
R. C. Wroughton. Archipelago and Malay Penin-
sula, collected by Messrs. H. C.
Robinson, C. B. Kloss and E.
Seimund and presented to the
National Muse u m by the
Government of the Federated
Malay States."
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv, pp. 99 — 129 (1909).
D.G.Elliot ... "Descriptions of apparently new-
species and sub-species of
Monkeys of the genus, Callic-
ebus, Lagothrix, Papio Pithecus,
Cercopithecus, Erythrocebus
and Presbytis."
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv, pp. 244—274 (1909).
D. G. Elliot ... "Descriptions of some new species
of monkeys of the genera Pithe-
cus and Pygathrix collected by
Dr. W. L. Abbott and presented
to the United States National
Museum."
Proc U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxviii, pp. 343 — 352 (1910).
Almost the largest island that has remained un visited by
any naturalist is the one now under discussion. In view of its
proximity to Bintang, the largest of the group, and the one
possessing the richest fauna, it was thought that Pulau Mapor
might also possess species of interest and I accordingly
arranged to visit it and spent a few days there at the end of
May and the beginning of June. 1915.
Our most cordial thanks are due to Mr. H. Spalder, at that
time Consul General of the Netherlands in Singapore, who on
this, as on numerous previous occasions proved most helpful in
igi6.] Ri'Ihnson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. fii
obtaining for us tin in cessar) permits from the local Dutch
authorities. We are also indebted to the Resident of Rhiow,
who instructed Ins local officers to afford us all the assistance
in then power.
GEOGRAPHICAL.
Pulau Panjang or Mapor, as it is more generally known
by its inhabitants is an island of roughly triangular shape
with a greatest length and breadth of about three and a
half to four miles, situated in Lat. 104 .50' E. and Long.
1 \. about 10 miles from the east coast of Bintang, the
straits separating it from that island carrying about twelve
fathoms, though a hank with only 6 to 8 fathoms running
from the S.E. of Mapor very nearly joins it to the larger
island.
I.\« ept on the north and N.E. corner it is surrounded by
a fringing reef of coral of varying breadth, with many
outlying "mushrooms." and must therefore he approached
with the greatest caution by those not in possession of local
knowledge. A b iv on the N.E. corner however, afforded good
anchorage in about six fathoms mud and is free from dangers,
though the swell that frequently sets in from the East even
in the S.W. monsoon m ikes il inconvenient tor small vessels.
The surface of the island i- undulating and even rugged
on the eastern side, tin: maximum elevation being about
[40 ii t. On this side there is -till a good deal of old jungle
though much of the bettei timber has been felled by Chinese
f.>r exportation to Singapore. In the remaining parts of
tin- island most of the available land has in times past been
cleared for the planting of gambier and on those plantations
being abandoned has relapsed into thickets of Stiaits Rho-
dodendron an 1 resam Melastoma and Gleichcnia) very difficult
to penetrate. In parts, however, the original forest, which
consisted largely of a valuable timber tree {tembusu) [Fngraea
fragrans) is taking hold again, the tree mentioned springing
up again readily from sti ioIs.
On the we, tern shore there are. in places, considerable
flat areas, largely overgrown with lalang, and it is here, where
they art sheltered from the violence of the N.E. monsoon,
that the villages of the native inhabitants are found. These
people are Orang L ant or Jakun, who under different tribal
names are widely spread through the southern portion of
the Malayan Peninsula and throughout the Rhio-Lingga
Archipelago and portions of the adjacent low lying parts of
Sumatra. They are of Proto-Malayan stock, at one time
-poke a somewhat peculiar dialect and have only, in compa-
ratively recent times, become 1 onv< its to Islam, thpugh they
are now loathe to confess that they are othei than Malays
proper. In Mapor. where there are probably not more than
a hundred individuals at the outside, the) '.una precarious
livelihood by fishing during the S.W. monsoon and by
62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
collecting live turtle and tortoise-shell, the former of which
are sold in Singapore while the latter finds a market in Rhio.
Thej' possess small kampongs where bananas, maize, ubi kayu
and sugar cane ate cultivated, but no rice is grown.
We stopped a couple of days on the Eastern side but
being warned than the anchorage there was precarious in bad
weather were conducted by a very tortuous and intricate
channel to a little pool (it was hardly more) on the western
side near an islet known as Mentigi, a commonplace name
among orang laut people, where we remained a week.
The collecting was disappointing but besides the species
actually secured we caught a fleeting glimpse of a Tragulus,
while pig of both species, Sits oi and Sits rhionis are known
to occur, but without dogs are difficult to obtain. In the
sheltered bays in the vicinity Duyong (Halicore duyong) are
very fairly common and are much hunted, cigarette holders
made out of the canines being much prized and commanding
a high price in Tanjong Pinang (the capital of Rhio 1 . On
our way back to Singapore we shot a small dark brown
porpoise, one of a school ? (Flatanista sp.) of fifteen or twenty,
but it was seized by a shark and torn to pieces before we
could secure it.
Of reptiles we got hardly any: Cyclemys platynoius is
fairly common and so are Draco volans, D. mclanopogon and
Mabuia multifasciata, while we also secured specimens of
the Hawks bill turtle. Near Mentigi was a pen in which
were some fifty or sixty green turtle (Ghelone mydas) which
were bought up by a Chinaman for sale in Singapore and
fed on a variety of sea-grass common in shallow bays in the
neighbourhood.
SYSTEMATIC.
A. Mammals.
Pithects fascicularis (Raffles).
Pitheciis bintangensis, Elliot, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)
iv, p. 257 (1909); id. Rev. Prim, ii, p. 246, pi. xxvii (1912).
1 (j ad. Mentigi, West Side Pulau Mapor, 6th June, 1915.
F.M.S. No.
This kra belongs to the group with dark iron grey hands
and feet, tail blackish above, on its basal portion silvery grey
beneath, back of head and mantle annulated with black and
rufous orange, the latter colour fading away towards the rump.
Limbs and sides annulated with black and silvery grey.
Dimensions (taken in the flesh). Head and Body, 395; (456)
tail, 535; (505) hindfoot, 135 (n7'5) ear 25 mm. (29).
Skull: Total length, 114 (105); occipito nasal length, 95
(85.5); zygomatic breadth, 73 (72'5); length of upper tooth row
excl. canine 28.0 (26.7) mm.
The skull characters derived by Elliot from the small
series at his command are worthless as subspccific characters
ifjif).] Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 63
and the colour differem • - are also of dubious value, so I prefer
not to apply any subspecific name to this monkey. In view of
the genera] oological affinities of the Rhio-Lingga archipelago
it will probably prove to he allied rather to the Sumatran than
to the Peninsulai 1 ice and I have therefore used Raffles name
which was conferred on specimens obtained in the neigh-
bourhood of Bencoolen.
Measurements in Parentheses are those of the type of
Pithecus bintangeusis as given by Elliot.
Ckociduka maporensis, Robinson & Kloss, sp. nov.
Type. Sub-adult female (skin and skull) collected on the East
side of Pulau Mapor, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, on 5th June,
1915, by H. C. Robinson.
Diagnosis. In colour closely resembling C. aoris, * but
smaller, about the same size as C. negligens t but colour less
pure grey. Skull rather broader than in the allied forms.
Skull:' Broader relatively than that of C. aoris and rather
more inflated in the anterior portion of the frontal region than
in that species.
Measurements: Greatest length -(23"8)t ; basal length,
18.5 (21. 1); lachrymal breadth of rostrum, 5 - i (4.9); greatest
breadth above molars, 7*3 (7'g); cranial breadth above mastoid,
10 6 (10*5); maxillary tooth row, including iucisors, g - 3 (iO'O).
Remarks. Though the material is very bad, the only
specimen obtained being much damaged by the trap and br-
ants, we have little doubt that the Mapor shrew is a fairly
distinct form. It is the first occurrence of the genus in the
archipelago.
TUPAIA CASTANEA KEDACTA Subsp. HOV.
Type:- Adult male (skin and skull), No. 355/15, Federated
Malay States Museums, collected on East side, Pulau Mapor,
Rhio Archipelago, 7th June 1915, by H. C. Robinson.
Characters .--Extremely close to Tupaia castanea, Miller, 1'
out somewhat smaller, the underparts especially the mesial
streak and the thighs more rusty "'ferruginous" Ridgeway
(PI. XIV) against "ochraceous tawny" (PI. XV). and with the
upper surface more chestnut, less maroon, mingled "Hays
Russet (PL XIV) and 66 Xanthine Orange" (Plate III) against
"Maroon" (Plate I).
Colour:- Top of head and sides of the face, hands and
feet annulated black and buffv ochraceous, a buff ring round
the eye. Rest of the upper surface rusty ferruginous, many of
the hairs with glistening black tips. Tail except at the base
above, where the hairs are tipped with black, almost uniform
* Ann & Mag. Nat. Hist, (8) x, p 589 (1912).
t Ann & Mag. Nat Hist. (8) xiii, p. 232 (1914).
J Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Ctoctdura aoris.
H Smithsonian Misc Coll. vol. 45, p. 54. 1903): Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 4, p. 90, pi. 10, fig. 9 (1913.)
64 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
orange ferruginous, the hairs lighter below at their bases.
Streaks from the ears mange buff, by no means conspicuous,
beneath rusty ferruginous, a patch on breast and mesial line
uniform, the rest with greyish bases to the hairs.
5*«// .--Smaller than that of T. castanea, with the muz/le
relatively shorter and blunter and the cranium less elongate.
Palatal vacuities in both specimens available less defined than
in the skulls of T. castanea in the collection. Teeth not
different from those of the typi< al form.
Measurements:-Collectors external measurements (taken
in the fleshy — .
Head and body 172 (201);* Tail. 141 ( 1 5 1 1 ; Hindfoot, 38
(42.5) mm.
Cranial measurements: greatest length. 5C0 (54'0) ; basal
length, 43-9 (,46.31; palatal length, 267 (28 - i)t ; zygomatic
breadth 24-9 127-81; least interorbital breadth, 14-0 15.01;
cranial breadth, 20 - o (20.3); breadth of rostrum at diastema,
6*8 (7"i) ; lachrymal notch to tip of premaxillaries, 20-8 (23-0);
upper molar series, i8'0 (19-2).
Specimens examined. The type and an immature female,
(canine and pin at alve 'his from the same locality.)
Remarks. The type specimen, though adult, is younger
than the available series of seven skulls and four skins of T.
castanea, from Pulau Bintang, having the orbital ring not
completely ossified. It is however practically adult and has
probably attained its full size. The other specimen is very
considerably younger. Both are in somewhat worn pelage,
while those from Bintang are in fresh, but I think it practically
certain that the differences in colour will persist to a greater
or less degree when specimens in similar condition are avail-
able for study. The differences are certainly of no less order
than have been used to establish the majority of races formula-
ted of late years.
SCIURUS VITTATUS MAPORENSIS, Sllbsp. nOV.
Type: — Adult female (skin and skull). Federated Malay
States Museums No. 289/16, collected on the West side of
Pulau Mapor, Rhio Archipelago, on June 6th, 1915. by H. C.
Robinson.
Characters : Most closely resembling the race from Pulau
Tinggi but smaller, with the black lateral stripes, clearer and
less sullied. Colour of the under surface varying from ochra-
ceous buff through ochraceous orange to ochraceous tawny,
whereas in the other races from the Rhio Archipelago the
* Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male of Tiifaia
castanea collected at Sungei Biru, Pulau Bintang, June 12th, iocS. F.M.S.
Mus No. 1792/08.
t Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female of Tupaia
castanea collected at Tasir Panjang, Pulau Bintang on June 9th, 190S, F.M.S.
Mus. No 1790/0S.
igi6.] Robinson : Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 65
colour is more clearlj t ufous or " vinai > ■ ms rufous." Resemb-
lin ■• Sc. ■: luteus in these respects but a much smaller form.
Measurements: External measurements oi the type, taken
in the flesh: hi a 1 and bo ly, 185, 17'"': tail, 162, [158) : Hf.,
1 1'5, |oi : ear, 15 mm., I r.6
Average and extremes of ten specimens; head and body,
183, (170-192); tail, 160-5. (142-175); hind-foot, 42^3,
(40-46.5); ear, r.6, (15-18). Cranial measurements of type:
greatesl length. 45-8 1 4 5 " 1 : condylobasilai length, 39-1
(38-8): diastema, 10-4 (10-3): zygomatic breadth. 28-3 :6 - o) !
median length of nasals, 1 y 3 (13*1) ; upper molar series includ-
ing pm 3 8-9, (8-3).
Average and extremes often specimens: greatest length.
47'i. (45*6 48 5); i indylo- basilar length, 401, (38*2 42^0) ;
diastema, io'o 1 io'o-i i"2) ; zygomatic breadth, 28-4 (2 7'8-29.3);
median length of nasals. 14-0 1 ij'.i- 14'M : maxillary tooth row
including pm 3 , 8*9, (8*4 9-3) mm. For detailed measurement
see table on p. 67.
Specimens examined. Fifteen, all from Pulau Mapor.
RATTUS SURIFER LINGENSIS 1 Miller).
Mus lingensis, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, p. 266
(1900); id. Proc. Acid. X. it. Sri. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 154:
id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxi, p. 266 1 1906 : Lyon, op > it, xxxi,
p. 655 (1907); Thos. and Wrought. Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. iv, p. 125 (1909); Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xxxvi, p.
484 (1909).
A very large series of this rat was collected on Mapor
which for the present we refer to this rare The colour
characters assigned to it as compared with E. surifer from the
mainland h Id i I. viz.. a dull, more clay-coloured tint with
much less ichra is orange on the flanks and a greatei ad-
mixture of black on the back, bul we arc unable to see that the
Rhio foi ni has a narrower palate as stated bj Miller. The tail
is perhaps, 011 an average, relatively shorter than in the main-
land form and the skull is somewhat more heavily built with a
greater development of the 1
Tin- skull dimi n ion - even if equally adult animals from
the same island are compared are, as Lyon notes, variable.
m Karimon and Kundnr sei m to be the largest
and those from Bati im and Bintang on the whole dullest in
tint. The race i much more closely related to those inhabit-
in;; the is! mds 1 f tru east 1 oasl of the Peninsula than to the
lightly built, bright coloured animal found in Singapore.
Epi'mys surifer leonis (Robinson and Kloss). About fifty speci-
mens, adult and young, were obtained. For measurements
See p. 68.
* Measurements in parentheses these of the type of Sciurus vittatus
famulus from Pulau Dayang nr. Pulau At.r (Robinson. Ann and Mag Nat.
66 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Rattus rattus batin, subsp. nov.
Type: — Adult male, aged (skin and skull). Collected at
Mentigi, West side of Pulau Mapor or Panjang, Rhio Archi-
pelago, on June 6th, 1915, by H. C. Robinson. Federated
Malay States Museums No. 304/15.
Characters: — A member of that section of the Epimys
rattus group, characterized by somewhat slender feet, hispid,
but not very spiny pelage and marked development of long
black piles on the lower back. Separable from the form*
inhabiting the adjacent islands of Bintang and Battam by the
very much lighter colour above and by the somewhat larger
bullae.
Measurements: — External dimensions of the type, taken
in the flesh: head and body, 208(180); tail, 218 (195); hind-
foot, 355 (34), ear 22 (20-5). Extremes of eight specimens,
head and body, 171-208; tail. 193-218; hindfoot. 33'5-35'5 ;
ear, 20-22.
Cranial measurements ot type: greatest length, 44-4
(44'o) ; condylo-basilar length, 39-0 i'39'o) ; diastema, 12-4
(i2 - g) ; zygomatic breadth, 20'o (20 - i) ; median length of
nasals, i6'0 (16-3) : upper m<>lar series. 6"8 (6*9).
Extremes of twelve specimens; greatest length. 4i'5-44"4;
condylo-basilar length, 36'3-39'o; diastema. n - 6-i2"6;
zygomatic breadth, i8"8-2r2: median length of nasals,
i4 - o-i6'i ; upper molar series. 6-5-7-2 mm. For detailed
measurement see table on p. 69.
Specimens examined: — Fifteen, from the east and west
sides of Pulau Mapor.
Remarks: — The series examined, which was trapped both
in old jungle and in the vicinity of the huts of the some what
primitive orang hint people inhabiting the island are fairly
uniform, the principal variation being in the degree of
distinctness in t lie line of separation of the light undersurface
from the flanks. The race closely resembles a form, as vet
un-named, inhabiting the western islands of the Archipelago
but appears to be somewhat mure robust. The intrusion in
the central islands of a race, R. r. rhionis which closely resem-
bles the north European R. rattus rattus is a curious and
as yet unexplained fact.
'Mus rattus rhionis, Tbos & Wrought Ann. and Mas. Nat. Hist. (8) iii,
p. 441 (1909). Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male
topotype of Mus rattus rhionis, Thos & Wrought F.M.S Mus. No. 2086/0S.
igi6.J Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 67
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1916.] Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 69
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/O Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
II. BIRDS.
With the exception of a short list of birds collected on the
"Lingga Islands," presumably Lingga itself, by the late Alfred
Everetts' collectors by Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. vii, pp. 549-50
(1900) I am not aware of any account of the avifauna of anv
of the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago.
From an ornithologist's point of view most of the small
Indo-Malayan islands lying within the 20 fathom line from
larger land-masses are extremely uninteresting and Mapor,
where, with the exception of two species of sun-birds, birds
were very scarce both in species and individuals, proved no
exception to this rule. A list of the specimens observed or
obtained is however given, those of which no specimens
were preserved being marked with an asterisk.
1. Treron nipalensis, Hodgs.
2. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linn. 1
i <?. i ?. Very common.
"*3. MVRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scop.).
Extremelv abundant, roosting on the small islets
off the coast.
4. Sterna bergu pelecanoides (King).
Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides. Oberholser, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mits. 49. p. 523 11915).
Common off the sand spits and reefs on the western
side of the island. Two specimens, male and female, with the
exposed culmen 61.5 and 64 mm. appear to belong to this race.
5. Aecialitis alexandkina (Linn.)
Antea, vol. \', p. 142. A single male of the tropical
race of the Kentish Plover in breeding plumage.
*6. Numenius arquata (Linn.)
*y. Numenius phaeopus (Linn.)
Both the Curlew and Whimbrel were fairly common
round Mapor but were exceedingly wild and almost impos-
sible to approach within gunshot.
8. LlMONITES RUFICOLLIS (Pall 1 .
A single female shot on June 6th.
*g, Ardea sumatrana, Raffles.
*io. Demiegretta sacra (Gin.).
Common on the reefs.
*n. Haliaetus leucogastek (Cm.).
*i2. Hai.iasti'r inter medius (Gurney).
Common as evervwhere else on the Malavan coasts.
1916.J Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 71
13. Halcyon armstrongi, Sharpe.
Antea, vol. V, p. 145.
iS, 1?.
Not very abundant.
14. Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe.
RamphaL 01 1 ipen is hydrophila, Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 35, p. ('-7 1 1909 .
. -'.
By " (| means common .
I find it impossible to follow Mr. Oberholser in his
arrangement of the Peninsular forms of this genus and con-
sider that ali specimens from Bandon southwards to Singapore
ami the Khio Archipelago must be regarded as identical
subspecifically though specimens from Koh Pennan [antea,
vol. X . p. 143. show an approach to P. in. bnrmanica, Sharpe.
having a rather lighter pileum than the majority of Malayan
specimens, though in this they agree with five skins, from the
islands of Bintang, Battam ami Mapor in the Rhio Archi-
pelago which belong to the above cited Ramphalcyon c/!paisi*
hydrophila, whose type locality is Singapore.
The dimensions of the Mapor specimen taken in the flesh
were — Total length. 371 : wing, 144: tail, 99; visible culmen,
85 ; hill from gape, 95 ; tarsus, 19.8 mm.
15. Anthkacockros convexus (Temm.l
i<?, 11 imm. Very fairly common.
if). Hypothymis azurea prophata, Oberholser
Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.), Hartert, torn. til. p. 550.
[?.
Fairly common.
17. MUSCITREA CINEREA, Blyth.
Muscitrea grisola Blyth) antea, vol. V, p. 14N.
4 '. 2?.
Very numerous in small patches of mangrove as else-
where throughout the Malay Peninsula in similar situations.
t8. Pycnonotus plumosus, Blyth.
3<J. Fairly common in secondary growth.
19. ClTTOCINCLA MACRURA (Gm.)
( ittocincla tricolor (Vieill . Hartert, torn, at. p. 550.
1 ■' , 1 ■ imm.
Common.
20. Orthotomus ruficeps (Less.)
Hartert, torn. cit. p. 549.
A single rather immature female.
21. Phylloscopus borealis (Bias.).
.■1 ntea, vol. Y. p. 150.
One female shot on June 4th. A late date for this
migrant.
Journ.il of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
22. DlSSEMURUS PARADISEUS (LlNN.)
Dissemurns platurus (Vieill.) Hartert. tout, cit. p. 550.
3<?, 2?. All in very worn plumage. Very common.
23. Etlabes javanexsis iOsbeck).
2?. Very common.
Rather small in dimensions but not E. intermedins
(A. Hay).
24. Caloknis chal\bha ^Horsf.)
Antea. vol. V, p. 151.
1 * . 1?, 1 J imm. Common.
25. Aethopyga siparaja (Horsf.)
30. Common in open wastes covered with low-
shrubs.
26. &YRTOSTOMUS PECTORALIS (Horsf.)
Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.) Hartert, torn. cit. p. 550.
73, 3?-
Very abundant mi the sea shore.
27. Leptocoma hasselti (Temm.)
Cinnyris hasselti (Temm.) Hartert. torn. eit. p. 550.
6;?, 1?. Very common, a-- the preceding species.
28. Anthreptes MALACCENSIS (Scop).
Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop.) Hartert. torn. cit.
P- 550.
1 ■ . In the coconut palms. Rare.
29. Dicaeum cruentatum (Linn.)
Antea, vol. Y. p. 152.
i<?, 1 ?. Not common.
30. DlCAEUM TRIGONOSTIGMA I Scop.)
Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scop.) Hartert. torn. cit.
P- 550-
3<?. Common in small trees in scr
IX. ON A NEW RACE OF CALLOSCIURUS
VITTATUS (RAFFLES) FROM SINGAPORE ISLAND.
By II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
< Al LOSCIURUS VITTATUS SINGAPURENSJ
Type: — Adult female (skin and skull), Federated Malay
States Museum-;, No. 1747/08, collected at Changi, north-east
corner of Singapore Island, on July 27th. 1908, by II. C. Robin-
son and E. Seimund.
Characters : — Very closely relat isularis,
Miller' from the north hank of the Endau River, Eastern
Pahang, but differing from the race in having the light element
in the speckling of the upper surface, more ocraceous ferrugin-
ous and less olivaceous, the undersurface more ferruginous, less
tawny. From Sciurus vittatus subluteus,f Thos. and Wrought.,
from South East Johore : it is at once separated by its notice-
ably brighter colouration on the belly and darker tad and from
Sc. v. nesiotes,X Tbos. and Wrought., by its broader and more
clearly defined lateral black stripe. The absence of a clear
red pencil to the tail beneath at once distinguishes from Sc. v.
miniatus,\ Miller, of the Peninsula mainland from Trang to
North Johore.
Measurements: — External measurements of the type taken
.n the flesh: head and body, 207: tail. 186; hindfoot. 47:
ear. 17 mm.
Average and extremes of eight specimens: head and body.
203.5 (I 93--09/i: tail 193.8 1178-224': hindfoot. 46.1 (43-47^:
ear. 15.9 (I5.5-I7mm.).
Cranial measurements of type. Greatest length, 51.9:
condylo-basilar length. 44.1; diastema, 11. 1; zygomatic breadth,
31. 1: median length of nasals' 15.6; maxillary tooth row,
including pm 3 10.2mm.
Average and extremes of eight specimens: greatest length,
50.6 (49.2-51.9); condylo-basilar length. 4 3.0 (41.8-44.1); dias-
tema, n. 4 110. 8-12.0): maxillary tooth row including pm 3 10.0
(9.9-10.2).
Specimens examined: — Eight, all from the type locality .
Remarks: — Recent workers have included this form in
Sc. vittatus peninsularis (Miller) which as now restricted is
confined to a comparatively small area in Southern Pahang
and Eastern Johore.
• Smithsonian Misc. Coil. vol. 45. p. 11 (1903).
tjotirn. Fed- Malay. State- Mus. iv. p. 116 (1909).
; Journ. led. Malay States Mus. iv. p. 115 (1909)
§ Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, ii. p 79 (1900).
74
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
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X. NOTES ON THE SAKAJ OF THE KORBU
RIVER AND OF THE ULU KINTA.
By Ivor H. N. Evans, B.A., Assistant Curator and Ethno-
graphical Assistant, F.M.S. Museums.
In February 1916, I started from Sungei Siput cm an
expedition to the Korbu River (or Kerbau), intending, ii
everything was favourable, to pass from its headwaters to the
Kinta River, and to return, via the Kinta Valley, to Tanjong
Rambutan.
Sakai coolies were unobtainable; so not wishing to take
Malays, even if I could get them, as they always welcome every
opportunity of plundering the Sakai, I finally hired three
elephants, with drivers, to take my baggage to Kuala Larek on
the Korbu. Between Jalong and that place, I hoped to be
able to recruit Sakai coolies, as the Penghulu of Sungei Siput
told me that he thought that I should be able to obtain them.
Turning off the main road at Plang we followed the elephant
track which runs from that place to Jalong. This is much
longer than the bridle-path, a distance of only about ten
miles. We reached Jalong on the second day from Sungei
Siput. passing two Sakai settlements on the first day, one near
the Krodah River, and another between the Krodah (or Kerdah;
and Sungei Siput. I saw one or two men from them and they
seemed very much civilised, but 1 did not visit their houses.
On our arrival at Jalong, where there is a loading stage t<>i
elephants, we pushed on for about another mile and a lull to 1
Sakai settlement called Simpang, which is situated not far
above Kuala Lengkar. Here I tried to obtain coolies from
Toh Intan, the headman, but he pointed out that, besides
himself, there were only five men in his village at the time, and
that two of these were suffering from ulcers, and were unlit for
work. Questioned about the possibility of getting men at Kuala
Larek, he told me that there were none there except his father
and one youth. He further stated that a great many Sakai had
died in the district recently. In spite of this. I resolved to go
on to Kuala Larek on the morrow to see for myself if what he
told me was true. We therefore started fairly early the next
morning. On the way we passed two Sakai clearings, one
with ripe padi standing in it. the other with felled trees still
lying everywhere. Both these had. so Toh Intan. who came
with us, informed me, been deserted owing to the death of the
head of the house. Arrived at Kuala Larek, I found that Toh
Intan's information was perfectly correct: so there remained
nothing to do but to return to Sungei Siput. Our first daj , on
the way back again, tookus to Simpang, when- we hid rathei an
exciting night, as a herd of wild elephants broke into the Sakai;
padi crops and, after destroying nearly the whole oi them.
were driven off with considerable diffioultv. From Simpnn«
December, 1916. 6
76 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
we walked, on the next day, to Sungei Siput, via the bridle-
path, leaving the elephants with the baggage to follow the
track, which we had made use of before. These animals
arrived at Sungei Siput at about 4 p.m. on the day after.
There is little to note with regard to the few Sakai
we met on the Korbu River. Traces of Negrito admixture
could be detected in some individuals, both in their
features and in the character of their hair. In Toh Intan's
village there seemed to be very few articles which could be
classed as distinctively Sakai, and the only specimen of much
interest that I purchased was a heavy carved wooden comb, of
a type which seems to be only used by the Kinta and Korbu
aborigines. The other objects that I bought were a long mat
and two or three carrying baskets. There were no blow-pipes
in the settlement. According to Toh Intan, his people speak
the same dialect as the Sakai of the Plus and Kinta Rivers.
With the former they are in constant contact, but they rarely
have anything to do with the latter. ' Two of the houses in the
settlement were of a curious type and were turreted, one
bearing two the other a single erection of this kind. On the
former, one turret was ornamented with a curiously carved
decoration made of small pieces of wood, the other, as was the
first, was roofed over at the top with a piece of board, and had
lost its ornament. On the second house the single turret was
crowned by an old kerosine tin, filled with earth, in which
plants of some kind were growing. Toh Intan's own house
was well built, and consisted of a large central sleeping room,
with a cook-house adjoining it on one side, and a lean-to buil-
ding, which was not raised from the ground, on the other.
On leaving Sungei Siput I proceeded to Tanjong Rambutan,
where, after some trouble, I procured a gang of Sakai coolies.
Starting with these, we followed Messrs. Osborne & Chappel's
pipe-line as far as the dam, and then the course of the Kinta
River. Our destination was a Sakai settlement close to Bukit
Daroh, which lies on the south bank of the Kinta.
The maps of the districts are. it would seem, exceedingly
incorrect, but on the way we passed the mouths of the
following rivers, the Proh, the Termin, the Takor, the Penoh,
the Liang and the Pedang, as well as several other streams,
most of them verv small, whose names I have not thought
necessary to record. Our first day's journey (we did not start
until nearly midday owing to the late arrival of our coolies and
to their insufficient numbers) took us to a little way above the
pipe-line dam. On the second we camped by the edge of a
deep pool in the Kinta River, which goes by the name of Lubok
Singet, somewhere between Kuala Termin and the mouth of the
Penoh River: and on the third night, we slept at Kuala Liang.
On the fourth day. we arrived at Bukit Daroh, and might
have reached there on the third, had the Sakai guide not led
me to believe that it was n long way further on. A mountain,
which the Sakai told me was Gunong Semawak, was visible
igi6.J I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 77
from the top of their clearing. A large hill, called Gunong
Takai, was in view across the river, being nearer to us than
Gunong Semawak. 1 do not know if this is the same as
Gunong Takor (3,850) ot the maps, but we passed the Takor
River, which is not shown in them, on the second day out from
Tanjong Rambutan. This joins the Kinta close to the mouth
of the Terrain, but on the opposite side.
The settlement at Bukit Daroh proved to be a single house
of the communal type, about forty feet in length, by hfteen
feet in breadth. The height of the lloor from the earth was,
at its maximum (the house was built on sloping ground),
twelve feet. The building was supported on three somewhat
irregular rows of posts, many of which were of but small dia-
meter. The greatest height ot the house from ground level
was about twenty feet; there thus being only eight feet bet-
ween the floor and the roof in the central line of the building ;
and much less at the sid< s owing to the slope of the thatch.
The regular inhabitants comprised four families, of, some
hiteen to twenty individuals 111 all, but they received frequent
visits from other Sakai, who stopped a night or two with them.
Sleeping platforms covered with sheet-bamboo were ranged
along the walls, the interior not being divided off into rooms,
and, between opposite benches, tires were kindled on fire-
places of dried mud. Of these there were four, the burning logs
being disposed radially on them so that it was only necessary
to push the ends of the logs with the foot in order to replenish
the tire. The sleeping patforms and the hearths took up so
much room that it was necessarj to step over each tire in
passing from end to end of the house. During the day-time
the fires were allowed to die out, or only kept smouldering ;
but, at about six o'clock in the evening, when it began to get
cold (the clearing was situated at a height of about two
thousand feet above sea-level), the logs were pushed together
and the fire made up. At the time of my visit, which extended
over ten days, the Sakai did not seem to be very actively
engaged in agricultural work, though they were, according to
what they told me, preparing a fresh clearing. That from
which the crops — chiefly of tapioca — were then being used was
situated at the top of the hill, on the side of which the house
stood. In the morning some of the women used to go out to
dig tapioca roots, and the) returned late in the day bringing
these, and occasionally some pumpkins. The latter were cut
up and boiled in a large iron cauldron, the resulting broth or
soup being first drunk in cocoanut shells and the pieces of the
fruit then eaten separately. The tapioca roots were usually
roasted in the embers of the fires- One day the Sakai were
fortunate enough to kill a young Sambhur stag in a spring-
spear trap. The meat was hacked from the body in lumps,
and rammed down into joints of green bamboo, which were
placed in the fire at an angle of about thirty degrees with their
mouths projecting from the fire and supported on a stone.
The deer having been killed near the river, which lay far
78 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
below the house, the majority of the men who went to help in
cutting up the animal took the opportunity of having a bath,
ot which they were much in need.
Drinking water was drawn from a small spring, which
was at a considerable distance from the house, but not quite
so far away as the river. Bamboo-joints were used as
water-vessels.
At night conversation, often in a loud tone of voice, was
kept up till quite a late hour. During the heat of the day the
majority of the people lay off work and went to sleep.
The Prah fruit is an article of diet of which the Sakai are
very fond. This fruit is sometimes roasted whole in the lire,
and when so treated is not unpleasant to eat, having a flavour
something like a Brazil nut. It is also beaten to a flour in a
large wooden mortar of exactly the same type as the Malay
lesong. The fruits when freshly gathered are said to be
poisonous to a certain extent, and are soaked in water before
use. Noting that several side-paths branched off from the
main Sakai track, which follows the Kinta River, I enquired
where these went. My coolies replied that they led to parts
of the jungle where there were numbers of Prah trees, and that
they built small huts near the trees in which they stored the
ripe fruit. These store-houses, except at the fruit season, were
only visited occasionally to obtain fresh supplies or to see if
rats were eating their contents. If it was found that there
were many rats about, snares were set for a night or so in
order to trap them for food.
Some cobs of Indian corn, most of them blackened by
smoke, were hung up under the thatch in the communal house
at Bukit Daroh. These were reserved for seed purposes, as
were also some dried tobacco-plant fruits. The Sakai explain-
ed to me that they had no tobacco growing at the time of my
visit owing to their clearing being old, for tobacco only grows
well on fresh soil.
With regard to their appearance the people of the Ulu
Kinta in their features showed little, if any, traces of Negrito
admixture. Curly, but not woolly, hair was to be observed in
some individuals. The septum of the nose was bored in both
sexes, but by no means every native had been operated upon.
Tattooing is practised, but not to any great extent ; the
only type of marking of this kind which I saw (on both men
anil women), being a single line running perpendicularly from
the top of the forehead to either the root or the point of the
nose.
Face-painting in simple designs was much in favour
among the women, while some of the patterns were made by
applying a kind of plant juice with stamps made of tortoise-
shell.
I saw very few blow-pipes in the hands of the Kinta
Sakai, not more than four altogether, and of these only two
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 79
were made locally. Of the other two, one had been purchased
from a " Kampong Kelantan man " (on the Kelantan border ?),
t he other from a wandering abougine from some unknown district.
The weapons, however, presented some peculiarities worth
noting, as they were, roughly speaking, intermediate in type
between those used by the main branches of the Northern and
Central Sakai. All the blow-pipes had the Mat-ended mouth-
piece of the Central Sakai, but the inner tube in three out of
the four was a single internode of bamboo (Northern Sakai
type) ; in the remaining specimen, however, which was locally
made, it consisted of two internodes placed end to end and
fastened in the usual manner employed by the Central Sakai.
The only locally made quiver that I saw had a soft pandanus
cover of the type so common in the Batang District of Perak.
The quiver belonging to the " Kampong Kelantan " blow-pipe
had a hard cover of the Northern Sakai variety.
The two poisons used on the blow-pipe darts are Ipoh
and Broyal *, the latter which is obtained from a liana, is only
used for small gane, and is, the Sakai told me, much less
effective than Ipoh. Darts treated with Broyal are not
notched above the poison (so that the dart joint may break off
in the wound); those treated with Ipoh are.
Spears, with a bamboo blade and a wooden shaft, are
used in spring -traps, and a number of these were placed across
the rafters of the communal house at Bukit Daroh. With the
exception of the blow-pipe, iron-bladed spears of Malay manu-
facture, krises, parangs, and daggers of the kind called tumbuk
lada and badck were the only weapons in use.
On questioning the Sakai, they said they had heard of the
bow, which is used by the Negritos and the hill-tribes of the
Piah and Temengoh Valleys, but had never seen a specimen.
A fair number of dogs are kept by the Kinta aborigines,
while generally speaking they are well treated aud a good deal
of affection shown to them.
Of the objects that I collected the most interesting were
the face-paint stamps, and wooden combs of various types,
some of which seem to be peculiar to the district, and are
almost exactly similar to those figured by De Morgan in his
" Negritos de la Presqu'ile Malaise."
Two holders used for fish-bait, consisting of open bamboo
receptacles, with a spike from their bases (this spike being for
securing the holder on the left side of the body by slipping it
into the girdle), are of a kind also figured by de Morgan with
the description " Boites a amorces de peche," and by Skeat
(Pagan Races, vol. 1, page 471) as " Bamboo vessels used by
Perak Sakai (Hale collection)." I also procured several
specimens of seed necklaces, carrying baskets, bark-cloth,
headbands (ornamented with patterns), akar batu girdles and
' The I'rual of Wray (Coptosapella flavescens) ' vide " Pagan Races " vol.
II, page 303.
80 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
necklets, flutes, * and rice bags, but they do not call for special
remark, being similar to those manufactured by other tribes.
The coloured crown-like head-dresses, made of sweet smelling
leaves and fibres, worn by some of the men are, perhaps,
worthy of note, as they resemble those made by the Sakai of
the Piah and Temengoh Valleys.
Beliefs and Customs.
I could obtain no evidence that the Sakai of the Kinta
Valley have any theory of a Supreme Being, nor was I able to
find out that they had any legends accounting for the various
phenomena of nature, as have most savage tribes, but I give
below such details as I learnt with regard to their beliefs and
customs.
Work Tabus.
It is according to Udah, my informant, not allowable to
do work in the clearing when : —
i. The moon falls at the rising of the sun — three days
tabu.
2. The moon is at the full and looks swelled — three days
tabu. (It is said to be about to give birth).
3. The moon is beginning to decline and is " notched
like a reaping knife " — three days tabu. (It has given birth).
4. The old moon is about to die — (two days tabu).
5. The new moon appears — (two days tabu).
If work is done when the new moon is about to die, some-
body in the house will die. If work is done at the new moon,
pigs will come and damage the crops.
It is tabu to cut rattans at the edge of a clearing in which
padi is planted.
Tabus connected with food.
The flesh of the following animals is forbidden to women
and it is thought that the breaking of the tabu would cause
the children to suffer from convulsions. Some laxity of
observance, however, with regard to these customs seems to
be creeping in ; and it is a matter for the woman herself
whether she observes all, or any, of the prohibitions.
The Muntjac.
The species of tortoise called Bailing by the Malays.
The Mouse deer.
The Rusa deer (tabu not observed by all women).
The Fowl.
It is not customary for the Sakai to eat fowls reared in
their own village, though they will consume birds bought from
outsiders, provided that they have not been kept in the village
for a day <>r two. They told me that the reason for this was
* The nose-flute does not seem to be known in this district.
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 81
that they had pity on animals which they had brought up
themselves. Double bananas are no1 eaten by the women,
since they think that to do so would cause them to have twins.
Twins do not seem to be welcomed, the reason being, the
Sakai said, that one of them always died.
Peppers may not be eaten with the flesh of birds or
animals, as, if this is done, traps set in the jungle will catch no
game. This prohibition does not, however, apply to fish.
Among the Kinta Sakai it is tabu for the usual names of
certain animals to be mentioned while their flesh is being
eaten. Curiously enough, it is not forbidden to mention their
names while out hunting them. Below I give the English,
ordinary Sakai. and Sakai tabu names of some of these :—
Ordinary
Sakai Name.
English Name.
Tabu Name.
Bamboo rat.
Takatoi
■ or Dekak.
Nyam awin (i.e. bam-
boo meat).
Fowl.
Manuk.
Chep (bird).
Brok monkey.
Dok or
Dog.
Hoi-wet or Hoi-ket
(said to mean "no
tail.")
A Monkey (Hylo-
bates sp.)
Senalu.
Bersentah (i.e. the
tailed one).
Muntjac.
Jet.
Penyel (said to mean
"red.")
Mouse deer.
Sambhur.
Bichok.
Tata-jeruk.
Reluk (said to mean
"big eyes.")
Nyam: (meat. Equi-
valent to the Ma-
lay word lank).
Wild pig.
Porcupine.
Heyhak
Chekos.
Amboit.
B e rj a I a k (i.e. the
thorny one).
Bear.
Ta'pus.
Mes-mat (small eyes).
Rhinoceros.
Tata-gu
1 u.
Tata-menu.
If a man, in cutting up the flesh of an animal, which has
a tabu name, wounds his hand, he must not leave the house
for four days, or he will be eaten by a tiger.
The Ulu Kinta Sakai, as do the Temengoh people, believe
in the bad luck which will pursue anyone who goes out with
an unsatisfied craving of any kind, and they also apply to this
belief tlie wind shelentap 01 shalantap, which is difficult to trans-
late, but is seemingly equivalent to the Malay kempuiian. One
Sakai with whom I had been talking about this mailer, having
been given a couple of biscuits shortly afterwards, went round
among his companions, who were squatting near my tent, and,
chiefly, I think, with the idea of giving me a practical
82 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
demonstration, broke off a bit of biscuit for each man, saying
as he gave it to him " shalantap" Apart from greediness, I am
inclined to believe that some idea of this kind may be the
reason why, if one Sakai is given something to eat, all the
others expect to receive a little too, even if they see that your
stock of that particular article is almost exhausted.
I could not find out that the Kinta Sakai have any name
for fish in general, but the word kak (commonly used for
"fish" by other tribes) is applied to the Tcngas, about the only
species which is common in the head waters of the Kinta.
The Sebarau, the Haruan and others are not recognised as kak.
While fishing for Tengas, or while it is being eaten, its name
kak must not be mentioned, but the Malay word ikan (fish)
used instead.
While tabu food of any kind is being eaten, lice may not
he cracked, nor hair burnt in the fire. The breaking of this
prohibition would entail the penalty of the offender being
seized by a tiger.
Other Tabus.
It is tabu for a man, on leaving a friend's house, to
promise to return to sleep there, and then neglect to do so.
If he does not keep his promise, his friend will be taken by a
tiger.
It is tabu for a man to stop behind after promising some
friends to go on a journey with them. If he does so, his
friends will fall ill by the way.
It is forbidden to a man to mention the names of his
father, his mother, or his mother-in-law. A mother-in-law
may not be spoken to, touched or even passed by, unless at a
distance. Similarly a woman must avoid her father-in-law.
Marriage Customs.
I was given to understand that first cousins might not
marry, but that first cousins once removed might do so. Two
wives were said to be allowable, but not three. A man usually
takes a wife from another settlement. After marriage the
man lives with his wife's family for some time.
Burial Customs.
Though I had no opportunity of visiting a Sakai inter-
ment, some rather interesting information with regard to
burial customs was given me by the headman, Udah. He told
me that graves were dug to about a depth of a foot more than
the height of a sitting figure (so that the spirit or corpse may
be able to sit up) ; and that the body is placed at the bottom
of the excavation, lying with the head in the direction in
which it was when death occurred, the orientation of the grave
being of course such as to render this possible. The hole is
covered in with a roofing, which is almost on a level with the
surface of the ground, while the earth from the excavation is
piled up on this, the mound being topped by a hut of some
1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 83
sort. Food is placed at the grave, and a fire is lit there for
seven consecutive mornings. The belongings of the deceased
arc placed either in or on the grave, and are purposely dam-
aged (probably in order to set free the souls of the articles for
the dead man's use) before so disposing of them; a blow-pipe
for instance being broken in the middle, and a dart-quiver
split down one side. I asked L'dah for an explanation of this
custom, and he replied, that if they put an adze in good
condition on the grave, it would look bent or crooked to the
ghost of the dead man, but if they put one that was bent or
broken there, it appeared straight to the spirit.
A death necessitates the desertion of the settlement, but
the Sakai are not afraid to return to the clearing in the day-
time to get the produce of any crops which may be growing
there.
Vocabularies.
I give below a vocabulary obtained from a Sakai of the
Ulu Kinta; and with it, for purposes of comparison, another
taken by myself in 1915 from a " Hill Sakai" of the Temengoh
District. With regard to the Kinta vocabulary, it is rather
curious that, while I could obtain no word for " animal," there
is one, tata, which is used of large animals only. Furthermore,
two of the animals to which this word is applied have names
which denote their peculiarities. Thus the Sambhur is called
Tata-jeruk, jeruk meaning "long" or "far," from the fact that
it has long legs, while the Bear, which the Sakai tell me is
very fond of tepus fruits, is named Ta'Pus or Ta'apus, a con-
traction for Tafa'tepus. There is, I find, on comparing the two
vocabularies, some confusion in the terms employed for denot-
ing various relationships. For instance, the words given to
me by the Ulu Kinta Sakai for "husband" and "wife" were
toulf and leh, while in the Ulu Temengoh vocabulary the
order is reversed. I have entirely omitted several relation-
ship terms, in which there seem to be inconsistencies. Sen-oi
is the word used by the Kinta aborigines to denote men in
general (homines) and they gave me the following examples
of its use : —
Sen-oi Gop, A Malay.
Sen-oi Begyek, An European.
Sen-oi Beg, A Sakai.
English. Malty. Sakai U. Kinta. ^rlmengo),)
Head ... Kepala ... Kuie ... Koie
Ear ... Telinga ... Gentok ... Gentog
Eye ... Mata ... Mat ... Mat
Nose ... Hidong ... Muhr ... Muh
Nostril ... Lubang hid- Lubang muhr Umok muh
ong.
• In the comparative vocabulary " Pagan Races" ton is given as a word for
"Male" obtained from a Tanjong Rambutan Sakai.
December, 1916. 7
8 4
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
English.
Malay.
Sakai U. Kintt
Sakai Bukit
' (XJ. Teinengoh.)
Cheek
.. Pipi
Kapok
Kapok
Mouth
.. Mulut
Nyark
Nyug
Lip
.. Bibir
Sentor
Lentag
Tongue
.. Lidah
Lentak
Leheng
Tooth
.. Gigi
Moin
Lemoin
Chin
.. Dagu
Chakak
Yakak
Neck
.. Lihir
Geloh
Geloh
Throat
.. Tengkok
Tangun
Tangurn
Shoulder
.. Bahu
Yung
Pog
Arm
.. Lengan
Sapal
Sapal
Elbow
.. Siku
Kanvong
Kanyong
Hand
.. Tangan
Tig '
Ting
Thumb
.. Ibu tangan ...
Tabok tig
Tabok
Finger
.. Jari
Jari
Jari
Finger-nail .
.. Kuku
Cheros
Chendros
Thigh
.. Paha
Beluk
Blik
Knee
.. Lutut
Karol
Karol
Shin
.. Tulang kering
Kemong
Kemong
Foot
.. Kaki
Juk
Kapar
Heel
.. Tumit
Deldul
Deldul
Sole
.. Tapak kaki ...
Taparjuk
Juk tapar
Toe
.. Jari kaki
Jari juk
Juk
Breast
.. Dada
Dar-heuk
Dadak
Back
.. Belakang
Keruk
Kreuk
Heart
.. Jantong hati
Hup
Bod
Liver
.. Hati
Hinum
Hug
Stomach
... Perut
Eg
Aig
Navel
.. Pusat
Panik
Panig
Intestines
... Isi perut
Wak
Blood
,.. Darah
. Lot
. Lorn
Bone
... Tulang
. Tunleng
. Jeharng
Skin
... Kulit
. Sempok
. Sempok
Hair
... Rambut
Suk
Shug
Old
... Tua
, Tatah
. Tatak, Kebid
Young
... Muda
, Litong
Patun
Fat
... Gemok
. Menung
Chekeng
Thin
... Kurus
. Suak
Na-semog
Hot
... Panas
. But
Bud
Cold
... Sejok
. Dekat
. Dekad
Blind
... Buta
. M
. Hoi-chung
Deaf
... Tuli
. M
. Hoi ta begen-
tog (deaf
man).
Dumb
... Bisu
. M
. Langau
Fever
. .. Demam
. Gik
. Najeh
Itch
... Kurap, Kudis
Gas, kudil ..
. Gas, choid
Vomit
... Muntah
. Kok
. Koh
Gripes
... Sakit perut ..
. Pedik eg
. Kab-ig
Diarrhoea
... Chirit
. Imharp
. Naham
M = Mala
,y word used.
[ 9 i6.J I. H. X. Evan's
English.
Malay.
ikai of the Korbu River. 85
Sakai U. Kinta. Sakai Bnkit
1 I ' . Temengoh).
Cough
Batok
Suwad
Sengod
Dead
Mati
Kebus
Kebus
Putrid
Busok
Sob
Sashok
Father
Bapa
Beuk
Mother
Ibu
Boh
Nyok
Husband ..
Laki suanu ...
Touh
Wife
Bini
Leh
Male
Jantan
Baber
Baber '
Female
Betina
Babok
Babok
Man
Orang laki-
laki.
Touh
Women
Orang perem-
Babok
Babok
Person
puan.
Orang
Sen-oi
Senoi
Son
Anak laki -laki
Kuod baber ..
Kungis
Daughter
Anak perem-
puan.
Kuod babok..
Kuod babok
Child
Kanak kanak
Bong(/)atong
(;«)
Kuod
Boy
Budak laki laki
Atong
Kungis
Girl
Budak perem-
Aleh
Kuod babok
Maiden
puan.
Anak data ...
Menaleh
Kumon
Elder brother
Abang
Keluh
Kelok
Elephant
Gajah
Tata-gas
Tangel
Rhinoceros ...
Badak
Tata-guru
Hagap
Tapir
Tenok, badak
tampong.
Barong
Gam
Seladang
Sapi?
Sapi
Bear
Beruang
Ta-apus
Kauib
Deer
Rasa
Tata-jeruk ..
Seig
Chevrotain
N a poh, p 1 a n -
dok.
Napcih, bichok
Becliog
Wild pig
Babi hutan ...
Heykak
Amboid
Porcupine
Landak
Chekos
Lanug
Dog
Ahjing
Chuok
Chuok
Wild dog ...
Anjingserigala
Chuok meiigh-
ok.
Mengkong
Tiger
Harimau
Marmuk
Manm
Black panthei
Harimau kuni-
bang.
Marmukr
Baling
Wildcat
Kuching hutan
Semagar
Jet-ung
Cat
Km hing
Kuching
Had kuchir
cheuchog.
Bear-cat ..*.
Benturong ...
Tenuk
Civet-cat
Musang
Rengher
Kenidg
Large squirrel
Tupai nand-
ong.kerewak
Kraleh
Kedig (?)
Small squirrel
Tupai k a m -
pong.
Rengnain
Achoh
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. V
English.
Malay.
c i • rr T , ■ . Sakat Buktt
( L . 1 cmengoh.)
Flying lemur
Kubong
Ampak
. Anchong
Loris
. Kongkang,kera Kelpem
. Kayi
duku.
Bamboo rat ..
. Dekan
. Takat
. Hayum
Rat
. Tikus
. Kedig
. Kenon
Gibbon
. Unka
Legrub
Monkey
. Lotong
. Besik
. Shenalu
ii
. Kera
. Areit
. Jerau
■i
. Berok
. Dok
. Apong
Fruit-bat
. Keluang
. Kaweid
. Kaweid
Bat
. Kelawar
. Taper
. Taper
Crocodile
. Buaya
. Bahaya
. Buayar
Monitor-lizard
Biawak
, Parik
. Gre-ek
Grass-lizard ...
, Bengkarong..
, Tarok
. Payard
Flying-lizard
Chichak kubir
i Hanok
. Tarong
Land-tortoise
Kura-kura
baning.
, Kura.sil.kenot
: Karuak kenog
Water-tortoise Labi-labi
Pa-as
Pa-ash
Snake
Ular
Tajuk
Tajuk
Python
Ular sawah ...
Telud
Frog
Katak
Sek-nuk
Changkei
Fish
Ikan
Kak (?)
Kak
Horn
Tandok
Balok
Balok
Tusk of Ele
■ Gading
Balok (?)
Geneh
phant.
Tail
Ekor
Sentak
Sentak
Hornbill ...
Enggang
Teruk
Halang
Hawk, eagle ...
Lang
•Hlak
Klang
Owl
Burong hantu
Huhui
Huhui
Egret
Bangau
Jungle-fowl ...
Ayam denak...
Manuk denak
Tadur, sieng
Argus-phea-
Kuao-kuang ...
Kuak
Kuang
sant.
Green-pigeon
Punai
Punai
Chechib
Crow
Gagak
Ekark
Agak
Kingfisher ...
Pekakak raja
udang
Pekakak
Burau
Woodpecker...
Pelatok
Pelatok
Tahmar
Magpie-robin
Murai
Birai
Birai
Egg
Telur
Tap
Tab
Feather
Bulu ayam ...
Sentol manuk
Shog manok
Beak
Paroh
Balok
Balog, che-
nong.
Ant
Semut
Bet
Kabid
Red ant
Kerungga
Lauer
Garud
White ant ...
Anai-anai
Bubok (?) ...
Kated
Bee
Lebah
Padou
Padou
Honey-
Ayer madu ...
Dengkui
Dingkui
Wax
Lilin
Kaluoi
Shud
Hornet
Terbuan
Jenjak
Langir
tniG.] I. H. X. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River.
English.
Malay.
ct, ; tt !■■ i Sakai Bukit
(U. Temengoh).
Wasp
Penyengat ..
. Rejau, huk ..
Jenjug
Fly
Lalat
Ruoi
Ruoi
Black scorpion Kala
. Mangai
Jungei
Small scorpion Kala jengking
Slerdor
Engchesh
Centipede ..
Lipan
Kehep
Keheb
Millipede
Sepak bulan..
Tanglung
Talei
Cockroach ..
Lipas
Garip, ser
Chelapog
Spider
Labah-labah..
Geng-ong
Krelbol
Cocoanut
Kumbang
Gintus
Tawing
beetle.
Mosquito
Nyamok
. Sebik
Kebok
Tree
Pokok kavu ..
Bo'jehuk
Jehuk
Bough
Dahan
C hem park
jehuk.
Tabak
Root
Akar pokok .
Latong
Tengteng
Leaf
Daun Kayu ..
Selat jehuk ..
Shelak
Flower
Bunga
Bungar
M
Fruit
Buah kayu ..
Keburk jehuk
Kebuk
Fungus
Chenduan
Buhr
Bur (killing,
fungus on
tree trunks)
Bamboo
Buloh, aur
A w i n k e 1 o 1
awin temark
(near water
awin suor
(B. wrayi).
Awin
Rattan
Rotan
Tali
Tali
Thorn
Duri
Jalak
Jalak
Rice
Padi
Bah
Bah
n
Beras
Cheroi
Beras, kok.
i)
Nasi
Chanak
Chenin
Banana
Pisang
Teluie
Telui
Areca-nut
Pinang
Jerok
M
Durian
Durian
Sempak
Penrug
Tampoi
Tampui
Tampoie "...
Tampoi
Rambutan ...
Rambutan
Susuk
Lichag
Sireh-leaf
Daun sireh ..
Sireh
Sireh biad
Screw-palm ...
Mengkuang ..
Salek
Budap
Terap-tree ...
Terap
Hah-uk
Ued
Forest
Hutan
Mabek
Cherog
Yam
Ubi kayu
Kuoi
Had ubi
Keledek
Seung
Gak
,,
Keladi
Gong
Berak
To walk
Berjalan
Chep-chib ...
Chib
,, run
Lari
Deduk
Dadok
,, stand
Berdiri
Tetut
Tud
„ sit
Dudok
Gel-gul
Gul
,, lie down ...
Berbaring ...
M'adat
Wog
,, sleep
Tidor
Sek-lok
Shelog
M = Malaj
word used.
Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
English.
Malay.
Sakat U. Kit
Sakai Bukit.
' [U. Tanengoh).
To snore
.. Berdengkot ..
Hinum
.. Kenekug
,, jump
. . Melompat
M
... Panchar
„ climb
.. Menjat
. Ek-oit
... Oig
„ hold
■■ Pegang
Kuop
.. Kwob
„ lift up
.. Angkat
. Beuk
.. Angkid
., throw
.. Lempar,
lontor.
■>
Pekah
„ scratch .
.. Garu
. Gesh-gish
.. Gish
„ spit
. . Ludah
, Gentok
... Getok
„ bite
.. Gigit
. Nakap, kap
... Kop
,, pinch
.. Chubit
. Pinyet
... Cheket
,, wash
.. Basoh
. Sud
... Re-ed
„ bathe
.. Mandi
. Mali mud,
mehmu.
Mamuh
„ cook
.. Memasak
. Meched,
berched.
Chet
„ eat
.. Makan
. Chechak
... Chak
,, drink
.. Minum
. Imoh
... Ong
,, chew
.. Mamah
. Beus
... Die
„ fly
.. Terbang
. Nahek
... Heng
Sun
.. Mata hari
. Mat-ish
... Mad-ish
Moon
.. Bulan
. Gechek
... Gechek
Star
.. Bintang
. Peloie
. .. Perloie
Cloud
.. A wan
. 01
... Sagub
Mountain
.. Gunonu
. Jelmol
... Jelmol
Hill
.. Bukit
. Tenuh
... Gerbok
Da\
.. Siang
. Nayah
... Jemiah
Night
.. Malam
. Laivek
... Laieg
Thunder
.. Guroh, petir..
. Brehelak
... Engkup
Wind
.. Angin
. Nahul
... Jerop
Rain
.. Hujan
. Natur
... Natur
Storm
... Ribut
. Sagup
... Kabut
Fire
... Api.
. Us
... Os
Water
.. Ayer
. Ong
. .. Ten
Smoke
.. Asap
. Per-ut
... Pengud
One
.. Satu
. Nek
... Neh (do-nek
ist)
Two
.. Dua
. Nar
... Nar (do-nar
(2nd)
Three
... Tiga
. Nek
... Nek
Four
. .. Ampat
. M
... Lebeh
Five
... Lima
. M
... Tabok
Ashes
... Abu
. M
... Ual
Salt
... Garam
. M
... Empoid
Tobacco
... Tembakau ..
. Akau
... Akau
Stone
... Batu
. M
... M
Earth
... Tanah
. Teh
... Teh
A clearing
... Ladang
. Slai
... Shelai
M = Malay word used
1916.] I. H. X. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River.
89
English.
Malay.
Sakai I ' . Kinta
Sakai Bukit
' (U. Tenu7igoh.)
House
Rumah,
pondok.
Dik, dingrup
Dig
Roof
. Atap rumah ...
Kenrob, dik ...
Kenrob
Chopper
Axe
Knife
. Parang
. Kapak,
beliong.
. Pisau
Woit
M
M
Joh-oid
Kapok, jek
Cloth
. Kain
Abat
Abat
Girdle
. Gendit, kendit
Gendit
?
Spear
. Lembing
Bulus
Bulus
H low-pipe
Mouthpiece ..
. Sumpitan
. Pngkal
Blau
Tebog blau ...
Blau
Tebul blau
Muzzle
sumpitan.
. Mata
Penisuis blau
Shoi
Quiver
sumpitan.
. Tabong bekas
damak.
Luk
Luk
Quiver cords
Tali tabong ...
Tig luk
Chenrai luk
Dart
. Damak
Rok
Shigar
Point of dart
Mata damak...
Soie Rok
Shoi shigar
Butt of dart ..
. Pangkal
damak.
Basok rok ...
Pashug shigar
Dart holder ..
. Sarong damak
Saret rok
Not used,
sometimes
small tubes
of darts
Poison
. I poh
Pelaimenut..
Dog
M = Malay word used.
XI. ON A NEW RACE OF CALLOSCIURUS
ATRODORSALIS vGRAY) FROM NORTH SIAM.
By H. C. Robinson & R. C. Wroughton.
CALLOSCIUKUS ATRODORSALIS ZIMMEENSIS, Sttbsp. 110V.
Type: Adult female (skin and skull), British Museum No.
9, 10, ii, 20. Collected at Chiengmai, North Siam, on 12th
April 1908 by Mr. T. H. Lyle and presented to the National
Museum. Collector's Number 245.
Diagnosis. A local form of C. atridorsalis, in which the
dorsal patch is almost obsolete and the rufous undersurface
broken by a patch, coloured like the back, on the throat, chest
and a narrowing area of the abdomen.
Colour. General colour above the usual olivaceous grizzle,
the dorsal black patch almost obsolete; below the throat, chest
and a wedged shaped area, extending to at least half the length
of the abodomen coloured like the flanks, the remainder nearly
hazel. Face like back with no trace ol the bright colouring
so characteristic of tvpical C. a. atrodorsalis. Hands and feet
finely grizzled, at least as dark as the back. Tail rather as in
C. caniceps concolor than in C. atrodorsalis, i.e. the fulvous
shading of the hairs so common in the latter almost entirely
absent in this form.
Dimensions. External dimensions of the type, taken in
the flesh; head and body, 217; tail, 205; hindfoot, 49; ear, 21mm.
Skull: Greatest length, 55; basilar length, 42; zygo-
matic breadth, 32; nasals 17; diastema, 12; upper-molar series.
10. 6mm.
Remarks. A fine series of 12 specimens, all with one
exception taken between 700 and 1,000 feet in altitude, is quite
constant in showing the obsolescence of the black dorsal patch
and equally so in the encroachment of the dorsal colouring on
the throat, chest and anterior abdomen. An individual taken
at Muang Pai on the Salwin watershed shows intergradation
with other forms from British Burma.
XII. ON TWO LITTLE-KNOWN RATS FROM
WESTERN JAVA.
By H. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
Owing to the fact that the work of Mr. Shortridge, the
only modern collector of mammals in Java (vide P.Z.S. 1909
U 1 . PP- 37 1 ' et se( F>) xvas mainly confined to the lowlands and
to cultivated districts, but little trapping having apparently
been carried out in heavy jungle our know ledge of the murine
fauna of Java, with the exception of the forms parasitic on
man is almost entirely derived from scattered notices by
Dr. Jentink in the " Notes of the Leyden Museum," while his
descriptions being generally founded on ancient and imperfect
specimens and not conforming to modern standards, render it
somewhat difficult to identify the species intended by him.
During a recent visit to Java I succeeded in the course of
a month's stay on the Gedeh Volcano in the l'reanger Regen-
; a height of from 4,500 to 8,000 feet, in trapping several
hundred rats, belonging to seven species, all of which, with the
exception of a series of A', concolor obtained in the immediate
vicinity of native houses were secured in primaeval jungle.
Four of these species will be described in the forth-
coming paper on the Mammals of our Korinchi Expedition,
being closely allied to new forms from Sumatra.
The remaining two species have already been described
bv Jentink but I think it well to redescribe them here in view
of the paucity and age of his material.
Rattus lepturus (Jent.).
Mm lepturus, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. ii. p. 17 (1879).
(" Java " ex Temminck M.SS. |
Form slender, tail very much longer than head and body.
Pelage very long, soft and woolly, entirely devoid of spines.
Ear very large, rounded. Skull with small but globose bullae.
Tooth row exceptionally long, the teeth large.
Fur composed of two elements only, viz.. long and very
fine piles most abundant on the rump, extending almost to
the nape but practically absent on the sides and the ordinary
underfur, which is very long and soft, sooty grey at the base
and fulvescent buff at the tip, the flanks, and sides of the neck
brighter, cinnamomeous buff. Top of the head and perioculai
line speckle of wood-brown, buff and bla< k with grey
bases, hands and feet greyish white with brown median
streak: vibrissa- black, n few white at the base. Underparts
pure creamy white to the base of the fur. No buff g<
median stripe on the belly. Tail very finely ringed, slighth
Sept., 1917.
94 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
pencillatc at the tip, blackish at base above, whitish beneath,
the distal third whitish above also. Ears extremely finely
haired, almost naked.
Skull -—Except for the large size of the teeth there is
nothing especially peculiar about the skull. It is lightly built
and even in very aged specimens not heavily ridged, nor does
it present the marked cranial flattening present in rats of the
surifer group. Nasals are slender, pointed posteriorly and
extend up to or beyond the maxillary suture. Mesopterygoid
space markedly horse-shoe shaped, the palatal foramina long,
extending behind the roots of the anterior molars. Ante orbital
plate broad, projecting slightly forwards, zygomata slender.
Bullae small but not flattened.
Specimens examined : — Over sixty of all ages.
Measurements : — For detailed measurements see pp. 96, 97.
Ill - pretty rat was extremely abundant on the Gedeh
and Pangerango at high elevations, becoming scarce below
about 5,600 feet. It was seen throughout the day and at
Kandang Badak no trap remained set for more than a very
few minutes.
In the crater of the Gedeh it was observed in numbers
feeding on the pods of a leguminous tree (Piihecolobium) .
Remarks: — This species belongs to a group of which the
following can be stated to be members, though the section
probably contains other Chinese forms regarding which we
are not in a position to make any remarks. From comparison
with the type the present form is closest to R. brahina (Thos).
1. Mus Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal and
Tibet B.M. (1), p. 18 m. Nepal.
2. Epimys eha, Wroughton, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Bombay, xxiv, p. 420 (1916). Sikkim (8,1
j. Epimys lepcha, Wroughton, loo cit. supra, p. 428.
Sikkim (5.350 feet.)
4. Rattus Kloss, Records Indian Mus. xiii, p. 8
(1917). {Mus cinnamouieus, Blyth nee Pictet.)
Shwegyin, Tenasserim.
5. Epimys brahina, Thomas, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bom-
bay, xxiii, p. 231 (1914).
Anzong Valley, Mishmi Hills.
The following an intly related and possibly
form a connecting link between tins group and the cremori-
venter section.
G. Epimys Miller, Smithsonian Misc. < ol!.
vol. 61, p. 21 (1913).
Mount Muleyit, T<
7. Epimys solus, Miller, lot . cit. supra, p. 22.
Pulau Terutau. W. Mala) Peninsula.
8. Epimys orbus, Robinson & Kloss, Ann. & Mai;. Nat.
Hist. (8) Xii, p. 2 88 (1914).
Bandon. N.E. Malay Peninsula.
1917O H. C. Robinson: Rats from Western Java. 95
9. Epimys fraternus, Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Straits
Soc. No. 73, p. 27j (1916).
Korinchi, West Sumatra.
In dealing with Oriental rats it has been the fashion to
regard thi ml specific character,
almost ol . though as Thomas has pointed
out this is /alue in South American 1
1 be true of the series
listed above, which are essentially mountain rats: R. Upturns
and R.brahma are ver) W00II5 rats without a trace of spines.
j spiny rat. In all however
lly underfur is well devi loped. R. fraternus is spiny at
low elf vatioi progressively more
woolly as the altitude of its habit: ;
bly additional wool ha loped at the
expense of spines in those localities where in addition to the
fall in temperature there is a verj - in humidity.
though 11 is fail to admit that the spiniest local rat, R. inas
is exclusively an inhabitant of high levels where the
precipitation is presumably high.
Ratti (Jent.).
um XXXIII,
[>. 69 (1910) (Pangerango, W. Java, 6,000'.)
Of th from
what is 1 lity. It is an inhabitant of
intermedi re above 7.000' or below 4.500'.
Jentink's description of this form is quite
except that he states that the ear is short, whereas it is
decidedly long for the size of the animal.
Fur of one element only fairly long and exti
and soft dark grey at the base tipped with buffy or hazel in
ffect very
from almost liver brow n tocinnamomeous. Underparts
which are sharply defined from the upper surface equally variable
from almost white 10 dark silvery grey. Head more gn 1 h
brown, sides of the n
Feetand hands yellowish white without dark metap
Ears Ion n finely ringed.
bicolor, the distal third yellowish white above and below.
Skull: — Witl features; nasals
decidedly spatulate, palatal f< rter and broader than
in Upturns; mesopterygoid space narrow. Bullae small,
slightly flattened and verj narrow; ridges in old spi
fairly pronounced. Teeth very small. Anteorbital (date sloping
■
Specimens examined : — Sixty-five, of all i
Me:-
Remarks:— I am unable for the present to rel
ts ■ ci ept foi
its iiit 1 1 - spines.
96 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
■?.
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i ■ j r r - H. C, Robinson: Rats from Western Java. 97
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Tjibodas, Gedah, W. Java
Kandang Badak, Gedeh.
W |ava, 7,900'.
Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol. VII,
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ei
XIII. ON THREE NEW RACES OF MALAYAN
MAMMALS.
Bj II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S.
NYCTIC] BUS COUi ANG [NSULARIS, SUbsp. UOV.
Type: — Old male (skin and skull) No. 963/15, Federated
Malay States Museums, collected at Sungei Nipa, south end
of Pulau Tioman, Pahang, on July 19th. 1915, by H. C.
Robinson.
Characters: Ulied to the mainland form. .V. c. bitkit
(Martin), but separated from that by the indistinctness of
the facial markings, the absence of any vertebral streak and
the general rufous colouring. Skull with the temporal ridges
not meeting; two pairs of upper incisors.
' 1 our: — Above ochraceous tawny, considerably paler
beneath ; head and face silvery, the eyes surrounded by a broad
ring of sienna brown, extended as a stripe from each eye
on the temple; bands and feet paler and more
Bases of the fur above and below pale grey.
Skull: Bullae and basal region of skull rather more
1 than in N. c. 1'iikit; temporal ridges separated by
about 8 mm. Incisors two pairs in the upper jaw.
Measurements: — Head and body (measured in the flesh)
265; hindfoot 53 : ear 14 mm.
Cranial measurements: total length, 60.0 ; basal length,
(.9.9 ; orbital breadth. 37.3: greatest width of skull, 40.1;
cranial breadth, 29.2; mastoid breadth 37.1 ; front of canine
to back of last upper molar, 21.5 mm.
Remarks: — The colour of this race sufficiently separates it
From V. c. buku while the absence of the vertebra] stripe
differentiates it from A", c. natunae, which, however, is
somewhat imperfectly known.
It appears doubtful if the characters of the temporal
ridges relied on by Lyon to separate the various rates of the
Slow Lemur can really be trusted to do so. In the present
specimen however it seems certain that they would never meet,
which would ally the Tioman race to those from Borneo and
Banka which have only a single pair of incisors in the upper
jaw whereas this one has two pairs.
The Slow Lemur is apparently rare in Tioman and is
unknown to the majority of the inhabitants. Our spi imi n
was obtained in felling a pat h ol heavy jungle at thi th
end of the island.
Incidently it may be noted that the proper name for the
Malayan Slow Lemur now generally known as .V. c.
malaiamts, (Anderson), is Nyclicebta c. buku (Martin) founded
Sept , 1917. 2
:o2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
on Semnopithecus buku, Martin, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 141.
ii p. 435 (1838) itself derived from Raffles' Kra Buku (Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 247 (1821) which is quite a passable des-
cription of the animal.
Lariscus [nsignis fornicattjs, subsp. HOC.
lyre: — Adult female (skin and skull) No. 876/15, Federated
Mala) States Museums, collected at Juara Bay, East Side of
Pulau Tioman, Pahang, on July 1st. 1915. by H. C. Robinson.
Original No. 6698.
Characters : — Differing from other forms of Lariscus insignis
(Cuv.i, m its somewhat slighter skull, the nasals broadening
less anteriorly and by having the rostrum decidedly more
arched laterally, i.e. the nasals meet it an angle instead of
lying practically in the same plane.
Colour: — As in the more southern specimens ol Lariscus
insignis jalorensis, being exactly matched by individuals from
the Triang District, Western Pahang and having the thighs
richly washed with rufous buff more so than in northern
specimens, but not approaching in richness of tint above, the
Singapore and Johore form. L. i. meiidionalis, Robinson &
Kloss. Area between the black back stripes, somewhat colder
in tint than the resl of the upper surface.
.Skull: — That of a typical Lariscus, though with the regularly
curved outline somewhat flattened in the region of the frontal?.
Nasals less splayed anteriorly and decidedly arched. Rostrum
generally more slenderly built. Bullae rather less convergent
than in the peninsular form so that the basioccipital is more
regularly quadrate in shape. The teeth are rather small but
call for no special comment.
Dimensions of the tvpe (measured in the flesh). Head
and bodv, 171 (180 1 ) : tail, 112 (100); Hindfoot, 44 1431; ear.
18 (16) mm.
Cranial measurements. Total length, 48.8 (48.2) ; condylo-
basilar length. 38.0(36.9); zygomatic breadth 27.1 (26.8); cranial
breadth, 20.0 1,20.21: greatest length of nasals, 15.6 (15.8):
diastema, 12.3 (12. 1); upper molar row including pml 8.9
(8.9); least distance from tips of nasals to lachrymal notch.
21.0 (21.01 mm.
Specimens examined: — Four, the type, and an adult and
two somewhat immature males all from the typical locality.
Remarks: — Though only slightly differentiated from the
mainland race, this form appears sufficiently distinct to merit
a name. In colour it is intermediate between L. i. jalorensis,
from the mainland and L. i. meridiona lis from Singapore and
the southern part of Johore. The characters of the nasals
however separate it from both these forms.
(1) Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male from the
samelocaHtv FM.S No 623/16
1917.] H.C.Robinson: Races of Malayan Mammals. 103
TOMEUTES rENUIS TIOMANICUS, Sltbsp. nov.
I ype :— Adult male (skin and skull) No. 728 15, Federated
Malay States Museums collected at Juara Bay, East side of
Fulau Tioman, Pahang, on June 23rd. 1915, by H. C. Robinson.
Original No. 6580.
Characters: — A dull form of T. tennis, more allied to the
northern race I. tenuis snrdus (Miller) than to the bnghter
typical form from the southern two thirds of the Peninsula
and Singapore Id.. [T. tenuis tenuis (Horsf.)). Differing from
T. tenuis sordidus (Kloss) from Great Redang Island, in the
greater amount of black on the tail and from T. t. snrdus in
the more olivaceous, less ochraceous ground colour of the
upper surface and in the reduction of the white tips to the
hairs of the tail.
Colour: — Above an uniform grizzle of black and dull
olivaceous buff, shoulders, thighs, ears more ochraceous, feet
and hinds grizzled blackish and ochreous buff not nearly so
bright as in T. tenuis tenuis from Singapore. Tail above
white, bases of the hairs ochraceous buff, less bright than in the
mainland races but much brighter than in the form from
Great Redang Id., median area clear black, with a narrow-
white tip. Pencil almost uniform black. Base of tail beneath
and scrotal region buffy. Beneath whitish with a strong
cream tint, the bases of the hairs except on the chin, throat and
median line broadly grey. Orbital ring, -ides of the face and
muzzle buffy ochraceous, the two latter more or less grizzled
with black. A clear buffy patch at the base of the vibrissae.
Skull and Teeth : — The skull and teeth show practically no
differences from the two mainland representatives and are not
reduced in size. The bullae are perhaps a little less globose
and slightly smaller and the constrictions which are very
noticeable in the mainland specimens are much less pro-
nounced. The zygomatic arches are a little heavier.
From the Great Redang, T. t. sordidus, the Tioman
animal differs in larger size and heavier and deeper rostrum.
The regularity of the maxillary nasal suture which is given by
Kloss as the only distinguishing cranial feature of bis form
does not appear to be reliable as it is not constantly present in
all the Redang specimens while it occurs in at least 15 per
cent, of specimens from othei sources.
Measurements: — Collector's external measurements of type :
head and body, 125 (136) ;* tail, 107 (109) ; hindfoot, 31 (30.5) '.
ear, 13 (13) mm.
Cranial measurements: greatest length. 37.1 (35.2);
condylobasilar length. 30.8 interorbital br idth, 12.2
1 1 2.()i : palatilar length, 15.9; diastema, 8.2; cranial I
1 n.i : zygomatic breadth, 22.1 121.71 maxillary tooth row, 6.9 :
median length of nasals. 11.1 nun.
Measurements in parentheses an I
No 1 j ^/i 3 collected on Kao Nawn
14th 191 3
104 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
(For detailed measurements see p. 105.
Specimens examined: — Twenty-six, all from the type
locality.
Key to the Local Malayan Races of
Fomeutes tenuis (Horsf.).
A. Larger forms; total length of skulls never less than 39
mm.
a. Larger, much more greyish
beneath, ochraceous yellow
patch on outer aspect of thighs,
strongly marked ... ... T. tenuis tahan.
a 1 . Smaller, more yellowish buff be-
neath, ochraceous yellow patch
on outer aspect of thighs only
slightly marked ... ... T. tenuis gunong-
B. Smaller forms; total length of skull nevermore than 37.5
mm.
b. Richly coloured forms: shoulder
and thigh patches, strongly
marked ; hands and feet bright
ochraceous buff ... ... T. tenuis tenuis.
b'. Dull coloured 'forms; shoulders
and thigh patches not strongly
marked; hands and feet dull
olivaceous buff.
c. Black element in pelage of tail
much reduced ... ... T.tenuissordidus.
c l . Black element in pelage of tail
normal.
d. More ochraceous above, ter-
minal whitish tips to tail
hairs well marked ... '/'. tenuis surdus.
i/ 1 . More olivaceous above, ter-
minal whitish tips of tail
hairs reduced ... ... 7". tenuis tiom-
aniciis.
1917.] M.C.Robinson: Races of Malayan Mammals. 105
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XIV. REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS FROM JAVA.
By X. Annandale, D.Sc, F.A.S.B., (Zoological
Sa i vey of India).
Mr. II. ('. Robinson lias kindly given me the opportunity
■ >t examining a collection oi reptiles and Batrachia made by
him in February, 1916, at Tjibodas, in tin- mountains of Western
Java, at altitudes between 4.71)0 and 6,500 feet. He lias further
permitted me to retain in the Indian Museum a first set of all
the specimens, including the type of the only new species, a
frog of the interesting genus Nyctixalus, Boulenger.
There i- no recenl monograph on the herpetology of Java,
but both the reptiles and the Batrachia are well known and
Tjibodas has been a favourite collecting station. In his
memoir entitled "A Contribution to the Zoogeography of the
Fast Indian Islands" Barbour 1 has discussed the distribution
of both groups in reference to lie island as a whole, but. as in
istern countries, then- is -till much to be done in the
study of local faunas.
Mr. Robinson's collection is evidently representative of
the local fauna of tin district in which it was mad.. It
includes specimens of 1 ', species of reptiles and of 1 ; of
bntrachians. as follow-:
Reptii I A.
Lizards
Gonyocephalus chamaeleontinus (Laur.) 10 specimens.
C alotes tympanistriga (Gray) ... to ,.
Lygosoma temminckii, D. & B. ... 28
Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl.) ... 7
Snakes—
Tropidonotus chrysargus, Sehleg. ... j specimens.
Zamtnh korrus (Sehleg. 1 ... 1 juv.
Oligodon bitorquatus, Boie .. 1 specimen.
Calamaria leucocephala, I). & B.- ... 1
' alamaria linitaei, Boie ... 3 specimens.
Psammodynastespulverulenins, Boie... .-;
Bimgarus candidiis, Linn. ... 1 specimen,
Doliophis intestina lis (Laur.) ... 1
Ancistrodon rhodostotna (Boie ... 2 specimens.
(1) Mem Mus Zocl Harvard, XLIV, No 1 (1912)
\ melanic specimen in which the greater part of the ientral surface as
ioS Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
Batrachia.
Rana grunoiiens, Daudin ... 2 specimens.
Rami kuhlii, D. & B. ... 2 „ (juv.).
Rami limnocharis, Wiegmann ... 7
Rana javanica, Horst. ... 1 specimen.
Rana chalconota (Schleg.) .. 23 specimens.
Rana jerboa (Gunther) ... 6
Txalm aurifasciatus (Schleg. 1 ... 21
Nyctixalus i<<hiust>ni. sp. nov. ... 3
Microhyla annectens. Bonlenger ... 17 „
Bufo asper, Gravenh. ... 1 specimen.
Bnfo cruentatus, Tschudi ... 20 specimens.
Megalophry* hasseltii (Tschudi) 3
Megalophrys montana, Kuhl ... 14 ,.
I have nothing further to say about the reptiles, all of
which are well-known species. Descriptions of the lizards
will be found in de Rooij's volume 1 on the Indo-Australian
lizards and Chelonia, and of the snakes in the British Museum
Catalogue.
The frogs and toads call for comment or description in
several instances, the excellent state of preservation of most
of Mr. Robinson's specimens permitting points hitherto obscure
to be elucidated.
FAMILY RANIDAE.
Genvis Rana, Linne.
Rana javanica, Horst.
1883. Rana macularia, var. javanica. Horst. Xoies Leydcn
Mus. V. p. 243.
1891. Rana nicobariensis, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hut.
(6) VIII, p. 291.
1906. Rana javanica, van Kampen, Weber's Zool. Ergebu.
Med. Ost.-lnd. IV, p. 392.
1912. Rana nicobariensis, Boulenger (in parti, Faun.
Malay Pen., Rept.. p. 240.
1912. Rana javanica, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Zool. Harvard
XLIV, p. 169.
There is a single specimen in the collection ; it is 32 mm.
long from the tip of the snout to the vent. I have compared
it with the types of Stolic/ka"s R. nicobariensis, which are faded
but otherwise in good condition. It differs from them in
most of the points noted by van Kampen as specific, notably
(1) The Reptiles of the Indo- iustralian Archipelago I. il.eiden: 1915).
igi7-] N. Annandale: Reptiles and Batrachians. 109
in tlie broader interorbital space and narrower web to the
toes. The colouration is also strikingly different. The back
is pinkish buff with sparsely scattered small round black spots
and with a faint pale middorsal line extending forwards from
the vent about half way to the shoulders. The sides of the
head and the anterior half of the body are black, but both
lips are white, the white area 011 the upper lip extends
backwards as a broad line as far as the axilla and there is a
narrow white line running forwards from the upper eyelid
to the tip of the snout. The sides of the posterior half of
the body are a little darker than the back and bear numerous
black spots: the area thus coloured is separated from the
dorsal surface by a thin black line. The fore limbs are pale
with indistinct dark spots of small size, but the hind limbs
are darker than the back and are marked with incomplete
dark cross-bars. A thin black line extends along the middle
of the upper surface of the thigh and behind it the skin is
spotted. The whole of the ventral surface is unpigmented.
A specimen of K. nicobariensis from the Jalor Caves, neai
Biserat in Peninsular Siam on the other hand, agrees fairly
well with the types of the species.
Genus Ixalus, d. & n.
Stejneger" has shown that in the strict 1< tter of the law
the name of this genus should be Philautus, Gistel. Four
species have been recorded from Java, namely flavosignatus
(Boettger), aurifasciatus (Schlegel), vittigera (Boulenger) and
pallidipes (Barbour). After some doubt I have decided that
ih I. hi;' series of specimens in Mr. Robinson's collection
all represent the second of these.
Ixalus aurifasciatus (Schlegel).
1^44. Hyla aurifasciata, Schlegel. Abbild., p. 27, pi. ix.,
fig. 4.
1882. Ixalus aurifasciatus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal.
B. M., p. 100.
Schlegel's figure gives a very good idea of the facies and
proportions, but it is evident from the specimens before me
that the colouration is almost as variable as in /. variabilis
from Ceylon and South India. None of these specimens
happen to bear the golden band across the forehead from
which the specific name is derived. There are two large
specimens (snout to vent 27 mm.) of very remarkable
colouration. In one the whole of the dorsal surface is black,
with irregular yellow streaks which converge inwards from
the sides. In the other the colours are the same but the
yellow predominates over the black. There seems to be no
vocal sac in the adult male.
I [] ,.„ |)
1917. j
no Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Genus Nyctixalus, Boulenger.
1882. Nyctixalus, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)
X, P . 35-
1912. Nyctixalus, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Zool. Harvard
XLIV (1), p. 70.
The only form hitherto assigned to the genus is the
type-species N. margaritifer, Boulenger. It is recorded as
being from "the East Indies." Barbour examined a specimen
from Tjibodas and published a figure, which is certainly
incorrect, (op. cit., pi. viii. fig. 32). He noted certain
peculiarities, however, that also occur in Mr. Robinson's
specimens. The differences must, therefore, be specific and
I describe the Javanese form as a new species, under the
name
Nyctixala's robinsoni, sp. nov.
Head large, triangular; snout pointed, a little longer
than the orbit; nostril about half way between the eye and
the tip of the snout, rather prominent. Tongue deeply-
notched, without free papilla. No vocal sacs. Interorbital
space flat, broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum hidden,
very small. A strong fold from the upper eyelid to the
shoulder. Dorsal surface of head and body with scattered
rounded tubercles ; eyelid tubercular; ventral surface of head
and body coarsely tubercular. Hind limbs long; tibiotarsal
articulation reaching the anterior margin of the eye or the
tip of the snout. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed ;
an obscure inner metatarsal tubercle. Discs on fingers and
toes at least as large as the tympanum. Digits short :
first finger not extending as far as second: toes about 1/3
webbed ; no web on the fore feet.
Length of head and body in type-specimen 20 mm.
Dorsal surface dark grey or brown, obscurely mottled;
a silvery cross-bar sometimes present between the eyes.
Flanks mottled with black and white. Hind limbs with
irregular brown cross-bars. Ventral surface speckled with
grey or entirely infuscated.
The species differs from A 7 , margaritifer in its small
hidden tympanum, in the position of the nostril and probably
in other points. The iris can apparently be closed completely
over the pupil, but Barbour's figure represents the opening
as very large and transversely oval, thus complete!) ignoring
the essential generic character, which is the vertical form
of the slit. Apart from this character and from its darkei
colouration the species closely resembles Ixalus aurifasciatus.
Locality. Tjibodas, Java: alt. 4,700-6.500 feet (February,
1916).
Type-specimen. No. 18,337 Rept., Zool. Survey India.
Cotypes in the Selangor Museum.
ioi7-] N. Annandale : Reptiles and Batrachians. 111
FAMILY PELOBATIDAE.
Genus MEGALOPHRYS, Kuhl.
Megali >riiK\ - mon rANA, Kuhl.
Kji.i. Megalophrys montana, Boulenger, Faun Malay Pen.,
AY/./., p. 277.
r.912. Megalophrys montana, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Zool,
Harvard XLIV (1) p. -7, pi. vii. fig. 30 (coloured figure).
In .Mr. Robinson's series there are several ipecimens
with minute appendages on the eyelids and snout and two
young individuals with these appendage; so well-developed
that they appear to represent a form intermediate between
M. montana and M . nasuta. I doubt, therefore', whether
M. nasuta (Schleg.) is more than a variety of M. montana.
Kuhl.
XV. FURTHER NOTES ON AN ABORIGINAL
TRIBE OF PAHANG
Bj Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a.
The following notes on customs, religious beliefs, etc. were
omitted from a former paper of mine in this Journal,* which
dealt with several of the aboriginal tribes of Pahang. They
refer to a tribe, or section of a tribe, of Jakun whose place of
origin is said to be Salang on the Tekam River. Pulau Tawar,
but who, when I met them, were settled on the Tekai River.
Beliefs with Regard to Natural Phenomena.
(i.) According to the Jakun the sun is held by an anteater.
When he rolls his body round it the light is no longer seen and
it is night ; but, when he unrolls himself, the sun shines clearly
and it is day.
(2.) The rainbow is a dragon in the sky.
(3.) An eclipse of the moon portends sickness.
(4.) Thunder is made by a spirit called Ninek,i who makes
a noise in his armpits by banging his arms against his body.
(5.) Ninik makes the lightning by Hashing a thin board
about which is attached to a string (i.e. a bull-roarer).
The Under-World.
The Jakun gave me some details with regard to their
belief in an under-world. I recount them below, just as they
were 1 told to me. —
There are dragons in the under-world and a single old
woman. She makes her house and her belongings from the
bones of people who have died upon the earth. Their ribs
become the floor of her house, their leg-bones the posts, and
their skulls water-vessels. This woman, when she has reached
the limits of old age, becomes young again. Her name is Arud.
The dragons, who have horns, are her playthings. One of
them is her special pet and sits close to her.
( ustoms and beliefs connected with death and
Burial.
The following details with regard to customs and beliefs
connected with death and burial were givi n me by one of the
men of the settlement,
* Vol. V, pp. 209-211 (1915)
t Nyam as an equivalent for the Malay bantu is a c< mmon word in many
Sakai dialects. Ed.
ii4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
On a death occurring, the village is deserted. A corpse it
not buried, but is left in the house where death took place; fond.
tobacco and personal belongings being placed near to it. The
hut in which a body is left is often fenced round. Corpses are
not buried because it is thought that the spirits of the dead
would iind difficulty in making their way upwards if this were
done.
A Custom with Regard to Personal Names.
I was informed that names given in childhood are often
changed at about the age of puberty. For instance, the Jakun
told me that one man named Itam had formerly been called
Ketiel.
XVI. MALAY BACK-SLANG.
By Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a.
The following are some examples ol one kind of Mala)
back-slang cluikap balik (obtained from a Linggi, Negri
Sembilan, Malay), which is used by bad mannered Malay
children when they wish to talk secrets before their elders and
betters or before uninitiated companions. The first stanza is
a pantun in ordinary Malay, the second the same converted
into back-slang. A beginner is supposed to learn both of those
by heart m order to acquire a facility in this secret means of
communication, lino- do not serin to he any very well
defined rules fot converting irdinarj words into back-slang by
this method, i .• pi that in those of two syllables, the syllables
ire generall) transposed. In three-syllable words, letters or
ivllables may he inserted and the original letters or syllables
transposed, but the last syllable in many cases remains
unchanged.
Kioli rendah bunyi-nya burong.
Burong terbang deri sa'brang.
Hinggap sa'ekor atas bumbongan (tulang bumbong).
Menegoh bumbongan hanyut deri nln.
Perisek pekasam udang.
Anak rimau jantan mati jerongkong.
Yon yarah nubi nei ubong.
Nerubong terbarung rida serabung.
Ngahip jikou latung u-ung.
Megonoh latung u-ung nyor-at rida luhu.
Pesingik pesangam dahung.
Nahak mori tajan tima jikorong.
Further examples of ordinary Malay with back lang
equivalents.
(i) Angkou hendak ka'mana?
i i,; \ ii ■■ i angou nahak kenema ?
(2) Aku hendak pergi Taiping.
(2d) Kni n 1 1 1 . : I giper Pa) teng.
The next example was given to me by a Provinci
Well - Ii \ in in. In it the insertion oi addition of the letter s
eithei with, or without, a vowel before or following it ei ms
to be the chief feature. There appear to be many diffi renl
methods of talking back-slang.
Ill 1 Ian;; link pergi kenianii ?
ion Has nasak perasgisi kas ma n 1 a
n6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
The following are instances from Kuala Langat (fide Raya
Mutlak).
(i) Mari kita makan nasik ;
(in) " Rima taki kaman senak."
(2) Terima kaseh ; Sahaya baru sudali.
(2rt) " Matri sekah ; yahsa ruba dasu."
(3) Orang itu banyak tinggi.
(3a) " Raong too-i nyabak giting."
(4) Lebeh daripada anam kaki.
14.1) •" Beleh daparida mama kika."
(5) Besok kita pergi ka-singapura.
(5.7) " Sebok taki giper ka-Ngasingrupa.'
(6) Berapa hari baru kita balek ?
(6j) Pabera hira ruba taki lebak ?
(7) Barang satu minggu !
(ja) " Rabang tusa guming."
XVII. MALAY NOTES.
By Ivor H. N. Evans, b.a.
The following disconnected notes on some Malay beliefs
and customs, collected in the Malay Peninsula at various times
during the last four years, may possibly be: of interest, since I
do not remember having seen many of them recorded before.
In each case I append the name of the district from which my
informant came.
i Houses should not be built on promontories, eithei
those which jut out into the rivers or into padi
fields, as such places are frequented by spirits.
(From a man of Kampong Linggi, Negri
Sembilan).
(ii) If you hear a noise at night in the jungle, it is
forbidden to call out and ask your companions
what is making it. (From a man 'if Kampong
Linggi. Negri Sembilan).
i iii i A small species of house-cricket, which is known to
the Malays as Semangat rumah, is said to indicate
the good or evil fortune oi the owner of a house.
If the cricket is lir>t heard low down in the wall
but gradually makes its way up higher, it is
considered to imply that the house-holder will
become rich. If. however, the sound of the
cricket is first heard high up, and then lower
down, monetary losses will be incurred. (From
a man of Kampong Linggi. Negri Sembilan).
(iv) Nests, either of the black ant or of the termiti an
sometimes thought to be the dwelling places of
spirits. (Awang, a Malay smith of Lenggong in
Upper Perak asked me one day to desist from
poking an ant-hill, winch si 1 i lose to his forge,
with my walking -tick. On my asking the reason
lie replied that there was a spirit in it. Ques-
tioned as to his grounds for thinking so, he said
that, if there were not, he did not see h<>\\ such
a tall mound could have arisen).
(v) It is unlucky to step over a fishing-rod which has
been left King on the bank of a river with the
line in the water. Mothers scold their children
if they do this when a family party is oul fi hing,
.1 - i he v think that no lish will be caught. (From
a native of Ijok, Selama District of Perak).
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
(vi) Women, while making the yeast tragi) for tapai
cakes, must not see a corpse, or, when they are
made, fermentation of the flour will not ensue.
(From a Malay oi Kampong Linggi. Negri
Sembilan).
(vii) According to Province Welleslej Malays fire-flies
are the clippings from peoples' finger nails.
viiii If you think that you have seen a ghost, you must
spit three times, in order that no evil results may
follow. (From a Province Wellesley Malay).
(ix) A couple of nights after the death of the late Sultan
Ahmad of Pahang (May, 1914) there was a bad
storm of wind in Taiping. This was considered
by all the Malays living in the town as a sign
of the Sultan's passing.
(x) If a cock and a hen copulate on the roof of a Malay
house, they are caught and killed. Both are
then skinned and the skins placed on slender
poles planted in the ground, one on each side of
a path. A cross piece is often tied to the upright,
a little way from the top, in order that the skin
of the body may be spread over it, while the head
and neck of each bird rest on the end of the
upright. The flesh of the birds is eaten by the
people of the house. The action is said to be
chelaka, i.e. unchancy. (1 saw two or three
instances of crucifixion of this kind when in
Upper Perak in 1913.
\x\) If a man washes his hands and in shaking the drops
from them (to dry them) splashes a companion,
the latter says. " Lcpas kali ?" (i.e. " Do you release
me ?"). To this the man who has been washing
must reply " Lepas" (i.e. I release you,. If this
were not done the sins (dosa^ of the man who
washed his hands would cling to the man who
was splashed. (I saw a man so splashed, and
heard the above question and answer in 1916.
The explanation was given to me by a Province
Wellesle)' Malay, one of the men concerned).
(xii) After the boria performances (connected originally
with the deaths of Hasan and Husain, but now
more or less comic entertainments given by bands
of Penang or Province Wellesley Malay youths,
who visit the houses of the wealthy in the month
Muharram) all those who have taken part in a
boria go after the last performance to bathe
ceremonially in order to rid themselves of the bad
luck [buang-kan sial.) which attaches to them as
having part in a dramatic performance. At Taip-
ing in Peiak the boria performers bathe at the
I. H. N. Evans: Malay Sous. tig
Waterfall, and, after this, partake i if a curry feast.
The washing of the body should be done with
seven dippers of water in which limes ami soap
n mixed till the water
is full of suds. When the bathing is over the
remains of the sintok and the limes are thrown
h h thrower saying, "Satu, dua,tiga buang!"
(i.e. "one, two, three, throw them away!"). The
•' soap " is, of course, washed off afterwards in the
ordinary way. Before the feast commences a
handful of food-all the kinds to be eaten being
included is taken and placed below a tree in the
jungle. The bona is performed only by Penang
and Province Wellesley Malays, and is said to
have originally been adopted from Indian Troops
stationed in Penang. | Information obtained from
Awang, a Province Wellesley Malay).
The root or fibre of Ciniiamomuin seiitu (?)
XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KEDAH PEAK.
VI. Botany.
By H. X. Ridley, M.A.. C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S.
Lam- Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements.
| The fulli'j'ing order belonging to the Monocotyledons was omitted
in Mr. Ridley's account of the Botany of Kedah Peak. Antea
pp. 37-88.]
XYKIDEyE.
Xyris Ridleyi Rendle.
Mixed with the next species. This was the original
locality of this plant.
Xyris oreophila, sp. nov.
A tufted plant about 12-18 in. tall. Stems swollen at
base. Leaves linear flaccid acuminate 8 in. long .1 in. wide,
(No. 6138) or rigid and narrower (5962). Culms slender,
terete 8 to 18 in. long. Capitulum obovoid .2 in. long.
Glumes brown, oblong, the lower ones truncate, emarginate,
uppermost blunt, entire, a paler thickened ridge in the centre,
the margin thinner but not scarious. Flowers bright yellow
.3 in. long, the tube slender, exsert. Petals broadly oblong.
obovate, minutely toothed at the rounded top, .15 in. wide.
Stamen? about half as long, staminodes short, plumed, style
and stigmas shorter than anthers. Fruit fusiform, dehiscing
down one side, seeds numerous, linear cyhndric, narrowed at
both ends 1 mm. long.
Kedah Peak 3000 feel alt. Nos. 5962, 6138, 6139. The
specimens of the latter number are evidently from a wetter
spot and are shorter and more flaccid. It is a much bigger
plant than X. Ridleyi. The petals are described as butter cup
yellow.
XIX. ON THE MONGOOSES OF HIK MALAY
PENINSI LA.
B) C. Bodi \ Ki oss, F.Z.S.
Si\ species of mon now known to occur in the
Mala) Peninsula, two of which arc described below. Oni ol
the six is apparently not indigenous; ii is:
Mungos mungos (Gmel.).
Mangusta malaccensis, 1". Cuv., Mamm. pi. 189 (1819).
Herpestes griseus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV,
p. Ja J I IN |<>
Herpestes pallidus, Anderson. Zool. Researches, p. 181
[878).
Herpestes mungo, Flower, P.Z.S.. tgoo, p. 331 : kloss.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus., II, p. [48 1908) ; id- journ. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 5;. p. 27 nqog^.
This animal is supposed to have been introduced from
India into Province Wellesley bj European planters: it is
apparently the typical form from Bengal ' with slightly
ferruginous face and feet and buff under-fui [vide Wroughton,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, XXIV, p. 51 u<U5)] but
should it prove different Cuvier's name will apply.
flu- F.M.S Museums have examples from the district of
Lai ut. Perak, which is adjacent to Province Wellesley. and
also a specimen from Kuala Lumpur. Selangor.
Measurements of a female from Taiping, Perak (No.
954/11): — Head and body. 373: tail. 282; hind-foot, 71: ear.
29 mm.
Mungos urva (Hodg
This species has not hitherto been recorded from the
Peninsula, [t is represented bj two examples an immature
female (permanent canines just appearing) and a juvenile
male from Trang. Siamese M ilaya, obtained in Januan [910
indistinguishable, on description';, from Himalayan
and Indo-Chinese animals.
Measurements of the female (No. C218 to) :— Head and
body, 151 : tail, 260: hind-foot, 96; ear 32.5. Skull: greatest
length. 91 : greatest breadth, [8 mm.
Mungos brachyukus (Cray .
Herpestes brachyurus, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. (N.S.), 1, p. 578
I Si 1 I'- nil. XV, p. i-j ! 1 1846 :
on, Zool. Researches, p. [87 (1878); Flower, P.Z.S.
124 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII,
1900, p. 332: Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, p. 148 (1908);
id. Journ. Straits Branch Roy; Asiat. Soc. No 53, p. 28 (1909).
Described originally as coming from " Indian Islands,"
Borneo, may be accepted as the typical locality,: the species
occurs also in Sumatra. We have no topotypes with which
to compare the Malayan animal but it does not seem to differ.
Specimens are in the F.M.S. Museums from Taiping,
Perak, and Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
Measurements of an adult female from the former place
(No. 124/141. Head and body, 412: tail. 239: hind-foot, S6 ;
ear 29.5 mm. Skull, greatest length, 99: greatest breadth,
50 mm.
MUNGOS JAVANICUS PENINSULAE, Schwarz.
Herpestes javanicus, Cantor. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV,
p. 241 (1846); Anderson, Zool. Researches, p. 185 (1878);
Flower. P.Z.S. 1900, p. ^j,2: Bonhote, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 873;
Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, p. 14s (1908); id. Journ.
Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No 53, p. 28 (1909).
Mungtts exilis peninsulae, Schwarz. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8) VI, p. 231 (1910).
The typical locality of peninsulae is Bangkok and the range
is given as " Malay Peninsula and Lower Siam." Members
of the species from Cochin-China and Annam, which are exilis
Gerv., are stated by Bonhote (P.Z.S., 1907, p. 6) to differ
" in their much redder colour from Siamese specimens
in their much deeper colour from Javanese specimens." To
me it appears well to regard animals from all these places as
races of javanicus (Desm.)
We have no topotypes of peninsulae but two animals from
the vicinity of Taiping. Perak, appear to be referable to it
though their tails are without any dark tip.
Measurements of an adult male (No. 971/13) :— Head
and body, 304 (371) 1 ; tail. 276 (254); hind-foot, 57 (63);
ear, 23 (20). Skull :— greatest length. 78.0 : basilar length,
6q.S ; palatilar length, ^".2: length of upper tooth row, c-m 2
(alveoli), 26.6: pm 4 , length 7.0, greatest diameter. 7.8: rostral
breadth across roots of canines. 13. 8: post-orbital constric-
tion, 11. o: breadth of braincase 26.0: zygomatic breadth.
39.2 mm.
MUNGOS PERAKENSIS, Sp. IIOV.
Type:— Adult female (skin and skull). F.M.S. Mus. No.
116/14. Collected at Assam Kumbang, near Taiping, Perak,
on 14th February, 1912, by E. Seimund.
Characters : — Like .1/. j. peninsulae (antea) but smaller;
about the same size as M. birmanicus (Thos.) of Burma, M.
rubrifrous Allen, of Hainan and M. siamensis Kloss, of Siam.
■ Measurements in parentheses those of the second adult male
(No 935/n).
1917-] C. B. Kloss: Mongooses of Malay Peninsula. 125
Colour : — Pelage a grizzle of blackish and buff, base of
hair dark brown on back, blackish on abdomen. Top of
muzzle blackish ; top of face and head dark rufous, finely
grizzled; lower cheeks ferruginous; median line of back
faintly tinged with rufous; fore and hind feet darker and
more finely annulated than the body; chin yellowish rusty:
undersides of body and limbs less speckled than the back.
Skull and teeth : — Do not differ from M. birmanicus or
siamensis.
Measurements: — Head and bod)', 316 (328) 1 ; tail 236
(253); hindfoot, 58 (54); ear, 24 (24). Skull: greatest length,
69.5; condylo-basal length, 67.3; palate length 36.0 (32.2);
upper molar row c-m- (alveoli) 24.5 (24.8) ; /»» 4 , length 6.8
6.9), greatest diameter, 7.2 (.7.5); rostral breadth above
canines, 12.3 (11.7) ; zygomatic breadth, 33.7 (31.5) mm.
Remarks: — The small size of this species immediately
distinguishes it from M. j. peninsulae though its colour is
almost exactly similar; the dark rufous head separates it
from birmanicus and its darker colour in general from siamensis.
MUNGOS INCERTUS, Sp. 110V.
Type: — Male skin collected at Ongut, Trang, Siamese
Malaya on 3rd February, igio.
Diagnosis: — Intermediate in size between M. peninsulae
and M. perakensis : pelage longer than in either ; head brighter;
colour generally rather more rufous, pale annulations coarser;
underside of body dull ochraceous, very slightly speckled ;
base of tail rather ochraceous below.
Measurements: — Head and body, 350 (361)-; tail, 276
(265) ; hindfoot, 63 (62) ; ear, 20 (22) mm.
Remarks: — I do not know of any species of which this
animal is the Malayan representative; it appears to be too
large for M. birmanicus, etc. Probably belonging to it are
two old mounted specimens in the Museums from Perak
which I have recorded as Herpesfes auropunctatus birmanicm
(Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53 p. 28, 1909)
but it is impossible to say with certainty as they have suffered
from exposure and no measurements have been recorded.
1 Measurements in parentheses those of a young adult female from the
same locality (No. 116/14).
isurements in parentheses those oi a female from near Taiping,
Perak (No •
Sept., 1917. 5
XX. ON TWO NEW PYGMY SHREWS FROM
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S.
Crocidura GRAVIDA, Sp. 110V.
Type (and only specimen examined): — Adult male
(skin and skull), F.M.S. Mus. No. 79/17. Collected on Pulau
Dayang Bunting,* Langkawi Islands, West Coast Malay
Peninsula, on 8th Dec. 1916, b}' H. C. Robinson.
Diagnosis: — About the same size as C. klossi, Robinson, of
the Redang Islands, Trengganu (C. major, Kloss, preoccupied) I
but tail longer and colour much less brow 11 : the greyest of all
the known shrews from the Peninsula region. Colour not to
be exactly matched by any of Ridgway's examples (Colour
Standards and Nomenclature) but nearest to dark Quaker
drab, with a tinge of brown strongest anteriorly; rather paler
below.
Measurements: — See table on p. 128.
Crocidura tionis, sp. nov.
Type-.—k&uli female (skin and skull) F.M.S. Mus.
No. 881/15. Collected on Tioman Island, East Coast Malay
Peninsula, on 1st July, 1915, by H. C. Robinson.
Diagnosis: — About the same colour as C. klossi but
smaller; about the same size as C. ncgligens, Robinson and
Kloss, of Koh Samui near Bandon, East Coast Malay Penin-
sula J but browner. General colour effect of upper parts
Benzo brown (Ridgway), the hairs having deep neutral grey
bases and brown tips: below paler and nearly neutral grey
slightly tinged with brownish mesially.
Measurements: — See table on p. 128.
Specimens examined: — Five, all from the type locality
* Pregnant Damsel Island.
I Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii, p. 117 (1911); fourn. F. M. S. Mus.,
<r, p. 194 (1911).
; Ann and Mag. Nat HUt. (8) xiii, p. 232 (1914); Journ. F. M. S. Mus..
. P- 133 (i9M)-
Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [VOL. VII,
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XXI. ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM PULAU
LANGKAWI AND OTHER ISLANDS ON THE
NORTH-WEST COAST OF THE MALAY
PENINSULA.
By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
The present paper is based mainly on a collection made
by Mr. Seimund and myself and .1 staff of native collectors on
the principal islands off the north-west coast of the Malay
Peninsula between the parallels oi (> N. and 7 30' N. during
the months of December and January, 1916-17.
The islands had for the most part been visited by us
previously for two or three days at a time and I have in many
cases included species obtained on these occasions where the
specimens have raised points of any interest. Many species
on the other hand, notably hawks and herons, which have
been sufficiently dealt with elsewhere are not here mentioned.
The collections are probably fairly exhaustive for the
islands of Langkawi and Terutau but are of course very
incomplete, for the other islands, which were only visited for
two or three days at a time, merely sufficiently long to obtain
representative series of the small mammals which were the
main objects of our visits.
It will be seen that the avifauna presents the same
general characters as those of all the other groups of islands
in the vicinity of the Malay Peninsula, namely, a great scarcity
of all the more strictly jungle frequenting species belonging
to the great family of Timcliidae, and the total absence of
Eurylaemidae, though we find a few species of Trogons, Barbets
and Woodpeckers orders which are entirely absent from the
islands off the coast of Pahang on the east side of the
Peninsula, these islands being smaller in extent and separated
from the mainland by broader stretches of deeper water.
Owing to the fact that our visit took place in the winter
months, migrator}- flycatchers, thrushes and warblers are well
represented, while a considerable number of shore birds were
also obtained or observed.
A brief account of the localities visited on the present
cruise is appended, while the synonymy has been restricted to
narrow limits, only two. papers which have some bearing
on the localities being usually quoted vi/ :
"On birds from the Northern Portion of the Malay
Peninsula including the Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ;
with notes on other rare Malayan Species from the Southern
Districts." By Herbert C. Robinson and Cecil Boden Kloss.
130 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Ibis igio, pp. 659-675, Plate X, and text figure 6, Ibis 1911,
pp. 10-S0, PI. 1, and text figures 5 and 6, quoted as " Robinson
& Kloss."
"Zoological Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedi-
tions to Siarn 1911-1912 and 1914-1915, IV, Birds, n," by Nils
Gyldenstolpe.
Kttngl. Svenska Vetenskapsakaemiens Handlingar. Band. 56,
No. 2, 1916, quoted as "Gyldenstolpe."
Pulau Paya. A small rocky island, covered with jungle
and without regular inhabitants, about two hundred and fifty
feet high, situated about sixteen miles west of the mouth of the
Kedah River in Lat. 6° 3', N. and Long. ioo° 3' E. and
separated from the mainland by depths of fifteen fathoms.
The island is about a mile in maximum length and about a
third of a mile in breadth. It has been visited by us several
times, on the last occasion at the end of April 1915, but no
birds of any great interest have been obtained on it.
A fruit bat [Pteropus hypomelanus geminorum, Miller), only-
known elsewhere from the Mergui Archipelago, was found to
be abundant on it (c.f. Kloss, antea, Vol. VI, p. 245 (1916).
Pulau Langkawi. This island, with those immediately
adjacent to it, is contained in an area roughly shaped as an
equilateral triangle with a side of somewhat over twenty miles
between the Latitudes 6° 9', and 6° 27' N. and Longitude 99
38' and 99° 56', E, separated from the mainland by a strait
ten miles wide at the narrowest part and by depths not
exceeding ten fathoms.
The island is extremely rugged in character, though in the
neighbourhood of the two principal villages. Kwah and Kuala
Malacca, there are considerable areas of flat land devoted to
orchards, rice and coconuts and of late years to the inevitable
rubber. There is also a large amount of cultivation on the
north coast, where a fairly dense population is settled.
Elsewhere the country is very mountainous, the highest
hill, Gunong Raja, reaching nearly 3,000 feet, while there is a
range of precipitous mountains at the north-west corner well
over two thousand feet in height. On the present occasion
we spent from the I2-I5th December at a place called Burau
at the foot of this range, where however no birds of any great
interest were obtained.
The geological formation of Langkawi is by no means so
generally limestone as is usually assumed and much granite,
quartzite, sandstone and other metamorphic rocks also occur.
Most of the smaller islets of the group and many of the
larger ones are, however, exclusively limestone and it is on these
that the many peculiar species of plants belonging to the
Langkawi flora are almost entirely to be found though
the forest flora generally appears to differ greatly from
that of the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. A con-
siderable collection of plants was made at Burau, but here as
nji;-J H. C. Robinson: Birds-from Pulau Langkawi. ijl
elsewhere we were unfortunate in finding most species out of
flower.
Dayang Bunting. A small island forming part of the
Langkawi group, mainly, though possibly not entirely, of
limestone, which in several places attains the quality of marble,
white and even in grain, almost saccharine, resembling that
found at Lenggong in Upper Perak and decidedly superior
to that of the tpoh Quarries. The island is (]uite uninhabited
and covered with jungle and is nearly everywhere steep-to,
though several deep indentations and the heads of bays are
filled with mangrove.
The chief point of interest in the island is the fresh
water lake which at two places approaches to within a few
yards of the shore and is separated from it by a narrow
rocky rim of no very great height so that the surface of
the lake is probably only a few feet above the level of the
sea. In shape it is a long oval 5-600 yards across by 1,100
or 1,200 yards long and is about 4J-5 fathoms deep close
to the shore, deepening to 8 in the centre and nowhere
exceeding Si, the depths being fairly regular. The bottom
is in places rock but mostly mud. There seems to be only one
species of fish in the lake and no fresh water sponges were
found round the edges or on twigs and logs afloat in the lake.
There is good anchorage near the island at the head of a
fiord leading to 1I1 : besl approach to the lake, which however
is much encumbered with coral knobs at its head. Fresh
water escapes freely through the sand and rocks of the shore
and large quantities of excellent quality can be obtained at
all seasons by the use of a hose.
With the exception of mousedeer most of the mammals
occurring on the main island of Langkawi occur on this one
also; no fruit bats were seen ami other species were scarce.
Land birds were exceedingly scarce, the only common
species being Cyomis sumatrensis. There were not many
insects about and the few butterflies obtained were of no
special interest. \ Cicada was heard and sand-flies were
only too common.
We did not actually see any biawak (Varanus sp.) though
they must occur. Four species of Draco were very common
and we secured one young Calotes versicolor and three species
of skinks. We also collected three species of frogs of which
one was very common at the edge of the lake.
At a considerably higher level than the large lake, the
Dyaks came across another pool, much smaller and largely
choked witli dead and fallen timber. The natives are aware
of its existence and state that in the dry season it contains
no water at all.
In addition to the zoological collections about 60 species
of plant- | seem to be < *l no vi 1
interest. Few of the rock plants were in flower. Orchids
132 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
were scarce and Gesneraceae, for which we came specially
to look, were not conspicuous or interesting and were almost
entirely out of flower.
Pulau Terutau. Pulau Terutau lies north of Langkawi,
from which it is separated by a channel about five miles
in breadth. I have little to add to the brief account of the
island given by Air. Kloss and myself in the Ibis for 1910,
pp. 666 et seq.
During our stay on the present visit, which lasted from
17 — 29th December we circumnavigated the island and
landed at several spots on the western shore which is very
bold and exposed though there are three large shallow bays
with fine beaches. The island is even more sparsely inhabited
than it was in 1907 and 1908, but a good deal of timber cutting
takes place at intervals. The collections of birds were neither
large nor of any great importance but we obtained a number
of mammals which were special desiderata of the Museum,
including the rare Petaurista terutaws, hitherto known only from
the type, and a new species of Arctogalidia.
Koh Libong or Pulau Telibux. Situated between
Lat. 7 12' and 7 18'. N. and Long 99 31' and 99 27', this
island is roughly an equilateral triangle in shape with sides
of about six miles. One face is high and rocky with a sandy
shore, the maximum height being put in the charts at about
1,450 feet, though this estimate is probably excessive. The
high land, which is on the western face, is comparatively
narrow and the rest of the island is low and flat, there
being a good deal of mangrove in places while further inland
there are sandy flats and grassy plains overgrown with gelam
(Melaleuca), several species of tall grass (though lalang is quite
absent) and a variety of prickly shrubs. The high land
is covered with jungle though in places where this has been
cleared for hill rice and the like, the landscape has assumed
a park-like aspect, very pleasing to the eye after the monotony
of the jungle of the southern islands, though by no means
so pleasant to traverse. The jungle is open and the under-
growth consists largely of a species of palm, with fan shaped
leaves, growing to about fifteen feet in height. Epiphytes
generally were scarce and orchids, in contrast to the islets
off Terutau and Langkawi, are by no means numerous. In
fact the botany generally was of no great interest-, doubtless
due to the fact that there had been but little rain for some time
prior to our visit and few plants were consequently in flower,
the most attractive being a small Begonia with rose-pink
flowers which grew on damp rocks on the shore, barely
above tide marks.
The flat portion of the island being unsuitable for collect-
ing upon and water being there scarce and indifferent in
quality, we anchored in a small bight off the N.W. corner
of the island where there was a small stream of excellent
water and a fine, sandy beach backed by good jungle. We
1917.] II. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 1.; ;
collected here from December 31st to January 4th, and
besides the mammals actually secured, which will be dealt
with later, obtained evidence id' the existence of a form oi
which is very dark in colour and of a
species of Paradoxurus (musang).
A very small bat, probably an Emballonura, was seen round
,1 flowering tree after dark, while the orang laid or coast
aboriginals told us th re many of the larger kluaug
(Pteropus) among the mangr »v - at certain times of the year,
though none wi n to be found at the time of our visit.
Neither Pig, Mouse deer or the Lotong {Pithecm obscurus)
an found on the island.
The strait separating the island from the mainland is
i'n i\ .1 mile wide at its narrowest part and curies less than
ten feet "i" water at low tide and it is therefore at first sight
surprising that the isl md forms of the mammals should differ
to the extent that they undoubtedly do from the mainland
stocks. It seem- probable, however, that the lower land
forming the eastern part of the island is of very recent
formation and that Telibun, in times geologically very recent
p irati i from the mainland by a deeper and wider strait
than is at present the
Birds, as our lists show, were few in number and not
particularly interesting in >pecies.
From the evidence of the rocks on the shore it would
appear that the island is in part composed of sandstones and
other similar formations though man) of the higher peaks
seem to be limestone.
Koh Mt'K or Pulau Muntia. A small island, roughly
circular or quadrangular in shape, about 6 miles NNW. of
Telibun and separated from it and the mainland by depths not
exceeding four fathoms. The WWW. and SW. parts of the
island consi-t of precipitous limestone bluffs coming down
sheer into the sea. the maximum hi ighl of the island being
about a thousand feet. The E. and SK. -ides however, are
lo \ and sandy and there is go id anchorage for small craft in
the SE. bay in about three fathom-. The western face is
much tissured by caves, some of considerable size, in which
esculenl swallows breed in great numbers while others are
inhabited by b <us melanopogon fretensis, Thomas).
Some of these caves appear to havi I n u ed as places of
sepulture, as wi ft agmentar) human bones in more
than one of them, but this fact has already bei n noted by
Annandale who has described skel t< 11 collei ted by him in
the vicinity.
At the time of our visit from . | -St h January 1917, there having
been little rain for over six weeks, the island was deficient in good
water. Then 1 earings on the eastern
side of the island, which is much frequented for fishing
purposes and for the collection oi beche-de-mer 01 trepang
Sept., 1917. .
134 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
(Holothurin spp.) which is extraordinarily abundant in the
sandy bays in from three to rive fathoms.
Besides the species of mammals actually obtained the kra
monkey. Macaca irus, is fairly common, while Seimund
came across a large specimen of Felts temmincki, feeding on a
big hawk. Our orang laid pilot showed us a cranny in the
rocks in which this " rimau " regularly bred. Tracks of otter
weir also noted in abundance.
Birds were more numerous than on most of the other
smaller islands visited by us. especially green pigeon and the
very handsome woodpigeon. Columba punicea.
KOH Kadan or PULAU Papan. A long, narrow island,
about two miles long by a quarter to half a mile broad, about
eight miles WNW. of the northern end of Pulau Telibun and
about five miles SW. of Pulau Muntia. The island is wooded,
about 200 feet high, with a sandy beach on the eastern side but
steep-to on the western, with a long reef extending for (our or
five miles from its southern extremity. We spent one night
only there 7-8th January 1917, and found nothing of any
interest, the only mammal being a race of Epimys rattus and
the onlv land birds, Crows and Koels (Eudynamis malayana).
Koh Ryan or Pulau Niok, S'tali and Koh Ngai or
Pulau Kuda. Two precipitous limestone islets about five
miles due north of Pulau Papan and about four miles west of
Pulau Muntia. They are thin clothed with vegetation, the
trees being largely species of Ficns. and other epiphytic forms
and ;it certain times of the j'ear are said to be frequented by
myriads of White Imperial Pigeon (Myristicivera bicolor) though
at the time of our visit in January the only land birds on them
were swallows (Hirundo javanica) and species of Collocalia and
Cypselus. Pulau Kuda h nvever was inhabited by enormous
numbers of a small species of Pteropus which hung in clusters
to the cracks in the vertical cliffs and to the branches of the
small stunted trees growing therefrom.
Pulau Lontar. A large island about sixteen miles long
bv four miles wide, situate between latitude y c 29' and 7 44'
N. and Longitude 99 2' and 99° 7' E. On the western side
it is steep to. but on the east there are plains of considerable
extent. In the middle it is divided by a shallow strait broadly
bordered with mangrove. In the centre the land rises to a
considerable altitude, certainly over a thousand feet, and is
covered with jungle, which however has been much cut out for
temporary cultivations.
The population is considerable, mainly Samsams/.c of mixed
Malay-Siamese stock with a strong infusion of ornng laid. We
spent a few days anchored off the principal village, a place of
some size with numerous Chinese shops, known as Pa«ir
Raja. The coast however in this vicinity is fronted by a broad
bank of very soft mud which is only passable at half tide by
small boats,' though a jetty some three hundred yards in
length traverses part of it.
tgi7- H. C. Robinson : Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 135
During our stay from January g-i2th, a very strong
easterly wind, which only dropped for a few hours in the earlj
morning, forced us to lie under the lee of a small island, I'ulau
Depok, some three miles distant from the settlement, and on
several occasions we were nearly swamped in getting to and
leaving the main island.
We obtained a large series of mammals including a lotong
and a kra, a mousedeer, musang and tangelin, and rats and
squirrels of several species.
Such birds as were obtained show that the fauna is of
mainland rather than insular facies as the occurrence of such
genera as Calorhamphus and Phyllomis indicates. Peafowl are
said to occur though we did not obtain any, Buffalo, both fen'd
and domesticated are common, and tiger are occasionally met
with while serow (iV emorrhoedus) are abundant on a limestone
island between Pulau Lontar and the shore. The main island
appears to have but little limestone on it while Pulau Depok,
near which we were anchored, was of sandstone, but many
islets in the vicinity, especially to the NIC. were of the
characteristic limestone formation.
1. Treron curvirostka nipalensis (Hodgs.)
Treron nipalensis Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxi,
p. 34 (1893) ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 674 ; Robinson, antea,
vol. Y, p. 141.
Treron curvirostra nipalensis, Baker. Indian Pigeons
and Doves, p. 66. pi. 5 (19131; Robinson. Ibis, 1915, p. 721;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 153.
a. J.vixad. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W.
Siam, 31st December, 1916. [No. 3797.]
" Iris dull blue, inner ring pink, orbits verditer
green, bill yellow, the base' crimson, feet crimson."
Fairly common both on this island, Langkawi and
Terutau, though these latter specimens as also birds from
Trang. are decidedly nearer the typical T. curvirostra
curvirostra from Sumatra.
2. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linn.)
Sol, \id. torn. lit. p. 60; Robinson and Kloss, p. 674;
Robinson, antra, vol. V, pp. 88, 140; Robinson, ll>i\. 1915 p. 723.
a. T . Lem Pia, north side Telibun Straits, Trang,
S.W. Siam. 3rd January, 1917. [No.
b.c. S, v. Telok Wan, Terutau, 24 28th.
I >ei ember, [916. [Nos. 3725, 3773.]
"Iris ..utcr ring pink, inner blue, feet pinkish
maroon, bill greenish grey."
Very common on all the islands and on the adjacent
mainland.
136 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
3. Carpophaga aenea aenea (Linn.).
Salvad. torn. cit. p. 190 ; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 141
(1915) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 723 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 155.
a. ? . Telok Wau, Terutau. 24th December, 1916.
[No. 373I-]
b. 1. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia, Trang, S.W. Siam,
7th January, 1917. TNo. 3910.]
" Iris dark red, bill slate, feet maroon."
The Bronze Imperial Pigeon was fairly common in all
the islands at the time of our visit but hard to get, as it
was not flighting and always flew extremely high. The pair
preserved are distinctly larger than those obtained in S.E.
Siam by Mr. Kloss ; wing 235 mm. against 209, but several
names are available both for the eastern and southwestern
races, if separated. All the Malayan birds belong to the
typical Linnean race, whose type locality has been designated
by Hartert as the Lesser Sunda Islands.
4. Columba punicea (Tick.).
Columba punicea, Salvad. tow. cit. p. 306; Robinson
and Kloss. p. 674.
Alsocomus puniceus, Stewart Baker. Indian Pigeons
and Doves, p. 176, PL 18 (1913) ; Gyldenstolpe p. 151.
a-c. 2<J,?. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia), Trang, S.W.
Siam. 4-5th January, 1917. [No. 3841,
2, 3858.]
" his, inner ring yellow, outer oranye shading into
the inner ring, orbits plum, bill plum at base, whitish horn
at tip, feet pinkish maroon.
Two of these birds sexed male have the cap, pale pearly
white very sharply defined, the bird marked female having
it dull slate. A specimen from Terutau however which is
sexed female in all respects resembles the males so that
Stewart Barker is probably correct in his statement that the
sexes, when fully adult, are identical in colouration. One
male has the undersurface amethystine grey, not a somewhat
vinaceous chestnut as in the other specimens.
This magnificent pigeon was very common on Koh Muk
during the three days we were there, though they only
appeared at dusk, probably from the adjacent mainland,
roosting in tall mangroves a little way back from the beach
in parties of thirty or forty. As Bingham describes it, the
note is a booming coo somewhat like that of Carpophaga
aenea but not nearly so loud or deep.
5. Streptopelia suratensis tigrina (Temm.)
Turtur tigrinus (Temm. and Knip.) Salvad. torn. cit.
p. 440; Robinson and Kloss, p. 675: Robinson, antea, vol. V,
pp. 88, 142.
igij-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 137
Streptopelia suratensis tigrina, Stewart Baker, Indian
Pigeons and Doves, 121, pi. 11 (191.3) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p-
724; Gyldenstolpe. p. 1 p.
a. i . Pasir Raja. Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 11th
January, 1917. [No. 3883.]
" Iris pinkish yellow, orbits dirty white, bill dark
blackish horn, feet dull lake."
Very common on Pulau Lontar, also on open spaces
on Koh Muk and Pulau Terutau and extraordinarily abundant
along the coast of Trang.
Wing 145 mm. slightly larger than most southern
specimens.
6. CiKupelia striata (Linn.)
Salvad. torn. cit. p. 458 ; Ogilvie Grant, Fascic. Malay
Zool. iii. p. 121 (1905). Gyldenstolpe, p. 150.
n. £ . Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 12th
January, 1917. [No. 3901.]
■ Ins white, orbits yellowish green, bill bluish slate,
feet pinkish violet."
Williamson and others have remarked that this little dove
is very rare in Siam proper. It is however common over
practically the whole of the Peninsula to its northern
extremity in suitable localities. We did not however observe
it on Langkawi and Terutau, though I have little doubt that
in occurs on the large open areas on the north of the former
island.
7. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.)
Salvad, tout. cit. p. 514 : Robinson and Kloss, p. 675
Robinson, antea, vol. V, pp. 88, 141 (1915), Gyldenstolpe, p. 150.
,1. '. Sungei Udang, Terutau. 8th March, 1909.
[F.M.S. Mus. No. 439/09.]
Evidently not very common on the group as the above
spe< imen is the only one that has been obtained in the
course of our visits to the islands.
8. Rallina fasciata (Raffles).
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxiii, p. 75 (1894);
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 88 (1915).
a. £. Pulau Terutau. November 1st 1913.
Found abundantly in the adjacent states of Perlis and
Kedah in October and November, 191 1, but very much rarei
in the more southern parts of the Peninsula.
9. Rallina siperciliaris (Eyton).
Sharpe. torn. cit. p. 76 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 10 :
Robinson, antea, vol. VI, p. 225 11916).
138 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
a. ?. Ulu Malacca, Pulau Langkawi, 17th Feb-
ruary, 1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 445/09.]
Very much rarer than the preceding species.
10. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.).
Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx, p. 304 (1913); Robinson,
antea, vol. V. p. 141 (1915) ; id. Ibis, 1915, p. 725: GylJenstolpe,
p. 148.
Amaurornis phoenicura. Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 156;
Robinson & Kloss, p. 11.
a. 3. Kuala Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi, 17th
March, 1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 444/09.]
Wing, 162 mm.
11. Arenaria interpres (Linn.).
Sharpe, torn, cit, p. 92.
Strepsilas interpres, Ogilvie Grant. Fascic. Malay.
Zool. iii, p. 119 (1905).
a. S. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam.
4th January, 1917. [No. 3846.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill greenish black, legs yellowish
orange."
The Turnstone is by no means a common bird on the
Malayan coasts and few specimens are on record, though it
occasionally occurs in large flocks.
12. Sarcogrammus indica atrinuchalis (Jerdon).
Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis, Sharpe, Cat. Birth Brit.
Mus. xxiv, p. 152 (1896); Robinson and Kloss, p. 11; Robinson,
antea, vol. V, pp. 88, 142.
Sarcogrammus indica atrinuchalis, Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe p. 142.
a. 9 . Telok Wau, Terutau. 17th December, 1916.
[No. 3651-]
" Iris hazel, bill and wattles pale crimson, anterior
half of bill black, tarsi pale yellow."
Very common throughout the northern half of the
Peninsula extending further to the south on the Eastern side,
and along the Pahang River, possibly because there is more
open ground, suitable for the species in these districts.
13. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.)
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 182.
Squatarola squatarola, Gyldenstolpe, p. 143.
a. ¥ , Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W. Siam.
5th January, 1917. [No. 3857. J
The Grey Plover is not such a rare visitor to the coasts of
Siam and the Malay Peninsula as Gyldenstolpe's note would
igi7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 139
imply. It can generally be met with in Klang Straits during
the months November to February and has also been noted at
numerous other localities between Malacca and the Kedah
River.
I |. OCHTHODROMUS MONGOLUS PYRRHOTHORAX (Gould).
Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 226:
A', bin ■■■■a ■nut Kloss, p. 12, Robinson, antea,vo\. V, p. 142 1 1915).
Aegialitis mongolicus, Ogilvie, Grant. Fascic. Malay.
Zool. iii, p. ri8 (1906 .
Ochthodromus mongolus, Gyldenstolpe, p. 144.
a-b. .'. "■• . Koh Mule (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W.
Siam. 4th January 1917. Nos. 3843, 4.
- Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet dirty slate."
I am doubtful if the typical race of this plover, for this
form is not more than a subspecies, is ever found west of North
Borneo. I have certainly, with one very doubtful exception,
seen none from any part of the Malay Peninsula, all being
referable to the present race which, as Sharpe points out, has
a slightly longei tarsus.
15. Aegialitis alexandrina peroni (Bp.)
Aegialitis peroni] (Bp.) ; Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 274;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 144.
Aegialitis alexandrina. Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 142;
vol. VII, p. 70 (1916).
a-b. 3 i ad. Burau, N. W. Langkawi, 23rd April,
1911.
. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S. \Y. Siam.
2nd January. 1917. [No. ^ s 1 5 - J
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet slate."
Until Gyldenstolpe, Hoc. cit.) identified a pair of plovers
obtained at Koh Lak in Peninsular Siam as this species I had
hitherto regarded our fairly considerable series as a tropical
resident race of Ae. alexandrina, which indeed it is.
Seven males from various part^ of the Peninsula have a
wing of 93-99 mm. and eight females 93-100 mm.
A eries from Borneo, the loan of which we owe to the
kindness of the Sarawak Museum authorities has the wing in
four males 91-94 mm. and in three females (one very worn)
88-94 mm. so 'hat the Peninsular race would appear to be
slightly larger. In addition the Peninsular birds have the
dark loral streak much less strongly developed, while the
feathers of the mantle an somewhat paler with lighter
edgings; the white at the base of the inner primaries is also
more extensive. Material from Java and from Timor, which
is probably the typical locality, is however required before the
mainland race can safely be separal
140 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Chicks in down, with the parents, were obtained at
Tanjong Tombak. Pulau Bintang, Rhio Archipelago on 5th
June. 1908.
16. Terekia cinerea (Guldenst.)
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 474; Robinson and Kloss, p. 13.
a. S. Kuala Kubong Badak, Langkawi, 18th
March, 1909.
/). ?. Telok Apau, Pulau Langkawi. 14th Decem-
ber, 1912.
Very common everywhere along the coast, wherever
there are suitable feeding grounds, during the winter months.
17. Totanus calidris, Linn.
Sharpe. loin. cit. p. 474: Robinson and Kloss, p. 12:
Robinson. Ibis. 1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe, p. 145.
a. <J. Telok Apau, Langkawi. nth December.
1912.
Very common also at Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) in
January, 1917.
18. Tringoides hypoleucos (Linn.).
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 456; Robinson and Kloss. p. 13;
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe, p. 146.
a. 3 . W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S. W. Siam.
2nd January, 1917. [No. 3816].
" Iris dark, bill greenish slate, feet slate darker at
the joints."
Common everywhere in the Peninsula in suitable
localities.
19. Glottis nebularius (Gunn.b
Sliarpe, torn. cit. p. 481; Robinson and Kloss, p. 13;
Robinson. Ibis. 1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe, p. 146.
a. ¥ . Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam.
4th January, 1917. [No. 3836J .
" Iris hazel, bill grey, feet greenish grey, darker
at joints."
The Greenshank is common in suitable localities through-
out the coasts of Siam and the Mala}- Peninsula though not
so abundant and very much shyer than the Redshank.
20. Rhvacophilus glareola (Gm.).
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 491 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 13
Gyldenstolpe, p. 146.
a. ?.' Pulau Langkawi. nth February, 1909
[F.M.S. No. 333/09-]
ini- H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 141
b. 3. Ulu Malacca. Pulau Langkawi. 1S1I1 Dec-
ember, 1912.
Not very common anywhere in the Malay Peninsula
but apparently more abundant in the northern parts.
31. Gallinago stenura (Bonap.).
Gallinago stenura, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxiv,
p. 619; Grunt Fascic. Malay enses, Zool. iii, p. 117 (1906) : Robin-
son and Kloss. Ibis, 191 1, p. 14.
a. £ ad. Langkawi Id. 10th February, 1909.
b. S ad. Langkawi Id. c8th March, 1909.
' ad. Langkawi Id. 25th April, 1915.
A winter visitor in verv large numbers to the Malay
Peninsula where also G.ccelestis and G. megala are also occasion-
ally met with.
22. Xenorhynchus ASIATICI'S (Lath.).
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxvi, p. 310
(1898) ; Gyldcnstolpe, p. 140.
a. 9. North side of Telibun Straits, Trang, S.W.
Siam. 1st January. 1917. [No. 3808] .
" Iris chrome, orbits black, bill black, gular skin
crimson lake mottled with black, lores mottled crimson and
black feet deep salmon pink."
This specimen was one of a pair that frequented the
shore in the neighbourhood of the seaward entrance to the
Telibun Straits and which was eventually shot on a sandy
lagoon near the sea. The nest, a very large and untidy
structure of sticks, was built on a ledge some distance up a
precipitous limestone crag. It contained four eggs, which
were obtained for us by one of the local " orang laut," a
primitive coast-tribe, who are very clever and daring cliff climb-
ers. One was unfortunately broken in the descent. The
remaining three were rather hard set, the shells dull or slightly
glossy white, heavily pitted especially towards the smaller end.
The outline is variable one being much more pointed than the
other two.
Measurements.— A 715 X 54 mm.
B 70 y 52
C 71 x 52-5
The occurrence of the species in the Malay Peninsula has
hitherto rested in three specimens from " Penang," in the
British Museum, collected by Cantor. The locality given is
almost certainly incorrect and the specimens must either have
been aviary birds or collected on the adjacent mainland,
probably in Perlis or Trang.
23. Graptocephalus davisoni (Hume).
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. xxvi, p. 14 (1898 :
Robinson and Kloss, p. 17: Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 89 (1915).
Sept., 1917. 7
142 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
(?) Thaumatibis gigantea, Williamson. Journ. Nat.
His, Soc. Siam. II. p. 72 (1916^.
a. 3 ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam.
1 oth January, 1917. [No. 3882].
" Ins orange, crown dark indigo, occiput and ring
round neck livid whitish blue, feet deep lake, bill horn."
This bird was one of a pair frequenting an open grassy
plain interspersed with bushes near the sea. The}* were not
particularly shy and with a little care were easily approached.
It is evidently this species and not Thaumatibis gigantea. a
much larger bird which was observed by Williamson at
Sarahett on the Petchaburi River (loc. cit. supra).
Total length 802; wing 422; tail 210; tarsus 97: bill
from gape 165 mm. measured in the flesh.
24. Sterna fluviatilis iibetana, Saunders.
Sterna tibetana, Saunders, V.Z.S. 1876, p. 649 ; Blan-
ford, Stray Feath, V, p. 485 (1871: Hume. op. cit. viii, p. 158
(1879); Sharpe. Haud-l. Birds, i, p. 135 (1S99).
Sterna fluviatilis, Saunders, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus.
XXV, p. 60, spm. /. (Selangor) (1896) : Blanford, Faun. Brit.
hid. Birds, iv, p. 318 (1898).
Sterna longipennis, Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
XXV, p. 69 (spms. ;/, v. w, from Tonka and Malacca (1896) :
Blanford, torn. cit. p. 319 (1898); Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. 11. p. 69 (19071 : id. Haud-l. Birds Malay Pcnin's.
p. 3 (1910).
a ? imm. Pulau Terutau. 29th November, 1912.
This race of the European tern, 5/. fluviatilis is not
uncommon in the Straits of Malacca from the end of July to
January but hitherto only immature specimens have been
obtained so that the identification must remain somewhat
uncertain. The distinctly reddish feet of the considerable
number of fresh specimens that I have examined would appear
to exclude St. longipennis, Nordm., while the fact that the
wing of the majority of Malayan birds exceeds 11 inches (275
mm.) tends to show that our birds cannot be referred to the
European St. fluviatilis fluvatilis.
25. Sterna sumatrana, Raffles.
Sterna sumatrana, Raffles. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p.
329 (1822) ; Hume <§■ Davison. St'ray Feath. vi, p. 403 (1878).
Sterna melanauchen. Saunders, torn. cit. p. 12ft:
Robinson, antea, vol. V. pp. iS. 142 (1913-51.
a, b. 1 , ? ad. Pulau Langkawi. 27th April, 1915.
Fairly common in the seas round Pulau Langkawi.
i.ii . II. C. Robinson: Birds from Pnlatt Langkawi. 143
There seems little doubt thai Raffle-' description of
sumatrana applies to a young bird, little more than a nestling,
of this species and that his name will therefore have to
displace the generally used S. melana
>b. Thalasseus bkkgii pelecanoides (King).
Sterna pelecanoides. King, Survey Intern,,
Western Coasts Australia, 11. p. 4^ -2 (1827).
Sterna beryii, Saunders. Cut. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv, p.
89 (1896) ; Robinson & Kloss p. n.
Thalasseus betgii edwardsi, Mathews, Oberholser
Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus. 49. p. 520 (1915).
Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides. Oberholser, loc. at. p.
523-
Sterna bergii pelecanoides, Robinson, antea. p. 70.
a-c. 1 hiem. Pulau Langkawi. February
and March.
d-e. 2<J aest. Pulau Terutau, March.
The specimens dated February and March, which are in
full or incipient breeding plumage have the mantle decidedly
darker grey than the others or than any of a considerable
series in the I 7 . M.S. Museums from the Straits of Malacca
southwards to Singapore and from Tioman on the Fast coast
of the Peninsula. The wing in the live specimens ranges from
328 — 355 mm. and the exposed culmen from 59 — 61, but the
shorter winged birds as is so frequently the rase in terns have
the tips of the primaries abraded.
The majority of the more southerly specimens, notably
those from Tioman, appear to have a larger bill. 61 — 64 mm.
though two are smaller than any of the above specimen- from
Langkawi etc. measuring 56 mm.
I have in part followed Stresemann (Nov. Zool. XXI) in
not admitting the validity of T. b. edwardsi, Mathews itvpes
from Ceylon) regarding it on the strength of the above
specimens from Langkawi merely as a transitional form
between T. b. velox (Cretzsm.) from the Red sea. and T. b.
pelecanoides (King) from Australian Seas and not worthy of
even a subspecific name. In any event I think that the speci-
mens from the extreme south of rennasserim listed asedwardsi
by Oberholser would in all probability be referable to T. b.
cristatits from China if that form is to be kept distinct from J'.
b. pelecanoides. which is extremely doubtful.
J7. NlNOX SCUTULATA SCUTl LATA (F
Xinox scutulata <part. Robinson and Kloss, p. 31;
Gyldenstolpe, p. ui.
Xinox scutulata scutulata (Raffles) Hartert, I. .
Palaarkt. Faun. II. p. 992 (1912).
a. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 8th De-
cember, 1916 [No. 3605.]
144 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
b. ?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam. 12th
January, 1917 [No. 3893.]
" Iris chrome or lemon, bill horn, cere olive green.
feet pale chrome, ciaws greyish horn."
Examination of the fairly considerable series of Hawk
Owls in the Federated Malay States Museums show that the\
are readily divisible into two series:
(a). A larger form with darker, duller upper surface, the
head somewhat greyer than the rest of the upper parts, the
white stripes on the under surface more conspicuous. The
specimens are dated from October to March and therefore the
race is probably only a winter visitor in the Malay Peninsula. =
Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles).
(b). A smaller form with browner upper surface and no
distinguishable cap; white stripes on the undersurface less
conspicuous. Specimens dated from March to August and
therefore, as Hartert surmises, probably a resident iorm=Ninox
scutulata malaccensis (Eyton).
Specimens in the Federated Malay States Museums : —
Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles).
a. ?. Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. January. Wing,
216 mm.
b. V . Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. De-
cember. Wing, 200 mm.
c. i. Ginting Bidei. Selangor. October. Wing,
215 mm.
J. ¥. Batang Padang, South Perak. February.
Wing, 224 mm.
e-f. i . Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. March and
December. Wing, 217, 214 mm.
g. Z . Pulau Jemor, Aroa Ids., Straits of Malacca.
October. Wing, 214 mm.
Ninox scutulata malaccensis (Eyton).
h-j. 2 $ , ? Pulau Battam, Rhio Archipelago.
July. Wing, 186, 186, 189 mm.
k-l. (?), i. Pulau Karimon, Rhio Archipelago.
July. Wing, 188, 189 mm.
m. V .Changi, Singapore Id., July. Wing, 195 mm.
/;. J. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. March. Wing,
187 mm.
0. i. Rawang, Selangor. August. Wing, 186 mm.
p. ?. Tanjong Malim, Perak. April. Wing. 201
mm.
(j. i. Langkawi. March. Wing, 196 mm.
Ninox scutulata bomeensis (Bp.).
v. ? . Sungei Paku, Seribas, S.W. Sarawak, Borneo.
October. Wing, 172.
tgi II. C. Robinson: Birds from PuLm Langkawi. 145
28. Oil S BAKKAMOENA LETTIA (HodgS.l.
Gyldenstolpe, p. 120; Hartert, Vog. Paiaarkt. Faun.
II. p. 975 (1913)-
n-b. 2 t. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi.
7-10 December, 1916 [Nos. 3602, 3016.
"Iris brown, bill pale greenish horn, tarsi white,
tinged with greyish pink, claws pale horn."
After comparison with a 1 onsiderable number of speci-
mens of this group from all parts of the Malay Peninsula,
south to Singapore Id. and from Sumatra and Borneo I have
come to the conclusion that these two birds must be provi-
sionally referred to this race described by Hodgson from the
Eastern Himalayas. The toes are slightly, though not very
markedly, more feathered than in the southern birds but the
size wing 171 and 166 so much exceeds that of any specimen
of O. b. lempiji (HorsD that it is impossible to identify them
with that form whose wing never exceeds 157 mm. The two
specimens differ widely inter se, one having the forehead largelv
buff while the colour beneath is deeper with strongly marked
dark shaft stripes to the feathers of the belly while the other
is much paler with transverse vermiculations on the feathers
of the belly. I have seen birds closely resembling them both
from Bangkok and North Siam and comparison is required
w-ith the Hainan form. 0. b. umbratilis, (Swinh.) and with that
from Formosa and South China, 0. b. glabripes (Swinh.).
The present specimens have of course nothing to do
with Otus sagittatus (Cass.) of which we have a specimen from
Negri Sembilan.
These owls were very common on Dayang Bunting and
their hooting was heard throughout the night. They had
probably come south on migration as 0. B. lempiji also occurs
in the same region.
29. Otus bakkamoena lempiji (Horsf.).
Scops lempiji, Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. 11. p. (51
(1875;; Robinson and Kloss p. }i : Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 91
ii9i5>-
a. ' . Sungei kihm. Langkawi, 25th .March, 1909.
This bud is typical 0. b. lempiji having a wing of 156
mm.; another female from Bandon has the wing 152 and a
male from Perlis about 150 mm. These last two were
obtained in June and November respectively and probablj
represent the resident race.
30. Otus scops malayana (Hay).
Scops malayana, Hay: Sharpe. torn. cil. p. ,V X : Robin-
son and Kloss, p. 31 : id. antea. vol. VI, p. 226 (1916).
We obtained a pair on' Langkawi in February, 1909.
Apparently not uncommon towards the north of the Peninsula
but very rare in the south.
146 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
31. Pelargopsis amauroptera (Pears.).
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 97 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 33.
Ramphalcyon amauroptera, Oberholser, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xxxv, p. 661 (19091.
a-c. 3<?. Sungei Udang, Terutau, n-i6th March.
1909.
d. i, Pulau Da\ang Bunting. Langkawi, 7th
December, 1916. [No. 3601.]
" Iris greyish hazel, bill, tarsi and eyelids vermilion,
claws greyish horn."
This handsome Kingfisher was fairly connm .11 on Langkaw 1
and ver)- abundant at Telok Wau, Terutau, though it was not
met with outside the narrow littoral belt of mangrove. It has
not as yet been recorded from any locality east of the Malay
Peninsula, and Langkawi is its southernmost limit. In my ex-
perience, even when alarmed it is a very much more silent bird
than others of its congeners. Total length 365 mm.
32. Alcedo ispida bengaleksis. Gn.
Robinson. Ibis, 1915. p. 730; Gyldenstolpe, p. 115.
Alcedo bengalensis, Robinson and Kloss, p. ]2.
Alcedo ispida (part.) Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 141.
a. 3. Pulau Paya, between Langkawi and Kuala
Kedah, 25th April 1915.
b. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 8th
December 1916. [No. 3604].
c. V. Telok Wau, Terutau. 28th December 1916.
[No. 3, 779]-
if. ¥ . W. side, Pulau Telibun, Trang. 3rd Jan-
uary, 1917. [No. 3824].
" Iris dark, upper mandible dark horn, lower reddish
or pale vermilion, feet richer vermilion or coral, iris dark or
hazel."
Fairly common all along the coast.
i,},. Alcedo meninting. Horsf.
Sharpe. loin. cit. p. 138; Robinson and Kloss. p. ^z.
a. i. Sungei Udang, Terutau, 8th March 1909.
[F.M.S. Mus. No. 449/09.]
This species does not appear to occur in any part of Siam
proper or in French Indo-China. In the Peninsula it is very
widely distributed but nowhere at all common.
34. CeVX TRIDAC'l YLA (Pall.)
Sharpe, loin. cit. p. 174; Robinson and Kloss. p. 33;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 114.
H. < . Robinson: Birds from Pulau Latigkawi, 147
a. i . Sungei Kilim, Pulau Langkawi, 23rd March
1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 447/09.]
. Kuala Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi. 19th
March 1. ..... [F.M.S. Mus. No. 148/09.]
. Telok Wau, Pulau Terutau. 21st Decembei
1916. No. 3710].
Not verj scarce 111 heavy jungle throughout the
peninsula.
A careful examination ol the whole series of this genus
from the Malay Peninsula in the Museums, together with four
specimens from Botn> 1 ar out Mr. Hartert's conten-
tions that three species, viz. C. tridactyla (Pall.), C. rufidorsa
(Strickl.)=C. etierythra Sharpe and C. dillwyni, Sharpe occur
in the Malaj Peninsula.* The first two, of course do, though
I am inclined to think that the existence of a dark blue post-
auricular spot in the type of C. rufidorsa proves that it is really
an immature C. tridactyla and that the proper name for the red-
backed form is, after all, C. euerythra Sharpe (type from Klang.
Selangon. Specimens from the Malay Peninsula which at first
sight appear to agree with Mr. Hartert's diagnosis of C. dillwyni
on closer examination resolve themselves into immature ('.
tridactyla f>r sub-adult C. rufidorsa. The specimens from
Borneo in the Museum are all C. rufidorsa with no dark
frontal spot, no post auricular blue patch, and the wing coverts
mainly rufous.
Parrot. t in some very confused remarks on the subject,
has founded another subspecies of C. rufidorsa, C. r. robtista,
on a specimen from Sumatra without sex or exact localitv.
which he suggests may be a mountain form. It has a wing of
62, which seems its main claim to distinction. There is also
an insufficiently described " species"! from East Sumatra.
35. Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf.).
Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 198; Robinson and Klots. p. 34;
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 02: Robinson, p. 732.
a. ! ■ Kuala Kubong Badak, Langkawi. 17th
March. 1009. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 487/09.]
b. « . Sungei Kilim, Langkawi, 22nd March. 1909.
[F.M.S. Mus. X... 48g/og.]
Very much rarer in the north of the Peninsula than
in the states furthei south.
36. Halcyon cokomanda coromanda (Lath.).
Halcyon coromandus (Lath.): Sharpe, torn. cit.
p. 217 : Robinson and Kloss, p. 34.
• Nov Zool VIII, pp. .(29-430 11902)
1 Abhandl der K. Bayern Akad. der Wissensch II Kl \XI\ Bd I, p.
208 (1907).
J Ceyx enopopygins , Oberholser, Smiths Mis I oil ol 60 1
(Aru Bav, East Sumatra).
i-|N Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
Entomothera coromanda coromanda, Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mas. 48, p. 642 (1915).
Halcyon coromanda coromanda, Gyldcnstolpe, p. 116.
a-b. 1 ? ad. Kuah, Pulau Langkawi. 28th April.
t9i5-
c d. & v nd. Sungei Udang, Pulan Terutau.
February. March, 1909.
The two males have the wing, 105, no mm. and the
females 108, in and are slightly darker than two females
from Trang and Selangor which have the wings 116 and 113
mm. A slightly immature male shot in November on Pulau
Jemor, Aroa Ids. in the middle of the Straits of Malacca has
the wing 113 mm.
Oberholser (loc. cit. p. 642) considers the species as
"strictly resident" but it is probable that like many other
purely intertropical species it performs migrations of limited
range. I am therefore inclined to doubt the validity of the
race established for Sumatra (East and West), and Banka, E.
coromanda neophora, Oberholser {loc. cit. p. 646). So far as I
am able to judge from an adult male shot on gt^ October,
1915, at Sungei Pelandok, Paku Seribas. S. W. Sarawak, the
Bornean race. H. c. minor iTemm. and Schleg.) is quite
separable from the typical form by its rich, darker colouration,
the upper surface more strongly washed with lilac, and
slightly smaller size. I have not as yet been able to examine
good specimens from Singapore Island, which is stated by
Oberholser to be inhabited by this form.
The species occurs also on Tioman but specimens from
that island are too immature to identifv subspecifically with
any certainty.
37. Halcyon pileata (Bodd.)
Sharpe. torn. cit. p. 229; Robinson and Kloss. p. 31;
Robinson, Ibis. IQT5. p. 732: Gyldenstolpe, p. 116.
a-c. $,2 $ Pulau Langkawi, 27th November. 1907.
[F.M.S. Mus. 2897-9/07.]
d. 1. Pulau Langkawi, 10th Februarv, 1909,
[F.M.S. Mus. 485/09.]
e. 1 . Telok Apau, Pulau Langkawi, 15th Decem-
ber, 1912.
/. I . Pulau Dayang Bunting. Langkawi. 8th
December 1916. [No. 3603.]
g. ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 29th December, 1916.
[No. 3787O
" Iris dark, bill vermilion, darker at base, tarsi and
toes vermilion, the latter darker."
1Q17.] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langhawi. 140
There is extremely little local variation in this species
throughout its range and a series from Borneo differs in no
way from a large number from the Malay Peninsula. Individ-
ual variation is considerable, the rufous huff of the belly and
flanks varying greatly in intensity. It is onl) very old birds
indeed that entirely lose the black, crescentic edgings to the
feathers of the sides of the breast indicative of immaturity.
A common rice-field bird wherever it occurs, though also
found on the higher reaches of the rivers in deep jungle.
Occasionally also on small islands in the Straits i>f Malacca
during the winter months, evidently on migration.
38. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).
Shtirpt. tout. cit. p. 27.5, PI. VII, tig. 3; Robinson, Ibis
iqi5, p. 731.
Halcyon armstrongi, Sharpe : Robinson and Kloss, p.
34; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 145: vol. VII, p. 71.
Halcyon chloris armstrongi, Gyldenstolpe, p. 117.
a-b. <?,?. Burau, N. W. Langkawi. 13-i.pth
December, 1916. Nos. 3627. 3640.
c. <?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam.
12th January 191 7. No. 3896.
"■ Iris black, upper mandible white, basal two-thirds,
lower mandible pinkish white, feet grey."
There is little to add to what has already been written on
the variability of the Indo-Malayan races of blue-and-white
Kingfisher. The three specimens listed above differ consider-
ably, one having the ear-coverts almost black, a greenish black
band round the nape continuous with them, while in the other
the ear-coverts are much more bluish green and the nuchal
collar is very narrow and barely visible. The flanks are pure
white with no trace of the buffy tint present in the bright blue
birds characterised as //. humii. Sharpe. The mantle in all
is greenish blue but the wings and wing coverts are pure blue.
Wing 106, 102, 101 mm.
39. PVROTKOGON ORESKIOS UN1FORMIS, Sltbsp. nov.
Harpactes <>re-kins (Temm.) ; O^ilvie Grant. Cut.
Birds Brit. Mus. XVII, p. 494 (1892).
Pyrotrogon orescius, Robinson and Kloss. p. 39 ;
Robinson, Ibis. 1915. p. 736, Gyldenstolpe, p. 105.
a-b. 2.1. Burau, N.W. Langkawi. 13th December,
1916. Nos. 3628, 9.
c-i. 3 £, 1 9. Telok Wan. Terutau. 25-27th
December, 1916. Nos. 3736, 3740, 3755. 6.
" Iris grey, bill, feet and orbits smalt, culmen black."
Dimensions of four males; TL. 274-209; W, 124 128;
T. 150-174; B. 23.5-24; TS, 135-M mm -
Sept., 1917. S
150 Journal of the I-'. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Fairly common on both the above islands.
A comparison of the above series and seventeen other
specimens from various parts of the Malay Peninsula
with nine specimens from Eastern Java (Idjen massif, nr.
Banjoewangi) show that it is readily possible to distinguish
the Malayan and Siamese from the typical }a\an form, in
that, both in males and females the rump and upper tail
covert are concolorous with the back and not strongly tinged
with zanthine orange. Dimensions are practically identical.
Types: Adult mule. Lamra, Trang, Siamese Malaya,
collected on January 10th. 1910.
Adult female: Gunong Jerai (Kedah Peak), Kedah,
2,800 ft. to 3,500 ft. collected on December 2nd. 1915.
Remarks: It is possible that Oreskios gouldi quoted bv
Ogilvie Grant, floe, at.) as of Bp. Coiisp. Vol. Zyg. p. 14
(1854) applies to this bird, but I have no access to the
reference. The name, however, is of earlier date as it is
quoted by Bonaparte in 1850 (Coiisp. Av. 1. p. 1511 as a
synonym of Trogon oreskios and attributed to Swainson.
though I cannot trace the quotation. I prefer, therefore,
to regard it as a nomen nudum.
40. DlCHOCEROS BICORNIS (Linn.)
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus. XVII, p. 355
(1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 35 : Robinson. Ibis. 1915. p. 733 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 113.
a. S. \Y. side Pulau Telibun, Trang. S.W. Siani.
2nd January, 1917. [No. 3911.]
Common on Terutau. Langkawi, Telibun and Lontar,
but nearly always flying very high or feeding on very lofty
trees and therefore difficult to procure.
41. Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw).
Ogilvie Grant, torn. at. p. 382; Robinson and Kloss,
p. 36; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 733; Gyldenstolpe. p. 113.
a. i. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam,
12th January, 1917. [No. 3912.]
Also common on the islands.
42. Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw and Nodder.)
Anthracoceros malabaricus, Grant, torn. at. p. 365 ;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 35.
Anthrococeros albirostris, Robinson, Ibis, 1915. p. 734 :
Gyldenstolpe, p. 112.
a. ?. Burau, N.W. Langkawi. 13th December.
1916. No. 3631.
" Iris hazel, bill and casque ivory, black at tip and
base, feet pale plumbeous with a greenish cast.'*
I9I/-J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 151
Common on Langkawi, Terutau and Pulau Butane in
the Butang Archipelago, west of Langkawi.
The island specimens seem smaller than a male from
Trang which approaches the larger Himalayan form A affinis
(Blyth), wing about .505 against a maximum of about 260
in the island birds.
43. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS OKIENTALIS, Sharpe.
Eurystomus orientalis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
XVII, p. jj, pi. 11, tig. 1 (1892); Robinson and Kloss, Ibis,
1911, p. 32; Stresemann, Nov. Zoo!. XX, pp. 298-301 (1913) ;
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 144 (1915).
a. '. Koh Muk (Pulau Munti.ii. Trang. S.W.
Siam. 6th January, 1917. No. 3859.
b. i. Pasir Raja, P. Lontar, S.W. Siam. 10th
January, 1917. No. 3871.
" Iris hazel, bill coral, black tip, feet coral."
Fairly common in all localities; also obtained at Pulau
Terutau and P. Langkawi in former years from November
to April.
I have again carefully gone through the considerable
series of Rollers in the F.M.S. Museum and find that they
have been collected in every month of the year, except June
to September. There are, however, specimens dated July
from Malacca in the British Museum, collected by Davison.
The series readily split on the general characters given
for E. orientalis and calonyx, viz., the greater amount of blue
on the outer tail feathers and inner secondaries in the latter
form, but there is also another character and that even more
marked, viz , the greater amount of blue on the primary
coverts in calonyx, these feathers being never more than lightly
edged with deep blue in orientalis.
There is no doubt that both races are migratory in the
Malay Peninsula and that E. orientalis orientalis breeds in
the country also, which E. 0. calonyx almost certainly does not.
43. MEROPS VIRIDIS, Linn.
Merops sumatranus, Raffles, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 61 ;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 37; Robinson, antea, vol. V. pp. 92, 146.
Merops viridis, Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii, p. 4S2 (1910).
a. ?. imm. Pulau Langkawi, 8th February, 1909.
F.M.S. Mus. No. 281/09.
In view of the fact that this species does not occur
in Tenasserim or so far as is known further north 111 the
Peninsula than Bandon, while there are no recent records
from Siam proper, occurrences in Southern China and Lower
Cochin China are open to doubt. The records of Oustal' t and
others arc more likely to be referable to migratory specimens
of the Philippine .1/. bieolor, Bodd.
152 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
It is unfortunate that we should have to transfer the name
"viridis" from one well known species of Africa and India
to this species but Hartert's statements cannot apparently be
gainsaid. It is to be hoped, however, that some enthusiastic
splitter will be found to discern differences between typical
Javan birds and others from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo
and Sumatra, as even the most austere lumper would view the
race with an indulgent eye and we should be able to return
to the more familiar name suma.tr anus for the local form, with
a clear conscience, even if it was onlv used as a subspecific
title.
44. Merops philippinus, Linn.
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 71 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 37 ;
Robinson, antea, vol. v, pp. 146.
Merops superciliosus philippinus, Gyldenstolpe, p. no.
a-b. 2?. imm. Telok Wan, Terutau. i8-20th
December, 1916. Nos. 3656, 3674.
'" Iris carmine, bill black, feet greyish black."
Other specimens in the museum from Pulau Terutau are
dated February and March. In the south of the Peninsula,
probably from about the latitude of Terutau, this Bee-eater is
almost certainly only a winter visitor, or at any rate is very-
rare at other seasons, all the specimens in the museums being
dated from October to March. Further north it begins to be
a resident form, as it was common on Koh Samui and Koh
Pennan, islands in the Bandon Bight, about Lat o°N., in May,
I9I3-
45. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei, Hume.
Melittophagus swinhoii, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 55;
Robinson and Kloss. p. 36: Robinson, antea, vol. v. p. 92;
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 734.
Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei, Gyldenstolpe,
p. no.
a. 3 . Telok Wau, Terutau, 25th December, 1916.
[No. 3739.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
Common also at Langkawi, whence specimens have been
obtained in the months of February, April, November and
December.
Immature birds have the chestnut bay of the forehead
mingled with greenish, the throat paler and the chestnut colour
of the lower throat preceding the black patch not nearly so
marked.
This species has never been found further south in the
Peninsula than Parit, central Perak, whence we have two
specimens shot in September, ign. It occurs neither in
Borneo or Sumatra but reappears in a slightly altered form in
Java and Bali as the typical .V. leschenaulti (Vieill.)
igi;.] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulatt Langkawi. 153
46. Caprimulgus macrurus bimai ul atis (Peale).
Caprimulgus bimaculatus, Peale. U.S. Expl. Exced.
viii. p. 170 1 1848).
Caprimulgus ambiguus, Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 37; Robinson, Ibis. [915, p. 7 J J.
Caprimulgus macrurus bimaculatus, Oberholser, Proc.
!'. S. Nat. Mus. 48. p. 595 (1915). Gyldenstolpe, p. iog.
.(. 3. ad. Pulau Langkawi, 1st December, 1907.
F.M.S. Mus. 2896/07.
b. i. vix ad. Pulau Langkawi, jrd March, 1909.
F.M.S. Mus. No. 276/09.
In the paper quoted above Mr. Oberholser has revived
a name of Peale's for this common Malayan goatsucker, which
had escaped Mr. Hartert's attention and has shown that in
all probability the specimen came from the vicinity of Malacca
and not from Singapore as stated.
The fairi\ large material in this museum bear.-, out his
contentions, in that a specimen from Pulau Besar, Malacca,
agrees with other specimens from further north in the
Peninsula and differs from three from Singapore Id. including
an actual topotype of C. m. anamesus, Oberholser (loc. cit.
P- 593'- from Tanjong katong, in being decidedly larger.
The latter race is probably valid but larger series from
Singapore and Sumatra require comparison with series from
Borneo. Should they prove identical, as may not improbably
be the case, they will have to bear the name C. in. salvadorii,
Sharpe (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875. p. 99, pi. 22. tig. 1).
The large pale form, C. m. albonotatus, does not come down
south into the Malay Peninsula or even into Southern Siam.
47. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Temm. & Schleg.
Caprimulgus jotaka. Hartert, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus.
wi. p. 552 (18921 : Robinson ana Kloss. p. 37.
Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Hartert, Vog. Palaarki.
Heft. VII, P . S55 (1912).
a b. <?. vix. ad. ; ad. Telok Wau, Terutau.
December 2 1st 1916. [Nos. 3704. 5. J
These specimens are rather small (male, wing, 196,
female. igj) but the former is hardly adult as shown by the
huffy borders to the white spots on the primaries. According
to the limits given by Hartert they would fall to C. indicus
indicus (Lath.), the Indian western form. In view of the
dimensions of four birds from the adjacent island of Langkawi
shot in the months December to March (203-211 mm) I do
not however think this is really the case.
The species occurs in the south of the Malay Peninsula
(but apparently only at considerable altitudes) and on islands
of the Straits of Malacca but only during the months October
to March.
154 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
The whole series agree well in dimensions with the
specimen from Choungthanoung (between Mergui and Pak-
chan) Tenasserim, (wing, yg in = 204 mm.) to which Hume
\Stray Feathers, iii. p. 318 note. 1875) gave the name Capri-
mulgtis innominata. As he has pointed out specimen? from
the Malay Peninsula and Tennasserim are certainly inter-
mediate in size between specimens of C. iudicus indicus
(Lath.) and C. iudicus jotaka (Temm. & Schleg.) in their
breeding areas, and it would be interesting to ascertain if these
intermediate-sized birds have themselves a distinct breeding
area, in which case. C. indicus innominata, Hume would be a
fairly well defined subspecies. In default of this information
I prefer to leave the question open.
48. COLLOCALIA FRANCICA GERMAINI (Oust.).
Collocalia germaini, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philomath.
Paris pp. 1-3 (1876); Hartert, Ibis, 1896. p. 376.
Collocalia francica merguiensis, Hartert, Cat. Biids
Brit. Mm. xvi, p. 453 (1892) Robinson, anted, 7. p. 146 (1914L
Collocalia francica germaini, Gyldenstolpe, p. 106.
a-b. ?.Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam,
nth January, 1917. [Nos. 3880, 3885.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet purplish brown."
These two birds, wing 122 and 121, agree closely with the
large series obtained by us on the islands of the Bandon Bight
in 1913, and which were named C. merguiensis. Dr. Hartert's
statement that this race was identical with C. germaini, Oustalet,
having escaped our notice. The race is fairly distinct, being
marked by having the pale rump band with clearly defined
shaft stripes but is close to C. f. inexpectata. Hume, which is
found on the Tioman group of islands and on the coast of
Johore, but was originally described from the An damans. This
race however has the rump band very inconspicuous, often
indeed hardly discernible, and may be the form that Ober-
holser has referred to Collocalia fucifaga rcstita (Less.) tProc.
L. S. Nat. Mils. 42, p. 15 (1912)) allocating to it specimens from
Sumatra. East Johore and Simalur.
Both this and C. innominata, which can scarcely be
distinguished in life and on the wing, were very abundant in
all the limestone islands along the coast, the caves in which
they breed being annually leased out to Chinamen at consider-
able rentals.
49. Collocalia innominata. Hume.
Hartert. torn. cit. p. 503.
a-b. £. ?. Pulau Belitung, S. W. Terutau, 22nd
December, 1916. [Nos. 3701. 2.]
Nesting in very great numbers on this limestone
island, which is riddled with caves and is the " Spire Island "
of the British Admiralty Charts.
igi7-] II. (". Robinson: Birds from Pulati Langkawi. 155
This species [with the exception of C. gigas, Hartert and
Butler, which isonl) known from two specimens, thetypefrom
the Semangko Pass and another from Java (wing 157 mm.)],
is tin' largest <>! the local species. The two specimens listed
above have wings of 129 and 131 mm. It is common on the
mountains from Larut in Perak to Selangor and has also been
obtained on the coast of Selangor at Tanjong Karang.
50. Cypselus subfuri mis. Blyth.
Micropns subfurcatus, Hartert, Cat. Birds Hut. Mus.
xvi. p. 456 (1891).
Apus affinis subfurcatus, Hartal, Vog. Pal. Faun, ii,
p. 843 (191c).
a-b. 2 Koh Mnk (Pulau Muntia), Trang, S. W.
Siam. 5th January, 1917. Nos. 3855. 6.
"his. and bill black, feet dark purplish Hesh, toes
black."
This species was exceedingly common on the cliffs of Koh
Mnk, where it built its untidy nests made of feathers ami K'ass
stems in the cracks of overhanging rocks at varying heights
above the sea while the Collocalia built far inside the caves in
total darkness.
While dealing with this genus it may be mentioned that
the male of Cypselus pacificus obtained on Kedah Peal; in
December, 1915 (antea vol. vi, p. 226) agrees in all its charact-
ers with the subspecies C. pacificus cooki, described by Major
Haringtont from Goteik, Northern Shan States, where it was
found breeding.
Our bird has the wing 1(13 and outer tail feathers 83
against 170 and 75 111 the type, the white rump band very
narrow with black shaft stripes and the white of the throat
much restricted with marked shaft stripes, the mantle deep
glossy black. These characters however occur also, though
to a lesser degree, in a bird from the Semangko Pass shot
in February, 1908.
It appears to me not improbable that Harington has com-
pared a verv adult bird in fresh pelage 'his specimen was
breeding) with younger birds. The size is not materially more
than that of Malayan specimens, which vary from 163-176,
while Hartert (loc. citi Rives 176-184. 5 for the wing of the
species as a whole.
Specimens from Koh Pennan, shot in May, are much
browner and duller.
51. CACOMANTIS SEPULCHRALIS SEPULCHRALIS (S. M till. I.
Cacomantis sepulchralis iS. Mtill.): Finsch, Notes
Lpyden Museum XXII, p. 82 (1900).
Cacomantis merulinus (part.) Shelley, torn. at. p. 268.
■ Bull. Brit. Orn Club. XI. p 65(1901).
♦ Bull Brit. Orn. Club. XXXI. p. 57 (191 3).
156 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII,
Cacomantis sepulchralis sepulchral is, Stresetnanti.
Nov. Zool. XIX, pp. 332-334 (1912).
a. 3 ad. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang. S. W.
Siam. 4th January, 1917. No. 3838.
" Iris orange, orbits lemon, bill black at tip and on
culmen, remainder yellowish brown, feet dull orange."
Total length 213; wing, 112; tail, 118; bill from gape,
24: tarsus, 16 mm. Stresemann (loc. cit.) in his careful review
of this group does not recognize this species as occurring on
the mainland of Asia. The present bird, however, agrees
closely with a small series collected in Western Java, differing
only in being of a somewhat clearer gray above, Jess glossed.
with an oily green lustre, which is very apparent in some
Javanese birds.
52. SURNICOLUS LUGUBRIS DICRUROIDES (Hodgs).
Surniculus lugubris (part), Shelley, torn. cit. p. 227,
Robinson and Kloss, p. 39: Robinson, fount. Fed. Malay States
Mus. ii, p. 176 (1909).
Surniculus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs), Gyldenstolpe.
p. 102.
3 ad. Pulau Langkawi, December, 1Q07.
[F.M.S. Mus. 2928/07.]
a. ? ad. Pulau Langkawi, February, 1909.
[F.M.S. Mus. 460/09.]
//. V ad. Burau, N. \V. Langkawi, 14th Decem-
ber. 1916. [No. 3644.]
3 ad. Pulau Terutau, ist December. 1907.
TF.M.S. No. 2927/07.]
c-e. 3 2 ? ad. Telok Wan. Terutau, 20-26th
December, 1916. [Nos. 3673. 3741-2.]
f-g. 1 ? ad. Pulau Telibun, Trang, S. W. Siam,
2nd January, 1917. [Nos. 3818-20.]
h-i. 2 3 ad. Chong, Trang. S. W. Siam, 3~4th
December, 1909. [F.M.S. Mus Nos. 63,
122/10. ]
;'. 3 ad. Padang Sireh, Perlis, Senggora border,
21st November, 191 1.
k-m. 2 3 V ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W.
Siam, n-i2th January. 1917. [Nos. 3887,
3899, 3900.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet purplish slate."
Dimensions: —
Males. TL.— ,246, 253. 247,— ,—,—.— .256: W. 133, 132,
142, 135, 142, 136, 134, 136, 135; T. 136, 129, 137, 138, 129,
129, 135, 133, 138; P.. 27. 28, 25,— ,25, 26,— .25. 29; TS.— ,18,
18, 18— ,—,—,— ,17. .
1917-] H. ( ■ Robinson: Biids from /. . 157
Females. TL. — ,248,— ,245, 258, .'47: W. 128, 14.5, 1.52,
140, 133, 135; T. 114. 129, 128, 129, 131, 132; B. 24,26, 27.
25, 5, 17, 27; TS.— , 17— ,17. 5. 17. '7-
Stresemann (Nov. Zool. XX, p. 340) has separated the
lorm from the south of the Peninsula, (type from Bentong,
Pahang) as Surniculus lugubris brachyurus as having a wing
averaging about 124 mm. with a tail always shorter than the
wing. He includes in this race the birds from Borneo and
Sumatra, confining the typical S. lugubris of Horsf. to Java,
Bali and Ceylon, which is rather an anomalous distribution.
Our series from t "tie lowlands of the south of the Peninsula
is unfortunate] \ somewhat deficient in adult birds; a male from
Penang has the wing 12S, tail 127, a male from Ulu Selama,
wing 119. tail 116; a male from Tanjong Malim, 126, tail 123,
a male from Kuala Tembeling, Pahang, close to the type
locality, wing 119, and tail 1 14, and two males from Temengoh,
North Perak, wing 117, 120, tail 118. A female from Pulau
Jemor in the Straits of Malacca, near the coast of Sumatra,
has the wing 135 and the. tail 130. while two males from West
Sumatra have the wing 126. tail 123 and a female, tail 12 3, wing
123. These specimens certainly bear out Stresemann's
diagnosis.
Specimens from the mountains of the Peninsula win re
the species breeds are however emphatically not this race ns
two males from the Semangko Pass on the binders of Selangoi
and Pahang measure wings. 146, 138; tail, 138, 135. ami must
be referred to the Himalaic form as also one from Taiping
•-hot in January, wing 143, tail 138 mm.
S<> tar as the evidence goes it appears that two races are
quite distinct viz. Surniculus lugubris, Horsf. from Java and
Bali, which has possibly become very slightly modified 111
Sumatra, Romeo, ami the South of the Malay Peninsula at
low levels (S. /. brachyurus) and 5. lugubris dicruroides from
the Himalayas, through the Indo-Chinese Countries to the
north of th. Malay Peninsula and southwards along the mam
range at high elevations. Judging from analogy the Ceylon
and Malabarese specimens will probably also prove separable.
These conclusions are substantially those come to by
Stresemann from the study of the very large material in the
British and Tring Museums.
53. Centropus sinensis intekmedius (Hume).
Centrococcvx intermedins, Hume ; Stray Feath 1. p.
454d873).
Centropus sinensis (Steph.) : Shelley torn. cit. p. 343:
Robinson and Kloss, p. 41.
tropus sinensis intermedins. Stresemann, No"<
Zool. XX, p. ]^z (1913) ; Robinson, antea, vol. v. pp. 93, 146;
Gyldenstolpe, p. T03.
Sept
158 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
a. 1 i Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W.
Siam, 5th January, 191 7. [No. 3847.]
b-c. 3 ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam,
12th January, 1917. [Nos. 3892, 3898.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
Male. TL-, 481 : W. 201, 203, T. 248, 240; B, 45, 48;
TS. 51, 52.
Female. TL. 524 ; W. 205 ; T. 284 ; B. 45 ; TS. 50.
These specimens differ from the southern C. s. bubntus,
Horsf. in the characters previously assigned viz. slightly
shorter wing, markedly shorter but much broader tail, and the
purer, less ochraceous chestnut tint of the wings and scapulars.
The two races of course grade into each other but :i bird from
Lenggong in Upper Perak decidedly belongs to the southern
form.
54. Rhopodytes sumatrani's (Raffles*.
Shelley, torn. cit. p. 391.
a-h. 3 ¥ Lem Pia, N. Side Telibun Straits,
Trang, S. W. Siam, January 2nd, 191 7.
[Nos. 3826, 7.]
" Iris pearl, orbits orange red, fading posteriorly into
yellow bill sea green, feet, greenish slate."
Climbing about in the characteristic awkward manner in
a very thorny tree in an open plain.
The species is here approaching the northern limit of its
range. The Museum also possesses n male from Krong mon,
interior of Trang, shot on 17th February, 1910 which has
been omitted in the list given b}' Mr. Kloss and myself
(Ibis, 1911, p. )
55. Coccystes coromandus (Linn.).
Shelley, torn. cit. p. 214; Robinson and Kloss, p. 39;
Gyldemtolpe, p. 101.
a. ? ad. Burau, N. W. Langkawi. 12th Decem-
ber 1916. No. 3621.
b-d. 3 ad. Telok Wau, Terutau. i8th-28th
December 1916. Nos. 3660, 3760. 3781.
e. ? ad. Pulau Telibun, Trang. S. W. Siam. 1st
January 1917. No. 3805.
•' Iris hazel, bill black, feet slate."
Male. 3S3; W. 15S; T. 230; B. 35: TS. 25.
Female, TI 374, 388; W. 158, 162; T. 227, 231; B. a, 34.
TS. 27. 24.
Our series in the Museum shows no confirmation of state-
ments by Shelley and Legge that there is a sexual difference in
size in this species but we are very delicient in females, nor
apparently is there any difference in the colour of the sexes
when specimens in a similar condition of plumage are
igi7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulan Langkawi. 159
compared. Worn specimens show a much more oily green
tint on the mantle and inner secondaries.
Common along the coasts of the WW Malay Penin-
sula and on the islands of the Straits of Malacca during the
winter months, but rare even on migration in the south of the
peninsula. Apparently not resident.
56.* CUCULUS MICROPTEIU'S, Gould.
Shelley, op. cit. p. 241; Robinson and Kloss, p. 40;
Gyldenstolpe, Jonrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Stum, i, p. 232 11915).
a. S ad. Burau, N. \V. Langkawi. 15th Decem-
ber 1916. No. 3646.
" Is, Cere olive green, bill greenish horn, the culnien
black, gape yellow, feet chrome yellow."
TL. 305; W, 195, T, 153, B, 30. 5. TS, 18.
In the Malay Peninsula this species has been found breed-
ing in July but as a resident it is scarce. It is, however,
common on migration during the winter months.
57. HlEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES (Vig.).
Shelley torn. cit. p. 232; Robinson and Kloss, p. 40;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 102.
a. ? imm. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi.
gth December 1916, No. 3616.
b. ¥ imm. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. \V.
Siam, 10th January, 1917.
"Iris light hazel, orbital ring and feet chrome, upper
mandible black, lower and gape olive green."
TL. 380, 403: \V, 233, 232; T, 220, 229; B, 34, 34; TS,
25. 28.
A fine adult female from Ko Khau, Trang, has the wing
(measured dry) 232 and an immature male from the same
locality 237. Shelley loc. cit. gives the wing of an adult as 8^
in. (210) so that the specimen he measured, if correct!} recorded,
must have been exceptionally small. Gyldenstolpe 's adult male
from Koon Tan, North Siam, measured 237 mm.
The species is evidently fairly common in the northern
third of the Peninsula though probably only in the winter
months but is extremely rare south of the latitude of Penang.
As is the case with so many migratory species birds that have
not yet attained the fully adult plumage appears to be in the
great majority.
58. HlEROCOCCYX NISICOLOR (HodgS.).
Robinson and Kloss, p. 40; Robinson, untea, vol. v, p. 93.
Hierococcyx fugax (part.) Shelley, turn. cit. p. 2361.
a-c. 1 ? vix ad. 2 S imm. Telok Wau, Terutau,
i8th-24th December 1916. [Nos. 3659,
3728,3729],
rfio Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
d. i 3 ad. Sungei Udang, Terutau, 8th March.
1909.
TL. 310, 290, 273; W, 176, 171, 172; T, 158, 160, 145; B.
34, 28, 5,30; TS, 18, 19, 19.
" Iris orange, orbital ring and feet bright chrome, bill
yellowish green, tip and culmen green." •
Fairly abundant, especially in the winter months, through-
out the Peninsula but much commoner in the northern half,
where its numbers are evidently largely augmented by
migrants. Some birds, however, probably reside throughout
the year as the museum possesses adults and extremely young
■ birds shot at Temengoh, Northern Perak, on July 15th.
The most southerly specimen I have been able to examine
is an adult male from Gunong Tampin, Negri Sembilan, and
this is undoubtedly the present form. Specimens from
Southern Johore and from Singapore will however not
improbably prove to be referable to the original Hierococcyx
fugax (Horsf.) described from Java, of which the present form
is only the continental race.
The species has not as yet been recorded from any part of
Siam except the Peninsula.
59. EUDYNAMIS orientai.is MALAYANA, Cab. and Heine.
Eudynamis orientalis, Robinson and Kloss, p. 41;
Robinson antea, vol. v, p. 146.
Eudynamis honorata (part.) Shelley, torn. cit. p. 316;
Robinson Ibis, 1915, p. 737.
Eudynamis malayana, Cab. and Heine. Mus. Hein. iv,
p. 52 (1862).
Eudynamis orientalis malayana, Hartert, Nov. Zool.
X, p. 236 (1903); Gyldenstolpe, p. 103.
a, b. ' 2 $ vix ad. Koh Kadan (Pulau Papan),
Trang, S. W. Siam. 7th-8th January, 1917.
[Nos. 3865-6] .
"Iris red, bill greenish slate, legs slate."
TL.— ,415; W. 198,201; T, 211,214; B, 38, 40; TS, 34, 34.
Fairly common everywhere.
The races of the Koel have been much discussed from the
time of Walden (Ibis 1869, p. 239 et seq.), but no great degree
of unanimity seems to have been attained. In the Malay
Peninsula and possibly in Siam the question is further com-
plicated by the fact that individuals of two different races
appear to winter in the country while in addition there are
possibly birds who are resident throughout the year, though
we have no direct evidence on this point as the species is
extremelv rare anywhere on the mainland except in the north
of the Peninsula.
1 9 1 7 ■ ] H. ('. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 161
Most authorities are agreeci t hat in the Indian and Indo-
Malayan regions two races occur, viz., one with a wing less than
8 in. (200) mm. and a less robust bill, the male with a greenish
gloss and the female with clear white streaks on the head and
white bars on the tail.
This race is Eudynamis orientalis honoraia (Linn.)
The second race is larger, wing up to 8.6 in. (215 mm.) or
more, with a more robust bill, with a cast of violaceous in
tlir plumage of the male and the pale parts of the female buffs
or rufescent buff.
This race is Eudynamis orientalis malayana, Cab. and
Heine.
Judged by these standards specimens from Trang
1 Mainland and Islands), December and January; Koh Pennan
and Koh Samui, SW. Siam, May; Pulau Langkawi, February;
Pulau Paya near Pulau Langkawi, December; Pulau Jemor,
Aioa Ids. November; Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca, March;
and Pulau Lalang and Pulau Kumpia, Sembilan Ids., November
and January; belong to this form, Eudynamis orientalis malayana,
I ab. and Heme while others from Pulau Langkawi, February;
Pulau Paya near Pulau Langkawi. April; Pulau Bidan, near
Penang, April; Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca, March; Pulau
Rumpia, Sembilan Ids. January and March, and Great Redang
Id. off the coast of Trengganu, August, belong to Eudynamis
orientalis honorata (Linn.).
The evidence, such as it is, points to the possibility that
there is no resident Koel in the Malay Peninsula, south of
Trang, and that the birds that are so numerous on the small
islands off the coast are seasonal visitors, the differences noted
between them being due to the fact that they have come from
widely separated localities, thus accounting for the fact that
two apparently different races can be shot on the same small
island on the same day. The racesof Eurystomus orientalis and
Accipiter gularis afford parallel instances.
bo. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus INDO-MALAYICUS,
I I esse.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tick.) Hargitt, torn.
lit. p. 448 (pail., Robinson ami Kloss, p. \j : Robinson, antea,
vol. V, p. 147.
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indo-malayicus, Hesse,
Ornith. Monatsb. p. 182 (1911). Gyldenstolpe, Kongl. Svenska.
Vetensk. A had. Handl. Hand 50 No. 8, p. 49 (1913). Robinson.
Ibis, 1915. p. 739;
a. 1 Pulau Langkawi. nth February, 1909.
[F.M-.S. Mus. 310/09.]
b. ¥ Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi. 18th
March, 1909. [F.M.S. No. 315/09.]
c. 3 Sungei Udang, Pulau Terutau. 8th March
1909. [F.M.S. No. 313/09.]
1 62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
d-g- Z s , i ? Telok Wan, Pulau Terutau. 18-24U1
December 1916. [Nos. 3658, 3678, 3723.
3730-]
/;-*'. $ ? Chong, Trang. S. W. Siam 11 1 5th
December 1909. [F.M.S. Mus. Nop. 395.
396/10.]
j. i vix ad. Koh Samui, Bandon Bight, S. E.
Siam. 8th May 1916.
" Iris orange, bill dark greenish shite, feet olive green."
The detailed measurements of two males from Terutau,
taken in the flesh are : TL. 287, 290 ; W, 164. 157 : T. 97, 95 ;
B, 50, 54; TS. 31,28.
The wing and bill (from gape) of the Langkawi specimens
taken on the skins are male, W, 156, B. 55; Female, W, 151,
B. 49; of three other specimens from Terutau: — Males, W.
159, 154, B. 52, 51. Female, 153, B. 46. Of the Trang speci-
mens, Male, W. 157, B. 49; Female, W. 150, B. 51. Of
the bird from Koh Samui, W. 160, B. 52. The dimensions of
two males from Tonka (the type locality of the subspecies as
given by Hume {Stray Feath. viii, p. 154* as 6-15 and 6-3 in.
on the wing. viz. 156 and 160, which agrees well with the
above series.
In my paper on the collection made by Mr. Kloss in S. E.
Siam I unfortunately attributed Tickell's type of Picus
guttacristatus (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal) lii, p. 578 (1833) to
Northern Tenasserim, where the greater part of his collections
were made, whereas it was really secured in the jungles of
Eastern Bengal. As Hume, Oates and Blanford have pointed
out the Southern Indian bird, C. delessertii, Blyth, that from
eastern Bengal and the low country adjacent, C. guttacristatus
(Tick.) and the birds from the northern Malay Peninsula
approximate in size, though it would appear that the Malay
birds on the whole averages smaller, the wing never exceeding
164 mm (6.45 in.) while it is possibly brighter in general tone.
Chrysocolaptes sultaneus (Hodgs.) from the Himalayas is a
very large bird indeed and can fairly claim subspecific rank on
these grounds alone though there are no tangible differences in
colouration.
In tlie Malay Peninsula the bird is common in the
northern third but is unknown from any locality between
Penang and Southern Johore where a small form occurs, W.
male, 148, 143; B. 46, 47, which will receive a name in due
course. This form also occurs abundantly on the islands of
the Rhio-Johore archipelago south of Singapore.
It thus appears that in order of size we have the following
forms.
C. guttacristatus sultaneus, Himalayas. Wing averag-
ing 177 mm.
C. guttacristaius guttacristatus. Eastern Bengal,
Burma, etc. Wing 161 or perhaps slightly more. •
i g 1 7 ■ i II- C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 16;
C. guttacristatm indomalayicus, Southern Siam and
North Malay Peninsula, Wing 156 mm. (mean of twelve. )
C. gnttacristatus delessertii, Southern India. Wing
averaging 152.
C. guttacristatus {unnamed). Extreme south Malay
Peninsula, Wing, 145 mm.
The bills grade in even greater ratio.
The maximum range of wing of the species as a whole is
from about 190 to 143 or a subspecies to every nine mm. as
all authorities seem agreed that no constant differences in
colouration can be detected except possibly as noted above, a
slightly more intense tint in the Indo-Chinese and Indo-
Malayan specimens.
61. Alophonerpes pulverulentus (subsp.) ?
Hemilophus pulverulentus iTemm.) ; Hargitt, torn.
lit. p. 40,4.
Alophonerpes pulverulentus. Robinson and Kloss, p.
47: Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 95.
Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti, Hesse Ornith.
Monatsb. xix, p. 182 (191 2), Gyldenstolpe, p. 96.
a-b. t ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam.
10th January, 1917. [Nos. 3872, 3.]
c. £ Telok Wau, Terutau, 27th December, 1916.
[No. 3761.:
d. ¥ Pulau Terutau, 3rd December 1907.
[F.M.S. Mus. 2907/97.]
e. $ Pulau Langkawi. 9th February 1909.
[F.M.S. Mus. 309/09.]
f-g. 3 & Ulu Malacca. Pulau Langkawi 29th
December 1912.
I have no access to Hesse's description of this form
described from Burmah but which is apparently merely a
larger form of the Malayan race, nor have I specimens from
Java whence came Temminck's type so these specimens cannot
at present be identified subspeciiically with any certainty.
The wings of the males are 222, 228, 228 and of the four
females, 221, 227, 227, 235, while Glydenstolpe's two males
from North Siam which would certainly belong to Hesse's
race are given as 242. 235. A female from Kuala Lipis.
Pahang is 229 mm.
Compared with a female from Anyut Paku, Seribas, S. W.
Sarawak, whose wing measures 230 mm. all the Malayan birds
are much greyer and less slaty black, especially on the top of
the head, the mantle and undersurface, but this difference may
be merely individual.
" Iris dark hazel, orbits -date, tall greenish horn, culmen
at base darker feet slate.'"
164 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
62. Gecinus viridanus, Blyth.
Hargitt, torn. cit. p. 47 ; Robinson and Kloss. p. 45 ;
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 95.
Gecinus weberi, Midler, Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 69
(1882).
Picus viridianus (sic) Gyldenstolpe, p. 89.
a-e. 1 <?, 4 ?. W. sideTelibun, Trang, S.W. Siam.
2-3rd January, T917. [Nos. ^800, 3813-4,
3821-2.]
e-n. 6 3, 3 ?. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang,
S.W. Siam. 5-6th January, 1917. [Nos.
3839-40, 3848-51, 3863-5.] "
n-q. 2 S, 1 ?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W.
Siam. 10-nth January, 1917. [3876-7,
3888.]
" Iris chocolate, upper mandible black, lower yellow,
slate at tip, feet olive, orbits slate."
Both bronzy green and olive green types are represented
in the series from each island, all the specimens being quite
adult.
Two males from Koh Muk present a curious abnormality,
having the feathers of the flanks and abdomen largely creamy
white, evidently due to partial albinism, which is by no means
uncommon among species both of birds and mammals inhabit-
ing small islands in the Malayan ;irea, and presumably to be
explained by deterioration of stock due to excessive inbreeding.
In the north of the Peninsula, this species takes the place
of G. vittatus, which has not been met with north of Langkawi,
while the southernmost specimen of G. viridanus in our poss-
ession was obtained at Pelarit, Pedis. The relation between
the two forms is however evidently not subspecific as the large
series in the Museums show no evidence of intergradation.
63. Gecinus vittatus eisenhofeni (Gyldenstolpe).
Gecinus vittatus (nee Vieill.). Robinson and Kloss,
p. 45 ; Robinson Ibis 1915, p. 738.
Picus vittatus eisenhoferi, Gyldenstolpe, Omith.
Monatsb. xix, p. 28 (1916); id. op. cit. p. 88 (1916).
a. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting Langkawi, 10th
December, 1916. [No. 3619.]
Gyldenstolpe (loc. cit.) is probably not incorrect in separ-
ating the northern race of this woodpecker from that inhabit-
ing the Southern Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra, though
the material at his disposal appears to have consisted of a
single female with a wing of 142 and a tail of 128.
The present bird has the wing 137 and the tail, which is
not completely grown, about 114. TwoQther females from the
I9 1 7- J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 1O5
same locality measure W. 137, 135; tail, 125, 115 and two
males W. 138, 135, T. 122, 122.
Mi. Kloss' two specimens from S.E. Siam listed by me
had the wing about 139. All these birds may be considered as
belonging to the above cited northern race, which differs
merely in size from birds from the south of the Malay Penin-
sula which for the present may be taken as representing true
C. vittatus (typical locality Java) the colour distinctions noted
by Gyldenstolpe in his single specimen occurring in both forms
indifferently. The dimensions of the southern birds in the
F.M.S. Museums from localities ranging from Kuala Selangor
to the extreme south of the Peninsula are wing. 127-132 or a
mean of 128.2 for eight specimens while the wing of the
northern form as indicated by the specimens quoted above
ranges from I 35-142 with a mean also for eight specimens of
138-2 mm.
64. Calorhamphus havi (J. E. Gray).
Shelley, torn: cit. p. 50; Robinson and Kloss, p. 43.
a-c. 2 S. 1 ?. imm. Pasir Raja. Pulau Lonlar,
S.W. Siam. 9th [anuarv, 1917. [Nos.
3867-9.]
It is very unusual to lind barbets frequenting even the
larger islands near the coast of the Malay Peninsula and the
occurrence of this species at Pulau Lontar was therefore a little
surprising.
It seems hardly correct to rank this form from Sumatra
and the Malay Peninsula as merely a subspecies of C. fttligi-
nosus (Temm.) from Borneo, which differs so markedly in its
deep brick red throat, chin and upper breast, as some authors
have done. Malayan birds precisely agree with specimens from
Korinchi, West Sumatra, and it is difficult to credit Buttikofor
[Notes Ley den Mus. ix, p. 17 (1887) who seems to consider that
the two species are but plumage stages of one and the same
bird. Of the very large series of C. hayi from the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra that have passed through mv hands
I have never seen one that could for a moment be confounded
with C. fuiiginosus, while the same is true of the series of
C . fuiiginosus before me, when compared with C. hayi.
Immature birds have the throat and lower surface washed
with pale sulphur yellow and the tips of the median wing
coverts rufous buff. The bills are black in the males and
brownish horn in the females.
65. Xantholaema haemacephala (P, L. S. Mull.).
Xantholaema haematocephala, Shelley, torn. cit. p. 8g :
Robinson and Kloss, p. 44; Robinson, antea, p. 95 (1913).
a-c. 2 <? ?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam.
11 — 12th January, 1917. [No. 3890, 3906, 7].
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet and orbits coral."
Sept., 1917. 10
166 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
These specimens have the wing. 84.5 mm. and I do not
see how they are to be separated from typical specimens from
the Philippines, with which they agree in size. In any event
however there is a name available for the continental bird,
viz. Buccii indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i., p. 205 11790) which must
be applied to Malayan birds, although Parrot has separated the
Sumatran bird on the strength of a slightly smaller size which
is not altogether bome out by our large series from West
Sumatra and on certain differences in colour, some of which
we can confirm, the most noticeable being the absence of the
conspicuous orange yellow collar beneath the scarlet pectoral
patch, which is very noticeable in all the Malayan but barely
indicated in any Sumatran specimens, which in addition have
the green centres to the feathers of the abdomen and flanks
more restricted and the margins of a creamy rather than a
sulphury yellow. Parrot's name for this form Megalaema
haemacephala delicti, (Ablnindl. der Konigl. Bayer. Akad. der.
Wissensch. (II) xxiv. Bd. 1, p. i6q (19071 is however ante-
dated by Bucco rafflesius Boie, Brief. Ost. Ind. No. 15 (1832),
of which our Korinchi and Padang coast birds may be
regarded as topotypes.
65. Hirundo bAdia, Cass.
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 166: Robinson and KIoss. p. 50;
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 98.
a. Telok Wan, Terutau, 23rd December, 1916.
No. 3721.
" Iris and bill dark, feet dark maroon brown."
Very common indeed both on Langkawi and Terutau and
probably all over the Peninsula where there are precipitous
limestone hills. Resident throughout the year and not known
outside the limits of the Peninsula. A closely allied, but paler
and considerably smaller form, H. hyperyfhra, Layard, is
resident in Ceylon.
66. Hirundo javanica, Sparrm.
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. p. 142 (1885) ; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 50.
a. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam,
5th January, 1917. No. 3854.
" Iris dark, bill and feet black."
Found breeding on the cliffs of Koh Muk together with
Cypselus subfurcatus and Collocalia sp. Also common on Pulau
Terutau, P. Langkawi and P. Tengah between Langkawi and
P. Langkawi.
Common and resident all along the coasts of the Malay
Peninsula, according to Hume and Davison rare in Tenasserim
but very common in Southern Malava. Curiously enough not
hitherto recorded from Siam proper, though it is mentioned
in a List of the Birds of Lower Cochin China by Tirant. Occurs
also in the Philippines.
rgi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 167
67. Pitta megarhyncha, Schleg.
Sclater, torn. cit. p. 421; Robinson and Kloss, p. 48:
Moultou, Journ. Straits Branch. Roy. Asiat Soc. No. 67, p. 157,
No. 311 (1914).
Pitta brachyura megarhvncha, Parrot, Abh. Konigl.
Bayern. Akad. do Hiss. II. Kl. XXIV, Band. 1, p. 225 (1907).
((. i . Kuah, Puiau Langkawi, 27th April, 1915.
b. i. Pulau Terutau, 3rd March, 1909.
Though Sclater in the Catalogue and Sharpe in the
Hand-list (III, p. 180. 1901) record this species as coming only
from Burma, Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula, the types
came from Banka. while Parrot records it. though with some
doubt as to identification, from Sumatra, where, however, one
would expect to find it in the low lying south eastern districts.
Moulton on the strength of a specimen obtained in exchange
from the Raffles Museum, Singapore, records it from Borneo,
but the authenticity of the label needs confirmation.
The species is, as has been pointed out by many authors,
totally distinct from, and not a form of, P. cyanopteva, which
is often found with it. Besides the striking difference in the
size of the bill the present species lacks the black chin-spot
and the mesial dark line on the crown which is much duller in
colour than in P. cyanoptera. The colours beneath are less
intense and the white speculum on the wing more extensive.
Both Mr. Kloss and myself have found it only in the vicinity
of, or actually in, mangrove forest, while its ally is much more
widely spread.
68. Pitta cyanopteka, Teram.
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. my. p. 416 (1888);
Robinson and Kloss. p. 4<S; Robinson, journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. V, pp. 97, 147 (1914* : Gyldenstolpe p. 84.
a. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 9th
December, 1916. No. 3614.
b. i. Telok Wau, Terutau, 27th December. 1916.
No. 3759.
•' Iris hazel, bill black, feet pinkish flesh."
Common throughout the Peninsula and Siam at one time
or other of the year. Often in very large numbers on very
small islands during the winter months.
69. Pitta culcullata, Hartl.
Sclater. torn. cit. p. 448 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 49 ;
Robinson, an tea, vol. v, p. 97 (1914I.
A single somewhat immature female was shot on Pulau
Paya, between Pulau Langkawi and the Kedah river, on April
28th, 1915. It is not rare in the north of the Peninsula
generally but does not seem to be recorded from Siam proper.
i68 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
70. Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr.
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 83 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 55 >
Gyldenstolpe, p. 74; Hartert Vog. Palaarkt. Faun. I. p. 466
(1907).
a-b. 2 V. Kuah, Pulau Langkawi, 29th November,
1st December, 1907.
Common all over the Peninsula during the winter months
but commoner in the north.
71. Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgs.
Sharp?, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv, p. 132 (1879):
Robinson, J ourn. Fed. Malay States Mus. ii, p. 16 (1906).
Hemichelidon cinereiceps, Sharpe, Mus. 1887, p. 441.
Muscicapa ferruginea, Hartert Vog. Palaarkt. Faun, i,
p. 479 (1909).
a. i. Pulau Adang, Butang Archipelago, 20th
April, 1911.
b-d. 3 ?. Pulau Paya, nr. Kuala Kedah, 24~26th
April, 1916.
This specimen is common in the high mountains of the
Malav Peninsula, all our specimens being dated October to
March, but the above specimens, together with one from Pulau
Jemor, Aroa Islands, shot in November 1906 are the only ones
recorded from low elevations. It is evident, therefore that the
species is migrant and not a permanent resident, the above
specimens being on passage.
72. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles).
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 453; Robinson and Kloss, p. 51;
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 742 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 74.
a. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 9th
December, 1916. [No. 3606.]
b. $ . Telok Wau, Terutau, 19th December, 1916.
[No. 3668.]
" Iris black, bill black, the base yellowish, tarsi
brownish black."
Common throughout the Peninsula during the winter
months.
I have grave doubts as to the validity of Alseonax
siawensis, Gyidenst. Ornith. Monatsi. xix, p. 27 (1916) ; loc. cit. p.
74, founded on two specimens from Ban Hue Pong, Northern
Siam. The descriptions read like that of a freshly moulted
specimen of the above species but without actual examination
of types or topotypical specimens it is impossible to be
certain.
73. Puliomvias mugimaki (Temm.).
Poliomyias luteola, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 201 ; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 52.
I'M- II. C. Robinson: Birds from I'ulau Langkawi. i6q
Muscicapa mugimaki, Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun, i, p.
|')2 ' IQIOI.
a. & mini. Burau. X. W. Langkawi, 14th Dec-
ember, 1916. [No. 3636.]
b. i imm. Telok Wau, Terutau, 28th December,
1916. [No. 3785.]
" Iris dark, bill horn, pinkish at bast!, feet dark
brown."
Common in the Peninsula during the months October to
April, immature birds in the dull pelage being in the great
majority. We have numerous specimens from Terutau and
also an immature male shot on Pulau Butang, Butang group.
on April 21st, 191 1.
74. MUSCITREA GRISOLA GRISOLA (Blvthi.
Pachycepala grisola, Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm.
viii, p. 220 (1883).
Muscitrea grisola. Robinson and Kloss, p. 54 ; Robinson.
antea, vol. V, p. 14s: Robinson, Ibis. 1915, p. 743 ; Gyldenstolpe.
p. 78.
Pachvcephala grisola grisola, Stresemann, Nov. Zool.
XX. p. 355 (1913).
a. ?. Kuala Kubong Badak. Langkawi. 19th
March, 1909.
b. i . Pulau Langkawi, 16th February, 1909.
c-d. 2?. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago.
20th April, 191 1.
e. ■ . Pulau Nipis. Butang Archipelago, 22nd
April, 1911.
/. S. Pulau Tengah. Butang Archipelago. J.^rd
April 1911.
All these birds are fully adult, those from the Butang Ids.
being in breeding condition. Immature birds shot on Koh
Samui, Bandon Bight in May and Pulau Ketam, coast of
Selangor, in July, have the outer webs of the inner secondaries
rufous brown and the wing coverts tipped and edged with the
same colour.
Very common on most small islands near the Malay
Peninsula where there is mangrove forest and also along the
coast ot the mainland in similar situations, but so far as my
experience goes never found in dry forest.
There has been much discussion as to the systematic
position of this bird. It is certainly not a typical Pachycephaltt
but would appear to be best placed in a genus of its own.
near to Niltava and Rhinomyias. If only on zoogeographical
grounds, it must be removed from Pathycephala.
i/O Journal of the I'. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
75. Hvpothvmis aztrea prophata, Oberholser.
Hypothymis azurea, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 274;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 53 ; Robinson, antea vol. V, pp. 99, 148.
Hypothymi • azurea prophata, Oberholser. 1'ivc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 39, p. 507 (1911) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 79.
a-b. 3¥. Burau, NW. Langkawi, 14 December.
1916. [Nos. 3632, 3642.]
e-j. 4<?, 4$. Telok Wau, Terutau, i8-2,Sth
December, 1916. [Nos. 3652-3, 3694, 3709,
3938, 3749. 3770, 3786.1
k-l. <??. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang. SW.
Siam. 2-^rd January, 1917. [Nos. 3809,
3820.]
" Iris dark ha/el. bill and orbits smalt, feet blue
g'rey."
Males range from 72 to 76 mm. in wing measurement, and
are very constant in colouration over the whole length of the
Malay Peninsula when specimens of a similar age and plumage
are compared.
Cyornis sumatrensis (Sharpe).
Siphia sumatrensis, Sharpe Tom. cit. p. 451.
Cyornis sumatrensis, Hartcrt, Nov. Zool. i.\, p. 550
(1902); Robinson and- Kloss, p. 51: Robinson, antea. vol. v, p.
147 1915) : Gyldenstolpe, p. 76.
a-e. 4o,V. Pulau Dayang Bunting. Langkawi.
8-9th December, 1916. Nos. 3607, 3609,
3611-13-
/. 1. Burau, NW. Langkawi, 13th December.
1916. No. 3633.
g-j. 23, 2?. Telok Wau. Terutau, i8-28th
December, 1916. Nos. 3654, 3699, 3783-4.
" Iris and bill black, feet livid purplish flesh."
These specimens, with large series obtained from various
other localities in the peninsula are vei v consistent inter se.
and I have nothing to add to the brief description already
given by myself and Mr. Kloss (loc. cit.). The wing varies
from 70-73 mm. In all, the belly, under tail coverts and under
wing coverts are pure unsullied white, therein differing from
C. dialilacma, Salvad., which has these parts sullied buff, a
larger patch of blue on the sides of the breast, a deeper blue last
and is also possibly slightly smaller. The females also are
quite different.
76. Terpsiphone paradisi affinis (Blyth).
Terpsiphone affinis. Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 274 ; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 53 ; Robinson, antea, vol. v. pp. 99, 148; Robinson,
Ibis, 1915, p. 745; Gyldenstolpe, p. 81.
lui". H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 171
,,. i. imm. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, SW.
Siam. 2nd Janunry, 1917. [No. 3817.;
b. 5 . imm. l'asir Raja. Pulau Lontar, SW. Siam.
10th January, icj 1 7. [No. 3881.]
" Ins dark hazel, bill, feet arid orbits Payne's grey,
rhese specimens, are apparently birds of the year with
tbe mantle and tail very pale cinnamon rufous but with a
rather large bill, so that they are probably not the far Eastern
form, T. p. incii (Gould 1 which winters in the Malay peninsula.
Wing 83, 84 mm.
In the white plumage T. p. incii and T.p. affinis are with
difficulty separated by the greater amount of black in the
edgings of the tail feathi rs and wing coverts and by difference
in size. Birds in the second year plumage are however easily
distinguished bv the rich maroon mantle and darker under-
surface (especially throatl of T. />. incii.
77. Cyanoptila cyanomelana iTemm.i.
Xanthopygia cyanomelaena, Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 251.
Cyanoptila bella, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv,
p. 328 (1892) : Robinson antea, vol. II, p. 189 (1909).
Cyanoptila cyanomelasna. Robinson anil Kloss, p. 53.
Muscicapa cyanomelana, Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt.
Faun. 1, p. 492 (1909!.
a. 1 . ad. Sungei Udang, Terutau. 19th March
rgog. F.M.S. Mus. No. 372/09.
No further specimens of this beautiful Flycatcher have
been obtained in the Malay Peninsula since the above bird was
secured. We have it. however, both from Borneo (Ulu Paku,
Seribas, November, and from Korinchi, Sumatra, March).
78. Aegithina viridissima (Bp.).
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm. vi, p. 55 (1881) ; Robinson
and Klost, p. 55.
a-c. 3<?. Telok Wan. Terutau. i8-26th Decem-
ber 1916. [Nos. 3657, 3752, 3681]
•' Iris dark hazel, bill plumbeous, upper mandible
black, feet slaty green."
By no means a common bud in the Malay Peninsula,
where it keeps much mure to deep jungle than its congener,
Ac. tiphia. This species is here approaching its northern limit.
not having been obtained beyond Trang.
79. Chlokopsis viridis zostekops, Vig.
( hloropsis zosterops, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 24: Robinson
and Kloss, p. 55.
a. S. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. Siam.
2nd January 1917. 'No. 3811.J
172 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
b, c. i? ? ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam.
ioth-i2th January 1917. [Nos. 3879, 3932.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, in the female the lower
mandible light horn, feet slate or Payne's grey."
In a review of this group (Nov. Zool. ix, pp. 211-212
(1902) Hartert has established a subspecies. C. viridis viridi-
tcctus, (type from Baram, Sarawak) for the Bornean form based
on the fact that the shoulder spot is glistening green without
any bluish gloss, and a considerable series from SW. Sarawak
confirms his diagnosis. He considers that Malayan birds
should also be placed in this race but in this I cannot agree
as the majority of our large series precisely agree in the tint
of the shoulder spot with a specimen from Rimbo Pengadang,
Bencoolen (Jacobson coll.) which is a topotvpe of C. zosterops,
Vig.
80. Chloropsis icterocephala chlokocephai a.
(Wald.).
Chloropsis chlorocephala, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 28.
Robinson and Kloss, p. 55: Robinson antea, vol. V, p. 101 ;
Robinson Ibis, p. 745 ; Gyldeiistolpe, p. 65.
a. 1. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 12th
January, 1917. [No. 3903.]
" Iris chestnut red, bill black, feet sage green."
Gyldenstolpe (loc. cit.) suggests that C. icterocepJvala
may also occur on the southern parts of Siamese Malaya.
As a matter of fact several specimens were obtained by
Dr. Annandale and myself at Bukit Besar in Patani, though
Grant in his report* on the collection has accidentally emitted
the precise locality. This species meets and intergrades with
C. icterocephala in Perlis whence we have a pair which it is
impossible to refer definitely to either form.
81. Irena puella cyanea, Begbie.
Irena cyanea, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 179: Robinson and
Kloss, p. 56.
a-c. 3 i ad. Burau, NW. Langkawi. I2th-I4th
December 1916. [Nos. 3620, 3630. 3637.]
d-j. 1 S ad. 4 £ imm., 2 ¥. Telok Wau, Teru-
tau. igth-28th December 1916. [Nos. 3662,
3664. 3671-2, 3689, 3713, 3774.]
"Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
Exceedingly common in heavy jungle on Langkawi and
Terutau, while a single specimen was obtained in April. 1915,
on the small island of Pulau Paya, near Kuala Kedah.
The series of males moulting into the adult plumage con-
firms Gyldenstolpe's observations on the closely allied race /. p.
puella from further north (loc. cit. p. f>6) that the adult livery is
acquired by a direct change of colour in the feather without
• Fascic Malay. Zool III, p. 89 (1906).
igiJ'J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 173
moult, a possibility that has always been hotlj disputed by
many biologists.
The southern subspecies is extraordinarih close to the
northern and only differs in the relative length of the under
tail coverts, which more nearly approach the tip of the tail in
the southern than they do in the northern form. There seems
to be no tangible difference in size. Wings of Langkawi adult
female, 122-128 mm.
82. Hemixus maiaccensis (Blyth).
Shurpe, torn. cit. p. 52; Robinson and Kloss, p. 56;
Robinson, antea vol. V, p. 102 (1915).
a. V. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. Siam.
1st January 1917. [No. 3804.]
Quite rare in the north of the Peninsula, whence we have
three specimens only, not differing from others from the
vicinity of the type locality, Malacca.
83. MlCROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gill.).
Micropus melanocephalus, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. (15 ;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 57. Robinson, anteu, vol. v. p. 148.
Microtarsus melanocephalus, Gyldenstolpe, p. 66.
a-b. 2 <?. Pasir Kaja, Pulau Lontar. S.W. Siam.
12th January 1917. [Nos. 3904. 5.]
" Iris blue, bill and feet black."
84. Criniger GUTTURALIS OCHRACEUS, Moore.
Criniger sordidus, Richmond. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas.
xxii, p. 320 (19001; Robinson and Kloss, p. 57; Robinson, antea,
Vol. V. p. 102 (1915).
Criniger ochraceus, Moore, Cat. Hints Mus. E.I.C. 1, p.
252 > 1 854) ; Robinson. Ibis, 1915, p. 746;
Criniger gutturalis sordidus, Gyldenstolpe, p. 67.
a. ?. Burau, N.W. Langkawi, 15th December
1916. [No. 3645.]
" Iris chocolate, bill plumbeous, blackish on culmen,
tarsi horn)- pink."
The Bulbuls of this group are extremely closely allied and
the several species described are but little more than ill-defined
subspecies. From descriptions, I fail to see in what respects
Criniger henna. Cast. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1896, p. 18;.
can be distinguished from this form. Gyldenstolpe (loc. cit.)
lists both, from the same locality, Koon Tan, in Northern Siam.
The present race is common in the Northern Mala) Penin-
sula, becoming slightly differentiated further south.
85. PYCNONOTUS iinlaysoni, Strickl.
Sharf>e, torn. cit. p. 144: Robinson and Kloss, p. 58:
Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 149; Robinson, litis, 1915, p. 747:
Gyldenstolpe, p. 69.
Sept., 1917. 11
174 Journal of Hie F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
d-e. 4 3,i ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 20th-28th
December 1916. [Nos. 3675, 3697, 3700,
3720, 3778.]
" Iris chestnut, bill black, feet slate."
Extremely common in the north of the Peninsula, largely
replacing P. aitalis, which however also occurs: rare and
sporadic in the south.
86. Pycnonotus plumosus, BIyth.
Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 152 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 58.
a-e. West side, Pulau Telibun. i-3rd. January
1917. [Nos. 3802, 3828, 9.]
" Iris chocolate, reddish or dark red, bill black, feet
pinkish brown."
This, is the only one of this group of the genus about
which no difficult}' arises in identification. Colouration is on
the whole verv constant, though freshly moulted specimens are
darker above than others. Tail and wings always strongly
washed with olive green and the ear-coverts with pale shaft
stripes.
87. Pycnonotus simplex (Less.).
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 153: Robinson and Kloss, p. 58;
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 506 (1 903.1.
Pycnonotus sp. (?) Richmond loc. cit. p. 506.
Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis, Oberhoher, Smitlisonian
Misc. Coll. vol. 60, p. 11 (1912).
a-c. 3?. Telok Wan, Terutau. 20-29th Decem-
ber 1916. [Nos. 3677. 3732, 3794.]
" Iris Indian red, bill dark horn, feet pinkish yellow-
horn."
I have compared these and numerous other Malayan birds
with three specimens from the West Coast of Sumatra which
can be regarded as typical of P. simplex (Less.) and also of
P. olivaceus chloeodis, Oberholser, and can detect no material
differences, certainly none that would warrant even subspecific
distinction.
The wings of three Sumatran birds are 76, 77, 82, while
nine Malayan birds average 81 mm. The Sumatran bird
cannot therefore be said to be "larger."
The colour of the irides, relied on by Richmond for
separation of species, is quite unreliable. Two Sumatran birds
recorded by myself have them " white " and a third by Jacob-
son " light orange," while the Terutau birds had them as noted
above " Indian Red," but they are undoubtedly all the same
form.
In any event the Sumatran bird, if distinct, must be called
P. simplex simplex (Less.) while the Malayan bird (type from
Malacca compared) will be P. simplex brunneus (BIyth), Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal xiv, p. 568 (1842).
igi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 175
88. Peli.okneum subochkaceum, Swinh.
Sharpe, torn, cit. p. 521 ; Robinson and Kioss, p. 59;
Robinson antea, vol. Y. pp. £03, 149; Robinson Ibis, 1915, p. 748;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 748.
rt- 6. 3 9. Bunni, N. W. Langkawi. 12th Decem-
ber 1916. Nos. 3623, 4.
c. <?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siani. nth
January 1917. No. 3884.
" Iris chestnut, orbital space sage green, bill horn,
lower mandible yellowish, feet pale yellowish flesh.
Exceedingly common over the whole of the northern
third of the Malay Peninsula and in the Langkawi group,
frequenting low trees in secondary jungle and shrubs and
bushes at the edges of open spaces.
The large series in the F.M.S. Museums shows consider-
able variation in the depth of tint of the buff on the lower
surface and in the width and intensity of the black shaft stripes
on the breast as is noted by G\ ldenstolpe. The differences are
apparently due to age and are not correlated with locality.
89. MaLACOCINCLA ABBOTT! (Bl)th).
Turdinus abbotti, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 541 ; OgilvU
Grant Joum. Fed. Malay States Mm. iii, p. 29 (1908) ; Robinson
Ibis, 1915, p. 749; Robinson and Kloss, p. 59.
Turdinus olivaceus, Robinson antea, vol. V, pp. 103,
149 (19,15)'.
Turdinus abbotti olivaceum, Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix,
p. 562 (1902 1 .
Turdinus abbotti abbotti iBlyth) Gyldenstolpe, p. 57.
a-b. i, t Burau,N. W. Langkawi. 12th Decem-
ber, 1916. [Nos. 3625, 362^.]
c-m. 6 3, 6 1 Telok Wau, Terutau, 2028th Dec-
ember. 1916. [Nos. 3667, 3682, 3687, 3690,
3692, 3698, 3706, 3733-4. 3750-1. 377I-]
n-o. 3, 9 Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam,
12th January, 1917. [Nos 3908-9.]
" Iris red, reddish chestnut or orange, bill slate,
black on culmen, feet flesh or brownish flesh."
Diametrically opposite opinions have been expressed by
Grant and Hartert Hoc. cit.) on the separability of the northern
and southern forms of this species, Turdinus abbotti, Blyth.
Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 601 (1845I, type from Ramree
Id., Arakan. and Malacoptcrum olivaceum, Strickland, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist, xix, p. 132 (1847), type from Malacca.
As I have suggested elsewhere (Ibis. 1915. p. 749 1 much
of the discrepancy- is probably clue to the rapiditv with which
skins of this and other allied Timeliine species fade.
176 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
It would seem to be a fact, however, that the majority of
southern birds are dull, therein conforming with the diagnosis
of M. a. olivaceum (Strickl.) while the majority of those from
the north are bright, agreeing with T. abbotti abbotti (Blyth).
This is not, however, universally true in the present series, as
the pair from Langkawi, one from Terutau and one from P.
Lontar,the most northerly locality visited, are as dull as any from
Kuala Lumpur and other parts of Selangor. The remainder,
and also specimens collected in 1915 in Langkawi are brighter
birds, having the undertail coverts rich buffy rufous, the rufous
buff of the flanks carried up high on the sides of the chest.
Birds from Trang vary and ones from Perlis are brighter than
Selangor and P.ihang skins. We have a topotype of M. a.
olivaceum from Malacca, but it is a native skin so old and
deteriorated that no reliable comparison can be made with it.
None of the specimens are quite so bright as those obtained
by Mr. Kloss on the coasts and islands of SE. Siam and listed
by me in the Ibis for 1915.
Gyldenstolpe (he. cit.) is in error in stating that these
specimens were referred to T. a. olivaceum, though a reference is
given to Hartert's discussion of the question under that heading.
Pending the collection of a large series from topotypical
localities I have nut placed these birds under any subspecific
name. I have little doubt however that if M. a olivaceum is
shown to have any real existence, which for the present must
remain an open question, we shall have to call in the aid of a
quadrinomial or even quinqenomial system, as is already
used in some cases by Hartert, Stresemann and Parrott.
If this comes into use at all extensively it becomes an open
question whether a return to a bald binomial system is not,
after all, the simplest and most convenient plan.
go. MlXOKNIS RUBKICAPILLA RUBKICAPILLA, «/" subsp HOV.
Mixornis gularis, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 576; Robinson and
Kloss, p. 62 : Robinson antea, vol. v, p. 106 uo.15); Gyldenstolpe,
p. 60.
.Mixornis gularis rubricapillus. Robinson antea. vol. v,
p. T4<i (1915).
Mixornis gularis rubricapilla. Robinson. Ibis. 1015, p.
a. v. Buiau. N.W. Langkawi. 14th December
1916. No. 3643.
b-g- 5 3 3 ?■ Telok Wau, Terutau, i8th-26th
December. Nos. 3655, 3676, 3703, 3726,
3747-8-
h-i. <?. ? W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang. S.W.
Siam. ist-2nd January 1917. Nos. 3803,
3819.
" Iris whitish , whitish yellow or yellowish white, pale
vellow or pale orange, bill bluish slate, black on culmen, feet
sage green or yellowish green, orbits bluish slate."
ii)t7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 177
Oberholser's unfortunate discovery that Raffles' Motacilla
gain > is hitherto used foi this species in it- broad sense is
preoccupied and therefore untenable throws the whole oi the
nomenclature of this and allied forms into the greatest confusion.
In the first place it will be generally admitted that the
present form mid Motacilla rubricapilla, Tickell, Journ. Asiat.
So . Bengal, p. 576 (1833) from eastern Bengal arc only sub-
specificallj distinct. As a group name Tickell's will therefore
take precedence of Prinia pileata, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xi. p -'04 (1N42) from Malacca, which Oberholser sub-
stitutes lor gularis.
In 1850 Bonaparte (Conspectus Av. i. p. 217), misled by
Horsfield's ban figure of Timalia gularis Zool. Res. Java,
1824 and assuming that the bird came from Java, which was
not the case, renamed the Sumatran bird as M. sumatrana with
the brief but sufficient diagnosis " Minor subtus cum gula
flavissima.''
Himalayan birds are also described under the names loin
chloris, Blyth, Journ. Asiatic. Soc. Bengal, xi, p. 794 (1842) and
Mixomis ruficeps, Hodgson, P.Z.S. 1845. p. 23, these names
being pure synonyms of each other.
In 1900 Col Rippon described 3 (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi,
p. u), under the name Stachyridopsis sulphured from Namchet, S.
Shan States, what is only a form of this species, and finally
Gvldenstolpe describes vet another race from North Siam as
Mixomis gularis minor.
These last two forms (I have examined Nippon's type) are
probably pure synonyms of each other, the race being dis-
tinguished, apart from its somewhat small size, by the clear
yellow underparts, the reduction of the shaft stripes on the
throat tn mere hair lines and by great diminution of the
chestnut tinge on the cap. mantle and external aspect of the
wings. The form, spread over the greater part of Tenasserim,
the southern parts of Siam and the northern third of the
Peninsula is fairly uniform in character and in the absence of
direct comparison with topotypes of Tickell's M. rupricapillus,
cannot be separated from that form. It has had, at present no
subspecific name assigned to it. In the central section of the
Malay Peninsula it grades into the next form, M. r. pileata,
which is characterised by the somewhat richer coloured under-
surface, less tinged with glaucous green and by its slightly
.mailer size. The shaft stripes on the threat are broader and
the chestnut cap more sharply defined. This form extends
from Central Perak down the Peninsula and is also found on
the Rhio Archipelago. We possess topotypes from Malacca.
Finally the Sumatran bird is just separable by still richer
colouring, shafl stripe very strongly maiked and extending on
to the Hanks. Lores and superciliary feathers dark. This is
Mixomis rubricapilla sumatrana, Bp.
' Smithsonian Misc. coll Vol. 60, p. 9 (1912).
178 Journal of the F.M.>. Museums. [Vol. VII.
The races are therefore : —
Mixornis rubricapilla rubricapilla (Tick.)- Eastern
Bengal. Tenasserim. Southern Siarri and Indochina and
North Malay Peninsula.
Mixornis rubricapilla chloris (Blyllii, Sub-Himalaic
tracts. Nepal to Horam. North Shan States.
Mixornis rubricapilla snlphurea (Rippon). Southern
Shan States and N and N.E. Siam.
Mixornis ntbricapilla pileata (Blyth). Southern half
Malay Peninsula and Rhio Archipelago.
Mixornis rubricapilla sumatrana Bp. Sumatra.
Mixornis ruin iaipilla zaptcra* Olierholzer. Tana
Masa, Batu Islands, \Y. Sumatra.
Mixornis rubricapilla zarbabdota, * Obei holzer. Pulau
Bangka.ru, Banyak Islands, W. Sumatra.
91. Myiophoneus eugenei ckassirostris, Robinson.
Myiophoneus crassirostris. Robinson, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxv, p. 98 ; (1910) : Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 62.
a-e. 2<?ad.. i?ad. i<? imm. 1? imm. Telok Wau,
Terutau, i7-25th December, 1916. [Nos.
3650, 3679, 3696, 3724, 3735.
/. ?. imm. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia), Trang, S.W.
Siam. 4th January, 1 91 7. No. 3837.
g-h. 23 ad. Pasir Raja (Pulau Lontar), S.W. Siam.
10-nth January. 1917. Nos. 3874, 3886.
" Iris dark, bill yellow, black on 1 ulmen, feet black."
Fairly common in heavy jungle on the hills, generally in
gullies and watercourses.
There is great variation in the very considerable
number of adult specimens of this form now in the collection
from the mainland of Trang and Perils and from Langkawi
and Terutau. All adults have the pale white spots on the wing
coverts present though in a van ing degree, these being hardlv
discernible in one bird from P. Lontar. Thev are also present
in most immature birds which entirely lack the glistening
tips to the feathers above and are dull black beneath.
There is considerable sexual variation in size, males being
much the larger. It is evident that the form is intermediate
between M . temmincki, which has a very wide range in contin-
ental India, ranging south to Aracan and Burmah and M.
eugenii, which does not seem to be known West of the Salwin.
If the locality of the specimen of M. crassirostris mentioned
by Gyldenstolpe, p. 62, viz., Java, is correct, I think that the
identification will have to be revised as the specimens would
almost certainly be referable to M. flavirostris, of which a
closely related form, M, durorhynclius, Salvad. is met with in
the south of the Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra.
* Smithiontan Misc. Call. Vol. 60, p. 9 1
i gi 7- 1 H. C. RoBrNSON: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 179
92. Herpornis zantholeuca xantholeuca (Hodgs.i.
Herpornis zantholeuca, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 636;
Robinson ami Kloss, p. 63 : Rbbiiison, ailtea, vol. v, p. 107 (1915) ;
Gyldenstolf>c, p. 62.
<[-/). 2?. Burau, NW. Langkawi, 14th December,
1916. No. 3638.
" Iris reddish, bill pale horn, darker on culmen,
yellowish at base, feet pale pinkish flesh."
Fairly common at this one locality on Langkawi in open
ground near the sea. Widely distributed throughout the
Peninsula and very constant in characters, rather more
abundant in the north.
93. Geocichla citrina citrina (Lath. 1.
Geocichla citrina. Hume. Stray. Featk. vi, p. 250
(1878) Seebohm. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mas. v, p. 176 11S81); Robinson
and Kloss, p. 63 : (Jyldeustolpe, p. 46. •
.1. <?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 9th
December 1916. [No. 3617.]
b. ?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 12th
January 1917. [No. 3895.]
'".Male. Iris dark, bill dark greenish black, feet
pinkish flesh tinged with yellow. Female. Iris hazel, bill
upper mandible dark horn, lower bluish horn, feet yellowish
pink horn."
Besides the above series we have twelve specimens of
both sexes shot in various localities in Trang and on Terutau
and Langkawi from November to March and a fine adult male
from Menuang Casing, 3-4,000', Ulu Langat, Selangor, Feb-
ruary 7th 191 2.
There has been much discussion and difference of opinion
on the point as to whether Geocichla innotata, Blyth. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xv, p. 370 1846), described vaguely as from
''Malacca'* has any claims to even subspecific rank.
The "species" is supposed to differ in richer colour above
and in the total absence of white markings On the wing coverts.
As regards the tint then- is very large variation, both sexual
and individual, in specimens with markings on the wings (G.
citrina) and this character can therefore be disregarded. The
white tips to the wing coverts are very variable and specimens
lacking or nearl\ lacking them occur together with those in
which they are highly developed. It may further be noted
that with the exception of the above-mentioned specimen from
the mountain's of Selangor, which has strongly marked white
patches on the wings, no exactly localised specimens of an\
Geocichla of this type has ever been obtained in the Malay
Peninsula south of Penang.
i So Journal of the F.M.S. Museum 1 ;. [Vol. VII.
Specimens vaguely labelled "Malacca" or of Malacca
" make " may have come from almost anywhere especially since
until recent years bird skins were a large export from the
territory and the collection thereof a trade which afforded
occupation to considerable numbers of hunters who travelled
far in pursuit of it.
The specimens collected by Mr. Kloss on the coasts and
islands of S.E. Siam, Ibis 1915, p. 752 were certainly all G.
innotata, in that they lacked the wing spots, but his series was
small. Possibly Blvth's original locality was incorrect and the
real locality of his types was Siam or Indo-China. I am inclined
to think that the species is, at anyrate partially, migrator)-,
which would account for its sporadic appearance in the more
southern parts of the Malay Peninsula and for its greater
abundance in the north of the Peninsula during the winter
months.
94. TURDUS OBSCURl'S (Gm.).
Robinson and Kloss, p. 64; Robinson. Ibis. 191 5. p. 753:
Gyldenstolpe, p. 47. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i. p. 656 (1910).
a-d. 2 £, 2 ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. igth-28th
December 1916. [Nos. 3663, 3746, 3758.
37751-
e. 1 3 . Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam.
12th January 1917. [No. 3897].
"Iris hazel, bill yellowish horn, tip and culmen dark
ashy, feet yellowish horn."
Common in Trang and on the islands during the winter
months; in the south of the Peninsula found, as a rule, only on
the tops of the mountains, presumably on passage.
95. MONTICOLA SOI.ITARirS PANDOO (Sykes).
Petrocincla pandoo, Sykes, P.Z.S. 1S32, p. 87.
Petrophila solitaria, Robinson and Kloss. p. 64.
Monticola cyanea, Linn : Gyldenstolpe. p. 47.
Monticola solitarius pandoo. Hartert. Vog. Pal. Faun.
i, p. 675 (1910).
a. ?. Pulau Pandan, nr. Langkawi. 15th March.
1909. [F.M.S. Mus. 406/09. J
b. ?. Gantang, Trang. S.W. Siam. 12th Dec-
ember. 1909.
C. $. Lem Pia. N. Telibun Straits. Trang. S.W.
Siam. Jan. 3rd igi7- [No. 3825.]
d. 1 . W side Pulau Telibun, Trang. S.W. Siam.
1st January, igi7- [No. 3801. J
e-f. S. Batu Caves, nr. Kuala Lumpur. Selangor.
3rd August, igo8 and 24th January. 1912.
1917O H. C. Robinson : Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 181
g. . Batu Caves, nr. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
24th May, 1910.
"Iris hazel, bill and feet slaty Mack, gape yellow."
These specimens have the wing 113-124 nun. in the males,
and 112-118 in the two measurable females and have no chest-
nut whatever in the plumage. The bird from P. Telibun is of
a somewhat lighter blue and has traces ol the black and white
terminal tips to the feathers being the remains of the immature
pelage. The series must apparently be referred to Sykes'
subspecies originally described from the Western Ghats,
India.
0,6. MONTICOLA SOLITARIUS PHILIPPENSIS (P.L.S. MllU.I.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i. p. 675 (1910); Robinson,
Ibis, 1915, p. 752; Gyldenstolpe p. 48.
a. 3. vix ad. West Side, Pulau Telibun, Trang,
S.W. Siam. Jan. 1st 1917. [No. 3807.]
This specimen has the remains of the immature pelage
strongly in evidence; the undertail coverts are however mainly
chestnut as. are also a few of the under wing coverts and
feathers of the belly. The wing is 118. The chestnut is very
much less developed than in a specimen from Lem Ngop, S.E.
Siam, collected by Mr. Kloss on January 15th 1915, but it is,
I think best, placed with this form, though it must be admitted
that the identification of two birds, shot within a few yards of
each other on the same day (see above) as different subspecies
is not very convincing, even on the assumption that the entirely
blue bird is a winter visitor from the N\V. while the chestnut
form comes from the XE. The north of the Malay Peninsula is
however indubitably the meeting place of easterly and westerly
migration streams.
97. Larvivora CYANEA (Pall.).
Robinson and Kloss, p. 64. Robinson, anted, V, p. 141J
(1914) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 49.
a. » . Telok Wan, Terutau, 19th December, hjiG.
[No. 3670.1
b. ?. Pasir Raja. Pulau Lontar, SW. Siam, nth
January, 1917. [No. 3889. |
" Iris hazel, upper mandible black, lower Mesh at
base, feet pale, whitish flesh."
As has already been noted by Gyldenstolpe and myself
this species is nut improbably resident throughout the year in
the north of the Peninsula, specimens having been obtained as
late as May 15th. In the south of the Peninsula it certainly
only occurs during the winter months.
98. KlTTOCINCLA MACRURUS MACRURUS, (Gm.)
Cittocincla macrura, Robinson and Kloss, p. 65;
Robinson, an tea, V, pp. 108, 150.
Sept , 1917. \2
i82 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Kittacincla macrurus macrurus, Hartert, Nov. Zool.
ix, p. 572 (1902); Robinson, Ibis 1915, p. 753.
Kittacincla macrurus tricolor {part.) Gyldenstolpc, p. 50.
a-b. 2 3 ad. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi,
8-gth December 1916. [Nos. 3608, 3615.]
c-h. 5 3,i ?. Telok Wau, Terutau, igth-28th
December 1916. [Nos. 3665-6, 3686, 36g5,
3757. 3782.]
i-j. 2 ? ad. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W.
Siam. 2nd~3rd January 1917. [Nos. 3812,
3^23.}
k. 1 (J ad. Koh Muk, Pulau Muntia, Trang, S.W.
Siam. 5th January 1917. [No. 3853.]
" Iris hazel, bill black, feet fleshy white."
Hartert (loc. cit.) has dealt exhaustively with the races of
the Shama but it is still somewhat uncertain in what districts
the Indian race. K. in. tricolor (Vieill.) meets the Malayan and
Indo-Chinese K. m. macrurus (Gm.).
The F.M.S. Museums possess large series of Shamas from
the central and southern parts of the peninsula but the vast
majority of the specimens are either fully adult males or
immature birds and we are unaccountably deficient in adult
females. The adult males vary greatly in the depth of chestnut
tint on the undersurface and it is admittedly impossible to
separate Indian and Indo-Malayan birds when this sex only is
examined, but the female of K. m. tricolor is stated to be very
much paler than that of K. m. macrurus. The three females
in the list detailed above are decidely paler than two adults
from Selangor and it is possible that the birds from North
Malay Peninsula and South Siam are intermediate. Among
adults differences occur in the colour of the thighs, some having
these parts white, with black bases to the feathers and others
having them very strongly washed with chestnut but the differ-
ences are not apparently associated with locality.
Shamas {murai batu of the Malays) are very common on
most islands off the coast, especially where these are high and
rocky but are very much scarcer on the mainland or in flat
country.
yg. Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm.)
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 220; Robinson and Kioss, p. 06 ;
Robinson antea, vol. V. pp. 108, 150 (1915).
a. V imm. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi.
30th November 1907.
b. 3 ad. Pulau Langkawi, iSth February igog.
c-d. 3 ad, v imm. Telok Wau, Terutau, 2gth
December igi6. [Nos. 37g5, 6.]
Distributed throughout the Peninsula but especially
common on the islands.
1917.] H. ('. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 183
100. PHYLLOSCOPUS SUP! RCILl 1 11 [OSA (Gin.).
Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. Band. 1. p. 518 I 1 ;
Robitison, Ibis, 1 9 1 5, p. 755.
Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm.) Seebhohm, Cat.
Birds Brit. tins. v. p. 68 (1881) ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 66.
a-d. i J , 2?. Telok Wau, Terutau. rg-2gth
December, 1916. [Nos. 3669, 3722, .',7< s > s -')-|
e. •". W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, SW. Siam,
3rd January, 1917. [No. 3832.]
" Iris dark hazel, bill brownish horn, greater part of
lower mandible and gape yellowish, feet dark greyish green or
yellowish brown."
Fairly common in the islands. We found this species
abundant on the mainland of Trang in December, 1910. A
male from Taiping, Perak, shot on January 7th 1910, represents
the southernmost locality from which the species has been
obtained and is the only record for the British portion of the
Peninsula.
101. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias).
Phylloscopus borealis, Seebohm, Cat. Birds Hi it. Mus.
V, p. 40 (1881) ; Robinson and Klow, p. 65 : Robinson, antea,
vol. V, p. 150 (part.) (1915V
Phylloscopus borealis borealis, Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt.
Faun. I, p. 517 (1909!; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 754; id. antea,
vol. VI, p. 232 (1916).
a. i. Burau, N.W. Langkawi, 14th December,
1916. No. 3641.
b-c. 2V. Telok Wau. Terutau. i7-26th December,
1916. Nos. 3649, 3745.
d. S. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago, 20th
April, iyn.
"Iris dark, bill wax yellow, dark on culmcn. tarsi
greenish yellow, wax yellow darker in front, or yellowish
brown.*'
These birds have the wing 62, 62, (id. 66 nun., with a small
first primary just reaching or very slightly exceeding the
primary coverts. They agree with a series obtained from
near the summit of Kedah Peak in I »i < ember, rgi6.
102. PHYLLOSCOI'1/S BOREAl IS XANTHODRYAS iSwinh.)
Phylloscopus zanthodryas, Swinh. P.Z.S. 1863, p.
296.
P- 518.
(1915^
Phylloscopus borealis zanthodryas, Hartert, he. cit.
Phylloscopus borealis. Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 150
i8.| Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
a. 3. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago, 21st
April, 1911.
b. 3. S.W. Koh Pennan, Bandon Bight, S.W.
Siam. 30th May, 1913.
These specimens agree with the descriptions of this
subspecies in that they are considerably larger than the typical
form (wing 72 mm.), are lighter and more yellowish beneath
and possibly more greenish above, though specimens in differing
states of plumage vary so much that it is difficult to determine
this point.
The Koh Pennan specimen has a large first primary
extending about 3 mm. beyond the primary coverts but that
from P. Butang can be matched in this by others from Kedah
Peak and the south of the Peninsula. Another bird from
P. Butang shot on 20th April 1911, has the wing 60 mm.
Specimens from S.W. Sarawak shot in November are rather
bright but have the wing 66 mm. and are not this form, which,
like so many migrant birds, appears only to reach N. Borneo.
103. Lanius tigrinus, Drap.
Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. Faun. I, p. 442 (1907); Gyld-
enstolpe, p. 39.
a-b. & imm., ? imm. Telok Wau, Terutau. 21st-
26th December 1916. [Nos. 3691, 3753.]
c-e. ¥ ad. Pulau Paya, near Kuala Kedah. 24th-
25th April 1915.
"Iris dark, bill pale pinkish horn, dark at tip, feet
pale slate."
Common throughout the Peninsula 'throughout the winter
months though specimens in the adult plumage are always in
the large minority.
104. Lanius cristatus cristatus, Linn.
Lanius cristatus, Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. viii.
p. 271 (1883); Robinson and Kloss, p. 69.
Lanius cristatus cristatus. Hartal, Vog. Palaarkt.
Faun. 1, p. 446 (1907).
Otomela cristata, Gyldcnstolpe, p. 41.
a. ¥ ad. Kuah, Langkawi. 23rd April 1915.
A nearly adult female evidently on passage. This form is
very common throughout the Malay Peninsula in September
and October and in March and April. A few appear to stay
throughout the winter. Much the commonest of the allied
forms locally.
105. Lanius cristatus superciliosus, Lath.
Hartert, loc. cit. supra, p. 447.
a. 3 ad. Pulau Paya. near Kuala Kedah, 23rd
April 1915.
A very fine adult bird.
igi7-j H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 185
106. Lankjs ckistatus lucionensis, Linn.
Lanius lucionensis, Gadow, torn. cit. p. 274; Robinson
and Kloss, p. 69.
Lanius cristatus lucionensis, Hartcrt, torn. cit. p. 447.
a. I ad. Langkawi. 50th March 1909.
107. Gracula javana javana (Osbeck).
Mainatus javanensis, Sharpc, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
xiii, p. 102 (1890).
Eulabes javanensis, Robinson and Kloss, p. 67.
Gracula javana javana, Strcscinann, Nov. Zool. xix, p.
314 (1912).
a. S. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 8th
December 1916. No. 3010.
b. <?. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam.
5th January 1917. No. 3852.
c. i. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 10th
January 1917. No. 3878.
" Iris hazel, lappets rich chrome, anterior greenish at
base, bill orange, yellow at tip, tarsi rich chrome."
The specimen from Pulau Lontar shows an approach to
G.j. intermedia in its smaller size, wing 167 against 182 in the
Dayang Bunting bird, but the postocular space is entirely
separated from the lappets by a patch of feathers, while the bill
is not nearly so small as in true intermedia. It is possible
that the Hainan and Eastern Siamese birds should after all be
separated also, as Gracula javana hainanus (Swinh.), as Hartert
seems inclined to do (Nov. Zool. xvii, p. 251 (1910). In these
the general size is strikingly smaller, especially in the bill, and
the lappets are also apparently considerably diminished.
This Mynah was very common on all the islands, especially
on Terutau.
108. Api.onis panayensis strigatus (Horsf.).
Calornis chalybea (Horsf.); Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 143 ;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 68; Robinson, antea vol. v, p. 151.
Aplonis panayensis strigatus>amnis, Strcsemann, Nov.
Zool. xx, p. 376 (1913).
a. f'. Lem Pia, N. Side Telibun Straits, Trang,
SW. Siam. 3rd January, 1917. No. 3834.
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
It is unfortunate that the name strigatus applied to the
immature bird by Horslield, but which is printed earlier in the
same page should have to replace the more familiar chalybea.
Stresemann is probably correct in regarding all the forms
of the genus occurring in the Oriental region as merely of
subspecific value and basing them on the first decribed, viz.
186 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Muscicapa panayensis, Scop. Del. Flor et Faun. Insubr. ii, p. 96,
(1783) from the Philippines.
He is also correct in stating that there is a gradual transi-
tion from A. p. strigatus to A. s. a flints from Tipperah and
Cachar, which is a larger bird with a more reddish violet
sheen on the lower surface. It should be mentioned however
that Hume (Stray Feath. vi, p. 394) absolutely denies that
these differences exist.
The species is evidently extremely plastic and varies
greatly in many of the small islands in the Malaysian area
principally in size, in the development of the bill and in the
degree and tinge of the metallic sheen on the plumage, some
forms being almost dull black.
109. Anthus richardi malayensis (Eyton.)
Anthus malayensis, Eyton P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104.
Anthus richardi malayensis, Stresemann, Nov. Zool.
xix, p. 316 (1912).
Anthus malayensis, Robinson and Kloss. Ibis, 191 1,
p. 74; Robinson J., F.M.S. Mas. V, p. 151 (1914).
Anthus rufulus (part.) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas..
x> p. 574-
Corydalla malayensis, Hume, S. F. viii, p. 65 (1879).
a. ?.ad Pulau Langkawi. 17th February, 1909.
b. V. ad Pulau Langkawi. 27th 5ei tember, 1915.
Wings 82, yj; Tarsi 29, 27.
This is a resident bird in the Malay Peninsula, whence no
reliably identified examples of other races have been recorded.
Stresemann's method of treating rufulus as a race of richardi
and malayensis as its Malayan representative seems the most
satisfactory way of regarding this bird.
110. DlCRURUS ANNECTANS (HodgS.)
Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 231; Robinson and Kloss, p. 72;
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 761.
a. ? . imm. Telok Wau, Terutau. 20th Decem-
ber 1916. [No. 3680.]
b-c. 2 <? ad. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W.
Siam. i-2nd January 1917. [Nos. 3806,
3810.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black.'"
This species is certainly merely a winter visitor to the
Malay Peninsula and Straits of Malacca and no specimen has
been obtained between the months of April and September.
Immature birds indicated by the large amount of white in the
plumage are always in the great majority. Little is known
definitely of its distribution in the Indian Empire but it appears
probable that it is a breeding bird in Upper Assam and the
lower Himalayan foothills, west to Nepal.
1917.J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulwu Langkawi. 187
in. DlSSEMURUS paradiseus paradiseus (Lainn.).
Dissemurus paradiseus, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 225;
Robinson and Kloss, p. 71; Robinson antea, vol. v., pp. iog, 150;
Hartert. Nov. Zool. ix, pp. 579, 580.
Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus, Robinson, Ibis,
1915, p. 760.
a-d. 2<?, 2?. Telok Wau, Terutau. ig-24th
December 1916. [Nos. 3661, 3688, 3712,
3727-]
e-f. 3 ? . Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam.
9-i2th January 1917. [Nos. 3870, 3894.]
" Iris carmine, bill and feet black."
Common on all the islands and on the adjacent coast.
Regarded as a species in the old-fashioned sense, this King
Crow, ranging as it does over the whole oriental region, probably
exhibits greater variation than almost any other species within
the area.
While it is indubitably true that too many nominal
species have been founded on material deficient both in num-
bers and in range, the converse is undoubtedly true and at the
present time it is not possible to maintain that only one
species can be maintained. Without going into the whole
question, which the material at my disposal does not admit of,
it may be stated that so far as material from Java, Borneo,
Sumatra and nearly the whole length of the Peninsula shows,
we can recognize the following forms.
1. A form with a fairly full, compressed and recurved
crest with large rackets and a wing of more than 150 mm. =
Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus (Linn.).
Tenassenm, Northern two-thirds of the Malay Peninsula,
Southern Siam, Sumatra and Java. D. icinguoncnsis, Gould,
is probably synonymous.
2. A form with the crest less developed, slightly shorter
wing and smaller rackets = Dissemurus paradiseus platurus
(Vieill.)
Inhabits the extreme smith of the Peninsula, the Rhio
Archipelago, Java and Sumatra and is connected with the fore-
going by intermediate specimens in the central third of the
Peninsula.
3. A still smaller form, wing about 140 mm., tail rackets
still more reduced and with practically no crest = Dissemurus
paradiseus brachyphorus, lip. Inhabits Borneo.
112. Oriolus MELANOCEPHALUS, Linn.
Robinson and Kloss, p. 72 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 23.
a. $ ad. Lem Pia, N. side Tellium Straits,
Trang, S.W. Siam, 3rd January 1917.
I No. ;
•" Iris red. bill pink, feet greenish grey.''
i88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Also occurs in Langkawi, this being its southernmost
recorded locality.
113. Oriolus indicts, Jerd.
Robinson and Kioss, p. 72; Robinson, Ibis, 1915. p. 758;
Gyldetistolpe p. 22.
a.-b. i ad., 1 vix ad. Telok Wau, Terutau,
2i-23rd December 1916. [Nos. 3693, 3711.]
c-e. 1 ad., 2 ¥ imm. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia)
Trang, S.W. Siam, 4~6th January, 1917.
[Nos. 3845, 3860-1.]
/. $ ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam.
12th January, 1917. [No- 3891.]
" Iris red, bill pinkish horn, feet slate."
Very common in the winter months all over the north of
the Peninsula; scarcer in the south. None of the specimens
show any approach to the allied. 0. tenuirostris, which differs in
the much narrower black nuchal band and the broader yellow-
tips to the tail feathers. It has been recorded from the ex-
treme south of Tenasserim but never from within Peninsular
limits.
114. CORVl'S MACRORHYNCHUS, Wagl.
Robinson and Kloss, p. 71 : Robinson, antea, vol. V, p.
150; Robinson, Ibis 1915, p. 761 : Gyldenstolpe, p. 16.
a. & Burau, NW. Langkawi, 14th December, 1916.
[No. 3634.]
b. 3 W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. Siam,
3rd January 1917. [No. 3831.]
"Iris grey or hazel, bill and feet black."
Common at the fishing stations along the coast as else-
where in the Malay Peninsula where this bird rarely occurs in
the inland districts, where its place is taken by the totally
different C. compilator, Richmond, C. enca, Horsf.
These specimens, which are in freshly moulted plumage,
have the throat and back well developed and except on the
head and neck are glossed with purplish and green, the former
predominant. The bases of the feathers are dull gre)- but in
two others from Langkawi and Terutau these are much paler,
while a male from Trang has them nearly white. The whole
series from the Malay Peninsula is somewhat variable in this
respect as also in size, and in view of the fact that
Stresemann's recent monograph on the group (Verh. Ornith. Ges.
Baycrn, xii, pp. 377-404 (1916) is not accessible to me I do not
propose to attach any subspecihc name to these birds. Wing
335 and 338 mm.
igi7-j M. C. Koiunson : Birds from Pulau Langhaui. 189
115. DlCAEUM CRUENTATA tGNITA (Begbie).
Dicaeum cmentatum, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 15: Robinson
and Kloss, p. 78.
a. < . Telok Wau. Terutau, 23rd-2gth December
[916. [Nos. 3714-7. 3737, 3772, 3790].
" Iris dark hazel, bill and feet black, basal half of bill
slaty."
In view of Gyldenstolpe's identification of specimens from
Koh Lak, Siamese Malaya, with the reputed Chinese and
Hainan form, D. c. coccinea, (Scop)., I have again gone
through very carefully the very large series of this species in
the F.M.S. Museums, in the light of Hartert's remarks on the
subject, Nov. Zool. xvii, p. 243 (1910).
Begbie's specimens came from somewhere near Kessang
in the territory of Malacca, and it is therefore hardly legitimate
to regard specimens from Terutau, 400 miles to the north, as
strictly representative of his Nectarinui ignita. Our speci-
mens are by no means uniform and while the majority have
the outer aspect of the wing glossy purplish one or two have
the lesser wing coverts and scapulars with a distinct oily green
gloss without purplish. Specimens from Trang are the same
but those from Koh Pennan and Koh Samui have but little
purple tinge and must therefore be regarded asD. c. coccinea if
we are to recognise that form. In addition these specimens
have the red parts of the plumage more vermilion and less
scarlet, but this may be due either to age of the bird or of the
feathers. The females are certainly not more rusty orange
above as Hartert says is the case with Hainan specimens.
Hartert has not denned the limits of his three forms, at least so
far as the typical D. c. crucntata is concerned and it would
appear that they all converge somewhere in the region of
Southern ami Western Siam.
116. Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scop.).
Sharpe, tout. tit. p. 38; Robinson and Kloss, p. 78:
Robinson, antea, vol. v, p. no (1915).
a-f. 4 <?,2?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 17th.23.-d
December. Nos. 3647-8, 3684-5, 3718-9.
" Iris dark, bill plumbeous green, feet slate."
Common nearly everywhere in the Peninsula.
117. Dicaeum chrvsorkhoeum, Temm.
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns. x. p. 44 (1885); Robinson
and Kloss, p. 78 : Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 756 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 36.
a. Ii. 2 <?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 2ist-28th
December 1916. Nos. 3707, 3776.
Rather rare in the north of the Peninsula; we have
only one specimen from Trang.
Sept , 1917. 13
190 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII,
118. Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris (Blyth).
Cinnyris flammaxillaris, Gadow, torn. cit. p. 83.
Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, Robinson and Kloss, p.
74; Robinson, antea vol. v, p. 151 (1915) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 33.
a. 2. Telok Wau, Terutau. 27th December
1916. [No. 3766].
Common in Trang, on Terutau and Langkawi and also on
the Butang Archipelago further west, extending as far south
as Penang Island. In the Malay Peninsula is a littoral and
open country species not found in heavy forest.
ng. Leptocoma brasiliana (Gm.l.
Certhia brasiliana, Gin. Syst. Nat. I., p. 474 (1788);
Oberholser, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 60, p. iS (note) (1912).
Leptocoma hasselti. Robinson and Kloss, p. 77 ;
Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757- Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 152.
a. S. Burau, NW. Langkawi. 14th December
1916. No. 3635.
" Iris, bill and feet black."
Abundant along both coasts of the Peninsula, from
Singapore to the extreme north, but never, so far as my experi-
ence goes, at any distance from the sea. Possibly because,
like many of the family, this species likes sunny, open spaces
and flowering shrubs.
Aethopyga siparaja cara, Hume.
Aethopyga cara, Hume, Stray Feath. ii., p. 473 (1874);
Robinson, antea, vol. v, p. 151 (1915).
Aethopyga siparaja, Robinson and Kloss, p. 74.
Aethopyga siparaja cara, Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757.
a. S. Burau, N.W. Langkawi. 12th December
1916. [No. 3622.]
b-d. 2 <?, ?. Telok Wau, Terutau, 26th-2gth
December 1916. [Nos. 3743-4, 379I-]
"Iris dark, upper mandible black, lower yellowish
brown, feet dark brown."
Rare on Langkawi, fairly common on Terutau among the
mangroves and on bushes in open country bordering heavy
jungle.
Comparison with topotypical specimens of the true Ac.
siparaja (Raffles) from West Sumatra, confirms the differences
already noted between these forms and in addition it would
appear that in Ac-s. cara the metallic feathers of the crown
extend further back, almost to the level of the ear-coverts.
igi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. igi
120. Anthothkeptes malaccensis (Scop.)
Robinson and Kloss, p. 76; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p.
152 ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 34.
ii-(. 4 <? ad 1 <? imm. 4 ¥. Telok Wau, Terutau.
2i-28th December 1916. [Nos. 3708, 3754.
3762-3, 3767-9. 36S3-]
/-ft. 1 i ad., 1 <J imm. West Side, Pulau Telibun,
Trang, S.W. Siam. 1st January, [Nos.
379S : 9-j
"• Iris chestnut, bill black, feet dull yellowish green."
Common, as elsewhere, wherever there were coconut
palms.
121. Chalcostetha calcostetha (Jard.)
Chalcostetha insignis (Jard.); Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mm. ix, p. 12 (1884).
a-d. 4 £. Telok Wau, Terutau. 27th-28th
December 1916. [Nos. 3764-5, 3780, 3793] .
This gorgeous sunbird is almost entirely confined to the
mangrove zone where in certain localities it is very common.
We have it from Penang ; Pulau Pintu Gedong, Selangor Coast ;
Pulau Tinggiand Pulau Sri Buat, East Coast. Malay Peninsula.
For the inconvenient change of name from the more
familar Ch. insignis cf. Oberholscr, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 60,
p. 17 (1912).
112. Chalcoparia singalensis (Gra.).
Motacilla singalensis Gm. Syst. Nat. I. pt. 2, p. 964
(1879); Oberholscr, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 60, p. 21 (1912).
Chalcoparia phoenicotis (Temm.) antea, vol. v, p. 106;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 34.
a. i. Telok Wau, Terutau. 29th December
1916. [No. 3792].
Oberholser (loc. cit.) has pointed out that though the
locality is erroneous Gmelin's Motacilla singalensis is the first
name for this species and must be used and he has designated
Malacca as the type locality.
C. phoenicotis (Temm.) PI. Col. 108, fig. 1 ; 388, fig. 2
(1824), type from Java, is available as a name for the Indo-
Malayan bird from Java, Borneo and Sumatra if separable,
which on comparison of birds from Selangor with one from the
West Sumatran coast appears not to be the case.
The Continental bird, except that from "Malacca" is at
present without a name, but the adult bird from Terutau above
listed and a female from Bandon appear to differ from Southern
Malayan specimens in having the yellow of the lower surface
decidedly brighter and less green and the rufous of the throat
and upper breast somewhat lighter and not carried so far down.
Wing about 53 mm. in the specimens above mentioned.
XXII. BELIEFS, ( [ STOMS, AND FOLK-TALES OF
THE BEHRANG-VALLEY SENOI.
l'.\ [vor II. X. Evans, Assistant Curator & Ethnogr,
'■■' . urns.
i\ in the present year (1917) I liad an opportunity ot
visiting up of Sakai who were living near the
Behrang River, in Perak, about eight miles north of Tanjong
Malim, As they were a somewhat civilized community their
technology was not particularly interesting, since they had
given up making many of the articles worn, or used, by the
wilder tribes. I spent rather more than a fortnight in their
village, and found them friendly and willing to give information
with regard to their beliefs and customs. I'hey told me that
they maintained relations both with the Senoi (Sakai) of the
Slim Valley, whom they called Mai Slip, and with the tribe,
seemingly of mixed Sakai-Jakun origin, which lives near Ker-
ling in Sela'ngor, and speaks'Malay as its mother-tongue.
I re the nearest neighbours of the Behrang Senoi, who
inhabit the neighbourhood of the Behrang and of the Bil
Rivers. The Kerlingp Mai Mel 11 ai (out-
side people), or sometimes as Mai Renyup, from the fact that
they use a word "nyup" meaning "is not," in their dialect,
which is equivalent to the ordinary Malay phrase tiada.
.Marriages between Behrang Senoi and Mai Sup ot Mai
em to be not infrequent, one woman that I met having
been married t<> a Slim man (and divorced); and another
having come from the Kerling tribe. Divorce seems to be
fairl) common, and I was told that in this respect men and
women are on quality, a permanent
separation, with free lorn to marry, taking place at the wish of
either p irty. With the ex> 1 irrn m
rare, and Kati lid that even
this war- n I, nor did it lead to blows among the par
: found another
ly take it away, and upbraid
The di Behrang Senoi beh mgs to th<
1: numbei <>f Malay
rhesi irectly frcm the
local Mi tys, Sumatrans From various districts, who are, com-
parative! 1 n may have been introdm ed
through contact with Mai Meluar of
The h
those of Malays and present no special features of inter -1
Their blow-pip the Batang Padang type, with tin
■ i; hollowed at
iy4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
the ends, are made of guttapercha instead of wood. All the
dart-quivers that I saw were of the hard round-topped variety,
which is found in the south of the Batang Padang district of
Perak. One article of some interest that I purchased was a
bamboo comb — an old specimen — which was decorated with
very minute and finely-executed scratched-in patterns. The
only other objects worth recording that I managed to buy were
some ceremonial articles used by Hulaks (Shamans). These
I treat of below.
Beliefs and Customs connected with Agriculture
The Behrang Senoi have a number of customs conni i ted
with agriculture, and I suspect that I have not by any means
obtained all of them.
In clearing jungle for planting rice the brushwood is cut
away before the large trees are felled. The Sakai. when begin-
ning to make a new clearing, work for three days at cutting
down the undergrowth, and then rest for a day. This is called
pahantak kernor; that is the cutting-of-brush wood tabu {kef nor,
I am told, is equivalent to tebas in Malay)- When the under-
growth has been dispose 1 ol
trees and. after felling foi tin
rest for pahantak gani, or the
meaning as the Malay word /
In sowing dry-growing
mencement is a rest-dav for
sowing tabu.
At reaping, the rice-soul
consists of seven eai =.
bahantak kenod bah, the tabu at the reaping of the rice. On
this day things must not be carried down from the house-, to
the ground, though anything may be taken up into them. II
an article were removed from a house, the rice-soul would
follow it and be lost.
Customs and Beliefs with Regard to Storms.
The Senoi of the Behrang Vallev. like most, if not
all, of the other wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula, are much
afraid of thunder and lightning, and it is thought that should
certain prohibited acts be done, without taking step-, to avoid
the consequences, the village of the offenders would be struck
by lightning and destroyed. In a former number of this
'•Journal" I have given a list of sane of the prohibitions
which are in force among the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai, and
those that I was made acquainted with by Katil are some-
what similar. For instance, a monkey must not be dressed
up and laughed at : a cat and a dog must not be set to fight ;
jungle leeches, malau (a kind of gum), lice, bugs, jelotong-wood,
■ Mcnug i is .i \l ilaj word
the peopk
set to work on the big
ee .1 iys, t
hey take another day's
■ felling i;
bu {gani has the same
rice the
fourth day from com-
pahantak
nenugaP bah, the padi-
1 is take,
on the first day, and
ourth day
if reaping is a rest day,
toi8.] [.H.N . fs of the Behraug-V alley Senoi. 195
ipar-wu n\ (?), rattan known as kerai, and
two kin . and chiuchong), must not
be burnt in the fire of the c< It is also forbidden
to roast or boil the lie I ,01 of the Kera-monkey, at
a fire on which dried (ish lia ked. In addition the
many kinds insects must not be imitated
when heard, for instance that ol the cicada. Even such
actions as playing with the sand by the river-side and laughing
loudly, as children like to do, or looking into anothei pei n' ■
face and laughing, ai to their ideas, capable' of
bringing on oni ms st< irms.
Katil told me that a lew months before my visit a man
, dried fish in the jungle, making his fire,
without thinkin: matter, at the foot of a clump of
rattan-palm of the kind known as rotan kerai [Doe\
geniculates). Asa result of this, a violent thunder-storm came
re he had finished eating. On realizing what he had
done, he took his working-knife and cut his loot with it
(presumably with the intention of propitiating the Spirit of
the Storm} ; then, on the bli lod gushing out, the sti inn sti ipped.
He had only intended to make a superficial cut, but found
that he had wounded himself so badly that he had to be carried
>y his companii >ns.
Thunder-storms caused by the infraction of one of these
prohibitions are called terlax rms.")
In this connection, chilau, which I understand from the
Sakai of the Ulu Sun was said by Katil to
mean " thunder storm," but this is not supported by the
comparative vocabulary 111 Skeat's "Pagan Races" where
chilau, cognate with kilau (Malay) " to glitter," is recorded
as meaning lightning among the Sakai of the Korbu Valley.
Ungku was given to me as the word for " thunder," and is not
uncommon in various Sakai dialects. Ungku, Turul, or
Nanchet, moreover, is the spirit who makes the thunder. His
young brother. Bonsu, asked him to go with him to a place
above the, sky. but Turul (Ungku) would not consent, as he
wished to 1 causi trouble on earth. Bonsu
thus left him below, svhere he remains till the present day.
Turul has four children, three of them females, VVah Hilong,
Wah Hideh, and Wah Dampen ; the fourth. Puntok Keboie, a
While I was with the Snmi I had an opportunity of
eeing how they behave during a storm, for on two successive
evenings there arose a high wind with distant thundei and
lightning. On the first evening, while the wind was blowing
in violent gusts. I heard tin- people in the next hou e calling
out loudly, rmd I asked Katil, who was with me, what they
ying. I did not. however, go into the matter deeply
then, as I thought that he might bi talk about the
storm while it was still raging. On I
most of the people of the settlement were in the hut in which
ig6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
I was staying, when the wind came sweeping down from the
hills. They were obviously rather frightened, and one old
woman kept angrily shouting out orders to the storm to stop,
not leaving off until it had almost done so. On that evening,
and on the next morning, I got Katil to tell me a good deal
about his people's ideas with regard to storms of wind.
It appears that the Senoi think that during strong storms
of this kind, the spirits of the old dead (kemoit rah) , and
the^ spirits of those who have died more recently (kemoit pai,
" new ghosts"), are roaming over the earth.
The charms, if they may be called so, which the
Sakai shouted out to compel the storm to cease were as
follows :
i. "Sidang\" J a Perak Malay word meaning to "abate."
z. " Kipassa'blah'." meaning "fan to one side" (Malay).
I was also told that the Behrang Senoi frequently
call out to the buuial-fish (a fish which is capable of
distending its body) to suck up the storm (" hap bunlal '. "),
and that sometimes they cry, " Wok mat ! Wok lemoin!"
In this last I understand the meaning of the individual
words, but I cannot attempt a translation. Wok means
either "shadow" or "spirit," mat means "eyes," while
lemoin is "teeth." As far as I could find out from Katil
the expression is something to do with the belief that
loud laughter will bring on a bad storm. I imagine that
the charm is used for neutralizing the effect of previous
laughter.
During very bad storms indeed the Scnoi assemble
under their houses and burn jadam {extract of aloes ?) and
evil-smelling rubbish to scare away the storm.
Customs and Beliefs with Regard to Food.
Among the Senoi of the Ul'u Behrang (as also among
the Sakai of the Ulu Kinta) it is forbidden to mention
the usual names of certain animals when their flesh is
being eaten. Of the secondary, and almost invariably
descriptive names, I give some examples below, together
with their meanings.
Ordinary Name Applied
English Name. Senoi ' to Animal when
Name. being Eaten,
i. Deer (Ce'rvus unicolor) .. Rusa ... Leukpos.
..... _ . ' i. Leuk sabat.
2. Pig-tailed Macaque ... Dok"
i 2. Leak karuk.
3. Crab-eating Macaque ... Ran ... Leuk ketnpuk
1 In this sense it see-n> to be equivalent to the English slang phrase
Ordinai
English
N A M E .
S
Name,
Siam ing
dacty,
... Hut
White
bates lar)
(Hj
.
Bear
... /*,■■>;?,./,;
Pori ipim
Wild-pig
.. Gau
C918. 1. 1 1. N. I.\ \\ : BeliefsoJ ti , /■'. 1 01. tg?
Name Applied
ro Animai win n
being 1 \ 1 1 ■..
Leul
Leu
Leuk tebul.
1 1. I. ciik chenor.
1 2. LewA pachor.
Leuli teh.
9. Benturong i.J rctictis binturong) Tenyuk ...\ ' - 1 '"
' 2- Lewft bakok.
10. Lotong (Pithecus sp.) ... /i'rs?^ ... Leukdanum-
11. Bamboo-rat ... Leftai ... Leuktengkak
12. Soft tortoi Trionyx) ... Pa-as ... m Leuk teheu.
13. Tortoise (thespecies which the
Malays call Bailing) ... Sil ... Leuk gersiiA.
14. Tortoise (the species which the
Malays call Kura) ... Kurak ... Leuk hok.
The following are the meanings of the various secondary
names, so far as I could obtain them.
No. ta. Leuk pos. Leuk in all these names, which
I have translated "meat," signifies "ani-
mal food" (fish or flesh). It is exactly
equivalent to, and obviously the same as,
the Malay word lank. The stag is called
leuli pos {i.e. wind meat) because of its
swiftness in running.
2a. Leuk sabat means sabat meat, the sabat being
a spirit, inhabiting the bodies of some
kind of animal-. Sabat is, seemingly, com-
parable to the badt ol the Malays.
Tin second name of the Pig-Tailed Macaque, leuk karuk
due to its habit of breaking off, and
throwing down, rotten branches. The Sakai told me that this
was chiefly done in the early morning in the trees among
which the monkeys had :-lept.
3a. Leuk kempuk ("lowland meat "?). [1 ould nol
get ai 1 ition f the word kempuk.
but il < < m to refei to the fact that this
species ol monkey haunts thi jungle oi the
lowland .
4a. Leukgaiitok ["hanging meat") from the habit.
5a. ies of hanging from branch-
. their hands.
cg8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
6a. Lei'.k tebul (" kelulut meat")- This name de-
notes the fondness of the bear for robbing
the nest^ of bees, especially of a small kind
which the .Malays call kelulut.
7.1. Leuk chenor or Leak pachor (" thorny meat ").
Refers, of course, to the porcupines spines.
8a. Leuk teh "earth meat" Refers to the wild
pig's habit of routing up the soil in quest of
edible roots, etc.
ga. Leuk senyup (."dark meat"). Refers to the
Benturong's nocturnal habits. The second
name. Leuk bakok, seems to have the same
meaning.
10a. Leuk danum. I could get no proper translation
mum, but it seems to refer to the habit
of individuals of this species of sleeping to-
gether in companie«durmg moonlight night i
— like fowls in a fowl-house, as the Sakai said.
11a. Leuk iot meat "), the name being
given owing to Bamboo-rats making their
• holes in the Ixises of clumps of bamboos.
ha. 'water meat"). The soft-turtles
live in ponds and rivers.
13a. Leuk gersuk (" stone meat "), because this spe-
cies of tortoise may easily be mistaken for a
stone if seen from a little distance.
14a. Leuk hok (" cocoanut-shell meat"), because
the carapace looks like a cocoanut-shell.
The calling of any of these animals by their ordinary
names while their flesh is being eaten will cause the offender
to suffer from colic. I fancy, however, that the observance of
these customs i- becoming somewhat neglected by the Scnoi
of the Behrang Valley.
Another belief with regard to food is that a man whose
food is played with by someone else will suffer from colic
[vide belief with regard to the Batch Busud. infra, p. 21 4).
Ratil told me that, among the Sakai of the Slim Valley
w imen and children did not eat the heads of Berok ami Kera
monkeys (Maca d \1 onolgus), because
of the sabat* which resides above the eyes in these animals.
Infraction of this rule, it was thought, would cube them to
suffer from violent pains in the head, which might even be a
cause of death. The custom is not observed on the Behrang
River.
It is not allowable to cook turmeric with pig's flesh; the
breaking of this rule will entail the transgressors falling ill with
jaundice and fever.
197.
1. 11. X. Evans: Beliejsofthe Behrang-V 'alley Sen
Animals shot with not be < aten w it h
turmeric, or acid fruits : otherw ise the poison used on the darts
will prove ineffective when I xt go hunting. '
Double banana an not eaten b) young women a il it
thoughl th l1 ti 'I" so would entail their giving birth to twins.
Varioi -> Beliefs.
Diseases are thought to be caused by spirits which come
from the direction oi the sea, and, in the case of epidemic
; mj i te, the idea is parti) supported by reason,
since small-pox, one of thi ded disorders, reaches
the Sakai through the Malays.
Spirits, of course, are, according to Sakai ideas, responsible
for most of the misforti ncountered by mankind: it is,
therefore, necessary to avoid places which they are known to
frequent. Thus, travellers in the jungle should not sleep for
the night in p? en hills, these being spirit-paths.
When a child is horn, the after-birth, with part of the
ird ittachi I, is frequently hung on the branch of a
on a bush. Th< Sakai say that within three days it
becomes a seal)- ant-eater, the navel-cord forming the tail.
The Behrang Sakai b< lieve that the rainbow is the shadow-
that arises fro i, which lives in the
earth. The red of the rainbow is it- body, the green its liver,
mil the yellow its stomach.
They say that tigers set snan s for people in the jungle. II
a man cuts through the spring-sti these (probably
ina) he must <. b\ that path, or he will be
caught in an invi ;ible
If blood is seen on leaves in the jungle it must not be
ti ''H hed, i 'i ■ he pe ho doi > rill be taken b)
A spirit is thought to exist, which the Sakai call the
Dana Sirloh I Dana meaning " spirit " and Sn lok promise). This
attacks pers' ais to wh n I broken.
Thus, if a man has agreed with i on a journey,
and subsequen friend in the lurch, the Dana
Sirloh will accompany the traveller in his companion's place
(being pn umablj t first invisible) and will attack and kill
him in the shape ol an eli phant, a tiger, or a snake.
K ; l ible to throw i on iderable light on a que; tion
with regard to Sakai beliefs which had been ;.b ing mi trouble
for some time. I I ned, in formei papers on the
aborigiu; md custom in i onnexion
with the word punan. I knew that there was a belief, common
to both the Sakai, Sakai -Jakuns and many of the Malays, that
i going out into the jungle without having satisfied a
desire 1 I, ■ ould meet with some mis-
fortune, but I had not been able to find out whether evil
Katil, howevei , lold
.zoo Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
me that his people acknowledge a Dana Punan (Desire Spirit).
who is responsible for ill luck met with by those who have
given it an opportunity of causing them trouble.
The Giving oi Names.
Children are given names as soon as, or soon after, they
are born, but these are frequently changed. A child may be
named from some event which happened at about the time of
its birth, from the river near which it was born, from the
settlement in which its parents were living, or from some
peculiarity of person or habit.
One youth was named Jernang from the river near which
he was born, but was more usually called Si Kork from a
fanciful resemblance to a certain kind of bird, the tentork :
chechawi of the Malays (the racquet-tailed drongo).
A baby girl was given the name of Tenyuk. because her
parents were keeping a scaly ant-eater [tenyuk) as a pet at the
time of her birth.
The father of this child, whose name was Sagap (meaning
" read}') ? " was so called because his birth was expected to
occur some time before it actually took place, and thus every-
thing was read)' much before it was necessary.
A little girl was called Krek (cockle because her chin was
thought to resemble a cockle-shell in shape ; another Puntok
or l'untong ("burnt log") because she always liked playing
about among the ashes of the cook-house fire.
Senoi Oaths.
Katil, the headman mentioned above, gave me the follow-
ing example of a Senoi oath, which I believe that I have
translated correctlv.
■■ Dideh
"This
mat-jis en°
eye -day I
sumpah.
swear,
Kalau
If
ens: pemuhok
I lie
cut; chiloh en
I go down into
tekeu,
water
chak bahayak ;
eat crocodile
dig club d.irat
I go land
chak
eat
kcitk". timpak
tiger bit by
karnk ! "
rotten tree ! "
"This
at me whe
nay a tigei
s the sua that I swear by. If I lie. may a crocod
n I go down the river : and when I travel on la
eat mi-, or may I be struck by a falling tree ! "
The
Hai.ak.
The Halak (Shaman) is found among the Behrang Sakai,
as among other Senoi tribes. Katil. who, shortly before
our arrival, had been performing some magical rites tor his
[918 [.H.N.Evans: Beliefs of the Behrattg-V alley Senoi. 201
own benefit — he was suffering from a bad cough — told me,
however, that he could not claim to be a true Halak, since he
did not possess a Gunik (Familiar Spirit), but that he merely
followed ancient custom in " playing " a little to try and cure
his complaint. The rites had been carried out in a small one-
roomed house, pecially built foi the purpose. The walls oi
this only reached half way up to the thatch, and a doorway at
the back opened on to a small boat-shaped platform (Balm
lendut), about eight feet long, and on a level with the floor of
the house. This was supported on three trestles, made of six
small trees felled at the roots and crossed in pairs below
it. Their lower branches had been trimmed away, but
their upper parts, still bearing branches, projected above the
platform to a height of about seven or eight feet on either
side. Two rails had been lashed to the trunks of the trees
about three and a half feet above the flooring while a rattan
cord girdled the trees near their tops, each extremity of it
being attached to the end wall of the house. The branches of
the trees, when the -tincture was first erected, had been
covered with leaves, but, at the time of my visit the foliage
had withered and fallen. A number of long water bamboos of
. ornamented with wavy double lines running
longitudinally, wen- placed at the far end of the platform,
leaning against the rattan cord. Katil pointed out that one of
the-'- was longer than the others, having seven internodes, as
compared with six. This long bamboo was used by the chief
performer for ceremonial bathing; the others by the rest of the
people. The bases of these bamboos were slightly ornamented
with carving.
Hanging on the rails of the Balai lendut, and suspended fiom
the roof within the house, were various ceremonial ornaments.
Some of these were made from palm-leaves plaited into fanci-
ful shapes, among them being decorations for which the Sakai
gave me the following Malay names, gelang giring, gelang
rantai, burong denak, tali dendan, tali Hong, and tali savnit.
Other decorations of the same class for which I obtained Sakai
names were layang-layang hut 1" ascending swallows "); layang
layang chiloh ["descending swallows"); tuk keh-ep (" centi-
1 \emrong tumpi (?), and plekjeh-or (" fruit of the
cocoanut "). Two small pyramidal structures, made of bertam
pith, and oi slightly different types were suspended inside the
house. These, each of which had a doorway and model steps
leading up to it, were railed balai sagi ; and balai krauk (krauk
is equivalent to kerawang in Malay). The balai sagi was the
most ornamental of the two and was crowned by a figure of a
bird (chiap cheralah), model tampoi and rambai fruits (pleh
tampoi and pick rami) and decorations called sarak lute (i.e.
bees' in- -1 1. Othei ceremonial objects were shaved sticks
(chendrok), tin- shavings standing out from the stems in circles
at short but regular intervals; hanging decorations called
patong salting, made of two small pieces of thin board inter-
secting at right-angles: patong gimbar, hanging ornaments
202 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
made from lour small pieces oi board intersecting at right-
angles so as to enclo ■ a square, and having then ends
projecting ;. two types of head-dress {chunghiie bulang and
chengkul lepang) made of haves; two Halak's switches, one
mad'-' of lebak-lezves (s'lak selebok), the other of leaves of the
he-it. mi s'lak bertop) : and hands of tree-bark {tempok luat) with
rough patterns drawn on them in yellow or black.
The Halak's balai (a circular frame of rattans with a thick
fringe of finely shredded leaves depending from it), within
which he chants his spells, was also hung from one of the
beams of the " medicine "-house. This balai was in all essen-
tials similar to that which I have already described and figured
in a former paper on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai. 1
Katil told me that among his people the Halaks perform-
ed by torch-light, while the Slim Valley Senoi held their per-
formances in total darkness. -
He also said that the seances, which had taken place
before our arrival, had been kept up for six consecutive nights,
and that ceremonial bathing from the decorated water-bamboos
(kenas) took place after the performances were finished, and
shortly before daylight.
With regard to Sakai beliefs that Halaks become tigers,
Katil told me that a Halak's ghost rose, usually on the four-
teenth day after burial, and assumed that shape.
Burial and Existence after Dkath.
While living with the Senoi I had an opportunity of
inspecting several graves, which were situated in the jungle
at a little distance from the settlement, and at the base of a
hill. None of these, winch were close together, were very
recent — the newest was, I believe, at least a couple of years
old, probably more. Their sites were marked by narrow
mounds, about as long as the bodies of those buried below.
In two cases these mounds had undressed upright stones
set up at the head and foot of thenu, one being covered,
in addition, with water-worn stones from the river. Another
grave had small Sungkai-irees planted round it, while in a
fourth the mound had partly fallen into the burial-chamber
below. Katil told me that slight huts of the lean-to type are
erected over new graves, and that articles, such as adzes and
blow-pipes, which must be either bent or broken, are placed
within the hut. No remains of huts or offerings were, how-
ever, to be seen on the graves that he showed me, and he
explained that they had rotted away.
i "Journal of the F.M.S. Museums,'" vol VI, p. 98 & pi xxviii
= I have noted in the paper referred to above that the Sungkai people cov-
ered up a lamp that I took with me into th, hut in which th
to perform
Prob a t> I \ 01 ■
igiS.J I. H. N. Evans I illey Sen
Katil also said that food is placed at the foot of a
morning and evening .sometimes only in the mornii
fourteen days after burial, the spiril oi the dead man being
thought to teed on what is put there for him.
On the fourteenth da) the n lativesol the dei i ased bold a
irding to old custom- now. I understand, some
what neglected no ornaments hould bi worn or singing
indulged in for two month ; ath.
Katil's pi ople do not bat] • lore burial, becau
as he tolt] me, his t .
by a heavy rain-storn body was placed in it, this
being ascribed to the fact thai the corpse had been washed.
Graves are dug so thai th headoftl to
wards the east. The body is wrapped in mats or white cloth
and placed face upwards.
Katil explained, by means of a plan scratched on the
ground, that the grave is dug to nearly the required depth and
the bottom then divided into two section- by a line running
parallel to its sides. The left hand section (when looking
towards the head of the: grave is nexl carried down to a
sufficient depth, below the right hand, to receive th<
When the body has been placed in this d 11, stakes
are fixed slantwi ■■■■ bottom of the grave, their points
being driven into the shallower (right hand) section, and their
ends abutting against the side wall of the grave adjacent to the
excavation in which the corpse lies. A covering of tree-bark,
or ofsheetsof bamboo, is th i the stakes, the body
thus being protected by a sloping roof. After this earth is
piled up on the covering until the excavation is full, and the
mound formed.
To turn now to Senoi ideas with regard to the soul and
its survival after death. As far as I could ascertain from the
Rehrang Sakai, a man's soul and his shadow are regarded as
one. The word kemoit, which I have mentioned abov
to mean the ghost of a dead mm. hut the soul, or shadow, is
lala
a shadow), i ;
but does not usuall) \ I, in case il should not be
able to return. Tie ! have aire idy st il
:d to be roaming the earth ''.hen violent winds are
ig. They are evilly disposed and hunt thi
men. which take the forms of animals >ften of the Muntjac).
This is known because people in their .beams have seen the
; mis have been hunted
fall sick.
The i itly >peak of human
tujoh, " boards." It appears that the earth
t to board
above the earth ipal nnam), as does also that
i:ele, the' earth. Both the t • and below th
204 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VII,
arc occupied by spirits who look like human beings. The
kemoit (ghosts of the dead) live in the region above while, like
men, some are blind and some are lame. Possibly they may
also be thought to inhabit the underworld, but I omitted to
make enquiry with regard to this point. The mat papal tujoh
are said to be btket (hot) and therefore die : the mat papal a?iam
are senam (cold) and do not die.
Another story makes the souls of the dead go to the Island
of Fruits (Pulau Bah) where the dttrian and other fruit-trees
are in bearing all the year round, and where men. when they
are old, again become children, and again grow up. I am, how-
ever, rather inclined to think that this legend mav have been
borrowed from tribes further to the south.
The Behrang Sakai believe in grave-ghosts, Dana Rubor
(equivalent to the Malay Bantu Rubor) besides the Kemoit.
It used to be customary to desert a settlement when a
death occurred, but Katil told me that this is now not usual.
The reason given for the desertion was that the survivors
thought, since one of their relations had died there, that the
locality must be haunted by spirits. Katil made it plain that
they were not frightened of the ghost of a friend, but of the
evil spirits which had attacked him (or her) and caused his
last illness.
A curious little story having some reference to death is
given below. It was told me by Katil.
"When anyone dies, the people of settlements distant from
the place sometimes get to know of the death in this way.
Two spirits, which are known as Baleh Busud (Virgins of
the " Ant "-hill) and look like little girls, sit on a "male" 1
nest of the termite. One of them is heard to laugh as she rolls
the dead man's skull down to the mound, and the other savs to
her, " Leuk jik,jangan chikak" ("Don't "colic" my food!").
Folk- Tales.
The Behrang Sakai have a large number of folk-stories,
of which I obtained several. Two of these I give below. I
have chosen those which seemed to me most likelv to be trulv
indigenous, and not borrowed from the Malays.
Folk-stones, Katil informed me, should be told at night,
as this brings good luck in hunting animals in the jungle. A
man who told folk-stories during the day-time would, he said,
hurt his foot against.a stump. I gathered, however, that this
latter was a popular saving rather than a strong belief. It
may be remarked that it is always the voungest-born son
(Bonsu) who is the clever man in these Seiini tales.
The " male" nests are those which are Ions and pointed.
1918.] I. II. N. E\ w • : /•' lie) not. 205
Tin Cockroaches' Vili \ge.
! by Katil.
There was once a man who had seven male children.
Their names were Sulong, Tengah, Alang, Ruh, Penangkap,
Bumbun, and Uonsu Api.
One day the eldesl - >n Sulong) went off into the forest
to hunt for game, and far away from his home came upon an
■na-tree (Fiats sp.) in fruit. He sought out a convenient
I some distance from the tree to make a shelter for the
night, and there he slept.
Early 111 the morning he went to tin tree and climbed up
into it with his blow-pipe to shoot the monkeys, birds and
squirrels, which came m hundreds to eat the fruit.
The tree was on the top of a hill, and below the hill, on
one side, though hidden from view, was a clearing. While he-
was in the tree he I laughing and the cries of
children coming from the clearing. So he came down from
and, making his way towards the sounds, eventually
arrrived there, He entered a patch oi sugar-cane and came
across a fowl which cackled loudly. Next he came to a house
and saw a mortar in which he had heard somebody pounding
padi. Then he called aloud. " Hoi, sister ! Hoi, sister!" but
nobody answered, ami going up into the house he found that
the people had vanished. He saw food ready cooked there
and said to himself. " What am I to do. for I am hungry ? If
this is spirits' food it will he savourless, but if for human
beings, it will be salt."
So he tasted the food and found that it was salt and,
thinking it safe to do so, ate until he was satisfied. After this
he took water and drank it. and then he took sireli, which was
also set out there, to chew. Now the first quid that he chewed
tasted sweet, the second rich, the third intoxicating, and the
fourth sweet. Then feeling giddy, he lay down on some mats
which were spread in the house. When he had fallen into a
stupificd sleep, the people of the house, who were all women,
but who had become cockroaches at his approai h, came out
of their lurking places and ate his body till little remained to
him but his life. \t last, on his awaking, they killed him with
billets of wood.
Now. as he did 1 1 . ■• , the second brother set out
to look for him and came aco.-Q the hut 111 whii h he had -pent
the night. Here he slept, and in the morning he went to the
nra-tree where, on the previous evening, he had found his
brother's blow-pipe, dart-quivi r, an 1 spear, I ;;ethcr with the
rotting bodies of the animals that ho had shot. He also
climbed up into the tree and shot some of the animals and
birds which were eating its fruit, and towards mid-day. while
still in the tree, he heard the sound of people pounding rice
and of laughter coming from the place where the clearing was
206 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol \ II.
situated. So he said to himself, " Perhaps that is where my
brother went." Then he climbed down from the tree, and,
heaping together the bodies of the beasts that he had shot, he
left them there with his blow -pipe and chopper and went in
the direction of the sounds. When he got to the patch of
sugar-cane the hen cackled loudly (and, as before, the | i i pli
of the house became cockroaches and hid themselves), lie.
too, on coming to the open spai e in front of the hi -use called
out, " Hoi, people ! Hoi, sister ! " but nobody answered him.
So he went up into the house and found no one there, but
food and sireh set out ready. He waited for some time, but as
nobody came, and he felt hungry, at last he said, " If this is
the spirits' food it will be savourless, but if for human beings
it will be salt." Then he tasted the food, and finding it salt,
ate his fill. Next he drank water and after this he took sireh
and chewed it. The first quid that he chewed tasted sweet,
the second rich, the third intoxicating and the fourth sweet.
And he also felt dizzy and went to sleep. Upon this the ce>ck-
roaches came out and ate him up ; and they hid his bones
under a big cauldron, where they had also hidden those of his
brother.
Now when he did not come home either, the third brother
took up the search, and met with the same fate, as did also the
fourth, fifth and six.
At last the youngest brother. Bonsu Api, said to himself,
" How is it that my brothers do not come home ?"
That night his grandfather came to him in a dream, and
he asked him how it was that his brothers had not relumed,
and where they had gone to.
The grandfather replied that they had not come home
because they had been killed by the Cockroach Demons
(RengkasP Lipas).
"What am I to do about them," said Bonsu Api, " and
how am I to kill them ?" " You must give chendnai 2 to them,"
said his grandfather.
Then Bonsu Api awoke and. remembering his dream, he
thought that he also would follow his brother.-. So he told his
father and mother' of his desire and, having made his prepar-
ations, on the next morning he set out.
He. too, fame to the hut where his brothers had slept and
found the fruit-tree, where they had left their blow pipes and
quivers; and the heap of rotting game under the tree was as big
as a large ant's-nest, and the quivers and blow-pipes, which
had been left there by thi brothers who had preceded him. were
already partly destroyed b) "whiti ant."
Then he thought "t what his grandfather had said to him
in his dream. So he also climbed up into the tiee and shot the
i Rengkasi, the Malay G i
2 A herb from which the Sakai m
i.ii.v [.H.N. Evan oi. 207
birds and animals thai were feeding on the fruit. Aftei a
while he. fc io, heard voices from the clearing, and,
from thi
in the direction whence the sounds an ise. Now when hi
w hich he had put 1
and observing from where the wind was blowinj
: he clearing. Then he w<
fully in that direction and came to the house, where !
the people complaining and saying that they could not keep
I ir they were madi sleep} bj the fume ol the
that he kept blowing towards them as he smoked his cigan tte.
rhen each woman in the house left hei work and fell
asleep. So Bonsu Api went up into tin- house
■ ■red with women lying there; foi the) had not had
time to become cockroaches bi fore they were overwhelmed by
the fumes of the chenduai.
So he went through all thi I at last , in the uppei
ti ■• he found a beautiful princ< ■-, who wai iwake, since
tduai fumes had not reached her. Then he threatened
to kill her, but she besi light him to relent, asking him why he
should wish to do so. Thereupon he told hei that her follow-
■ killed his brothers, and she replied that, if it w
Idom lett her room.
So lie pardoned hi 1 n condition that she should find out
what had been done with the bodies of his brothers: bul th<
people below slept on and could not he wakened. However,
the pi incess at last found th th< ix brothi
, Iron. Then Bonsu Api took the bones md heaped
them to ;ethei in fn ml of tl princess
to follow him, saying that hi would kill heHfshedid not.
°nied, and made read) for the journey. Now when
she had co ne down from the hou e, Bonsu Api shut the door
and sel fire to the walls and roof, so that all the people- inside
1 he burnt. And Bonsu \pi p ke to them and said,
■'lt\ ui wish to live, b& ome cocki
times cockroaches ai ; and in future
eat the fragments oi ire left by mankind." So
they became 1
As for Bonsu Api he brought his brotl ain and
went In ane, taking the ni and hi- | rim e with him.
r AND TAK KEMOIT. 1
. Katil.
andei
ing in the jungle. H oing down of the sun,
the I A md of 1 ■ liuah 1. As 1 5 ing he
came to Inch the fruits n 1 n light
and mi ■ quiver and 1
208 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
putting them and his blow-pipe down against the tree, went to
sleep.
He slept on and on, until the fruit of the tree was ripe, and
at last a single fruit fell on his chest and awoke him with a
start. So seeing that the fruit had ripened, he climbed
up into the tree and ate a little of it. Then he called aloud,
saying, " If there is anyone in this country let him come and
eat fruit." But nobody answered him. He ate some more
fruit, and again called out as before, and this time he heard a
voice answering him from the direction of the going down of
the sun, " Where are you, grandchild ?" " Here I am, grand-
father," said he. Thus they kept on calling and answering
one another until the new-comer was close at hand. Then
Bonsu saw that the stranger was an old man with red and
deeply sunken eyes.
Now the old man began to eat the fruit, swallowing it
branches, leaves and all ; and when he had satisfied his hunger
he said to the youth, " Your grandfather wishes to relieve
himself." Then Bonsu replied, " If grandfather wishes to
relieve himself, let him go far away down-stream." So the
old man started off, and after a while he called out, " Where
shall I relieve myself?" and Bonsu answered, "Far away
down-stream." In a little while he called again, asking the
same question, and Bonsu answered him as before; for he
was frightened that the old man would eat him, having seen
how he had swallowed the fruit, branches, leaves and all.
Thus they went on calling and answering until neither could
hear the other.
Then Bonsu came down from the tree and ran away till
he saw a plain by the edge of the sea, where a pinang dara 1
and a biiah-plant 2 were growing side by side near the shore.
When he reached them he called to him wild pigs, wood-
peckers, and porcupines, and thev came. So he told them
that, if the old man, the Red-Eyed Spirit, came to the place
and (limbed up into the 6t'ra/z-plant to follow him, they were
to wait until it had grown up to the sky, and were then to cut
it down. This thev promised to do. Then Bonsu climbed
into the piuaug-\ree and sang,
" Tinggi, tinggi batang pinang \
Tinggi rendu h puyoh Melaka '
Aku takut H until Meruit Mata ! "3
and the pinang-tree immediately grew up into the clouds
carrying him with it.
■ A betel-nut palm which has not yet born fruit.
2 A kind of aroid ?
I A Malay verse (pantun)
High, High is the pinang trunk!
Tall and stumpy are the quails of Malacca
I'm frightened of the Red-Eyed Spirit '
igi8.] I. H. X. Evans: Beliefs oj the Behrang-V alley Senoi. 209
Not long afterwards the Hantu Merah Mata came to the
spot and, seeing that Bonsu had gone up to the clouds on
the pinang-ttee, climbed into the 6wi/i-plant .im<\ chanted,
" Tinggi, tinggi batang birah !
Tinggi rendah puyoh Melaka '
Aku takut Hantu Merah Mala !"
and the foVa/t-plant immediately grew upwards, carrying the
Red-Eyed Spirit with it. But the Red-Eyed Spirit could not
catch Bonsu because lie had reached the sky.
Then Bonsu called out, " Ancestor, open the door!" So
his ancestor 1 opened the door, and he went in and shut it
again. Upon this the pigs, the woodpeckers, and the porcu-
pines cut away the stem of the 6(>nA-plant so that it fell into
the sea carrying the Red-Eyed Spirit with it ; and he was
drowned.
1 This is Ungku (Turul) who governs thunder and lights
story is not, of course , Unglcu's brother of the same name
XXIII. ETHNOLOGICAL MISCELLANEA.
/:, [vok H. N. Evans, Assistant Curatoi and Ethnographical
Assistant. Federated Malay States Museums.
Setting up ihi Posts of a Malay House.
While staying at Pianggu on the Endau River in kjij I
was lucky enough to be present at the ceremony of setting up
the posts of a Malay house. When I arrived on the site of the
new dwelling the holes for receiving the posts had been already
dug and the posts themselves, conveniently disposed, were
lying in pairs, with cross-beams attached, ready to be set up.
The proceedings were begun by a broken fragment of a small
silver coin, wrapped in white cloth, and a large piece of kundor
— a kind of gourd — being thrown into each hole.
Ceremonial bands of plaited coconut (?) leaves — called
jari lipan (centipedes' feet) from their shape — to which were
attached little square closed-in plaited boxes of the same
material (ketnpat) filled with rice, were then bound round each
post in about the middle.
After an orthodox Mohamadan prayer had been said by a
Li'bai, and incense burnt, the men who had come to help in
erecting the house partook of a meal of glutinous rice dyed with
turmeric (pulut kunyet), parched rice (bertis), bananas, and pulut
(Oriza glutinosa) wrapped in leaves, which was served to them
on the recumbent posts. When they had finished eating, a man,
who had been chosen by the Pawang as his assistant, brought
water and poured it along each of the posts, walking clockwise
round the house-site. After him came the Pawang with a
sprinkler made of the leaves of several kinds of plants 1 in his
right hand, and a brass bowl of cerenvmial rice-flour mixed
with water (tepong taicar) in his left. He, having murmured a
charm at the post from which he started, sprinkled the tepong
taicar along the posts, and into the holes which were to receive
them.
After the Pawang had performed tins rite the workmen
gathered together to raise the first pair of posts with their
connecting cross-bar, this being done with loud shouts of
Mohamad ratal' Allah, the officiating lebai reciting a prayer
meanwhile. The rest of the posts wen- then similarly erected,
and the ceremony was at an end.
On meeting the Pawang subsequentl) . I asked him to tell
me the charm that he had said over the first post, when about
to sprinkle it with tepong tawa) ; and he gave me the two
■ Ribu ribu (Lygoiium scandeiis), gantlariisa (fnsticin gandarusa), ilnjuang ("I
and safiilelt (?)
212 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
following verses, which wish prosperity to the new house and
its inhabitants: —
Tepong tawar, tepong jati ;
Tepong awal mult menjadi.
Dupat mas berkati-kati,
La^i hidup, sampai ka-mati.
Tepong tawar, tepong jati.
Surok bataug mali-mali.
Sa-lengkar daun pcgaga.
Salamat ambil-lah galah.
Mint a dayang sini.
Salamat puji bagi Allah.
Why the Bear has no Tail r
(A folk-tale of the Pahang Malays obtained near Kuala Krau.)
A very thin buffalo was once feeding in a meadow. To
him came a tiger, and said, " I am going to eat you. " The
buffalo, however, besought the tiger to wait for seven days,
"for," said he, "I am very thin, and if you wait for seven
days, I shall have an opportunity of growing fat. " To this
the tiger agreed.
Now on the morning of the seventh day the buffalo was
wandering disconsolately along, when a crippled monkey, who
was sitting in a tree, called to him and asked him why he looked
so sad. So the buffalo related how he had promised to meet
a tiger, who wished to eat him.
"Very well, I will see if I can't help you," said the
monkey, " but you must carry me on your back. "
Thus they started in search of the tiger, with the monkey
sitting on the buffalo's back ; and before very long they met
him.
Now as soon as the monkey saw the tiger, he began to
munch two brinjals, which he had brought with him, exclaim-
ing loudly as he did so, " My word, this tiger's head tastes
good ! "
The tiger, who heard what the monkey said, became
frightened, and ran away as fast as he could. While he was
still running, he came upon a bear, and told him about the
monkey that ate tigers' heads.
Then he tried to persuade the bear to go and investigate
the matter, but the bear replied that it was not his affair : still,
if the tiger wished it, they would go together. Then, as each
i A variant of this story, translated by Mr. G. M. Laidlaw, in which the
mouse deer plavs the parts of both the buffalo and the monkey, is to be found
m the / A' A S..S B , No 48. pp 36 S
igiS.J I. II. N. Evans: \liscellanea. 213
was afraid that the other would run awa) reed thai
they should tie theii tail tog< ther.
\t this time the beat had a fairly long tail, and the tiger's
was shorter than it is now.]
So they tied their tails together and set out, and, aftei a
little, the) came to the place where the buffalo was waiting,
ami saw i he monkey still crunching up the "tiger's head."
Thereupon, being frightened, the) both tried to escape, forget-
ting that their tails were tied together.
At length as they struggled one against the other, the
bear's tail broke off short, ami they both ran away.
The next time the tiger met the hear, he- said, " Your loss
is my gain : for you have lost your tail while mine has become ,
longer. "
Ami that is the reason why, to the present day, the beat
has only a stump of a tail.
AK Void [ntoie.
A folk-story obtained from the Senoi of the
Behrang Valley.
[The Sakai who told me this story declared that it had been
handed down among hi us. There seems to me,
however, / thinking that, at any rate, parts of
it must have been adopted from the Malays, or, if the story is really
old. from some fairly civilised horn the Sakai were in
contact before the time of the invasion of the Peninsula by Malays.
I. //. A'. '/■;.!
["here was once a youth called Budak Void [ntoie Bij;
Knife Youth) who was the youngest of seven brothers. His
six elder brothers were famous smiths, and one day, when
tad finished work, Budak Void [ntoie asked them for
some iron in order to try his hand, but his brothers refused to
give him any. So he said to them, "How am I to learn, if
you won't give me any iron ? Then he collected the odds
and ends and scales of iron that they had left, beat them out
into a huge knife as largi a 1 birah leaf, and made a handle
for it as large as the bole ol a cocoanut-tree.
When it was finished he said to his father and mother
and his brothers. " I am going on a journey." So he made
ready, but before starting he planted a certain kind of
flowering shrub, with a single blossom upon it, in the level
space in front of tin I to his mother, and to his
brothers, "See. mother, see. you, my brothers, this shrub
of mine 1 It the blossom on it withers entirely 1 --hall lie
_»i4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol VII,
dead, but if it shuts and then opens again, I shall still be
alive."
Then he set out, taking his knife with him, and made his
way through the jungle, cutting down as he went the big and
small trees that stood in the path. And the sound of the
great trees being cut and tailing was, " Prmig punggau, prung
punggaii, prung punggau." Now a man who happened to be
walking towards him, hearing the noise of the trees falling.
and being frightened that one of them might kill him, began
to call out, "Ail Ail Ail, I am coming towards you and
shall he struck by a tree ! " " What is your name ? " said
Budak Void Intoie and the newcomer replied, " My name is
Rah Serpik 1 (Pull-the-Canes)." Then answered Budak Yoid
Intoie, "If your name is Pull-the-Canes, well, pull the
canes!" So Rah Serpik pulled the canes out with one hand.
" Well," said Budak Yoid Intoie, " if you can do that, you are
rightly named Rah Serpik." So they stopped to chew betel-
nut, and Rah Serpik asked his companion what his name was,
to which he made reply, "Budak Yoid Intoie" (Big Knife
Youth). " Why, if that is so," said Rah Serpik, " u here's your
knife?" "I don't know," said Budak Yoid Intoie, "I have
not got it, it's only my name." Now he had hidden his knife
in a large tree.
He, in his turn, asked Rah Serpik if he had a knife, and
Rah Serpik replied, " If I carried a knife my name would
not be Pull-the-Canes." Then he again asked Budak Yoid
Intoie for a knife, as he wanted to cut up the betel-nut, and
Budak Yoid Intoie said. " I have put it into the big tree over
there. If you can lift it, I will become your follower, but.
if you cannot, you shall become mine."
So Rah Serpik went to get the knife, but was unable to
raise it, and Budak Yoid Intoie said, "Very well, you shall be
my follower."
Then he got up and fetched it himself, and they chewed
betel-nut, and, when they had finished, set out en their
journey together, Rah Serpik following Budak Yoid Intoie,
while Budak Yoid Intoie cut down the trees that stood in the
way, toalang-trees, kempas-trees, merbau-trees, meranti-trees, or
whatever they were, " Prung punggau, prung punggau, prung
punggau."
Soon another man cried out from in front of them, "Ail
Ail Ail" just as Rah Serpik had done before. So Budak
Yoid Intoie called the newcomer to him and asked him his
name, and he replied, "TinjuTebik" (Thump-the-Bankst."
Then said Budak Yoid Intoie, "Well, if your name is "Thump-
the-Banks," just thump the banks of this river!" So Tinju
Tebik" thumped the banks of the river with his fist, and they
fell down and blocked the stream.
■ Rimtun maiiau in Malay Rotan maua
cane which is collected bv the Sakai for sale
iqiS.] I. II. N. Evans: Ethnoi lanea. 215
Then Tinju Tebik : asked Budak Yoid Intoie his name
and he told him. " If that is youi name," said Tinju Tebik" ,
■'where is your knife? " " I don't know." replied Yoid Intoie.
So they sat down to chew betel-nut and Budak Void [ntoie
asked Tinju Tebik" if he had a knife to cut the nut into pie< es
with, but Tinju Tebik" answered, "If I had a knife, my
namewouldnot be Thump-th< Banks." Aftei a little Tinju
Tebik" asked Budak Void Intoie it he had not got a knife and
Budak Void Intoie told him where it was hidden, making him
promise, just as he had done with Rah Serpik, to become his
follower, if he could not lift it. But Tinju Tebik" was not able
to raise the knife any more than Rah Serpik, and Budak Yoid
Intoie went and got it himself.
When they had finished chewing their betel-nut, they set
out ag in. Budak Void Intoie being in front, with Kali Serpik
and Tinju Tebik" following him ; and the sound of the trees
being cut and falling before Budak Void Intoie was, " Prung
punggau, prung punggau, prung punggau."
After .i lutle time someone cried out from in front as before,
and again Budak Void Intoie called the newcomer to him.
"What is your name'-'" said Budak Void Intoie, and the
stranger replied, " Lingkong Benua (Push-the-Country-
Round)." "Oh," said Budak Void Intoie, "if your name is
Push-the Country-Round, well, just push the country round!"
So Lingkong Benua pushed the country round, till its back-
bone was broken ; and Budak Void Intoie said to him, " Your
name is rightly Lingkong Benua."
So they sat down to chew betel-nut and Lingkong Benua
asked Budak Yoid Intoie for his knife, and was not able to lift
it any more than Rah Serpik or Tinju Tebik" had been able
to do.
After a while they continued their journey, and at last they
came to the sea and wished to cross it : and Budak Void Intoie
said to his companions. " Wait here, while I go and search for
a bridge." So he searched, but could not find any. Then he
took his knife and said to it. " Tohoii yang sah! Eng sindrang
sah! Eng saihih! Eng putau! Eng nttjum! Eng blian! Yoidengjadi
papaV ." and the knife in its sheath became a bridge on which
they could cross the sea. But a large dragon came up from
below and waited under the bridge.
Then they went across. Budak Yoid Intoie's comp
being in front of him ; and when they came to the other side.
Budak Yoid Intoie drew his knife from its sheath and cut off
the dragon's head: and it floated away until it came to a Ra-
ja's bathing-place, and there it remained.
1 I could not get a true translation of some of this charm " Tohoit yaug
sah" seems to bean invocation of some ku ^ (I luck-bringing)
'E«g Hujum (I astrologer) . 1
(I were-tiger), Wnd tag iadi papal (Knife I become plank),
216 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Now the Raja complained because the head was rotting
and polluting the river, and ordered all his followers, from the
mouth of the river to its source, to come together and remove
the dragon's head ; and they came together.
Meanwhile Budak Yoid Intoie and his companions went on
their way until they came to a house, the owner of which was
an old man named Tak Tempait Bungah (Grandfather Pat-
terned Jar).
Tak Tempait Bungah asked them whence they came and
they replied "from the neighbouring country." Then they
climbed up into the house, which was situated up-stream from
the Raja's palace, and there they stayed.
Now the Raja had given it out that whoever could remove
the dragon's head should marry his daughter, who was shut
in an upper room, and enclosed by a seven-fold fence of ivorv ;
but nobody could do it, for the dragon's head was as big as a
mountain.
One night Budak Yoid Intoie asked Tak Tempait Bungah
what was the trouble from which the Raja wished to be set free,
and Tak Tempait Bungah told him how the dragon's head had
stranded at the Raja's bathing-place.
Some nights afterwards a follower of the Raja's came to
the house, and Budak Yoid Intoie said in his hearing, " Why,
if I only pushed the dragon's head with my finger, I could
remove it. "
When the Raja's follower got home, he told the Raja that
he had met four men at Tak Tempait Bungah's house, one of
whom said that he could remove the dragon's head with a finger.
So the Raja ordered the four men to be called, and when the
messenger told Budak Yoid Intoie the Raja's order, he said,
" How can we go to the Raja's palace in these clothes, which
are all covered witli mud ? "
The messenger returned to the Raja and told him what
Budak Yoid Intoie had said ; and he thereupon sent clothes
and everything necessary to Budak Yoid Intoie.
So Budak Yoid Intoie set out, leaving his companions
behind him, and, when he arrived at the palace, the Raja
gave him food and betel-nut.
When he had fed, the Raja asked him from where he
came, and he replied that he came from the country across the
sea, and asked why he had been sent for. Thereupon the Raja
told Budak Yoid Intoie how he had heard that he (Budak
Yoid Intoie) could remove the dragon's head with one finger,
and promised him, that, if he could do so, he should have
his daughter in marriage.
Now Budak Yoid Intoie went alone to the river to see the
dragon's head, and gave it a slight push, which sent it Moating
[918. I. H. N. Evans: Ethnological Miscellanea. 217
down stream : then he returned to the house whore he was
staying, without the Raja km. win;; about it.
Aftei a time some of the Raja's people came down lo the
river and found that the dragon's head was gone; and. when
the Raj 1 was informed of this, he 1 ailed Budak Yoid Intoie to
his palai eand wished to give his daughter to him in marriage;
but Budak Yoid Intoie excused himself, saying that he wished
to travel more and see othei < ountries before he married. So
Budak Yoid Intoie gave the Raja's daughter to Rah Serpik
as wife.
Now the Raja's daughter was betrothed to Bonsu Jang-
kah Benua, 1 the son of anothei Raja, and was to have married
him in three months.
One day Bonsu Jangkah Benua drew his sword, the blade
of which was as large : s a banana leaf, and the hilt like the
bole of a coconut-tree, and -aid, " Why, the rust on my
sword-blade is like a "male" ants'-nest 1 ; perhaps some-
one has married mj betrothed."
Then he cut ready his ship, loaded it with weapons of all
kinds, and set sail.
When the Raja saw Bonsu Jangkah Benua's ship approa-
ching he thought to himself. " Perhaps this is my daughter's
betrothed." And Budak Yoid Intoie and his four compan-
ions were in the palace at the time.
As soon as the ship came to land Bonsu Jangkah Benua
went straight to the Raj i's palace and called from below the
steps, •'Whoever has taken my betrothed, come down 1 "
\\>w when the Raja had heard the music of the gongs
and the flutes coming from Bonsu Jangkah Benua's ship, as it
approached, and the noise of the cannon being fired, he had
run away into an inner room and had hidden his head in a
sin 1- -ended drum.
Budak Void Intoie heard Bonsu Jangkah Benua below
1 ind he 1 .died to him to 1 ome up into the palace to
chew betel-nut. acknowledging thai there had been a fault in
the matter of the princess marrying. But Bonsu Jangkah
refused to chew betel-nut with him, and said that he
would cut in two the man who had stolen his betrothed.
Then Budak Void Intoie took a censer and burnt incense,
saying. " Chiloh Ink pedak" eng may s'lak
come down ancestor sword I size leaf
bah."
rice
Whereupon the sword camedown from the sky and it was
of the size of a rice-leaf. And he ti Id Bonsu fangkah Benua
to return to his ship, but he refused.
■ Youngest-Son-Strides-Over-Counti y (?)
2 Tall and pointed nests of the termite are called male nests
2i8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
So Budak Void Intoie came down from the house, and
when he had reached the lowest step Bonsu Jangkah Kenua
aimed a blow at him with his sword ; but Budak Void Intoie
leapt aside, and Jangkah Benua's sword cut the step in two.
Thus they fought, but Budak Void Intoie did not attack and
avoided the blows of Jangkah Benua's sword ; when he smote
low. jumping high; when he smote high, bending low.
At last Budak Void Intoie leant against a tree, and
Jangkah Benua stabbed at him and broke his sword in the
tree as Budak Yoid Intoie jumped aside. Next he took a
keris, and that also broke against a tree: and then in turn a
sundang, a lamaug, a tumbok lada, a golok, a badek 1 . and a gun,
but each in turn became useless.
Then he took a cannon and fired at Budak Yoid Intoie for
seven days and seven nights, so that the village and everything
in it was destroyed.
After this Bonsu Jangkah Benua had no more weapons
left, and the fight stopped. Budak Yoid Intoie up till this time
having made no attack.
Then Budak Yoid Intoie began to dance the war dance
(Malay, gayong), and made a feint at Jangkah Benua; but the
latter taunted him, asking him how he expected to kill a man
with a sword the size of a rice-leaf. Again Budak Yoid Intoie
made a feint at Jangkah Benua, and again Jangkah Benua
taunted him. Then said Budak Yoid Intoie, " I have made
two feints at you. if I make another just see if you don't
remember it !" and he made another feint at him from far off.
But Jangkah Benua continued to jeer at him, saying, " You
fool, how can you expect to reach me with your sword from
such a distance !" " If you don't believe that I have touched
you." said Budak Yoid Intoie. "just bow your head," and on
Jangkah Henna's doing so, his head fell off, and he died.
Then Budak Yoid Intoie collected all Jangkah Benua's
weapons, and those which were bent became straight, and
those which were broken became whole.
Next he brought Jangkah Benua to life again, and gave
him back his weapons, and sent him away in his ship.
] Budak Void Intoie then goes through exactly similar
adventures at the courts of tuo other Rajas to whose hatliing-places
the dragon's head drifts, and marries his two remaining followers
to their daughters ; just as he married Rah Serpik to that of the
first Raja.] '
Different kinds of swords, knives, and daggers.
1918.] t. II. X. Evans: Ethnological Miscellanea. 219
Now after the last of his three followers Lingkong
Benua) had been married, Budak Yoid Intoie planted a shrub,
bearing a single blossom, in the open space in front of each of
their houses, just as he had done in trout of his father's house
before he set out on his journey; and, telling them that he
wished to travel again, explained how, it he died, the flowers
would wither.
Then he set out t wards the open sea, and at last he came
to a city called Bandar Benua, which lay close to the shori :
but he found no people dwelling there : not even any animals.
At length he came to the Raja's pala( e and. going up into
it lie called aloud three times, but nobodj an wi n d him.
So he searched the house and at last he came a< 1
single-ended drum, and, on his sitting down to beat it. heard
someone calling from inside it. Then the person in the drum
came out, and he found that it was a beautiful princess: and
she told him how the country had been laid waste by an
enormous twice seven-headed Roc 1 which came every evening
from the Pauh fanggi, 2 that grew on the shore near the
palace.
Then the princess gave him food, but towards evening she
hid herself in the drum again, and Budak Void Intoie went
out on to a platform in front of the palace and burn! incense.
calling to his ancestor to let down his sword from the -4.\ . [01
it had vanished after each of the fights with the three Rajas'
sons. Upon this the sword came down to him, and it was not
long before the Roc came and pen bed on the Pauh fanggi;
and every head croaked, " Law ! Laur ! Laur ! "
Then Budak Void Intoie cut off the- heads of the Roc, till
only one remained, and when he cut off this as well, the Roc
fell forward, dead, pinning him under one of its wings.
Now at about this time Budak Void Intoie's followers
observed that the flowers on the shrubs that he had planted,
had withered. So they set out to search for him. and at last
they came to Bandar Benua, and there they met the princess,
who told them how Budak Void Intoie had been pinned
beneath the Roc for seven days and seven nights. Then they
cut away the Roc's body and released him.
So Budak Yoid Intoie married the princess and lived at
Bandar Benua, but his companions returned to their homes.
Notes on Mai.a\ Bi 1 n 1 vnd Customs (II).
If you goto bed with a grain .if rice sticking to youi
clothes or your body, you will dream that a tiger is hunting
you. (From a Malax of Kamp mg Linggi, Negri Sembilan).
1 The Sakai name for this bird is Pangei : the Malay nam
2 The Pauh fanggi ,< tree believed b; the Mala
bank m the centre of the ocean (Wilkinsoi
220 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Filings from a porcupine's tooth, if drunk m water, are a
remedy for poison taken internally. (From a Malay of Kuala
Krau, Pahang).
When women go down to the river to get water for use in
birhautu ceremonies (spiritualistic seances) held for the benefit
of sick pers >ns, they must not speak to anyone while carrying
it. Furthermore, they must cover the mouths of the vessels
witli leaves when full, and, in filling them, must let the water
trickle in slowly, ami not allow it to enter with a gurgling
sound. (From a Malay of Pulau Tawar. Pahang. My infor-
mant, seeing a woman on the banks of the Pahang River carry-
ing up a water-pot whose mouth was covered with leavi s, gave
me this note).
If you are afraid that some mischance will befall you
because you have left your village without satisfying a craving
for tobacco or food. 1 put the third finger of your right hand
into your mouth, and suck it three or four times. You will
thus avert misfortune. (From a Malav of Pulau Tawar.
Pahang).
There is a deep, round depression near the Pahang River
not far from Jerantut. but on the opposite bank, which is
called Leboh Chupak. It is said that a village once stood on
this site, but was overwhelmed by a storm, and swallowed up
by subsidence of the ground, because a man placed two half
coconut-shells— chupak measures — like caps on the head of a
dog and a cat, and laughed at them in company with other
villagers. 2 (From a Malay of Pulau Tawar, Pahang).
To bring rain the cooking-pots and their cane stands
must be washed, and a cat given a bath 3 ' (From a Malay of
Kampong Linggi, Negri Sembilan).
Scrapings of an incisor tooth of a baml -rat if app'ied
to wounds in the feet caused by bamboo-stumps will effect a
speedy cure. (From a Malay of Kampong Perak, near Batu
Kurau. Perak).
Wood must not be chopped on the threshold of a house,
or the owner will be bitten by a snake or centipede when he
goes to the jungle. (From a Malay of Kampong Perak, Batu
Kurau, Perak, whom I heard rebuking his wife for thus
chopping firewood).
Nobody should lie with legs sprawled out of a doorway.
or a tiger will come to the village. (From the same Malay as
i liihut lu-na klmfunan.
2 I have obtained stories of the dreadful fate which overtakes those who
dress up animals and laugh at them, from Sakai in several districts, but this is
the first time that I have heard of such a belief among the Malays. The
word used in the neighbourhood of Pulau Tawar for a bad stoim followed by
a subsidence of the ground is keliboh, '" ""'> seemingly being the name given to
places where such subsidence is thought lo have occurred. Chilaii, a term
frequently used by Sakai (when speaking Malay) to describe these storms
caused by impious actions, has a very similar meaning , Leboh is a local variant
of the ordinary Malay word lebor, which means "smelting," "liquefaction,"
or " destruction "
I Maniihan pcriak, mandihan lehar, mandrkan knelling
tgi8. I. H. N. I.van. . Miscellanea. 221
the above, who had occasion to rebuke his u ife, in my In ai ii g,
for breaking this tabu also).
If the owner of a gun constantly uses it for shooting big
game, lie should not keep, or place it, in a leaning position;
otherwise animals that he shoots, it mortally wounded, will
not fall dead foi ome time. From the same Malay as the
a hove i.
l'.l I \ KAMl'i ing.
/.'...i tampong i an annual i remony which is performed
by the Malays of the Endau —ami. 1 believe, in othei parts of
the country as well- -in order to avert misfortune and disease.
It is difficult to give a suitable translation of the name for
these rites, and the nearest approach that I can make is
"cherishing the village." Thej are purely pagan ami. as such,
are frowned upon by the more orthodox Malays.
While I was -topping in Kampong Pianggu on the
Endau River m August of tin- yeai (1917), a bela kampong,
which was about to be held, was postponed owing to the
presence of three Dyaks, who were with me. These men
were engaged in si ting birds and mammals and in collecting
insects and botanical specimen-, such actions being tabu
while the ceremony is in progress.
The Dyaks having left me temporarily, 1 asked the
Pawang to perform the rites while I was in the village, and
before my men should return from up-stream. This, however,
appeared to be impossible, as he each day made -ome excuse
— that there was a wedding 011, or that someone had died and
that it was tabu to hold the bela kampong in consequence. As
I had already mad.- arrangements for leaving the Endau, I
was unable to postpone my departure until the Pawang should
fix upon an auspii ii ;i- da\ ; m \ ei 1 heli ss, by dint of qui stion-
ing him. and others, I got some information which is. perhaps,
worth placing on record.
According to old custom while the bela kampong is being
performed, the village is laid under a three days' tabu by the
Pawang, and during this period strangers must not enter it,
nor may am- of the inhabitants shoot animals, gather
cocoanuts, sireh, or banana leaves; leave the village; dig their
land; use abusive language; or make a loud noise (e.g. beat
gongs as at a wedding).
The day chosen for the beginning of the rites depends
partly on the Pawang's dreams. Should he have fixed a day.
he will put it off if he. has an unlucky dream during the night
before — that he is being chased by a tiger, for instance, 01
that somebody is angry with him ; hut will hold it if his
dreams are lucky (e.g. that he has been given many presents).
When a village 1-; under t aim white rags are ted to cords at
the bathing-places jamban), if the settlement is on the main
222 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
river ; but, if it is on a small side-stream, a cord, from which
rags are suspended, is frequently stretched from bank to bank.
Nowadays only a one day's bela kampong is allowed at
Pianggu and the prohibitions with regard to persons arriving
at, or leaving, the village are no longer in force.
It appears that bela kampong on the Endau is performed
rather with a view to keeping the local spirits of the soil in a
good temper, and gaining their aid against invading evil, than
with a view to banishing troublesome and evilly disposed
supernatural beings, a not uncommon practice in many parts
nf the Malayan region, and one which is resorted to on the
Endau if epidemic disease appears, when the villages are
placed under a seven days' tabu, and spirit-ships launched.
These are supposed to carry away the haittu (spirits) which
are causing the trouble.
I mentioned the custom of the yearly purification of
villages by means of spirit-boats to the Pawang of Pianggu
and he said, "Lain pawang. lain adat" (other Pawangs, other
customs).
I obtained very few details with regard to the ceremony
proper, but it appears that the Pawang makes a round of the
village, collecting small offerings of food from each house-
holder, and that towards evening on the third day he places,
or hangs, these in the jungle, asking the spirits to accept the
presents made to them, and to protect the village throughout
the ensuing year.
XXIV. NOTES ON THE GENUS PETAURISTA,
Pall., \\ I I II DES( RIPTIONS OF TWO
NEW RACES.
By II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. and C. B. Kloss, F.Z.S.
The form ol Petaurista petaurista inhabiting the mountains
of the extreme cast of Java is separable at a glance from that
found in tin- western end of the island and in the absence of
citation of the typical locality we "have selected the Preanger
Regencies as the habitat of the typical form. The eastern
rai e ma\ be de >i ribed as : —
Petaurista petaurista nigricaudatus, subsp. nov.
Type: — Adult male with slightly worn teeth (skin and
skull), collected at Ongop Ongop, Idjen Massif. 5,700 feet, near
Banjoe-wangi, East Java, on April gth, 1916, by Federated
Malay States Museums Collector, F.M.S. Mus. No. 323/16.
Characters : —Differing from all other forms of the petau-
rista (nitidus) section in having the general colour of the tail
black, the sub-basal portions of the hairs ferruginous maroon ;
ears dark chestnut, black orbital ring extensive, feet and hands
black, this colour more extensive than in other forms and
extending along the margin oi the uropatagium.
Colour: — Above glistening chestnut maroon, duller and
less maroon than in the West Javan form [P . petaurista) , head
and sides of the face more bay All the hairs of the upper
surface with black tips, most pronounced along the median
line : nose chin, a broad orbital ring and the vibrissae. black.
Hands and feet black, with little or no chestnut on the meta-
podials. margin of the antibrachial and interfemoral mem-
branes black, parachute ochraceous salmon, more rufous on
edge, lower surface similar. Ears dull brown, the hairs at the
base tipped with black, thinly clad with short black hairs on
the interior of the basal pan of the conch, mixed with brown-
ish chestnut at the tips. Tail glossy black above, the bases
of the hairs grey, the median area clouded with maroon, this
colour being more noticeable beneath: tip not noticeablj
blacker.
Skull : Doc- nol apparently differ from that of /'. p.
melanotus from the Malay Peninsula ; teeth slightly larger.
Measurements of the type: — Head and body, 456 (400 1 ) ;
tail. 462 15541: hindfoot, ;\ 76); car. 41 mm., taken in the
flesh by native collector.
■ Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male /' / mtlano
tin from Lay Song Hon-;. Trang, Siamese Malay States. F M.S. Mus
No 1226/10.
224 Journal of tke F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Cranial measurements: greatest length. 70.9 172.0):
condylo-basilar length. 64.0 162.01 : palatilar length. 32.9 (32.5) ;
diastema, 15.0 14.7); upper molar row, including pm a 16. g
{16.5): interorbital breadth, 15.7 (15.3); postorbital breadth.
[8.] (18.4); zygomatic breadth, 48.7 (48.2) ; length of nasals,
22.4 122.71 ; breadth of combined nasals. 13.3 (13. 0) mm.
For detailed measurements of the series see p. 226.
Specimens examined:- Six. three from the type locality ami
three from Sodong Jerok, 3,900 feet, also on the Idjen Massif.
The series obtained are all very uniform and differ very
markedly from that from Tjibodas. West Java, which we have
assumed to be the typical race in brighter general colouration.
the general hue being more brownish in the Tjibodas skin,
with the feet dark brown, not pure black, and the orbital ring
narrow. The greatest difference however, is in the tail, which
is ferruginous bay with a terminal black tip in the western
animal as in all others of the group which we have been
able to examine, though it should be noted that Hose 1 des-
cribes a specimen, presumably from Borneo, which appears
to agree closely with the above form, though other authorities
specifically state that the tail of the Boolean race is rufous 01
ferruginous with a black tip.
The Penang race, on examination of a considerable series,
differs sufficiently from that inhabiting the mainland to receive
a name: —
Petaurista petaurista penangensis, subsp. now
Type : — Adult female (skin and skull), collected at Telok
Bahang, Penang Island, on 27th March. 1911 by E. Seimund.
Federated Malay States Museum Xo. 1413,11. Original
number 421 1.
Diagnosis. External characters precisely as in P.p. mela-
notus from the south' of the Malay Peninsula but size smaller
and rostrum shorter and relatively broader.
Dimensions. See table on page 226.
Specimens examined. Three, all from the type locality.
Petaurista petaurista terutaus, Lyon.
Petaurista terutaus. Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington.
xx, p. 17 (1907).
This race was described by Mr. Lyon from a single speci-
men collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in 1904.
Though the island has been visited by us on several
occasions we never succeeded in obtaining specimens until
December 1916. In that month, however, considerable wood
cutting was going on in the island opening up vistas in jungle
and we were so fortunate as to' obtain three adults.
Huse. Mammals of Borneo, p 41 (1S93)
igiS.] H.C.Robinson: Notes on the Genus Petanrista. 225
These agree well with the original diagnosis and show
that the race is very distinct from the mainland form and
seeing that the original account was based on the unique type
only it may be well to give a description of our series.
General coloui much browner and less rufous that P.p.
melauotus (type locality here designated as Selangor), the
hairs on the middle of the sides with buff tips giving the effect
of a pale elliptical patch. Limbs chestnut brown, becoming
black on the metapodials and digits. Head varying from
greyish buff to cinnamon buff. Parachute like the back or
the limbs; uropatagium edged with black, edges of parachute
buffy grey ; tail like the back, extensively blackened distally
but the dark colour not sharply margined, bases of the hairs
throughout black, the base of the tail also washed with black.
Muzzle, chin and eve ring black, ears with proectote ochrace-
ous, metectote extensively black. Undersurface, pale salmon
orange, foreneck whitish, inner sides of limbs blackish brown.
Specimens examined : — Three (i<?, 2?) from Telok Wan
(Wanderer Bay), East side of Pulau Terutau, Straits of
Malacca.
Dimensions ; — ^ee table on page 22G.
226
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
1
12
N. C. M. Type of
subspecies.
N.C M.i
Teeth tully up un-
worn.
Type
Type U. S N M
Adult
Sub-adult
Adult
F.M.S.
Mus
No.
'COOs-00 o -< ~ m rs. t^ c- ■*■
~o" tr^T^n-T~?i ~? ~rn"^n ~? o"!?^ 3i
m c-i -i -i -i ~i x - n ^ t^o i> „
Condition
of teeth.
Worn
Ml worn
Worn
Ml. worn
Worn
Unworn
SI. worn
Worn
1 Inwpi n
SI worn
I Inworr
Ml worn
■sieseu 10 qipBajg
X) O XI CIOO o
■s|Eseu 10 qiSuaq , h n h n 6 m r ~ - x « 01 6 I
:
qipEajq dueuioSa/ ad t^oc xj 00 ! -r c -r -i -1 -r ■*■
/
qipuajq lEiiq.i 30 n din s'f- c -ooc x |0 io<c
IN Ol t^O m X rn - -r
■qipsajq [Eiiq-iojajUT. t-. 10 >o -j- >n un ?^?^? ^£22
'avoj jejoui jaddQ 1 10 t^-vb r^»o r~ id un 4 ■* ■*- 4-
-r CO CO voioo o rn
■i:iua]SEI(7 4 "l -a- *n rr, m 4 rn rn n r^»it :
n a CM-. -. N DM"
l - ' -* | ro n-| <n ro re rr) m ro m N fll*l«
jEHSEq oiXpuo'i <n rn n -r 6 -n : x oovo'io f~
l ^ lr 'l <o 10 10 10 ic inu-iu-i .n m .n m
qjSuai p'loi ; -1 c r x a 1 r^--o 4 >n rn m -r
'inmnmn ' lO in N « t-~ ■* 'n N -f lO r^ r^ >n ■
1°°}P"TH [s. t^f-t-~lO Cs. t-~ M- C ID o o •
_
-
-t- in 1- N O O rn N tflr.« N o X) O
., [13T - x c ,: -n -r o oo D-t in o o <n
i m in m o un *r un cc x -n m rj _ in
■Apofi ptre P Ea H 1 ? 3-3-?*" 5- %%■ % 'S.SS'r?,
V *0 'O'O'D'OW 0+ 0*0+ *0 O+O+'lD^O
t/j
S
Petaurista petaurista
nigricaudatus.
Sudong Jerok, 3,900 feet
Banjoewangi, E [a\ a
Ongop Ongop, 5,700 feet..
5.700 ,, ..
Petaurista petaurista
petaurista.
Tjibodas, W. Java, 4,500 ft
Petaurista petaurista
penangensis.
Telok Bahang, I'enang Id.
Petaurista petaurista
terutaus.
rerutau Id
XXV. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CAVE
EXPLORATION, NEAR LENGGONG, UPPER PERAK.
By Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a.
Early in 1917 I visited Lenggong, in Upper Perak, with a
view to excavating certain "l the caves and rock-shelters,
which are common in the neighbourhood of that place. Some
exploration of such sites had already been conducted bj
Mr. L. Wray, then Curator of the Perak Museum, in the years
1886, 1891, and at some later date (not stati .1 , th< 1 aves thai
he dealt with being situated in Gunong Cheroh, near Ipoh.
His finds, though sufficiently interesting, did not throw any
gre.it amount of light on the question of the early inhabitants
of the Peninsula. To sum up his work, he proved that some
of the rock -she Iters and caves of the Peninsula were formerly
occupied, for a considerable time, by a people who lived largely
on the flesh of wild animals (and broke theii bones to obtain
the marrow), while they consumed quantities ol fluviatile
mollusks: who used mealing stones and red haemal ite paint :
and were, in some manner, able to possess themselves of a few-
valves of a species of marine shell (Cyrena sumatrensis ) .
A stone celt, that is a natural stone of convenient shape
ground to a sharp edge, was disi overed during thelater excava-
tions at a depth of two feet. Mr. Wray concluded from the
finding of this specimen that the people w ho inhabited tb
were not necessarily the makers of stone implements, " but
only that they were contemporaneous with the maker- of the
implements, from whom they sometimes obtained one by
barter or otherwise, in the same way as the modern Sakai get
iron axes and chopping-knives from the Malays." This may.
of course, have been so: but, if the makers of the stone
implements preceded the inhabitants of the caves fa point
which his excavations did nol ive-dwellei may have
met with the aforesaid implement lying on the surface of the
soil and have taken it home with him, just as 1 he Malays do
with these lithic relics at the present time.
On the day after my arrival at Lenggong, I visited the
(01,1 Kajang, 1 natural tunnel which pierce, a limestone hill.
A pith leading from near Len ;gon \ to K Lmpong Gelok passes
through it. At the entrance facing Kampong Gelok there are
two largi on either side of the cave-mouth. These
are rock-shelters of ju 1 the tvpe which were, and are, usualh
I by 1 ave-dwi llet s. I made an inspei tion oi the floor
of the shelter on tin- left, which was the deeper of the two, mid
found a large number of the shell; of fluviatile mollusks
(belonging to the genus Melanin) 111 ■> hollow worn in it
1 Xnst , V,.! xxvi, pi jfi 47 Journal
oi Hi/ /■' U S M 1 (
228 Journal of the F. M.S. Museums. |Vol. Vll,
by the continual dropping of water from the point of a
large stalactite. I therefore decided that these bays would
probably be well worth excavating.
I may remark here that the rock-shelters in the neighbour-
hood of Lenggong are frequently visited, and sometimes
occupied for short periods, by the Negrito tribesmen who
frequent the locality. The two mentioned above, and others
which I examined later, showed traces of having been recently
used, among the remains left behind by the Negritos being
bamboo sleeping-platforms, sections of blow -pipes, burnt-out
fires, and the bones of soft turtles, bats and flying-foxes, which
had been roasted and consumed on the spot. The walls of
the Gua Kajang and the two bays were covered with the
names of Malay visitors written in Arabic cr Roman character,
while Chinese too had inscribed their signatures in their
native ideographs. On the walls of the left-hand bay, how-
ever, I found some patterns, drawn with charcoal, which were
obviously the work of Negritos, since they were exactly similar
to those which they engrave on their dart-quivers. Some
other very rude drawings should also, probably, be attributed
to these people. One of them, seemingly of an elephant
drawing a four-wheeled waggon, had points of interest; for the
artist, wishing to depict a vehicle of this kind, but either being
unable to visualise it as it would appear when viewed from the
side, or not being skilful enough to depict the parts of the
off-side wheels which would be seen, had sketched the two
near wheels and then added another couple, which were not
attached to the waggon at all, one being placed in front of
it, and the other behind.
I came into contact with the Negritos on two occasions.
and once employed two men of the tribe to assist me in digging.
I was thus able to get them to talk to me about their habit of
using the caves, and to hear what they had to say with regard
to the specimens found. On their visiting me at Lenggong
Rest-House I also showed them three polished stone imple-
ments which I had purchased from Malays, who had found
them in the surface-soil of land planted with rice or rubber.
The Negritos called these b.du kareh, " thunder stones," which
is practically equivalent to the Malay name for them {haliliniar
or batu lintar). I do not think that they have any traditions
of their ancestors using anything of the kind.
Having determined to excavate the left-hand bay, I started
work withafew coolies. I first of all had small trial pits sunk
here and there in the cave floor with the object of gaining some
idea of the nature of the deposits and of their thickness. I n every
pit fragments of bones and spiral fresh-water shells were found
in quantities. At the further end of the cave the deposit proved
to be only a few inches in depth, but towards the mouth it was
over four fret thick. About the middle, at a depth of two feet,
a hard stratum of shells and broken bits of bone cemented to-
gether with lime was encountered, with about another foot of
tgiS. [.Evans: C<\ », Lenggong, Perak. 229
loose sliell. hone, and earth deposit lying below it. Beneath
this \\a.- the limestone rock of the hill in which the rut- is
situated. For the next few days, after opening these pus. we
were engaged in excavating a block of the cave floor to a length
of thirty-one feet and a breadth of abi ait eight feet, the excava-
tion being carried down t*> the solid rock. We were rewarded
by the discovery, with which I will later deal in detail, of large
quantities of the spiral shells mentioned above; numbers of
fragments of bone, chiefly mammalian, some pieces of red iron
oxide, similar to those found by Mr. Wray at Gunong Cheroh ' :
a round water-worn st'.ne. probabiy used for grinding: a
mealing-slab : some pottery; parts ol a human skeleton; a
chipped stone implement of primitive type, and a rather doubt-
ful implement of red stone.
The floor of the cave consisted of a mass of shells and
bones mixed with earth and lime, the latter, however, not being
usuallv present in sufficient quantity, or never having been
moist enough, to bind the deposit together. The bones found
were mostly in a fragmentary condition, having seemingly been
pounded to bits in order to extract the marrow. Main- of the
fragments were blackened, or browned, by burning, and some,
from the hard layer mentioned above, were much mineralized.
No marks of gnawing were to be observed on any of them, so
it would seem likely that the cave-dwellers did not keep dogs.
No bone implements of any kind were found, and only one
small piece which shewed signs of having been cut with a sharp
instrument. Remains of the following animals were detected
— deer (Ce rvtts unicolor), muntjac. squirrel, rhinoceros, bamboo-
rat and wild-pig.
The molluscan shells belonged to the genera Unto and
Melania. The former were rare, the latter abundant, while a
peculiar feature was that in every case the topmost whorls of
the spiral shells had been broken off, 2 evidently f>>r the
purpose of facilitating the extraction of their contents. The
Patani Malays of Upper Perak search for these mollusks for
food, 3 but they told me thai the Negritos did not do so. this
information being subsequently confirmed by several men of
the local tribe, particularly by the two whom I employed in
digging. Furthermore, no such shells were found among the
animal and other recent remains which the Negritos had left
in the caves, nor do I remember ever having seen them lying
about in their encampments.
I have already mentioned that a mealing-slab. very
similar to those obtained by Mr. Wray. was discovered in the
cave. This was turned up at a depth of about two feet from
■ These are in ihe I'erak Museum
Mr Wray notes that the shells of Melania found in tic cave excavated
bv him had been .^iniilarly treated
3 The Malay borl the mollusks and suck them out of their shells. The
top whorls of the shells are knocked off before boiling, in order to render then-
contents easy I
230 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
the surface in the lime-cemented layer of shell and bone
deposit. It is a block of limestone, hollowed out on one
surface by constant use.
The hard layer of deposit proved to be the richest in
interesting objects and, in additi"n to the grinding slab, there
were discovered in it the mealing or grinding-stone, the human
remains, and the stone implement already mentioned.
The mealing-stone. a circular water-rounded granite
pebble, is stained with the red pigment referred to above.
Other water-worn stones, mostly of quart/, were found in fair
numbers, all having evidently been brought home by the
cave-dwellers with the intention of making use of them.
Some of these also were stained with pigment, having
been probably used for grinding it up.
The stone implement was found in a small trial pit, sunk
previous to general excavation. I shall, however, describe
this specimen later, when dealing with similar objects obtain-
ed in the course of excavating the other bay at the mouth of
the Qua Kajang. The human remain.- were, rather unfortun-
ately, first discovered by one of my Malays. This man. being
tired with digging, had left the spot at which we were
working, and had started scratching and burrowing in the
trial pit just mentioned. When he had been thus employed
for some time, he brought me a fragment of human jaw with
some teeth still in it. saying that he had found a good many
other pieces of bone and had thrown them out of the hole. I,
therefore, set to work to collect as many of the broken bits as
possible and to excavate some pieces of jaw which were visible
in the burrow that h? had made. There were thus retriev-
ed the greater portions of an upper and a lower jaw. but only
one small portion of the skull, some fragments of ribs, and
some finger-bones. When the surrounding ground, which
formed part of the block that I had decided to open, was
properly excavated, some arm. leg, foot, and other bones were
also discovered; these were removed, as far as was possible.-
imbedded in lime and shell matrix. A very large part of the
skeleton was missing, and our efforts to find the rest of it
were not successful.
These bones have not yet been cleaned or reported upon
by an expert, so I do not feel justified in making more than a
few remarks anent them. Judging by the teeth, they are
those of an aged person, the worn-down state of the molars
being remarkable. 1 The front teeth appear to have been filed
down to a certain extent, a practice still indulged in by the
Malays and some of the Negrito tribes. 1 could see no signs of
the earth above the body having been disturbed since its first
deposition. The bones were, as alreadv stated, imbedded in a
matrix of shells and fragments "f bones, w^ere hard, though
' This is also a noticeable characteristic of sonif of the human teeth found
by Mr Wray.
cgi8. I. Evans: Cave Exploration, Lenggong, Perak. j.;i
brittle, and seemingly much impregnated with lime from the
stratum in which the) lay. 1 am inclined to think, therefore,
that the skeleton w;i neons with the deposit in
which it was found. Since the skeleton was incomplete, we
must suppose that the bod\ was partly destroyed 1 aftei d< ath.
The pottery, menu <l above, I shall also treat ol in
connexion with the finds mad cond set of excavations,
i ai i ied out, as 1 have obsi rvi d, in the othei ba\ at the
Gelok entrance to the Gua Kajang. This was considerably
smaller than that whi< h ivi i pi tied first, 2 having a length oi
• and a breadth oi twenty, and being subtended by
only two walls. The time at my disposal was not sufficient to
allow of the whole ol the siti being explored and I contented
myself with opening two square pit (ea< h 5 feet by 5 feet), in
the same line, but separated by a band of earth tour ami a half
feet wide. In these we found that the shell and bone deposit
extended to a depth of about three feet, with several inches
ot mixed clay and sand lying below. The two pits were dug
at about a distance of two feet from the side-wall of the bay,
and the measurement from the end wall to the nearest edge ol
the innermost ol the two was five feet six inches. In one of
these excavations a rough stone implement was found at just
fool from the surface, and several flakes and a core at
depths ranging from one to two feet. Fragments of pottery
were ilso present in -mall quantities — chiefly in the mote
superficial layers, but one 01 two piei es were found at a depth
of nearly two feet.
To turn now to the subject of manufactured stone imple-
ment - and flakes found in I he course of our explorations.
In both sets of excavations a large number of pebbles were
met with, which were obviously not local: many of them
were of quartz, others ol some dark, fine-grained met amorphic
rock, or ol red chert (?). These must evidently have been
brought home b\ the cave-dwellers either for use in their
natural state, 01 foi the purpose of making implements.
Now the Hakes, nearly all of which have well developed
bulbs ot percussion, must, I think, owing to the situation in
which they were found, be allowed to be madi by man. The}
have not yel been examined l>\ a geologist with a view to
determining their materi t Is, but the following rocks seem to be
represented red chert (one flake); limestone (one flnki
reddish-yellow chert (?) (two flakes); yellow chert (?) (one
flake); black metamorphic rock (two Hake- ; a fine-grained
ichn coloured tone (one flake); stalactite (one flake . In
addition numerous fragmi nl ol pebbli of various kinds were
found, vhich do nol exhibit definite signs of working. The
core- shews clear traces of at least eleven flakes having been
1 Pei 1 . bm i< d at all, bn
merely left lying in tin
1 1 in- hr 1 bay was a small cave seventy-six fe< I long with a minimnr
breadth ol b
2j2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
removed from it. Its material is a black and very fine-grained
rock, something like black flint in appearance. It seems to
have been easy to work, the channels left by the removal of
flakes being smooth, and the ridges between them sharply de-
fined. Thin edges of the rock are slightly translucent.
With regard to the two stone implements and to a few
rather doubtful specimens.
One implement, a broadly lanceolate object, that which was
found near the human remains, is roughly chipped out of a piece
of granite; a large part of the upper side being the originalsmooth
and weathered, or water-worn, skin of the rock. This is yellow-
ish in colour. The stone has been trimmed to shape by
blows delivered on the under edge, the flakes thus splitting from
the upper surface. Granite is not particularly suitable for
working, being of too coarse a grain, and the flaking is there-
fore rough. Some trimming of a similar kind is observable
round the edges of the lower surface, but is not so well marked
as above. A patch in the centre of this side is also stained
yellow and appears" to be the natural skin of the stone, but is
rougher than that on the upper surface.
The other well marked implement is very similar in
outline to that just described, but the under surface is flattish,
while the upper is turtle-backed. The material from which
it is made is a hard and fine-grained black rock, probably
metamorphic. An island of the original greyish skin of the
pebble is left on the centre of its upper face and forms its
highest part. Chipping extends from the edge to the margin
of this island. The flakes removed from the under surface
were evidently much larger than those from the upper. The
rock, though fine-grained, does not seem to have been easy
to work.
We now come to two other specimens which are
not so well defined. One of these has been extensively
chipped at the edge till the "front'* of it is almost semi-
circular. The material of this slab is a fine-grained stone of
a dark purple-red colour about seven-tenths of an inch in
thickness, which has both faces worn smooth by river action.
An edge has been broken away, but whether previous to
chipping or not. I cannot say for certain. The other specimen
appears to have been intended for an implement of similar
outline to the first two described and is probably in an
unfinished state. Its material is a dark, fine-grained stone
and a portion of the original water-worn skin remains on
either face. Chipping is fairly extensive, especially on the
upper surface towards the point. Below, flakes have also been
removed in numbers, but they do not reach so far-towards the
middle.
About two other objects I am very doubtful. They
shew no obvious signs of chipping, and none of grinding,
[. Evans: Cave Exploration, Lenggotig, Pcrak. 233
yet their shape is peculiar, and their material — a black.
mied rock, seemingly similar to that of the last-
described specimen — is not. as far as I know, found in the
d of tlu- caves. It seems probable, therefore,
that the two stones were brought to the cave by its inhabit-
ants. The first, did it shew signs of chipping or ol polishing.
might from its shapi neolithi< -tj i
axe: thi the object, however, appears weathered,
which it would not be, had it been a part of an implement
tin own au.i\ within the cave owing to breakage during
ture; noi would an implement in use shew these
signs when broken and left in such a sheltered position.
I he second specimen is smooth on one side, slightly rough
on the other. It, also, has rather a curious form, and appears
to be of a rock similar to that of the above; here again
I cannot detect any obvious signs of working. Possibly it is a
thin rlake removed from the surface of a water-worn pebble.
Before bringing this paper to a close we have still to deal
with the pottery.
In the bay lirst excavated pottery was met with only
from the surface to a depth of about one foot, or a little more
towards the mouth of the cave, where the deposits were
deepest. Several specimen- were discovered here. Two
of them were seemingly small dishes with circular feet. One-
is of a stout, blackish coloured ware, and includes a part of
the rim ; the other is similar except that the ware has a reddish
tinge. In both instances the feet have been broken ofl and
only their bases remain. Another object which we found is
a small pipkin or water-pot with a roughly tooled pattern on
its bottom and the lower parts of its body. Many fragments
of this ware were encountered. My Malay coolies said that
they thought that pipkins of the same kind were still made in
the Siamese Mala}- States, but that they did not know of any
modern articles similar to the two dishes. Some small pieces
of potterv of other types were also met with, but none of them
were at all remarkable.
In the second bay the pottery found was in small frag-
ments, and was of the same sort as the pipkin.
Let us now see wdiat inferences may be fairly drawn from
tl 1 ts discovered in the caves. It ha- been noted that
the deposit of shells and bone fragments were not of any
ickness, and from this fact we may conclude that the
caves were either inhabited for a comparatively short
period of time, or that they were only used at intervals, and
that the old.-st deposit's are. therefore, fairly am
There is, I think, sufficient evidence to warrant oui saying
that some of the former dwellers in the caves understood tin
working of stone by chipping, and used stone implements; for
two true implements were discovered, and two which are
probablj so, as well n
234 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
core. The finding of several implements in a cave together
with flakes is fairly conclusive evidence that the inhabitants
understood the working of stone, but the discovery of a single
implement, such as that recorded by Mr. Wray, is not neces-
sarily so. Whether the dwellers in the Lenggong caves knew
how to polish, or make, stone implements by a rubbing down
process must, on the evidence before us, remain a matter for
doubt; but, if they did. and we are to regard the specimens
that I have described as being roughly blocked out and
unfinished implements of neolithic culture, it is difficult to see
into what known Peninsular type, or types, they were to be
turned. On the other hand the fact that the stone implements
were made by former inhabitants of the Lenggong caves
increases the probability of Mr. Wray's polished implement
having been made by cave-dwellers too. What relation in
point of age the Lenggong deposits bear to those of Gunong
Cheroh is, however, uncertain.
With regard to the use of pottery it would seem most
probable that the earliest inhabitants of the Lenggong caves
did not possess any : but a very little may, perhaps, have been
in use while the making of stone implements was still a known
art.
XXVI. FOUR NEV\ BIRDS FROM JAVA.
By II. C. Robinson* (M./.S.
DENDROBIASTES HYPERYTHRA VULCANI, subsp. nov.
Adult male: — Very close to I), r. malayana, Ogilvie
Grant 1 , from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and
from Sumatra but differing in having the throat and breast
somewhat paler, more yellowish orange, less rufescent, the
fulvous wash on the Hanks distinctly lighter and the middle
of the abdomen whiter. " Iris dark, bill black, feet slaty
purplish."
Adult female :— The uppei surface more olivaceous than in
the corresponding sex of D. h. malayana, the throat and
middle of the abdomen whiter and the pectoral band and the
flanks light yellowish fulvous brown, not rufescent brown.
■" Iris dark, bill black, feet light pinkish grey."
Dimensions, (taken in the flesh). Male: Total length. 1 1 j :
wing, 59; tail, 46; tarsus, 18; bill from gape, 15 mm.
Female: — Total length, 113; wing, 59; tail. 47; tarsus,
i.n : bill from gape, 14 mm.
Types: — Collected at Tjibodas, slopes of the Gedeh
Volcano, 4-6,000 feet, Weste in Java, on 14 th and 15 th. February,
1916. 4 No. 2413. ;■ No. 2365.
Specimens examined : — Twenty-one, from the slopes ol tin
Gedeh, at altitudes from 4,000 to 8,500 feet.
Six males from the Idjen Volcano, near Banjoewangi,
Eastern Java, are perhaps even paler and brighter beneath,
while a single female, which we have to associate with the males,
differs very markedly in having almost the whole of the under
surface pale buffy yellow, the throat and chil
concolorous with the breast. In the absence of furthei fi mali
specimens and of examples from Bali I prefer not to descrilx it.
POMATORHINUS MONTANUS OTTOLANDERI, subsp. nov.
Adult: — Differing from the typical P. m. montamu of the
mountains of Central and Western Java in having tin white
superciliary streak not continued past the eye to the base of
the bill as is invariably the case in the western rare. General
colour of back, mantle and flanks rather more chestnut and
less ochraceous rufous than in the western form, though this
character is only noticeable when large series of each race are
compared.
■ Mmcieapula malayana, Ogilvie Grant, Bull Brit. Orn Club. XI'
(■906).
236 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Measurements of type: — Wing, 94, tail, 105 ; bill from gape,
26; tarsus, 33 mm. Type: — Adult male from Sodong Gerok,
Idjen Massif, 3,900 feet, near Banjoewangi, Eastern Java,
April 1st, 1916. Very large series examined from the same
vicinity from 1,400 feet to 5,000 feet.
Remarks : — Hartert, in a paper on birds from the Ardjuno
has already noticed the differences in the superciliary streak
(Nov. Zool. iii, p. 539 (1896), while a reference to Horsfield's
original description and Plate (Zool. Res. Java (1824) of
P. montantis show these characters as strongly marked. Hors-
field's specimens came from Merbabu in Central and Prahu in
West Central Java, while my own material, consisting of over
twenty skins, is from the Gedeh in Western Java. ' Under these
circumstances I consider that the eastern form is perfectly
entitled to subspecific recognition, though in a considerable
number of specimens traces of white are discernible in the
loral region.
Stachyris okientalis, sp. nov.
Separable at a glance from St. thoracica (Temm.) from
Western Java, (eight specimens examined), in having the
whole head and hind neck slaty black, clearly differentiated
from the mantle. Rest of the upper surface of a more
ochraceous rufescent, less chestnut tinge. Beneath, the white
pectoral collar forms a regular gorget and is not encroached
upon in the middle of the throat by the black of the chin and
neck, as in the western form. White gorget bordered beneath
by a black band broadest on the sides of the breast, this band
being entirely absent in St. thoracica.
Wing, 82 ; tail, 79; bill from gape, 25 ; tarsus, 31 mm.
Type: — Adult male from Sodong Jerok. Idjen Massif.
3,900 feet, near Banjoewangi, East Java, on March 28th, 1916.
Thirteen specimens examined.
Stachvkidopsis melanothorax intermedia, subsp. nov.
Intermediate between St. in. melanothorax 1 (Temm.)
from Western Java and St. m. baliensis (Hartert) 2 from Java.
Differs from the former in having the middle of the breast
sandy buff, uniform with the flanks, not white, and from the
latter in having the chin and throat pure white, only very
faintly tinged with buff. Outer webs of the primaries, deci-
dedly richer brown than the back but not nearly so bright as
the wing coverts.
Adult female (type) : — Wing, 60 ; tail, 60 ; bill from gape,
19.5 ; tarsus, 23 mm.
1 Myiothara melanothorax, Temra. PI Col. II, pi. 185, fig. 2 (1S23).
2 Cyanodtrma milanotlwrax balittisis, Hartert, Bull. Brit Orn. Club.
XXXVI, p. 2 (1915).
1918.J H. C. Robinson : Four New Birds from ,
Another female specimen, less adult, wing, 57; tail, 56;
bill from gape, r.8.5 : tarsus 21 mm.
Locality: — Sodong Gerok, Idjen Massif. 3,900 feet, near
Banjoewangi, Eastern Java.
I cannot agree with either the late Dr. Sharpe >>i 1»;
Hartert that this bird is correctly placed in the genus Cyano-
derma, Salvad., of which the type is Cyanoderma
(Blyth), from Borneo, which has naked cheeks, whereas the
present bird has them feathered.
As Dr. Hartert notes, St. melanothorax has been omitted
from the Catalogue of Birds (Vol. VII. but is carefully des-
cribed bv Sharpe in 1N84. {Notes Leyden Mus. \i.. p. 177
(1884).
XXVII. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF FLOWER
PECKERS (DICAEIDAE) FROM THE
MALAY REGION.
By II. C. Robinson, M.B.O.U. \m> C. B. Kloss, M.B.O.U.
PlPRISOMA SORDIDUM, sp. nov.
Differs from /'. modestum (Hume), of the Mala} Peninsula,
Tenasserim and Siam in the absence of streaks on the undei
surface and of white on the tail, from /'. obsoletus (Mull, ami
Schleg.), of Timor and Flores in the latter character ami in
the duller undersurface, from /'. everetti (Sharpe), of North
Borm o and Labuan in the darker underparts and from /'. oliv-
ucfu\ (Tweed.), of the Philippines in the duller upper surface.
Type:— Adult male, collected on 14th July, 1913, at
Rawang, Central Selangor. F.M.S. No. 101/18.
Above dull brown, the feathers of the head with darker
centres, the edges of the primaries, secondaries, upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers edged with olivaceous green, broader
and greener on the inner secondaries. Beneath dull fuscous,
chin and throat and the centre of the belly, whitish; under
tail coverts whitish with greyish centres. Under wing coverts
and axillaries, greyish, with dark centres to the former: sides
of the face and lores greyish brown, malar region somewhat
darker. Tail feathers with no traces of white.
Dimensions (in skin): -Wing, 60; tail, .5.5: tarsus, 13.5;
bill from gape, 11 mm.
Remarks : — This bird is probably only a subspecies of
P. everetti, Sharpe, Ibis 1877, p. 16; id. P.Z.S. 1879, p. .-543,
PI. XXX. lig. 1. from which it differs in its very much darker
colour beneath.
DlCAEUM VAN HEYSTI, sp. nov.
Nearest 10 D. ignipectus (Hodgs.), of the Himalayan
countries and the mountains of the Malay Peninsula but
entirely lacking any red in the plumage or ;m\ bla< k abdomi-
nal patch, which charactei also separates it from D. beccarii,
of \V. Sumatra.
Type: — Male (vix idult), from Beras tagi, Mountains of
NE. Sumatra, collected on 10th June, 1017, by A. 1). van
Heyst. Collector's No. 517.
Above like D. ignipectus, but the metallic colouring with a
more greenish east. Below, throat and uppei breast almost
pur.- white, flanks and side -1 tip brea 1 dusky, slightly tinged
_> 4 o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII
with olive. Abdomen olivescent. under tail coverts buffy with
black bases. Axillaries and under wing coverts silky white ;
sides of the head slaty black.
Wing, 48 ; tail. 23; tarsus. 13 ; bill from gape. 10.5 mm.
Female : — Differs from the female of I>. ignipectus in
being more greenish and darker beneath, only the breast and
abdomen being slightly washed with ochreous buff. (No. 512).
Specimens examined : — Three, the above mentioned male
and female and an immature male, resembling the female, all
collected at the same locality and on the same date.
Remarks : —There is little doubt that these specimens
represent a species allied to but quite distinct from the conti-
nental D. ignipectus, the total absence of the black pectoral
patch bsing the most characteristic feature rhey cannot
apparently be referred to Dicceum solliciUins, Hartert from
Java.
XXVIII. FURTHER NOTES ON THE MONGOOSES
OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S.
When 1 wrote the article on the Mongooses of the Mala)
Peninsula published in the last number of this Journal
(pp. 123-5; September, 1917), some skulls were missing which
have since been recovered and 1 am now able to give their
measurements.
It will be seen that the skulls do not confirm the slight
difference in size in favour of Mimgos javanicus peninsulae over
Mungos incertus indicated by the collector's external measure-
ments taken in the flesh, but show that the two are of practi-
cally similar dimensions or that the difference, if any, is rather
the other way about. The only difference between the skulls
of the two species lies in the bullae, which in incoius are rather
larger and this feature, with the colour differences, constitutes
the distinction between the two.
The skulls of these indigenous Malayan animals differ from
that of Mungos mungos in their greater length, that of mungos
being shorter both actually and relatively to its breadth and
having a shorter tooth row.
Measurements of Mongooses in millimetres.
Mungos j. peninsul
Number
95 1 /"
97i/>3
955/"
1057/10*
68/17
Sex and age
? ad.
<J old.
d* ad.
<J ad.
? aged.
Head and bodv
373
304
37 1
35°
36>
Tail
282
276
=54
265
Hind foot
7'
57
63
63
62
Ear
29
23
23
20
22
Skull and teeth : —
greatest length
7'
78
77
80.5
basilar length, from back
Of .3
65
69.8
68 |
7 2
palatilar length
34
38
jP
4°
c — w" (alveoli) . .
25-7
270
26.2
27 5
(•m*. length and greatest
diameter
7.7x8.2
7.0x7-8
72x81
7.0x8.0
7.2x8.1
rostral breadth across roots
of canines
M
us
'3
■3
1 , |
pcstorbital breadth
i|
1 1
1 1
braincase breadth
26
26
25
25
^•5 5
zygomatic breadth
38-2
)9 2
37
•1" s
length of bullae from the
external base
...
15S
16.7
'
XXIX. ON THE SOUTHERN MALAYAN RACE OF
THE WHITE-WHISKERED PALM-CIVET.
By II. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss.
We have long thought that the Southern Malayan Race
ol Paguma leucomystax originally described by J. E. Gray from
Sumatra was subspecifically distinct, but in the absence of
fully adult specimens of the adjacent races have hitherto
refrained from describing it.
We are now, however, in possession of fine adults of the
true P. leucomystax from West Sumatra, 7'. robusta, (Miller), from
the north of the Peninsula and of the Southern Malayan form
which we propose to describe as
Paguma larvata annectens, subsp. nov.
Type:— Adult male (skin and skull), F. M. S. Mus. No.
191/09, collected at Bukit Gantang, Larut, Perak, November
1908, by Museum Collector.
Diagnosis: — Intermediate between the colder, greyer race
from Trang and the deep maroon-black form, /'. leucomystax,
from Sumatra.
Colour .-—Nape, mantle, upper and lower extremities
brownish black, the nape and mantle having the under fur
tipped with buffy; posterior parts of the body more yellow
tipped and annulated with black, the general orange effect
being richest on the rump; Hanks slightly duller; tail like the
rump, basally, becoming blackish on the distal half. Under-
surface dull buffy. Top of muzzle slightly grizzled buff. A
broad area extending from the eye to the car and more
narrowly down the sides of the neck, buff. Crown grizzled
brown and buff. Sides of muzzle, chin and throat brownish ;
ears brownish black. Vibrissae white.
Dimensions : — (External dimensions oi the type, taken in
the flesh):— Head and body, 635; tail, 610 ; hindfoot, 102 mm.
Cranial measurements: greatest length. 127 (126 1 ); upper
length, 112 (116); condylo-basilar length 120 (121); basilai
length, T15 1 1 ib..}): palatilar length. 57 (57); width of palate,
including molars, 42.8(41); interpterygoid space 25 by 13.2
127 by !(•: breadth of rostrum across the roots of canines,
24.7 1241 ; zygomatic breadth, 71 (69); anteorbital cm strict ion,
26.2 (25.4) ; postorbital constriction. 25 (22.4) ; breadth of brain
case above roots of. zygomata 4 1 (41.4); mastoid breadth,
48(45); occipital depth, 30.2 (30.4); mandible 94 (94); maxil-
arv tooth row exclusive of incisors |? 1 (4) : mandibulary tooth
row, exclusive of incisors 48.3 mm. (50).
' Measurements in parentheses are tlm .< > '""is robustus
Miller. Proc. Biol. Sor Washington, XIX. p 26 (1006).
244 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Specimens examined: — Five from Perak and one from
Selangor.
The series of the genus before us, ranging from the
Northern Shan States to Sumatra show that complete grad-
ation occurs between forms assigned to P. larvata (Temni.)
and P. lencomysta.x. All races of the genus must therefore be
regarded as subspecies of the originally described P. larvata.
The synonymy of the Malayan form is much involved and
many of the earlier names have no exact locality cited. We
have been unable full}' to examine the literature, but it is
possible that Paiadoxurns jourdanii, Gray, in Charlesworth,
Mag. of Nat. Hist. I., p. 579 (1837) applies to the above des-
cribed form, in which case, of course, Grav"s name has
priority.
The various races will be : —
Pagutna larvata larvata (H. Smith). S. China.
Paguma larvata taivana (Swinh.). Formosa.
Paguma larvata hainana, Allen. Hainan.
Paguma larvata intrutlens, Wroughton. N. Shan States
(Goteik).
Paguma larvata grayi (Bennet). Himalayas and Sikkim.
Paguma larvata tytleri (Tytler). Andaman Islands.
Paguma larvata robusta (Miller). Tenasserim and N.Malay
Peninsula.
Paguma larvata annectens, antea p. 243. S. Malay Peninsula.
Paguma larvata leucocephala (Gray). Borneo.
Paguma larvata leucomystax (Gray). Sumatra.
The generic status of Paradoxiirus laniger, Hodgson, from
Tingri, Tibet, which is only known from a skin and of
Paradoxurus musschenbroeki, Schleg., from Celebes is uncertain.
XXX. NOTES ON MALAYAN AND OTHER
MOUSE-DEER.
By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S.
There is in thi Fed< rated Mala) States Museums a fairly
large collection of Tragulidae from the Malay Peninsula and
the immediate neighbourhood, and as there are available foi
the moment specimens from Banco (belonging to Mr. II. ('.
Robinson) and from Siam (in my possession), the opportunity
has been taken to review all this material.
In dealing with Mouse-deer in large >eru s one cannot fail
to be impressed with the large degree of individual variation
that exists in adults as regards colouration, skull and dental
characters and also size; and it is obvious that races must be
judged, not by individuals, but by the average, or majority,
features of series.
The only real differences amongst Malaysian ' animals
seem to be those of colour and these differences are so intimately
mingled geographically that it >cems best to regard all races
as belonging to two species only — javanicus and kanchil.
Malays haw: various names for Mouse-deer — in the
Peninsula there arc current napu (napoh) and munkonong
(bengkunang), pelaiidok 2 and kanchil : the last two names are
interchangeable but as a rule muukonong and kanchil are
applied to the young of napu (Greatei Mouse-deer) and pelaiidok
(Lesser Mouse-deer) respectively.
I have proposed type localities for two old names hitherto
undetermined: rejected two races proposed: and described
two new ones.
Tragulus javanicus napu.
Moschus napu. F. Cuv., Mist. Nat. Mamm.. III. livr. 37, pi.
329 11822).
Tragulus javanicus, Cantor, fourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV,
1846, p. 269.
Tragulus napu, Mower. F.Z.S., 1900, p. .574; Wroughton,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bombay, XXIII, 1015. p. 717.
Tragulus canescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc Washington.
1900, p. 185 ; id.. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXV 1 1, moo. p. 5 ;
Kloss, fourn. F.M.S. Mus.. H. [908, p. tj.S : id., op. cit., IV,
1911, p. 138.
Tragulus javanicus canescens, Kloss. Journ. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909, p. 43: Lydekker, Cat. Ungu-
lates, Brit. Mus., I V, [91 5, p. 271.
1 Malaysian— Pertaining to the ula, Sumatra, Borneo and
Java Malayan — Pertaining to the Mala; -mi mat ran, etc
i -Final fi
246 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
When Miller gave the name canescens to the Malayan
Greater Mouse-deer he compared it with the napu of Lingga
Island, later named T. pretiosus by him ' in the belief that the
latter represented typical T. javanicm napu. He his since
written " Tragulus napu. (of Sumatra) proves to be a greyish
animal quite distinct from T. pretiosus but somewhat closely
resembling T. canescens of the Malay Peninsula," 2 and again
later " The common peninsular Tragulus canescens differs very
slightly, if at all, from the Sumatran T. napu. In naming it I
was under the impression that the napu of Lingga Island
I T. pretiosus) represented the Sumatran animal. '"3
When Wrought! >n wrote (l.c.s.) of South Tenasserim
animals " Geographically they should be the T. canescens of
Miller, but differ so markedly in several characters from his
description that I prefer to retain the older name," he was
perhaps unaware of this or that Miller's description, being
wrongly based, might convey a wrong impression.
I have compared a series ranging from South Tenasserim
to Singapore, with specimens from Sumatra and cannot find any
differences: and as long as the occurrence of a distinct race in
the Peninsula remains unproven, as seems to be the case,
we have no right to use a distinct name for Malayan animals
which should therefore stand as T.j. napu.
Habitat: — Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
Specimens examined:- Fourteen.
Tragulus javanicus umbrinus.
Tragulus umbrinus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XIII. 1900, p. 191.
Tragulus (canescens) umbrinus, Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus.
II, 1908. p. 148; id. (partim) Journ. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909, p. 44.
Tragulus javanicus umbrinus, Lydekker, Cat. Ung. Brit.
Mus., IV, 1915, p. 273.
"Similar to T. canescens of the adjacent mainland but
smaller in size and much darker in colour. Throat stripes
blackish brown with scarcely a trace of pale speckling.
Belly heavily washed with fulvous grey " {Miller).
We have only one rather immature example from the
Langkawi Islands but it closely agree- with the above charac-
terization. It is of a richer yellow than the mainland animal
and more heavily clouded with blackish — the two colours
more finely intermixed — and the sides of neck and body and the
1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 144
^Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., XXVI, 1903, p 4 ;
3 Proc. U. S Nat. Mus., XXXVII, p. 5 .
■ . B. Kloss: Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. J47
limbs darkei , Belov oreneck is brown-
ish black, scarcely grizzled, the i .liar is darker, and the whole
middle part of the body is suffused with brownish yellow,
leaving only the pectoral and inguinal areas white: in penin-
sula] animals there is at most a broad Y-shaped patch on the
under-body.
Habitat: -Langkawi Islands. West Coast of the Malay
Peninsula.
Tr m.i ii - ' ' >'' res.
Tragulus canescem umbrinus, Kloss (partim), Journ. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909. p. 44.
Tragulus canescem terutus, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, 1909. p. 536.
Tragulus javanicus terutus, Lydekker, Cat. Ung. Brit. Mus.,
IV, 1 915. p. 272.
Seven examples collected between th< end 1 1 February
and the middle of March: Like T. j. nupu of the adjacent
mainland but rather brighter generally, the sides mi
the colour of the back, not greyish. Nape stripe obs' lete, in
some instances only just traceable: under side of body some-
times with a broad brownish band as in T. j. umbrinus, but
the chevron of the foreneck paler and much grizzled with
ochraceous as in T.j. napu.
One example i»s abnormal: on the foreneck the mi
white stripe is represented by a few hairs only, the rest of the
neck between the white lateral stripes being blackish-brown
grizzled with ochraceous.
Twelve examples collected in December: much darker
than the above owing to a general increase in pigmentation, the
uppei parts is dark or darker than dark Bornean animals
l), the neck chevron much blacker ind the middle pari
of the under body mon fulvi cenl the latter area
being slightly suffused with black .1-". Two specimens have
the foreneck coloured as in the abnormal example mentioned
above: in one of them the lateral white stripes are merely
represented by two small patches.
Though the two series look notably differenl all the
animals are easily separable from the mainland race by their
yellowish (not grey) sides. The differences in colour inter se
appears to indicate that thei '"1 that
the change from dark to light phase takes pi ice about January.
Probably a triile smaller than the mainland race: the
largest specimen examined has the hindfoot, c. u., 135 mm:
the greatest length of skull in mm: a large Malayan napu
measures 150 and 118 mm. respectively.
Habitat: T. nil. 111 Island, north of Langkawi Island.
Wesl Coast of the Malav Peninsula.
248 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Teagulus javanicus bokneanus.
Tragulus bomeanus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XV, 1902, p. 550: Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII.
i9°7, P- 550.
Tragulus napu bomeanus, Lyon. op. cit., XL, 191 1, p. 64.
Tragulus javanicus bomeanus, Lvdekker. Cat. Ung. Brit.
Mus., IV, 1915. p. 2JO.
Of six specimens from Paku Saribas, Sarawak, two are
indistinguishable in general colouration from the Sumatran
and Malayan napu : the others are more heavily clouded with
black above. On the whole, the neck chevron in darker; the
dark element being more intensely black, less brownish black.
Of two specimens from the Kapuas R, Western Borneo,
Lyon says : ' The skins are practically indistinguishable in
coloration from specimens of 7". napu from Sumatra." Later,
dealing with a large series, he sums up the position as follows : —
" A careful comparison of these with a large number of speci-
mens from various localities in Sumatra, the type-locality of
napu, shows that the Sumatran and Bornean napus are almost
i lentical in point of size, color, and cranial characters. The
Bornean animal averages a very little smaller in most exter-
nal and cranial measurements. At the same time the throat
markings are slightly darker and the collar slightly wider than
they are in typical napu. These differences, however, are
very slight and not at all constant, and it is only possible to
identify with certainty a little over half the specimens in each
series."
Habitat : — Borneo and Pulau Laut.
Specimens examined : — Six.
Tragulus javanicus stanleyanus.
This race was based by Gray on living animals of
unknown provenance. Various suggestions have been made
as to the habitat : — the Sunda Islands by Milne-Edwards, and
the Malay Peninsula by several other writers. Twenty years
acquaintance with Malaysia, however, has convinced me that
no such form occurs on the mainland and that the examples
known to Gray came from Battam Island, opposite Singapore,
on the south side of the Strait, whence to this day living
animals are not infrequently brought over and offered for sale
in the Singapore bazaar.
Gray's description exactly fits the Battam race and
Singapore is so obviously a port from which living animals
might have been taken to England that I feel one would be
wilfully blind to facts in refusing to accept Battam Island as
the typical locality of stanleyanus, though Miller, while stanley-
anus was looked on as a species of undetermined provenance,
has described the Battam stanleyanus (first rediscovered by
myself) as Tragulus perflavus.
[gi8.] C. 13. ]
The i i urs in the adja< enl i ;lands oi ( lallang,
Setoko and Bulang ; and a closely allied form, T.flavicollis,
inhabits the neighbouring island ol
The original description is a- t illows : " Ruf< scent ful-
vous, the hairs »uli black tips, bel w less bright; neck ind
< hest bright fulvous : bordei oi the i bin. on the
:. front and innei sidi of the thighs and the
tail white : crow n and feel
darker fulvous; muzzle, stripes about thi
outer sides and margins oi ! ' !..... imme-
diatelj distinguishable from all the othei spei ii - by the
brightness of its colouring, md I oi the nuchal
nd of the white on the under surface of the body."
Mr. Oldfield Thomas has kindly supplied me with details
individual ; but the
dimensions ire nol greater than might I ittained
tarn animal -. foi every rai ihows a
i ible range in size when a series is examined.
The measun Hindfoot, including hoof, 134;
upper extreme length of skull. 1 ..' 3 : condylo basal length ol
Skull 117: tooth row 43.5.
It was an old female with worn teeth thai had lived in
confinement, but trie skull is sound and perfect: B.M. Reg.
No. 18. 10. 1 1. H'.
Battam animal.; vary a little in the amount of black
clouding on the upper surface of the bod and in examples
where it is strongest the chevron ol th is also a
little blackened.
Specimens ■ • m 1 i hi 1 it th< mi >ment ol v ritin ;,
though man_\ more have passed through my hands.
The synonomy will be : —
Mosclms Stanley anus, Gray. P.Z.S. 1836, p. 65 (el V
/ ra Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI.
1907, p. 251; Lyon, ibid, p. 653; id., op. cit., XXXVI, cgog,
p. 481: Miller, op. cit., XXXVII, pi. 2. lower
figure; Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Vsi t. Soc, No. 50,
1908. p.
Tragulus stanleyanus perflavits, Thoma and Wro
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, ki iiu i'. i-iS: Lydekker, Cat. L T ng.
Brit. Mus. IV. 1915. p
Mi PSUS.
Tragulus formosus, Miller. Proi I
XVI, io" ■;. p. •', ■ ; id . Proi . U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI. 1906, p. 251 ;
id., op. cit., WWII 1 p. 6.
liar. ' Wroughton,
Journ. F.M.S. Mu ., IV, Tgog Cat I u ■
Brit. Mus., IV, H)i = . ;
250 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. \ II.
Only one specimen is available: it differs from the
Battam race principally in having the top oi the face and
head blackish and a somewhat blackened nape tripe; the
clear colour of the neck does not extend on to the withers,
which are darkened, the chevron of the foreneck i consider-
ably more blackened, the collar is broader and th< b
darker, more blackened fulvous. The form is somewhat
variable and some individual- closely approach Battam
animals.
Habitat. Bintang Island, Rhin Archip
Tragulus javanicus Rl I
Tragulus rufulus, .Miller, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., II,
1900, p. 227; Thomas, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, 1908. p. 106.
Tragulus {javanicus) rufulus. Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53, 1909, p. 4}.
This is the most brilliantly coloured of all mouse-deer,
exceeding both stanleynnus and formosus in richness of tone.
Neck deep ochraceous-orange, upper parts of body orange-
rufous, rump and tail brilliant rurous brown: the black
clouding which obsi m - the colour of the body is variable; in
one or two examples of a large series it is practically absent;
it is always slight on the limbs. The top of the head is like
the back and generally there is a faintly indicated nape
stripe of orange-rufous. Thi fori at '■ marl ings are like the
sides of the neck but the chevron 1 slightly
sprinkled with black. The undersidi oi the body is primarily
white but in various ways there is an encroachment of fulvous :
in only one exampli does the lattei colour completely cover
the belly between breast and inguinal regions, though the
white between these areas is not infrequently reduced to two
broad elongate patch.- separated by a fulvous median area
which is generally Marl. nail.
This character, as well as the nape stupe and brighter
colour, separates rufulus from the Battam and Bintang
animals: otherwise it would have some claims for consider-
ation as stanleyanus : but it is highly improbable that material
from such a little known and remote island as Tinman ever
came to the notice of Europeans in the middle of last century.
Habitat. Tioman Isl.inT Ea Malay
Peninsula.
Specimen* examined. Twenty.
1 K \ I \ \\ I \ I I K.
Moschus fulviventer, ( oa\ . P.Z.S
This " drifting " name has been the 1 ideal
of uncertainty and inconvenienci ict provenance
of the types is unknown; u was suggested that tiny came
[gi8. C B. Kloss : Malayan and othe 25 1
from th
which, with Indo-Ch 1 \anchil
I the types "i fulviventer and similai
animals mormal indi\ ing an
unusual • 1 ittach
tin' nam Penin -nla.
ity, with tin- range
extendin tnd N lal itude and including
ing [slan Is off Trengganu, and the Langkawi Islands,
for the follow iti|
I ; under T. kanchil
and giving Sin " The
i ibution of the marks oi the 1 he I and abdi >men
are liable to individu one - ii n hii h gai e rise to
the sup;- ■titer." 1 |oui n. A
Thomas and Wr< ord two pei imens from
■ by u- to Soul m as T. k. fulviveniei
and stan m v. nli the type shows that the e an
undoubtedly Gi : i Malax States Mus.
IN. I
()l il pecimens in the F.M.S. Museums from
■■ e, rather more than one third ha\ 1 in
l1 pattern described by Gray, and
I them show further the fulvous band on the throat
separating the white of the chin from the white streaks oi the
foreneck which 1- referred I" in his upplementary description.
The I ther with an extension of fulvous
over the underparts of the bod} which restricts the white to
inn and in the region of the thighs,
1 . iln ■ h 1 in ■an -inn its mure richly
col tred pi 1 ■ als with such a phase are in
the minority I think there 1- no doubt that the) represenl
Gray's r; 1 are very
probable places at which I ; btained the
specimens seen h v draw
The m h should now
■ ml behind the
cKin and ha; : . white with a line ol
varying width and coloui running Iran the collar to the
innl whiti
in exten
■I fulvi ais area
of the upper part of t lie forelimbs
. white.
' It m
the Indian
while B01 Malacca, as
il originally
i i] talis. "
252 journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Habitat : — Sec above.
imens examined : — Thirty-three.
The synonomy will be as foil
Moschus fulviventer, Gray, l.c.s.
ulus kanchil, Cantor (partim) l.c.s. (Singapore and
Malay Peninsula), Thomas (partim), l'.Z.S. 1886, p. 79 (Selan-
gor and Singapore).
Tragulus javanicus, Mower (partim), P.Z.S. .1900, p. 374
(Perak, Selangor and Singapore) ; Bonhote (partim), op. cit, p.
885 (Kelantan).
Tragulus fulviventer, Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, LIY, p. 130, r, 2. (Malacca and
Indian Peninsula).
litis ravus, Kloss (partim), Journ. F.M.S. Mus., II.
1908. p. 148 (Malay Peninsular region) ; id. op. cit. IV, igi 1. p.
212 (Redang Ids. ; Gyldenstolpe Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockholm,
\. 1917, p. 31 (Perak).
Tragulus kanchil ravus, Bonhote. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. III.
1908. p. 11 (Pahang) ; Kloss, op. cit. IV, 1911, p. 44 (P 1)
Robinson and Kloss, op. cit. VI, 1916. p. 238 (Kedah).
Tragulus kanchil ravus, Kloss, Journ. Strait? Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc, No. 53, T909, p. 43 (Malay Peninsula and
Singapi >
Tragulus kanchil fulviventer, Thomas and Wroughton,
1. c. s. Lydekker, ("at. Ungulates Brit. Mus.
IV, 1915, p. 285 Sint
? Tragulus kanchil lancavensis.
Tragulus kanchil. Cantor partim). Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, XV, 1846, p. 53 (Lancavy Islands).
Tragulus javanicus. Miller (partim). Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, XIII, 1900. p. 192.
Tragulus lancavensis, Milh 1. op. cit. XVI, rgo3, p. 41.
'ancavensis, Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus.,
II, tgo8, p. 148; id., Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53,
1909, p. 44.
Miller separated animals ol Langkawi Island from
11 ing more brightly coloured
with, in tei extension of fulvous on
the underparts. Such indeed an the differences in this
connection but I find myself quite unable to separate
Langl< L\vi examples from the more southern form fulviventer.
Habitat:— Langkawi Island. West Coast of the Malay
Peninsula.
Spet in ! Seven,
[918. C. B. Kloss: Mai rj i l/oii De«'. 253
[*K VGU1 US K \\( nil pi nov.
Adult mal ktilJ . I M. S. Mus.
No. 154-'. 1 1. Collei ted il I : ; I) Penan; Island.
,ui ii th March, [911, by I '.. Seimund.
Diagnosis: Coloiu more intense than in T. k.
fidviventer. Upper parts Mars yellow, rather rufou on neck
and forelimbs; hind-limbs tinged with umber brown: back
much hi u ick and slightlj
grizzled; head speckled brown and ochraceous. Chevron on
the foreneck mingled Mais yellow and bla< I ; 1 ollai band and
a line down the centre oi the breasl cleat Mars yellow; an
ochracei ms-orange Y-shape pati h streti hing from the posterioi
chest to th. abdomen: remaindei oi under-part, back ot
forelimbs, front of thighs and underside oi tail whiti
Measurements : — Head and body. 4(15: tail. 70; hindfoot,
c. u., 115 ; ear, 37 mm.
Skull : — greatest length, 99; condylobasal length, 91;
upper molar row (alveoli), 36 ; greatest breadth oi skull, 44 mm.
Specimens examined.: — Three adults and a juvenile from
the type locality.
Remarks: — These Penang annual- clo'seh resemble an
example of T. k. rubeus, Miller, of Bintang Island, Rhio
Archipelago, the specimen of which only differs in having a
darker head and an intensely black nape-stripe, but the
lattei feature is apparently not typical. I la juvenile animal
(hind-foot, c. ii., to- nun is much more fulvous as the whole
of the under-body and limbs ai with orange-
ochraceous except for two small white spots on the chest ;
the hairs, however, have white bases throughout: also on
the throat then 1- a broad oblique fulvous band separating
the white behind the elnu from that ot the toreneck. The
last is a feature of fu G ty, but the Penang annuals
are far too brightly coloured to be referred to that 1 >
Tragulus kanchil kavus.
dus ravus, Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV,
1902, p. [63.
A slightly paler, duller race than /. k. fidviventer fo
southern part oi the Main Peninsula, yellowei and less
ochraceous, rather less blackened above, with the napi tripi
. less intense and distinct. The colouring oi the undersurface,
though a little paler, 1- dispo ed < md about
the same proportion have the white of the chest similarly
separated from that of the abdomen [t appears neci
recognise it as distinct from fulviventer th h erie foi eries,
t a strongl) mat keel 1 v e. Some animals ti
different, however.
Originally de cribed from I: Peninsular Siam, tin-
known 1 angi from Pei hi north to
254 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,
Bandon. Three examples from Pafani, on the east coast of th :
Peninsula in the same latitude as Pedis, are interm&diatee
though rather duller I 'iter they have the nape
stripes equally pronounced: with aid probably be
ted animals from Patani recorded by Bonhote as
Tragulus javanicus (P.Z.S. tgoo, i>. 883: Biserat and Bukit
and others as (Fasciculi
Malayenses, Zool. 1. 903, p K 2 : Jalor) : otherwise the
synonomy probablj includes all 1 examples from
the range given ab
When describing that it was disting-
uishable from ']'. k. kanchil of Sumatra by its pallid colouration
(1. c. -,., p. 1741. "Ill' distinguishes it from
fulviventer and I regret that 1 am not in a positii n to compare
fulviventer with kanchil ol which we have no specimens.
Habitat: — As above and Puhui Lontar, Coast of Trang.
Specimens examined : — Se\
Tragulus kanchii. ravulus.
Tragulus javanicus, Miller (partim), Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, XIII, 1900. p. 192.
Tragulus ravulus, Miller, op. cit. XVI, 1903, p. 41.
T. k. ravulus differs from T. k. ravin in being paler,
i.e., yellower (especially the thighs) and less blackened above.
Below, the neck markings arc decidedly lighter with less
admixture of black and there is less tendency for the yellow
element to extend over the body.
Habitat and Specimens examined: — Four from Pulau Adang
l! locality 1 !, and five from Pulau Rawi, Butang Ids.
Tragulus kanchil angustiae, subsp. nov.
Tragulus kanchil hton, J< urn. Bombay, Nat.
Hist. Soc. XXIII, 1 9 1 5 . p. 717 (S. Tenasserim) : Kloss, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 11. 1916, p. 29 (Patiyu).
jyp e: — Adult male skin and skull). Collected at Bank-
achon, Victoria Poinl i, on 15th December.
1916, by G. C. Original No. 4513 of the Bombay
Natural History Society's Mammal Sun
Diagnosis: — Colour as in T. h. ravus of Trang. but nape
.veil defined and withers darker, as in fill;
The type and a second specimen have the white of the
breast separated from that of the abdomen by a Y-shaped'
fulvous extension from the
Measurements .—Head and body, (6o ; tail, 73: hindfoot,
127: ear, 36. Skull: gr< , 94.5; condyl
length, 88 ; upper m \2; greatest breadth.
44 mm.
Specimens examined .—Four from the typical locality and
one from Maprit, Patiyu, S.W. Siam, in the same latitude.
tgi8.] C. B Ki.< >ss 255
Remarks : — The Lessei Mouse-deei has b
1 1 '.K th, I'./.S.
1864, p. 483), to whicli point i form probably
l1 Sanuk
in S.W : mi boundai \ il 11 is
N. l.i L D 1 r. k. d (finis
Kungl.Sv.Vel
[ 9 !7
TuAGULUS KAM'llii AFFINIS.
tins affinis, Gray. I'. Z. S. ] 1 ambodia).
ulus javanicus, Flower, P. Z. S. 1900, p ; Donj
Phya Fai, Main).
Tragulus kai; '•
Cochin-China); Lydekker, Cat. Ungulati , Brit. Mus.
1 hin-China) 1 .
ulus kanthil affinis, Bonhote, P. Z. S. [907, 1, p. 11
(South Annam); Kloss, 1'. Z. S. u E. Siam), id.,
Journ. Nat. Hisl and E. Mann.
This 1 ravus in being still
duller with the nape stripe obsolete or entirely absent: it mosl
the neck and limbs
: ,i! the upp< 1 parts of the body is
more noticeable in the form of annulations. Wl
ilar form is not yet ascertained but 1 have
specimens from the range' of mountains between Avuthia and
Korat.
it: South Annam. Cochin-China, Cambodia and
Main.
Specimens examined : — Five.
I'l. CHIL WILLIAMSONI.
mchil williamsoni, Kloss, fourn. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam. 11
h the upp< i
ochraceou ! brown (hind-
nm).
Specimens examined : Tl North
Siam.wlii< his tl theLessei
deer.
rs KANCHI1 1
/ ragulus kanchil hosei, Bonhot< . Ann. and Mag., X I
p. 292; Lydekker, Cat. 1 P 290.
XIII, I'm.;, p. .',7.
1
OUgh Siam to S
256 Journal of the F. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.
The only specimen available (from Paku Saribas, Sarawak),
is both paler and darker than any Malayan race; the upper
parts having the fulvous element much more bufiy and the
blackish clouding much heavier and extending over the head,
neck, hind-limbs and tail: only the proximal parts of the fore-
legs are clear ochraceous orange and the hind-legs arc only
very slightly tinged with Sudan brown. Cheeks pale huffy, top
of head blackish-brown, nape stripe broad and black : neck-
chevron like the sides of neck but more blackened, collar like,
the sides of neck but less blackened ; a median ochraceous
patch on the abdomen joined to the collar by a narrow line:
remaining underparts white.
This example is not typical as it differs from those described
by Bonhote (Baram River, N. Sarawak), and Miller (Mt.
1 )ulit, ;,ooo feet, N. Sarawak), in having the neck grizzled with
black, not clear coloured.
(The only other known continental form of the genus
Tragulus (s.s.) is Tragulus versicolor of South Annam (Thomas,
Ann. & Mag. V, 1910, p. 5.-55). It is regarded by Lydekker as
a subspecies of javanicus (Cat. Ung. Brit, Mus., IV, 1915, p.
286) but is an animal of very distinct characters— larger than
kanchil, smaller than javanicus; anterior half of body fulvous,
posterior grey; these colours meeting abruptly behind the
shoulders. In the present state of our knowledge it is of very
isolated occurrence for no napu has yet been recorded from the
region between Tenasserim and Annam.
JOURNAL
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VOL. VII, PART I.
AUGUST, 1916.
PAGE
I. List of MICROCHIROPTERA, other than Leaf-nose
Bats, in the collection of the Federated Malay
States Museums. Oldficld Thomas ... ... I
II. A note on the Variation of a Local Race of Epimys
rattus, EPIMYS RATTUS JARAK (Bonhote), from
Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson... j
III. On an Aberration of SCIURUS PREVOSTI PREVOSTI
from South Western Pahang. H. C. Robinson ... 19
IV. Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. /. H. N.
Evans ... ... ... ... ... 23
V. Notes on a collection of Rock Specimens from Pulau
Pisang, West Coast of Johore. /. B. Scrivenor,
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JOURNAL •
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VOL. VII, PART I.
AUGUST, 1916.
I. List of UICROCHIROPTERA. other than Leaf-nose
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States Museums. Oldfield Thomas
II. A note on the Variation of a Local Race of Epimys
rattus, EPIMYS RAT ITS JARAK (Bonhote), from
Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson...
III. On an Aberration of SCIVRUS PREVOSTI PREVOSTI
from South Western Pahang. H. C. Robinson
IV. Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. /. H. N.
Evans
V. Notes on a collection of Rock Specimens from Pulau
Pisang, West Coast of Johore. /. B. Scrivenov.
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JOURNAL
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VOL. VII. PART II.
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I' AC
VI. A Note on Callosciurus finlaysoni (Horsf.) and
Allied Forms. Herbert C. Robinson ... ... 35
VII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. V. Botany.
H. X. Ridley ... Tr. ... ...37
VIII. A Collection of Mammals and Birds from Pulau
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pelago. Herbert C. Robinson .. ... ... 59
IX. On a New Race of Callosciurus vittatus (Raffles)
from Singapore Island. H. C. Robin ■■■73
X. Notes on the Sakai of the Korbu River and of
the Ulu Kinta. Ivor H. X. Evan, ... ... 75
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VI. A Note on Callosciurus finlaysoni (Horsf.) and
Allied Forms. Herbert C. Robinson ... ... 35
VII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. V. Botany.
H. N. Ridley ... ... ... ... 37
VIII. A Collection of Mammals and Birds from Pulau
Panjang or Pulau Mapor, Rhio-Lingga Archi-
pelago. Herbert C. Robinson ... ... ... 59
IX. On a New Race of Callosciurus vittatus (Raffles)
from Singapore Island. H. C. Robinson ... 73
X. Notes on the Sakai of the Korbu River and of
the Ulu Kinta. Ivor H. .V. Evans ... ... 75
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JOURNAL
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VOL. VII, PART III.
SEPTEMBER, 1917.
PAGE
XII. On Two Little-known Rats from Western Java.
H. C. Robinson
XIII. On Three New Races of Malayan Mammals
H. C. Robinson
XIV. Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batra
chians from Java. N. Atmandalc
XV. Further Notes on an Aboriginal Tribe of Pahang
Ivor H. N. Evans...
95
XVI. Malay Back-Slang. Ivor H. N. Evans ...
XVII. Malay Notes. Ivor H. N. Evans
XVIII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. H. N
Ridley ...
XIX. On the Mongooses of the Malay Peninsula. C.
Boden Kloss ... ... ... 123
XX. On Two New Pygmy Shrews from the Malay
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XXI. On a Collection of Birds from Pulau Langkawi
and other Islands on the North-West Coast
of the Malay Peninsula. Herbert C. Robinson ... 129
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VOL. VII, PART III.
SEPTEMBER, 1917.
XII. On Two Little-known Rats from Western Java.
H. ('. Robinson ... ... ... ... 93
XIII. On Three New Races of Makyan Mammals.
H. C. Robinson
XIV. Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batra
chians from Java. A 7 . Annandale
XV. Further Notes on an Aboriginal Tribe of Pahang
Ivm II. N. Evans... ... ... ... nj
XVI. Malay Back-Slang. Ivm 11. N. Evans ... 115
XVII. Malay Notes. Ivm H. N. Evans ... 117
XVIII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. II. N
Ridley ...
XIX. On the Mongooses of the Malay Peninsula. C
Boden Kloss
XX. On Two New Pygmy Shrews from the Malay
Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss...
XXI. On a Collection of Birds from Pulau Langkawi
and other Islands on the North-West Coast
of the Malay Peninsula. Herbert ('. Robinson ... tzg
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VOL. VII. PART IV
JUNE, 1918.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
Beliefs, Customs and
Behrang-Valley Senoi.
Ethnological Miscellanea.
Folk-Tales of the
Ivor H. N. Evans
Ivor H. N. Evans
Notes on the Genus PETAURISTA, Pall., with
Descriptions of two New Races. H. C
Robinson
Preliminary Report on Cave Exploration, near
Lenggong, Upper Perak. Ivor H. N. Evans
Four New Birds from Java. H. C. Robinson ...
On Two New Species of Flower Peckers
(Dicaeidae) from the Malay Region. H. C.
Robinson, and C. B. Kloss
Further Notes on
Malay Peninsula.
the Mongooses of the
C. Boden Kloss ...
On the Southern Malayan Race of the White
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B. Kloss
Notes on Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. C
Boden Kloss
193
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223
227
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VOL. VII. PART IV.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
JUNE, 1918.
Beliefs, Customs and Folk-Tales of the
Behrang-Valley Senoi. Ivor H. A". Evans
Ethnological Miscellanea. Ivor H. N. Evans ...
Notes on the Genus BETA CRISTA, Pall., with
Descriptions of two New Races. H. ('.
Robinson
Preliminary Report on Cave Exploration, near
Lenggong, Upper Perak. Ivor H. A 7 . Evans ...
Four New Birds from Java. II. C. Robinson
On Two New Species of Flower Peckers
(Dicaeidae) from the Malay Region. II. C.
Robinson, and C. B. Kloss
the Mongooses of the
C. Boden Kloss ...
Further Notes on
Malay Peninsula.
On the Southern Malayan Race of the White-
Whiskered Palm-Civet. //. C. Robinson and C.
B. Kloss
Notes on Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. C.
Bodcn Kloss
193
211
227
235
243
245
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