JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS,
/1/ieL/tiO S Ui-t^^^V^^ 7HoS<2Lc)r7?5
H(
JOURNAL
OF THE
Federated Malay States Museums.
Vol. X
DECEMBER, 1919 to DECEMBER, 1922.
Printed for the F.M.S. MUSEUMS
BY
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED,
(Incorporated in Hongkong)
Singapore.
1922.
>?V^
^
CONTENTS," VOL. X.
PART I.— JULY, 1920.
PAGE
I. On Sea-snakes from the coasts of the
Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin-China.
, Malcolm A. Smith . . . • • • 1
PART II.— DECEMBER, 1920.
II. On a collection of Plants from Peninsular
Siam. H. N. Ridley .. • . . . 65
III. Two new Siamese Plants. H. N. Ridley . . 127
IV. New and rare Malayan Plants. H. N. Ridley 128
PART III.— JUNE, 1921.
V. Notes on Malaysian Butterflies (Part I)
Danainae. J. C. Moulton . . . . 157
VI. The Apple-Snails of the Malay Peninsula.
N. Annandale . . . . • • 193
VII. Two new Batrachians and a new Snake from
Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Malcolm
A. Smith .. .. .. ..197
VIII. Some Water-snakes new to, or rare in, the
Malay Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss . . 201
IX. Nine new Oriental Birds. H. C. Robinson
and C. Boden Kloss .. .. ..203
X. New and known Oriental Birds. C. Boden
Kloss .. .. .. ..207
XI. Notes on some Oriental Birds. C. Boden
Kloss .. .. .. ..214
XIL Seven new Malaysian Mammals. C. Boden
Kloss .. .. .. ..229
XIII. Notes on some Mammals from Sumatra.
E. Jacobson . . . . . . . . 235
XIV. Notes on the probable climate of a Mountain
Station in the Malay States. C. E. P.
Brooke . . . . 241
Contents.
PART IV.— DECEMBER, 1922.
PAGE
XV. The Flora of Klang Gates, Selangor. H. N.
Ridley .. .. .. ..247
XVI. Birds from the One Fathom Bank Light-
house, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson
and C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 253
XVII. A list of Birds collected on Pulau Rumpia,
Sembilan Islands. H. C. Robinson and
C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 255
XVIII. List of Birds collected on Pulau Jarak, Straits
of Malacca. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden
Kloss .. .. .. ..259
XIX. Three new Oriental Birds. H. C. Robinson
and C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 261
XX. On a collection of Reptiles and Batrachians
from the Mountains of Pahang, Malay
Peninsula. Malcolm A. Smith . . . . 263
XXI. A Butterfly new to the Malay Peninsula.
H. M. Pendlebury . . . . . . 283
LIST OF PLATES.— VOL. X.
PART I.
I. Sea-snakes : Hydrophis lamberti, H. klossi and
H. consobrinus.
PART III.
II. Batrachians : Rana pullus {= R. tasanae nom.
nov.) and Nectophryne picturata.
III. Spotted Flying-squirrel of Sumatra : Petaurista
punctata sumatrana.
PART I.
Map to illustrate the paper on Sea-snakes from the coasts
of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin-China.
I. ON SEA SNAKES FROM THE COASTS OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA, SIAM AND COCHIN-CHINA.
By Malcolm A. Smith, F.Z.S.
Plate I and Map.
INDEX.
Hvdrus platurus pp. 4,35 Hvdrophis consobrinus pp. 20, 49
Hvdrophis laniberti pp. 6, 36 H. fasciatus fasciatus pp. 24, 52
H." godeflrovi pp. 7, 36 H. fasciatus atriceps pp. 25, 53
H. cvanocinctus pp. 8,37 H. gracilis pp. 26, 55
H. inelanosoma pp. 10, 39 H. viperina pp. 27, 56
H. brui^inansii pp. 12, 40 H. jerdonii pp. 28, 51
H. torquatus torquatus pp. 13, 41 Tbalassophis anomalus pp. 29, 58
H. torquatus aagaardi pp. 14, 42 T. annandalei pp. 29, 59
li. torciuatus siamensis pp. 15, 43 Enhydrina valakadyn pp. 30, 60
n. caerulescens caerulescens
pp. 17, 45 Enhydris hardwickii pp. 32, 61
H. caerulescens .thai pp. 17, 47 Aipysurus eydouxii pp. 32, 63
IT. klossi pp. 19, 48
^ INTRODUCTION.
T
This paper is based upon collections made during the
past seven years. The total number of specimens examined
amounts to nearly 900. In addition to those obtained in or
near the Gull" of Siam, I have been permitted Jlo study,
through the coiu'tesy of the Director of the F.M.S. Museums,
several fine collections made in the Straits of Malacca,
chietly olf the coast of Perak. I have thus been able to
compare large series of several different species from two
entirely different localities, and the results have been of
great interest.
Most of the specimens have been obtained by native
coUecfors, working in conjunction with the fisher people.
Nearly all have been caught at river mouths, where the
water is slightly brackish, either by visiting the fishing
stakes set a short distance out to sea, at the time of the
daily haul, or by obtaining them from the nets or baskets
placed within the river mouth. The collections from Pulau
Angsa, oft' the coast of Selangor, from Bangnara, Patani,
from Hua Hin, and a small one made at the head of the
Gulf of Siam are exceptions to this. They were made in
purely salt water, the snakes being caught while trawling,
or in an ordinary hand net as they lay on the surface of
the water.
Other means than the above of obtaining sea snakes are
less productive. Some species are attracted by a light at
night, and can be speared or netted. Enhydris hardwickii
I have often known caught on a hook and line ; and a
certain number are to be found left on the beach by the
receding tide.
2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Sea snakes can be conveyed long distances alive if
attention is paid to their method of transport. They are
best kept in a jar or basket and, if not overcrowded and
placed in a cool spot with enough water to keep them
moist, they will lie almost motionless and live for a week
or more. In water they are continually on the move,
jostling and disturbing one another. The advantage of
obtaining fresh specimens, and of being able to prepare
them one's self is considerable, and adds greatly to their
value for study purposes.
Out of their native habitat sea snakes are helpless and
usually extremely sluggish and unaggressive. Although
I have examined many hundreds of them alive, I have
never seen one make any attempt to bite except under great
provocation. The fishermen in the Gulf, although well
aware of the dangerous nature of their bite, have little
dread of them, and those that happen to get into their boats
with the fish, are picked up by the tail and flung back into
the water.
Judging by the numbers of sea snakes that can be seen
in the Gulf of Siam and Straits of Malacca when travelling
by steamer along the ordinary trade route, it isSpossible
that many new and interesting forms will be found -by deep
sea collecting. In certain localities, when the sea is calm,
they may often be seen in hundreds, chiefly in the early
morning and late afternoon, as they lie on the surface
of the water, apparently to bask in the sun. As soon as
they feel the wash of the steamer, they dive almost vertically
downwards and disappear.
At the head of the Gulf where the coast is well sheltered,
sea snakes abound ; farther down the Peninsula, where
it is exposed to the full force of the N. E. monsoon, they
appear to be less numerous. Two sheltered spots are an
exception to this, namely, the mouth of the Inland Sea,
Singgora, and the Bay of Patani.
By systematically collecting at every available spot,
it has been possible in course of time to search the whole
of the Gulf very thoroughly. The result of this has been
to bring out one noteworthy fact, namely, the curiously
local distribution of many of the species. Certain forms
will be more or less abundant along a small stretch of coast,
at one or more river mouths, and almost or entirely absent
in other parts of the Gulf. The Perak coast collections
shew this same peculiarity, but as they have been made
oyer a much smaller coast hne, it is not so marked. It is
difficult to assign a reason for this phenomenon. The
natural conditions at the mouths of these rivers, generally
mud-flats, are apparently identical, so that it would not
in any way appear to be governed by the food requirements
of these species. It may be that they are estuarinc in their
habits, and that when they get carried out to sea, as must
frequently happen, they perish, either from want of suitable
nourishment, or by being devoured by fish or other enemies.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 3
Some good collections made well away from the coast
would be of value in helping to elucidate this interesting
problem.
This eccentricity of distribution, as well as minor varia-
tions in scalation and colour which I have found confined to
certain localities only, confirms the view that I have held
for some time, namely, that although the range of a species
may be very great, that of the individuals comprising it is
inclined to be extremely local.
It follows from this that we may expect to find among
sea snakes a considerable number of geographical forms.
No attempt has yet been made to define races for any of the
species, for the reason that few herpetologists have had
sufficient material to work upon. Yet it is clear, when a
good series can be obtained from one locality, and compared
with a series from another, sufficiently remote, that
differences can be found. In many cases the difference
is not great, and is confined merely to slight variation in
the number of scales round the neck and body. A few
shew more distinct changes, not only in the number of
scale rows but in the relationship of the head shields to
one ani^her. Owing to the wide variation which the
indivicl'uals of a species may exhibit in any one locality,
large series are naturally required before the range of
variation of any particular race can be defined. It is
imperative also, if satisfactory results are to be obtained,
that the same methods of examination should be used.
For, according to the way in which the scale rows and
ventral shields are counted, so will the results differ.
In counting the body scales I have endeavoured to find
the minimum and the maximum number of rows. This
necessitates several counts at each spot. The minimum
is upon the neck, usually from two to three, but sometimes
as much as from four to five, heads-lengths behind the
head. The maximum is at mid-body or posterior to it.
In certain forms, such as Enliydris, Thalassophis, Hydras,
the maximum is usually attained by mid-body, but in most
of them, and particularly in (he small headed forms, it
is not reached until well pasi mid-body. The ventrals are
counted from the first biluberculated shield that can be
discovered upon the neck, and all missing ones are allowed
for as if they were present.
The range in the number of ventral shields varies
considerably. It is greatest in that group of species which
are at present defined under " head very small, body very
long and slender anteriorly." It will be seen however, upon
inspection of the tables given, that while the range of the
majority in a series is comparatively limited, a few indivi-
duals at cither end string it out and add greatly to its
number. It is disturbing, after having examined a large
series, and obtained what appears to be the range of varia-
tion of these shields, to find another example which upsets
one's figures to the extent of twenty, thirty, or even more.
Some specimens in my collection differ in this respect so
4 Journal of the FM.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
markedly from what appears to be the normal, that I have
refrained for the present from making any diagnosis of
them! A good illustration of this anomaly will be found
under Hydrophis viperina, a snake possessing so many
unique features that there can be no doubt of its identity.
The measurements of length given are in many cases
approximate only. It is impossible with a specimen coiled
up and hardened by alcohol to be exact. Where total
lengths are concerned a slight discrepancy is of little impor-
tance, but in connection with the sexual variation in the
length of the tail, it is of considerable value.
A full list of all the specimens examined has not been
given in every case. In dealing with large numbers of a
common form this has seemed imnecessary. In other
instances the specimens had been given away to various
Museums before a register of them was undertaken.
The following places are mentioned as having been
collected in : —
In the Gulf of Siam.
Meklong or Meklawng, Tachin, Bangpakong,
Chantabun, Ban Yao, — ^fishing villages at the movi^^ of the
rivers of those names at the head of the Gulf. A reference
such as Chantabun implies the mouth of the Chantabun
river, not Chantabun town.
Koh Kong, a small island ofl' the coast of Cambodia,
just beyond Siamese territory.
Hua Hin, a fishing village on the west side of the Gulf,
80 km. south of the mouth of the Meklawng river, the
nearest fresh water to this village being at
Pran, 20 km. south.
Chumpon, Langsuan, Bandon, Singgora, on the east
coast of the peninsular portion of Siam.
Bangnara in Patani, and Trengganu, on the east coast
of the Malay Peninsula.
In the Straits of Malacca.
Kuala Kurau, Kuala Larut, Londang, on the coast of
Perak.
Bagan Datoh, in the estuary of the Perak river.
Pulau Angsa, 8 km. otf the coast of Selangor, a purely
salt water islet.
Bernam River, Selangor.
Trang, 120 km. south of the island of Puket (Junk
Seylon) .
In Cochin China.
Cap St. Jacques, at the mouth of the Saigon river.
Preliminary diagnoses of Hydrophis lamherti, H.
siamensis, H. consobrinus and H. rostralis appeared in
the Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, ii, p. 340
(1917) . Further study of these forms in the light of addi-
tional specimens obtained since that date, have obliged me to
modify considerably the remarks I made at that time. The
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 5
types of all the species here described will be presented
to the British Museum of Natural History, together with a
selection from the type series.
In the preparation of this paper I have, above all, to
thank Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for the generous help
by correspondence which he has so freely given me at all
times.
I have to thank also Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of
F.M.S. Museums, and Mr. C. Boden Kloss, for the valuable
collections made under their direction, and sent to me from
time to time.
I am indebted also to Dr. Nelson Annandale of the
Indian Mjseum, to Messrs. N. B. Kinnear and W. S. Millard
of the Bombay Natural History Society, and Dr. Hanitsch
of the Rattles Museum. Singapore, for the loan of specimens
in their charge on various occasions.
Mr. C. L. Groundwater I have to thank for his careful
drawings of the heads of snakes, and Mr. J. R. Bell for
the map.
Hydrus platurus (Linn.).
^ Boulenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., II, p. 267 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay
Pen., Kept, and Batr. p. 181 (1912) ; Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 439
(1907) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 248 (1909) ; idem,
Journ. Bombay N.H.S., XXVI, p. 808 (1919) ; Barbour, Mem. Mus.
Gomp. Zool. Harvard, XLIV, p. 129 (Nov. 1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept.
Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 224 (1917).
Pelamudriis platurus, Stej., Proc. U. S. N. Mus., 38, p. Ill,
(May, 1910).
Gulf of Siani, 20 exs. ; Straits of Malacca, 9 exs.
This snake appears to be a strictly marine species. All
the specimens referred to above were taken in purely salt
water. The Gulf series was caught with a dip net while
lying on the surface of the water, and was taken one
morning while oH" the coast between Hua Hin and Koh Lak.
Altogether some 50 individuals were seen. With the
exception of a few si)ecimens of the common Enhydris
hardwickii, they were the only snakes noticed. Although
I spent the succeedhig week in cruising down the same
coast, going as far South as Lat. 9" (Bandon) for the
express purpose of collecting sea snakes, I did not meet
afterwards w^ith more than half a dozen snakes of any kind.
The weather conditions were the same throughout.
Colouration. — (Gulf series). Black above, yellow to
dark brow^n on the sides and below, the two colours meeting
in a clear line of demarcation. Tail with black dorsal and
ventral bars ; sometimes with a few spots as well. Upper
lip the same colour as the sides of the body.
Some of the darker examples have a yellow stripe
separating the black of the back from the brown of the
under parts. The amount of black upon the back
is variable in width, occupying from 11 to 18 scales, but
in no instance is it narrow enough to deserve the name of
vertebral band. All of this series belongs to Boulenger's
vars. D and E, and they are merely variations of the same
6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
colour form (bicolor), the yellow merging by every degree
of intensity into brown.
(Straits of Malacca series). Two out of the nine
examples obtained (Nos. 3903, 3915) are coloured as
above, but the remaining seven are quite different. They
have a narrowish black dorsal band occupying about ten
scales, while the rest of the body is yellow, thickly spotted
with black. In the fore-part of the body the upper spots
have coalesced to form a narrow stripe, so that there is
alternately a dorsal band, a narrow yellow stripe, and then
a black one. The dorsal band in the hinder part of the
body is sinuous in out-line or is broken into large spots.
Tail thickly spotted, with the central or ventral part entirely
black. In some examples the whole head is dark brown or
black.
I regard these as Boulenger's form B (Jan's maculata) .
They shew no tendency whatever to intergrade with the
previous form.
In addition to the difference in colour, the Straits series
shews a higher average number of scale rows round the
neck and body, than those from the Gulf. The variatiqc
is as follows : —
Gulf of Siam.
39 to 50 round the neck ; 48 to 60 round the body.
Straits of Malacca.
44 to 55 round the neck ; 52 to 68 round the body.
The question of racial distinction in this widely
distributed snake is a complex one. Boulenger describes
seven colour varieties, but does not attempt to connect them
in any way with geographical areas. Barbour, with the
additional material available in the Harvard College
Museum says "nine easily distinguishable color phases
may be recognized." Six of these, he adds, occur in and
about the Bay of Panama.
I do not tliink he has sufficiently proved that his Hydrus
platurus ornatus is entitled to subspecific rank. Its habitat
he defines as the East Indian Archipelago, and his own
specimen (No. 938) came from Singapore. But, as shewn
by my two series, we may expect to find in the same
locality at least three other colour forms, namely,
Boulenger's B. D. and E.
Hydrophis lamberti Smith.
Journ. N. H. S. Siam, ii, p. 340 (1917).
Description of the type. — Head rather large, neck
thick, body moderately elongate. Eye a little larger than
its distance from the niouth ; rostral considerably broader
than deep, the portion visible above equal to one-third the
length of the internasal suture ; frontal once and a half
as long as broad, much shorter than its distance from the
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 7
rostral ; one prae- and two postoculars ; two superposed
anterior temporals ; eight supralabials, the 2nd in contact
with the praefrontal, 3rd and 4th touching the eye ; three
or four infralabials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
no distinct posterior pair. 45 scales round the neck, 55 round
the thickest part of the body, * those anterior feebly
imbricate, elongate, with truncated apex, and feebly keeled,
those posterior, hexagonal and subimbricate, with a short
central keel ; ventrals distinct throughout, 281, bicarinate ;
subcaudals, 43.
Pale yellowish-grey above, whitish below, with 30 dark
dorsal rhombs on the body, tapering to a point on the
sides ; tail with 4 bars and a dark tip. Head above pale
olivaceous.
Dimensions.—Total length, 860 ; tail, 80, depth of
neck, 18 ; of body, 42 mm.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 10 ; palatine, 10 ;
pterygoid, 23 or 24 ; mandibular, 22, (1 specimen
examined) .
Type. — Female, author's number, 1112. Collected at
4J\e mouth of the Meklawng river. Inner Gulf of Siam, in
Sept., 1916.
Variation. — By fragmentation of the upper extremity
of the 3rd supralabial on one side, it is prevented from
touching the eye. There are no small scales interposed
between the infralabials.
A second specimen of this snake. No. 4010, a juvenile,
total length 335 mm., differs from the type in the following
particulars : — Portion of rostral visible above equal to
nearly half the length of the internasal suture ; 7 upper
labials ; posterior chin-shields small, separated by four
scales ; 302 ventrals ; 38 dark dorsal rhombs.
It was collected at Hua Hin, near the type locality by
Mr. S. G. Lambert, after whom I have much pleasure in
naming it.
This snake is closely allied to H. ornatus (Gray) from
which it differs chiefly in the greater number of scale rows
round the neck and body.
Hydrophis godeffroyi Peters.
Hydrophis godeffroiji, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1872, p. 856, p. 1,
fig. 3.
Distira godeffroyi, Boulenger, Gat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 291 (1896).
Disteira godeffroyi, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 430 (1907).
Distira ornata, Wall, Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, II, (8), p. 234
(1909).
Cap St. Jacques, 2 exs.
I have referred these specimens to H. godeffroyi as they
agree very well, both with Boulenger's description of this
* 35 and 45 scale rows, as given in my preliminary diagnosis,
is an error, and is lierewith corrected.
8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
species in the Catalogue, and with Stejneger's description
of his type from Ishigaki Shima.*
Wall has placed godeffroyi under ornatus, and in this
he may be right. The only reliable character separating
these two species appears to be the number of scales round
the neck and body, godeffroyi having fewer. On the other
hand, the only reliable character upon which I can separate
my lamberti from ornatus is also upon the number of scale
rows, lamberti having more. It is possible that ornatus
is a very variable species, but it is hardly likely that the
range would be so great in one locahty. I have never yet
seen any specimens of ornatus from the Gulf, although they
have been recorded, but until I can fdl in the large gap
which separates my specimens of lamberti from godeffroyi,
I leave all three as they stand. The accompanying table
will shew the ditferences between them.
Variation. — The internasal suture is three times as
long as the interpraefrontal in one of my specimens, only
once and a half times as long in the other. Three postocu-
lars on one side, two on the other, in each example. Two
superposed anterior temporals, the lower one again broken
into two by a vertical suture. Seven supralabials in one*,
eight in the other, the third and fourth touching the eye.
Chin-shields subecpial, the posterior pair, and also partly
the anterior pair, separated by scales. Four infralabials in
contact with the chin-shields.
Boulenger states that the scales on the posterior part
of the body are juxtaposed. I should term mine feebly
imbricate ; they arc certainly not juxtaposed as the word
is meant when applied to such species as H. gracilis or
Enhydris hardwickii.
Colour. — Buffj^-white, with 58 and 68 darkish grey
dorsal bars upon the body and tail. Head greyish-olive
above, white below.
Dentition.— Posterior maxillary, 12 or 13 ; palatine,
8 ; pterygoid, 25 to 27 ; mandibular, 20, (2 specimens
examined) .
Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin.
Hijdrophis cifanocinctus, Bouleng., Cat. Sn., B. M., Ill, p. 294
(1896)" ; idem. Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 185 (1912) ;
Wall, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 375 (1914), and XXVI, p.
433 (1919) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 237 (1917).
Disteira cijanocincta, Stej. Herpet. .Japan, p. 428 (1907).
Distira cuanocinta, Wall, (part.), Mem. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, II,
(8) p. 217 (1&09).
40 specimens. Straits of Malacca, 11 ^ , 6 $ ; Gulf of
Siam, 6 s ,7 9 ; Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, 6 $ ,4 9 .
* I mention type because the tabulated list of the other three
specimens given is somewhat confusing. The type has 34 scales
round the neck and 43 round the body, an increase of 9. But the
next two examples have an increase of only 5 and 1 respectively,
while the last has none at all, the count for this individual being
33 for both neck and body. It looks like a misprint, but I have
no means of knowing.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 9
I have recently examined the type of H. tuberculata
Anders., in the Indian Museum, and am in agreement with
Wall (Monograph, p. 220) that it should be placed under
cyanocincfus. It has 31 and 41 scale rows and 312 ventrals.
My largest specimen, a female from the mouth of the
Tachin river, is considerably bigger than any previously
recorded. It measures 1885 mm. in total length, tail 135.
Considering that the type H. aspera Gimther, is said
to have come from Singapore, a noteworthy feature about
most of the specimens is the absence of strong keeling to
the scales. The majority are quite smooth in the anterior
portion of the body, faintly keeled on the dorsal rows in
the posterior part. One example only, a well grown male,
is very strongly keeled ; on the other hand, another male,
half grown, is entirely smooth throughout.
The eye is variable in size but in all the adults is less
than its distance to the mouth. In two examples, Nos. 1315,
1318, it is extremely small.
The anterior temporal shields shew considerable
variation. Normally there are two, placed one above the
othei", the suture between them being horizontal. But the
suture may be obliquely placed, or even almost vertical, so
that the two shields, instead of being superposed, are placed
one behind the other. Cuneiform scales between the
infralabials are present in all, usually a series after the
second.
In the number of scales round the neck and body, the
specimens from the Straits of Malacca shew a slightly
liigher variation than those from the Gulf of Siam. How
far they differ, if at all, from the Indian form (type locality
Bengal), can only be determined when more exact data
from that region are available.
The variation (including 10 embryos), is as follows : —
29 to 35, usually 31 to 33, round the neck.
39 to 47, * usually 41 to 43, round the body.
Ventrals 292 to 377.
Excluding the embryos, the frontal shield is shorter than
its distance to the rostral in 3 examples, equal to its distance
in 10, greater than in 4. The posterior chin shields are in
contact with each other in 4 examples, partly separated in
12, completely separated in 1.
Compared with these specimens, the series from the
coasts of Siam and Cochin China shews a slight reduction
in the number of scale rows, although in other characters,
except possibly in the size of the frontal, it presents no
differences. It is as follows : —
' Wall records a specimen with 49 scales at the thickest part
of the body, but does not say from where it has come. Journ.
N. H. S. Bombay, XXVI, p. 436 (1919).
10 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
28 to 33, usually 29 to 31, scales round the neck.
37 to 43, usually 39 to 43, round the body.
Ventrals, 321 to 389.
The frontal shield is as long as its distance to the
rostral in 11 examples, longer than in 12, in 9 of these
being as long as its distance to the end of the snout. The
posterior chin shields are in contact with each other in 12
examples, partly separated in 11.
Colour. — All the young ones taken from the mother
referred to below, belong to Boulenger's Var. A of the
Catalogue. They are light olivaceous yellow, with from
65 to 80 blackish annuli, broadest on the back and joined
together by a strong black stripe running along the beUy.
Head black, with or without a curved yellow band across
the snout behind the nostril, and continued back along the
sides of the head. Posterior half of tail, black.
A comparison of these juveniles with the other more
grown individuals in the series, shows that the ventral part
of the stripe and ventral band gradually disappear with
age. In some of the younger specimens, one-quarter
and one-third grown, these markings can still be traced,
but in the adults they are entirely lost. • All of these are
best placed under C and D, but between the two no dividing
line can be drawn. From the handsome individuals with
bold, black or blue-black dorsal bars, to those in which
the bars are so obscurely marked as to be hardly
recognizable, every gradation can be seen. Head olivaceous
or yellowish, sometimes mottled with blackish.
The adult form with complete jet black annuli and
ventral stripe which is to be found along the Coasts of
India, and which appears to turn up again in the seas
around Formosa I have never seen in this region.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 6 or 7 ; palatine, 7 or
8 ; pterygoid, 15 to 19 ; mandibular, 15 or 16, (7 specimens
examined) .
Breeding. — One pregnant female with 10 fully deve-
loped 5'oung was caught in May off the Coast of Perak.
Mother. — Total length 1690 mm. ; 31 scales round the
neck, 42 round the body, ventrals 337.
Youn^.— Total length, 360 to 380 mm. ; 29 to 31 scales
round the neck, 39 to 41 round the body. The ventrals
could not be counted satisfactorily.
Two other gravid females with their embryos still in
an early stage of development were obtained in January
and May in the Gulf of Siam. Their broods were 5 and 11
respectively.
kiiiifcjHydrophis melanosoma Giinther.
Hijdrophis melanosoma, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 367, pi.
XXV (1864).
Distira melanosoma, Blgr., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 291 (1896).
Distira wravi, Blgr., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist,, (7) V, p 307,
(1900).
1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. ii
Distira spiralis (part), Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8),
p. 212 (1909).
Hydrophis wrayi, Blgr., Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr.,
p. 185 (1912).
15 exs., Kuala Kurau, Coast of Perak.
All the differences between H. wrayi Blgr., and H.
melanosoma Giinth., being disposed of by the above series,
Mr. Boulenger is in agreement with me that his species
should become a synonym of Giinther's. The type of H.
wrayi is from the coast of Perak. The type locality of H.
melanosoma is unknown. Both forms were described
from single examples.
On the whole my series is a very uniform lot, and shews
remarkably little variation. The eye in the adult is always
shorter than its distance to the mouth ; the frontal is as
long as its distance to the rostral in two examples, shorter
than in thirteen ; four infralabials are in contact with the
chin-shields, which are subequal in size ; the posterior pair
are in contact in one example, partly separated in eight,
completely separated in six. Seven supralabials and a
single anterior temporal occur in every example.
Boulenger has described the body scales of his specimen
as " feebly imbricate," while Gunther uses " distinctly
imbricate " for his. I should use the latter expression for
my specimens. Those on the neck and anterior part of the
body are longer than broad, with obtusely pointed extremi-
ties, those on the posterior part are more rounded, and as
broad as or broader than, long. The strength of the
keeling is variable and differs with age. Ventrals distinct
throughout, bicarinate. Fragmentation of the fourth and
fifth supralabials occurs in two examples. In one the
frontals and praefrontals are fused, and in another the sixth
and seventh supralabials are fused on one side. In no
instance do the praefrontals fail to touch the supralabials.
A small cuneiform scale is usually present after the second
and third infralabials.
Colour. — Greenish yellow, the dorsal scales with
black margins, and with 50 to 70 broad black bands, usually
as broad above as below, and about twice as broad as their
interspaces. Some of them are incomplete ventrally. Head
black, uniform or with a yellowish mottling which is chiefly
confined to the snout.
In two examples, Nos. 1121 and 1122, the bands narrow
ventrally, so that upon the belly they are about as broad as
their interspaces. Judging from my specimens, the coloura-
tion of this snake does not appear to undergo much
alteration with age.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 or 6 ; palatine, 7 ;
pterygoid, 11 or 12 ; mandibular, 14 (2 specimens
examined) .
Wall, in his Monograph, places both melanosoma and
wrayi under spiralis (brugmansi), and writing again quite
recently (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, XXVI, p. 431, May,
12 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
1919), is still of the same opinion. With a different scale
formula however, more strongly imbricate body scales, and
distinctive colouration (practically a brugmansi reversed),
there seems every reason to keep these species separate.
I do not understand his remark upon the following
page (footnote, Journ. p. 433) , where he also contends that
melanosoma may have to be placed under cyanocinctus.
Hydrophis brugmansii Boie.
Hvdropliis brugmansii, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., P. 292 (1896) ;
idem. Faun. Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 184 (1912) ; Wall,
Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 375 (1914) ; N. de Rooi], Rept.
Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 233 (1917).
Distira spiralis, Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II, (8) p. 208
(1909).
Hydrophis spiralis. Wall, Journ. Bombay N.H.S., XXVI, p. 430
(1919).
The natural habitat of this species appears to be the
coasts of India, whence individuals occasionally reach the
shores of the Malay Peninsula. Cantor obtained a specimen
at Penang and I have examined two more from the coast
of Perak.
They agree entirely with Boulenger's description. The
scales round the body are smooth anteriorly, and have a
feeble keel posteriorly. The ventrals are smooth through-
out. One specimen (No. 1202) has no cunieform scales
between the infralabials, an unusual condition in this
species.
Colour. — Greenish-yellow above, the dorsal scales with
black margins, yellowish or whitish below. 44 and 45
narrow black bands upon the body, the bands slightly
enlarged dorsally and ventrally in one, very indistinct across
the belly in the other. Head yellowish, posterior half of
tail black.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 7 ; palatine, 7 ;
pterygoid, 13 ; mandibular, 16 (1 specimen examined).
Under brugmansi (spiralis). Wall has included some
eight or nine other forms, which as far as I am aware are
still considered distinct by other herpetologists. Only two
of them are concerned with this paper, namely melanosoma
and wrayi, and these I have dealt with in discussing the
former.
Hydrophis torquatus Giinther.
Under torauatus I now include three forms which
I have previously considered distinct. No other species of
sea snake that I have j'^et examined shews such distinct
changes, both in scalation and in colouration, within so
small an area. That variation should occur between series
found upon the opposing sides of the Peninsula, was to be
expected, but that two distinct forms should occur in the
Gulf of Siam, with only 350 miles of open sea between them,
was surprising. With a large series of each form however.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 13
available for examination, I find that they intergrade so
completely with each other, that it seems impossible to
distinguish between them. The three forms are : —
HyDUOPHIS TORQUATLS TORQUATl S.
33 — 37 scales round the neck ; 43 — 49 round the body.
Ventrals 242—306.
Head in the adult pale grey, with a considerable
suffusion of yellow on the top.
Habitat. Coast of Perak and Selangor.
Hydrophls torquatus aagaardl
32 — 37 scales round the neck ; 39 — 47 round the body.
Ventrals 276—325.
Head in the adult dark olive to blackish, with a curved
yellow mark across the snout and along the sides.
Habitat. Coast of Patani, Gulf of Siam.
Hydrophls torquatus siamensis.
29 — 35 scales round the neck ; 35 — 42 round the body.
Ventrals 271—343.
Colouration as in aagaardi.
Habitat. Inner Gulf of Siam.
Hydrophis torquatus torquatus.
Hydrophis torquatus, Giiatlier, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 369, pi. XXV,
fig. H, (1864) ; Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p.
190 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 231 (1917).
Distira torquata, Wall (part.), Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II, (8),
p. 229 (1909).
Coast of Perak, 39 exs. ; Bernam River, Selangor, 2 exs.
Gunther's types came from Penang, so that my Perak
coast specimens are, for all practical purposes, topotypes.
On the whole they are a very uniform lot, and shew more
constancy in scalation than the other two forms found in
the Gulf.
Variation. — The frontal shield, except in one instance,
is always shorter than its distance to the rostral. The
supralabials normally are seven, the first four being usually
complete, the fifth divided, and the last two (rarely are
there three), very small. Chin-shields well developed, the
Eosterior pair in contact with each other or partly separated
y a scale. Four infralabials in contact with the chin-
shields ; cuneiform scales invariably present between the
infralabials, usually a series after the second.
33 — 37 scales round the neck, 43 — 49 round the body,
those anterior elongate, with truncate or bluntly pointed
apex, those posterior more or less hexagonal, imbricate or
subimbricate throughout, with a central tubercle or short
keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, 242 — 306. Average 277.
The number next to 242 is 260.
In adult specimens the depth of the body posteriorly
is from 2 to 2% times that of the neck.
14 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Co/our.— This varies considerably with age. The
young are whitish, with from 46 to 63 well defmed black
bands, which are often incomplete ventrally. Head black,
with a whitish or yellowish mark across the snout and along
the sides. Adults are pale grey above, yellowish white below,
with darker grey bands, less clearly defined, and usually
incomplete ventrally in the posterior part of the body. In
some aged individuals the bands have almost entirely dis-
appeared, leaving the back more or less uniform grey.
Head grey, with the yellow marks more extensive and less
defined, this latter colour sometimes covering the whole
of the top of the head except a small patch on the crown.
Length. — One example measures 835 mm. in total
length, but the majority of the specimens are under 700 mm.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 8 to 10, palatine,
7 — 8 ; pterygoid, 19 to 22 ; mandibular, 16 — 18 (14 speci-
mens examined) .
Wall, in his Monograph, has included under torquatus
another snake which Boulenger now recognises as diadema,
(the obscurus of the Catalogue, p. 284) . His argument for
combining these two species does not convince me, and the
points of difference upon which he states Boulenger has
separated them, do not appear to me to be the correct ones.
The difference in the number of scales round the neck and
body, and the marked difference in the number of ventrals,
have been overlooked by him entirely.
That these two species cannot be identical is well shewn
by my series, which, as already stated, is topotypical. In
the number of scales round the neck and body, and in the
number of ventrals, they agree very closely with Giinther's
description.
Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi, subsp. nov.
Similar to H. t. torquatus, but with average fewer
number of scale rows round the body, greater average
number of ventrals, larger frontal, and darker colouration.
Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1169, collected
July 1917, off the coast of Bangnara, Patani, Gulf of Siam,
by Mr. C. J. Aagaard.
Number of specimens examined, 44, all from the type
locality.
Variation. — The frontal shield in this form is very
variable both in size and shape. In 26 examples it is as
long as its distance to the rostral, in 7 examples it is shorter
than, and in 9 it is longer than, its distance from that shield.
In No. 1267 it is considerably shorter than its distance to the
rostral, in No. 1273 it is as long as its distance to the end
of the snout, yet there can be no doubt that these two
represent the same species. Two postoculars occur in one
example. As with the typical form, the temporal shield
is verj' constant, a single scale being present in every
instance. The supralabials however are more subject to
division in aagaardi, and fragmentation may occur in any
of them after the second.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 15
32—37, usually 33—35, scales round the neck, 39 — 47,
usually 42 — 45, round the body. Ventrals 276 — 325.
Average 297.
Colour. — Greyish or greenish-grey above, yellowish
white below, with from 55 — 68 dark grey or blackish annuli,
which may be incomplete \entrally. Head black to dark
olive, with a yellow band across the snout and continued
back along the sides of the head. Sometimes a few yellow
spots un the frontal and parietal shields. With age all the
markings lose definition, but both this form and the
succeeding one are more prone to keep their markings in
adult life than the typical form.
H. t. aaqaardi represents a race intermediate between
H. t. iypica and H. t. siamensis, resembling more the for-
mer in scalation and the latter in colour. But for the
discovery of this form, I should still have regarded H. t.
.siamensis as a species distinct from H. t. typica.
AH the specimens were taken in deep clear sea water,
being caught in trawling nets, some as far as 20 miles from
the coast. I have much pleasure in naming this subspecies
after Mr. C. J. Aagaard, of the Bangnara Rubber Estate,
Patani, to whom I am indebted for so fine a series.
Two other specimens, Nos. 1276, 1175, taken off the
same coast and in company with typical specimens of H. t.
aagaardi, must be mentioned here. They have 34 and 37
scales round the neck, and 43 and 51 round the body
respectively. Ventrals 302 and 292. Both are females and
both have two superposed temporal shields on both sides.
In other respects they agree entirely with H. t. aagaardi.
No. 1276, with 43 scale rows I should have referred
without much hesitation to this form, for the same variation
in the temporal shields is to be found in its northern ally
H. t. siamensis. No. 1175, with 51 scale rows — no, less
than 4 in excess of what is to be found in any other specimen
of my series — is not so easily disposed of. For the present
I regard them both as aberrant examples of H. t. aagaardi.
Hydrophis torquatus siamensis Smith.
Hijdrophis tiiberciilatus, Smith, Journ. N. H. S. Slam, I, pp.
214, 247 (191.")).
Hydrophis siamensis, Smith, J. N. H. S. Slam, II, p. 341 (1917) ;
idem, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXVI, p. 682 (1919).
Similar to H. t. torquatus, but with fewer scale rows
round the neck and body, greater average number of
ventrals, larger average frontal and darker colour ; also in
a tendency of the temporal shield to subdivision.
Type. — Adult male, author's number 1151, collected
at Ban Yao, Inner Gulf of Siamv Sept., 1917.
Number of specimens examined, 84.
Variation. — The frontal shield is as long as its distance
to the rostral in about 50% of the specimens ; in the
remainder it is shorter, with two exceptions, in which it is
nearly as long as its distance to the end of the snout. The
1 6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
temporal shield is not so constant as in the other two forms,
in some examples having undergone fragmentation into 2,
3 or 4 pieces. It is noteworthy however, that this irre-
gularity is almost entirely confined to the individuals of one
locality. Of my 84 specimens, division of this shield on one
or both sides occurs in 16, of which 14 are from the mouth
of the Chantabun river.
In 7 embryos extracted from their mother, a single
shield is present in 5, while in the remaining 2 it is divided
The mother has one shield on one side, two on the other.
The supralabial shields are subject to the same irre-
gularity as in aagaardi.
29 — 34, usually 31 — 33, scales round the neck, 35 — 42,
usually 37—39, round the body. Ventrals 271 — 343.
Average 300. (Chantabun, E. coast series, 296 ; Meklong,
W. coast series, 306).
In the actual increase in the number of scale rows
round the body, as compared with that round the neck, this
form differs from both the preceding ones. In siamensis
the body count is from 5 — 9, usually 6 — 8, more than the
neck, whereas in the other two it is from 6 — 11, usually
8—10.
Colour. — As in aagaardi, except that the yellow upon
the head is inclined to be more diffuse. In a few examples
it is in excess of the ground colour. Most of the specimens
are completely banded. Two individuals, Nos. 1279, 1298,
have the head and back almost entirely uniform darkish
grey ; other examples are characterized by a broad irregular
ventral band, either broken or continuous.
Distribution. — From Meklong on the Western side
of the Gulf to Koh Chang on the East. It is particularly
abundant at the mouths of the Meklong and Chantabun
rivers.
Dimensions.— Xs will be seen from a study of the
annexed tables, the two forms in the Gulf appear to grow
to a larger size than that found in the typical locality.
Specimens of this snake which I sent to the Museum
of the Bombay Natural History Society, have been diagnosed
by Col. Wall as Hydrophis cyanocinctus. My reasons for
dissenting from his opinion have already been given in the
Journal of that Society (l.c.s.), and his reply to my criti-
cisms later (p. 864) do not in any way influence my previous
conclusions.
The tables of FI. t. siamensis and H. cyanocinctus
which I have given here should be sufficient to shew that
the variation in the number of scale rows in these two forms
is not the same. Nor can his other remarks Avith regard to
scalation, size and colouration, in view of the large series
now available for examination, be maintained. As I iiave
already remarked, the two snakes when compared side by
side — however much they may be alike on paper— are to me
so different, that 1 am surprised that Col. Wall should ever
have thought them identical.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 17
Breeding. — ^Young are born in February and March.
Two females are of interest, as shewing the diflference in
the size of the embryos due to nutrition. Tlie parents are
of equal length 925 mm. — but while one contained a brood
of 8, the other had only 3. Both broods 'are apparently
fully developed. The average length of the family of 8
is 285 mm., that of the other 325.
To this race I refer the specimen recorded by Flower
from the Gulf of Siam (P.Z.S., 1899, p. 687, No. 190)
as Hijdvophis ohscarus (now diadema) . I count it to
have 32 and 38 scale rows, with 302 ventrals and 10
posterior maxillary teeth. It is I believe the only record of
diadema from the Gulf.
Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw).
Hydrophis caerulescens, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 275 (1896) ;
idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 187 (1912) ; Wall,
Journ. N. H. S. Bombay, xxiii, pp. 373/374 (1914).
Distira caerulescens, Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, (8),
p. 231 (1909).
This snake has a wide distribution, and from Bombay
to C.ochin China appears to be found almost everywhere
along the Asiatic coast. Curiously enough it has not yet
been recorded from the Malay Archipelago,
With its large number of strongly keeled scales round
the neck and body, it is well differentiated from most othervS,
and has not been subject to much confusion in the past.
Boulenger's conception of this species, as regards the
number of scales round the neck and body, is without doubt
too restricted. Wall, working on more material, found the
variation to be considerably greater. He was dealing
however, chiefly with Indian specimens. With the large
series before me now (98 examples), from the coasts of
Siam and the Malay Peninsula, the range can be still further
increased. Between the most extreme forms, such as one
from Orissa (No. 14493, Indian Museum), with 43 scales
round the neck, and 51 round the body, and another of
mine (No. 1352) from the Gulf of Siam, with 31 round the
neck and 38 round the body, the difference is so great that
they might be considered distinct, were it not that the
gradation between them can be easily traced.
I have only been able to examine a small series from the
Indian coasts, and between them and examples from the
Straits of Malacca I can find no marked difference. Those
from the Indian coasts have a slightly higher average num-
ber of scale rows, and a larger series might shew this
character to be constant, the maximum average number
of scale rows obtaining in that region. W^all also has
pointed out that this sea snake possesses a character which
is almost pecuHarly its own, namely, that the parietal shield
nearly always fails to touch the postocular. His observa-
tion, derived chiefly from Indian specimens, applies equally
well to my series from the Straits of Malacca^
As shewn later, this character is absent in H. caerulescens
thai. I have found it present also, as an abnormality, in
H. klossi and H. consobrinus.
i8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
I therefore group all these together under forma
caerulescens (type locality, Vizagapatam) .
Hydrophis caerulescens caerulescens.
33 to 43 scales round the neck, 42 to 53 ^ round the
body ; ventrals, 253 to 337 ; parietals usually not in contact
with the postocular.
Colour. — Greyish above, yellowish-white below, with
from 40 to 60 dark bands which may be incomplete ven-
trally. The young have the bands very clearly defined, but
with age the markings lose definition, and in some adults
are scarcely recognizable, the back being almost uniform
grey. Head blackish in the young, darkish grey in the
adult, sometimes with a light streak behind the eye -.
Habitat. — Shores of India and Burma and west coast
of the Malay Peninsula,
Number of specimens examined, 65. Coast of India,
9 ; Mergui Archipelago, 2 ; Straits of Malacca, 54.
The actual variation between my series from the Indian
coast and the Straits of Malacca is as follows :—
India. 35 to 43 scales round the neck, 45 to 51 round
the body ; ventrals, 269 to 332.
Straits of Malacca. 33 to 42 (usually 37 to 39) scales
round the neck ; 45 to 51 (usually 45 to 48) round the body ;
ventrals, 253 to 319 (average, 290).
Variation. — The frontal shield in 11 examples is as
long- as its distance from the rostral. In 3 examples the
posterior chin-shields are absent. The parietal shield
touches the postocular on both sides in 3 examples only,
and on 1 side in 7 more.
Specimens from the Gulf of Siam I distinguish as
Hydrophis caerulescens thai ', subsp. nov.
Dift'ers from the tj'^pical form in having fewer scale
rows round the neck and body, and in the parietals usually
being in contact with the postocular.
31 to 38 (usually 33 to 36) scales round the neck, 38
to 49 (usually 41 to 45) round the body ; ventrals, 262 to
334.
Colour. — The dark bands upon the body, although not
so conspicuous in adults as in juveniles, do not shew that
tendency to become entirely lost with advancing age as in
the preceding form.
Habitat. — Coasts of Siam and Cochin China.
Number of specimens examined, 42 (Gulf of Siam, 40,
Cap St. Jacques, 2) .
Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1353, collected
at Hua Hin, Gulf of Siam, in June 1917.
^53 is recorded by Wall (Monograph).
^The presence of this streak is not mentioned by any author,
although Giinther very clearly figures it. It occurs in about 30%
of my specimens.
'Thai = Siamese, pronounced tai,
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 19
Variation. — The frontal in 15 examples is as long as
its distance from the rostral ; in one it is longer than its
distance ; in no examples are the chin shields absent ;
in two instances the posterior pair are in contact with
each other ; the parietal shield fails to touch the postocular
in two examples only on both sides, and in one example
more on one side. Average ventral count, 291.
Dentition. — H. caerulescena has an unusually large
number of teeth in the maxillary bone behind the poison
fangs. I find the dentition as follows : — Posterior maxil-
lary, 13 to 16 ; palatine, 7 or 8 ; pterygoid, 21 to 23 ;
mandibular, 21 to 25 (7 specimens examined) .
Hydrophis klossi Boulenger.
Hiidrophis klossi, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and
Batr,,p. 190 (1912) ; Smith, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., xxiii, p. 787
(1915).
35 exs., Straits of Malacca, 13 $ , 5 9 ; Gulf of Siam,
10 $,7 9.
Boulenger's description was drawn up from a single
specimen, but with the large amount of material now
available this can be considerably augmented, and it will
be simpler to redescribe the species than to add a number
of points to his original remarks.
Description. — Head small, body long and slender
anteriorly, the posterior depth in the adult being from 2^/^
to 3 times that of the neck. Snout distinctly projecting
beyond the lower jaw ; eye equal to or slightly less than
its distance from the mouth. Rostral as broad as deep, or
broader than deep, the portion visible above equal to from
1|3 to 213 the internasal suture ; frontal small, longer than
broad, usually shorter than its distance from the rostral ;
one prae- and one postocular ; one large anterior temporal ;
usually five supralabials, 3rd and 4th touching the eye,
sometimes a small sixth ; two pairs of cliin-shields, subequal
in size, the posterior pair partly or completely separated ;
four infralabials in contact with the chin-shields.
23 to 27 scales round the neck, 31 to 39 round the body,
imbricate throughout, the anterior ones elongate with
bluntly pointed extremities, smooth or faintly keeled, the
posterior ones broader with more rounded extremities and
more strongly keeled. Ventrals distinct throughout, 360 to
402.
Greyish or greenish above, yellowish or whitish below,
with from 50 to 75 dark bands. In the fore part of the
body these are as broad above as below and slightly broader
than their interspaces, behind usually twice as broad above
as below. In some the bands are incomplete ventrally,
and in some they are linked up by a black line running along
the ventral shields ; or the lower part of the neck may be
entirely black. Head blackish to olivaceous, lighter on the
snout, sometimes with an indistinct horse-shoe shaped
mark, its front across the praefrontals and the ends upon
the temporal shields. The young at birth are white, with
20 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
clearly defined black bands. Head entirely black, or with
a yellow spot behind each nostril, or with the horse-shoe
mark ; with age the bands become less distinct but are
always clearly recognizable.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 or 6 ; palatine, 7 ;
pterygoid, 9 or 10 ; mandibular, 13 or 14 (4 specimens
examined) .
Variation. — The frontal shield is very variable as
regards size, but except in one example is always shorter
than its distance from the rostral ; in one example only it is
nearly as small as in the type. One example has the 4th
supralabial touching the eye on one side, and the 3rd,
4th and 5th on the other. Fragmentation of the upper
labials, and cuneiform scales among the lower are rare,
the former condition occurs in two examples, the latter in
one.
//. klossi with its uniform rows of imbricate scales,
appears to be closely allied to H. nigrocinctus Daudin, from
the Indian seas, and H. melanoceplialus Gray from the
Riu Kiu Islands. In the number of scales round the body
these three forms are much alike, but klossi has more
ventrals, a smaller frontal and fewer supralabials.
Nigrocinctus also has two anterior temporals.
As will be seen by inspection of the accompanying
tables, the Siamese form has a slightly higher average
number of scale rows than the Malaccan form. The varia-
tion is as follows : —
Straits of Malacca, forma typica.
23 — 25 scales round the neck ; 31 — 35 round the body.
Ventrals, 361—386 (av. 372).
Gulf of Siam.
23 — 27 scales round the neck ; 33 — 39 round the body.
Ventrals, 360—386 (av. 372) .
Breeding. — In the Gulf this occurs in March, from 2
to 5 young being produced. Females taken off" the coast
of Perak in September, shewed the embryos well advanced
in development.
Hydrophis consobrinus Smith.
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, p. 341 (1917).
Diagnosis. — Posterior maxillary teeth, 5. Head very
small, body very long and slender anteriorly ; 25 to 31 scales
round the neck, 36 to 45 round the body ; ventrals, 328 to
401. A single anterior temporal. Head Avith a curved
yellow mark above.
Description. — Head very small, body very long and
slender anteriorly, its greatest depth in the adult being from
two and a half to three times that of the neck. Eye
slightly greater than its distance from the mouth ; rostral
broader than deep, visible above ; frontal once and one
third to once and a half times longer than broad, as long
as or slightly shorter tlian its distance to the rostral ; one
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 21
prae- and one, rarely two, postoculars ; a single large
anterior temporal succeeded by another not so large, and
with 4 to 7, usually 5 or 6, small scales in a series between
them and behind the parietals. Six supralabials, 2nd
largest and in contact with the praefrontal, 3rd and 4th
touching the eye, 6th very small. Chin-shields well deve-
loped, subequal, the posterior pair in contact or partly
separated. Four infralabials in contact with the chin-
shields.
25 to 31 scales round the neck, 36 to 45 round the
thickest part of the body, those on the neck imbricate,
elongate, with truncated apex, those posterior hexagonal,
subimbricate, with a small tubercle or short keel. Ventrals
distinct throughout, bicarinate, 328 to 401.
Colour. — Greyish above, yellowish or whitish below,
with dark grey bars or bands, 60 to 80 in number. In the
fore-part of the body these bands are as broad above as
below, and broader than their interspaces ; behind broadest
on the back, narrowing on the sides, and usually incomplete
across the belly. Head blackish or greyish, with a curved
yellow mark, its front on the nostrils, and reaching back
along the sides of the head. Often a connecting bar across
the frontal and another across the parietal shields. With
age these markings lose definition.
Variation. — The frontal shield touches the nasals in
one example ; the anterior temporal by fusion with the
6th supralabial sometimes reaches the border of the mouth ;
fission of the 2nd supralabial in one example produces a
pseudo-loreal (No. 2216) ; marginal fragmentation of the
supralabials is not present in any example ; usually there
is a single cuneiform scale after the third infralabial.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 ;
pterygoid, 15 or 16 ; mandibular, 13 or 14 (3 specimens
examined) .
Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1132 ; collected
at the mouth of the Bangpakong river, Inner Gulf of Siam,
in February, 1917.
Habitat. — Coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and
Cochin China.
Remarks. — H. consobrinus appears to be most nearly
related to H. brookii Giinther, and H. floweri Boulenger,
two species described from the north coast of Borneo ; and
it is not unlikely that it will ultimately have to be united
with one or other of them. Neither, however, accord
entirely >vith the scalation presented by my large series of
consobrinus, and until more is known about the variation
existing in these two forms, I leave mine distinct.
With the true status of this snake therefore still uncer-
tain, I refrain from describing geographical races, although
the form found in the Straits of Malacca is quite distinct
from that found in the Gulf. The case is further com-
plicated by the three examples from Cap St. Jacques, which
22 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
also differ from the Gulf series, but shew a tendency to
revert back towards the Malaccan form. The variation is
as follows : —
Gulf of Siam.
25 to 27 scales round the neck. 37 to 41 round the
body. Ventrals, 358 to 401. Av. 377.
Number of specimens examined, 18. The frontal is
as long as its distance from the rostral in 17, shorter than
in one.
Straits of Malacca.
27, usually 29 to 31, scales round the neck. 39 to 45,
usually 41 to 43, round the body. Ventrals 328 to 396. Av.
367.
Number of specimens examined, 50. The frontal
shield is as long as its distance from the rostral in 33
examples, shorter than in the remainder.
Cap St. Jacques.
29 to 30 scales round the neck. 41 to 43 round the
body. Ventrals, 387 to 400.
The frontal shield is longer than its distance to the
rostral in one example, equal to in two.
With the typical form of fasciatus as I now conceive
it, this species should not be confused, but from atriceps,
with its lower scale formula, separation may at times be
difficult. The yellow head markings of consobrinus are,
however, very consistent, and in fresh specimens an almost
infallible guide. A small but very useful differential
character in scalation between them is also to be found in
the scales behind the parietal shields. In atriceps there
are usually three small scales lying in a series between the
large posterior temporal shields and behind the parietals.
Rarely there are four or two. Consobrinus on the other
hand has usually five or six in the series, sometimes four,
rarely seven, their number depending upon the size of the
posterior temporal shields. As in atriceps, the posterior
temporal shield of consobrinus may be divided by a vertical
suture into two.
H. klossi, which in the Gulf has often the same number
of scale rows on the body as consobrinus, can be distin-
guished by its distinctly imbricate scales, fewer supralabials
and proportionately larger head of olivaceous colour.
Breeding. — A gravid female taken off the coast of
Perak in December contained 7 embryos in an early stage of
development. Another taken in February contained 5 fully
developed young, varying from 330 to 340 mm. in length.
The mother measured 880 mm., tail 70.
Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider).
Aturia lindsayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (1842).
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 23
Hijdrophis fasciatiis, Boulcnger, Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 281
(1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 189 (1912) ; N.
de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 230 (1917).
Hijdrophis lepiodira, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 285.
Hijdrophis rhombifer, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., p. 188.
Distira fasciata (part.), Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8),
p. 205 (1909).
Hydro phis fasciatiis as it is known at present, is said
to be distributed from the coasts of India to China and New
Guinea. The evidence for its existence in the Far East
is somewhat obscure, and it will be as well to discuss the
specimens which have contributed to the statement before
proceeding further.
Hijdrophis lindsayi (Gray) . The type and only known
specimen is in the British Museum. It has 31 and 48 scales
round the neck and body respectively, and 452 ventrals\
Its habitat, China, is vague, and Mr. Boulenger tells me he
does not attach much importance to it.
H. fasciatus has been recorded by Boettger from
Manila, and also from Miyakoshima, Riu Kiu (Loo Choo)
Ids. The former specimen has been placed by Van
Denburgh and Thompson under their Disteira cincinnatii-
but, as I shall presently endeavour to shew, their snake
agrees so closely with the form of fasciatiis which is found
in the Gulf of Siam, that I think they should be lUTitcd.
Stejneger has referred the Japanese example to Disteira
mehiiwcephala,' but presumably has not examined it. He
is probably right in doing so, l3ut its scale formula is so
near to that given by Van Denburgh and Thompson for
some of their Manila specimens, that in the light of present
knowledge it might be as well to reserve opinion.
Stejneger's suggestion that nielanocephala may ulti-
mately prove to be only a race of fasciatus (p. 421), is not
in my opinion borne out by the example he has kindly
sent me. With its imbricate scales, those on the posterior
part of the body having more rounded edges rather than
the regular hexagons of fasciatus, with its 7 or 8 supra-
labials, and 7 posterior maxillary teeth, I believe it to be
quite distinct. Fasciatus has only 5 teeth beliind the poison
fangs, and this number appears to be constant.
Hydrophis atriceps Giinther. The type is from the
Gulf of Siam, and it has 28 and 44 scales round the neck
and body respectively, and 3()4 ventrals. Such a scale com-
bination is very typical of the form which is found in the
Gulf, and diti'ers distinctly from the one which inhabits the
Straits of Malacca, and apparently also the entire Sea of
Bengal. The dit^erence is so marked that it is entitled to
subspecific distinction, and in choosing a name for it one
cannot do better than revive Giinther's.
' For the scale formulae of H. lindsayi, H. atriceps, and
Cantor's specimen of H. fasciatus from Penang, I am indebted to
Mr. Boulenger.
'Proc. California Acad, Science, (4), III, p. 47, Dec. 1908.
' Herpetology of Japan, p. 422,
24 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
I recognize two forms which I define as follows : —
Hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus.
27 to 33 scales round the neck. 47 to 58 round the
body. Ventrals 400 to 504 (531, Wall). Av. 455.
Habitat. Coasts of India and Burma to the Malay
Archipelago.
Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps.
25 to 30, usually 27 to 29, scales round the neck. 40
to 49, usually 43 to 45, round the body. Ventrals 327 to
452. Av. 366.
Habitat. Gulf of Siam and South China Sea to Malay
Archipelago.
Both forms appear to extend their distribution into the
seas of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, but the particular
range of each one has yet to be determined.
Hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus.
The type specimens are in the Berlin Museum. Their
habitat is unknown. Dr. Nelly de Rooy has kindly made
enquiries for me and she is informed that they have 29 and
30 scales round the neck, 52 and 53 round the body, and
457 ventrals. This description accords with the form found
west of the Malay Peninsula, and shoukl therefore be
designated the typical one.
The figures I have given above for this form, are based
chiefly upon my series from the Straits of Malacca, but all
the specimens that I have examined from the Indian coast
also agree with them. Wall records examples from India
with a lower body count, but as he enumerates at mid-body,
another 3 or 4 may be added to his figures to arrive at the'
maximum number. Boettger records two specimens from
Madras with 52 and 56 respectively.
This range of variation will also include H. rhombifer
BIgr., (56 scales round the body, type locahty coast of
Perak), and //. leptodira Blgr. (58 scales round the body,
type locality Mouth of the Ganges* ?), and that his two
forms should now become synonyms of fasciatus, Mr.
Boulenger is agreed. Wall, in his Monograph, came to this
same conclusion, but in his conception of the species has
included H. hrookii Giinther, a snake which I believe to be
quite distinct.
Further collections from the coast of India may possi-
bly inodify the definition of this form as given above, but
it will not alter the separation of the Malaccan race as
distinct from that found in the Gulf of Siam.
Variation. — The following remarks concern my series
from the Straits of Malacca. The rostral is as high as
broad in one example ; the frontal is shorter than its dis-
tance to the rostral in two examples ; two postoculars occur
in two examples ; the praefrontal shields fail to touch the
supralabials on both sides in three examples, and on one
*Tlie record is Cantor's and possibly in error.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 25
side in two more ; the posterior temporal is as large as the
anterior or larger ; a cuneiform scale is present in all after
the third infralabial.
Colour. — None of my series (except one juvenile) is
completely banded. Above they are pale grey, with from
60 to 80 dark grey dorsal rhombs, which in some of them
are continued round the body as pale bands, but in the fore
part of the body only. The transition from the dark dorsal
rhomb to the paler ventral band occurs with a fairly clear
line of demarcation. Below creamy white ; head, neck
below, and anterior part of belly, black. One specimen.
No. 1150, is very pale, being almost white in the posterior
part of the body, with the dorsal marks only just visible.
To H. fasciatiis typica I refer the H. gracilis recorded
by Hanitsch (Kept. Raffles Mus., 1897, p. 101) . For its scale
formula see the table.
Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps.
Hadrophis atriceps, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 371, pi. xxv,
fig. 1 (1864).
Disteira cincinnatii. Van Denburgh and Thompson, Proc.
California Acad. Science, (4), 111, p. 41, Dec. 1908.
The scalation and distribution of this form have already
been dealt with.
Number of specimens examined, 60 ; Gulf of Siam,
58 ; Cap St. Jacques, 2.
The sudden and marked diminution in the number of
scale rows and ventrals, as well as the alteration in colour,
which characterizes nearly all my specimens from the Gulf
ot Siam as compared with those from the Straits, induced
me for a long time to believe that they were distinct. I
cannot however find any certain grounds upon which they
can be separated. Between an example from Pulau Angsa,
with 57 scales round the body, 504 ventrals, and the back
with dark rhomboidal marks, and another from Ban Yao
with 41 scales round the body, 327 ventrals, and the body
marked with complete bands, there is every degree of
gradation.
Variation. — As one would expect, with fewer scales
round the body in proportion to those upon the neck, this
form is relatively stouter anteriorly than the Malaccan one.
The rostral shield may be as broad as high ; the frontal
shield in six examples is longer than its distance to the
rostral, in two of these being in contact with the nasals. In
No. 1261 the frontal is very small, much shorter than its
distance to the rostral. The anterior temporal in one
instance (No. 1252) is divided on one side to form two
superposed shields ; the posterior temporal shield is seldom
as large as the anterior, and is often divided in two by a
vertical suture. Normally the supralabials are undivided,
but in one instance there is fragmentation of the fifth. In
five examples the temporal shield reaches the border of the
mouth to the exclusion of the sixth and seventh labials. A
26 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
single cuneiform shield is invariably present after the third
infralabial. 25 scales round the neck occurs twice in the
series, 30 twice ; 40 scales round the body occurs once, 49
five times. Ventral variation. Males, 327—396 ; females,
338—452. The ventral count of 452 (No. 2876) appears to
be quite abnormal, the numbers next to it in succession
being 434, 420, 416, 413. H. lindsayi agrees closely with
this example.
Colour. — Greyish above, greenish- or yellowish-white
below, with from 50 to 75 blackish annuli or dorsal bars.
Head and anterior part of body below entirely black at all
ages ; sometimes a yellow spot behind the nostril or the
eye. In No. 2873 these spots have coalesced to form a
complete yellow horse shoe. All the specimens from Ban
Yao and Chantabun are completely banded, the band being
paler above than below but without any clear line of demar-
cation ; those from Cap St. Jacques and the western side
of the Gulf are, with one exception, coloured as the
Malaccan specimens. Two specimens from Bangpakong
form a connecting link between these two forms. No. 1309
has dorsal and ventral bars, the two meeting in a point on
the side of the body.
Distribution. — Nearly all my specimens are from the
mouths of two rivers, Chantabun and Ban Yao. At the
latter spot it is the predominant form, nearly all the sea
snakes coming from that locality belonging to this species.
Breeding. — In the Gulf young are born in February and
March, from 4 to 8 being produced. Their markings are
practically black and white.
Dentition. — The teeth of H. fasciatus are as follows : —
posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 6 or 7 ; pterygoid, 12 to 16 ;
mandibular, 14 or 15 (8 specimens examined).
I have not examined any specimens of Disteira cincin-
natii Van Denburgh and Thompson, from Manila, but as
already stated their description agrees so closely with that
of my specimens from the Gulf, that I cannot but think
they should be united. The slightly lower number of scale
rows (38, 39) round the body, as shewn in three specimens
of their series, would be accounted for by local variation,
or perhaps the difference in our methods of counting.
Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw).
Hydrophis gracilis, Boiilenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 280
(1896)" ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen. Kept, and Batr., p. 191 (1912) ; N.
de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 228 (1917) ; Wall, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. XXV, p. 602 (1918).
Disteira gracilis, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 427 (1907).
Distira gracilis. Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 198
(1909).
Hydrophis rostralis, Smith, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, p.
340 (1917).
Straits of Malacca, 9 exs ; Gulf of Siam, 1 ex.
I believe now that my H. rostralis is only a gracilis after
all. I was mislead in the first instance by the large number
of body scales (35 to 41) which I found in my series, the
1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 27
accredited count for gracilis being 29 to 33. Since then I
have obtained a specimen having 33, and Wall has also
published an account of a large series of gracilis obtained
on the Indian coast (Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1. c. s.).
His maximum is only 33, but his count is made at. mid-body,
and I find on counting my own specimens at that point, an
allowance of from 2 to 4 scales may be made for the
difference in position.
This brings them much nearer to my own specimens,
and as there appears to be no other character by which they
can be separated, I unite them. Wall's series is a fine one
of 36 examples, and should be fairly representative of the
locality (Madras). After allowing for all discrepancies in
our method of counting, however, there still remains a con-
siderable difference between his series and mine with regard
to the number of scales round the neck and body. I tenta-
tively define the two forms as follows : —
Madras Coast.
17 — 19 round the neck ; 29 — 37 round the body. Ven-
trals, 215—297. Av. 251.
Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Siam.
19 — 23 round the neck ; 33 — 41 round the body. Ven-
trals, 250— 302. Av. 279.
Two races appear to be clearly indicated, but with the
type locaUty of this snake unknown, it would be as well to
know something about the forms found elsewhere before
proceeding to name them.
Variation. — The variation in my specimens is as
follows : — Eye equal to or slightly less than its distance from
tlie mouth ; rostral as broad as high or a Uttle broader than
high, the portion visible above equal to three-quarters or the
entire length of the internasal suture ; frontal usually
shorter than its distance to the rostral ; five or six suprala-
bials, in one example only the fourth shield touching the
eye. Fragmentation of the supralabials does not occur in
any example, nor are there any small scales interposed
between the infralabials.
Colour, (in alcohol). Pale bluish-grey on the upper
half of the body, yellowish or whitish on the lower, the
young with indistinct darkish dorsal bars or complete bands.
Head grey, yellowing with age.
No. 1105 has 55 bands upon the body, about as broad
as their interspaces on the sides of the body, slightly dilated
dorsally and ventrally ; on the posterior part of the body
they are very indistinct. Tail grey, blackish at the tip.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 8 ; ptery-
goid, 10 — 12 ; mandibular, 13 (3 specimens examined).
The type of my original H. rostralis is No. 1102, in the
Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpor.
Hydrophis viperina (Schmidt).
Distira viperina, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 298 (1896) ;
Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 239 (1909).
28 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Hudrophis viperinus, N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipet.
il, p. ^31 C1917).
Gulf of Siam, 17 exs. Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China,
2 exs.
One of the specimens was seen to fall from the claws
of a fishing eagle, and was picked up still alive and quite
undamaged at some distance inland. This incident possibly
explains the records of sea snakes which have been occa-
sionally discovered at a considerable distance from their
natural habitat.*
For a small series, mine shew a wide range in the
number of scale rows. They vary from 27 to 34 at the
neck and from 37 to 50 round the body. Ventrals 181 to
264. A reference to the table will show that the extremely
low ventral count of 181 is confined to a single individual.
No. 2716. But for this specimen the variation in the
number of these shields would be 232—264, a range which
is almost exactly in accordance with what has been already
given by Boulenger and Wall. It is an excellent example
of the abnormality in ventral shields to which I have refer-
red in the preliminary remarks.
As shewn by the table, the two specimens from Cochin
China have a higher body count than any found in the Gulf.
Colouration. — Grey above, white below, with from 28
to 34 dark grey dorsal rhombs which are usually confluent
vertebrally. My one juvenile is beautifully and con-
spicuously marked, but with age the pattern becomes
obscured, and in some individuals has entirely disappeared,
leaving the back of a uniform grey colour, which is
separated from the white of the belly by a clear line of
demarcation.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 or 8 ;
pterygoid, 14 to 17 ; mandibular, 17 (4 specimens
examined) .
Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray);
Hydrophis jerdonii, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 362 (1864) ;
Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 299 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay
Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 186 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust.
Archipel., II, p. 232 (1917).
Distira jerdonii. Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 241
(1909).
Singgora, 3 exs.
Variation. — The anterior temporal reaches the labial
margin on both sides in one example, and on one side in
another. Chin-shields well developed (as figured by
Giinther, pi. XXV, fig. B), in all three examples. Wall
* That numbers of sea snakes fall victim to birds of prey, was
once demonstrated to me on visiting a large flat-topped buoy lying
some miles out to sea in the Bight of Bandon. The top of this
structure was covered with the dried bodies of snakes — chiefly
Enhijdris hnrcfyvickii — the birds having brought their victims
there, and i'.fter devourin,' the internal organs, left the remainder
to be disposed of by the elements.
1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 29
states that in 17 individuals examined by him, three infrala-
bials only were in contact with the chin-shields. All my
specimens have four, the first three in contact with the
anterior pair.
Colour. — ^The adult is light greyish above, yellowish-
white below, with 50 broad black dorsal bars which are in-
distinctly carried round the body as narrow bands. The
young have the back pale olivaceous, and the bands (40 and
48) more distinct below. Head pale olive with a dark mark
on the snout.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 8 — 9 ; palatine, 9 ;
pterygoid, 14 — 15 ; mandibular, 19 — 20 (2 specimens
examined) .
Thalassophis anomalus Schmidt.
Thalassophis anomalus, Schmidt, Abb. Naturw. Hamb., II,
1852, p. 81, pi. 4 ; Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 269 (1896) ; Smith,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Slam, II, p. 176, pi. (1916) ; Ouwens, De voor-
naamste giftslangen van nederlandsch oost-indie (1916)) ; N. de
Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archlpel., II, p. 223 (1917).
I have now examined 17 examples of this snake, all
obtained from various localities at the head of the Gulf.
The following points may be added to my recent
description. The eye may be slightly greater than its
distance from the mouth. 27 to 30 scales round the neck,
31 to 35, usually 33, round the body. Ventrals 218 to 256.
The young may have a pale band across the snout and
extending along either side of the head to join the white
of the under surface.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 ; ptery-
goid, 20 to 22 ; mandibular, 18 or 19 (2 specimens
examined) .
Ouwen's coloured illustration of this species is not very
representative of my specimens. The body is too elongate
and the bars are much too dark.
Thalassophis annandalei (Laidlaw).
Distira annandalei, Laidlaw, P. Z. S., 1901, ii, p. 579, pi. xxxv,
fig. 1.
Thalassophis annandalii, Boulenger, Fascic. Malay, Zool. i, p.
16 (1903) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., p. 195 (1912) ; Wall, Mem.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, (8), p. 245 (1909) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust.
Archipel., II, p. 223 (1917).
Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, 7 exs. ; Singgora, 1 ex.
In cranial and in external characters this species differs
so much from the genotype, T. anomalus, that the mere
presence of a pair of internasals seems insufficient reason
for placing them together. As a matter of fact, in one of
my specimens these shields are almost entire, as is usual
with Hydrophis, while in the others they are variously
divided, and it would seem more correct to consider them
as subject to irregular fragmentation, as has already been
done with the other head shields.
30 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
When the anatomy of the Hydrophids comes to be
better known, a considerable regrouping of many of the
species will surely be necessary. T. annandalei should then,
I think, be placed by itself ; until this is done it may as
well remain where it is.
The variation in my series is as follows : — Nasal shields
usually divided, either longitudinally or transversely, into
4, 6, or 8 pieces ; praefrontals usually divided into 3, 4 or 5
pieces ; frontal and supraoculars entire ; parietals separated
from each other, and sometimes from the frontal, by small
scales ; supralabials irregularly divided, sometimes entire ;
anterior chin-shields well developed in 1 example (No.
3888) , absent in all the others.
62 to 73 scales round the neck, 74 to 91 round the body,
ventrals 320 to 368.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 6 ; palatine, 8 ; ptery-
goid, 20 ; mandibular, 16 (1 specimen examined).
The type locality of this snake is Patani, and the
specimens from there are said to have from 90 to 100 scales
round the body. As will be seen by the annexed table,
none of my series has so large a number.
Enhydrina valakadyn (Boie).
Enhydrina valakadien, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 302 (1896) ;
idem. Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 193 (1912).
Enhydrina valakadyn, Stejneyer, Herpet. Japan, p. 437 (1907) ;
Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 191 (1909) ; N. de Rooij,
Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 221 (1917) ; idem, J. Bombay
N. H. S., XXVI, p. 803 (1919).
Enhydrina valakadyn is one of the most widely dis-
tributed, and without doubt the most common, of all the
sea snakes. It has also been accorded a greater range of
variation in the number of its scale rows (40 to 60 round
the neck, 50 to 70 round the body) , than any other known
species.
This is true, but only when the species is considered
as a whole, and without regard to the region whence the
individuals have come. The very large series that I have
been able to examine from the Malayan region shews that
the variation in any one locality is considerably less — about
12 to 14 — or, if the sexes are considered apart, seldom more
than ten. The number of specimens that I have seen from
the Indian coasts is not great, but in so far as they go they
agree entirely with the Malayan examples in this respect.
I gather also from these Indian specimens, that the
maximum average number of scale rows obtains in that
region ; and I find too that in the disposition of certain head
shields they differ from the Malayan form.
Tentatively, therefore, I recognize two forms, wliich
are as follows : —
An Indian form.
Forma valakadyn (type locality, Tranquebar). 45 to
60 scales round the neck, 55 to 70 round the body ; ventrals,
1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 31
240 to 320 ; praef rentals usually in contact with the supra-
labials, 3rd and 4th labials usually touching the eye.
Habitat. Arabian Sea and coasts of the Indian Penin-
sula.
A Malayan form.
40 to 55 scales round the neck, 49 to 66 round the body ;
ventrals 239 to 292 ; praefrontals usually not in contact with
the supralabials (80%), fourth labial only touching the
eye (60f^c).
Habitat. Coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and
Cochin China.
With this latter form I am able to deal ver\' fuUy.
Altogether I have examined about 140 examples ; 60 of
these are from the Straits of Malacca, and the remainder
from the seas East of the Peninsula.
It is possible, if one cares to go more closely into
detail, to separate this form again, the dividing line between
them being the Peninsula. As, however, they differ only
In a slight variation in the number of body scales without
alteration in the head shields, it is preferable to consider
them together. The actual variation is as follows : —
Straffs of Malacca.
43 — 55 round the neck, 52 — 66 round the body. Ven-
trals, 239—278.
Gulf of Sum.
40 — 52 round the neck, 49 — 62 round the body. Ven-
trals, 239—292.
In the whole series the praefrontals fail to touch the
supralabials in 112 examples. In nearly every instance this
occurs on both sides. In the same series the 4th labial only
touches the eye in 85.
Females on the average have from 3 to 4 more scale
rows round the nedc and body than males. I find the sexual
variation as follows : —
Straits of Malacca. — Males, 13 — 18 (av. 45) round
the neck, 52—60 (av. 55) round the body, ventrals, 239 —
270. Females, 45 — 55 (av. 49) round thQ neck, 54 — 63
(av. 59) round the body, ventrals, 248 — 278.
Gulf of Siam. — ^Males, 40 — 48 (av, 43) round the nedt,
49—59 (av. 53) round the bodv, ventrals, 243—292 (av.
264). Females, 42—52 (av. 46) round the neck, 51—62
(av. 56) round the body, ventrals, 239—287 (av. 260).
Abnormalities in this form are not uncommon, and
such faults in development as partially divided frontals,
fusion of the frontals with praefrontals, of oculars with
labials, and oculars with each other, occur frequently.
Fragmenlation of the parietals to f0rm a small interparietal
occurs in about 50<^r.
32 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Colour. — The colour of specimens from this region
presents nothing that has not ah-eady been described. Four
individuals, however, deserve comment. No. 2045, although
adult, is still marked with narrow jet black dorsal bars in
the posterior three-quarters of the body. Nos. 2047, 2048,
3856 have a broad black irregular band along either side of
the body, a narrow ventral band, and irregular black dorsal
spots. All three are from the same locality.
Distribution. — On both coasts of the Malay Peninsula
this form is extremely common. At the head of the Gulf
it is somewhat less numerous ; along the East coast of the
Gulf it is comparatively rare, and beyond Cap St. Jacques it
has not yet been recorded.
Breeding. — Young are born in the Gulf in March and
April. Until recently I had never seen more than 5 embryos
to any female. Last year, however, I obtained one with 18,
five in one oviduct and thirteen in the other.
Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 3 ; palatine, 6 — 7 ;
pterygoid, 14 — 17 ; mandibular, 15 — 16 (9 specimens
examined) .
Enhydris hardwickii (Gray) .
Enhudris hardwickii, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 301 (1896) ;
idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 193 (1912) ; Wall,
Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 247 (1909) ; Smith, Journ.
Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 787 (1915) ; Ouwens, De voornaamste
giftslangen van Nederlandsch oost-indie, pi. Ill (1916).
Lapemis hardwickii, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, pp. 401 and 435
(1907).
This is a common species in the Gulf of Siam and along
the coast of the Malay Peninsula, and I have been able to
examine a large series. I have specimens also from Cap
St. Jacques, Cochin China, and no doubt it extends north-
wards up the coast of Annam, as it is said to be common
along the Western shores of Luzon. Males appear to be
far more numerous than females, the proportion in my
series being three to one.
In the number of scales round the body, the range given
by Boulenger is certainly too limited, particularly in the
number round the middle of the body. My specimens
shew a much greater variation, and in this respect are more
in accordance with the figures given by Wall. The species
is so distinct that it cannot be confused with any other form.
Sexual variation is well marked, the males having the
lower count both in body scales and ventrals. Specimens
from the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula do not appear
to differ, either in scalation or in colouration from those
found in Siamese waters.
The following table is drawn up from about 230 ex-
amples : — •
Males.
Round the neck :--23 to 29, usually 25 to 27." Round
the body :— 25 to 35, usually 27 to 33. Ventrals :— 114 to
152.
1120.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : S^fl Sna/res. 33
Females.
Round the neck :— 27 to 35 (usually 29 to 33) . Round
the body :— 33 to 41 (usually 35 to 37) . Ventrals :— 141 to
230.^
That marked sexual variation existed in this species
was observed long ago by Boettger in working on Philippine
specimens, (Zool. Anz./p. 395, 1888), but his observations
seem to have been overlooked by most authors in writing
since.
Boettger's remarks apply chiefly to the ventral shields,
and the figures he gives (I quote 3tejneger, p. 401) are 135 —
168 for males, 186 — 237 for females. I cannot but think
that had he worked on a larger series — he had only 31
specimens — the difference which he found between the
sexes would have been less marked. Apart from this, his
figures, both in range and average, are considerably higher
than what is recorded by any other author for this species.
It looks indeed as if the Phillipine form differed from the
others, although it is possibly due to the different method
employed in counting these scales.^
Colour. — Greenish or yellowish olive above, whitish
below, with from 35 to 50 dark grey or olive dorsal bars,
tapering to a point on the sides. Variations to this are
frequent. The dorsal bars may be continued round tlie
body as complete bands, a form seen most frequently in
juveniles. A narrow black ventral stripe is sometimes
present, or less frequently, a broad irregular ventral band.
Coalescence of the dorsal bars occurs in adults, and in
some the entire back is of one uniform colour. One speci-
men (No. 2460) is uniform slate grey throughout. Young
ones have the head black, with or without yellow markings
across the snout and along the sides of the head.
Specimens from Koh Kong are, as a series, greyer and
darker than those from the head of the Gulf, and are more
prone to have ventral stripes and bars.
Ouwen's coloured figure is an excellent representation
of many examples found at the head of the Gulf.
Variation. — Fission of the second supralabial to form
a pseudo-loreal is not uncommon. 41 scales round the body
occurs in 2 examples only, and in one of these (No. 3883),
the ventral count is 230, the next number in sequence to it
being 203 (No. 1391).
' Ventral counts are very tedious, and the figures given here
are drawn mainly from specimens obtained in the Gulf of Siam.
"The ventral shields of Enhijdris are very irregular in their
disposition, sometimes being broken up, with odd scales interposed
here and there, sometimes missing altogether. The method I have
used has been to control the count by means of the adjacent row
of body scales, which, being uniform in their sequence, indicate
what the correct ventral count should be. •
34 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
The ventral spines of the males appear to be longer
and larger in individuals from the head of the Gulf, than in
those from any other locality 1 have examined. Possibly,
being a sexual character, they increase in size in the breed-
ing season.
Dentition.— Posterior maxillary, 4 to 6* ; palatine, 6 or
7 ; pterygoid, 17 to 20 ; mandibular, 14 or 15 (9 specimens
examined) .
Breeding. — In the Gulf young are born in April and
May, from 2 to 5 being produced. In length they vary
from 250 to 300 mm.
Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray).
Aipiisnriis eudoiixii, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and
Batr., p." 195 (1912) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii (8), p. 189
(1909) N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Anhipol. TT. i). 219 (1917).
Gulf of Siam, 11 exs.
In three examples the praefrontal is divided ; in one
the 3rd and 4th supralabials touch the eye on both sides.
The ventral keel is variable ; in four examples it is poorly
developed ; in three others each keel in the fore-part of the
body bears a strong spinose tubercle, and there is a series
of small tubercles along the adjacent row of body scales
for nearly the same distance.
One specimen was caught some 20 feet above high
water mark, and in life had a rich slate-blue irridescence.
Colour. — Yellowish, with from 44 to 55 dark olive
dorsal bars, which taper to a point on the sides and are
usually confluent vertebrally. Head dark olive ; entirely
black in the young.
* Boulenger in his description of this genus, gives the number
of teeth behind the poison fangs as from 2 to 4. I cannot find any
of my specimens with less than 4,
1920.
Dr. Malcolm Smith : -Sea Snaket
35
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Dr. Malcolm Smith : Seainakes
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1920.]
Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes.
43
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Plate I
A. Hydpophis lamberti. From the type.
B
B
B. Hydrophis klossi. No. 1189.
C. Hydrophis eonsobrinus. From the type.
C. L. Grounduater del.
II. ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS FROM
PENINSULAR SIAM.
By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S.
The plants dealt with in this paper were collected by
the Federated Malay States Museums during a general
biological expedition, extending from January to March
1919, to the Islands and West Coast of Peninsular Siam
between Lat. 7 and Lat. UN.
Hitherto very little collecting has been done in this
area though Mr. C. Curtis collected at one time in Puket,
Trang and Pangnga while Renong has long been a favourite
centre for orchid collectors. North of this region lie the
Mergui Archipelago and Tenasserim, the floras of which
were extensively collected by Griffith and Heifer.^
The typical lowland Malayan flora, that of the dense
wet forests of the Malay Peninsula, disappears rapidly as we
reach the dryer regions of Kedah, Setul and Perlis, where
it is replaced largely by South Burmese and Siamese plants ;
as we go still further north Malayan plants become again
fewer but it is clear that many have contrived to push their
way through the dryer regions into the northern parts of
Peninsular Siam and into Tenasserim.
Two instances in the present collection are
Pentaphragma begoniaefolia and Cyrtandra bicolor, both
of wmch find their furthest limit here. Well represented
in southern Malaya the species of these two genera become
more scanty the further north we go until they disappear
in this region.
The coUection is remarkably strong in Acanthaceae
with one new genus, and a number of new species.
Acanthaceae are comparatively rare in the southern
Malay Peninsula becoming more abundant in the dryer
northern region. The occurrence so far north of Thottea
(Aristolochiaceae) and of the common southern
Bromheadia palustris (Orchidaceae) in Takuapa, its most
northern limit, are important extensions of range.
Among the most interesting novelties are the fine
Capparis Klossii ; Eloeocarpus tectonaefolius, only allied
to a Javanese species ; the stiff -leaved Canthium trachy-
style ; Vallaris macrantha, with unusually large leaves and
flowers for the genus ; the new genus of Acanthaceae,
Antheliacanthiis, remarkable for its small almost regular
corolla ; Xyris tuberosa, with its remarkable rhizome of
globose joints ; and Carex mapanifolia, with its dense
spikes and broad leaves, allied to C. Helferi of Tenasserim
and C. scaposa of China and Cochin-China.
I Dr. A, Keith collected in Bangtaphan, South-western Siam (between
the latitudes of Renong and Mergui) in 1890-1, and his specimens form part
of the material on which are based Mr. Ridley's botanical papers in the
"Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society," No. 59, July 1911,
pp, 15-234 [C.B.K].
66 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE JOURNEY ON WHICH
THE PLANTS WERE COLLECTED.
By C. BoDEN Kloss.
All the islands mentioned below are near that part of
the west coast of the Malay Peninsula which is here called
Peninsular Siam, i.e., that portion south of the pass across
the Isthmus of Kra between the head of the Pakchan Estuary
and Chumporn Town and north of the borders of the Malay
States of Perils, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan.
We^ arrived at Pulau^ Mohea from Penang on February
1st, 1919, and left on the 3rd.
The north and south islands are each about a square
mile in area and between 500 and 800 feet high and are
separated from each other by a narrow channel. They lie
in about 7° 13' N, some 18 miles west of the coastal island
of Telibon which protects tlie mouth of the Trang River.
From its south-east point west-about to its northern
end the south island is steep-to, its western side consisting
mainly of high precipitous cliffs : to the east and south
it slopes fairly gently and along these shores are several
sand beaches with broad reefs in front. The northern
island is lower and apparently consists of three hills sloping
to the S.E. and joined by sandy necks : all along its south
and south-east sides is a sand beach and reefs : the west
and north sides are high and steep and there are a couple
of rocky coves.
The islands were exceedingly dry and there were no
flowers but some fairly big timber, wild bananas,
Licualas ( ?) and Caryota palms. They are largely forested
on their eastern sides.
The only water found was in two little soaks on the
south island : the western seemed stagnant, the northern was
running in the sand. The sea round the islands is beauti-
fully clear and fish were numerous : there is a fine coral
reef in the channel. There are no inhabitants but the
islands are visited occasionally.
We lay at anchor off the south-east entrance of the
channel in 8 fathoms. Vessels should approach no nearer
for even in 4 and 5 fathoms there are coral heads which
show above water at low tide. A passage through the
Strait could be made with care by keeping nearest the
south side.
North of Pulau Mohea are some islets — the Pilgrims
and Koh Ma. The former are of limestone ; the largest,
shaped like a boot, has some grass and shrubs. Koh Ma is
apparently of sandstone and is largely covered with vegeta-
tion.
2 Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of Museums and Fisheries. F.M.S. , and
myself with a party of collectors in the Fisheries launch " Shark."
3 Pulau (Malay) = Koh (Siamese) = Island.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 67
We passed these on February 3rd on our way north
to Koh Pipidon situated in lat. 7° 46' N and about 13 miles
from the mainland and 20 miles from Junk Seylon to the
west. It is the largest of the Vogels, high and wooded,
about 4 miles long and two broad. There is a deep bay
on the northern side and another, nearly land-locked, in the
north-west coast (not shown on the charts). Tliese are
separated from each other by a narrow nock of land which
connects together the two main portions of the island lying
east and west.
South of Pipidon is Koh Pipithall, a long narrow, nortli
and south ridge of limestone with, apparently, a deep fiord
near its middle. Many of its summits arc rounded but its
sides are precipitous and the north extremity is absolutely
perpendicular.
We anchored in the nortli-west end of the south bay
of Koh Pipidon (also known as Pulau Bri-bri) in 8 fathoms.
The western part of the island is a long ridge of limestone
— like Pipithall, very finely coloured white, grey, red, brown,
but more clothed with vegetation ; the eastern portion is of
other formation with more gentle and forested slopes. The
two are joined by a neck of low sandy land north of which
is the newly-noted bay now in process of being filled up
with sand. A steep limestone mass rises to the north of
its entrance while there is a small mangrove swamp inland
at its south-western head. On the east side of the bay the
forest is very thin and patchy.
In south bay beneath the limestone cliffs which form its
western side is a flat reef of sand and coral, dry at low tide,
which rises fairly steeply : the head of the bay is clean white
sand, fairly deep ana shelving and on the eastern side a
steep- to reef juts out parallel to the limestone cliffs for some
distance : anchorage is between these two.
The beach which runs all the way along the south side
is of fine sand, interrupted in two or three places by out-
crops of rock. East of the first of these lie a few huts
which form a temporary settlement of Sam-Sams who visit
the island for fishing : 2-300 yds. behind the hamlet is small
well of bad water ; this was the only water we found on the
Island.
In the forest covering the flat neck were numerous
giant CoUocasias 12—14 ft. high with stems a foot through ;
the roots are used as food.
The mangrove swamp which is the last indication of
part separation of the east and west higher lands is filling
up like the north bay where there is now anchorage for
small craft only under its north-east point.
The wliole island was very dry and except for a little
Hlacnflower woody plant {Pseaderanthemiim creniilatnm) ,
the only blossoms seen were in the beach vegetation.
Gycads, Licualas and other palms are common.
68 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
With easterly winds there was a good deal of swell in
the south bay but the water was always beautifully clear —
shiny pale green over sand and reefs, darker green in greater
depths.
On the 6th we proceeded to Puket in Junk Seylon Island
and were detained there until the 10th awaiting arrival of
a fresh supply of coal from Penang, but the hospitality of
Mr. J. F. Johiis, H.B.M. Vice-Consul, rendered our stay very
pleasant.
On the 10th we left Puket for Pangnga at the head
of the Gulf of Junk Seylon. The wind was fresh but sea
quite smooth as we steamed north along Palau Panjang a
large island in the middle of the Gulf. Tharua on Junk
Seylon, which we soon passed, was once a Portuguese settle-
ment. In this part of the gulf' there are only two limestone
islets, Pipi and Sot, but nearer the head limestone becomes
dominant and is wonderfully picturesque northwards of
Koh Chanak. It occurs as islets of all shapes and } izes —
icebergs, towers, spires, clift's, serrated ridges, roundec hum-
mocks and overhanging knobs — partially covered with
greenery but showing surfaces of white, grey, buflf, red,
brown purple and slate, while the sea at its bases lies stiU
and deep, dark from shade and reflections.
At the head of the Gulf are wide shallows whence rise
Koh Mak, a low island which is a guiding mark for the
mouth of the Pangnga River and, further north-east, two
limestone blocks between which lies the course to Paklao.
We kept on northwards passing twenty yards west of the
little Pulau Chetek and, stopping for a minute or two at
2.20 p.m. off the village at the seaward end of Pulau Pungi
to engage boats for the journey up river to Pangnga Town,
entered the river between tall limestone peaks and anchored
at 3.40 p.m. off the customs house. Hereabouts the river
runs tlirough mangroves and there are numerous waterways
but many great limestone masses tower above the swampy
level and relieve and beautify the scene.
On the 11th we left for the town in a dugout, some of
which are here very large indeed. It took about an hour
and a half to reach the landing place, passing all the while
through mangroves above which rose limestone hills like
icebergs from a sea. One of these, a mile or more north
of the custom house, bears a likeness to an elephant and is
called Koh or Kao Chang — I don't know which : the one
means " island " and the other " hill " and both would
apply.
At the landing steps, where lay several small cargo
boats, there is a double row of small shops, mostly Chinese,
and the road, rough but partly metalled, runs inland half a
mile till it meets another crossing at right angles ; the left
branch going to Kasom, the right to Pangnga : at the junc-
tion is the Governor's house of white-washed stucco. An
attempt has been made at an avenue. The road runs first
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 69
through rice fields with ckimps and hnes of Borassus pahns
and then turning towards the left traverses undulating coun-
try for a couple of miles before reaching the town, passing
various houses and huts with, on the right, a good police
barracks in a line grassed enclosui'e and a gaol and, on the
left, a post and telegraph office.
The present town is almost entirely of wood and palm
thatch for the old town beyond it and nearer the river was
burnt down about a year ago and the substantial brick walls
and cement floors are all that remain — no attempt apparent-
ly having been made at rebuilding.
Beyond the old site lies the river — a clear shallow
stream in a very broad sandy bed probably full of water in
the summer season. The further side is fringed with a tall
feather-like bamboo concealing houses and gardens and
beyond rises a lofty precipitous range of limestone which
is less regularly duplicated on a smaller scale on the near
side of the stream. Between these two the main road runs
on through fruit orchards and rice fields (divided into un-
usually small units) to Takuapa. Where the town street,
which is only a branch, joins it stands a wat or monastery
in charming grounds.
The shrine is a very plain building with an iron roof
and contained three well gilt images : to the large central
one a white elephant is offering a bottle of beer lifted high
in its trunk. The Abbott's house is a pleasant attap building
and there is also a good wooden bungalow and a large un-
walled shed, while scattered about in the shade are sitting-
platforms. Shady trees, red acalyphas, slender areca palms
and grass lawns make a pretty foreground to the limestone
cliffs which shelter the spot. The Abbott came to talk with
us and sent us glasses of tea : there are too few Siamese
in the town (the population of which is largely Chinese) to
supply sufficient novices to keep the wat in proper condi-
tion : many sick people were refuging with him (influenza) .
Though perhaps I expected rather more after reading
Warington Smyth's description* this is certainly a most
charming place, especially the pretty and restful wat. One
perhaps looked to find the cliff's rather more dominant ; but
though they are very beautiful and striking they do not
overshadow the town.
Fish, vegetables and fruit were for sale and one or two
Indian cloth-merchants had shops : there is now no rest-
Iiouse. On tlie road ply two-seated gharries drawn by
sturdy little Bandon ponies in excellent condition wearing
well-padded collars and saddles.
We got back to the launch at 2.30 p.m., coming down
at dead low tide with many sand and mud banks exposed
along the edge of the mangroves : in the fairway there are
rocks and heavy snags at one or two places so if small
4 Vide Five Years in Siam, Vol. II, p. 15 (1898) In this book the
author recounts his experiences while travelling between Trang and Chump-
orn — the area dealt with in this note (Vol. I, p, 314 — II, p. 33).
70 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums [Vol. X,
vessels attempted to proceed above the Chapsi (or customs
house) they sliould do so with great care and local pilotage.
At the landing place is a small wharf and a stockyard : at
the customs house is also a small wharf and a dozen houses.
Plenty of water was to be had nearby from wells.
We left at sunrise, the early rays tinging with beautiful
colours the limestone hills to westwards some of which
come sheer down into the river. Coming out of the river
mouth Pulau Fungi, seen end on, looked like a huge thumb
sticking out of the water. Behind it is a fiord-like channel
between limestone chff s which leads to Kasom but the usual
way is more to the westward along the mangroves as runs
the route to Pangnga to the east. As we turned west into
Pakra or Pak Phra Strait between Junk Seylon and the
mainland we got our last view of the weird shapes of Koh
Chanuk and the adjacent islets. Some of them have been
embraced by low expansions of land and are now part of
the Peninsula. The softer hilly scenery of the Strait is
pretty — forest, green and yeUow grass and brown burnt
patches. Most of tlie bays along the shores are shallow
and in some of them are stretches of large trees growing
in the sea {? Sonneratea sp.). There are many fish traps
with their attendant wings of stakes.
At the point where the road and telegraph line from
Puket reach the shore there are some houses and a large
sala (rest house) : also here and there along the shores of
the strait are solitary, or little collections of, houses : there
are a few coco-palms. A mile or two from the western
mouth of the straits we stopped to get a pilot off a pretty
little peninsula with a police station and some shops beneath
tall Casuarinas and Barringtonia trees and a fleet of boats
anchored behind it.
We might have done without the pilot as the shoals at
the mouth could be distinguished though the tide was high :
the northern bar was indicated by the breakers and the
southern, which is outside and overlaps, it, was to be located
by its colour. The shores of the exit are low and sandy
and lined with Casuarinas and thereafter, until the hills
forming the entrance to Klong Bagatae or Tung Pran in
Takuatung were reached, we steamed in beautiful calm blue
water along a practically unbroken sand beach fringed with
Casuarinas and backed with forest ; at intervals passing
houses or hamlets with boats drawn up before them on the
shore.
Lem^ Thom Tjob (Lat. 8° 33' N.) the western extremity
of the long point sheltering Klong Bagatae, is 500 ft. high
and covered with wind-swept forest : a reef extends outwards
from the lower northern point. On the opposite side of the
Klong (river), Lem Lajan to the eastward is hilly with
many rocks at its foot but thence sand and Casuarinas run
southward to Ban'' Tapmo. We steamed in beyond the
last to look for a good collecting shore but everj^vhere
5 Cape. 6 Village.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 71
higher up the inlet were mangroves and sand or mud
exposed i^oals apparently blocking up much of the shallow
head : so we turned back and anchored in 5 fathoms
a mile and a half within the western cape near a little beach
and some coco-palms. We had a few visitors — Malay-
speaking Sam Sams.
In the afternoon I walked to Lem Lajan which is on
the boundary between Takuatung, in which we were, and
Takuapa to the north. It lies about Sy^ miles north of
Ban Tapmo over firm sand or short dry gi'ass among the
Casuarinas. The forest behind shaded rather thorny under-
growth : many of the trees bore orchids but their flowering
season was over except for one pale crimson species.
Adjoining the hilly country south of Lem Lajan is a big
sandy lagoon backed by mangroves and the tide was pouring
into this along a channel through the beach : a reef with
rocks borders the shore.
The western point is a low hill covered with open
forest : flowers were few, the most conspicuous being a pale
pinkish-white one spotted with crimson, borne by a plant
2-4 ft. high (Cystacanthiis pnlcherrimas). Fan palms and
Licualas were common and several species of orchids were
numerous above the shore rocks, but all flowerless. A
swampy depression almost cuts off the point and seawards
there is a curious mud and sand lagoon surrounded by
mangroves and littoral vegetation. Eastwards on the main-
land hills rise to about 3,000 ft. and these come down to the
sea at Lem Lajan and northwards.
Traps with lines of stakes (Malay blat and kelong)
seem to be the only form of fishing practiced. The people
of the village, which is an extensive one, kept to themselves.
We left early in the morning of the 16th February.
There was little to be distinguished for some time as
we stood well off to clear the reefs. Approaching the
secondary or middle entrance to Takuapa Inlet, Pak Kruen,
its southern side was seen to be slightly hilly and in part
grass grown. Inland, more or less easterly, a fine conical
hill or small mountain stood out well. The island north
of Pak Kruen, Koh Pra Tung, is quite low and flat with
Casuarinas along its seaward beach. Koh Gab, the northern-
most of the islands forming Takuapa Inlet is separated from
the last by a very narrow entrance where the water showed
pale green and is high and hilly with long beaches divided
from each other by combs of rock : the shore is backed by
Casuarinas and in a few places are houses or little hamlets :
the northern point, Takuapa, or Kopah, Head (Lat. 9° 16'
N.) is rocky and bordered by a reef. On the mainland
opposite are small forested knolls coming down to the sea
and then a long low stretch with Casuarinas and a few
houses : south of this is a wide inlet and south again the
whole Strait seems edged with mangroves. There are many
hills and ranges inland, some of those visible being perhaps
3 to 4,000 ft. high, as is one near the sea with a good many
sloping rock faces on its south-west side. Within the north
72 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. 1 Vol. X,
point of Koh Gah is a fine sand beach with some flat grass
land and Casuarinas behind, a mangrove swamp and some
dense scrub. A mile or two farther south, concealed by
mangroves, lay a small Chinese village in a bight between
hills whence comes an excellent stream of good water in a
rocky bed. The hills above are covered with penetrable
forest in which meander paths connecting oil trees which
after tapping are caulked with bundles of soft bark jammed
into the holes. Here in the hills are some very pretty rocky
water-holes in the bed of the stream : very few plants
were in flower. Near the mouth of the stream were two or
three houses belonging to Chinamen who have married
Siamese women : they have good vegetable gardens, areca
palms and pepper plots.
On the 17th we moved up channel and anchored off* the
northernmost little hillock on Koh Pra Tung, passing on
the way the small exit which seemed quite clear and without
breakers though there were rollers across the mouth. There
is a large space in the interior covered with Melaleuca trees.
On the mainland opposite much the same feature occurred
— a large plain about 10 ft. above high-water level of dry
white sand over which grew grass and scattered shrubs, very
thick at their bases which were clothed with much moss and
immense numbers of orchids. This sand was pure white
and crunched exactly like frozen snow when walked on : it
looked like snow too. Here occurred Bromheadia palustris
while several of the bushes bore pretty pale green or white
flowers {Holarpena pauciflora, Eugenia zeijlanica, etc.).
Elephants were said to be common inland near the moun-
tains.
On the 18th we reached Koh Jam Yai (Big Jam Island)
at 1 p.m. and after passing along a rocky shore in depths of
3 fathoms anchored in a shallow bay on the south-east side,
south of the summit (700 ft.), where there is a neck of low
land behind a considerable reef. Along the north-eastern
part of the island runs an almost continuous beach and the
land is low, dipping from the central hill which shows faces
of rock. Koh Jam Yai (Lat. 9° 30' N.) is about 3 miles long
and one wide and about 5 miles from the mainland.
On the 19th I rowed across depths of 3 — 5 fathoms ;to
the west side of Koh Jam Noi (Little Jam Id.) : here are
no beaches but patches of sand above rocks : the sides were
steep with much large bamboo above them. The Sugar
Loaves to the north are pretty little hilly islets with sand
spits and Casuarinas : we found depths of 4 — 7 fathoms
between them. On Feb. 19th we reached Delisle Island,
about 5 miles long by 2 wide. There are two attractive
bays on the west side, in the southern a few houses, but
the coast is a foul one with many rocks off'-shore : a hill
forming the western point of the island separates the bays.
Rounding the north point we found sand beaches running
for a mile or so towards the eastern point and anchored
in 3 fathoms otf the first (Lat. 9° 45' N.) . A broad flat reef
and sandbank bare at low springs made landing difiicult
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 73
but fiu'ther down, beyond outcrops of rock, the southern
beach seemed cleaner and steeper. The land m our neigh-
bourhood was partly swampy with many rattans and palms,
partly dry and sandy. The forest was not lofty. We found
no water but it was to be obtained on a point, or island, to
the east. The eastern shore of Delisle Id. is low but a hill
rises near the south. On the mainland opposite were high
hills many of them looking rather bare and these with the
smooth green sea and the neighbouring islets made a pretty
scene.
We left at 11 a.m. on the 20th Feb. and steering round
the west side of Saddle island, where there are attractive
Casuarina-bordered beaches contrasting with the mangrove-
fringed northern shore; passed south of the Lighthouse and
east of everything else up to Koh Phi (the lighthouse island)
outside Renong River where we anchored. On the south
side of the mouth is a village at the foot of a small hill and
a little farther on the opposite bank is the Customs station
with a well built sea-wall and jetty beneath another little
hill. At low tide the sand and mud banks at the river-
mouth almost close the entrance. Inland up-stream are
mangroves and beyond them a frontal range largely treeless
and brown but assuming beautiful tones in the afternoon
light : behind all are the peaks of the main range covered
with forests.
On the 23rd we paid a visit to Renong town, going up-
stream at low tide. Except that it passed two or three little
hillocks the river winds among mangroves and much mud
and sand were exposed. After a couple of miles we passed
a landing place and row of buildings on our right where
a number of boats and lighters lay high and dry : soon after
we repeatedly found shallow water and had to wait for the
rising tide and after about two miles more the stream,
branching, became too shallow for our boat so we returned
to the landing place, meeting on the way down canoes going
up laden with firewood. On shore we got a 2-pony victoria
and travelling along a fair road, south of which is a wide
plain being worked for tin with dredgers, passed numerous
Siamese and Chinese shops and stalls and in about two miles
reached the beginning of the town proper. Here were
better-class shops, some of brick and stucco, cinemas, post
and telegraph office and a good neat gendarmerie barracks.
We first called at a substantial brick courthouse on an espla-
nade with a pavilion and football ground and then v/ent up
a low hill to the governor's office, a good and large brick
building where we saw an English-speaking official — the
governor being absent. Langsuan on the east coast, we
learnt, could be reached from here in three days on foot
along a track of sorts. Renong town lies long and straggling
between the government quarter and the landing stage and
is of the usual nondescript peninsular type, largely Chinese,
with no particular features ; the most notable being the
house of the old Rajah who governed here before the Civil
Service System was introduced : it stood in a large tree-
74 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
planted space surrounded by walls twenty or more feet high
with a large summer-house over the gate : the roads were
pretty good and there were some fair residences : in the
Chinese stores plenty of tinned provisions were to be had
but there was little fruit. The place was dry and dusty,
larger than Pangnga but not nearly so picturesque.
A few Europeans of the tin dredging company live and
have their repairing shops here and a good deal of Malay
is understood.
On the 23rd we crossed the Pakchan estuary to Victoria
Point in Burma and anchored off the jetty (Lat. 10° N.).
The settlement seems to have grown a little since I was
there twenty years ago. Though with its paths, tree-dotted
grassy slopes and red-roofed houses it looks attractive from
a distance it does not improve with acquaintance — the
bazaar is small and squalid with little stock, the paths are
of clay and very rough and in the rainy season must be very
muddy, and the grass is lallang. But from the Wireless
Station on the ridge the view over sea, islands and main-
land to the mountains is wonderful. A road to Maliwun is
metalled for the first eight miles, beyond it has been aban-
doned and the bridges are down; but it can still be traversed
by motor-cycle in the dry season. The place was in charge
of a sub-divisional officer and a European Inspector of
Police : there were besides a Eurasian preventive officer, an
Asiatic doctor in charge of a small hospital, and the staff
of the wireless installation. No supplies were to be had
but water from wells was good. The surroundings are
beautiful : but as a settlement Victoria Point does not com-
pare well even with such a Malayan Sleepy Hollow as Lumut
in the Bindings.
On the 24th we took in firewood and a pilot at Renong
river and left at 11 a.m. The Pakchan is a fine broad estuary
in the lower part, though interrupted by several islands and
almost entirely fringed with mangroves : inland the hills
rise to some height in places (1,000 — 2,000 ft.) but they are
set far back from the shore and are not impressive: Waring-
ton Smyth's reference to its appearance as resembling a
northern fiord and having an air of magnitude does not seem
justified.'^
There are hardly any signs of population in the lower
part except a few scattered houses and hamlets and a fish-
trap here and there : also there are practically no clearings.
We had no difficulty in proceeding as far as Well Hill
(23 miles) but there we got onto our first shoal and after-
wards we had to sound a good deal — for the pilot proved use-
less — to find sufficient water for the launch which draws
6-7 ft. Above Well Hill there are more signs of hal itation
on both Burmese and Siamese banks : mangroves give
place to Nipa palms while a belt of flat coinitry begins to
border the estuary which now becomes more river-like.
We anchored at the landing place of Namchut or Kraburi,
7 Op cit. II, p. 31.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 75
the principal village of the old state of Kra, now merged in
Renong : a couple of miles ahead on the Burmese side we
could see the police station and dak bungalow of Marang
on a low bare hill.
From the landing stage backed by a few shops a well-
kept bridle path ran through rice-fields, which commenced
right behind the Nipas, to the Muang or town of Namchut.
Less than a mile inland are the office and house of the
Ampurr*^ a neat police station and some shops and houses
whence the track and telegraph wire continue northwards
to Chumpom and southwards to Renong. Beyond the
village is a wat with several wooden bungalows and a large
iron-roofed sala, or resting-place, and on a slight hill above
it a temple with thirteen images of Buddlia. There is a
pretty view from the temple showing the dried-up rice
fields, clumps of fruit trees, bamboo, secondary growth
and distant hills and forest : and the regular and dense belts
of Nipa palms along the river look like raised embank-
ments. We woke next morning to find everything drenched
with moisture and shrouded in a dense mist which did not
disperse until 8 o'clock.
On the 25th we left the launch at 1.30 p.m. oJ^i a rising
tide and rowed up stream sounding as we went. Screens of
Nipa hid the country inland : at about 2^2 miles we jDassed
Marang dak bungalow on its bare hill and about 2 miles
farther up came to the first clear view on the west side —
steep banks of earth with the ground running back sharply
and level, covered with rice or grass. Above Marang houses
become more numerous but many of them are hidden by
the Nipas. At about live miles we came to Mamoh on the
Siamese bank and from thereon the view became more open
over rice fields with houses, low characteristic barns, clumps
of trees, palms, bamboos and partially forested low hills.
At about 7% miles we reached a substantial landing stage
and found a bungalow a hundred yards inshore and also
the termination of a good broad earth road coming in from
the N.E. This place was Tapli : a village lay half a mile
farther up stream and after interviewing the Phu-yai-ban
(headman) we set off on our return journey, arriving at the
launch at 8 p.m.
On Feb. 26th we took the launch up river at low tide
touching once on a rock in mid-stream: anchored at Mamoh
after haJf an hour's journey. From here a track runs to
Tapli in about 40 minutes through small forest, scrub,
fenced-in houses and gai'dens. On both sides of the river this
district is fairly populated and must produce a good deal of
rice : it owns elephants and many buffaloes.
A track southwards runs through ricefields and land
enclosed by bamboo fences, barbed wire and euphorbia
hedges. There is a modest wat on a small hill. The coun-
try, all under rice where irrigable, was now covered with
brown and tawny stubble pleasantly contrasting with the
a District Officer.
76 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
palms, fruit trees, bamboos and patches of scrub and jungle
dotted about : in the distance were hills partly forest, partly
scrub-covered. Numerous and large herds of buffaloes
made rambling about nervous work for a solitary white
man. Mamoh contains several Chinese shops. Between
3 and 8 a.m. in the morning a dense shroud of mist always
lay over the country.
On Mai'ch 1st we sent our men and baggage up to Tapli
in a small cargo boat. The Lord Lieutenant of the Monthon
(Puket) was expected and Mamoh had been making a land-
ing-place for his use : unfortunately it did not extend out
to low tide level but ended in mud two feet deep. The Lord-
Lieutenant did not go ashore at Mamoh.
The journey from Mamoh to Tapli takes longer by
water than by land, but at high tide it is a pretty one as the
ricefields come right to the edges of the banks in places.
Tapli is the name of the landing place : the village beyond is
called Ban Wang Tapoh'-'. A fair-sized bridge was being
built over the stream along which it lies. (Klong Wang).
The view from Tapli was very fine — westward across
the river lay ricefields with a few scattered houses and fruit
trees with low hills beyond : northwards the river winds
among flat ricefields coming from low hills many miles
away with beyond them a mountain range of about 2,000 ft.
running S.E. & N.W. Clumps of trees palms and bamboos
diversified the rice lands and in the evening with the low
light shining on the river and the hills a glorious deep grey-
blue or purple the vista was exquisite.
The hills beyond the bungalow were covered with trees
and much bamboo and the undergrowth was very light.
Every morning the heavy white mist lay over the river
valley : the daily rise and fall of the stream was still con-
siderable (8-10 ft.).
Having at length hired eleven elephants for our equip-
ment (the local animals carry a ridiculously small load)
I left TapU on foot at 10.20 a.m. on March 10th affer seeing
the first lot of our baggage well away. For the first five
kilometres to Eakchan village the trans-peninsular road-to-
be ran north through scrub and ricefields fallow under grass.
At the village which is the last for many miles was a police
station and a long bridge over a broad stream between high
banks — the Klong In Song which the road follows, a tribu-
tary of the Pakchan rising in the Central range not far from
the sources of the Klong Tasan, on the eastern side of the
divide, which runs to the Gulf of Siam south of Chumpom.
Thence the road with the telegraph line passes through
uninteresting scrub, first eastwards, then south and again
east until it reaches the main range which is covered with
evergreen forest. The boundary between Renong and
Chumporn is 18 kilometres from Wang Tapoh : the pass
by which the road proceeds is low — only about two hundred
9 Ban or Bang = House or Village.
1920J Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 77
and fifty ft. — and Tasan our next stopping place, lies at the
eastern foot of the lulls 2^/4 kilometres farther on.
Tasan is not a village but only the station of the engineer
of the Railway Department who is in charge of road con-
struction. The latter is at present of earth only and is
impassible in the wet season : the bridges are all of rough
wood and there is a considerable amount of cutting and
embankment : after the first two hours from Tapli there is
a good deal of water (the Klong In Song) along or across the
track.
Tasan lies in a basin into which the elephant track,
following quite a different route from the road, enters from
the south-west. The house of the Engineer, Signor Giacone;
his office, clerks quarters, coolie lines and a vegetable
garden on the flat, make up the settlement. The elephants
took about 6 hours on the journey, I and my boy 3% hours.
We temporarily unloaded into an old shed and I spent the
night with the very hospitable engineer. Next day I set up
the tents and made camp beneath some trees near the station
between the Klong Tasan and a little tributary of good
water and we moved the luggage into it. Deer flies were
troublesome and in the evening a huge species of mosquito
was active. Seven elephants were sent back for the remain-
ing baggage for which shelters were ready and which arrived
next day with Robinson.
The engineer and his household were all ill with fever
from which he had already lost tlu'ee servants. Tigers also
were bad and had recently taken from a stable within 30
yards of the house a pony and a cow. As a collecting
locality, however, the place looked promising though the
walk from Tapli was very uninteresting while the hard open
road and hot sun had been rather trying.
At Tasan we had excellent di*y weather but hot to us —
the shade temperature one afternoon being 95°, though
generally it was about 92° : at daybreak it was about 68 ° ;
but once when it fell to 65° the night seemed very cold.
In the neighbourhood the country is undulating and
nowhere steep : walking in the valleys is easy. There was
a great deal of bamboo in the forest which, fairly dense on
the flat, was sufficiently open to allow moving about with
ease on the hill tops ; much of this bamboo was fruiting.
There was no great abundance of plants in flower nor
were there many orchids : blossom was commonest on
bushes and climbers and on a few inconspicuous little plants.
Clear-water streams were numerous across the tracks and
in damp spots leeches were troublesome while bush-ticks
abounded eveiywhere. The camp was a pleasant one owing
to its dryness and the absence of mosquitoes ; but several
of our men had short attacks of fever. Elephants frequent-
ly passed through Tasan and a few Siamese went to and fro,
but there was no cart traffic.
Twelve elephants having arrived from Chumporn, on
the 28th March we saw a start made with loading-up and
78 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
ourselves set off at 7.30 a.m. The road led through forest
(Tamaila 9 kms.) and crossed a number of streams and dry
gullies : at 20 kms. it passed near the end of a long lime-
stone hill — the first met with, though later other isolated
ones cropped up in the plains. Beyond this one got out of
the hills, and bamboo and other scrubs became more fre-
quent on the flat. At 11.07 a.m. came Sep Yuan (24 kms.)
where stood a road-overseer's house on the north bank of
the Klong (River) Tasan wliich flows into Chumporn Bay
though the town itself is on another river, the Klong Kapao,
which has a common estuary with the Tasan.
Beyond Sep Yuan the road is older, broader and very
largely overgrown with short grass — very dry and sUppery.
Houses, fruit trees,- grass land and rice fields border it now
all the way to Chumporn : the " ton-ta " palm (Borassus)
was numerous in the paddy lands ; coco and areca palms
and bamboo lined the road. The houses were of negative
character without distinctive features. Soon after midday
I had had enough : it was now very hot in the sunlit road
(95° in the shade) though the earlier hours had happily been
cloudy : the railway bridge over the Klong Kapao was a
welcome sight and ten minutes later I reached the Chumporn
Resthouse (35 kms. = 22 miles) at 1.50 p.m. Robinson
arrived at 4 p.m. The walk along the hard hot road gave
both of us very sore feet.
Of Chumporn town not much need be said : it is one
of the places where railway travellers to and from Bangkok
have to spend a night (Lat. 10° 30' N.).
It consists in the main of one long street of shops con-
taining tin and iron ware, cotton goods, lamps, food ; a gaol
with a galvanised iron stockade, a new government office — a
long wooden building on piles facing the less ambitious old
one, post and telegraph office and official's houses. A
holiday of 19 days, general at this period of the hot dry
season, was taking its course.
On the 30th, thanks to the kindness of the Governor,
we made a trip down river in a motorboat starting from the
boat-house of the royal rest-house. The river is pretty, its
clear deep green water running between high steep banks
backed by bamboos, palms and fruit trees with houses at
intervals. Nearer the sea the shores fall away and Nipa
palms and mangroves take the place of other trees.
In an hour and a half we reached a large fishing village
at the mouth ; a slack period was on and preparations were
being made for the fishing season : boats were being re-
paired, screens made, nets mended. In the busy se^:Son the
.population is probably a couple of thousand — mostly
Chinese. The boats, viking-like craft, have a high straight
stem, two rudders, raking stern and one very raking mast.
There is a bazaar, a good customs house, small police-
station and a lighthouse on an island. The shores of the
estuary are generally low.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 79
On the 31st March, all our baggage having arrived, we
went by train northwards to Koh Lak, or Prachuap Kirikan,
in S.W. Siam and in that state we collected for three weeks
but the country was so dry and flowerless that no botanical
material was obtained.
I had the assistance of a native collector at Mamoh,
Tapli and Tasan and his statements as to the size and nature
of the plant from which he obtained his specimens may
occasionally be unreliable : colours, however, being noted
from the fresh specimens are correct.
This account is very superficial : it is written merely
to give an idea of the localities visited and worked and does
not attempt to deal with the flora or fauna of those places.
The latter will be recorded in other papers : in this 380
plants are dealt with, of which 59 species or varieties are
described as new.
Apparently what Mr. Ridley means in this report by
" Malay Peninsula " is not the whole of the Malay Penin-
sula, which extends northwards as far as the head of the
Gulf of Siam (Lat. 13° 30' N.) ; but only the southern
portion below Lat. 7° N., i.e., practically the Malay States :
but exclusive of the Malay district of Perils and inclusive
of the Siamese State of " Patani."
The northern limit of the true Malaysian flora, which
covers the southern half of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo and — to a less extent — Java, and of which the con-
tinental section may be called Malayan, seems to be a line
joining the towns of Alor Star (in Kedah) and Singgora
(at the entrance to the Inland Sea) .
Botanical features confirm what geological investiga-
tions indicate — that this boundary was the coast line of what
was once an island but what has since become the southern
half of the Malay Peninsula. ^'^
I would call this Alor Star — Singgora hue a major
transverse break in the Malay Peninsula and am inchned
to think that there is another between Bandon and Pangnga,
and perhaps Bandon and Trang.
The pass across the Isthmus of Kra, between Pakchan
and Chumporn, to which so much attention has been given,
is a mere dip in the mountain range there and seems to be
structurally and biologically of very little importance.
Mr. Ridley elsewhere calls the flora of Peninsular Siam
the " Tenasserim Flora " and the choice of the name seems
a reasonable one ; for though the area in which it occurs is
politically Siam yet the plants of a great part of that State
are much the same as those of Tenasserim and the flora of
the latter region was by a long period the first to be investi-
gated and known.
10 Scrivenor, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 59, July igii,
"The Geological Structure of the Malay Peninsula," pp. 1-13 (vide pp.
2,8,9.).
Kidley, torn, cit., "The Flora of Lower Siam," pp. 15-26 (vide pp.
15, 16,); id.ib., " A Botanical Expedrtion to Lower Siam, " pp 37-60 (vide pp.
27, 29, 30, 55, 56, 59, 60).
80 Journal of the F.M.S. Mnseuma. [Vol. X,
Between the Malayan and Tenasserimese floras there
must be a transition zone, or area where the two floras
overlap and intermingle, though the zone is probably not
so broad as the zoological one between Indo-Chinese and
Malaysian animals since the latter are more adventurous
than plants.
When travelling between Penang and Bangkok by rail-
way I have been struck more than once by the apparant
(for I am no botanist) marked difference in the vegetation
north and south of the Bandon River ; and it may be that as
the Malayan flora extends practically without adulteration
north to about Singgora so does the pure Tenasserimese
flora stretch southwards to Junk Seylon : and that
the area between the Bandon and Singgora breaks
constitutes a true intermediate region which has
derived its vegetation from both north and south ; though
probably for climatic reasons, and possibly because of a
less effective break near Bandon, northern plants are more
numerous in it.
Perhaps we have, therefore, three floras : — a Tenas-
serimese, a Malayo-Tenasserimese and a Malayan one : but
they all occur in the Malay Peninsula.
Not only is there a north and* south difference but there
is also one of east and west : this may be superficial and
unimportant and due to the presence or absence of certain
forms of vegetation rather than to different floras ; but
anyone who has travelled or sailed along both shores of the
northern part of the Peninsula from Mergui to Penang and
from Bangkok to Singgora cannot fail to be struck by the
contrast between the more forested west and the more
grassy and scrub-covered east.
Though perhaps arising from nature of the land surface
these differences should be kept in mind while analysing
the flora as long as collections are few and sporadic.
DILLENIACEAE.
1. Delima sarmentosa, L.
Koh Jam Yai : Tree ; flowers white ; 6628. Distrib.
India, Malaya. This plant is a scandent shrub.
2. DiUenia aurea, Sm.
Tapli : Petals bright lemon-yellow, centre apricot-
yellow ; tree ; 6731. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula.
ANONACEAE.
3. Desmos chinensis, Lour.
Tapli : Fruit green, tipped paler ; small tree, 8 ft. ;
6794. Distrib. Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula.
4. Melodorum rubiginosum. Hook. fil.
Tapli : Mixed with Desmos discolor ; 6794.
5. Orophea cuneiformis, King
Tasan : Green, base of petals pink ; 7002. Distrib.
Malay Peninsula.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 81
6. Miliusa filipes, sp. nov.
Branchlets pubescent. Leaves thin, elliptic, bluntly
cuspidate, base narrowed, blunt, slightly unequal ; nerves
about 10 pairs inarching '2 in. from the edge, elevate be-
neath with few transverse and reticulate nervules, glabrous
or sparsely hairy with rather long hairs on petiole and mid-
rib, 5 • 25 in. long, 1 • 5 in. wide, petiole very short. Flowers
solitary, axillary, on filiform peduncles -75 in. long. Petals
ovate, blunt, -4 in. long, -2 in. wide, finely dotted.
Tasan ; Greenish-yellow, red at base ; 6968. Allied to
M. longipes. King, of the Malay Peninsula but not glabrous,
with very short petioles and larger flower.
7. Goniothalamus undulatus, sp. nov.
Pubescent shrub 5 ft. tall. Leaves thin, oblong, shortly
blunt, cuspidate, base cuneate, edge undulate, glabrous ex-
cept the pubescent midrib beneath ; nerves slender, 11 pairs,
inarching far from midi'ib, 7 in. long, 2-75 in. wide ; petiole
•4 in. long, pubescent. Flowers (all detached) apparently
solitary, pedicel • 1 in. long. Sepals ovate broad, ribbed, • 25
in. long, red, hairy ; outer petals thick, coriaceous, ovate^
lanceolate -75 to 1 in. long, red hairy ; inner petals half as
long, broad, triangular hairy.
Tasan : Pale green ; 5 ft. ; 6836. Undoubtedly near
G. tamirensis, Pierre of Cochin-China, but much less hairy
all over and flowers much larger. .
SCHIZANDRACEAE
8. Kadsura Roxburghiana, Arn.
Tasan : Fruit green to scarlet ; 7051. Distrib. India.
CAPPARIDACEAE.
9. Capparis Klossii, sp. nov.
Climber. Branches puberulous, armed with short,
recurved thorns in pairs. Leaves large, thin, coriaceous,
glabrous above ; midrib and nerves 7 pairs elevate beneath,
pubescent •, nerves inaiching within the margin, transverse,
nervules few, 9 ins. long, 5 in. wide ; petiole thick -5 in.
long with 2 thorns at base. Raceme terminal, 8 in. long.
Flowers numerous, pedicel 1 in. long or less. Bracts
lanceolate; spathulate, petioled -5 in. long, -08 in. wide,
petiole as long as blade between a pair of deflexed hooks.
Sepals rounded coriaceous, -4 in. long. Petals oblong,
ovate, clawed, '5 in. long, white. Stamens very numerous
1-25 in. long. Gynophore slender, 2 in. long, ovary ovoid
with a short stigmatic point, -1 in. long. Tasan : petals
white ; climber ; 6845.
This striking Capparis has the largest leaves of any
I know from Asia. It is most closely allied to C. trinervia,
also from this region, but the flowers are not ferruginous
and the leaves larger and not clearly 3-nerved as in that
species. j
82 Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol. X,
10. Capparis micracantha, DC.
Tapli : White, 2 petals partly yellow or reddish-brown ;
6763 : White, bases of petals yellowish brown ; 2 ft. high ;
6737. Pulau Mohea : White, lip crimson ; straggling
shrub ; 6527. Distrib. Siam, South to Kedah
11. Cralaeva macrocarpa, Kurz.
Tasan : Stamens purple, petals pale yellow-white ; 6932 :
White, stems of petals green ; stamens dull crimson ; tree.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
VIOLACEAE.
12. Alsodeia Kunstleriana, var. latifolia, var. nou.
Leaves broad, elliptic, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, Tasan ;
Greenish yellow ; 3 ft. ; 7028. I take this to be a form of
A. Kunsteriana, King, of the Malay Peninsula but the type
form of this has quite narrow lanceolate leaves.
13. Alsodeia mollis, Hook. fil.
Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens yellow : 6696.
Tapli ; white ; 6788. Distrib. Tenasserim.
14. Alsodeia racemosa. Hook. fil.
Tapli : White ; tree ; 6750. This is based upon a
specimen labelled ** species violaceae, Nov. 1835 " from
Griffith's collections in Hooker's herbarium and attributed
to Assam where Griffith was collecting at that date, but
there is another specimen from Mergui, Griffith, in Wight's
collection. It is clear that there is a mistake in the first
labelling. The plant is unlike any other species in having
racemes of flowers and producing these when the leaves
are fallen, at least usually. There are no leaves on the Tapli
plant.
POLYGALACEAE.
15. Xanthophyllum Affine, Korth.
Taph : Fruit green ; tree ; 6729. Distrib. India,
Malaya.
16. Xanthophyllum Kin^i, Chodat.
Taph ; Shrub ; 6776. Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
Both these specimens in fruit only, but I think rightly
identified.
GUTTIFERAE.
17. Garcinia sp.
Tree. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, long, narrowed to
base, drying grey, rather thinly coriaceous, midrib pro-
minent ; nerves slender, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole • 3 in.
long, thick angled. Flowers solitaay below leaves, sub-
sessile. Sepals ovate, round, -25 in. long. Petals rather
longer, round. Fruit ovoid, globose, red, -4 in. tlirough.
Stigma of about 20 pustules. Tapli : Fruit dull crimson ;
tree ; 6875.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 83
TERNSTROEMIACEAE.
18. Ternstroemia penangiana Wall.
Tasan : White : tree ; 6970. Distrib. Malay Penin-
sula.
19. Schima Noronhae, Reinw.
Mainland shores of Takuapa : Yellow to deep orange ;
5 to 8 ft. high ; 6617. Distrib. India and Malaya.
I never saw it with yellow flowers, and it is generally
at least more than 8 ft. tall.*
DIPTEROCARPACEAE.
20. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn.
Tasan : Base white to sahnon, tips yellow ; large tree ;
6858 : Base white, tips crimson ; tree ; 6925. Distrib.
Burma to north of Malay Peninsula. Fallen corollas only
sent. (Malay Name " Krueng.")
21. Vatica faginea, Dyer.
Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; buds lilac-green,
fruits red ; 6629. Distrib. Tenasserim, Siam.
22. Pachynocarpus Wallichii, King.
Tapli : Yellow ; tree ; 6748. Distrib. Malay Penin-
sula.
This is a big leaved and big flowered form ; some of
the leaves measure 12 ins. long and 5 ins. wide.
ANCISTROCLADACEAE.
23. Ancistrocladus Griffiihii, Planch.
Koh Goh : Flowers pale green ; woody climber.
Distrib. Mergui.
MALVACEAE.
24. Hibiscus tiliaceus, L.
Klong Bagatae : Flowers red to reddish-yellow ; throat
deep crimson ; large bush, 20 ft. high ; 6566. Koh Pipidon ;
6544.
25. Hibiscus macrophyllus, Roxb.
Tapli : Tree ; hard fruit, silky golden ; 6767. Distrib.
India to Malay Peninsula.
26. Thespesla populnea, Carr.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers yellow to red ; tree ; 6543 and
6550. Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa.
27. Sida rhombifolia, L.
TapU : Yellow ; 2 ft. high ; 6811. Distrib. Tropics.
28. Urena lobata, L.
Tasan : Deep pink, throat crimson ; 6878. Distrib.
Tropic*.
• Possibly some confusion of labels had occurred when the
specimens were unpacked. — G.B.K.
84 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
STERCULIACEAE.
29. Sterculia laevis, Wall.
Tasan : Green ; 6905. Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
30. Sterculia rubiginosa var. ensifolia. Mast.
Nam Chut : Flowers red to yellowish ; 6692. Renong
River mouth ; inflorescence pink ; 6649. Distrih. Malay
Peninsula.
31. Helicteres hirsuta. Lour.
Tasan : Carmine pink ; 4 f t. ; 6890 : Pink to crimson,
base of upper petals yellowish ; 4 ft. ; 6948. Distrih. Siam,
North of Malay Peninsula.
TILIACEAE.
32. Elaeocarpus tectonaefolius, sp. nov.
Tree : Branches velvety ; Leaves broadly ovate, base
cordate, tip rounded, thin-textiu*ed above, except the velvety
midrib and nerves beneath, nerves 10 pairs and prominent
reticulations hairy, 12 in. long, 8 in. wide ; petiole tomentose,
4' 5 in. long, deeply grooved above with short, simple or
branched processes on the side of the groove. Stipules
broadly rounded, oblong, strongly nerved, • 5 in. wide, • 4 in.
long, top rounded truncate. Racemes axillary, 4 in. long,
tomentose. Flowers rather distant, pedicels, -5 in. long.
Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, • 15 in. long, pubescent. Petals
little longer, oblong obcuneate, apex fimbriate, hairy.
Stamens ; filaments linear, narrow with a tuft of hairs at the
top. Ovary pubescent, ellipsoid, cone-shaped, 3-celled,
• 1 in. ; style pubescent, longer. Disc undulate lobed, pro-
minent, velvety.
TapU : Tree ; 6761.
This remarkable plant is only related to Blume's
Elaeocarpus macrophyllus of Java, resembUng it in the
large thin leaves and the large stipules. It is quite distinct
in the velvety covering, cordate leaves and anthers crowned
with short hairs.
RUTACEAE.
33. Evodia viticina, Wall. Cat. 1219.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white, stamens yellow, sepals
and bracts pale yellowish green ; 6558. This is only known
from the Tenasserim district. The foUage in these speci-
mens is stiff er and more polished than in the type.
34. Acronychia Porteri, Hook. fil.
Tasan : Pale green, centre yeUow ; tree ; 7009. Distrih.
Malay Peninsula.
35. Micromelum pubescens, Bl.
Mamoh : Fruit green ; tree ; 6708. Distrih. Indo-
Malaya.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 85
36. Clausena excavata, Burm.
Tapli : Small tree ; flowers greenish, stamens yellow ;
6818. Distrih. India, Malaya.
37. Clausena hirta, sp. nov.
Shrub : 3 ft. tall, entirely shortly densely hairy. Leaves
22 in. long, leaflets 9 or 10, lowest pair round, ovate, crenu-
late, 3 in. long, 2 in. wide, upper ones oblique, elliptic, blunt,
cuspidate, base cuneate inaequilateral ; nerves 7 or 8 pairs
inarching within the edge, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide. All thinly
herbaceous, glabrous above and hairy on the nerves beneath,
thickly covered with translucent glands and dotted over
with larger sparser dark brown ones ; petiolules • 05 in. long,
hairy. Panicle hairy 8 in. long with branches 1 • 5 in. long
at base and shorter upwards bearing short, few-flowered
cymes, 8 or fewer on each. Flowers very shortly pedicelled.
Calyx and lobes short, 5. Petals imbricate in a globose
mass, • 1 in. long, oblong. Stamens 8, filaments short, thick,
narrowed at base. Anther larger, thick. Ovary 5-lobed.
Style short and thick. Fruit suh-globose, • 1 in. long when
di-y, closely set with large punctate glands.
Tasan : Petals pale green, stamens yellow ; 3 ft. ; 7035.
Allied to C. heptaphylla, W. & A., but densely hairy.
OCHNACEAE.
38. Ochna grandis, Ridl.
Delisle Island. off Takuapa : Scandent bush 25 ft. high ;
yellow, stamens brown ; 6640. Distrih. Perils.
I am not certain whether Pierre's O. Harmandi is not
the same species and perhaps both are to be referred to
O. Wallichii, Planchon.
CHAILLETIACEAE.
39. Chailletia longipetala, Turcz.
Taph : White ; small tree ; 6782 : Petals lilac at tip ;
climber ; 6801 ( ?) . Distrib. Tenasserim.
OLACINEAE.
40. Erythropalum scandens, Bl.
Nam Chut : Flowers yellow ; chmber ; 6681. Distrib.
India, Malay Peninsula.
CELASTRINEAE.
41. Euonymus javanicus, Bl.
Tapli : Tree ; petals green, purphsh brown at base ;
6972. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
42. Microtropis discolor, WaU.
Tasan : White ; 2 ft. high ; 6985: White ; 6 ft. liigh ;
6999 and 6838.
86 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
43. Hippocratea ferruginea, King, {Salacia Griffithii,
Laws) .
Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens tipped yellow.
Distrih. Trang, Peninsular Siam.
44. Salacia flavescens, Korth.
Delisle Island off Takuapa : Yellow to salihon-red ;
6939. Tapli : Wliite, stamens yellow ; 6774 (var. ovalis) .
Distrih. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula.
45. Salacia grandiflora, Kurz.
Nam Chut : Flowers white ; bush ; 6666 : Fruit scarlet ;
6691.
46. Salacia latifolia, Wall.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers dull greenish-yellow, centres
dark greenish brown ; 6554. Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
47. Salacia viminea. Wall.
Koh Gah : Flowers greenish yellow ; bush, 6 ft. ; 6601.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
48. Salacia verrucosa, Wight.
Nam Chut : Greenish yeUow ; shrub ; 6706. Tasan :
Yellowish green ; climber ; 6947.
The latter with rather thinner and smaller leaves.
Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Islands.
49. Salacia garcinioides sp. nov.
Shrubby, branches, rather slender. Leaves alternate
or sub-opposite, elliptic, blunt, cuspidate, coriaceous ; nerves
inconspicuous, 7 pairs, 4 in. long, 1 • 75 in.' wide, petiole • 25
in. long ; young leaves thinner and more fleshy, drying
orange. Flowers small in axillary fascicles of 13 or 14 on
small tubercles with minute persistent ovate bracts.
Pedicels slender '5 in. long. Sepals very short, rounded,
ovate. Petals 5, oblong, fleshy, keeled on the back.
Stamens 3, sunk in the disc. Style very short, hardly pro-
jecting. Tasan : Yellowish green ; climber ; 6875 (?).
The specimens have much the appearance of a Garci-
nia. The httle yellowish flowers in fascicles are not very
like any other species.
RHAMNEAE.
50. Zizyphus oenoplia, Mill. var. ornata, var. nov.
Climber ; branches and nerves beneath, leaves densely
bright red, tomentose. Mamoh : climber ; yellowish green ;
6917. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula to the Islands. The
pretty form described above was collected in Tenasserim
by Heifer.
51. Colubrina asiatica, Brngn.
Koh Pipidon : Fruit brown ; tree ; 6551.
AMPELIDEAE.
52. Vitis Hookeri, Laws.
Tasan : Firuit brown ; climber ; 7022 : Greenish yellow ;
7042. Distrih. India.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 87
53. Vitis Robinsonii, sp. nov.
Stems slender, herbaceous, 4-angled below, young parts
hairy, red. Leaves herbaceous, simple, glabrous when
adult, oblong-lanceolate, base broad rounded or cordate with
round lobes, edge closely toothed, apex acuminate ; nerves
elevate, keeled and sinuate on the back, 8 pairs, 2-3 in. long,
•75-1*25 in. wide ; petiole '2 in. long ; stipules oblong, tip
broadly rounded, • 1 in. long. Tendrils rather long, simple ;
corymbs -3 in. wide, subsessile, many flowered, dense,
pubescent. Flowers yellow. Pedicels -15 in. long or much
shorter. Calyis: cupular with an undulate 4-lobed edge.
Petals oblong, blunt, -05 in., yellow tipped red, 4. Style
rather long. Tasan : Yellow, petals tipped red externally ;
stems and qalyx red ; leaves veined red ; climber ; 6942.
This pretty vine is allied to V. discolor, Dalz. but is
pubescent with winged nerves on the leaf backs, closely
toothed leaves and sub-sessile inflorescence.
SAPINDACEAE.
54. Erioglossum edule, Bl.
Taph : White ; 6787. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
STAPHYLEACEAE.
55. Turpinia martabanica, Wall.
(Label lost). Distrib. Burma.
ANACARDIACEAE.
56. Anacardium occidentale, L.
Koh Gah : Bushy tree ; flowers white to pink ; 6600
and 6602. Distrib. Tropics generally. Native of South
America.
57. Buchanania acuminata,. Turcz.
Klong Bagatae : Flowers white, fruits brownish-red ;
large bush ; 6567. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Penmsula.
58. Gluta Tavoyana, Hook. fil.
Nam Chut : Flower yellowish ; calyx crimson ; fruit
purple-green ; shrub, 4 ft. ; 6690. Distrib. Tenasserim.
This is certainly near G. elegans of Penang but the
flowers are smaller. The fruit is obliquely round-elliptic,
flattened, 1-5 in. long, 1-25 in. wide and about -25 in.
through.
59. Gluta coarctata, Hook. fil.
Taph : White tinged with pink at the top, 6809. Tree
40 ft. Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
MELIACEAE.
60. Sandoricum nervosum, Bl.
Mamoh : Green ; tree ; 6701.
61. Aglaia odoratissima, Bl.
Tasan : Yellow ; large tree ; 6898. Distrib. Malay
Peninsula.
88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
62. Aglaia ienuicaulis, Hiem.
Tasan : Fruit yellowish brown ; 6979. Distrib. Malay
Peninsula.
63. Amoora racemosa, sp. nov.
Tree 30 ft. taU. Leaves 12 in. long, leaflets 7, elliptic
obovate, shortly blunt, acuminate, thinly coriaceous,
glabrous ; nerves 9 pairs, rather slender, elevate beneath,
7-5 in. long, 3*5 in. wide, petiolule -2 in. long, swollen at
base. Racemes 2-3 together, very slender up to a foot
long, glabrous with flowers • 15 in. apart, scattered. Pedi-
cels • 1 in. long. Flowers globose, white. Sepals 5, round
free, ciliate, pubescent on the edge. Corolla • 1 in. long ;
lobes imbricate 4, two outer ones coriaceous. Staminal
tube round, lobes rounded, anthers on the inner face below
the lobes 8, oblong. Ovary small, hairy ; style stout, rather
long. Stigma orbicular, flat. Tasan ; calyx green ; centre
white ; 7039.
This species. approaches the Aphanamixis section in its
slender inflorescence of scattered flowers, but the flowers
are much smaller and pedicelled, the stamens only 8.
CONNARACEAE.
64. Rourea intermedia, sp. nov.
Leaves 4 in. long, rachis slender, puberulous, leaflets
over 20, coriaceous pubescent beneath, above shining,
oblong, shortly blunt acuminate, base rounded ; nerves about
8 pairs, obscure, reticulations and nervules as conspicuous
on both sides, 1 — 1*5 in. long, -5 in. wide ; petiolule minute.
Flowers not seen. Fruit-spikes 3 in. long, pubescent.
Calyx in fruit • 12 in. long, lobes round. Carpels '5 in. long,
upper part recurved, blunt, glabrous. Seed ellipsoid quite
covered by aril. (Label missing). This species allied to
R. parallela has the leaflets narrowed to a blunt point.
They are very variable is size and shape, some being almost
ovate.
65. Connarus paniculatus, Roxb.
Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens tipped yellow ; 6683.
Distrib. India to Tenasserim.
66. Connarus semidecandrus. Jack.
Tapli : Fruit green ; bush ; 6775. Distrib. India, Malay
Peninsula.
67. Ellipanthus Helferi, Hook. fil.
Tasan : 3 ft. high ; fruit yellow. This species was only
known from some flowering specimens collected in Tenas-
serim or Andamans (locality doubtful) by Heifer. The plant
sent by Mr. Kloss is in fruit. The foliage and pubescent
branches resemble Heifer's plant and I assume it to be the
same, though with a little doubt as I have no flowers of this
nor fruit of Heifer's plant. The fruit is in a stout raceme
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 89
of 14 capsules, 1 in. long with a stalk • 25 in. long, all closely
velvety, the body of the capsule • 5 in. tlirough, terminating
in a short curved and hooked beak.
LEGUMINOSAE.
68. Crotalaria saltiana, Andr.
TapH : Yellow ; 6793. Distrih. Tropical Asia.
69. Vigna retusa, Walp.
Klong Bagatae, sea beach : Yellow ; 6584 Distrih.
Indo-Malaya.
70. Flemingia congesta, Roxb.
Tasan : Green, striped dull crimson, lateral petals car-
mine ; 4 f t. ; 6885. Distrih. Indo-Malaya.
71. Adinobotrys atropurpureus, Dunn.
Tapli : Dull crimson, hood green in centre near the
base ; tree ; 6790. Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
72. Pongamia glabra, Vent.
Koh Pipidon : Lilac, sepals brownish-crimson ; fruit
dull green ; tree ; 6552 and 6553. Delisle Island off' Renong ;
Mauve white ; fruit greenish brown ; tree ; 6641. The fruit
in this specimen is abnormal, apparently attacked by some
insect and forming a globose woody 2-celled ball. Distrih.
Sea coasts, India and Malaya.
73. Derris uliginosa, Bcnth.
Nam Chut : Pinkish-white ; shrub ; 4 ft, ; 6694.
Distrih. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia.
74. Derris elliptica, Bentli.
Tapli : White at tip, crimson at base ; bush. Perhaps
wild here but often cultivated. " Tuba."
75. Derris amoena, Benth.
Delisle Island oft' Takuapa ; lake to pink ; climber ;
6642 : Crimson to white ; stem twisted 30-40 yai'ds long ;
6648. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
76. Derris sp,
Tasan : climber ; 6846. A very pubescent species but
specimens too young.
77. Sophora tomentosa, L.
Koh Pipidon : tree ; leaves grey, green on reverse ;
6548. Distrih. Tropics generally.
78. Bauhinia bracteata, Graham.
Tapli : Greenish yellow ; climber ; 6795. Nam Chut :
Yellowish white with crimson veins ; 6661. Distrih. Siam
to North Malay Peninsula.
79. Cassia fistula, L.
Mamoh : Lemon yellow, stalks of stamens green ; 6713.
Wild in India, often planted elsewhere.
4
90 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
80. Albizzia myriophylla, Benth.
Koh Gah : Bush or climber ; inllorescence yellowish
brown ; 6609.
RHIZOPHOREAE.
81. Ceriops Roxburghiana, Arn.
Koh Gah : A bushy tree in mangroves ; green, stamens
brownish pink ; 6599. Distrib. E. Africa, India, Malaya,
Australia.
82. Carallia lucida, Kurz.
Nam Chut : Flowers green, stamens brown ; tree ; 6682.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
COMBRETACEAE.
83. Combretum Klossii, sp. nov.
Tree : Branches slender, tomentose. Leaves elliptic,
subacute or blunt, shinmg, pubescent, hairy on the nerves
beneath 3 in. long, 1 • 25 in. wide ; nerves 7 pairs, slender,
petiole • 25 in. Flowermg branches slender, pubescent hairy,
in large terminal panicles with leaf-like bracts at base of
branches. Cymes scattered remote with a pair of leaf-Uke
branches, • 25 in. long, at base narrow, linear. Flowers • 05
in. wide, white, hairy outside. Ovary sessile, short, hairy.
Sepals smaU lanceolate. Petals lanceolate acute, little
longer. Stamens as long. Disc glabrous, lobed.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; ti'ee ; 6556.
Allied to C. decandrum, Roxb., but with much more
slender sprays of flowers, the flowers being distant and not
congested with large floral bracts as in that species.
84. Combretum extensum, Roxb.
Pulau Mohea : Petals white, head of stamens brown ;
general colour of flower pale greenish yellow ; woody
climber ; 6533 and 6528. Distrib. India to Malay Peninsula.
85. Calycopteris floribunda, Lam.
Koh Pipidon : Tree ; fruit green ; 6553. Distrib. India
and North Malay Peninsula.
86. Quisqualis densiflora, Wall.
Tasan : Flowers red or white ; climber ; 6891.
Distrib. Moulmein, Malay Peninsula.
87. Lumnitzera coccmea, W. & A.
Koh Gah : Tree 30 ft. ; red ; 6587.
MYRTACEAE.
88. Eugenia formosa. Wall.
Tasan : White ; tree ; 6843. Taph : Pink ; tree ; 6800.
Distrib. India to Tcnasserim.
89. Eugenia rubida, sp. nov.
Tree : Branchlets above with red flaky bark, slender.
Leaves rather thin, coriaceous, oblong lanceolate, base
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 91
narrowed blunt, tip shortly blunt, acuminate ; nerves 10
pairs with occasional nearly as prominent intermediate
ones, inarching • 1 in. from the edge, 5 in. long, 1 • 75 in.
wide ; midrib prominent, petiole -25 in. long, rather thick.
Flowers 3 to 4 terminal ; pedicels thick • 1 in. long. Calyx
funnel-shaped, -4 in. long, lobes -25 in. long, persistent.
Petals broad, sub-orbicular, -6 in. long. Stamens very
numerous, -5 in. long. Fruit globose, narrowed just below
calyx lobes, closely finely ribbed from base, • 75 in. through.
Tasan : crimson, tipped buff ; tree ; 6906. Tapli : Calyx
pink ; stamens tipped huffy ; 6766.
90. Eugenia acuminatissima, Kurz.
Tasan : Fruit green ; large tree ; 6900. Distrib. South
to Malay Peninsula.
91. Eugenia leptantha, Wight.
Tapli : Fruit green ; 6740. Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
92. Eugenia zeylanica, Wight.
Delisle Island off Takuapa : Flowers greenish white ;
fruits white ; tree ; 6643. Takuapa Mainland : Flowers
greenish white ; 6614. Koh Gab : Flowers greenish white ;
tree ; 6588 and 6589. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and
Islands.
All the specimens quoted above are remarkable for their
persistent bracts, sub-spa thulate at the base of the cymes and
to each flower. The flowers arc in a very young state, and in
the fruiting specimen the bracts are all fallen.
93. Eugenia punctifolia, sp. nov.
Tree. Leaves thin, sub-coriaceous, elliptic, narrowed
gradually to the base, shortly acutely acuminate ; nerves
horizontal above, 22 pairs, rather fine with the secondary
nervules nearly as prominent, meeting in a nearly straight
intramarginal vein close to the edge ; on the underside are
scattered pustules on the reticulations, 4-5 in. long, 2 in.
wide, upper side dotted with translucent glands, petiole • 25
in. long. Cymes in uppermost axils, peduncle 1 in. long,
branches '75 in. long. Flowers crowded at summit. Calyx
obconic .1 in. long, margin undulate. Petals free, obovate,
round, small. Stamens short, hardly '1 in. long. Fruit
oblong, globose • 12 in. long, sessile with hardly any trace
of calyx-lobes. Tapli : White ; tree ; 6799. Mamoh :
Greenish white ; tree ; 6704.
In some respects this is allied to E. oblongifolia, but the
petals are free and not calyptrate.
94. Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn.
Nam Chut : Caimine, calyx green ; tree 8 ft. ; 6670.
Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula.
95. Careya arborea, Roxb.
Tasan : Dull greenish-brown, beard blackish ; 6832.
Distrib, India to North Malay Peninsula.
92 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X,
MELASTOMACEAE.
96. Melastoma normale, Don.
Nam Chut ; 6665. Distrib. India and Malaya.
97. Otanthera bracteata, Korth.
Tasan : Magenta ; 7050. Distrib. Mergui and Malay
Islands.
98. Sonerila ciliata, sp. nov.
Stem woody, angled, and winged, red, scurfy pubescent,
12 in. tall. Leaves membranous, obliquely elliptic lanceo-
late, base narrowed, edge serrulate, spinulosc ; nerves 3
pairs, upper leaves spotted with large white spots with a
central dark-coloured pustule, 3-4 in. long, 1 • 75 in. wide ;
petiole • 25 in. long. Young leaves in bud purple, glandular
hairy. Flowers not seen. Capsules quite smooth, -25 in.
long, pedicel • 1 in., valves 4, incurved, secund on a peduncle
•5 in. long. Tasan : Leaves spotted white ; reverse dull
crimson ; 6982.
I do not know any species really like this, the woody
angled and winged stem, and quite smooth rounded capsules
are very distinct. The leaves are not always spotted and
are sub-equal and similar.
99. Memecylon coeruleum, Jack.
Pulau Mohea otf Trang : Fruit greenish-pink ; 6536.
Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula.
100. Memecylon grande var. Merguica, Clarke.
Tapli : Fruit red ; tree ; 6757. Distrib. Tenasserim.
101. Memecylon edule, Roxb.
Tasan : White ; 10 ft. ; 6892 : White, stamens violet
tipped yellow ; 7047. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
102. Memecylon garcinioides, Bl.
Tasan : Blue, dark and hght ; stamens tipped yellow ;
6844. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
103. Memecylon corticosum, sp. nov.
Branches terete with 4 thin corky wings. Leaves
lanceolate, base round, tip long, acuminate, drying pale
green ; nerves about 20 pairs, sunk above, prominent but
slender beneath, secondary nerves and reticulations visible,
7 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole hardly • 08 in. long. Flowers
small in short fascicled axillary cymes, peduncle • 1 in. long,
Sedicel as long. Calyx campanulate, • 1 in., truncate. Disc
at rayed. Flowers smaller than in M. heteropleurum.
Tasan : Dark crimson ; 7027. Most nearly allied to
M. heteropleurum^ but I think it can hardly be a form of
that.
ONAGRACEAE.
104. Jussieua exaltata, Roxb.
Tasan : Lemon-yellow ; 1 foot. Distrib. India, Malay
Peninsula.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 93
CUCURBITACEAE.
105. Gynostemma crenulatum, sp. nov.
Climber, very slender. Stems glabrous, angled and
grooved. Tendrils simple, slender. Leaves trifoliate, cen-
tral leaflets largest, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, ovate,
blunt edge crenulate with a short spine in each notch ; nerves
5 pairs, elevate beneath, 2-2-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide;
petiolule -1 in., petiole 1 in. long. Panicles lax, spreading,
hairy, about 7 in. long. Flowers (onh-^ males seen) minute,
{)edicels very short. Sepals lanceolate, narrow. Petals
anceolate-acute, rather deeply cut (not elongate cuspidate).
Anthers 5, Tasan : Green ; climber ; 6901.
This species is distinct from G. pedata, Bl. in the stiff er
leaflets, not serrate but with a few long crenulations, in the
notch of each a short spinelet. The flowers differ also in
the short lanceolate corolla-lobes with only a short point.
ARALIACEAE.
106. Heptapleurum venulosum. Seem.
Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; inflorescence
greenish-white ; 6631. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula.
RUBIACEAE.
107. Uncaria attenuata, Korth.
Tasan : White ; stamens tipped brown ; climber ; 7023.
Distrih. Tenasserim, South to Singapore, Sumatra.
108. Hedyotis capitellata, Wall.
Nam Chut : White ; creeper ; 6663. Tasan : Yellowish-
white ; climber ; 6893. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Penin-
sula, Malay Islands, Yunnan.
109. Ophiorrhiza hispidula, Wall. Cat. 6234.
Tasan : Crimson ; 6949 : White ; 4 ft. ; 6896 : Tips
white, base dark pink ; 6963. Distrih. Tenasserim, Java.
110. Mussaenda variolosa, Wall.
Nam Chut : Flowers orange, bracts pale yellow ; 6650.
Distrih. Lower Burmah to Tenasserim.
111. Greenia Jackii, W. A A.
Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; inflorescence pink to
brownish green ; 6630. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Penin-
sula.
112. Myrioneuron capitata, sp. nov.
Woody unbranchcd shrublet 2 ft. tall. Leaves her-
baceous, elliptic oblanceolate, glabrous, narrowed to petiole ;
nerves 21 to 22 pairs, parallel ascending and connate in an
intramarginal nerve, midrib rather stout, 11 in. long, 2-75
in. wide, petiole 1 • 75 in. long. Stipules narrow, lanceolate,
long acuminate, -75 in. long. Head dense compact -5 in.
through, terminal on a peduncle 1 in. long. Bracts lanceo-
late-acuminate as long as the flowers, outer bracts round,
broad, -2 in. long. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate. Petals
94 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
linear, lanceolate-acuminate shorter. Stamens very small
with slender filaments. Style rather stout, deeply bifid into
2 linear blunt lobes from a large fleshy disc. Tasan : White ;
2 feet.
Differs in its small compact head and glabrous corolla
from the other Indian species.
113. Diplospora stylosa, sp. nov.
Shrub 6 ft. tall ; branches slender, pale glabrous.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, sub-herbaceous, lanceolate-acumi-
nate, cuspidate at both ends, nerves 6 pairs fine, elevate
beneath, 5-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, petiole -25 in. long.
Stipules subulate from a broad triangular base, • 1 in. long.
Flowers small, few on a short axillary raceme, • 1 in. long,
glutinous, shining. Calyx campanulate, narrowed below
the limb with 4 acute triangular teeth. Corolla yellowish,
tubular • 1 in. long, lobes oblong ovate, acute, nearly as long
as the tube, mouth of tube hairy within. Stamens shortly
exsert from tube. Style long exsert ; stigma deeply bifid
into 2 broad lanceolate lobes nearly as long as corolla lobes,
long exsert. Fruit ellipsoid narowed at base and top and
crowned with calyx. Tasan : Yellowish-white ; 6 ft. tall ;
6834. Near D. Kurzii but with fewer flowers and diff"erent
venation.
114. Randia fasciculata, Lam.
Tasan : bush ; white ; 6982. Koh Jam Yai off" Takuapa ;
White ; 6625. Distrib. South to Malay Peninsula.
115. Randia parvula, sp. nov.
Shrub 5 to 8 feet tall ; bark pale, spines • 4 in. long, ra-
ther stout.. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to elliptic lanceolate
• 5 in. long, 2 • 5 in. long, • 75 in. wide or less, one or two pairs
on the short 1-1-5 in. branches, petiole very short ; stipules
•1 in. long, broad at base with a subulate point, pubescent
when young. Flowers 2 on a very short axillary or ter-
minal peduncle with several imbricate, ovate acuminate
bracts. Pedicel -1 in. long, glabrous. Calyx '25 in. long,
campanulate, hairy with 5 long setaceous points. Corolla
tube slender, • 5 in. long, curved, lobes oblong acute, • 25 in.
long. Stamens ; anthers acuminate, exsert. Stigma club-
bed. Fruit globose, -25 in. through, pubescent, crowned
with the persistent calyx-tube. Koh Gah : Thorny bush 5 to
8 feet ; white ; scented ; 6608. Allied to jR. fasciculata but
leaves and flowers much smaller, leaves more coriaceous.
116. Randia densiflora, Benth.
Tasan : Pale greenish-yellow, almost white ; 15 ft. ;
6867 : yellowish ; tree ; 6934. Distrib. Assam to Singapore
and Travancore, Malay Islands, S. China.
117. Randia Klossi, sp. nov.
Climber, glabrous with pairs of axillary spines, '3 in.
long, slightly curved. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elhptic,
base rounded or very shortly narrowed, tip rather abruptly
acute, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; nerves 5 pairs usually faint ;
petiole • 3 in. long. Stipules broad, ovate, triangular, keeled
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 95
with a strong point. Cymes of 3 or 4 flowers in the axils ;
peduncle short, thick ; bracts ovate ; pedicel short and thick.
Calyx tubular, funnel-shaped, -25 in. long with very short
sub-ovate lobes. Corolla-tube 1*5 in. long, slender, cylin-
dric, lobes linear oblong -5 in. long by '15 in. wide, pubes-
cent on the upper face just above the mouth. Stamens in-
cluded except the extreme tips. Style little longer thten the
corolla-tube, clubbed at tip, Tasan : Pale yellowish white
to yellow ; strong scent ; climber ; 6872. Allied to R. frag-
rantissimay Ridl. and R. Clarkeiy but the leaves are hardly
coriaceous.
118. Gardenia tubifera, Wall.
Tapli : fruit green ; 6749. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula.
119. Guettarda speciosa, L.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; tree ; 6557. Distrib. Sea
shores of Trop. Asia.
120. Canthium trachystyle, sp. nov.
Glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous in distant pairs,
lanceolate, base round, tip acuminate ; nerves 4 pairs deeply
sunk above prominent beneath, 3 in. long, 1-25 in. wide,
petiole -2 in. long. Stipules short, subulate. Racemes
axillary and terminal very short, • 1 in. with numerous small
ovate hairy bracts. Pedicels slender, '15 in. long. Calyx
campanulate with short indistinct teeth. Corolla tube very
short • 15 in. and broad, lobes 5, twice as long, linear-oblong,
sub-acute, mouth with a ring of prominent hairs. Style
much exsert, in the middle a dense mass of hairs. Stigma
large, oblong deeply cut into 2 points. Ovary 2-celled, one
ovule in each cell.
Tapli : Bush ; 6760. Very unlike any species known to
me in its stifl' leaves and long hairy style.
121. Ixora merguensis. Hook. fil.
Tapli : Flowers white ; 6772. Distrib. Mergui.
122. Ixora spectabilis, Wall.
Nam Chut : Inflorescence yellow ; shrub ; 6668. Klong
Bagatae : Calyx pink ; fruit white ; 10-12 ft. ; 6562. Distrib.
Burma, Tenasserim.
123. Ixora diversifolia, Wall. Cat.
Klong Bagatae : Flowers white ; carmine at base ; 10
ft. tall ; 6580. Probably only a form of /. pendulay Jack
Distrib. Martaban, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
124. Ixora stricta, Roxb. (/. amoena, Wall.).
Takuapa Inlet, Mainland : Yellow to deep orange ; 5 to
8 ft. ; 6617 ; small and close-leaved form. Delisle Island,
off Takuapa : Yellow to salmon red ; 6639. Pulau Mohea
off Trang : Salmon, throat pink ; 6 to 8 ft. ; 6529 ; big leaved
form, leaves 7 by 3 in. Klong Bagatae : Salmon to yellow ;
6 to 10 ft. ; 6571. Tasan : Salmon to yellow ; 9 ft. ; 6992.
A form with narrow lanceolate leaves, 6 m. long by 1 '25 in.
96 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
wide, resembling a form of /. Lobbii ; but the flowers of
/. amoena. Koh Jam Yai off" Takuapa ; Apricot yellow to
red ; 6-10 ft. ; 6627. /. stricta is a common, conspicuous
and very variable plant. It occurs from India, South all
over the Malay Peninsula.
125. Ixora congesta, Roxb.
Tapli : 6 f t. ; Flowers red, salmon scarlet to apricot
yellow ; 6821. Nam Chut : Red ; 6670. Distrih. Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula.
126. Ixora nigricans, Br.
Tapli : bush, 5 ft. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula.
127. Ixora opaca, Br.
Nam Chut : Flowers pinkish-white. Distrih. Martaban,
Siam, Penang.
128. Coffea merguensis, sp. nov.
Bush with slender twigs. Leaves at end of twigs few,
lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, acuminate blunt, thin
coriaceous ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2 in. long, • 75 in. wide,
petiole • 15 in. stipules short, forming a tube, blunt. Flowers
few in the terminal axils. Bract lanceolate, longer than the
calyx. Calyx very short campanulate with 5 minute teeth.
Corolla white, tube slender, nearly -5 in. long, glabrous
inside, lobes lanceolate acute, nearly as long as tube.
Stamens ; anthers very long, linear, half exsert.
Tapli : White ; bush ; 6806. Distrih. Tenasserim
(Heifer) ; Mergui (Griffith). This plant was confused by
Hooker with C. fragrans, Wallich, a very distinct plant from
Sylhet with much larger leaves and flowers : it is nearer
C travancorica, W. & A., which occurs in South India.
129. Morinda citrifolia, L.
Pulau Mohea off Trang : Flowers white ; 6538. Wild
and cultivated all over Eastern Asia.
130. Morinda elliptica, Ridl.
Nam Chut : White ; 6671. Pulau Mohea off Trang :
Flowers white ; tree, 30 to 40 ft. ; 6530.
131. Rennellia speciosa, Hook. fil.
TapU : Pale lilac, yellowish at centre ; 5 ft. tall ; 6770.
Nam Chut : Pale violet to violet ; shrub ; 6660 and 6662.
Tasan : Pale violet ; 15 ft. Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
132. Prismatomeris malayana, Ridl.
Delisle Island off Takuapa : White ; scented ; 12 ft. ;
6647. Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
133. Prismatomeris Griffithii, sp. nov.
Tree : Branches slender, pale. Leaves sub-coriaceous
thin elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate, under side of leaf pale
yellowish when dry ; nerves 6 pairs, pale, distinct, 3*5 in.
long, 1*75 in. wide, petiole -1 in. Stipules very inconspic-
uous caducous. Flowers in falsely terminal cymes of 3,
peduncles very short, '05 in. Calyx campanulate, funnel-
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 97
shaped • 1 in. long with 5 minute teeth. Corolla tube • 5 in.
long, glabrous within lobes linear undulate, a strong rib
outside and 2 inside, -5 in. long. Stamens 5 in a slightly
dilate portion of tube below the mouth linear, apiculate.
Style long exsert half as long as corolla-lobes. Fruit unripe,
globose, narrowed to the persistent calyx. Tasan : White ;
tree ; 6940. Mergui (Griffith) . This together with P.
malayana as well as probably several other species was con-
fused by Hooker in the Flora of British India with the
very distinct P. alhidiflora, Thw., of Ceylon. P. Griffithii
differs from the Malay Peninsula, P. malayana, in the very
short petiole and pedicels, and much longer calyx.
134. Psychotria sarmentosa, Bl.
Tasan : Greenish white ; cBmber ; 6977. Distrib. India,
Malay Peninsula.
135. Psychotria Jackii, Hook. fil.
Tasan : White ; 2 f t. ; 6871. Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
136. Psychotria auriculata, sp. nov.
Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate,
shortly blunt, acuminate sessile, narrowed to a blunt
auricled base ; nerves 10 pairs, elevate, secondary nerves
finer, conspicuous, drying grey green, 8 i 6773. Distrib.
Moulmein, Malay Peninsula and Islands.
203. Pajanelia multijuga, Kurz.
Tapli : Fruit green ; tree, 40 ft. ; 6780. Distrib. India,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
ACANTHACEAE. {
204. Thunbergia laurifolia, Lindl.
Tasan : Lilac blue, throat yellowish striped with brown ;
6869. Nam Chut : Pale violet ; creeper. Distrib. Arracan
to Malay Peninsula.
205. Ebermaiera merguensis, Anders.
Tasan : White, deep crimson patch on one petal ;
6984 ; Pinkish white, crimson patch on lip ; 6974. Distrib.
Mergui, Malay Peninsula.
206. Ebermaiera lasiobotrys, Nees.
Tapli : crimson ; 6802. Tasan : Purplish crimson, tips
of flower petals white and white spot on end of upper petal ;
6967 : Dull crimson, edge of lip white ; 6953. Distrib.
Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula.
207. Ebermaiera angustifolia, Anders.
Tasan : White, tipped pink ; 1 foot ; 6920. Distrib.
Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. The one specimen
has an elongate stem with pairs of axillary branchlets bear-
ing spikes which is not usual.
208. Ebermaiera viscida, sp. nov.
Stems decumbent, 6 to 12 in. rather stout, viscid, tomen-
tose. Leaves elliptic blunt, base narrowed, viscid pubescent
on both sides but chiefly on the back ; nerves 6 pairs elevate
beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 in. wide in rather distant pairs.
Petioles 1 in. long ; bracts broad, spathulate, green, glabrous
caducous • 2 in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear acumi-
nate, narow viscid, • 2 in. long. Corolla • 5 in. long, base of
tube narrow then abruptly dilate, cylindric, lobes small,
white tipped with crimson. Fruit oblong blunt at both
ends, grooved longitudinally, shorter than the sepals.
Tasan : White tipped with crimson ; 6911.
Allied to E. Griffithiana but the stem longer, leaves and
stem viscid, hairy and flowers with purple petals. It evi-
dently grows in sandy spots as much sand adheres to it.
209. Nelsonia campestris, Br.
Tapli: Violet; 6752 and 6746. Tasan: Pale blue;
6830.
210. Strobilanthes lancifolius, Anders var. laxior.
Sepals and bracts narrower more acute and spike more
lar ; the tuft of flowers being • 25 to • 5 in. apart.
Tasan : Purple, base of lip yellow ; 6859. Distrib,
Tenasserim.
106 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X,
211. Strobilanthes subcapitatus, Clarke.
Tasan : Violet, whitish at base ; 7036. DistrW. Tenas-
serim.
I am not certain of this, the type specimens are larger
and older and have no corollas and this specimen is small
and younger.
(Strobilanthes violacea, Ridl. Jom*n. Straits Branch
Royal Asiat. Soc, No. 57, p. 80, 1911. This name is antici-
pated by Beddome : I alter it to Strobilanthes phoenicea,
Ridl.).
212. Strobilanthes violascens, sp. nov.
Tall plant. Stem woody, young parts densely brown
hairy. Leaves opposite herbaceous, glabrous with many
raphides-bundles on upper surface, elliptic-lanceolate, sub-
acute, base cuneate, edge serrulate ; nerves 12 pairs, slender,
elevate beneath, 9 in. long, 4 in. wide ; petiole 3 in. long,
hairy. Racemes axillary, 2*5 in. long (or more for they
are young in specimen) . Bracts narrow lanceolate, cuspi-
date '25 in. long. Sepals linear acuminate, hairy free to
base, "25 in. long, narrow. Corolla 1*5 in. long, base -25
in. long, narrow, then campanulate, lobes rather short,
rounded, pale violet and yellowish, glabrous. Stamens 4,
quite glabrous, anthers oblong.
Tasan : Pale violet and yellowish ; 6833.
Allied to S. collinus of the Malay Peninsula but the
stamens are quite glabrous. The stem above is knotted,
swollen just above the nodes.
213. Acanthus ilicifollus, L.
Nam Chut : Blue, petals whitish at base ; 6675. Distrib.
India, Malay Peninsula, chiefly in the North, Malay Islands
and Australia.
214. CystacantHus pulcherrimus, Clarke.
Klong Bagatae : Pale pinkish-white, spotted crimson
inside, spotted brown on lowe^: side of throat ; 2 to 4 ft.
high ; 6563. Nam Chut : Pale lilac, spotted deep crimson ;
2 to 3 ft. ; 6689.
215. Gymnostachyum trilobum, sp. nov.
Stems slender, decumbent, creeping, 6 in. or more
then ascending 3 in., internodes long. Leaves opposite her-
baceous, ovate-lanceolate or sub-elliptic, blunt, paler
beneath, glabrous ; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 • 5
in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long. Flowers in pairs on a spike
9 in. long or more. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 1 in.
Sepals free nearly to base, linear acuminate longer. Corolla
tube • 1 in. long, upper lobe lanceolate, erect nearly as long,
lower lip deeply 3 lobed, lobes linear obtuse, midlobe elUp-
tic, broader, white or lilac white, lower hp spotted crimson
at base. Stamens 2, linear-oblong, cells parallel, purple,
shortly acuminate at base, filaments puberulous.
TapU : Lilac white, Hp spotted crimson near base ; 6726.
Tasan : White, spotted purple ; 6857.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 107
Allied to G. diversifolium King, but the flowers much
smaller than in most of this set and the lower Up unusually
deeply tri-lobed.
216. Lepidagathis hyalina, Nees.
Tasan : White, hood largely brown ; 6862 : Whitish,
hood spotted brown, lip crimson ; 6861. Distrib. India, S.
China, Malay Peninsula.
217. Lepidagathis chlorostachya, Nees.
Tasan : Whitish ; 6889 : Yellowish white, hood pale
brown ; 2 ft. ; 6917. Distrib. Mergui, Penang.
218. Lepidagathis parviflora, Bl.
Nam Chut : White, hp spotted crimson. Distrib. Siam,
Java.
The specimen has more lanceolate and hairy leaves
than in type.
219. Pseuderanthemum malaccense, Lindau.
Tasan : Lilac ; 2 to 4 ft. ; 6837. Distrib. Malay Penin-
sula.
220. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum, Nees.
Tasan : Petals pink, white at centre ; 2 ft. ; 6921, (the
big form) . Klong Bagatae : Pale violet ; 2 to 4 ft. ; 6581.
Koh Pipidon : Lilac to mauve ; 1 to 1-5 ft. high ; 6541, (tlie
form with broad elhptic leaves, 7 in. long, 3-5 in. wide,
characteristic of this region to Perhs) . Tasan : white ;
6918, (the ordinary Malay Peninsula form). Distrib.
Burma, Cambodia to Malay Peninsula.
221. Pseuderanthemum angustifolium, sp. nov.
Stem erect, woody, 12 in. tall, little branched. Leaves
few at the base of the racemes, linear lanceolate-acuminate,
blunt coriaceous ; nerves 5 pairs, 2*75 in. long, -3 in. wide ;
petiole very short. Racemes slender 6 to 13 in. long, base
nude. Inflorescence 3 in. long, puberulous. Flowers
sohtary -25 in. apart, white. Bracts lanceolate -1 in.
Sepals very narrow, hnear-acuminate, • 12 in. long. Corolla-
tube slender, cylindric • 75 in. long, pubescent ; lobes oblong,
tip broad round '25 in. long. Stamens, tips only exsert.
Style very slender, filiform *75 in. long, pubescent.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; 6557. Quite unlike any-
thing I know in its few coriaceous narrow leaves and remote
pubescent flowers.
222. Justicia purpurascens, sp. nov.
Creeping and ascending herb. Stems ascending 6 to 7
in., hairy tomentose. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate, base round, purple beneath ; nerves 6 pairs prominent
beneath, hairy on both sides ; midrib and nerves beneath
felted, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole 2 in. long, felted tomen-
tose, spike terminal, '5 to -25 in. long ; peduncle '75 in.
Bracts rhomboid ovate narrowed at both ends, hairy espe-
cially on edges, • 25 in. long and a little narrower. Flower
sessile. Sepals very narrow hnear filiform. Corolla tube
108 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
cylindric, '25 in. long, dilate near mouth and at base,
glabrous outside, lobes short, lower lip pubescent above
shortly lobed. Anthers hairy curved, purple with a white
spur. Capsule fusiform, shorter than the bracts, acute
hairy.
Tasan : Yellowish-green, spotted crimson ; 6919 : Bracts
pale green tipped with red, reverse of leaves crimson ; 6983.
A very distinct species in its hairiness and the rhomboid
bracts and small flower.
223. Justicia subcoriacea, sp. nov.
Shrublet 2 to 2*5 ft. tall ; branches woody with pale
bark quite glabrous. Leaves eUiptic narrowed and obUque
at the base, tip blunt, rounded or shortly blunt acuminate,
edge crenulate, coriaceous hght green when dry ; nerves 4
pau*s, sunk above, prominent beneath, 4 to 4-5 in. long,
2 to 3 in. wide ; petiole • 5 in. long. Spike terminal, 3 in.
long, peduncle -5 in. Bracts green, coriaceous, ovate acute,
base broad, '4 in. long, -2 in. wide keeled and nerved.
Calyx-lobes short, narrowly acuminate from a broader base.
Corolla '75 in. long, tube straight cylindric, lobes as long,
upper lobe lanceolate narrow, lower lobe obovate, wider,
strongly nerved. Filament half as long as upper lobe ;
anther-cells oblong, the lower one with a short white conical
acute spur. Capsule 1 in. long, dilated upwards, acute.
Seeds orbicular, thickly white-pustular.
Koh Pipidon : White, striped deep crimson ; 2 to 2*5
ft. high ; 6542. Very distinct in its shrubby habit and
glabrous coriaceous leaves.
224. Justicia Gendarusa, L.
Mamoh : PurpUsh to pinkish white ; 1-2 ft. ; 6702.
Distrib. Tropical Asia.
225. Justicia valida, Ridl.
Tasan : Greenish-white ; 1 to 2 ft. ; 6899. Distrib,
Kedah.
The specimens have more slender racemes and are
nearly glabrous, but I do not think it can be separated.
226. Justicia quadrifaria, Nees.
Tasan : White ; one ft. ; 6840 : Pale greenish yellow ;
6 ft. ; 6826. TapU : Upper petal white spotted crimson ;
lip green ; 6753. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula.
The form is quite like that of the Malay Peninsula which
Clarke identified as Neesiana but which I think is not typi-
cal Neesiana.
227. Justicia ( § Henicophylla) viridiflora, sp. nov.
Shrubby, 4 to 5 ft. tall, young parts i abescent. Leaves
in very unequal pairs, larger one lanceolate-acuminate, base
blunt slightly obUque ; nerves 5 pairs ascending, 6 in. long,
2 in. wide or less ; petiole • 1 in., small leaf ovate • 5 in, long,
sub-sessile, • 3 nerved. Cymes axillary hairy, • 5 in. long of
3 to 4 branches. Bracts short, linear acuminate hairy.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 109
Sepals lanceolate acuminate narrow hairy '12 in. CoroUa
tube short and broad, little longer than the sepals ; upper
lobe broad blunt short, lower broader, rounded shortly
lobed, reticulate veined within hairy ; lower lip green,
spotted crimson. Stamens 2, anther-cells unequal narrow
elliptic, the lower one with rather a long white conic process.
Ovary narrowed cylindric, elMpsoid with style glabrous.
Capsule • 6 in. long, base narrow, seed bearing portion dilate
indented between the seeds, tip acute, all hairy Seeds
orbicular pustulate.
228. Leda roseo-punctata, sp. nov.
Straggling glabrous herb about 2 ft. tall. Leaves ovate
to eUiptic lanceolate sub-coriaceous ; nerves 5 pairs, base
and tips narrowed, shortly acuminate, 4 in. long, 1-5 in.
wide ; petiole • 25 in. long. Panicle lax and spreading of
3 or more slender glandular pubescent branches about 4 in.
long, peduncle above the uppermost pair of leaves 5 in.
long, uppermost pair of leaves orbicular acute, -5 in. long.
Flowers in pairs, sub-sessile. Bracts small, ovate lanceo-
late. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, •! in. long. Corolla '3
in. long, glabrous tube sub-cylindric, limb slightly dilate,
lower tip little longer, broader than upper, strongly reticu-
late veined 3 lobed, midlobe broadest, white spotted crimson.
Stamens 2, purple, cells of anther at unequal heights not
tailed
Tasan : White spotted crimson ; 6910. Allied to L.
virgata {Dianthera virgata, Benth.) but differing in foliage
as well as glandular pubescence from any other of the
Indian species. The Indian species of Dianthera have been
separated from the American ones under the name of Leda.
ANTHELIACANTHUS, gen. nov.
Shrubby herb. Leaves broad, lanceolate opposite.
Spikes terminal, elongate. Flowers very small in distant
pairs of fasicles sessile. Bracts linear acuminate. Calyx
of 5 lanceolate-acuminate sepals connate at base. Corolla-
tube hardly longer, base dilate above cylindric lobes sub-
equal, very short, round. Stamens 2, anther-cells one
slightly above the other not tailed. Ovary cylindric con-
taining 2 ovules. Style simple, clubbed at tip. Capsule
with a narrow base then dilate and indented between the
2 seeds, tip acute.
229. Antheliacanthus micranthus, sp. nov.
Stem as thick as a crow quill, sub-glabrous. Leaves
herbaceous ovate lanceolate acuminate, base long narrowed,
nerves 10 pairs, slender, ascending, elevate beneath all
glabrous, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. Spikes
2, pubescent, 7 in. long. Flower fascicles -5 in. apart.
Bracts linear-acuminate, '12 in. long. Sepals lanceolate,
connate at base into a short cup, hairy, acute. CoroUa
hardly longer, • 1 in. long, lilac, tube cylindric, slightly dilate
at base then narrowed, lobes 5, round, pubescent all equal,
very short. Stamens 2. Anther-cells pale, slightly un-
110 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
equally placed, glabrous. Pistil cylindric, top hairy 2
ovuled. Style simple, clubbed, purple. Capsule '4 in.
long, hairy.
Koh Gah : Flowers lilac ; 6594.
230. Sphinctacanthus tabacifolius sp. nov.
Shi'ubby, 4 ft. tall. Leaves large herbaceous, glabrous
elliptic acuminate cuspidate, base shortly narrowed ; nerves
6 pairs, transverse nervules few, reticulations large, 8*5 in.
long, 4 in. wide ; petiole 2 in. long. Panicle terminal, dense,
hairy, 5 in. long ; branches short ascending. Bracts lan-
ceolate-Unear acuminate hairy, -1 in. long. Calyx-lobes
lanceolate hairy deeply cut as long. Corolla -25 in. long,
hairy, tube stout as long as limb, slightly narrowed below
the limb, pubescent ; upper lobe narrow, bifid at lip, lower
three-lobed with long narrow blunt lobes, palate veined
hairy. Stamens 2, anther-cells ellipsoid, nearly completely
parallel, very shortly pointed at base, not tailed ; filaments
hairy at base. Pistil as long as sepals. Style long, slender,
all hairy.
Tasan : White ; 4 f t. : 6973.
231. Rungia parviflora var. pectinata.
TapU : Blue, spotted darker blue ; 6732. Tasan : Pale
blue, lip blotched darker blue ; 6863. Distrih. Indo-Malaya.
232. Peristrophe acuminata var. fragilis.
Tasan : Pale violet, upper petal with a patch of white
spotted deep crimson ; 6856. Taph : Pale hlac ; 6734.
Distrih. Mergui, Rangoon, Malay Peninsula. In these speci-
mens the flower is distinctly larger than in the typical form.
VERBENACEAE.
233. Callicarpa arborea, Roxb.
Koh Gah : Flower pale violet or deep Ulac ; 6592.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
234. Callicarpa villosissima, sp. nov.
Tree ; branches thickly yellow woolly tomentose with
long plumed hairs. Young leaves densely tomentose ; adult
leaves elliptic-acuminate, acute, base cuneate, entire above
except scurfy midrib and side nerves, glabrous beneath
densely tomentose with stellate and plumed hau's ; midrib
densely covered with plumed hairs as are 13 pairs of nerves
10 in. long, 4.5 in. wide ; petiole stout, 1 • 5 in. long tomen-
tose. Panicles 3 in. long and as wide, widely spreading
densely tomentose. Flowers sessile or sub-sessile. Calyx
short almost cup-shaped, very obscurely toothed. Corolla
glabrous tube twice as long ; lobes oblong rounded.
Stamens 4. Tasan : Tree ; deep lilac ; 6851. This might
be considered a variety of C. arborea but the indumentum
is totally different and the flowers have a shorter calyx.
The panicles are wider than in most forms The distinctly
plumed hairs are very curious.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants, 111
235. Premna integrifolia, l^.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; tree. Distrib. Ceylon,
Malay Peninsula.
236. Vitex pubescens, Vahl.
Koh Gah : White to pale violet ; tree. Distrib. India,
Malay Peninsula and Islands.
237. Clerodendron infortunatum, Gaertn.
Tapli : White ; 3-4 ft. ; 6784 ; Nam Chut : White, base
of petal red ; calyx greenish red ; 6673.
238. Clerodendron neriifolium, Wallich Cat. 1789.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers duU greenish yellow ; Stamens
tipped red ; woody climber ; 6555. This is just the plant
collected by Wallich on the shores of Tenasserim. It is
given in the Flora of British India as occurring from Chitta-
gong to Malacca. I have not seen anything like it in the
Malay Peninsula, the species confused with it by Bentham
and others being the fleshy-leaved white flowered bush C.
inerme Gaertn., so abundant on our shores. The leaves
are lanceolate and stiff not obovate and fleshy. The coroUa-
tube is an inch long, in Wallich's specimen, -75 in. A
drawing in Roxburgh's collection has white flowers and
white stamens. Distrib. Tenasserim.
239. Congea tomentosa, Roxb.
Mamoh on the Pakchan, Renong ; 6703. Distrib.
Chittagong, Burma, Annam.
240. Sphenodesma microstylis, Clarke.
Nam Chut: Pale green; climber; 6678. Distrib.
Tavoy, Tenasserim to Perlis,
241. Sphenodesma pentandra, Jack.
Mamoh : Green ; chmber ; 6707. Tasan : Climber ;
bracts green ; 7038. Distrib. Assam, South to Malay Penin-
sula.
LABIATAE.
242. Dysophylla auricularia, Bl.
Tasan : Pinkish white ; 6864. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
APETALAE.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.
243. ? Thottea tricornis, Maing. & Hook. fil.
Tasan : Pinkish ; 2 ft. ; 6996. The flower has unfor-
tunately perished but the foliage resembles this species.
It is the first species of the genus collected in this region.
PIPERACEAE.
244. Piper pupuloides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I, 159.
Tasan : Fruit yellowish buff ; 6907. This closely re-
sembles a plant collected by Heifer in Tenasserim (No.
4411) and labelled var. angiisti folium at Kew. The leaves
112 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
are rather narrower than in typical specimens and ovate-
Janceolate acuminate. Distrih. Himalayas to Tenasserim.
245. Piper (S. Chavica) Eraensis, sp. nov.
Climber. Stem • 1 in. through, slightly woody ; young
parts pubescent. Leaves herbaceous elliptic-oblong, base
broad unaequilateral ; tips abruptly acuminate, point 1 in.
long ; nerves pinnate, 5-6 pairs, ascending, curved ; nervules
slender distant ; nerves and midrib slightly pubescent
beneath, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide, petiole •! to -2 in. long.
Spikes very slender, 10 in. long. Bracts orbicular peltate,
stalk central. Tasan : Green climber ; 7045. Distrih.
Isthmus of Kra. This somewhat resembles but is distinct
in its numerous nerves.
246. Piper (S. Cubeba) polycarpa, sp. nov.
Glabrous ; stem woody. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed slightly and unequally
rounded at extreme base ; nerves pinnate, 10 pairs, slender
distant inarching at tips, transverse nervules few and very
inconspicuous, 6*5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; petiole -25 in. Male
spikes not known. Fruiting spikes 4*5 in. long, peduncle
•5 to '75 in. long. Fruit orange quite globose when ripe,
• 12 in. through on sUghtly longer slender stalks.
Tasan : Fruit orange ; 6888. I know nothing really like
this Cubeb, the stiffness of the leaves suggests an affinity
with P. ribesioideSt but the shape of them and the smaller
fruit is very different.
LAURINEAE.
247. Litsea panamonja. Ham.
Tasan : Yellow (pale apricot) ; tree ; 7018. " Medang '*
(Malay). Distrih. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula.
248. Litsea aff. albicans, Kurz.
Glabrous tree ; twigs slender. Leaves alternate, thin,
coriaceous oblong or ovate-oblong, base round or narrowed,
tip acute, drying pale green beneath glaucescent, nerves 6
to 7 pairs, slender elevate beneath, nervules irregular and
few, reticulations small, all rather faint and obscure.
Flowers not seen. Fruit 1 to 3 together on a short -25 in.
axillary raceme. Cupule basin- shaped, '25 in. deep and '3
in. wide, thin on a short thick stalk. Drupe ellipsoid,
sUghtly narrowed to the tip, -6 in. long, '25 in. through.
Tasan : Green ; tree, moderate size ; 7052. " Medang."
I cannot match this but have not seen flowers.
249. Phoebe Tavoyana, Hook. fil.
Tapli : Pale yellowish green ; 15 ft. ; 6796. Distrih,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
250. Cinnamomum nitidum, Bl. Hook. fil. F.B.L 130.
Mamoh : Tree ; 6712. I take this to be the plant
intended by Hooker, but the peduncle and branches are
more distinctly hairy. It belongs to the very difficult set of
C. iners of which all the species are very closely aUied.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 113
MYRISTICACEAE.
251. Myristica longifolia. Wall. Cat. 6801.
Mamoh on the Pakchan river, Renong : Brov^n ; tree ;
6699 ; Tasan : Red ; tree ; 6936. Distrib. India from Sikkim
to Tenasserim.
PROTEACEAE.
252. Helicia terminalis, Kurz.
Tapli : Yellowish ; large tree ; 6815 Distrib. Ava.
253. Helicia excelsa, Bl.
Mamoh : Large tree ; Greenish-brov/n ; style black ;
6719. Distrib. Khasiya, Tenasserim, Cambodia, Malay
Peninsula.
HERNANDIACEAE.
254. Illigera trifoliata, Dunn.
Nam Chut : Climber ; fruit green, tipped and streaked
red ; 6679. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula.
255. Hernandia peltata, Meissn.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; stamens yellow ; sepals
and bracts pale dull yellowish green ; 65''»8. Distrib. Sea-
shores, Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Andamans, Malay
Peninsula and Islands, Polynesia.
LORANTHACEAE. :
256. Loranthus pentandrus, L.
Koh Pipidon : Flowers dull greenish yellow ; stamens
tipped red ; woody climber ; 6555. Distrib. Indin, Malay
Peninsula to Borneo, Sumatra and Java.
257. Loranthus vulpinus, sp. nov.
Branches black ; young parts red, scurfy. Leaves
opposite, stiffly coriaceous when young densely rcd-tomen-
tose. Adult glabrous or with midrib pubescent lanceolate-
acuminate, shortly base rounded ; midrib prominent on
both sides ; nerves invisible or very faint, 3 pairs, 2*5 in.
long, 1 in. wide ; petiole -15 in. Flowers axillary, raceme,
•5 in. long, densely orange-tomentose. Bracts lanceolate-
acuminate -4 in. long. Calyx tube short with very obscure
teeth. Corolla 1 in. long curved, narrowed a little above
the dilate base and then dilated, lobes 4 or 5, linear, all red-
tomentose and hairy. Stamens 4-5 ; anthers linear, -3 in.
long. Style slender, all glabrous. Koh Jam Yai off the
coast of Takuapa : 6623. Alhed to L. casuarinae, Ridl. but
the leaves smaller and much less hairy, and flowers much
smaller.
258. Elytranthe globosa, Don.
Tapli : Yellowish green blotched with red , 6808.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
7
114 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
259. Elytranthe albida, Bl.
Mamoh : White, tips leaden ; stamens brown ; 6709.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
260. Viscum monoicum, Roxb.
Tapli : Fruit orange ; bi:sh ; 6779. Distrib. India,
Ceylon, Burma to Trang, Peninsular Siam.
EUPHOREIACEAE.
261. Bridelia stipularis, Bl
Tasan : Climber ; fruit green to black ; 6847 Distrib.
India, Malaya, Africa.
262. Phyllanthus emblica, L.
Nam Chut : Flowers green ; tree ; 6681. Distrib.
India.
263. Phyllanthus Klossii, sp. nov.
P. baeobotrijoides. Hook, fil., F.B.I., V. p. 291 (in part).
Branches strongl^^ 4-anglcd. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
lanceolate acuminate, base rounded ; midrib on both sides
scurfy, hairy ; nerves prominent beneath inarching 5 imirs,
5 in. long, 1 • 5 in. wide, slightly paler beheatli ; petiole under
•05 in. Stipules narrow linear-acuminate. Racemes supra-
axillary very slender, 6 in. long with distant, very short
branches, -05 in, long, -5 in. apart of ,5 or 6 flowers, lower
ones with short lanceolate leaf-like bracts, -1 in. long.
Flowers • 1 in. wide, shortly pedicelled ; sepals ovate, fleshy
with a low keel at base inside. Stamens in a cone, anthers
lanceolate, connective not produced, apex blunt. Disc of
5, rather irregular oblong glands.
Tasan : Whitish 3 ft. or more ; 6877. Tenasserim
(Heifer). This species does not appear to be the Fame as
Wallich's Nepal P. baeobotrijoides. The leaves are larger,
the racemes much longer and more slender, the flowers in
short racemes on the main rachis very far apart. The
anthers of the male have no prolonged connective ; Hooker
referred Heifer's Tenasserim plant to Wallich's sp( cies.
264. Phyllanthus frondosus, Bl.
Tapli : Flowers green : shrub ; 6820. Distrib. Malay
Peninsula.
265. Breynia angustifolia, Hook. fil.
Tasan : Small tree ; greenish yellow ; 6961. Distrib.
Pegu, Tenasserim to Perak.
266. Breynia reclinata, Hook. fill.
Koh Gah : Fruit pale yellow ; bush ; 6 ft. Distrib.
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.
267. Breynia microcalyx, sp. nov.
Shrub ; glabrous. Leaves round ovate, thinly coria-
ceous, drying pale green, base shortly narrowed, rounded,
tip blunt ; nerves 4 pairs, slender, elevate beneath, 1-5 in.
long, 1 in. wide ; petiole -05, slender. Male flowers minute
turbinate fleshy, lobes round incurved. Stamens 3, much
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 115
shorter in a cone blunt. Female flowers a little larger,
turbinate, stigmas sunk. Fruit globose, -12 in. long, crim-
son. Calyx little enlarged, flat, small with 5 short acute
lobes. Seed smooth semi-ovoid with a short point at tip.
Koh Pipidon off Ghirbi : Shrub ; fruit crimson ; 6547.
It is very unusual for a Breynia to dry green, the leaves of
most kinds being fleshy. This one belongs to the set in
which the calyx though enlarged, (for the female flowers
are very small) is not enlarged into a conspicuous cup.
268. Aporosa Planchoniana, Baill.
Nam Chut : Flowers yellow ; shrub ; 6668. Distrih.
Tenasserim.
269. Aporosa Prainiana, Hook. fil.
Tasan : Yellowish ; 18 ft. ; 6825. Distrih. Malay Penin-
sula.
270. Aporosa aurea, Hook. fil.
Tasan : Pale dull yellow ; 6938. Distrih. Chittagong,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
271. Aporosa, sp.
Branches velvety. Leaves rather ^hin, coriaceous,
elliptic acuminate, base cuneatc above glabrous except
midrib beneath hairy especially on nerves 6 in. long, 2 in.
wide, petiole -75 in. long, velvety. Fruit ovoid, globose -6
in. long velvety. Tasan : Fruit green ; tree ; 7008. Insuffi-
cient to describe as a new species but quite unlike anytliing
I have seen.
272. Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg.
Mamoh on Pakchan River, Renong ; Deep pink ; tree ;
6700. Distrih. India, Burniah.
273. Baccaurea parviflora, Muell. Arg.
Taph : Dull carmine ; 15 ft. taU ; 6771. Distrih. Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
274. Antidesma velutinosum, Bl.
Tasan : Yellow green ; Stamens tipped brownish ; 10
ft. ; 6897 : Greenish ; 3 ft. ; 6831. Distrih. Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula. It is generally bigger than these, which
seen to be dwarf plants.
275. Antidesma velutinum, Tul.
Tasan : Pale brownish yellow ; Stamens yellow ; 10
ft. ; 6941. Nam Chut ; 8 ft. high ; 6687. Distrih. Pegu
and Burma to Tenasserim.
276. Galearia phlebocarpa, Br.
Tapli : Inflorescence greenish, stalks white. Distrih.
Malay Peninsula.
277. Trigonostemon longifolius, Baill.
Klong Bagatae : Flowers blackish crimson ; stamens
yellowish ; fruit green to brownish green ; 12 ft. ' 6565.
Distrih. Tenasserim to Singapore.
116 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
278. Croton Griffithii, Hook. fil.
Nam Chut : White ; stamens greenish ; 6674. Distrib.
Malay Peninsula.
279. Mallotus floribundus, Muell. Arg.
Tasan : Whitish ; 10 ft. Distrib. Tenasserim, Cochin-
china, Malay Peninsula and Islands, Samoa.
280. Mallotus sp. aff. M. floribundus.
Nam Chut : Inflorescence yellow ; shrub ; 6667. Leaves
ovate rather stiff, acute, white beneath. Female flowers.
Ovary covered with long grey hairy processes ; style short ;
arms longer. Perhaps only a variety of M. floribundus.
281. Chaetocarpus castanocarpus, Thw.
Mamoh : Fruit yellowish-green ; large tree ; 6716.
Tapli : Fruit green ; large tree ; 6819. Distrib. Ceylon,
North of Malay Peninsula.
282. Homonoia riparia. Lour.
Nam Chut : Crimson and yellow ; Calyx red ; 3 ft. high ;
6677. Tasan : Red, cenU-e brownish green ; 3-4 ft. ; River
bank ; 6913. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula, Java.
283. Botryophora Kingii, Hook. fil.
TapU : Fruit ( ? flowers) crimson ; large tree ; 6812.
This remarkable plant was originally collected in Perak by
Kunstler. His specimens much resemble this but the leaves
are much longer. Female flowers and fruit unknown.
URTICACEAE.
284. Trema amboinensis, Bl.
Tapli : White ; veins on reverse of leaf pink ; 6810.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
285. Ficus gibbosa, Bl.
Tasan : Fruit orange ; tree, 10 ft. ; 7043. Distrib. Indo-
Malaya.
286. Ficus chartacea, Wall.
Tapli : Fruit green ; bush ; 6755. Distrib. Burma,
Malaya.
287. HuUettia Griffithiana, King.
Klong Bagatae : Inflorescence white ; 10 to 12 ft. ; 6564.
Tasan : Pale greenish yellow ; 6 f t. ; 6826. Distrib. Mergui.
288. Laporiea stimulans, Miq.
Tasan : Stems pale violet , capsules green ; tips whitish;
15 ft. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands.
289. Pellionia javanica, Wedd., var. major.
Tasan : Pinkish white ; 7030. Tapli : Petals white,
calyx pink ; 6777 and 7055. Distrib. Tenasserim to Penang
and South Malay Peninsula.
This form has unusually long petioles 4 in. long and
leaves 8 in. long and 4 in. wide, in fact is a much bigger
plant altogether than usual but the species is very \ariaJble.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 117
The name javanica was given by Weddell by an error. It
was based on a specimen labelled " Java, Lobb " but Lobb
got it in Penang, and so far as is known it does not occm' in
Java.
290. Elatostemma lineolatum var. major.
Tasan : Pale green ; 6976. Distrib. India, Malay Penin-
sula ; but usually smaller.
291. Elatostemma acuminatum, Brongn.
Tasan : Pale green ; 2 ft. ; 6915. Disfrih. India, Malay
Peninsula, Java.
292. Boehmeria Klossii, sp. nov.
Shrub ; much branched, branches slf nder, glabrous.
Leaves alternate elliptic cuspidate, base narrows, blunt,
herbaceous, edge serrate tri-norved beneath tessellate, 5 in.
long, 2 in. wide ; petiole '75 in. long, slender ; stipules
lanceolate acuminate. Males absent. Females in small
heads • 1 in. through. Flowers free, shortly stallc^ed with a
minute ovate bract at base. Perianth tubular elliptic,
glabrous. Style simple, elongate. Achene smooth.
Tasan : White ; 6 ft. ; 6903. AUied to B. malabarica^
Wedd.
CUPULIFERAE.
293. Castanopsis tribuloides, DC.
Tapli : Fruit green ; 6816. Distrib. India. The fruit
resemble that of var. echidnocarpa but the leaves are larger
and eUiptic.
ORCHIDEAE.
294. Dendrobium tortile, Lindl.
Tapli : White, tinged and washed with pale crimson ;
lip pale yellow, crimson at base ; 6775. Distrib. Burma,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
295. Dendrobium Pierardi, Roxb.
Tasan : Very pale pink ; lip very pale green ; 6895.
Distrib. Sikkim, Bengal, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
296. Dendrobium Farmeri, Roxb.
Nam Chut : Petals pinkish and yellowish white, basal
part of lip orange ; 6688. Distrib. Himalaya, Assam,
Burma.
297. Dendrobium (Aporum) anceps, Sw.
Mamoli : Greenish-yellow, hp blotched crimson ; 6714.
Tasan : Yellow to brown ; leaves green, edged crimson ;
6886.
298. Dendrobium (Pedilonum) secundum. Wall.
Klong Bagatae. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and
Islands.
118 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
299. Eria bractescens, Lindl.
Tapli : Yellow, lip crimson except at tips ; 6803.
Distrih. Mergui, Malay Peninsula.
300. Bromheadia palustris, Lindl.
Mainland shores of Takuapa : Lip crimson and yeUow.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula and Islands to Philippines. This
seems to be its most northern locality.
301. Thecostele ZoUingeri, Rchb.
Tasan : Greenish-yeUow, tips whitish, one or two crim-
son stripes on petals ; hood blackish crimson ; lip white
distally, yellowish at centre, wings crimson brown ; 7024.
Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
302. Vanda teres, Lindl.
Mamoh, Pakchan: Three upper petals faintly tinged and
more strongly streaked with purple ; two outer ones white,
with a purple spur on the lower side ; lower petal (lip) light
purple except interiorly where sides and lower part are
yellow, spotted brown ; lingual portion purple ; 6718.
Distrih. Assam, Burma.
303. Saccolabium ochraceum, Lindl.
Tapli : Buff, spotted brown, distal half of lip white ;
6730. Distrih. Sikkim, Tenasserim, Ceylon, Malabar.
304. Saccolabium flavescens, sp. nov.
Stem stout, 2 in. long. Leaves lorate falcate, bluntly
unequally bi-lobed ; slightly narrowed to base ; midrib
prominent, 7 in. long, 1-75 in. wide. Racemes from lower
part rarely with a single short branch, 4 in. long. Flowers
small, scattered. Bracts minute deflexed, lanceolate acumi-
nate. Pedicel rather thick, -25 in. long. Upper sepal
oblong, slightly dilate at tip rounded, lower ones oblong-
oblanceolate. Petals shghtly smaller, oblanceolate, blunt.
Lip side lobes short truncate, erect, midlobe broadly ovate,
sub-reniform, spur broad scrotiform saccate not septate,
a short broad conic callus in the mouth. Column short and
broad, rosteUum short acuminate upcurved. Pollinia small,
globose on a rather long strap-shaped pedicel and a round
ovate opaque yellow disc.
Klong Bagatae : Flowers pale greenish-yellow ; 6582.
305. Trichoglottis acutifolia, sp. nov.
Stem slender elongate over 8 in. long. Leaves narrow
lanceolate very unequally bilobed one sometimes -25 in.
longer than the other, acute, 3* 5 in. long, • .5 in. wide, sheaths
tubular dilate upwards '4 in. long. Flowers very small on
a very short lateral raceme under • 1 in. long. Sepals, upper
oblong blunt, spotted, lower ones ovate acute, petals nearly
as long, narrower. Lip ; side lobes oblong truncate, squared
midlobe large fleshy oblong ovate blunt pustular, spur very
short, conic, a very small oblong truncate retuse lobe in the
mouth. Column short broad, thick ; anther oblong broad,
large. PoUinia large semi-ovoid, pedicel Unear, broader
at tip ; disc oblong truncate. RosteUum lobes triangular
linear acuminate at tip deflexed.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 119
Klong Bagatae : Flower yellow, lip white ; 6561.
Allied to T. lanceolaria, Bl. of Java, but the leaves are
broader unequally bilobed. The sepals and petals are dis-
tinctly spotted with brown or dull red.
306. Dendrocolla trichoglottis, Ridl.
Tasan : Yellowish-white, top of hood yellow ; 6854.
Distrib. Malay Peninsula. A plant labelled Sarcochilus
hystrix, Rehb. Mergui (Griffith) in Herb, Lindley, seems
to be this species.
307. Acriopsis indica, Wight.
Tapli : Greenish, spotted brown ; lip white ; epiphyte ;
6768. Distrib. Tenasserim, Penang.
308. Podochilus lucescens, Bl.
Tasan : Flowers white ; terminal ; 7006, 9049. Distrib.
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Java. The specimens in their
narrower leaves approach P. khasiyana. Hook. f. but the
lip is broad ovate as in P. lucescens and nearly trilobed at
base.
309. Galeola hydra, Rchb. fil.
Tasan : Lemon yellow, interior petal blotched crimson
brown on upper parts of inside ; 6841. Distrib. Sikkim,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.
310. Didymoplexis, sp.
Tasan : White ; No leaves ; 4 in. ; 6969. The single
specimen of this little plant differs from D. pallens in its
very slender stem and smaller flower, but the flower is so
delicate that it is almost impossible to dissect it and I am
unwilling to make a new species of it.
ZINGIBERACEAE.
311. Globba pendula, Roxb.
Tasan : Orange yellow with one dark brown spot ; 6882.
Distrib. Tenasserim.
312. Costus speciosus var. argyrophyllus.
Tasan ; White ; lip and hood blotched yellow ; calyx
red ; 7001. Distrib. Tropical Asia.
313. Amomum argyrophyllum, sp. nov.
Rhizome slender elongate, stem 3 ft. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate, long, narrowed to petiole, drying pale silvery
silky on the back, 14 in. long, 2-5 in. wide • petiole 4 in.
long, sheaths 12 in., ligule short, oblong, rounded adnate
to petiole. Capitulum conic, 2 in. long very shortly pedun-
cled. Bracts coriaceous, glabrous oblong-lanceolate, blunt
about 12, the largest 1-25 in. long, -75 in. wide, striate.
Inner bracts lanceolate 1 in. long. Calyx 1-25 in. long,
narrowly funnel-shaped with three short apiculate lobes.
Corolla tube 2 in. long, slender at base, dilate upwards,
lobes upper broad lanceolate, hooded, laterals lanceolate,
1 '25 in. long, -5 in. wide. Lip obovate, entire, 1 '5 in. long,
120 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
• 6 in, wide ; tip round, mouth of tube hairy. Stamen
filament '25 in. long, anther oblong, crest very large, reni-
form '5 in. across, top of anthers divaricate.
Tasan: White; lip scarlet at base then yellow in middle;
6952 ; white, lip in part crimson at base, yellow towards
tip ; 7004.
Allied to A. dealhatum^ Roxb. {A. sericeum, Roxb.)
but much smaller with narrower leaves.
814. Amomum molle, sp. nov.
Whole plant 3 ft. tall. Rhizome '25 in. through.
Leaves lanceolate caudate, 12 in. long, 2 in. wide, base
shortly narrowed, glabrous above, softly hairy beneath,
petiole • 25 in. long, soft hairy, sheath narrow, hairy. Spike
sub-cylindric, 2 to 2-5 in. through, on a peduncle, 3 to 4 in.
long covered with pubescent bracts, the uppermost 2 in.
long, lanceolate. Bracts of head lanceolate sub-acute, coria-
ceous striate pubescent, edge white, hairy, 1-5 in. long.
Floral bracts tubular with 3 points pubescent, tip hairy.
Calyx pubescent cylindric with 3 ovate lobes hairy at hp, • 6
in. long. Corolla tube 1 in. long, pubescent ; lobes linear
oblong, pubescent blunt. Lip about as long, base oblong
fleshy, middle depressed sub-saccate ; sides thin, strongly
veined, centre and tip linear-oblong, fleshy. Anther oblong
cells distinct fusiform narrowed to the ends ; crest linear
oblong truncate, rather large with 2 short ears at the angles
of the anther. Stigma broad.
Tasan : Yellow ; lip spotted crimson along the middle
hne ; 6955 : deep yellow spotted orange ; 69v*8.
315. Hornstedtia albomarginata, Ridl.
Koh Gab : Ground flower ; carmine edged white ; 6597.
Only a single head without leaves. I take it to be H.
albomarginata of the Malay Peninsula.
316. Hornstedtia rubrolutea, sp. nov.
Stem '5 in. through. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate-
acuminate, cuspidate, 3 ft. long, 4 in. wide, petiole, 5 in.
long, ligule oblong rounded, broad. Heads sub-cylindric,
3 in. long on a peduncle 1 in. long with rather distant bracts.
Bracts ovate, thin, 1 in. long, -75 in. wide, edge white, hairy;
upper ones narrower. Calyx narrow tubular, thin. Corolla
tube 1*5 in. long, slender, lobes linear oblong very narrow,
the side ones almost ovate oblong. Lip narrow, entire,
dilate and rounded at tip, • 75 in. long, • 20 in. wide at tip.
Anther short oblong. No crest.
Tasan : Petals scarlet and yellow or scarlet and white ;
6972 : Crimson blotched yellow ; 6929.
The flowers are small for this section of Hornstedtia
and the bracts edged with white hair are peculiar.
MARANTACEAE.
317. Phrynium capitatum, Roxb.
Tasan : Pinkish white ; 6 f t. ; 6828. Distrib. India.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 121
318. Donax grandis, Ridl.
Koh Gah : White ; 6610. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and
Islands.
AMARYLLIDEAE.
319. Curculigo latifolia, Dryand.
Tapli : Yellow ; 6754. A form with narrow lanceolate
acuminate woolly leaves and small compact stalked woolly
inflorescence. Distrib. Burma, Malay Peninsula and
Islands.
320. Crinam asiaticum, L.
Pulau Mohea ofif Trang : Flowers white ; stamens
crimson ; 6529. Distrib. Seashores, India. Malaya.
TACCACEAE.
321. Tacca palmatifida, Bak. Joum. Linn. Soc. xv. 100.
Tasan : Fruit greenish red. Distrib. Celebes.
The specimen being in fruit unfortunately adds little
to our knowledge of this plant of which flowers are not
known. It may perhaps be a lobed form of T. palmata.
322. Tacca cristata. Jack.
Tasan : Dark greenish brown, beard blackish crimson ;
6822. Distrib. Malaya.
LILIACEAE.
323. Dracaena siamensis, Ridl. ?
Pulau Mohea off Trang : Fruit scarlet ; 6935. In fruit
only. Distrib. Perlis.
324. Smilax leucophylla var. latifolia.
Tapli : Fruit green ; cUmber ; 6751. Distrib. Tenas-
serim (Heifer) ; Perak (Kunstler). A. de CandoUe quoted
his Tenasserim plant as 5. Blumei, a totally different species.
It is very distinct from the ordinary forms of Smilax
leucophylla, and is probably specifically distinct, but at pre-
sent we have only fruiting specimens. It is a stout woody
climber with few scattered short thorns. Leaves coriaceous,
ovate sub-apiculate base broad edge thickened, glaucous
beneath, 8 in. long, 6 in. wide. Peduncle in fruit, 3 in. long ;
pedicels 1 in. Fruit globose.
325. Peliosanthes hypogyna, sp. nou.
Tufted plant with a mass of thick roots at base. Leaf,
petiole 7 in. tall, angled, blade elliptic-lanceolate, 8 in. long,
2-75 in. wide ; nerves conspicuous about 10. Racemes
5 in. long. Flowers pale greenish white, solitary in the
bracts, -2 in. wide. Bracts linear acuminate, lowest ones
% in. long shortening upwards. Pedicel -1 in. long.
Perianth lobes ovate-lanceolate, blunt. Staminal ring
adnate almost entirely to the tube and to the ovary, slightly
notched between the anthers. Ovary completely inferior.
Style shorter than stamens. Seed globose, pear-shaped.
8
122 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Tasan : Pale greenish white ; 7016. Pulau Mohea :
Fruit waxy blue ; 6534.
This belongs to the set with completely inferior ovary,
the petals and sepals connate in a tube adnate to ovary and
staminal ring.
XYRIDEAE.
326. Xyris tuberosa, sp. nov.
Rhizome 2 in. or more long with densely set globose
pubescent (eventually glabrous) bulbs % in. through. Stem
solitary 1 in. long, covered with sheaths. Leaves 2 linear
acuminate 7 in. long, -l in. wide, flat not twisted. Culm
12 to 13 in. long, terets, rather slender. Capitulum globose,
•25 in. long. Bracts orbicular, broad, centre elevated not
keeled, edge broad, brown scarious and becoming lacerate.
Mainland shores of Takuapa : 6615.
This species is allied to X. anceps. Lam., but the singu-
lar rhizome with its globose bulb-joints and few leaves dis-
tinguishes it from any other species. The flowers are all
over and gone in the specimens.
COMMELINACEAE.
327. Pollia sorzogonensis, Endl.
Tasan : White, 2-4 ft. ; 6966, 6894. Distrib, Indo-
Malaya.
328. Commelina nudiflora, L.
Tasan : Blue ; 6935. Distrib. Cosmopolitan.
329. Aneilema conspicuum, Kth.
Tasan : Pale violet ; stamens yellow ; 6908. Deep lilac ,
stamens yellow ; 1 ft. ; 6827. Distrib. India, Malaya.
330. Floscopa scandens, Lour.
Tapli : Pale lilac ; 6743. Tasan : Distrib. Indo-Malaya,
Australia.
FLAGELLARIACEAE.
331. Flagellaria indica, L.
Koh Gab : Fruit brownish pink ; climber ; lower part
woody ; 6603. Distrib. Tropical Asia, Seashores.
PALMAE.
332. Areca pumila, Bl.
Tasan : Pale yellow ; 6 ft. tall ; 6823. Distrib. Malay
Peninsula and Islands,
I take this to be A. pumila, Bl., but the specimen is
incomplete and it might be A. triandra.
333. Pinanga canina, Becc.
Tasan : Fruit crimson brown ; stems crimson ; 6873.
Distrib. Province Wellesley, Borneo.
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 123
I take this to be Beccari's canina. There is a leaf ot
it collected in Tenasserim by Heifer, labelled P. patnla, Bl.
by Hooker, but I do not think it is that species.
334. Nenga macrocarpa, Becc.
Koh Gah : Flowers greenish-white ; tree 30 ft. 6588.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula. A fruiting specimen only.
335. Iguanura Wallichiana, Hook. fil.
Tasan : Fruit red ; 6 to 7 ft., Stem slender ; 7010.
Distrih. Malay Peninsula.
336. Licuala distans, sp. nov.
Leaf petiole (upper part) slender, smooth, unarmed
•25 in. through, blade 2-5 ft. long cut almost to the base
into 26 narrow lanceolate lobes 2 in. across at the widest
part, apex cut into about 6 acuminate acute lobes 4 in. long.
Inflorescence glabrous, 4-5 ft. long sheaths 6, smooth, lowest
6 in. long with a low rib on one side, mouth brown lacerate
into fibres. Spadix branches 2 from each sheath, slender,
6 to 9 in. long. " Flowers white." Flowers rf'mote, pedicels
•1 in. long, slender. Bracts minute, lanceolate. Calyx
tubular, narrowed at base dilate slightly upwards with three
very short points • 12 in. Petals wide, spreading lanceolate
acuminate, -12 in. long. Stamens 6, filaments lanceolate-
acuminate, red when dry. Anthers linear, oblong yellow.
Style slender, nearly as long as the stamens.
Koh Jam Noi, near Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Flowers
white ; 6638.
This species approaches L. peltata of India from which
it differs in its smaller pedicelled flowers and much cut up
leaves.
337. Calamus myrianthus, Becc.
Koh Pipidon near Ghirbi or Krabi : Flowers dull
greenish yellow ; centres dark greenish brown ; 6554.
Tapli ; 6814. Distrih. Tenasserim, Siam.
338. Daemonorops Lewisianus, GrifT.
Tasan. Distrih. Penang.
339. Zaiacca Wallichiana, Mart.
Tasan : Fruit brown ; 6944. Distrih. Malay Peninsula,
Tenasserim.
ARACEAE.
340. Alocasia denudata, Miq.
Koh Gall : Base of inflorescence white, remainder pale
buff ; stems mottled ; 6953. Distrih. Malay Peninsula,
Borneo.
The form is the very hastate one with long narrow
lobes.
341. Aglaonema Helferi, Hook. fil.
This is allied to A. ohlongifolium but smaller in all
parts. The specimen is however, rather larger than the
type.
124 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
342. Anadendron montanam, Schott.
A slender form with smaller ovate leaves. Tasan.
Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
343. Pothos scandens, L.
Tasan : Fruit (probably heads) pale brown i mflores-
cence yellow ; 7041. Yellowish white, growing on tree ;
7057. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
CYPERACEAE.
344. Eyilinga monocephala, Rottb.
Tasan : Greenish white ; 6937. Cosmopolitan.
345. Cyperus haspan, L.
Taph : mixed with Floscopa scandens^ 6743. Cosmo-
politan.
346. Cyperus malaccensis. Lam.
Nam Chut : Fruit brown, 5 ft. ; 6693.
347. Cyperus diffusus, Vahl.
Delisle Island, off Takuapa.
348. Cyperus diffusus var. pubisquama, C. B. Clarke.
Tapli : Brownish green ; 6756. Distrib. India, Malaya.
349. Mariscus microcephalus, Presl.
Tasan : Fruit golden brown ; 6884. Distrib. Tropics.
350. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich.
Koh Pipidon : 6560. Klong Bagatae : Fruit brown var.
penangense, C. B. CI.
Delisle Island off Takuapa : 6646. Tasan : Brown ; sta-
mens yellow ; 6997. The var. Penangense made a species by
Clarke and based on a single specimen from Penan g, reap-
pears again in this collection but without fruit again. It
differs from H. latifolium in its much longer cyhndric
fusiform flowering spikes. Elongate spikes occur occa-
sionally in specimens of otherwise typical H. latifolium but
in Penangense they are all like this. Until we get fruit it
had better remain as a variety.
351. Mapania andamanica, Kurz.
Tasan : Fruit brown ; 7011. Distrib. Andamans.
352. Scleria levis, Retz.
Koh Gah : Fruit black or white ; inflorescence brown ;
6605. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands, China.
353. Carex indica, L.
Taph : 6817. Distrib. Tropical Asia.
354. Carex mapanifolia, sp. nov.
Tufted. Leaves thin, elongate lanceolate long narrowed
to the base, 3 ft. long, 2 in. wide, acutely acuminate, edges
scabrid enclosed at base in a tuft with brown lanceolate
sheaths. Inflorescence 12 in. long central, peduncle 8 to 9
in. long covered with sheaths ; panicle dense, 3 to 1 in. long
of dense sessile secondary panicles 1 in. long or less ; many
flowered, white ; outer bracts of spikelet empty about 1%
1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 125
linear ones acuminate. Upper spikelets male, lower with
male and female flowers. Glumes in male linear lanceolate
bifid or sub-caudate at lip. Anthers linear • 2 in. long with
very slender filaments. Hermaphrodite spikelets smaller,
lower flowers female, upper ones male. Utriclei very nar-
row, thin sub-cylindric, deeply bifid, lobes acute. Ovary
ellipsoid, narrowed at the base and jointed at the top with
the style. Style pale, narrowed upwards. Stigmas 3, pur-
ple, hairy.
Tasan ; white ; 6881 : Base of flower brownish ; In-
florescence whitish ; 7012.
This remarkable species is allied to C. Helferi of Tenas-
serim differing in its much denser spikes and broader leaves.
The only other Carex of this set is C. scaposa of Cochin-
China and China, and this remarkable broad-leaved group
appears to be confined to this region.
GRAMINEAE.
355. Cyrtoccum pilipes, Stapf. (Panicum pilipes, Nees.).
Tapli : Fruit brown to yellow ; 6765. Distrib. Tropical
Asia and Polynesia.
356. Thysanolaena acarifera, Nees.
Koh Jam Yai oft' Takuapa : A dwarf form ; 6637.
Distrib. Tropical Asia.
357. Neyraudia madagascariensis, Hook. fil.
Tasan ; 6930. Klong Bagalae : 6585. Distrib. Tropics.
Africa and Asia.
358. Oxytenanthera nigrociliata, Munro.
Tasan ; 7054. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java.
GNETACEAE.
359. Gnetum Brunoniana, Griff.
Tasan : Green, terminal spike whitish ; scandent bush,
9 ft. ; 7026 : Yellowish-white ; Bush ; 6870. Distrib. Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula.
360. Gnetum scandens, Roxb.
Tasan : Fruit ; green ; 6902. Distrib. India, Malaya.
CYCADACEAE.
361. Cycas siamensis ?
Koh Gah : Cone and leaf from one tree, young fruit
from second tree, ripe fruit from third tree ; 6590. Only a
young male cone received : I am not sure whether it is C.
siamensis or C. Rumphii.
FERNS.
362. Alsophila latebrosa, Hook.
Tasan : A verv pubescent form ; 7017 : Glabrous form ;
6868. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
126 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
363. Trichomanes javanica, Bl.
Tasan : 6950. Koh Gah : 6595. Distrib. Malay Penin-
sula and Islands.
364. Pteris quadriaurita, Retz.
Delisle Island off Takuapa : 6644. Tapli : 6727.
Distrib. Tropics.
365. Microlepia Speluncae, L.
Tapli : 6759 and 6739. Distrib. Tropics.
366. Lindsaya lanuginosa, Wall.
Mainland shores of Takuapa inlet : 6619. Distrib.
Burma, Malay Peninsula.
367. Asplenium nitidum, Sw.
Klong Bagatae : 6569. Distrib. S. Africa, India, Malay
Peninsula.
368. Asplenium unilaterale, Lam.
Tasan : 7034. Distrib. Tropics of Old World.
369. Diplazium tomentosum, Hook.
Tasan : 6959 and 6989. Distrib. Burma and Malay
Peninsula.
370. Aspidium cicutarium, Sw.
Tasan : 7031. Tapli : 6735. Distrib. Tropics.
371. Niphobolus adnascens, Sw.
Koh Jam Noi near Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : 6636.
Distrib. Old World and Tropics.
372. Pleopeltis nigrescens, Bl.
Tapli : 6785. Tasan : 7056. Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
373. Pleopeltis sinuosa. Wall.
Koh Gah off Takuapa : 6586. Distrib. Malay Peninsula
and Islands.
374. Taenitis blechnoides, Sw.
Klong Bagatae : 6496. Distrib. Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula, Tenasserim.
375. Stenochlaena sorbifolia, L.
Pulau Mohea off Trang : 6531. Distrib. Tropics.
376. Gymnopteris subrepanda. Hook.
Tasan : 6995. Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
377. Polybotrya appendiculata var. Hamiltoniana, Wall.
TapU : 6741. Koh Gah : 6496. Distrib. Assam, Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula.
378. Schizaea dichotoma, Sw.
Koh Prah Tong off Takuapa inlet. Distrib. Tropics.
379. Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm.
Tasan : 6866. Distrib. Tropical Asia, Australia and
Madagascar.
380. Lygodium polystachyum, Wall.
Mamoli : 6710. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
1920] 127
in. TWO NEW SIAMESE PLANTS.
By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S.
I have found the following undescribed species in a
small collection sent me by Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, Forest
Research Officer, F.M.S. They were obtained by a collector
of the Forest Department who accompanied the expedition
of the F.M.S. Museums Department to the northern half of
the Malay Peninsula in 1919 (antea pp. 65-126).
ANONACEAE.
1. Miliusa concinna, sp. nov.
Branches slender, bark dark brown lenticelled ; young
parts pubescent. Leaves rather distant oblong oblanceolate,
blunt or subacute, base narrowed unequally bluntly bilobed,
membranous to subcoriaceous, thin, glabrous or when
young pubescent on the midrib beneath ; nerves fine incon-
spicuous, 8 pairs, 4 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole hairy or
glabrous, -1 in. long. Flowers solitary or 2 on tubercles ;
pedicel slender, hairy, -5 in. long. Sepals ovate -12 in.
long, hairy,. Petals oblong, tip rounded, hairy on both
sides, -25 in. long. Stamens about 7 whorls, 20 in all ;
anthers short, narrow, connective broad, flat irregularly
rounded. Pistils 20, densely woolly on the top.
South-western Siam : Hat Sunuk near Koh Lak (Hamid
No. 3820) ; Koh Lak (Hamid No. 3802). Native name
Pom rimpah.
The specimens under No. 3802 differ in being much
more hairy, the branches being densely 50 ft. tomentose,
and the leaves hairy on the back ; «while No. 3820 is almost
completely glabrous, only the young parts being pubescent.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE.
2. Pachyiioearpus grandiflorus, sp. nov.
Leaves oblong thin but stiff coriaceous elliptic acutely
short acuminate, base narrowed, blunt ; nerves 12 pairs
prominent beneath, reticulations conspicuous beneath, 6 to
8 in. long, 2-5 to 4 in. wide ; petiole thick -5 in. long,
pubescent. Panicle dense, terminal compact, 3 in. long,
4 in. wide, pubescent ; pedicel -1 in. long. Calyx pubescent
mealy, • 1 in. long, lobes lanceolate acute, cleft nearly to the
base. Petals -75 in. long, -25 in. wide, oblong spathulate
tip broad rounded, glabrescent. Stamens 15 in 2 rows.
Ovary cone-shaped free from sepals, puberulous. Style
short, thick ribbed ; stigma rather large. Fruit (unripe)
ovoid not corky. Calyx entirely covering the nut except
the extreme tip, lobes thin, ovate rounded, whole fruit -75
in. long, lobes free part -1 in. long. Peninsular Siam,
Klong Wang Tapoh in Renong. (Hamid No. 3787) . Native
name Mai Sak.
Perhaps nearest to P. Stapfianus but the leaves are
thinner and have more nerves. It has larger flowers than
any species I have ever seen.
128 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
IV. NEW AND RARE PLANTS
FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G,, F.R.S.
This paper includes a number of new species recently-
received in various collections chiefly made by members of
the Museums Department in the Federated Malay States
and others from a collection made by myself in Kelantan
in 1917 ; together with various emendations of species of
earlier collections which in the course of my work on the
Flora of the Malay Peninsula I have found it necessary
to make.
A small but valuable collection was made on the East
Coast by Mr. I. H. N. Evans, Asst. Curator, Perak Museum,
of which several new species are described, besides which
he added to our flora Securidaca tavoyana, and Celastrus
paniculata from Pahang. The latter is a verv widely dis-
tributed plant, occurring in India and throughout the Malay
archipelago, but curiously has been till now missing from
the Malay Peninsula.
A small collection made by a native employe of the
F.M.S. Museums Department on Gunong Binlang on the
Kedah-Perak boundary contained a number of valuable
additions including a remarkable new Genus of
Rhanmaceae, viz. : — Oreorhamnus.
On the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Graeme-Anderson
I visited Kelantan in February 1917, and enjoyed their
hospitality for some weeks at Chaning Estate on the
Kelantan river above Kuala Lebir, and on my way back
stopped with Mr. R. J. Farrer at Kota Bharu. The flora of
Kelantan was very little known. I formerly received a
number of specimens and live plants from Dr. Gimlette
at Kuala Lebir, and had landed once in 1889 on the sea
coast near the mouth of the Kelantan river for a few hours.
Near the Chaning Rubber Estate were patches of forest
untouched by man and here I found the flora typically
Malayan, but vdth a good many new species. Here in a
sandy spot in a forest I found a patch of Trichopus Zey-^
lanicus which I had met with many years ago at one spot
in the Tahan woods in Pahang ; otherwise it is only known
from Ceylon.
A day or two at Kuala Lebir gave me a curious
Rubiaceous shrub obviously of the same genus as a dwarf
shrubby plant collected by me at Klang gates and which
I had referred to Xanthophytum Bl. Further examination
showed that it did not belong to Blume's genus and I have
made a new genus Aleisanthia for the two species : it is
allied to the genus Grania. Curiously I found a true
Xanthophytum on the banks of the Pehi river opposite
Chaning Estate, another generic addition to our flora. The
country round Kota Bharu is mostly covered with rice
fields and other cultivations. I noticed here plots of Coleus
tuberosus, a plant seldom cultivates further south. I
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 129
ascended the only large hill in the neighbourhood which
was called simply Gunong and added a number of interest-
ing plants from this rather dry rocky place. Near the
village Tumpat was some open heath country, very sandy :
The flora was more distinctly Siamese, and I found here
the Anonaoeous shrub Rauwenhoffia, a typically Siamese
and Cambodian plant. The sandy shores at the mouth of
the Kelantan river were rather disappointing, the chief
•plants there being Casuarina, Spinifex, Dodonaea, and the
usual common sand-hill plants : but I found also a new
species of Waltheria which was very interesting as the
genus is mainly South American, and the only species in our
area (and it is scarce) is W. americana, believed to have
been accidentally introduced into Asia from South America.
I was much indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Graeme-Anderson,
to Mr. Farrer and to Dr. Geale of Kuala Lebir for their
hospitality through which alone I was enabled to collect
the plants of this Uttle known district.
CAPPARIDACEAE.
1. Capparis pubiflora, var. perakensis. King.
This plant is only known from specimens collected in
Perak by Scortechini. I have recently found it again in the
woods surrounding the Chaning Estate on the Kelantan
river. It seems to me sufficiently distinct from C. piibiflora
DC, a native of Timor and Celebes, of which, however, I
have only seen rather poor specimens. The bracts in this
species are broad, soft and woolly, and the flowers much
more woolly than in our species which has also short
subulate persistent bracts quite glabrous. The young shoots
and just opened leaves are thickly pubescent, and the whole
flower bud pubescent but not as densely as in the Timor
plant. I think it advisable to keep it as a separate specites
under the name of C. perakensis.
2. Capparis paniculata, sp. nov.
A long, much branched but slender thorny climber with
very short decm'ved thorns thickened at base and black at
tip • 1 in. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong base blunt
tip acute, nerves 5 pairs, 5-5 in .long, 2*5 in, wide, petiole
•15 in. long. Flowers in a lax terminal panicle 6 in. long,
peduncle -75 in. long, slender terminated by an umbel of
about 6 flowers ; pedicels -5 in. long, slender. Flowers
white -25 in. across. Sepals rounded, oblong, outer pair
boat-shaped, coriaceous, inner pair larger with a broad thin
margin. Petals oblong rounded connate at base. Stamens
numerous little longer than the petals ; white. Anthers
oblong, short. Gynophore little longer than tlie filaments,
ovary conic.
Kelantan in dense forest in the neighbourhood of Chan-
ing Estate on the Kelantan River. Feb. 1917.
Distrib. Borneo : Foot of Mt. Braang (Limestone),
Sarawak (Haviland 766).
130 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X,
DIPTEROCARPACEAE.
3. Balanocarpus ovalifolius, sp. nov.
Tree. Leaves thin coriaceous ovate, cuspidate, base
round shortly acuminate, tip blunt, nerves line about nine
pairs, often very inconspicuous, midrib elevate often on
both sides reticulations minute but conspicuous 3 in. long,
1-5 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long. Panicles lax,
glabrous, drying black, 2 in. long, rather few flowered.
Flowers considerably larger than in. B. Curtisii. Sepals
imbricate subcoriaceous, glabrous blunt. Petals twice as
long 15 in. long, oblong, blunt mealy pubescent outside.
Stamens 15, filaments short and rather broad ; anthers sub-
globose, appendage hair-like, longer than the rest of the
stamens. Ovary with stout cylindi-ic stylopediujn, glabrous.
Penang : Ayer Hitam at 300 ft. (Haniff 3727, Curtis
426) . Malay name " Pinang Baik."
This plant was originally tentatively assigned to B.
laitfolius Brandis, a Bornean species, by Brandis ; but it
differs entkely in the venation of the leaves which is exactly
that of B. Curtisii. From that species it differs in the
broad ovate leaves and larger flowers apd more oblong
longer sq)als.
STERCULIACEAE.
4. Waltheria arenaria, sp. nov.
Prostrate, creeping shrubby plant 2 ft. long, twigs
slender, tips tomentose. Leaves ovate elliptic, base broad,
edge serrate tomentose, thickly beneath, thinly above when
adult nerves thick elevate 3-4 pairs -5- -75 in. long, '25- -3
in. wide; petiole -25 in. long, stipules Linear. Heads of
flower '3 in. wide, sessile, densely villous. Bracts linear
villous. Calyx obconic strongly nerved, villous, lobes 5
subulate. Corolla -25 in. yellow, petals linear oblong
spathulate long clawed. Stamens 5 with very short fila-
ments connate at base. Style slender stigma penicillate,
pericarp tomentose at top. Capsule smooth brown 1
seeded.
Kelantan in sand on the sea shore beneath the
Casuarinas at Kuala Kelantan. Abundant.
An interesting find as W. indica L., the only other
Asiatic species, is a tropical weed probably like most of
the genus of American origin. It is an erect plant and is
not common in the Malay Peninsula being only known
from Malacca where Griffith collected it.
RUTACEAE.
5. Glycosmis elata, sp. nov.
Tall shrub 6-8 ft. high. Leaves 18 in. long of 4 leaflets
irregularly spaced oblong elliptic 7 in. long, 2 in. wide,
pale beneath ; 5-7 nerved, nerves strongly inarching, petio-
lules "25 in. long. Flowers in short axiUary ]ianicles 3 in.
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 131
long, rather numerous -1 in. long, white. Sepals small 5.
Petals -1 in. long, oblong glabrous. Stamens 10 unequal
outer 5 as long as petals, inner 5 shorter. Ovary flask-
shaped, glabrous ; style rather stout. Fruit small, ovoid
beaked, yellow spotted brown.
Damp woods in Kelantan at Chaning and in the Glam
wood near Kota Bahru.
It seems most nearly allied to G. sapindoldef. Wall,
of Penang Hill, differing in larger flowers, glabrous pistil
and unequal stamens. The leaves are thickly black-dotted
on the back.
6. Zanthoxylum hirtellum, sp. nov.
Climber, armed with short decurved thorns, shortly
rough-hairy. Leaves 6 in. long. Leaflets 7-9, coriaceous,
elliptic, blunt cuspidate, edge crenulate or undulate, hairy
beneath on a rather slender thorny rachis, midrib thorny,
2-5-3 in. long, 1*25-1 -5 in. wide; nerves about 8 pairs;
petiolules -1 in. long or less. Panicles axillary 2-3 together,
slender 2 in. long, few flowered. Flowers -1 in, wide.
Fruit spikes 3 in. long, pubescent, with short branches.
Coccus oval pubescent wrinkled -25 in. long. Seed slightly
flattened smooth black shining nearly • 25 in , long.
Singapore: Yo Chu Rang (Ridley 11291). Pahang :
Temerloh (Ridley). Bindings : (Curtis), Lumut (Ridley
10281). This plant is covered with short rough hairs. It
is near the Javanese Z. Horsfieldii^ Turcz. and Z. nitidiim
of China and Cochin-Cliina, but those are glabrous.
GERANIACEAE.
7. Connaropsis sericea, sp. nov.
A tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong sharply
acuminate base round, nerves 8 pairs, slender but prominent
beneath subglaucous beneath, reticulations conspicuous
7-7-5 in. long, 3 in. wide ; petiole rather stout, -5 in. long.
Panicles raceme-like from the upper axils 12 in. long,
branches -25 in. long, puberulous. Sepals ovate, blunt silk
tomentose. Petals oblong, clawed, upper part deep red,
claw pale -1 in. long. Stamens shorter filaments very
slender ; anthers ovate witli wide cells. Styles short, free.
Pahang : Pianggu, Endau River (Evans) . Flowers red.
Aug. 1917.
A very distinct species with large leaves as big as those
of C. macrophylla but much thinner and subglaucous
beneath, the panicles long, slender puberulous with silky
tomentose sepals.
RHAMNACEAE.
Genus OREORHAMNUS, gen. nov.
A shrub or tree ? erect. Leaves alternate lanceolate
dentate. Flowers small axillary hairy calyx campanulate
lobes 5 triangular. Petals minute spathulate bilobed
132 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
enwrapping anthers stamens 5 opposite petals, filaments
rising from a thin disc lining the calyx tube, ovary free 3
lobed, ovules 1 in each cell. Styles 3. Species one.
8. Oreorhamnus serrulatus, sp. nov.
Shrub or tree, erect. Buds red hairy. Leaves alter-
nate thinly coriaceous lanceolate narrowed to both ends,
dentate serrulate glabrous, nerves 6 pairs with midrib
elevate beneath, sunk above, reticulations very close on both
sides very fine, 3 inches long, 1 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long
pubescent when young. Flowers very smaU axillary on
the young shoots, hairy pubescent shortly pedicelled. Calyx
campanulate lobes 5 triangular acute hairy outside. Petals
very small spathulate bilobed, lobes rounded, glabrous
enclosing the anther. Stamens 5, opposite petals and
enwrapped therein, filaments slender rising from a very
thin disc lining the calyx tube. Anthers ellipsoid, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary 3-lobed free to base, hairy : ovules
1 in each cell. Styles 3 short cylindric truncate. Fruit not
seen.
Kedah-Perak boundary : Gunong Bintang (Native
Collector, F.M.S. Mus.).
SAPINDACEAE. ;^
9. Lepisanthes hirta, sp. nov.
Simple tree-like shrub. Branches, underside of leaves,
rachis, midrib above and inflorescence softly hairy. Leaf
over 2 ft. long, leaflets 10, alternate but approximate elliptic
lanceolate shortly acuminate ; nerves about 18 pairs, 12 in.
long, 4 in. wide membranous, petiolule thick -15 in. long.
Panicles axillary 4-5 in. long branches few distant, racemose.
Flowers •! in. wide. Sepals, 5, orbicular, coriaceous,
pubescent, edge ciliate. Petals 4, ovate round blunt nearly
twice as long, glabrous, scales at base oblong, white, woolly.
Stamens 8, short within the undulate disc, glabrous.
Rudimentary pistil densely hairy.
Kelantan : Chaning Forest.
A remarkably hairy species, most of the genus being
nearly glabrous except the inflorescence. A plant got on
the Pehi River had much smaller oblong, blunt leaflets
5*5 in. long by 2 in. wide.
LEGUMINOSAE.
10. Vigna hirtella, sp. nov.
Stems slender, hairy. Leaves, petiole 2 in. long slender
hairy ; leaflets ovate acuminate, the lower ones somewhat
rhomboid, obscurely lobed, nerves fine, hairy beneath, 2 in.
long 1-1 '5 in. wide, petiolule of mud-leaflet 5 in. long.
Peduncle hairy, slender. Flowers few '5 in. long, yellow.
Bracts at base Unear acuminate. Calyx campanulate with
short broad equal teeth. Standard obovate, round, broad
with 2 short points at base by claw, wings broadly round
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 133
at tip, keel short, broad. Stamens slender. Style plumed on
lower edge at tip. Ovary glabrous. Pod narrow liniear
glabrous 2 in. long 1 in. wide.
Kelantan : Bank of River Lebir near Chaning.
Distrib. Timor Laut (Riedel in Herb. Kew) .
One of the plants commonly confused with V. luteola,
Benth., a South American plant. The fruit is described
from the Timor Laut plant which is I think the same species,
the pod however, is not ripe.
11. Crudia Evansii, sp. nov.
Glimbhng plant, glabrous. Leaves 6 in. long Including
petiole. Leaflets 3-4, thin, coriaceous elliptic shortly acumi-
nate 6-nerved ; nervules nearly as conspicuous, reticulations
distinct, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiolules '2 in. long.
Racemes dense, scurfy velvety red, 2 in. long, rachis thick.
Flowers crowded, shortly pedicelled. Sepals ovate, blunt
•1 in. long. Stamens 10, glabrous. Pistal conic, densely
hairy.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) . " Climbing plant
anthers yellow, petals inconspicuous. Sepals brownish."
January 1917.
MYRTACEAE.
12. Eugenia jasminifolia, sp. nov.
Small tree. Leaves thin, coriaceous ovate, blunt
caudate base cuneate nerves numerous parallel but invisible
above and always so beneath, 1 in. long -25 in. wide ;
petiole -1 in. long. Flowers small in sessile terminal and
axillary clusters about 5. Bracts broad, oblong papery.
Calyx oblong cylindric sUghtly narrowed at the base -12 in.
long ; lobes rounded broad persistent. Petals free, rounded.
Stamens very short.
Negri Sembilan : Tampin Hill (nat. coll. F.M.S. Mus.).
AlUed to E. tecta. King, in its small sessile heads but
the leaves are quite different and the flowers very small.
13. Eugenia laxiuscula, sp. nov.
Bark of twigs red. Leaves narrow, oblong, lanceolate
acuminate base cuneate, nerves numerous subparallel faint
6-25 in. long, 1*9 in. wide petiole "25 in. long. Panicles
wide, spreading, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, lax. Calyx lobes
distinct, short rounded semielliptic, tube goblet-shaped with
a rather long pseudo-stalk -2 in. long. Corolla cauyptrate.
Stamens very numerous • 4 in. long.
Pulau Butang, Butang Ids, West of Langkawi Ids.
(Curtis 975).
King refers this number to E. inophylla, Roxb., from
which it differs in its longer, narrower leaves with fewer
nerves, its red bark wide panicle, longer calyx-tube and
distinct lobes (quite absent in inophylla) and its stamens
134 • Journal of the F.M.S. Mnseumfs. rVoi.. X,
twice as long. It has the habit of the Javanese laxiflora, BL,
but the calyx tube of that is remarkably short and round.
14. Eugenia Evansii, sp. nov.
Branchlets dark brown. Leaves thin, coriaceous,
elliptic to oblong abruptly acuminate base very shortly
cuneate, nerves very numerous faint horizontal, intra-
marginal one close to edge 6 in. long 2-75 in wide ; petiole
•2 in. long. Cymes terminal and in upper axils short,
branches angled spreading ending in 3-5 sessile flowers, 1-5
in. long and wide. Flowers small. Calyx broad, goblet-
shaped with a pseudostalk, lobes O. Petals calyptrate very
small. Stamens fairly numerous very short, white, '1 in.
long. Style as long.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) .
One of the Syzygium section but unlike any known to
me.
15. Eugenia Graeme- Andersoniae, sv. nov.
Tree. W ith long pendent branches. Leaves thin,
coriaceous, narrow lanceolate long acuminate both ends
pendent ; very finely parallel-nerved, 4 in. long • 75 in. wide,
petiole -15 in. long. Cymes axillary 1-2 in. an axil,
3 or 4-flowered 1 in. long or less. Peduncle and branches
rather stout, angled. Bracts minute, triangular acuminate.
Calyx obconic with very short points, -25 in. long. Petals
free rounded, -15 in. long white. Stamens very numerous,
fine with very small anthers, about • 5 in. long.
Kelantan : Chaning. along the river bank. Abundant.
A very handsome tree, remarkable for the flowers
being in small cymes in the axils of almost every leaf. The
leaves hang down, the flowers standing erect on the spread-
ing and pendulous branches.
I have much pleasure in associating this beautiful tree
with Mrs. Graeme Anderson through whose hospitality at
Chaning Estate I was enabled to make extensive collections
in this hitherto botanically unexplored part of Kelantan.
16. Barringlonia pedicellata, sp. nov.
Branches slender. Leaves membranous, broad, lanceo-
late acuminate, narrowed to base ; denticulate, nerves
slender 10 pairs, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -2 in. long.
Raceme terminal, slender 12 in. long. Flowers distant
pedicels slender -4 in. long. Bracts oblong blunt -1 in.
long. Calyx tube campanulate lobes ovate, blunt '12 in.
long. Corolla -5 in. across ; lobes oblong Stamens twice
as long. Style -4 in. long.
Pahang : Labong, Endau River (Evans, Aug. 1917).
Allied to B. spicata, Bl., but the flowers are borne on
long slender pedicels as in B. fiisiformis. King ; the leaves
are exactly those of B. spicata. Ripe fruit I have not seen
but in the quite young state it appears to be winged.
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants, 135
MELASTOMACEAE.
17. Sonerila barbata, sp. nov.
Stem woody, erect, stout 14 in. tall, densely brown,
hairy. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate membranous sub-
acute, base blunt unequally bilobed glabrous, fi-nerved from
base, transverse nerves subhorizontal, 6-8 in. long 2-75 to
3 in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long, thick, denselv brown., hairy.
Cymes in upper axils 1 • 25-3 in. long ; peduncle slender,
hairy. Flowers secund, about 15 mauve Capsule cam-
panulate not angled, pustular 25 in. long ; pedicels densely
hairy -12 in. long.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
The leaves are spotted with white.
BEGONIACEAE.
18. Begonia barbellata, sp. nov.
Whole plant 14 inches tall. Stem somewhat woody,
glandular hairy. Leaves membranous obliquely lanceolate
acuminate, irregularly crenate-serrate, base narrowed to
a blunt tip, above glabrous except for a few scattered hair-
like trichomes, beneath hairy on nerves and edge ; nerves
slender 4 pairs, 5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide, petiole •1--25 in.
long. Stipules lanceolate acuminate papery, hairy ; male
flowers terminal and in upper axils. Peduncle slender
rising from a tuft of lanceolate acuminate hairy bracts,
hairy '5 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 whiie, pedicel '4 in. long.
Sepals oblong rounded, hairy on the back -25 in. long.
Female flowers larger usually in lower axils. Capsule
oblong slightly narrowed at the base with three equal wings
•4 in. long -25 in. wide.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods. Very local.
This is certainly allied to B. pnbescens, Ridl. of
Sarawak, but to nothing in the Malay Peninsula ; from that
species it differs in its much taller size, rather larger flowers
and entirely different fruit.
CUCURBITACEAE
19. Hodgsonia capniocarpa, sp. nov.
Big climber with strong tendrils. Leaves bright shining
green, coriaceous 6 in. long 7 in, wide, palmate base cordate
lobes, short, acute ; nerves beneath hairy reticulations fine
conspicuous ; petiole 1 in. long, Male raceme woody, stout
growing to 6 in. long. Bracts thick, ovate -1 in. Calyx-
tube -5 in. long, thick, lobes very short, scurfy. Corolla
tube 2 in. long, thick scurfy pubescent 2 in. across when
open. Fruit 6 in. wide, depressed globose velvety-grey
woody. Seeds 2 in, long imbedded in a firm oily pulp.
Pahang river (Ridley). Malacca (Maingay). Penang
(Phillips Porter, WaUich 6684).
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
This has been referred to Hodgsonia heteroclita. Hook,
f. of India, from which it differs in its hairy underside of
the coriaceous leaves, much smaller flower with a much
thicker calyx tube and shorter lobes, and its fruit. H.
heteroclita has a pointed red fruit, thin walled. That of
this species is woody, velvety, grey and quite flat at the top
and base. If dropped in water it can be taken out quite
dry owing to its velvety coat. It is called Akar Kapaynng
from the resemblance of the seed to that of Pangium. It
is probable that it is the Trichosanthes Kadam Miquel of
Sumatra, but his description is incomplete.
PASSIFLORACEAE. ' ^
20. Adenia grandifolia, sp. nov.
Glabrous climber. Leaves membranous becoming
thinly coriaceous broadly ovate elUptic acuminate, base
cuneate decurrent shortly on the petiole with 2 large glands
4-6*5 in. long, 4-6-5 in. wide ; nerves prominent, one pair
basal, one pair above nervules transverse ; petiole 1-1 • 5 in.
long. Panicle short, branched 1 • 5 in. long, many flowered.
Bracts lanceolate acuminate -15 in. long. Male flowers
semifusiform flask-shaped -15 in. long. Calyx lobes
recurved linear acuminate. Petals from mouth of tube as
long linear acuminate recurved thinner. No corona.
Stamens from base much shorter than the tube anthers,
apiculate.
Pahang : Kuala Tekam and Kota Tongkat. (Evans,
July 1917). Sumatra ; Ayer Mancior near Padang (Beccari
743^.
The much larger leaves and large flowers clustered on
a short, stout panicle make this very different from the
other species.
ARALIACEAE.
A troublesome genus to identify from herbarium
specimens as they preserve badly and we frequently get only
the upper part of the plant without the lower often pinnate
leaves.
21. Arthrophyllum angustifolium, sp. nov.
Small tree. Lower leaves pinnate over 2 ft. long ;
leaflets 29, coriaceous linear lanceolate acuminate
6 in. long -5 in. wide nerves faint, sunk above ; petioles
• 1 in. long, upper leaves simple broader and shorter, petiole
slender, 1 in. long. Inflorescences axillary and terminal,
Peduncles 1-5 in. long or less, secundary peduncles • 25 in.
edicels -l in. long. Flowers very small. Caljrx very
short undulate, buds short ovoid. Petals ovate valvate 4.
Stamens 4.
Perak : Gunong Kledang (Ridley 9683).
Curious in its narrow leaflets and very small flowers.
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants 137
22. Arthrophyllum congestum, sp. nov.
Small tree. Leaves 10 in. or more with 11 leaflets,
fleshy coriaceous oblong lanceolate acuminate base broad
but shortly narrowed obliq[ue, nerves slender, 7 pairs, very
faint, 4 in. long 1*25 wide, petiolules -15- -2 in. long.
Upper leaflets simple, oblong very oblique at base, 2-5 in.
long 1*25 in. wide, petiole slender -25 to -75 in. long.
Inflorescence axillary and terminal, peduncles 1*5 in. long
or less. Flowers crowded in a head, pedicels -1 in. long.
Calyx very short edge undulate. Petals 4, ovoid in bud.
Selangor : Klang Gates (Ridley 13421) : Dindings ;
Lumut (Ridley 8374).
23. Schefflera lanceolata, Ridl.
Heptapleurum avene. King, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal
Ixvii, part ii, p. 47, not of Miquel.
This plant seems to be quite distinct from Miquel*s
species in its diff'erently shaped leaves and smaller flowers :
King's description is taken from the Singapore plant. The
leaves are mostly simple but when the plant grows suffi-
ciently large, it bears at the top trifoliate leaves.
24. Schefflera capitellata, sp. nov.
Epiphyte. The leaves 8-foliate, leaflets lanceolate acute
narrowed to the base ; nerves fine coriaceous puberulous
beneath 3-5 in. long, 1 in. wide, petioles 1 in. long petiole
7 in. long. Racemes scurfy tomentose 18 in. long pedun-
cles -5 in. long, heads -4 in. through. Bracts minute and
caducous (not seen) . Flowers pubescent 5-angled, truncate,
quite sessile. Petals connate in a cap. Stamens 6, purple.
Mountaih forests : — Perak : Bujong Malacca. Penang
HiU at 2,500 ft. (Curtis).
This plant has been confused with the much larger
H. cephalotes, Clarke, which occurs on sea cliffs and banks,
and has very much larger leaflets broadly oblong cuspidate
and much larger panicles and the leaves are not sub-
puberulous beneath. In a plant I got on Penang Hill the
leaflets are oblanceolate, broadest at the top. A plant
collected by Wray (1542) on Ulu Batang Padang at 4,900
ft., may be this but the specimen I have seen is too young
and Wray describes it as a large tree.
25. Schefflera Klossii, sp. nov.
A large climber. Branches pale shining, young parts
white, scurfy. Leaves petiole stout 2*5 in. long ; leaflets
5, elliptic abruptly acutely acuminate, base narrowed stiffly
coriaceous, midrib beneath prominent ; nerves 5 pairs
elevate quite glabrous, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, basal ones
smaller with shorter petiolules, petiolule of terminal one
1 • 4 in. long. Basal bracts of inflorescence lanceolate acumi-
nate coriaceous scurfy narrow 1*5 in. long. Panicles 5
scurfy 9 in. long. Umbels simple, numerous, peduncles '25
in. long. Flowers small, pedicels '05 in. about 10, scurfy.
138 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Calyx obconic, scurfy, lobes very obscure. Corolla in bud
ovoid blunt -05. Petals 5 ovate blunt veined. Stamens 5.
Styles combined in a truncate cone, with ^ve minute
stigmas.
Perak : Changkat Mentri. Large climber, pink and
white. Sept. 1918 (Kloss 6516.)
AUied to .S'. Scortechinii, Ridl., but the leaflets are
narrowed at the base, and there are no bracts to the umbels
which are fewer flowered and with longer pedicels.
RUBIACEAE.
Genus ALEISANTHIA, gen. nov.
Shrubs. Leaves thin, coriaceous, pale or white beneath.
Stipules free large, lanceolate. Racemes sometimes 2-bran-
ched in upper axils ; many flowered. Flowers small, yellow
secund. Calyx subcylindric, limb campanulate, large with
5 short points. Corolla tube short, limb campanulate hairy
in the mouth, lobes short 5-6. Stamens 5-6 included in the
corolla, adnate to the limb. Style slender. Stigma cupulate
globose. Capsule hairy, pericarp splitting into two woody
carpels dehiscing on the inner face, seeds numerous minute
angular reticulate.
Species 2. A. rupestre, Xanthophytum rupestre, Ridl.
Journ. Straits Branch Royal Asiat. Soc. No. 54, 1910, p. 44.
Selangor. A. sylvatica (postea). Kelantan.
This genus is allied to Greenia from which it diflfers
in its axillary inflorescence, short cup-shaped corolla,
clubbed style, and stamens adnate to upper part of corolla
with very short filaments.
26. Aleisanthia sylvatica, sp. nov.
Shrub, 15 ft. tall hairy. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate
acuminate, long narrowed to base stiff, membranous above,
glabrous beneath white hairy nerves 25 pairs fine nervules
transverse parallel all a little elevated 7-5 in. long 2-25 in.
wide, petiole winged to base. Stipules oblong lanceolate
cuspidate and shortly keeled -4 in. long. Inflorescence
axillary peduncle -5 in. long with two racemes of distant
secund flowers 4 in. long. Bracts linear acuminate
setaceous -1 in. long very narrow. Pedicels very short
hardly any. Calyx tubes cylindric slightly narrowed at the
base, densely hairy, limb campanulate glabrous, large with
5 short acute points. Corolla yellow -25 in. long, tube
short cylindric, little longer than the calyx then dilated to
a limb, broadly cup-shaped nearly -25 in. long, all hairy
outside and in, lobes very short 5 or 6 ; mouth inside densely
white woolly. Stamens 5 or 6 glabrous adnate to upper
part of the tube and barely projecting at all ; filaments very
short. Anthers much longer, oblong linear with a short
rounded appendage at the top. Style glibrous, cylindric
from a conic persistent base, narrowed to the tip little longer
than the corolla. Stigma large, globose. Capsule fusiform
densely hairy with persistent calyx and style base, sepai-ating
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 139
into two woody fusiform carpels, which dehisce on the inner
face. Seeds very numerous, small irregularly angled,
reticulate, brown.
On hills in forest at Kuala Lebir above the river,
Kelantan, in flower and fruit Feb. 1917.
27. Xanthophytum capitatum, sp, nov.
Stem about 12 in. slender, woody, hairy. Leaves
alternate (the second being suppressed) thin ovate elhptic
acuminate acute ; nerves about 18 pairs slender ascending,
above sprinkled with long hairs, beneath more densely so
especially on the nerves, 6*5 in. long, 3-25 in. wide, petiole
slender • 5 in. long. Stipules oblong cuspidate • 25 in. long.
Inflorescence a dense head • 3 in. through on a peduncle • 2
in. long all red-hairy. Bracts obcuneate toothed, bracteoles
similar but smaller. Flowers pedicelled, small white.
Pedicel slender, hairy as long as the calyx. Calyx tube
globose, hairy, sepals triangular acuminate haii'y. Ovary
with a circular white disc. Fruit very small, didymous of
2 easily separate semi-globose carpels. Pericarp crusta-
ceous. Seeds very many, minute angled.
Kelantan on the banks of the Pehi River opposite
Chaning Estate Feb. 1917.
This genus lias not been found in the Peninsula before.
The species is remarkable for its having apparently alternate
leaves, the second one of each pair being reduced to a small
stipule-like organ, bearing an inflorescence in its axil, while
another is produced in the axil of the developed leaf. The
condensed head-like inflorescence is also unusual.
28. Argostemma stipulacea, sp. nov.
Whole plant 9 in. to 12 in. ascending stem scurfy.
Leaves membranous oblong oho vale narrowed lo the
rounded iniequal base, tip round above, glabrous, dark
green with grey centre beneath nerves 15 pairs and nervules
scurfy, 5 in. long 2 in. wide ; petiole -25- -3 in. long, small
leaf, linear oblong -5 in. long, • 12 in. wide. Stipules oblong
with round tip -5 m. long -2 in. wide. Peduncle 1 in. long
with an umbel of three branches • 5 in. long ; pedicels
slender -1 in. long. Calyx small obconic. Corolla in bud
lanceolate, -5 in. across when open, lobes narrow lanceolate
acute.
Kelantan : Kuala Lebir.
Allied to A. rugosum, Ridl., but with shorter petioles
blunt base to leaf and much smaller narrow-petalled flowers.
29. Argostemma hirsutum, sp. nov.
Prostrate creeping herb, hairy all over. Leaves unequal
large, large one ovate acute, base round nerves 10 pairs, fine,
2 in. long, 1 in. wide ; petiole • 1 in. small leaf ovate • 18 in.
long, acute. Stipules similar. Flowers 1-2 on a very hairy
terminal peduncle 1-2 in. long. Bracts whorled, lanceolate
ovate, very hau-y pedicels • 25 in. long. Calyx campanulate,
lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla • 25 in. across lobes lanceo-
late acute, hairy.
140 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Kedah-Perak boundary . Gunong Bintang (nat. coll.,
F.M.S. Mus.).
Allied to A. viscidum, Ridl., but with a long creeping
stem and ovate leaves. A very hairy plant.
30. Ophiorrhiza remotiflora, sp. nov.
A very thin fleshy herb about 6 in. tall, miite glabrous
except the upper part and inflorescence tninly scurfy.
Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate acute base cuneate, nerves
slender 12 pairs, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide or less ; petiole slender
1 in. long. Inflorescence 4 in. long with several branches,
the lowest 3 in. long and secund, distant flowers ; pedicel
05 in. long. Calyx tubular with lobes linear acute -08 in.
long. Corolla slender tubular • 25 in. long ; lobes short
Janceolate. Stamens included. Capsule 25 in. wide
slightly indented at tip.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum and Kota Tonkat (Evans) .
A remarkably thin fleshy plant with the flowers wide
spaced.
31. Hedyotis pachycarpa, sp. nov.
Stems stout, erect obscurely angled over 12 in. tall.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate acute base, long narrowed,
nerves elevate beneath ascending 8 pairs, 6*25 in. long 1*4
in. wide, petiole • 1 in. long. Stipules lanceolate oblong with
several stiff" long bristles. Heads sessile dense axillary.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx tube short lobes, long
lanceolate edges ciliate acute. Corolla shorter or hardly
longer white. Stamens as long ; anthers linear, oblong
large. Capsule globose, small smooth very hard crusta-
ceous ; pericarp thick. Seeds reniform 2-3, black.
Kelantan : Glam Woods near Kota Bahru. Indo-China :
Chiooskan (Pierre 2032).
Near H. paradoxa, Kurz of the Andamans, but that
has nerveless leaves.
32. Diplospora minutiflora, sp. nov.
Tree. Leaves thin, glabrous elliptic subacute or bluntly
acuminate base shortly narrowed ; nerves 7 pairs slightly
elevate 4-6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -2 in. long. Cymes
axillary on a peduncle -1 in. long. Flowers green, very
small .: pedicel • 1 in. long. Bracts numerous minute ovate.
Calyx campanulate with 4 short teeth. Corolla • 1 in. long,
tube very short, lobes oblong blunt valvate 4, mouth
glabrous. Stamens 4, style very short, no disc. Ovary
2-celled ; ovules 2 in a cell.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
I have no doubt that this is a Diplospora though the
thin leaves, minute style and absence of any hair in the
corolla mouth are unusual characters.
33. Randia hirsuto, sp. nov.
Straggling shrub. Erect, 10 ft. tall, branches, back of
leaf, petiole and calyx densely tomentose. Leaves lanceolate
1902] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 141
rather thin acute base, narrowed but blunt ; nerves sunk
above, elevate beneath, 4 in. long 1-25 in. wide ; petiole -25
in. Stipules linear setaceous hairy. Flowers terminal 1-3
together, white, on very short pedicels. Calyx ovoid, very
hairy, -12 in. long. Sepals 5, linear acuminate -25 in. long.
Corolla tube sparsely pubescent, 1 • 25 in. long, very narrow
cyhndric, lobes narrow oblanceolate 1 in. long -15 in. wide
narrowed to base, glabrous. Anthers exsert.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
I do not know anything at all like this.
34. Tarenna glabra, sp. nov.
Shrub, 3-4 ft., tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous
lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed cuneate nerves, about
11 pairs elevate beneath 7 in. long 3 in, wide ; petiole -S-l
in. long. Stipules short broadly triangular cuspidate '25
in. long. Cyme -75 in. long, very shortly peduncled.
Flowers subsessile greenish white. Calyx cup-shaped, lobes
very short, ovate. Corolla -4 in. long, tube shorter than
limb, lobes imbricate not twisted, linear oblong blunt,
mouth of tube inside woolly. Anthers sessile linear with a
short subulate point. Style rather stout, upper slightly
dilate, hairy. Stigma clubbed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in
a cell.
Kelantan : Chaning Forests.
Ibis plant has the appearance of T. stellalata but the
corolla is blunt and quite glabrous.
35. Canthium depressinerve, sp. nov.
Shrub with pubescent branches, axillary spines -25 in.
long. Leaves coriaceous ovate acuminate, base rounded ;
nerves 4 pairs elevate beneath, sunk above, glabrous above
but minutely dotted, sparsely hairy beneath ; nerves thickly
hairy 2-5 in. long, 1 in. wide, petiole 05 in. long. Stipules
broad triangular with a subulate point. Flowers not seen,
but apparently the cyme is small and not peduncled. Fruit
obpyriform, very fleshy, • 5 in. long when dry, pedicel • 1 in.
long. Pyrene very hard bony 1-seeded ribbed outside.
Kelantan : Chaning.
Undoubtedly near C. macrocarpum, Thw. of Ceylon
but that has a pedicelled cyme.
36. Ixora Candida, sp. nov.
Small shiub 4 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate,
both ends coriaceous, nerves fine elevate beneath 11 pairs,
bluntly or acutely acuminate 3-4*5 in. long, '75-1 in. wide,
petiole •l-'2 in. long. Stipules coriaceous lanceolate '2 in.
subulate, corymbs 1'5 in. long lax puberulous, peduncle
very short '5 in., slender. Flowers about 20, white. Calyx
•05 in. with short acute teeth. Corolla tube -75 in. long,
very slender almost filiform, lobes -2 in. linear narrow, in
bud acuminate. Style filiform, long exsert.
Lankawi islands : Dayong Bunting (Robinson 6219).
Terutau Id. at Telok Wau (Robinson).
142 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
This pretty little species is remarkable for its very nar-
row coriaceous leaves which do not dry black as is almost in-
variable in white-tlowered species, and in small lax corymb
of very slender white flowers with narrow petals. It is
perhaps nearest to /. plumea, Ridl.
37. Ixora pumila, sp. nov.
Dwarf plant about 12 in. tall ; stem pubescent. Leaves
obovate to oblanceolate, tip blunt or subacute, base usually
narrowed, blunt, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 7 in.
long, 3 in. wide, nerves 15 pairs. Stipules ovate
blunt with a stout subulate process running from the
back 13 in. long. Corymb 3 in. wide on a pubes-
cent peduncle 3*5 in. long. Bracts narrow, linear acumi-
nate. Calyx lobes linear acuminate -12 in. long, much
longer than the ovary, pubescent. Corolla tube slender 1 in.
long, glabrous, lobes oblong, all white, limb -15 in. wide.
Stamens exsert, brown.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans).
Allied to /. clerodendron, Ridl., but a dwarf plant with
very narrow linear sepals.
38. Timonius peduncularis, Wall., sub Guettarda pednn-
cularis. Cat. 6220.
This is the plant included under the name of T.
jambosella, Thw. o^ Ceylon by Hooker and King. It is
very distinct in its larger leaves hardly hairy on the midrib
and smaller, less hairy flowers. There are at least 2 species
of this genus in Ceylon included under T. jambosella.
39. Prismatomeris Malayana, sp. nov.
P. albidiflora. King and Gamble Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal Ixxiii, 3 (1904), p. 90 : not of Thwaites.
The type of P. albidiflora to which this is referred by
King and Hooker is a totally different plant with a much
larger shorter corolla and large calyx. It is peculiar to
Ceylon, The Indian species also referred here seems to
me to be a difi'erent plant. There is a specimen from Ceylon
in Herb. Kew which somewhat resembles P. malayana but
the flowers are larger : it is not P. albidiflora, Thw.
P. malayana occurs in Cambodia, Borneo and Sumatra
and all over the Malay Peninsula.
40- Psychotria vulpina, sp. nov.
Shrubby stems red hairy. Leaves membranous, elliptic
lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed, nerves 12 pairs ascend-
ing glabrous above densely hairy on the nerves and less so
on the surface, 5 in. long, 1 • 75 in. wide, petiole thickly hairy
•25 in. long. Stipules oblong, acuminate hairy outside to
base • 75 in. long, • 25 in. wide. Flowers not seen. Peduncle
in fruit 3 in. long, slender hairy, branches 1 in. long with
2 or 3 secondary branches. Fruits elliptic, glabrous shortly
stalked about 12 in. long. Seed 5, ridged outside, flat
inside.
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 143
Kelantan : Kuala Lebir.
This might be P. multicapitata. King which I have not
seen except that stipules are very much larger and the fruits
very much smaller.
Amaracarpus, Bl.
This is a genus of bushes rarely trees, generally foetid
as in Saprosma and Mephitidia with small leaves rather
crowded, small tubular flowers axillary or terminal, one or
2 together. Fruit generally blue, pulpy one or two seeded,
crowned by the enlarged calyx lobes. Some of the species
have been put into Saprosma, and I think Neoschimpera,
Ilemsl., a Seychelles plant is the same genus. The species
known to me are Amaracarpus pubescens Bi., Java : A.
misrophijllus Miq., Celebes: A. saxicola Saprosma
saxicola, Ridl. (Journ. Straits Branch Royal Asiat. Soc. No.
61, 1912, p. 22), in limestone rocks at Kamuning, Perak : A.
nativitatis Bak. fil., Christmas island.
41. Amaracarpus caudatus, sp. nov.
Small glabrous foetid tree. Leaves ovate lanceolate
caudate mucronulate, base shortly cuneate and obscurely
unequal thin coriaceous, nerves fine 6-8 pairs, inarching,
nervules and reticulations nearly as prominent '2 in. long,
•5- -75 in. wide, petiole 05 in. long Stipules very small
with 1 point. Flowers in axillary pairs sessile. Calyx
small short, teeth acute 4 in. long. Corolla white cylindric
tubular -25 in. long, lobes short blunt, 4. Stamen 4. Ovary
3-celled. Fruit blue 1-2 seeded -25 in. long. Seeds plano-
convex.
Perak ; Birch's Hill, Taiping Hills (Wray 670) .
A small tree with foetid smell like carbon bisulphide.
Flowers white. Fruit blue. August 1885.
42. Lasianthus Kurzii, Hook. fil.
This was based on a plant collected by Wallich in
Burmah, No. 8310, 8311, of his collections. No. 8311 was
written up by him Penang ? and on the strength of this
has got into our Flora : I have not seen any specimen from
the Malay Peninsula. Allied to it, however, is a species
described by King and Gamble in the " Materials " for a
flora of the Malay Peninsula as Kurzii but they seem doubt-
ful about it. It is a native of Singapore : Garden jungle
(Ridley 140) and Pasir Panjang. It seems to me abundantly
distinct in its much more hairy habit, the branches are
appressed yellow-hairy, the inflorescence and leaves also
very hairy. The Burmese plant though not glabrous has
none of this long yellow appressed hair, and the leaves
appear to have been thinner in texture.
43. For the Singapore plant as described by King and
Gamble (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Ixxiii, 2 (1904),
p. 119) I pro])ose the name of Lasianliius chryseus,
Ridl.
Allied to this plant is another I recently found at Tebong
in Malacca, which differs in the more acuminate thin leaves,
144 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
the midrib of which above is hairy and the much longer
petiole. It also possesses distinct stipule-like bracts.
44. Lasianthus mollis, sp. nov.
Shrub with slender branches densely covered with
appressed yellow hairs. Leaves membranous lanceolate
acuminate, base narrowed acuminate above glabrous except
the midrib covered with yellow hair beneath the nerves
6-7 pairs and nervules yellow, hairy 3*5 in. long, 1*25 in.
wide, petioles slender • 25 in. long, hairy. Stipules triangular
lanceolate acuminate. Cymes sessile few flowered, much
shorter than the petiole. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, hairy.
Flowers sessile 2-3 in. a cyme white. Calyx lobes short
lanceolate, hairy. Corolla much longer -15 in. long,
glabrous, tube cylindric dilate at top, lobes 4, recurved ovate
blunt, much shorter. Stamens exsert 4.
Malacca : Tebong (in Woods), Jan. 1917.
45. Lasianthus velutinus, sp. nov.
Shrub 3 ft. tall, densely covered with soft yellowish
spreading hairs, except the upper side of the leaves. Leaves
obovate to elliptic, shortly acuminate, base narrowed
cuneate nerves elevate beneath 8 pairs, strongly hairy 4-6*5
in. long, 2-2*75 in. wide, petiole 15 in. long. Stipules
ovate. Cymes acuminate hairy sessile as long as petiole
densely hairy. Bracts lanceolate persistent '15 in. long.
Calyx short, sessile, lobes lanceolate acuminate, hairy.
Corolla not seen. Fruit when dry * 2 in. long obovoid hairy,
crowned by the hairy sepals.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
This is near L. chryseus Ridl. and L. politus Ridl. but
the leaves are more obovate and thin.
COMPOSITAE.
46. Vernonia rupicola, sp. nov.
Herb, base of stem woody glabrous except the young
shoots which are mealy tomentose. Leaves membranous
lanceolate obscurely bluntly serrate or nearly entire mostly
at base of stem subacute long narrowed to the winged petiole
5 in. long, 2 in. wide or less. Cymes of heads axillary 2-3
heads together or terminal, peduncles 1*25 in. long. Heads
in fruit -25 in. wide *5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate
mucronate chaffy with numerous ones much smaller at base.
Pappus white -2 in. long, achenes narrow, ribbed hairy,
oblong.
On rocks at Pulau Butang, Butang Ids. near Langkawi
Ids. (Ridley No. 15 683). Unfortunately this plant was
almost dried up and quite out of flower.
Vernonia arborea. King includes 2 species neither being
the original south Indian species of Buchanan Hamilton ;
one is V. javanicoy DC, the other a taller glabrous tree is
the Conyza acuminata, Wallich. which I call now V.
Wallichii (postea).
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 145
47. Vernonia javanica, DC,
Prodr. V. 21, is a low rather stout branching tree
iaranches tomentose. The leaves elliptic base round tomen-
tose beneath 3-4 in. long, 1 • 75 to 2 in. wide, petiole • 25 in.
long tomentose. Panicle 6 in. long and wide tomentose.
Bracts ciliate.
Occurs in open country in Singapore, Malacca, Pahang,
Selangor, the Bindings and Penang. Also in Java and
Borneo.
48. Vernonia Wallichii, sp. nou.
An erect more slender tall tree 60 ft. tall. Leaves
thinner elliptic acuminate base narrowed quite glabrous • 3
to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. wide, petiole slender '5 in. long
glabrous. Panicle 7 in. long and wide tomentose. Bracts
not ciliate.
Common in forests all over the Peninsula. Also in
Siam and Borneo.
ERICACEAE.
49. Diplycosia microphylla, Becc.
The Vaccinium microphyllum. King and Gamble is a
very distinct little plant occurring on Mount Ophir and
Kedah Peak in the Peninsula and Matang in Borneo. The
plants referred to it by King and Gamble from Perak are
quite distinct, but the specimens I have seen are poor.
50. Diplycosia elliptica, sp. nov.
Epiphyte, 5-8 ft. long, branches pubescent, not bristly.
Leaves entire, elliptic rounded at both ends, with no or very
few bristles at the tip on the edge ; nerves one pair at base
running nearly the whole length of the leaf, sunk above
invisible beneath -5- '75 in long, '2- -5 in. wide; petiole
very short. Pedicel of solitary axillary flower -05 in. long.
Calyx lobes ovate acute. Corolla campanulate, white or
pale green.
Perak : Larut Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. (Kunstler 6390),
Gunong Batu Putih at 3,400 ft. (Wray 470).
D. microphylla has much closer set smaller serrate
leaves with bristles on the serrations and the stem bristly.
The calyx lobes are much less deeply cut.
51. Diplycosia cordifolia, sp. nov.
Branches slender, 4 angled red, tomentose. Leaves
entire ovate cordate minutely, base broad round edge sparse-
ly bristly nerves 2, sunk above • 5 in. long • 4 in. wide, petiole
very short. Peduncle decurved -l in. long. The flowers
are all fallen in my specimen.
Pahang : Wray's Camp, Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft.
146 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
52. Diplycosia erythrina, King and Gamble is Vaccinium
erythrimim. Hook, fil., Bot. Mag. t. 5688.
It is not a Diplycosia but a Vaccinium closely allied
ir not identical with V. Waringiaefolium of Sumatra and
Java. Wray's Perak specimen at Kew is very incomplete.
*' Gunong Bubu. Stunted tree, fruit claret-coloured 3816."
It is possible it may be Vaccinium erythrinum which does
have a few solitary axillary flowers as this does, besides
the long showy terminal racemes, which are missing in
Wray's specimen, I am however, not at all certain of its
identity.
APOCYNACEAE.
53. Melodinus cymosus, sp. nov.
Leaves thin, coriaceous chartaceous, elliptic abruptly
blunt cuspidate base, shortly cuneate, nerves about 40 pairs,
very slender parallel, secondary nerves as prominent as
main nerves 4-25 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -6 in. long.
Cymes lax, few flowered, spreading, peduncle -5 in. long,
cyme '75 in. long. Bracts minute lanceolate acute, pedicels
•12 in. long. Flowers -25 in. long, dull yellow. Calyx-
lobes 5 rounded. Corolla tube dilate at base, narrowed
upwards lobes ovate 5, entire. Scales oblong forked.
Anthers small elliptic with a short apiculus. Style short
and stout.
Malacca. Selangor forest (Burkill 789)
" Flowers dull yellow, face in a variety of ways, found
open at midday, April 7, 1915.
Distinct in its lax subterminal cymes. The flowers
were in a poor condition, every one I examined having been
infested by a dipterous larva, but I cannot find anything like
it.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
54. Dischidia viridiflora, sp. nov.
Long slender creeping glabrous plant rooting at distant
points. Leaves fleshy lanceolate acuminate blunt base
narrow, nerves invisible, -75 in. long, '25 in. wide, petiole
•1 in. long. Peduncle -15 in. long, raceme •! in. long.
Flower -15 in. long, pedicel very short. Sepals very short
lanceolate linear blunt. Corolla flask-shaped, base wide
gradually narrowed to the tip, green turning pink, glabrous
within, lobes short, subacute. Corona 0. Staminal column
stout, wings rather large coriaceous yellowish.
Kelantan : Chaning.
As in D. parviflora, Ridl., I am quite unable to see any
trace of the corona.
55. Dischidia ericaeflora, sp. nov.
Long climber with internodes over 4 in. long. Leaves
fleshy lanceolate or ovate lanceolate acuminate blunt,
base round nerves faint 2 pairs from the base,
I
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 147
2 25 in. long 1 in. wide at base. Racemes 2 divaricate
from the top of a peduncle '25 in. long, and elongated to
•5 in. Bracts round very numerous papery. Flowers
apparently white, subglobose campanulate -15 in. long,
pedicel shorter. Calyx lobes ovate blunt. Corolla conic,
swollen at base, globose, narrowed upwards, lobes ovate
acute deep cleft glabrous within. Corolla scales with a
rather long slender pedicel, the top subovate with two long
narrow curved arms nearly as long as the pedicel. Stamina!
column short, blunt conic, anther wings fleshy rather
narrow, pollinia oblong, ellipsoid, carrier minute.
Kedah-Perak Boundary : Gunong Bintang (nat. coll.
F.M.S. Mus.).
MYRSINEAE.
56. Maesa ovocarpa, sp. nov.
A large shrub, glabrous. Leaves ovate blunt or sharply
acuminate edge dentate thin textured, nerves 8 pairs
beneath pale 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. In-
florescence of several slender racemes 1-5 in. long on a
very short peduncle. Flowers rather distant, pedicel short.
Sepals 4, ovate denticulate, not striate or glandular. Fruit
ovoid stalked, narrowed to base • 2 in. long, crowned by the
enlarged sepals.
Kelantan : Chaning.
Allied to M. striata, but with very different fruits.
57. Maesa arborea, sp. nov.
Small tree. Leaves coriaceous smooth, ovate acumi-
nate, base round edge obscurely undulate, nerves 10 pairs
slightly elevate 4-7 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, petiole -5 in.
Panicles thyrsoid 3-4 in. long, branches -5 in. long, densely
floriferous. Flowers white, very shortly pedicelled, pedicels
much shorter than caljrx, numerous crowded. Sepals 5,
denticulate striate ovate. Petals 5 round. Stamens adnate
to corolla base. Style short and stout.
Kelantan : Woods on the Pehi River, Chaning.
58. Maesa striata var. dissitiflora, var. nov.
Shrub. Leaves thin, membranous elliptic acuminate,
base narrowed, blunt edges undulate to bluntly serrate,
nerves slender -5 in. long. Inflorescence of 2 or 3, very
slender, fascicled racemes 2 in. long with remote flowers
on slender pedicels • 1 in. long, much longer than the calyx.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, acute, 3 ribbed, not toothed. Petals
oblong, rounded. Stamens adnate near the base.
Kelantan : Kuala Lebir.
OLEACEAE.
59. Jasminum arenarium^ sp. .lov.
Slender climber with pubescent branches Leaves
lanceolate acuminate, base round, velvety beneath when
148 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
j'oung, glabrous when adult, membranous, nerves 4-5 pairs,
slender, 3 in. long, 1'25 in. wide. Cymes on branch ends
of 5 flowers subtended by 2 small leaves. Calyx cup-shaped
hairy, lobes subulate, longer than the tube, appressed hairy,
• 25 in. long. Corolla glabrous, tube 1 in. long, lobes • 4 in.
long, ovate, oblong, acute 8.
Kelantan : Kota Bharu. Feb. 1917.
This is allied to J. syringaefolium, Wall, of Tenasserim
but the flowers are much larger.
60. Jasminum Evansii, sp. nav.
Chmber with slender tomentose , branches. Leaves
lanceolate acuminate, base round, sparsely dotted with hairs
above, midrib sunk, pubescent beneath more thickly hairy,
midrib tomentose 2-25 in. long, 1 in. wide ; nerves 4 pairs,
petiole -2 in. long, tomentose. Cymes on short lateral
branches '5 in. long. Bracts small, linear. Pedicels 1 m.
long. Calyx cup-shaped with subulate points as long as
tube '12 in. long, pubescent. Corolla glabrous, tube slender
•8 in. long ; lobes 8, rather narrow, linear, oblong, acute
•35 in. long. Fruit '4 in. long, didymous, elhpsoid.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans).
Nearest to J. HorsfieldiU Miq. of Banka Id., but the
leaves thinner, less densely hairy and with more nerves.
61. Olea penangiana, sp. nov.
Small tree. Young branches pubesceht. Leaves entire,
coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate acuminate, base
shortly cuneate ; nerves 8-10 pairs, obscure, midrib pro-
minent 3 '5-4 -5 in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Cymes in spread-
ing axillary and terminal panicles 6 in. long, umbellate.
Bracts leafy, oblong up to 1*5 in. long. Calyx pubescent,
lobes 4, round. Corolla campanulate '15 in. long, lobes
round.
Penang : Penara Bukit and Telok Bahang (Curtis) .
This plant has been referred by King to Wallich*s O.
dentata an Amherst plant with spiny-toothed leaves and
much more conspicuous nerves. It is nearer O. maritima
but the leaves are larger and diff"erent in shape and the
flowers conspicuously larger.
GESNERIACEAE.
62. Boea minutiflora, sp. nov.
Stem rather stout, 4 in. long, densely clothed with long
soft, white hairs above. Leaves thin, membranous, ovate
or ovate lanceolate, blunt acuminate, base decurrent on
petiole, edge coarsely serrate, sparsely hairy with long soft
hairs on both sides, densely hairy on nerves beneath and
edge 5 in. long, 4 in. wide or less, petiole 1 • 5 in. long, densely
soft, white, hairy. Panicles 2-3 in. wide, very lax on a
peduncle 3 in. long, hairy, branches very slender, numerous.
Pedicels longer than the flowers. Calyx lobes linear, lanceo-
late as long as corolla tube. Corolla white 08 in. long,
1920] Ridley : New &Rare Malayan Plants. 149
2 lipped, lower lip loiiger than recurved uppr r one, lobes
broad, round. Stamens 2 anthers ellipsoid, large. Style
longer than corolla. Ovary ovoid. Capsule 15 in. long,
acute, spirally twisted.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) .
This soft, woolly plant has I think, the smallest flowers
of any in the Order. It is nearest perhaps to B. paruiflora^
Ridl.
63. Chirita parvula, sp. nov.
Slender dwarf herb, 6 in. tall, sparsely hairy. Leaves
thin membranous, ovate, lanceolate entire, acute base
decurrent, shortly hairy all over, 3 in. long, 1*5 in. wide,
petiole 1 in. long. Flowers solitary or paired axillary,
pedicels hairy 1 in. long. Calyx '4 in. long, lobes narrow,
lanceolate acuminate, hairy. Corolla light -vdolet, tube
cylindric -5 in. long dilate above limb -4 in. wide unequally
bilobed. Capsule very narrow, cylindric acuminate 1-5
in. long.
Pahang : Kota Tongkat, 10th mile Benta-Kuantan road
(Evans) .
Closely allied to C. viola, Ridl., but differing in its
hairiness and the long-tubed corolla and the much longer
hairy calyx.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
64. Torenia bimaculata, sp. nov.
Branched herb 12 in. tall ; stems 4-angled, glabrous
except the hairy young parts. Leaves ovate, acute, base
decurrent on petiole often oblique seri'ate, nT-rves 6 pairs,
elevate and almost winged beneath, 1 in. long -5 in. wide ;
petiole -25 in. long. Flowers 1-5-in a terminal umbel with
narrow linear acuminate bracts • 25 in. long ; pedicels • 5 in.
long. Calyx ellipsoid decurrent on pedicel distinctly winged,
lobes acuminate subulate -5 in. long, -25 in. wide, hairy on
the edges at tip. Corolla-tube slender, as long as calyx ;
limb about -25 in. across, bilabiate pale blue with a dark
purple spot on each side of flower lip, mouth of tube yellow
inside. Calyx in fruit wider.
Kelantan : Chaning on river banks, Feb. 1917.
A very similar plant to this I found at Angkor Wat in
Cambodia, but the leaves in that are rounded at base and
the calyx more narrowly winged. I cannot match either
with any of Bonati's descriptions in Bull. Soc. France Iv. p.
512. T. bimaculata in colouring resembles the well-known
garden plant T. Foiirnieri of Siam but is much more
branched and the flowers are smaller.
ACANTHACEAE.
65. Leda rubrolutea, sp. nov.
A creeping, ascending slender herb about 6 in. tall,
pubescent. Leaves few in distant equal pairs, elliptic
150 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
lanceolate or lanceolate acuminate, blunt ; base narrowed,
herbaceous, scurfy pubescent beneath, with many small
raphides '2-3 in. long, '6-1 in. wide ; petiole slender -2 in.
long. Raceme terminal, 4 in. long of about 10 rather distant
sessile solitary or paired flowers. Bracts minute lanceolate.
Sepals linear acuminate, glabrous. Corolla -25 in. long,
glabrous, lips equilong, lower broader with short lobes ;
upper lobe and tube brown-red with two pale stripes, lower
lobe yellow. Stamens 2, filament glabrous. Anther cells
ellipsoid, muticous unequally placed. Capsule with long
narrow base and top clubbed acute, -5 in. long containing
2 seeds.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
66. Justicia ovalis, sp. nov.
Herb puberulous with a line of hairs running along the
stem, stem 18 in. tall. Leaves in distant pairs ovate acumi-
nate, subcuspidate, blunt, base narrowed ; nerves 6-7 pairs,
4*5-5 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long.
Raceme terminal, slender, puberulous peduncle 6 in. long.
Flowers few. Sepals lanceolate setaceous '1 in. long.
Corolla '3 in. long puberulous, rather stout. Upper lip
short, oblong, blunt, lower with 2 fleshy ridges and veined
transversely between, lobes short, oblong, central one ovate.
Stamens 2, shorter than corolla. Anther cells not parallel
elliptic, one with a short blunt white process at base.
Pulau Tiuman : Joara Bay (Burkill 970) .
Burkill refers this to Leda ohouata and it has a Leda-
like habit, but the leaves are not succulent as in that species
and the anther and lip are those of Justicia.
VERBENACEAE. *
67. Callicarpa furfuracea, sp. nov.
Branches brown, scurfy. Leaves membranous oblong,
acuminate, dentate in upper part ; base truncate ; nerves 7
pairs with reticulations conspicuous beneath, above smooth
nerves sunk, midrib scurfy, beneath pale, whitish nerves,
nervules and reticulations brown scurfy 5 in. long, 2*75 in.
wide, petiole '5 in. long. Cymes paniculate terminal 1 in.
or more long, many flowered, brown scurfy. Pedicels • 05
in. long with calyx and corolla white tomentose. Calyx cup-
shaped, entire. Corolla -l in. long, regular lobes 4, short
ovate, blunt. Stamens 4, filaments from corolla base
slender, anthers large oblong just exsert.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans).
This is of the section of C. arborea, but distinguished
by its brown fur and leaves white beneath with brown,
scurfy reticulations.
Avicennia.
The Asiatic Avicennias have been very much confused.
Indeed in most works, they are reduced to 2 species only,
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 151
A. officinalis, and ^4. alba. In the field however, it is clear
that there are more than these 2 species.
68. Avicennia officinalis, L.
Is a common species with obovatc round tipped leaves,
very nearly glabrous, and A. alba has lanceolate p>ointed
leaves which dry black and are white beneath. Griffith des-
cribed in Notul. iv, p. 189, a distinct plant A. intermedia
which appears (as Griffith suggests) to be a hybrid between
these two species. It has obovate to lanceolate leaves, blunt,
pale puberulous beneath. Fruit rather small, cordate ovoid,
glaucous. It occurs at Malacca, Pulau Jawa (Griffith).
Selangor, Klang (Watson). Dindings, Pangkor (Scorte-
chini) .
69. Avicennia sphaerocarpa, Stapf (ined) .
Is a small tree. Leaves elliptic narrowed to the tip or
round, the base narrowed, whitish beneath, 3 in. long, 1-5
in. wide, petiole winged above '25 in. long. Inflorescence
axillary of 2-3 or more flowers, terminal on peduncles • 30-
•75 in. long, pubescent. Calyx lobes oblong ciliate, silky
• 15 in. long. Corolla I have not seen. Fruit ovoid, round
subglobose, not beaked • 75 in. long.
This so far as I know only occurs in the Malay Penin-
sula in Penang where Curtis collected it at Sungai Penang ;
but it also occurs in Siam, the Philippines and China. It is
a very distinct plant in the small round not beaked fruit and
smaller leaves.
70. Avicennia lanata, sp. nov.
Is a new and distinct species, to which my attention
was called by Mr. J. G. Watson, who has been studying the
species of Avicennia in the Malay Peninsula and made
careful notes of the differences in the species. To a certain
extent it has the habit of A. officinalis, but branches and
leaves beneath are distinctly yellow tomentose. I take the
description below mainly from his notes.
A large tree. Leaves obovate blunt closely yellow
tomentose beneath, glabrous, shining above, ners'es 4 pairs,
3 in. long 1 • 25 in. wide ; petiole wrinkled, pubescent • 5 in.
long. Flowers in cymose heads, in threes in a compound
cyme, axillary peduncle "5- -75 in. long, yellowish, tomen-
tose. Bracts densely tomentose. Calyx-lobes tomentose
outside. Corolla glabrous inside, densely hairy outside.
Anthers dorsifixed elliptic filaments about the same length.
Ovary light green, glabrous but surrounded at the base by
dense tomentum. Style bifid, very short, brown, lobes
erect. Fruit ovoid not beaked • 5 in. long tomentose.
Singapore : River Valley Road (BurkiD and Watson
No. 3793, 3797). Pahang, Kuantan : (Watson 2767).
Mr. Watson notes that while Singapore specimens
attain a height of 80 ft., trees from the coast of Pahang
are small and stunted and there he has never met an example
jl52 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
more than 20 ft. high. The species does not seem to occur
m Selangor.
I would add that the cymes are 2-2*5 in. long. The
corolla lobes strongly decurved and the whole flower very
fragrant. In A. officinalis the calyx lobes are spreading
but not recurved, the filaments much longer than the anthers
and the style long and slender. The flowers have an un-
nleasant smell.
LAURACEAE.
71. Litsea glabrifolia, sp. nov.
A glabrous tree. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous
glaucescent beneath, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, shortly
narrowed at the broad base, and blunt at tip, nerves 10 pairs,
elevate beneath, 7-8 in. long, 3 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long.
Umbellules in short stout racemes, -1 in.- -2 in. long,
axillary. Peduncles silky -2 in. long. Involucre of 4 round
boat-shaped bracts, silky • 15 in. long. Flowers about 7,
pedicelled .-25 in. long and as wide, silky, lobes linear,
oblong as long as the pedicels. Stamens 12, filaments long,
slender, hairy, innermost three with oblong stipitate glands.
Pistillode cylindric with a 2 or 3-lobed recurved stigma.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans).
This has somewhat the habit of L. polyantha but the
leaves are rather thinner and quite glabrous, the umbels
much larger and there is a distinct pistillode. I have only
seen the male plant.
72. Litsea acrantha, sp. nov.
Branches and petioles shortly rough, setose hairy.
Leaves alternate coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, base
narrow, glabrous except the midrib and nerves beneath
covered with pale appressed bristles, nerves 7 pairs elevate
beneath ; nervules horizontal parallel, general surface
areolate 3-3-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole "25 in. long.
Umbels one or more pseudolerminal sessile on a peduncle,
silky -25 in. long, -3 in. across when expanded. Involucral
bracts 4, ovate, silky, rather thin. Flowers about 4, pedicels
silky, lobes 3, ovate round spathulate, 3 inner linear oblong,
silky. Stamens 7, filaments slender, glabrous with no
glands. Anther oblong 4-celled. Pistillode small conic.
Style long but shorter than the perianth with three recurved
stigmas.
Kedah-Perak boundary: Gunong Bintang (nat. coll.
F.M.S. Mus.).
This has somewhat the appearance of an Actinodaphne^
but the leaves are not whorled, the stamens in two flowers
examined were 7 in number. It is quite unlike any Litsea
known to me in the falsely terminal flowers.
1920] Ridley : New Sz Rare Malayan Plants. 153
ORCHiDEAE.
73. Ascochilus capricornis, sp. nov.
Stems tufted, branched 4 in. tall. Leaves rigid terete
grooved above recurred, blunt, 1 in. long, sheaths '2 in. long
strongly ribbed and cancellate with transverse bars.
Racemes 2-2-5 in. long, lax. Bracts ovate sheathing
persistent. Pedicels -25 in. long. Flowers -25 in. wide.
Sepals oblong, rounded, upper one magenta, laterals falcate,
broad brownish green mottled red. Petals oblong, blunt as
long as upper sepal. Lip shortly clawed side lobes erect
triangular, midlobe porrect much longer triangular lanceo-
late acuminate, spur scrotiform, an oblong blunt fleshy
callus from the back over the mouth of the spur. Column
tall, winged above.
Pahang r'Gunong Senyum (Evans).
This remarkable species has stiff curved terete leaves
like the horn of an Ibex, and for the genus rather large
flowers.
74. Taeniophyllum culiciferum, sp. nov.
Stem '5 in. long, roots numerous very slender, 9 in.
or less. Peduncle filiform 1 in. long, raceme • 12-* 15 in.
long, bracts distichous, very small about 15. Pedicel
filiform '15 in. long. Flowers '12 in. long, pale yellow-
Sepals and petals sub-similar, lanceolate linear acuminate
acute, lip lanceolate acuminate nearly as long and broader,
spur flask-shaped, narrowed at base, then ellipsoid, blunt
nearly as long as the pedicel. Fruit cylindric • 5 in. long.
Pahang : Rumpin river mouth (Evans) . Kelantan :
Chaning Woods (Ridley) .
Resembing T. mac/orrhizum, Ridl. in habit, but with
very much smaller flowers with narrow petals, sepals and
lip.
ZINGIBERACEAE.
75. Amomum xanthoglossum, sp. nov.
Stem tall, rather Blender, glabrous. Leaves oblong,
lanceolate, cuspidate, narrowed to base, glabrous 15 in.
long, 3 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long : ligule shorter
round at tip entire. Spike obconic shortly peduncled, 3 in.
long, glabrous. Bracts smooth, chartaceous oblong, tip
round, upper ones with a short mucro, lower ones 1 in.
long -6 in. wide. Calyx tubular, truncate, glabrous -5 in.
long. Corolla tube cylindric silky hairy 1 in. long, lobes
oblong white. Lip broad obovate, clawed, 1 in. wide, edge
rnlire yellow inside, veined red at base. Stamens 1 in. long,
no crest, but arms elongate, curved, -2 in. long, linear.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods.
76. Amomum aurantiacum, sp. nov.
Stem stout, tall, glabrous. Leaves oblong acuminate
shortly narrowed at base, subcoriaceous 13 in. long, 3 in.
154 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X^
wide, petiole short and thick, ligiile oblong truncate, longer.
Spike ovoid, 1-5 in. long, peduncle stout 2 in. long covered
with ovate blunt rounded pubescent bracts finely ribbed,
ciliate on edge, uppermost '75 in. long '5 in. wide. Flowers
large, orange, lip centre red. Calyx spathaceous glabrous
except pubescent tips of lobes bilobed lobes ovate, 1 in. long.
Corolla tube as long, lobes linear oblong, rounded 1 • 25 in.
long. Lip obovate broad, rounded 1 in. long and nearly as
broad. Stamen shorter, with a short rounded crest and two
broad, oblong curved truncate arms, 8-nerved. Style hairy.
Kelantan : Glam Wood at Kota Bahru.
77. Amomum cephalotes, sp. nov.
Stems slender, glabrous. Leaves narrow', linear long
acuminate narrowed to base, glabrous, 12 in. long -8 in.
wide ; petiole hardly any, ligule '25 in. oblong entire.
Capitula subglobose 1*5 long, on a peduncle 5 in. long,
covered with lanceolate bracts, glabrous • 1 in. or less, finally
breaking up into fibres. Outer bracts lanceolate pubescent,
])ale ribbed 1 in. long. Flowers pedicelled with a rather
stout, velvety pedicel • 25 in. long. Calyx spathaceous with
3 acute hairy points. Corolla tube -1 in. long lobes linear
oblong, blunt -5 in. long glabrous lip obovate as long and
about -3 in. wide, with 2 central keels. Stamen filament
very short, anther broad oblong, top retuse, no crests
pubescent.
Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans).
Flowers cream with yellow midrib and tips slightly
streaked with brown.
78. Alpinia pahangensis, sp. nov.
Stem moderately stout. Leaves linear oblong with a
setaceous point -6 in. long, base acuminate, softly hairy on
both sides 2 ft. long, 3-5 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long ; ligule
ovate blunt hairy -3 in. long, sheath finely ribbed, hairy.
Racemes stout 8 in. long, velvcity hairy. Bracts at base 2,
lanceolate acuminate with a long setaceous point, pale
papery pubescent, edge at tip hairy, the lowest 4-25
in. long, 1 in. wide. Flowers numerous, distant, pedicels
densely velvety hairy -2 in. long. Bracts (floral) sheathing
flowers -5 in. long, pale, hairy at base and on edge at tip.
Calyx spathaceous tubular glabrous -4 in. long, truncate or
obscurely 3-lobed, cleft on one side. Corolla tube as long,
lobes linear lanceolate, hairy acute -6 in. long. Lip 1 in.
long, 3 lobed apparently red, side lobes broad truncate,
midlobe longer, oblong entire, 2 short ears at base, all
glabrous. Stamen • 75 in. long, no crest, ovary silky.
Pahang : Pekan (Evans).
Allied to A. hracteata, Roxb., but the flowers are
smaller, and the calyx is not campanulate and deeply cleft
on one side but cylindric.
1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 155
LILIACEAE.
79. Peliosanthes monticola, sp. nov.
A small plant with apparently a rather long woody
rhizome silvery, papery sheaths at the base. Leaves lanceo-
late acuminate at both ends 5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, nerves
7. Raceme 2 in. long on a 1 in. peduncle. Rracts at base
broad lanceolate -25 in. long, -1 in. wide, upper ones narrow
lanceolate linear. Flowers solitary in bracts. Perianth
•3 in. wide, lobes oblong, blunt at tip. Stamens forming
a complete ring free froin the perianth nearly to base.
Ovary free from stamen-ring, superior, style thick, cylindric.
Perak : Gunong Kerbau 5,000 ft. (nat. coll. F.M.S.
Mus.).
This is perhaps most nearly allied to P. lurida but is
altogether smaller. The lower peduncular bracts are re-
markably broad, and the perianth is free from the stamens
and ovary and so is inferior.
80. Dracaena cuspidata, sp. nov.
Dwarf plant. Stems stout. Leaves oblong abruptly
cuspidate with setaceous tip, base narrowed to sheath, 9 in.
long 2-25 in. wide, cusp -5 in., sheath broad 1 in. long.
Panicle racemiform, fairly stout 5 in. long, flowers in threes,
pedicels •! in. Perianth very slender 1 in. long, clubbed
when in bud lobes very narrow, linear free two-third of
length, filaments longer ; anthers short, oblong.
Kelantan : Chaning Woods (Ridley) .
ERIOCAULACEAE.
81. Eriocaulon disepalum, sp. nov.
Dwarf plant 4-6 in. tall. Leaves linear acuminate 2-5
in. long • 15 in. wide. Scapes 5 in. slender numerous ribbed
heads -2 in. wide, glabrous. Involucral bracts white
spathulate round with a few minute teeth at tip, shorter
than head. Floral bracts spathulate with broader round
top, slightly fuscous. Male flowers ; sepals 2, short
spathulate. Corolla tube longer, lobes minute. Anthers
black, 6. Female flowers sepals 3, linear, narrow, petals
none, ovary yellow trilobed, style long, slend^^r, stigmas 2,
seed yellow, ellipsoid vertically ribbed.
Kelantan : Ricefields at Tumput, Kota Bahru.
Allied to E. Sieboldianiim, Sieb. but differing in the
free sepals, very short corolla lobes in the male flower and
broader leaves.
82. Eriocaulon glabriflorum, sp. nov.
Dwarf plant with the habit of E. truncatum but leaves
and stems narrower. Leaves narrow, linear acuminate
•5-1 in. long -OS-'l in. wide. Scapes very slender 3-4 in.
tall. Heads scmiorbicular -1 in. wide, white glabrous.
Involucral bracts oblong subobtuse shorter than the head.
Inner bracts spatliulate, yellowish white tipped fuscoua.
156 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X.
Male flowers, sepals 2, spathulate acute, glabrous, narrow,
tipped fuscous, longer than the corolla tube, lobes 3, short,
equal. Female flowers, sepals 2, linear, spathulate. Petals
3, similar. Pistil yellowish, styles little shorter than the
sepals.
Damp sand and on rocks.
Langkawi Ids : Burau, Telaga Tujoh (Ridley 15671 and
8144) ; Burau (Robinson 6239) . Terutau Id : Telok Wau
(Robinson). Singgora (Annandale).
This little plant belongs to the same set as E. trunca-
turn. Ham., but is always much more slender with narrower
leaves and smaller heads. It differs also in its perfectly
glabrous perianth of which the segments also are much
narrower.
GRAMINEAE.
83. Dimeria glabra, sp. nov.
Tufted grass quite glabrous. Leaves narrow linear
acuminate 4 in. long • 05 in. wide, ligule very short. Culms
slender 8-12 in. tall. Spikes 2-3, slender 2*5 in. long, at
first red then paler, rachis minutely scabrid flexuous. Callus
glabrous. Spikelets sessile -1 in. long, glabrous. Glume
I. narrow linear, II. oblong keeled, keel red edge broad
translucent, white. III. shorter, oblong. Awn none.
Singapore : Holland Road, edge of a swampy hollow
(Burkili 4674).
Allied to D. alata, Hook. fil. of Ceylon and much re-
sembling it, but completely glabrous, and the rachis flatter
and more flexuous.
FILICES.
84. Lastroea (Dryopteris) Robinsonii, sp, nov.
Stem erect 1-5 in. tall with long roots. Stepes tufted
the bases covered with linear acuminate chestnut colored
scales, above nerde glender dark purple and brown scurfy.
Fronds lanceolate 6-7 in. long pinnate ; pinnae linear-oblong
1*5 in. long -2 in. wide coriaceous, lower ones shorter
deflexed, more than 40, rachis densely brown-tomentose,
rachilla and midribs above densely hairy beneath scurfy,
pinnae cut into ovate lanceolate blunt lobes neaily to the
rachilla about 20, nerves few pinnate. Sori 1 to 4 on a
lobe on the tips of the nerves near the edge, round.
Indusium reniform glabrous.
Perak : Gunong Kerbau at 4,200 ft. (nat. cofl. F.M.S.
Mus.) .
This elegant little fern is allied to L. calcarata and
especially to the form ciliata but differs in the indumentum,
the shortly cut lobes and the distinctly coriaceous texture
of the pinnae. The whole frond is much more narrow than
in any form of L. calcarata.
V. NOTES ON MALAYSIAN BUTTERFLIES (PART I).
By Major J. C. Moulton, o.b.e,, t.d., m.a., b.sc,
Director, Raffles Museum and Library, Singapcre.
Since the publication ni 1882-80 of Distant's fine work,
"Rhopalocera Malayana,'' very little has been published
on the Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Neighbouring
Malayan countries have received a certain amount of atten-
tion ; thus de Niceville listed the Butterflies of Sumatra in
1895 ; Piepers, Snellen and Fruhstorfer have recently
brought out four volumes on the Rhopalocera of Java ;
Shelford (1901-06) and the present writer (1911-15) have
dealt with most of the Butterflies of Borneo. Godfrey
(1916) has listed those of Siam, which includes a small
portion of the true Malaysian subregion.
During the last ten years an important contribution to
the literature on Eastern Rhopalocera has been brought
out by Dr. Adalbert Seitz in his great work "The Macro-
lepidoptera of the World," of which Vol. IX is devoted
to the Rhopalocera of the Indo-Australian region. Up to
the present the Papilionidae and Nymphalidae have been
completed ; the Lycaenidae are being dealt with ; but the
parts on the Hesperidae have yet to appear. There is an
English edition of this work ; the ver>' numerous and
wholly admirable plates add considerably to its value. It
is also up-to-date in its adoption of the trinomial system
of nomenclature.
Until a new edition of Distant's " Rhopalocera
Malayana " is published, Seitz's *' Macrolepidoptera of the
World " must be regarded as indispensable to any student
of Malaysian Butterflies, with whom in any case both works
will long remain in use. I have on this account given
references under each species to these two works ; all other
references have been relegated to foot-notes.
It is thought, therefore, that any notes which will supple-
ment or correct the information given in Seitz's " Macro-
lepidoptera of the World" arc perhaps worth publication
from time to time as they accumulate. The following
notes are chiefly based on the collections in the Federated
Malay States Museums, part of which I have had the
privilege of examining and identifying recently. Although
as 1 understand it, no exclusive attention has hitherto been
paid by the F.M.S. Museums to the formation of any exten-
sive collection of Malaysian butterflies, the collections so
far submitted to me prove of no little interest.
The Director of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, forwarded
a collection of Malay Peninsula Danaines for identification.
Additional localities from this collection have been incor-
porated in these notes.
158 Journal of the F,M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
The Director of the Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg,
has been kind enough to send me for identification a small,
but interesting, collection of Danaines from Java and
neighbouring islands. Two new subspecies from the
islands of Krakalau and Verlaten arc described from this
nialerial.
My thanks are also due to the Acting Curator of the
Sarawak Museum for the loan of Bomean specimens from
that Museum and to Mr. E. J. Godfrey for Siamese speci-
mens for comparison. The collections in the Raffles
Museum, Singapore, have also provided material for addi-
tional notes.
The " Malaysian " buttertlies considered in these and
subsequent notes are confined to a " true Malaysian " sub-
region ^ which, for Museum i)urposes, I regard as those
countries lying between Lat. 10° N. and 10° S. and Long. 95"^
and 120° E., i.e., tlie Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and
Java and adjacent islands. An exception is made in the
case of a few bulterllies Ironi S.W. Siani (Tasan, Lat. 10°
30' N., and Hat Sanuk, Lat. 12^ N.), which are included
in the F.M.S. Museums collection. They are of interest
in that some species are insepai'able from Malayan forms,
while others obviously belong to the Siamese-Tenasserim
fauna.
The following new forms and new combinations are
introduced in this paper : —
8a. Danaida juventa Cv. krakaiaiiae subsp. nov.
23. Danaida plexippus I^. plexippus L. connectens f. nov.
24a. Danaida melanippus Cr. insularis subsp. nov.
27o. Euploea crameri Lac. snelleni subsp. nov.
34. Euploea core Cr. distanti Moore, comb. nov.
37a. Euploea alcathoe Godt. iiwnticola subsp. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. hurrisi Feld. comb. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. milhrenes Fruhst. comb. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. coiwallaria Thicjue, comb,
nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. nica Fruhst. comb. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. tyrianlhina Moore, comb. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. lacordairei Moore, comb. nov.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. baweanica Fruhst., comb. nov.
^\ true Malaysian subregion, as opposed to a wider area in
which a non-Malaysian element is evident although not necessarily
predominant, e.g. an area including Celebes, Palawan and Slam,
to ail of which countries many " true " Malaysian species extend.
The boundaries for this true Malaysian subregion must neces-
sarily be arbitrary to some extent. For Museum purposes I have
extended the northern boundary to Lai. 10° N., although, as Mr.
Boden Kloss points out, the fauna of the Malay Peninsula between
7° and 10° N. is as much Indo-Chinese in character as Malayan.
BoDEX Kloss, 1918, p. 245, writes : " Malaysian — Pertaining
to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java. Malayan —
Pertaining to the Malay Peninsula, Cf. Sumatran, etc" See also
BouEN Kloss, 1920, pp. 79, 80.
1921] MouLTON : Malaipian Butterflies. 159
The nomenclature adopted is that used m Seitz's
" Macrolepidoptera of the World," unless otherwise stated.
The method of printing the subspcctfic name in less pro-
minent type than the generic and specific names was
adopted in mv " Hand List of the Birds of Borneo " ' and
my paper on the " Tlie Butterflies of Borneo.- The reten-
tion of the author's name for a species even when followed
by a subspecitic name was also adopted in those papers.
Both courses appear to me to be an improvement on the
usually accepted method of writing trinomials, and have
since received the official approval of the British Association
Committee on Zoological Nomenclature.
All the species of Danainae now known from Malaysia
are listed in this paper and numbered consecutively from
1 to 52. Under each species all the Malaysian subspecies
are listed but not numbered.
A list of the literature quoted is placed at the end of
this paper. The footnotes refer thereto.
Fam. NYMPHALIDAE.
Subfam. DANAINAE.
Genus Hestia, Hiibn.
The foiu- Malaysian species of this genus fall into two
groups or subgenera : -
«. Wings eloif^J'tt' i»n<l weak ; hind wing with
three irregular dark spots (the outer one
small) in space between costal nervure and
lirst iiut)costal nervule Hestia.
a'. Wings rounded and stronger ; hind wing with
only two irregular spots in costal interspace Nectaria.
le structural differences between these two " groups "
as given l)y Frulislorfer do not ap|)ear to be sulticiently
marked or constant to be of much assistance. The second
subcostal nervule of the fore wing arises as a rule very
slightly nearer to the apex of the ceU in Hestia males than
in Nectaria, but in Hestia females there are some in which
the origin of this nervule is just as far from the apex of the
cell as in the Nectaria species. The second character given
by Fruhstorfer, viz. length of lower discocellular in the
hind wing, is also variable and not markedly distinct in the
two subgenera. The sui)erficial characters given in the
above key, however, wUI serve to distinguish the two
subgenei-a^ quite clearly.
%.
' MouLTox, 1914, pp. 127-8, 131 et seq.
'MouLTON, 191.'), pp. 198, 200 et seq.
' FRUnsr()UKi:R, 1910, p, 218.
M follow Bingham in using the term "subgenus" for sub-
divisions of a genus, rather than de Niceville who used the term
*' group." Fruhstorfer uses both terms, the latter ranking as of
less importance than the former. The distinction between
(lillerences of " subgeneric " and (lillerences of " group " impor-
tance nmst necessarily be a mailer of personal opinion, probably
I)roductive of more confusion and discord than clearness. In this
paper, therefore, genera, when divided at all, are split into sub-
genera only.
160 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Subgenus Hestia, Hiibn.
1. Hestia lynceus Drury reinwardti Moore.
Jlestia lynceus reinwardti Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220.
Hestia lynceus Distant 1882~8C, pp. and t05, Tab. T, fig. 2.
Loc. Perak : Kampar ; Selangor : Ulu Langat, Bukit
Kutu and Ayer Itam ; Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga ;
Pahang : Kuala Tahan ; Tioman Island (F.M S. Mus.)
Selangor : Klang (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Perak ; Selangor ;
Negri Sembilan : Gunong Angsi ; Singapore (Raffles Mus.)
Distrih. Confined to Malaysia, where the following
subspecies are recognized : —
H. I. lynceus Drury Sumatra.
H. L reinwardti Moore Malay Peninsula.
H. I niasica F'ruhst. Nias 1.
H. I fumata Fruhst. Borneo.
H. I. stolli Moore Java.
H. I. thalassica Fruhst. Natuna Ls.
2. Hestia logani Moore logani Moore.
Hestia logani logani Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220.
Hestia logani as a synonym of Hestia lyneeus Distant 1886, p. 405.
Loc. Perak : Gunong Kledang, alt. 2640 ft., November
1916 (Raffles Mus.).
Distrib. Confined to Malaysia\ with the following
subspecies distinguished : —
H. I. logani Moore Malay Peninsula.
H. I. dhiriji Moore Sumatra.
H. 1. donovani Moore Singapore.
H. I diana Fruhst. Batu Is.
H. I. virgo Fruhst. Borneo.
H. I. alceste Fruhst, Natuna Is.
H. l. mevaria Fruhst. Java.
Fruhstorfer distinguishes these two species thus :
lynceus, noticeable for the dense blackish dusting on the
upper side of both wings, while in logani the ground-colour
is lighter and the blackish dusting on the upper side is
reduced. Admittedly these Hesiias are ver>' variable ; so
much so that other writers have regarded lynceus and
logani as but one variable species. Breeding experiments
will alone decide the point, although Fruhstorfer regards
certain differences in the genitalia as " of such decisive
significance that the specific rank of logani cannot be ques-
tioned " {I.e.). Piepers 2 doubts the value of these differ-
ences in genitalia.
' Frulistorfer recognizes another subspecies, H. I. hypata
Fruhst. from the Sulu Islands to the North of Borneo, i.e., just
outside the limits of the Malaysian subregion.
'PiEPERS, 1913, p. 21, writes : "Dr. Henri de Graaf a specialist
in this kind of researches, has investigated microscopically 2.^
specimens from my collection, both light and dark coloured, and
he did not find a single one amongst them whose genitalia agreed
with the figure given of those of stolli, on the contrary they all
agreed with those given of logani, and although considerable
individual differences were observed in this respect it was only
as regards the form of the valvae and valvulae and not to such
an extent in connection with the structure of the principal organs
that the existence of more than out species could be inferred
from it."
1921 j Moui.TON : Malaysian Butterflies. 161
Of the Malay Peninsula specimens examined, all appear
referable to lynceus with the exception of one maie in the
Rallies Museum which I have placed with some doubt
under logani.
Subgenus Nectabia, Dalm.
a. Hind-marginal row of aHernately large
and small black spots on both wings linteata.
n\ Hind-marginal black border enclosing
hind-marginal row of white spots chersonesia.
8. Hestia hypermnestra Wcstw. linteata Bull.
liextia lynceua reinwardtl Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220.
Hestia lyncena Distant 1882— 8B, pp. 6 and 405. Tab. I. flg. 2.
Hestia hypermnestra linteata Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 221.
Hestia linteata Distant 1882, p. 7, Tab. 1, flg. 1.
Loc. Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.).
Pahang : Kuala Krau (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Negri Sem-
bilan : Jelebu (Raffles Mus.).
Distrib. Confined to Malaysia except for a slight exten-
sion northward above Lat. 10° N. into South Tenasserini.
H. h. hijijt-rmnestra Wcstw. Borneo and Xatuna Is.
H. h. arbela Fruhst. North Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu).
H. h. herd Fruhst. Sumatra.
H. li. linteata Butl. Malav Peninsula.
//. h. helia Westw. .lava (West).'
Evidently a rare species. The F.M.S. Museums speci-
men agrees very well with Distant's figure in " Rhopalocera
Malayana."
4. Hestia leuconoe Eschsch. chersonesia Fruhst.
Hestia leuconoe chersonesia Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222.
Hestia Ifuronoc nigrittnu Fruhstorfer T.)10, p. 222.
Hestia leuconoe natunensis Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222.
^tsliu leuconoe javana Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222.
Hestia leuconoe Distant 188(). p. 406, Tab. XXXIX, flg. 3.
Loc. Negri Sembilan : Jelebu ; Johore, Jalan Dato ;
Singapore (Raffles Mus.). Singapore (Distant),
Distrib. Loo C.hoo Islands, Formosa and Philippines
to Malaysia.
i '. /. chersonesia Fruhst. Malay Peninsula to Borneo,
.lava and Natiina Is.
H. t. vedana Fruhst. Batu Is.
//. /. enganoensis Doh. iuigano I.
Although Fruhstorfer gives Ihe " Malay Peninsula "
as part of the distribution of chersonesia, I suspect that it
is confined to the southern half of the Peninsula : perhaps
not occurring north of Negri Sembilan. Godfrey ^ des-
cribes a very distinct subspecies siainensis from Nong Khor
and Hup Bon in Siam (Lat. 13 N.). Probably the original
continental range of leuconoe has long been interrupted
and the species has died out for some reason or other in
the north of the Malay Peninsula leaving a gap between
the range of (and at the same lime giving rise to) the
present-day subspecies siamensis and chersonesia.
' Fj!i iisTouFKH (1910) destrJbcs another subspecies vollenhoveni
" with the somewhat uncertain locaUtv 'Java,' known from a figure
ol Siu'lleii van Vollenhoven's." PiFiy:i'.s (1913) docs not mention it.
bODFUKY, 1916, p. 117.
162 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
It has been shewn' tlial the subspecies nigriana,
chersonesia and natiinensis, recognized by Fruhstorfer,
are not separable. Piepers' slates that jauana is referable
to mitunensis. I therefore use Fruhstorfer's name cher-
sonesia to cover all these forms from the Malay Peninsula,
Lingga Archipelago, Banka, Borneo, Natuna Islands, Java
and the Kangean Islands (East of Java) .
It is evidently a variable species, but unfortunately rare
in collections. Godfrey's siamensis is remarkable for the
absence of a spot immediately below the cell in the fore
wing between the first and second median nervules, which
is always present in chersones-'a. The double cell-spot in
the hind wing of siamensis is very much smaller than that
of chersonesia.
Genus Ideohsis, Ilorsf.
The only species of this genus found in the Malay
Peninsula is common and well-distributed. The general
pattern of large black spots and blackened veins on vitreous
smoky-white ground-colour makes it easily recognizable,
although if it were not for its smaller and stronger wings,
it might be taken for a Hestia.
Ideopsis has been, until recently, regarded as an inter-
mediate between Hestia and Danaida. Fruhstorfer, how-
ever, compares it to the Hadena-gvowj) of Danaida, and
suggests tliat the larva and pupa, when discovered, will
resemble those of Radena rather tlian those of Hestia. It
is remarkable that the life-history ^1 so common a species
should still remam unknown,
5. Ideopsis daos Boisd. perakana Fruhst.
hleoiisis daos perakana Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 216, flg. 70a.
lieiiitsis daos Distant JS82-8(i. pp. 8 & .07, Tab. I, figs. 3 & 4.
An examination of some 200 specimens from the F.M.S.
Museums, the F.M.S. Agricultural Department and the
Rallies Museum, Singapore, shows that this species is widely
distributed throughout the Malay Peninsula, ranging from
low country to 3,000 ft. and probably higher.
Probably on the wing all the year round, as specimens
in the above collections have been caught in every month
of the year except January, February and October
The species is variable in the size of the wing and in
the size of the black spots. Males and females are equally
abundant.
A single female in the F.M.S. Museums froux Tioman
Island (oil tlie East (Loasl of Pahang and Johore) differs
from the mainland form in the much shorter fore wing
'MouLTox, 1915, p. 2(H.
M'lEi'KKS, 1913, p. 22.
1921]
MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies.
163
and more smoky colouring above and below ; in this last
respect it approaches mainland males. Further examples
are wanted from this island before the question of possible
subspecilic distinction for this forni can be settled.
Distrib. Neomalaya and Palawan. The Malaysian
subspecies are : —
/. d. daos Boisd.
/. d. perakana Fruhst.
/. d. natunensis Fruhst.
/. d. lingana Fruhst.
/. d. sonia Fruhst.
/. d. eudora Gray
/. d. costalis Moore
/. d. batuiia F'ruhst.
/. d. nigrocostalis Hag.
Borneo.
Mentawt'i Is.
Malay Peninsula,
r.ingga Archipelago.
Xatiina Is.
North Sumatra.
West Sumatra.
Nias 1.
Batu Is.
I
One other very distinct form occurs in Malaysia : —
6. Jdeopsis gaura Horsf .
Idcojt.sis gaiirti I'nihstni-l'ci- I'.tltl, p. 2\(\.
Distrib. Java.
It is perhaps doubtful policy to give it specific dis-
tinction, as it is obviously the Javan representative of daos.
Unfortunately gaura is the older name, so that ii we are
to recognize but one species in Malaysia, it will bear that
name, while Boisduval's long-accepted name daos will
only cover the Bornean subspecies.
On the other hand tiie separation of the Javan form
as a separate species serves a good purpose in emphasizing
the marked dill'erence between Ihe fauna of Java and that
of the three neighbouring countries (Malay Peninsula,
Borneo and Sumatra) which I have designated Neomalaya.^
Genus DANAmA, Lair.
The species found in the Malay Peninsula fall into the
following subgenera : —
a. Males without scent patch on hind wing Radena.
a\ Males with scent patch on hind wing.
b. Two patches at anal angle, on tirst median
nervule and sub-median nervure.
c. Sub-median nervure noticeably
dilated below Chittira.
c\ Sub-median nervure not noticeably
dilated.
d. Base of liind wing not yellow Paralitica.
cT. Base of hind wing canary
yellow Ravadeba.
b\ One patch only, on under side between
first median nervule and sub-median
nervure.
c. Patch protruding as a prominent flap Tirumala.
c\ Patch smaller and less prominent.
d. Patch toucliing vein . Anosia.
d\ Patch not touching vein.
e. Middle discoceliular of
hind wing strongly
angled m male Lininas.
e\ Middle discoceliular
slightly incurved in
male Danaida.
' MouLTON, 1915, p. 198.
164 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Subgenus Radena, Moore.
a. Discal region of hind wing predominantly
fuscous, marked with hyaline streaks vulgaris.
a\ Discal region of hind wing predominantly
pale green hvaline, marked with fuscous
lines «''«^-
7. Danaida similis Linn, vulgaris Butl.
Danaida similis vulgaris Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211.
Danaida aimilis interposita Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211.
Danaida similis macrina Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211.
Radena vulgaris Distant 1882, p. 10, Tab. 1, fig, 8.
A common butterfly ranging throughout the Malay
Penmsula from Hat Sanuk, S.W. Siam (Lat. 12 N.), south
to Singapore, Borneo and Sumatra.
Two of the three specimens in the F.M.S. Museums
series from S.W. Siam are certainly not separable from
vulgaris. The third is referable to the Siamese subspecies
persirnilis Moore, wet-season form. Large examples of
this are regarded by Fruhstorfer as an aberration named
avenlina Cramer, which is characterized by the post-cellular
spots of the fore wing being rounded instead of acutely
wedge-shaped. The Siamese persirnilis is similarly dis-
tinguished from vulgaris, but it is a smaller insect than
the aventina figured by Fruhstorf-er.^ In the dry-season
form the post-cellular spots are reduced in both wings.
A specimen from Trengganu in the F.M.S. Museums is an
interesting intermediate between wet-season persirnilis and
aventina. The hyaline areas are rather larger and more
noticeably pale green than in typical vulgaris. In size it
is larger than persirnilis, but not quite so large as aventina.
The application of this latter name to the wet-season form
of both persirnilis and vulgaris is, I think, permissible,
although the dry-season fornis of both are readily separated.
Fruhstorfer records a large wet-season form hyria in
Annam and Tonkin, drft'ering from aventina in having the
hyaline areas whitish instead of green. The wet-season
form aventina thus ranges southwards through Siam and is
known at present from Hat Sanuk (Lat. 12° N.), Tasan
(Lat. 10° 30' N.) and Trengganu (Lat. 5° 30' N).
Frulistorfer's subspecies interposita" for the Bornean
forms and macrina ^ for the Sumatran forms have already
been sunk as synonyms of vulgaris. The remaining
Malaysian forms are hsted below.
Distrib. Loo (^hoo Islands to Palawan, Sumbawa and
Flores, and west through South China and Malaysia to India
and Ceylon.
D.
s.
vulgaris Butl.
Malay Peninsula, Boi'neo,
Natima Is. and Sumatra.
D.
s.
vulgaroides Fruhst.
Java.
D.
s.
megaroides Fruhst.
Mas I.
D.
s.
macra Doh.
Engano I.
D.
s.
ditiones Fruhst.
Batu Is.
' Fruhstorfer, 1910, fig. 78 C.
' MouLTON, 1915, p. 201.
'Rothschild, 1920, p. 148.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 165
The Javan form vulgaroides is very doubtfully separa-
ble. Those submitted to me by the Buitenzorg Museum
difter from Malay Peninsula forms in having the hyaline cell
streak slightly reduced. In this point, however, they agree
well with Bomean specimens.
8. Danaida juventa Cr. sitali Fruhst.
Danaida Juventa sttah Fruhstorfer 1910. p. 213.
Radena Juventa Distant 1886, p. 407, Tab. XXXIX, fig. 4.
Loc. Trengganu 5 ^ ^ ; Pahang and Johore : Rumpin
and Endau 4$ 5 , 1 $ ; Tioman Island 2$ S, 1 9 (F.M.S.
Miis.). Auamba Islands: Pulo Siaiitan l5, l9; Pulo
Aor 2$ 9 ; Tioman Island 1 $ (Raffles Mus.).
Distrih. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to New
Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The sid)species recog-
nized in the Malaysian subregion are : —
D. /. juventa Cr. Java and Bali.
D. j. mincia Fruhst. Bawean I.
D. y. longa Doh. Engano I.
D. j. krakatauae Moulton Krakatau I. and Verlaten I.
D. ). robinsoni Boths. Sumatra.
D. /. sitah Fruhst. Anamba Is., Natuna Is. and
Malay Peninsula.
D. j. kinitis Fruhst. North Borneo.
The above record from Trengganu (Lat. 6° N.) repre-
sents the northern Umit to the range of this species. It is
not recorded from Siam.
Fruhstorfer suggests that reports of the occurrence of
juventa in Malacca and Perak are possibly due to recent
migration, as the species is typically insular. The occur-
rence of specimens on the east coast of the Peninsula in
no way diltcring from Tioman Island or example" from the
Anamba Islands tends to confirm Fruhstorfer's theory.
Distant {I.e.) recorded one from Singapore. The example
figured by him is perhaps referable to this subspecies,
although the underside is brown rather than black.
Fruhstorfer noticed its absence from Sumatra, but
Rothschild ^ has now described a new subspecies, D. j.
robinsoni, from the west coast of Sumatra. Another new
subspecies, D. j. krakatauae, from the small islands of
Krakatau and Verlaten, between Sumatra and Java, is des-
cribed below.
A single male in the Raffles Museum labelled " Johore "
appears to be typical juventa and possibly comes from
Java. It differs from the above-mentioned examples of
sitah in the yellower shade of ground-colour, i.e. lacking the
pale green tint of sitah, in the dark colouring b'^neath being
brown rather than blackish-brown as in sit(di, m the margi-
nal spots above being smaller and the veins less heav5y
marked with brown-fuscous.
' BOTHSCHILD, 1920, p. 148.
166 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
8«. Danaida juventa Cr. kvakatmiae subsp. iiov.
Differs from juventa from Java in the much heavier
black fuscous markings and larger size. In this respect it
is similar to sitah from the Anambas and Malay Peninsula.
Differs from sitah in having the fore wing slightly narrower
and more pointed, the two large greenish-white spots
between the median nervules broader and less elongate ;
the white spots forming the double submarginal row in
both wings smaller and more similar to those in juventa.
Underside fuscous black, lacking the brownish tinge visible
in sitah. The Engano form longa' has the discal spots
beyond the cell in the fore wing more elongate. The West
Sumatran form, robinsoni, is stated to be intermediate
between longa and phana from Lombok, and to differ
from longa in having all the pale markings on both wings
whiter and larger.
Exp. al. 72-75 mm.
Type $ : Krakatau Island, December, 1919. Co-Type
S : Verlaten Island (near Krakafeui), December, 1919. Both
in the Buitenzorg Museum, Java.
Subgenus CnrrTiRA, Moore.
a. Hind-margin of both wings broadly black-
brown fuscous. plataniston.
a\ Hind wing broadly margined with red-
brown in contrast to dark fuscous hind-
marginal colouring of fore wing. ethologa.
9. Danaida melaneus Cr. plataniston Fruhst.
Danaida melaneus plataniston Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 210.
Danaida melaneus sinopion Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 210.
Danais melaneus Distant 1882-86, pp. 14 & 408, Tab. I, fig. 6.
Loc. S. W. Siani : Hat Sanuk and Tasan, .% $ s ;
Perak : Maxwell's Hill 33 5 S , 1 9 , Kuala Eangsar, Batang
Padang ; Selangor : Bukil Kutu, Ulu Langat, Ginling Bidai,
2,200 ft. (F.M.S. Mus.). Perak : Gunong Kledang, 2,()4() ft. ;
Selangor-Pahang : Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. ; Selangor :
Bukit Kutu, 8,457 ft. ; Negri Sembilan : Guncng Angsi
2,000-2,700 ft., Bukit Lantai, 2,400 ft. (Baffles Mus.).
March to August and in November ; probably on the
wing all the year round.
Fruhstorfer describes the " very rare race of the Malay
Peninsula " as sinopion (I.e.). His description fits Distant's
figure (I.e.) of this species, but neither the figure nor the
description agrees with a long series from the Malay Penin-
sula examined by me. The localities given above are taken
from a series of 84 specimens from the F.M.S. Museums
and 20 from the Raffles Museum. I have since examined
others from Pahang, Kuala Lipis, and Negri Sembilan, Bukit
Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.), and from Selangor, Ginting Simpah
and Kuala Selangor (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). It may there-
fore be regarded as a comparatively common species in the
Malay Peninsula and well distributed. The rarity of the
' DoHEHTY, 1891, p. 24, pi. 1, tig. 3, ~ *
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 167
females, however, is a point worth noticing, since in the
above series there were only 5 females to 99 males.
The characters given by Fruhstorfer for sinopion are
(i) the narrower vitreous areas and (ii) the almost entirely
black ground colour of both wings beneath, which only
show slight traces of a red-brown tinge. In regard to the
first pomt, the Malayan specimens agree admirably
with the Indian example figured by de Niceville.^ There
are, however, two males in the Raffles Museum, in which
the top posl-cellular hyaline streak in the fore wdng is
reduced to a small dash less than half the length of the
lower post-cellular hyaline streak. The white marginal
dots of the hind wing present a variable feature : a complete
series being present in some specimens, while in others two
or three only are barely visible and in one example they are
absent altogether. Similarly the two small spots between
the median nervules of the hind wing vary in size, and in
some specimens partially or completely fuse with the larger
hyaline spots immediately below the outer half of the cell.
The ground-colour beneath is certainly blackish, but in
many specimens a pronounced reddish wash is very notice-
able. I think, therefore, that Fruhstorfer's sinopion for
the Malayan form must be regarded as a synonym
of plataniston, under which name the Indian form is dis-
tinguished by Fruhstorfer. Evans-, however, retains
Cramer's name melaneiis for the Indian form. Cramer's
species is supposed to have come from South China.
Whether the Indian and South China forms are separable
oi' not 1 do not know. Godfrey records plataw'slon from
Siam. Two examples he sends me from Me Song (Siam)
are certainly inseparable from the Malayan plataniston.
The thirty-six males in the F.M.S. Museums from Hat
Sanuk and Tasan, S.W. Siam, are rather smaller than the
more southern Malayan examples and they might be
referred to Fruhstorfer's dry-season form neopah'a but for
the fact that they are by no means " entirely light red "
beneath. The submarginal dots in these are generally
though not always, purer white than in most of the Malayan
examples.
Distrib. Cliina and Northern India to Siam, Malay
Peninsula and Java. The only Malaysian subspecies are : —
D. m. plataniston Fruhst. Malay Peninsula (northwards
,, to Siam and India).
U. m. pseudomelaneus Moore .lava.
Closely alhed to melaneiis come two other Malaysian
species, which do not, however, occur in the Malay
Peninsula : —
10. Danaida banksi Moore banksi Moore.
Danaida banksi banksi Fnihstorfei- 1910, p. 210.
Distrib. The species is confined to Sumatra, Nias and
Batu Islands, divided into three subspecies : —
' DeI^iceville, 1882,1)1. V, flg.^^
* Evans, 1920, p. 560.
' Godfrey, 1916, p. 118.
168 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. I Voi . X,
D. b. banksi Moore Sumatra.
I), h. fiineralis Butl. Nias I.
D. b. mnasippiis Fruhst. Batu Is.
11. Danaida crowleyi Jenner-Weir.
Danaicla crowleyi Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 210.
Distrih. Mountains of North Borneo and Saiawak.
12. Danaida sita Koll. ethologa Swinh.
Danaida sita ethologa Fruhftorfer 1910, p. 211.
Danais tytia Distant 1886, p. 408, p. 408, Tab. XLl, flg. 15.
Loc. Perak : Maxwell's Hill 7 3 6; Selangor, Bukit
Kutu 2s $, 19 (F.M.S. Mus.). Selangor: Bukit Kutu,
2,300 ft., 1 $ (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.) . Selangor— Pahang :
Semangko Pass 2,700 ft., ^$ $ (Raftles Mus.). March, May
to August.
Frulislorfer states of this subspecies that " only a few
examples have hitherto been found." Thorough collecting
on the mountains of the Malay Peninsula will probably
show that it is well distributed and not uncommon.
Distrih. The species ranges from Kashmir and the
Himalayas to China and Formosa and south to the Malay
Peninsula.
Not recorded in Godfrey's list from Siam, but he kindly
informs me (January 1921) that it has been taken in
Northern Siam at Khun Than 3,600 ft. (Lat. 18° N.) and
near Thaungyin river. The example sent to me from the
former locality is referable to tira Fruhst., which is distin-
guished from the Eastern Himalayan form tytia Gray, by
the absence of a thick red cell-streak in the hind wing.
Fruhstorfer gives Assam and Tenasserim for the distribu-
tion of lira. The longer sub-apical streaks in the fore wing
and the presence of two whitish sub-apical dots in the hind
wing separate this subspecies clearly from the only
Malaysian subspecies, ethologa, which lacks these dots and
has the upper siibapical streaks considerably shortened.
13. Danaida tityoides Hag.
Danaida sita tityoides Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211, flg. 78d.
Distrib. Mountains of Sumatra.
A well-separated form for which Fruhstorfer (I.e.)
suggests, and Rothschild ^ adopts, specific distinction.
Two more species of this subgenus occur in Malaysia,
but not in the Malay Peninsula : —
14. Danaida albata Zinck. albata Zinck.
Danaida atbala albata Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 209.
Danaida albata gilva Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 209.
Loc. Ongop Ongop, 4,800 ft., idjen Massif East Java,
13 ^ cf (F.M.S. Mus.).
The East Java form has been separated by Fruhstorfer
as gilva. The distinctions he gives, viz. smaller size,
smoke-brown underside, with cell of hind wing " almost
' Rothschild, 1920, p. 147.
1921] MovLTO^i : Malaysian Butterflies. 169
always darkened by a more or less extended grey-brown
tinge," do not hold good. In the above series in +he F.M.S.
Museums the expanse of wings varies from 75-95 mm. In
some, irrespective of size, the cell of the hind wing is
darkened, in others entirely free from fuscous sc lies. The
smoke-brovvn darkening of the underside is also a variable
feature.
I follow Piepers therefore in recognizing but one form
from the whole of Java.
Two other subspecies are recorded from Celebes, but
in the Malaysian subrcgion only two subspecies occur : —
D. a. albata Zinck. Java.
D. a. adustata Fruhst, West Sumatra.
15. Danaida luzonensis Feld. praemacaristus Fruhst.
Dnnaida liizonensi.s praemacarislus Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 209, flg. 78c.
Distrib. Borneo.
The only two Malaysian subspecies of D. luzonensis
are : —
D. I. praemacaristus Fruhst. Borneo.
D. I. larissa Feld. Java.'
Subgenus Parantica, Moore.
a. Fuscous streak in cell of hind wing as heavy
as, or heavier than, the hyaline streaks in
cell eryx.
a\ Cell of hind wing hyaline partially divided
by thin fuscous line melanoides.
16. Danaida eryx Fab. eryx Fab.
Danaida eryx eryx i-'ruhstorfer 1909, p. 207, flg. 77b (as aglaioides).
Danaida eryx maenius Fruhstorfer 1909, p. 207.
Danais agleoides Distant 1882, p. 15, Tab. I, flg. 5.
A very common species ranging throughout the Malay
Peninsula ; extending north through Siam to Burma and
Cochin-China and south to Sumatra and Borneo. Three
distinct subspecies in addition to the typical form may be
recognized ; they occur in ihc Malaysian region :-
D. e. borneensis Staud. Borneo.
D. e. furius Fruhst. Java.
D. e. erycina Fruhst. Nias I.
Fruhstorfer recognizes two subspecies from Borneo —
borneensis from South-east Borneo and Pontianak, terilus
from North Borneo ; both melanic forms, the latter parti-
cularly so, due to the great reduction of the pale green
stripes and spots. As both occur together in the same
localities in Sarawak I prefer to recognize but one sub-
species, borneensis from Borneo,- retainiiii?; terilus as a
' PiEPKRS, 1913, p. 25, pi. XIII, figs. 20a, 20b. as " Danais aglea
Cramer."
'MouLTON, 1915, p. 202, where the Bornean form is incorrectly
given as eryx.
170 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
form name for particularly black specimens. Sarawak
specimens of this terilus form are practically inseparable
from enjcina from Nias. The two post-cellular streaks are
not quite so obliterated in two Sarawak males, while the
upper cell streak and the two below the cell are more so
in one of them.
Rolhscliild' records a female from the West Coast of
Sumatra as enjx. Fruhstorfer's subspecies maenius for
this part of Sumatra is probably therefore only a melanic
form occurring together with the typical form, which in
Sumatra is apparently inseparable from eryx of the Malay
Peninsula and Siam. The Bornean subspecies differs
consistently from eryx in the general reduction of the pale
green markings and particularly in the upper cell streak of
the fore wing and the submarginal row of spots in both
wings, which are always smaller and less developed.
17. Danaida aglea Cr. melanoides Moore.
Danatda aglea grammica Fruhstorfer 1909, p. 208.
Danaia aglea Distant 1882. p. 13.
Loc. Pahang : Senyum — Kota Tongkat, 1 5 June-July
(F.M.S. Mus.).
Distrib. North India from Kashmir to Burma, Tenas-
serim and Siam, with subspecies in Tonkin and Formosa.
The typical form aglea is restricted to Ceylon, South and
Central India.
Bingham- notes that de Niceville's ligure • of aylea
is tliat of the northern form melanoides. The Pahang
specimen agrees well with the markings of this figure,
but differs in being smaller with narrower fore
wings. Bingham, however, notices that the wings of
melanoides are longer and narrower than in typical aglea.
Godfrey* records melanoides as widely distributed and
fairly common in Siam. Two Siamese specimens, kindly
sent to me by Godfrey, seem inseparable from Indian
melanoides, although the male agrees with the Pahang male
in being slightly smaller, with the fore wing narrower than
in the Indian male figured by de Niceville. This character
is evidently variable, as in a series of 12 males in the F.M.S.
Mus. from Pulau Condore the expanse of wings varies
from 61-78 mm. The fore wing from anal angle to centre
of costa varies from 19-22 mm. in this series. The only
female from this locaUty is rather darker than the Siamese
form.
• Rothschild, 1920, p. 147.
" Bingham, 1905, p. 18.
' DE Niceville, 1882, p. 38, pi. 6, fig. 7.
* Godfrey, 1916, p. 118.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 171
It is interesting to note that Criiger^ mentioned D. aglea
in a short description of Malacca butterflies as long ago as
1878. Distant^ threw doubt on the record, and apparently
the occurrence of aglea in the Malay Peninsula has re-
mained unconfirmed until now.
Although de Niceville {I.e.) shows clearly enough that
grammica Boisd. (1836) must be restricted to the Ceylon
and South Indian form which Cramer described as aglea
in 1781 and with which it is therefore synonymous, never
theless Fruhstorfer ^ retains Boisduval's name for the North
Indian form. I follow Bingham,* Evans ^ and Godfrey * in
adopting melanoides Moore (1883) for this northern form.
Subgenus Ravadeba, Moore.
The only species of this subgenus found in the
Malaysian subregion is distinguished at once from all other
Danaines by the canary-yellow discal region of the hind
wing.
18. Danaida aspasia Fab. aspasia Fab.
Danaida aspasia aspasia Fruhstorfer 1909, p. 205, flg. 76d.
Dnnaida aspasia var. crorea Distant 1882, p. 13, Tab. I, flg. 7.
A common species found throughout the Malay Penin-
sula, ranging from low country to the mountains up to
3,()()() ft., and probably higher. Apparently on the wing all
the year round.
The typical form also occurs in Tenasserim, Siam,
Sumatra' and Palawan. Other subspecies are recognized,
all occurring in the Malaysian subregion : —
D. a. Philomela Zink. .lava.
D. a. rita Fruhst. liawean I.
D. a. chnjsea Dob. Kngano I.
D. a. caiilonia Fruhst. Pulau Tello, Batu Is.
D. a. kheili Staudg. Xias I.
D. a. shelfordi Fruhst. Borneo.
Piepers and Snellen regard the Javan form as aspasia.
It is, as recognized by Fruhstorfer, quite distinct from the
Malay Peninsula aspasia and must be known as philomela.
The males have the three large post-cellular patches yellow,
while in aspasia they are hyaline, the lowest and largest
patcli alone being tinged with yellow. This seems to be
a constant feature of distinction in the males. In the female
philomela the post-cellular sub-apical wJiite streaks are
much shorter and broader than in female aspasia.
Tlie Bornean subspecies shelfordi is also well-marked
and distinct.
' Cruger, 1878, p. 29. ~~ ~
•Distant, 1882, p. 13.
'Fruhstorfer, 1909, p. 208.
* Bingham, 1905, p. 19.
° Evans, 1912, p. 560.
"Godfrey, 1916, p. 118.
• Fruhstort'cr's .sul).species tburiialiu lor Wesiern Sumatra is
not recognized by Rothschild (1920).
172 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol X,
Subgenus Tirumala, Moore.
The males of this subgenus are distinguished by a
prominent flap-like scent patch on the underside of the
hind wing. The two Malaysian species may be further re-
cognized by the absence of white spots in the hmd wing
in the angles formed by the bases of the median nervuies.
These angles are delineated by tine whitish lines in
Tirumala.
a. Sub-hyaline spots and lines bluish and
much reduced septentrionis.
n\ Sub-hyaline spots and lines whitish and
large limniace.
19. Danaida melissa Cr. seplentrionis Butl.
DdiKtidii nieli.ssd scplenlriom's Friilistorfer 1009, p. 202
Danais septentrionis Distant 1882, p. 16, Tab. I, flg. 9.
Loc. S.W. Siam : Hat Sanuk and Tasan ; Perak :
Maxwell's Hill and Kuala Kangsar ; Negri Sembilan : Bukit
Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.). Perak : Kuala Lenggong (F.M.S.
Agric. Dept.).
Out of 18 in the F.M.S. Museums, 16 are males
Distrib. India to Cochin-China, Siam, the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra. Other Malaysian subspecies are : —
D. ni. melissa Cr. Java.
D. m. rufiventris Fruhst. Nias I.
D. m. microsticta Butl. Borneo.
D. m. suanetes Fruhst. Balabac I.
Several other subspecies range further East as far as
Fiji and the New Hebrides.
20. Danaida limniace Cr. limniace Cr.
A single male in the Raffles Museum, unfortunately
without locality label, may perhaps constitute the first
record of this species from the Malay Peninsula, since the
greater part of the buttertly collection in this Museum
comes from that country.
Godfrey ^ records typical limniace from Siam (Lat.
13' N.) as " not very common. Taken only on the
Petchaburi River and in the Sriracha forest."
The Raffles Museum specimen agrees well with a
Siamese male kindly sent to me by Godfrey and with
Bingham's description and figure of the Indian form.^
* Godfrey, 1916, p. 118.
' Bingham, 1905, p. 16, flg. 5.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 173
Fiuhstorfer ' comments on the cmious gap in its dis-
tribution between the Nicobars and Java. Since then,
liowever, I have recorded it from Borneo-; one would
expect to find it yet in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
The Malaysian subspecies are : —
D. I. limniace Cr. China south to Slam and
? Malay Peninsula.
D. I conjuncta Moore Java.
D. I. knchingana Moulton Borneo-
Other subspecies occur in India, Ceylon and Celebes.
Piepers^ merges limniace with melissa and records
intermediates in Java.
Subgenus Anosia, Hubn.
21. Danaida archippus Fab.
Danaida archippus Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 193.
Loc. Penang and Java (Fruhstorfer).
I have seen none in local collections. Piepers* doubts
its occurrence in Java. This American butterfly, well-
known as " The Wanderei," has reached many other coun-
tries in the East besides the two Malaysian localities given
by Fruhstorfer.
Subgenus Limnas, Hiibn.
The Malay Peninsula species of this subgenus and the
next are distinguished from all the fore-going Danaines by
the fulvous ground-colour of the fore wing. This Limnas
species may be recognized by the colouration of the veins
which are fulvous like the ground-colour, not heavily
defined in black as in the species of the next subgenus,
Danaida.
22. Danaida chrysippus Linn, hataviana Moore.
Danaida chrysippus bulaviana Frulistorfer 1910, p. 191.
Danaia chrysippus Distant 1882-86, pp. 20, 408, Tab. I, llg. 10 & XL,
flg. 13.
Loc. Selangor : Kuala Selangor and Kuala Lumpur
(F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Singapore 1 ^ , 3 ? 9 (Raffles Mus.).
Fruhstorfer records the lighter yellow continental
Indian form chrysippus in North-East Sumatra. Godfrey^
records it as " common everywhere all the year round "
in Siam. Distant (I.e.) records it from Penang, Province
Wellesley and Singapore. It is apparently rare in the Malay
Peninsula. I have seen none from local collections.
Distant also records a variety with whitish hind wings,
alcippoides, from Singapore. The F.M.S. Agricultural
Department have a series of this white form from Kuala
Lumpur, bred from larvae found on a large Calotropis
' Fruhstoiifeh, 1909, p. 204. ^ ^
^AIoULTOx, 1915(a), p. 97.
M^iEPERs, 1913, p. 30, pi. XIV, figs. 2oa, 25b, 25c.
' PiEPEus, 1913, p. 23.
' Godfrey, 1916, p. 117.
174 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
growing in the Agricultural Department Plantation in Jan-
uary 1919. They agree well with Distant's figure of a Singa-
pore male, except that the white expanse, the hind-marginal
row of white spots in the hind wing and the two white
spots in the outer orange-brown region of the fore wing
are more developed.
The record of the dark brown bataviana in Singapore
and Kuala Selangor (1 9 ) is of interest in view of its
occurrence also in Western Sumatra. The Singapore male
agrees well with a male from Java.
The distribution of chrysippus in Malaysia is as
follows : —
D. c. chrysippus Linn. Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
N. E. Sumatra.
D. c. vigeli Heyl. Pulau Bras (N. W. Sumatra).
D. c. clarippus Weym. Nias I.
D. c. bataviana Moore Java, W. Sumatra and Malay
Peninsula (Singapore and
Kuala Selangor).
Other subspecies extend the range of this species to
Europe, Africa and Australia.
In tiie Malaysian subregion the white form alcippoides
is known from Siunatra, as well as from Singapore and
Kuala Lumjjur.
Subgenus Danaida, Latr.
The Malay Peninsula forms may be separated thus :—
a. Orange-brown ground-colour below sub-
median nervure of fore wing above plexippus.
b. Ground-colour of hind wing pale orange-
brown /. typica.
b\ Ground-colour of hind wing white /. intermedia.
b\ Ground-colour of hind wing pale orange-
brown, very slightly suffused with
white /. comiectens.
a\ Brown fuscous below sub-median nervure
of fore wing.
b. Cell and post-discal streaks of hind wing
white hegesippus,
b^. Only the outer half of cell of hind wing
white, no post-discal white streaks malayana.
23. Danaida plexippus Linn, plexippus Linn.
Danaida plexippus intermedia Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 195.
Danais gennlia Distant 1882-86, pp. 18, 408, Tab. 11, figs. 2, 3.
Loc. S.W. Siam : Hat Saniik and Tasan , Perak :
Kuala Kangsar, Taiping , Selangor : Ulu Gonibak, Ulu
Langat, Kuala Lumpur ; i^ahang : Kuala Tahan ; Negri
Sembilan : Bukit iangga (F.M.S. Mus.). Singapore
(Raffles Mus.).
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 175
Distrib. India to China and the Malay Peninsula, with
subspecies scattered through the Malay Archipelago to
Australia. Those recognized from Malaysia are ■ —
D. p. plexippus Linn. Malay Peninsula
D. p. sumatrana Moore Sumatra. '- ^
D. p. niasiciis Fruhst. Nias I.
D. p. intensa Moore Borneo, Java, Bali, Bawean.
The forms with white, instead of fulvous, ground-
colour in the hind wing should be known as form inter-
media Moore. They occur together with the typical fulvous
hind-winged form in Tonkin, Saigon, Siara and the Malay
Peninsula, and therefore cannot be regarded as a separate
subspecies. Distant ^ recognized this in 1886, but
Fruhslorfer ^ records intermedia as a " geographical rac ' "
confined to the Malay Peninsula and Singapore (where he
states it is the principal form) and as an " aberration "
occurring in the dry season in Siam, Saigon and Tonkin.
It seems to me preferable to reserve subspecific names
for geographical races inhabiting separate areas. In this
case two well-marked forms occur together over a wide
range of country. To recognize them by form names
rather than as distinct subspecies appears to me the sounder
policy. If one were a resident form and the other a visitor,
as occurs in some species of birds, {e.g. the Eastern Roller,
Eurijstomus orientalis Linn., which has the typical form
orienlalis resident in Malaysia, and a migi*atory subspecies
calonijx, which is also found at certain times of the year in
Malaysia together witli orientali.s), subspecific distinction
would be justified. There is, however, no evidence to sho\i'
that either form of plea'ippus is an occasional visitor to our
subregion. It is to be supposed in fad that tbe two forms
will occur in one brood. A breeding experiment to test
this would be of interest. On the other hand it might be
argued with some justice that individuals which produce
dimorphic broods in one area are subspecifically distinct
from individuals in another area where only one pattern
of progeny is produced, not two.
One male in the F.M.S. Museums from Kuala Kangsar
has a very slight development of white in the discal region
of the hind M'ing above and is thus intermediate between
the typical forni with completely fulvous hind wing and
the white hind winged form intermedia. This form may
be termed connectens f . nov.
23. Danaida plexippus Linn, intensa Moore.
Danaida plexippus inlensa Frulistorfer 1910, p. 195.
The distribution of this subspecies, viz. Borneo, Java,
Bali and Bawean, is rather curious.
' Distant, 1886, p. 408.
' Fruhstorfer, 1910, p. 185.
176 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
A female from Mt. Kinabalii, British North Borneo,
in the Raffles Museum, is very similar to one from the
island of Krakatau (between Java and Sumatra) in the
Buitenzorg Museum. The white spots in the hind-margin
of the hind wing are slightly more pronounced above and
below in the latter specimen and in two males from the
same locality.
24. Danaida melanippus Cr. hegesippus Cr.
Danaida melanippus beyesippns Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 196.
Danais melanippus var. hegesippiis Distant 1882, p. 19, Tab. H, fig. 1.
A common form throughout the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo and the Natuna Islands, with other sub-
species ranging as far as India, Java and Celebes. In
Malaysia the following subspecies are recognized : —
D. m. melanippus Cr. Java.
D. m. hegesippiis Cr. Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
Suinatra and Xatur.a Is.
D. m. iimbrosiis Friihst. Pulaii Telle, Hatu Is.
D. m. eurifdice Butl. Nias I.
D. m. keteiis Hag. Mentawei Is.
D. fii. pietersi Doh. Knaano I.
D. w. insnlaris Moiilton Krakatau I.
Of 60 specimens in the F.M.S. Museums, 43 are males,
17 females. In tlie Raffles Museum there are 11 males and
3 females. Apparently on the wing all the year round.
Tliere is a melanistic tendency noticeable in the hind
wings of certain males which have the white post-ceUular
streaks, especially those immediately above the scent-patch,
much reduced. These are typical hegesippus, but there are
several examples in the above series which agree admirably
with Fruhstorfer's figure of D. m. indicus.' This form he
lestricts to Tenasserim, Burma, Bengal and Cochin-China.
(iodfrey - regards the Siamese form as hegesippus. The
three he sends me are typical hegesippus, differing particu-
larly from Fruhstorfer's figure of indicus in the reduced
sub-apical white markings of the fore wing. I doubt
whether the Indian form can be maintained as a separate
subspecies.
24a. Danaida melanippus Cr. insulan's subsp. nov
Differs from .lavan mehinippus in the hind wing,
which is noticeable for its white cell, contrasting with three
pale ferruginous streaks bordering the submedian and
internal neivurcs. The post-cellular streaks are white and
much reduced, but shaded posteriorly with ferruginous
scales ; the white spots of the hind-marginal border are
reduced. The whole of the discal region of the hind wing
below is pale ferruginous, not white as in hegesippus.
' Fruhstorfer, 1910, p. 196, fig. 77o.
Godfrey, 1916, p. 117.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 177
This Krakatau form suggests a possible hybrid between
hegesippus and melanippm. Possibly stragglers of
melanippiis from Java and hegesippus from Sumatra have
reached Krakatau since the great eruption and have given
rise to this new race.
From the Engano form pietersi' it is easily distin-
guished. That form has a brown cell centre and brown
inter-nervular streaks on the hind wing ; there is also a
powdering of grej-violet on the white sub-apical patches
of the fore wing which is absent in insularis.
Exp. al. 67 mm.
Type 6 . Krakatau, December 1919. In Zoological
Museum, Buitenzorg, Java.
25. Danaida affinis Fab. malaijaua Fruhst.
Danaida afflnis malayana Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 201, flg. lid.
Danais abigar Distant 1880. p. 409. Tab. XUI, flg. 11.
Loc. Selangor : Kuala Selangor, 2$ $ , (F.M.S. Agric.
Dept.). Johorc 1 s . (Raffles Mus.).
Distrib. This subspecies is confined to Siam and the
Malay Peninsula. The species, however, has a wide range
extending east and south to the Philippines, Australia and
the Solomon Islands. The Malaysian forms are : —
/). (I. fiiliginosj Hag. Rawean i.
I). (I. artenice Cr. .lava.
I), a. malayana Fruhst. Malay .Peninsula (and
Siam).
Fruhstorfer (I.e.) states that for a decade only one
male was known " whose locality, the Malay Peninsula,
was moreover still doubtful." The record of a male from
Johore and two more from Kuala Selangor is therefore of
interest. Distant {I.e.) records its discovery in Province
Wellesley. The Kuala Selangor males agree well with
Fruhstorfer's figure and with Siamese males kindly sent to
me for comparison by Godfrey. Distant's figure of the
Province Wellesley female agrees with Siamese females,
except that the white discal region of the hind wing is not
so sharply defined in his figure.
The Johore male in the Raffles Museum differs so much
from malayana that one is tempted to give this southern
lorm siibspeciiic distinction. I jjrefer, however, to keep
it provisionally under malayana until the female and more
males are collected. The white discal region of the hind
wing is much restricted as in Fruhstorfer's figure of tam-
hora (fig. 77d.), the outer half is brown, with the veins
slightly emphasized with darker biown, not black ; the sex-
mark does not penetrate the white discal region as in
malay(uia. Ihe basal lialf of the cell in the hind wing l.s
brown, whereas in malayana this brown colouring seldom
'DOHEHTY, 1891, p. 23, pi. I, flg. 1.
178 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
covers so much as the basal third. The Ught spots formmg
a double hind-marginal border to the hind wing are smallei
liian u? malaijana and the inner row is incomplete on the
upper side.
Fruhstorfer states that malayana is fairly numerous
in Bangkok, and that it will, in his opinion, certainly extend
still further along the coast of Siam.
25«. Danaida afiinis Fab. artenice Cr.
lianaida afjlnis arlentce Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 200.
Fruhstorfer comments on the rarity of this form.
The Director of the Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg, has
sent me for examination three males and one female from
Purmerend and Edam, Batavia Bay. They agree weU with
Piepers' figure ^ ; they measure 55-65 mm. across the wings
against 50 mm. recorded by Fruhstorfer. Piepers^ states
it is common in the low^er districts of Batavia.
The subgenus Danciida contains one other species from
the Malaysian subregion in addition to the above.
26. Danaida lotis Cr. lotis Cr.
Danaida lotis lotis Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 197.
Distiih. Borneo, with other subspecies from Celebes
and the Philippines. The only Malaysian subspecies are : —
D. I. lotis Cr. Borneo.
D. I. mezentiiis Fruhst. N. E. Borneo and Balabac I.
/) /. lotina Fruhst. Natuna Is.
Genus Ei ploea, Fab.
The following key, which is based on male characters
only and therefore does not apply to females, will serve to
distinguish the ditterent subgenera, or " groups " as
Fruhstorfer regards them, into w^hich this genus is
divided : —
a. Without pale patch of specialized scales
in the costal rei'ion of hind wing.
b. Without sexual brand on fore wing Menama.
l)\ With one well-detined sexual brand be-
tween median and internal nervures of
fore wing Crastia.
b\ With two well-defined sexual brands be-
tween median and internal nervures of
fore wing Stictoploea.
a\ With pale patch of specialized scales in
the costal region of the hind wing of
the male.
b. Patch quite small, in cell of hind wing
below the origin of first subcostal
nervule Trepsichrois.
PiEPEus. 1913, p. 33, pi. XIV, fig. 26.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 179
b'. Patch larj^e, covering half or more than
half the upper portion of ceil in hind
wing.
c. Fore wing beneath without sexual
spot below first median nervule.
d. Fore wing rounded. Exp,
al. 65-70 mm. Calliploea.
d\ Fore wing more pointed.
Exp. al. 105-110 mm. Macroploea.
c\ Fore wing beneath with small
patch of specialized scales below
first median nervule Salpinx.
Subgenus Menama, Moore.
Fruhstorf er ^ merges this subgenus under the one
group Crastia. Tlie absence of any sexual brand in the
male, however, seems to justify subgeneric separation of
the three species thus characterized from those in which
there are one or more well-defined sexual brands. I there-
fore follow Bingham^ in retainmg this subgenus distinct
from the subgenus Cra.slia. De Niccville^ follows Butler*
in using Hubner's name Crastia for the species here placed
under the subgenus Menama, i.e. those characterized by
the absence of a sexual brand in the male.
The remaining species included by Fruhstorfer in his
group Crastia, and by Butler and de Niceville in their
groups Eiiploea, Bingham refers to his subgenus Crastia ;
a course which I adopt here.
The species of Menama found in the Malay Peninsula
may be distinguished as follows : —
a. Colouring above black fuscous without purple
iridescence ; hind-margin fore wing with
white spots, hind-margin hind wing with
double row of small while spots.
b. Sub-apical spots in fore wing large. Exp.
al. 88-98 mm. Apex fore wing roundea marsdeni.
b\ Sub-apical spots in fore wing not large,
very slightly more pronounced than inner
row of post-discal white spots. Exp. al.
110-118 mm. malayica.
a\ Fore wing deep iridescent blue-purple on
black, without spots in male and only a
few small sjiots in female, hind wing both
sexes marked with double row of sub-
marginal spots, those of the inner row
elongate and heavier modesia.
27. Euploea crameri Luc. marsdeni Moore.
Euploea crameri marsdeni Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 2.30.
Euploea bremeri Distant 1882, p. 23, Tab. U, flg. 4.
Euploea marsdeni Distant 188(5, p. 411, Tab. XXXIX, flg. 1.
'Fruhstorfer, 1910, p. 226.
' Bingham, 1905, p. 23.
' De Niceville, 1882, p. 58.
* Butler, 1878, p. 297.
180 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. Vol. X,
Loc. Langkawi Islands ; Kedah : Kedah Peak , Tioman
Island ; Selangor : Ulu Langat (F.M.S. Mus.) . Singapore
(Distant).
Distrib. The type form crameri comes from Borneo.
The species is reduced to several subspecies ranging from
India through Malaysia as far East as Bali. The Malaysian
subspecies are : —
E. c. crameri Luc. Borneo.
E. c. marsdeni Moore Malay Peninsula.
E. c. heylaertsi Moore Sumatra.
E. c. niasica Moore Mas I.
E. c. mentavica Hag. Mentawei Is.
E. c. tenggerensis Fruhst. East Java (Tengger Mts.).
E. c. snelleni Moulton West and Central Java.
E. c. pagciistecheri Hag. Bawean I.
E. c. singaradha Fruhst. Bali.
E. c. lanista Fruhst Xatuna Is.
E. c. jedja Fruhst. Banguey I.
The Tenasserim subspecies bremeri and the Sumatran
heylaertsi appear to me hardly separable from the Malay
Peninsula marsdeni.
The two males from Langkawi Islands do not differ
from the mainland form. The only male from Tioman
Island on the other hand is noticeable for the almost total
suppression of the hind-marginal border of white spots in
both wings. If this reduction is normal in males from that
island, subspecific separation would certainly be justified.
The two females from Tioman, however, do not differ from
mainland females.
27a. Euploea crameri Luc. sncUeiu' suhsp. nov.
Snellen ^ notes that the typical form crameri of Borneo
*' differs from the Javanese form in being larger (80-82
mm. against 70-77 mm.) and in being of a somewhat
darker colour. The white spots on the fore wings, more-
over, are almost limited to the apex, being also larger."
As Piepers points out, these notes do not agree with
Fruhstorfer's description of tenggerensis, which we may
regard as restricted to the Tengger Mts. in East Java. For
the ordinary Javanese form of crameri, which is thus
without a name, I propose the name snelleni. Piep^irs (I.e.)
figures both sexes.
28. Euploea malayica Bull, malayica Butl.
Euploea malayica malayica Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 230, flg. 80b.
Euploea malayica Distant 1SS2, p. 22, Tab. II, flg. 7.
Loc. Perak : Taiping, Kampar ; Selangor : Bukit Kutu ;
Pahang : Kota Tongkat and Senyum (F.M.S. Mus.) .
Pahang : Kuala Krau, Jerantut (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.).
Selangor— -Pahang : Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. ; Singapore
(Raffles Mus.) .
' Quoted by Piepers, 1913, p. 7, pi. XI, figs. 3a, 3b.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 181
Distrib. With the exception of one subspecies in
Palawan, this species is confined to the Malaysian subregion,
split up into the following subspecies : —
E. m. malayica Bull. Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
E. m. stoUi Weym. Nias I.
E. m. hy pants Fruhst. Java. '
E. m. scudderi Bull. Borneo.
E. m. roduna Fruhst. Banguey I.
29. Euploea modesta Butl. modesta Butl.
Eaploea modesta modesta Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 231.
Loc. S.W. Siam : Tasan and Hat Sanuk 4 ^ ^ ;
Langkawi Islands 2 $ ? (F.M.S. Mus.) . Perak : 65th
mile on the Kuala Kangsar — Grik Road, "on elephant
dung" (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.^).
Distrib. The typical form modesta has been recorded
from South Annam, Siam and Tenasserim only. The
above-mentioned localities for specimens in the F.M.S.
Museums and Agricultural Department mark a southward
extension to its range hitherto unknown. Only two other
subspecies, both very distinct, are known : —
E. m. buxtoni Moore Sumatra.
E. m. lorzae Moore Borneo.
In addition to the foregoing species of this subgenus,
the following occur in Malaysia, although they are not
represented in tlie Malay Peninsula : —
30. Euploea climena Cr. sepulchralis Butl.
Euploea climena .sepulehralis Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 226.
Euploea climena terissa Fruhstorfer 1J)10, p. 226.
Distrib. Java and Bawean Island, with the following
Malaysian subspecies : —
E. c. enganensis Doh. En^ano I.
E. c. elwesiana de Nicev. Bah (Lonibok and Surabawa).
E. c. macleari Butl. Christmas I.
Piepers^ shows that sepulchralis Butl. must cover the
forms from East Java, separated by Fruhstorfer 'ds terissa,
in addition to those from West Java.
31. Euploea oceanis Dohert.
Euploea oceanis Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 228, flg. 81c.
Distrib. Engano Island only.
32. Euploea moorei Butl. moorei Butl.
Euploea moorei moorei Frulistorfer 1910, p. 229.
' A specimen from the F.M.S. Agricultural Department is labelled
" P.B.R. coll. A." The Director of the Department informs me that
this is probably from Bukit Kutu in Selangor.
'PlEPERS, 1913, p. 4.
182 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Distrib, Sumatra, with the following additional sub-
species in Malaysia : —
E. m. brookei Moore Borneo.
E. m. morrisi Hag. Mentawei Is.
I E. m. thiemei Fruhst. Nias I.
33. Euploea deheeri Doh. lamos Pruhst.
Euploea deheeri lamos Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 231.
Distrib. East Java, with other subspecies outside the
Malaysian subregion from Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores.
Subgenus Crastia, Hiibn.
Key to the Malay Peninsula forms : —
a. With marginal spots on fore wing.
b. Inner row of marginal spots white and
large graminifera.
b'. Marginal spots small or obsolescent,
yellowish ; apex of fore wing violaceous godarti.
a'. Without marginal spots on fore wing.
b. White streaks of sub-marginal row in
hind wing above long, not sharply de-
fined inwardly.
, , c. Male sexual brand on fore wing
small ; female without white
spots on fore wing above. Exp.
al. 80-90 mm. gardineri.
c\ Male sexual brand on fore wing
larger ; female with four white
spots on fore wing above. Exp.
al. 98-102 ram. monticola.
b\ White streaks of sub-marginal row in
hind wing above shorter and well-de-
fined. Male sexual streak much larger menetriesi.
34. Euploea core Cr. graminifera Moore.
Euploea core graminifera Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 230.
Euploea distanti Distant 1882, p, 32, Tab V, flg. 9, d",
Loc. Singapore (Raffles Mus.). Province Wellesley
(Distant). ^
Fruhstorfer restricts core to India, with subspecies
in the Himalayas, Ceylon and the above for the Malay
Peninsula. Moore ^ gives no more definite locality for his
type of graminifera. Fruhstorfer {I.e.) states it is un-
known to him in nature.
Moore describes distanti from Sumatra and gives, as
an additional locality, the Malay Peninsula (Province
Wellesley) . Fruhstorfer suggests that distanti is the repre-
sentative of core on Sumatra, but he retains the two as
separate species. The single Singapore male in the Raffles
Museum agrees well with Moore's figure of distanti,' which
in turn is very close to the Sumatran form. I think there-
' Moore, 1883, pp. 277-278, pi. XXIX, fig. 6. ~
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 188
fore that it is preferable to regard both graminifera and
distanti as subspecies of the continental core. The
Malaysian subregion thus has : —
E. c. graminifera Moore Malay Peninsula.
E. c. distanti Moore Sumatra.
Swinhoe's circuita from Tonkin, Cochin-China and
Siani' should also be included as a subspecies of core.
35. Euploea godarti Luc.
Euploea godarti Distant 1883, p. 34, Tab. UI, flg. 8.
Lac. Singapore (coll. Godman and Salvin).
The only known example from the Malay Peninsula
is recorded by Distant, who states that it is labelled
" Singapore," and was received from Mr. Druce.
Distrit). Burma, Tonasserim and Siam.-
36. Euploea layardi Druce.
Euploea godarti layardi Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 23fi.
Not recorded from the Malay Peninsula, but common
in Siam and probably extending south on the n^.ainland to
Lat. 10° N.
A series of 16 in the F.M.S. Mus. from Pulau Condore
(Lat. 9° N.) off the S.E. coast of Cochin-China is referable
to this form, which Fruhstorfer and Godfrey unite with
the preceding species H. godarti.
I agree with Bingham in keeping them separate, as
this series difl'ers imiformly from godarti in the sexual
brand on the fore wing of the male. This is broader and
double the length of that in godarii. It further differs in
the absence of a lilaceous patch in the apex of the fore wing
so prominent in godarti, and in the straighter inner row
of submarginal spots in the hind wing.
Godfrey states tiiat godarti is very common in Siam,
but that the form tai/ardi is not. Breeding experiments
to prove the conspecific identity of the two forms are
needed.
37. Euploea alcathoe Godl. gardineri Fruhst.
Euploea alcathoe gardineri Fruhstorfer 1910, p, 237.
Euploea menetriest Distant 1882, p. 34, Tab. lU, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Kedah : Kedah Peak ; Kelantan : Kuata Krai ;
Perak : Batang Padang, Kampar and Maxwell's Hill ;
Selangor : L lu Langat and Kuala Lumpur ; Pahang : Kuala
Tahan ; Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.).
Selangor : Bukit Kutu (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.) . Perak :
Gunong Kledang, 2,646 ft. ; Singapore (Raffles Mus.).
S7a. Euploea alcathoe Godt. monticola subsp. nov.
Diifers from gardineri in the larger size and more
developed white sub-marginal spots and streaks of the hind
'GoDFUEY records it from Siam {in lift, .ranuarv, 1921^
^ Vide next species.
184 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
wing, and more pronounced sex brand in the fore wing of
the male. The female has four white spots on the fore
wing above, one above the apex of the cell, one in the
lower distal corner of the cell, one just beyond and one
just below this cell spot.
Exp. al. $ 100-102 mm., $ 98 mm.
Types. Male and female from Kedah Peak in F.M.S.
Museums.
Loc. Kedah : Kedah Peak, November — December
1915 (F.M.S. Mus.). Selangor: Bukit Kutu, 3,457 ft.,
AprU 1915 (Raffles Mus.).
I regard this with some doubt as a mountain form of
alcathoe, since there are three other specimens in the F.M.S.
Museums (1,J, 2$ $) of the typical gardinevi form from
the same locality. It is possible that these were taken at
the foot of the mountain and that monticola is restricted
to the higher altitudes. The appearance of monticola
however is in some ways so strikingly dift'ercnt from
gardineri that it may perhaps turn out to be a distinct
species.
Distrih. E. alcathoe, split into several subspecies,
ranges from India through Burma, Siam and Malaysia as
far east as Lombok. In the Malaysian subrcgion the
following subspecies may be recognized :—
E. a. gardineri Fruhst. Malay Peninsula.
E. a. monticola Moulton Malay Peninsula Mts.
E. a. nmrtimis Fruhst.' Sumatra.
E. a. simplex Fruhst. Nias I.
E. a. pahakela Dob. EuMano I.
E. a. arasa Fruhst. Menlawei Is.
E. a. alcathoe Godt. .Java, Bali (and l.onibok).
E. a. uniformis Moore Borneo.
E. a. salistra Fruhst. Natuna Is.
E. a. lucania Fruhst. Puiau Teilo, Batu Is.
38. Euploea deione Westw. menetriesi Feld.
Kuploea deione menetriesi Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 238.
liiiploea pinwiUi Distant 1882, p. ;^5, Tab. HI, figs. 9 & 10.
Loc. Kedah : Gurun ; Kelantan : Kuala Krai ; Perak :
Batang Padang, Kampar, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping ;
Selangor: Ulu Langat, Ayer Itani (F.M.S. Mus). Selan-
gor — Pahang : Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. (Rallies Mus.).
Distrih. This species ranges from Sikkim, Burma
and Siam south through the Malayan Islands to Sumbawa
and Palawan. In the Malaysian subregion the following
subspecies occur : —
E. d. menetriesi Feld. Malay Peninsula.
E. d. epiphaneia Fruhst. Sumatra.
E. d. kneili Weym. Nias I.
E. d. seitzi Hag. Mentawei Is.
E. d. pasina Fruhst. Pulau Tello, Batu Is.
E. d. wallengreni Feld. .lava.
E. d. zonata Druce Borneo.
E. d. masina Fruhst. S. E. Borneo.
E. d. transpectus Moore Billiton.
' RoTMscniM), 1920, ]). 14« does not recognize vonara Fruhst.
for the West Sumatran form as distinct from martinus,
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 185
The intensive blue reflection in the male in menetriesi
is not very noticeable in ten males from the Malay Penin-
sula compared with the Siamese subsijecies limborgi
Moore, of which there is one very beautiful male from
Hat Sanuk or Tasan, S.W. Siam, in the F.M.S. Museums
One male from Selangor however approaches limborgi in
the more pronounced and better defined white spots of the
hind wing above.
One other species of this subgenus occurs in the
Malaysian subregion, viz : —
39. Euploea haworthi Luc. haworthi Luc.
Euploea haworthi haworthi Fruhstorfcr 1910, p. 237.
Distrih. The typical form occurs on Java and Bali
with a subspecies on Sumatra : —
E. h. haivorthi Luc. Java and Bali.
E. h. inconspicim Moore Sumatra.
Subgenus Stictoploea, Butl.
The two sexual brands in the fore wing of the male
and the very deep blue reflection on the fore wings of both
sexes at once make the only Malay Peninsula species of
this subgenus easily recognizable.
40. Euploea dufresne Godt. harrisi Feld.
Euploea harrisi harrisi Fruhstorfer 1910. p. 246.
Euploea grotei Distant 1882, p. 36. Tab. HI, flg. 3.
Euploea harrisi Distant 1886, p. 411.
Loc. Kedah : Kedah Peak, 1 S ; Perak : Kuala Kangsar
5$ ^,19; Pahang : Senyum and Kota Tongkat, 1 $ (F.M.S.
Mus.). Perak : Sulphur Springs, Grik, 3s $ (F.M.S. Agric.
Dept.). Singapore 1 9 (Raffles Mus.).
Distrih. This subspecies extends north to Siam,
Burma and Cochin-China.^
Fruhstorfer {I.e.) keeps as separate species : harrisi
for the continent, lacordairei for the Indo-Malayan islands
and dufresne for the Philippine Islands. It seems to me
preferable to treat them as one species, subspecrfically
distinct from one another in their own particular regions.
I therefore adopt the oldest name dufresne Godt. for the
species instead of harrisi. Fruhstorfer evidently inclines
to the same view, as he writes : " Whether all the three
species now regarded as separate belong to one species is
a question which can only be solved by further anatomical
research." hi discussing Austro-Malayan forms' hv writes:
" But in spite of all the statements to the contrary, there is
' One example in the F.M.S. Mus. from Pulau Condore is
referable to Moore's melanotic aberration croiuleyi originally
described from Tenasserim.
* Fruhstorfer, 1910, pp. 246-7.
186
Journal of the P'.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
also in New Guinea as well as in India and on the Malayan
islands only one Stictoploea in each district, which excludes
the presence of a second species." In his appendix to this
subfamilj, however, published in 1911^ he records a second
species from the Phillippines.
The Malaysian subregion has the following sub-
species : —
E. d. harrisi Feld.
E. d. mithrenes Fruhst.
E. d. convallaria Thieme
E. d. nica Fruhst.
E. d. tyrianthina Moore
E. d. lacordairei Moore
E. d. baweanica Fruhst.
Malay Peninsula (to Siam,
Burma and Cochin-China) .
Sumatra.
Nias I.
Engano I.
Borneo. '
Java.
Bawean I.
Subgenus Trepsichrois, Hiibn.
The small patch of specialized scales in the cell of the
hind wing in the male and the white inter-nervular stripes
of the hind wing in the female are two striking characters
which will serve to distinguish the only Malay Peninsula
species of this subgenus.
41. Euploea mulciber Cr. mulciber Cr.
Euploea mulciber mulctbet Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 250.
Euploea midamus Distant 1882, p. 24. Tal>. U, figs. 8 ft 9.
Euploea mulciber Distant 1882, p. 29. Tab. lU, figs. 1 ft 2.
Out of 156 examples from the F.M.S. Museums of this
common and widely distributed butterfly 141 were males,
15 females. In the RaflQes Museum there are 29 males
and 11 females. Both series cover the Malay Peninsula
from Kedah south to Singapore. There are none from
Tioman Island or Langkawi Islands in these local collec-
tions.
Distrib. India to China and the Malay Peninsula,
with several well-marked subspecies in the Malay Archi-
pelago. Those occurring in the Malaysian subregion are : —
E. m. mulciber Cr.
E. m. vandeventeri Forbes
£. m. verhuelli Moore
E. m. maassi Hag.
E. m, battmensis Fruhst.
E. m. malakoni Doh.
E. m. basilissa Cr.
E. m. portia Fruhst.
Malay Peninsula (to China
and India).
Sumatra.
Nias I.
Mentawei Is.
Batu Is.
Engano 1.
•Tava and Bawean I.
Borneo and Natuna Is.
Subgenus Euploea, Fab.
a. Small species with rounded fore wing. Exp.
al. 70 mm. ledererL
a\ Large species with pointed fore wings. Exp.
al. 110-120 mm. ohoebus.
* Fruhstorfer, 1911, pp. 276-277.
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 187
42. Euploea mazares Moore ledereri Feld.
Euploea mazares ledereri Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 252.
Euploea ledereri Distant 1882, p. 26, Tab II, fig. 10.
Loc. S.W. Siam : Hat Sanuk ; Perak : Maxwell's
Hill, Kuala Kaiigsar, Taiping ; Selangor : Ulu
Langat ; Pahang : Kuala Tahan, Senyum and Tongkat ;
Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.). Perak:
Sulphur Springs, Grik, and Kuala Lenggong ; Selangor :
Ginting Simpah, alt. 2,000 ft. (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.) . Perak
(Raffles Mus.).
A single male in the above series from Hat Sanuk, S.W.
Siam, presumably forms the first record of this species for
Siam, as Godfrey has not included it in his list published
in 1916. Fruhstorfer says "it is occasionally met with in
southern Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago as a
great rarity."
E. mazares ranges from Formosa to the Solomons with
the following subspecies in Malaysia :- -
E. m. ledereri Feld. Malay Peninsula.
E. m. eunus de Nicev. N. E. Sumatra.
E. m. mazqrina Fruhst. West Sumatra.
E, m. mazares Moore Java.
E. m. baweana Fruhst Bawean I.
E. m. tmtunensis Fruhst. Natuna Is.
E. m. aristotelis Moore North Borneo.
E. m. cabeira Fruhst. S. E. Borneo.
43. Euploea corus Fab. phoebus Butl.
Euploea corns phoebus Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 258.
Euploea caslelnaut Distant 1882, p. 24, Tab. II. flg. 6.
Loc. Singapore, 26 S (Raffles Mus.).
Distrih. E. phoebus ranges from Ceylon and Burma
eastwards to Palawan and Celebes, with the following sub-
species in Malaysia : —
£. c. phoebus Butl. Malay Peninsula (and
Tenasserim).
E. c. hesiodus Fruhst. Banka I.
E. c. statius Fruhst. Sumatra.
E. c. phaeratena Kheil Nias I.
E. c. micronesia Doh. Engano I.
E, c. pavettae Zink. Java.
E. c. defiguratus Fruhst. Bali,
E. c. nikrion Fruhst. Bawean I.
E. c. butleri Moore Borneo.
The Siamese form is separated as drucei Moore.
Fruhstorfer states that the hind wing has " a trans-cellular
row of violet punctiforra spots, which occur also on the
188 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
underside." The only Siamese specimen I have seen (a
female in Godfrey's collection) has but one small violet
dot in the apex of the cell of the hind wing and on the
underside only. A Singapore male is the same in this
respect, while another has this violet dot on the upperside
but not on the underside. The sub-apical spots of the
fore wing are rather smaller in drucei than in phoebus.
Subgenus Salpinx, Hiibn.
This subgenus is characterized by a patch of light
androconial scales on the upperside of the hind wing just
below the costa and entering the cell. The different species
occurring in the Malay Peninsula may be distinguished
thus : —
a. No white in basal region of hind wing.
b. Well-defined light blue spot below lirst
median nervule of fore wing ; hind
wing without double row of marginal
spots leucogonys.
b\ No light blue spot, (or if present, barely
visible) below iirst median nervule of
fore wing ; hind wing with double row
of whitish marginal spots,
c. Fore wing with well-deflned white
apical spots singapura.
c\ Fore wing without or with faint
white apical spots deieani.
c*. Fore wing with well-defined apical
spots and marginal spots at apex crassa.
a\ Basal region of hind wing prominently
white diocletianus,
44. Euploea leucostictos Gmel. leucogonys Butl.
Euploea leucostictos leucogonys Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 263.
Euploea vesligiaia Distant 1882, p. 27, Tab. Ill, flgs. 6 & 7.
Loc. S.W. Siam : Hat Sanuk and Tasan ; Lang-
kawi Islands ; Kelantan : Kuala Krai ; Perak : Maxwell's
Hill ; Pahang : Kuala Lipis ; Selangor : Bukit Kutu (F.M.S.
Mus.). Perak: Gunong Kledang, 2,646 ft.; Selangor-
Pahang : Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. ; Selangor : Hukit Kutu
3,457 ft. ; Negri Sembilan : Gunong Angsi,^ 2,000-2,700 ft. ;
Singapore (Raffles Mus.) .
Distrib. E. leucostictos ranges from India to For-
mosa, south and east through Malaysia to the Mariannes.
The subspecies occurring in the Malaysian subregion are : —
E. I. leucogonys Butl. Malay Peninsula (Siam and
Burma).
E. I. vestigiata Butl. Sumatra.
E. I. juno Stich. Nias I.
E. I. phone Doh. • Engano I. i ■
E. l. marea Fruhst. Batu Is.
E. I leucostictos Gmel. Java.
t. I. timaius Fruhst. Bawean I.
E. I. relucida Fruhst Bali.
/: /. syra Fruhst. Borneo (and Palawan).
As with so many Danaines, the females appear to be
rare. In the F.M.S. Museums series of 63 only 5 are
females. In the Raffles Museum there are 31 males to 7
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 189
females. Both -sexes are very variable both in markings
and size. In the Raflles Museum series oi 25 males from
Bukit Kutu, all taken in xVpril 1915, the expanse of wings
varies from 68 to 100 mm.
45. Euploea aegyptus Butl. sinqapura Moore.
Eiiploea aegyptus xtngapura Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 268.
Eiil)ioea (leguplns Distant 1882 p. 22 (foot-note).
Loc. Sinjfaporc, 2 5 <J , 1 $ (Raffles Mus.).
Although this species is at once distinguished from the
next, midamns, by the presence .of apical v^hite spots in the
fore wing, nevertheless, as Fruhstorfer points out, its
relationship to that species must be very close.
Apparently aegyptiis represents a group of island form§
extending as far north as Singapore, but not occurring on
the Malay Peninsula i)roper, while midamiis is a continental
species, with a geographical race known as E. m. dejeani
extending down the Malay Peninsula as far south as Negri
Sembilan, but not so far as Singapore.
The Malaysian subspecies of /s. aegijptns are : —
E. a. aegyptus Butl, Borneo.
E. a. sihgapiira Moore Singapore.
E. a. sophia Moore Sumatra.
E. a. limyrns Fruhst. Pulau Tello, Batu Is.
E. a. staiidingeri Kheil Nias I.
E. a. sticheli Hag. Mentawei Is.
E. a. rafflesi Moore Java.
E. a. tncolora Fruhst. Bawean I.
E. a. iduna Fruhst. Kangean I.
46. Euploea midamus Linn, dejeani Moore.
Euploea midamus dejeani Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 270.
Euploea dejeani Distant 1882, p. 29, Tah. IV, flR. 1.
Euploea chine Distant 1882. p. ,{(>, 'I'ab. IV, flR. 2, Tab. H, flg. .'>.
Euploea margarita Distant 1882, p. 31, Tab. IV, fig. 3.
Loe. S.W. Siam : Hat Sanuk and Tasan ; Kedah :
Kedah Peak and (nirun ; Selangor : Bukit Kutu ; Tioman
Island ; Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.)'.
Perak : Kuala Lenggong (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Pahang
(Raflles Mus.).
DistriJb. E. m. dejeani is the only form occurring in
the Malaysian siibrogion. OHior subspecies occur in Siam,
Assam, Nepal and South China.
The F.M.S. Museums series of 8 males and 1 female
shows an interesting gradation from the Siamese form with
blue gloss on the fore wings and reduced white sub-
marginal spots in the hind wing to another from Kedah, still
with the blue gloss but with larger white sub-marginal spots
in the hind wing, merging finally into examples from fur-
ther south in which the blue gloss practically disappears
altogether.
A male in the Ratllcs Museum from Pahang goes one
step further in showing distinct traces of wliite apical spots
in the fore wing, thus approximating the last form discussed
190 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. I Vol. X,
{E. a. singapura), which appears to l)e confined to Singa-
pore. This Pahang male, however, and a female bearing
the same localitj' label approximate the Siamese form in
having the hind-marginal spots on the hind wing much
reduced. It is evidently a variable species and it would
probably be more correct to make the aegyptus group of
forms subspecies of midamus. Distant's description and
figure of E. chloe from Province Wellesley, Malacca and
Singapore, suggest connecting links between the two. His
figure of margarita shows pale blue spots on fore wing
which I have not seen in Malay Peninsula examples of this
species.
47. Euploea crassa Butl, crassa Bull.
Enploea kliioi crassa Fruhslorfer 1910, p. 271, flg. 19c.
Euploea crassa Fnihstorfer 1911, p. 278. '
Enploea crassa Distant 1882, p. 29, Tab. V, flg. 8^
Loc. Kedah (Distant).
Distant's single specimen from Kedah appears to be
the only record of the species in the Malaysian subregion.
The typical form occurs in Siam and Indo-China, with sub-
species in India and Ceylon. The elongated pale violet
apical spots in the fore wing, practically connected with
well-defined whitish spots on the apical half of the hind-
margin, render this species easy to distinguish from the
other species of this subgenus.
48. Euploea diocletianus Fab. diocletiamis Fab.
Euploea diocletianus diocletianus Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 271.
Euploea diocletianus Distant 1882, p. 28, Tab. IV, flgs. 4 A 5.
A common butterfly throughout the Malay Peninsula.
In a series of 78 males out of 80 specimens from the
F.M.S. Museums the only variation to be noticed is in the
small white post-cellular spot of the fore wing upper side.
This varies in size ; is absent altogether in one from Kelan-
tan ; in others it is well-formed and triangular in shape,
while in a few there is a second spot below it.
E. diocletianus is typically a Malaysian butterfly, with
the following subspecies recognized in our subregion : —
/•r. d. diocletianus Fab. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
(and Siam to Burma and
Assam).
E. d. lowi Butl. Borneo.
E. d. aerithus Fruhst. Natuna Is.
E. d. alcidice Godt. Java.
E. d. schreiberi Butl. Nias I.
E. d. schildi Fruhst. Batu Is,
One other subspecies occurs in Northern India,
111 addition to the foregoing species of this subgenus
occurring in the Malay Peninsula the following species are
recorded from the Malaysian subregion, although not from
the Malay Peninsula ; —
1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 191
49. Euploea eleusina Cr. eleusina Cr.
huploca eleusina eleusina Fruhstorfer 1910, i). 262.
Distiih. Java, Baweaii, Bali and Kangean Islands, with
other subspecies outside Malaysia from Sumba and Celebes.
50. Euploea gamelia Hiibn.
Euploea gamelia Fiulistorfer 1910, p. 208.
Distrib. West and East Java.
Hitherto only known from the niounlaiiis of West
Java. Mr. Boden Kloss sends me a female from the F.M.S.
Museums collected at Ongop Ongop, 4,800 ft., on the east
side of Idjen massif, Eastern Java. It does not appear to
he separable from the West .la van form.
51. Euploea martini de Nicev.
Euploea marlini riiilistorior 1910, p. 208, fig.* 80c.
Distrib. Sumatra.
52. Euploea simillima Moore aelia Fruhst.
Euploea simillima aelia Frulistorfer 1910, p. 269.
Distrib. North Borneo, with other subspecies outside
Malaysia.
BinKham, C. T.
lioden Klos8, C.
Hutler, A. G.
Criiger
de JNiceville, L. &
Marshall, G. F.
Distant, W. L.
Ooherty, W.
ET8118, W. H.
Fruhstorfer, H.
LITERATURE QUOTED.
1905. The Fauna of British. India. Butter-
flies. Vol. I.
1918. ' Notes on Malayan and other Mouse-
Deer." Journal of tlxe F.M.S.
Museums. Vol. VII.
1920. " On a collection of Plants from
Peninsular Siani." Journal of ilie
F.M.S. Museums. Vol. X.
1879. "On the Butterflies in the collection
of the British Museum hitherto re-
ferred to the Genus Euploea of
Fabricius." Journal of the Linnean
Socielu (.Zoology), Vol. XIX, pp.
290-303.
1878. Verhandl. d. ver f. naturwissensch.
Unterh. z. Hamb. Vol. III.
,oo« '^^^ Butterflies of India, Burmah and
L. 1882. Ceylon. Vol. I.
1882-86. iihopalocera Malayana.
1891. " A List of the Butterflies of Engano,
with some remarks on the
Danaidae." Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal. Vol. LX, Part
11, pp. 4-32, pi. f.
1912. 'A List of Indian Butterflies."
Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Societu. Vol. XXI, No. 2,
pp. 553-584, 96d-l,008."
1909-1911. The Macrolepidoptera of the World
by Dr. Adalbert Seitz. Vol. IX.
Hhopalocera (Indo-Australica) .
192
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X,
Godfrey, E. J.
Moore, F.
Moulton, J. C.
Piopers, M. C. &
Snellen, P C. T
Rolhschilo Lord.
1916. "The Butterflies oi Siam." Journal
Natural History Society of Siam.
Vol. II.
1883. '* A monograph oi Limnaina and
Euploeina, two groups of Diurnal
Lepidbptera belonging to the Sub-
family Euploeinae, with descrip-
tions of new Genera and species."
Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, pp. 201-324, pi.
XXIX-XXXI.
1914. "Hand-List of the Birds of Borneo."
Journal Straits Branch, Royal
Asiatic Society. No. 67.
1915. " The Butterflies of Borneo, with
Notes on their Geographical Distri-
bution, and Keys for Identification."
Sarawak Museum Journal. Vol. II,
No. 6, pp. 197-260.
1915 («) " Some undescribed Bornean Nyni-
phalidae." Entomoloqist, Vol.
XLVIII, No. 624, pp. 97-100.
The Rhopalocera of Java. (Danaidae
1913. to Elymniadae).
1920. " Rhopalocera collected in Korinchi,
West Sumatra by Messrs. H. C.
Robinson and C. Boden Kloss.
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums.
Vol. VIll, Part iii.
1921] 193
VI. THE APPLE-SNAILS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By N. Annandale, d.sc, f.a.s.b.
Director, Zoological Siirvcif of India.
Mr. Bodcn Kloss has been kind enough to send me for
examination the shells of Ampullariidae in the collection of
the Federated Malay States Museums and has asked me to
give him some nolcs upon them for publication. This
I gladly do, if onlv to call attention to our ignorance of the
freshwater molluscs of the Malay Peninsula. De Morgan^
and Moellendorf- have pubhshed lists and descriptions of
the Perak species, NevilP has described and annotated a
few Ampullariidae and Viviparidae from Penang and Perak
and I have done so for a few species and races of the former
family* from the Siamese Peninsular Provinces ; but the
whole of malacological literature nuist be searched for a
few scattered references to the species that occur in the
southern parts of the Peninsula.
The collection of Malayan Ampullariidae I have
examined is not a large one, but it includes specimens of
all the species described from the Peninsula and the Archi-
pelago. The type-specimens of three Peninsular forms are
also in my hands, namely Pachi/labra stoliczkana (Nevill)
P. lurbinis siihampullacra (Nevill) and P. tnrhinis laciis-
tris, Annandale. These specimens belong to the collection
of the Zoological Survey of India and are preserved in the
Indian Museinn.
The following forms are known from the Siamese
Peninsular Provinces, Penang, " Malacca " and the Feder-
ated Malay States ; possibly otliers may occur in Singapore,
Johore and other southern districts, but none, so far as I
know, have been lecorded.^
AMPULLARIIDAE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
(Malay 1131110 " Kelembuai.")
Pachiflabra stoliczkana (Nevill) Penang ; Larut, Perak ;
Selangor.
Pachylabra conica var. contractu Assam ; Upper Burma ;
Penang ; " Malacca."
Pachylabra gracilis (Lea) Continental Siam ; Tenas-
• serim ; Penang ; Perak.
Pachylabra perakensis (de Morgan) Renong ; Perak ; Selangor.
Pachylabra U)inkl€yi (Pilsbry) Pegu ; Singgora Province in
Peninsular Siam.
P. turbinis snbanipuliacea (Nevill) Singgora l^rovince ; Fed-
derated Malay States ;
Penang.
P. turbinis lacustris Annandale TaJe Sap, Singgora Province.
'Hull. Soc. Zool. France, X, pp. 353-428 (1885).
'Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891, pp. 330-348.
'Cat. Moll. Ind. Mus., fasc. E. (1877), and Hand List Moll. Ind.
Mus., II (1884), pp. 1-8.
*Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, IV, pp. 1-24 & 45, pis. I, II (1920).
'Nevill (Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., Ii; 1884, p. 5) records
two examples under the name of Ampullai'ia conica var. borneensis
(= Pachylabra borneensis) from Singapore. Traill (Journ. Ind.
Arch. I, 1847, p. 240) mentions an example of Ampullaria fi'om
Siagapore, G.B.K.
194 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Pachylabra stoliczkana (Nevill) .
1877. AmpiiUaria stoliczkana, Nevill, Cat. Moll. Ind. Mus., fasc. K. p. 11.
1881. Ampullaria stoliczkana, id., .lourn. As. Soc. Bengal L (2), p. 153, pi. vl,
Jig. 11.
1885. Ampullaria welleslyensis, de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, K, p. 419,
pi. viii, fig. ];5.
1891. Ampullaria wellesltjensis, Moellendorf, op. cit., p. 340.
1911. Pachylabra lurbinoides, Kobelt (in part), op. cit., pp. 95 ii)2, pi. xl,
tigs. 6, 7.
1911. Pachylabra welleslyensis, id., op. cit., p. 91, pi. xxxix, tigs. !>, 6.
Two specimens in tlie collection received from the
Malay States agree closely with the types of Stoliczka's
species, which are in the Indian Museum. They also seem
to me to agree sutiiciently closely with de Morgan's figures
of his A. welleslijensis from the same locality, allowing for
the fact that the figures are based on a specimen m which
the apical part of the spire had been completely destroyed.
Further they have a close resemblance in outline to two of
Kobelt's figures of P. turbinoides, namely those cited above,
one specimen resembling each figure.
As Stoliczka's original description is difficult ol access
I quote it in extenso : —
" Though I very much doubt if the Penang form can
be really distinct from the many described species, still I
find it impossible to class it even as a variety of any of
the species I know. Its substance, shape of the whorls,
etc., distinguish it at a glance from all the forms I have
grouped together as A. conica. It a good deal resembles
Reeve's fig. 37 A. turbinoides (Australia) ; it is, however,
more oblong, ovate and contracted in shape, with sombre-
brown, polished coloration. In these latter respects it
closely resembles A. polita from which its shape and
produced spire easily distinguish it. A. callistomo, Mori.
(Ser. Conch., Livr. IV, Pt. 13, fig. 7 ; Cambodia), is still
closer, though indeed this seems to me to be scarcely more
than a small variety of A. polita. Reeve's fig. 96 of his
A. javanica (Java) may perhaps prove to belong to one
and the same species ; the typical figure is apparently taken
from an immature shell, and it is therefore impossible to
decide without actual comparison.
Ovately oblong, with six regularly produced whorls, the
last not swollen (or subangulate) above as in A. polita and
A. callistoma ; scarcely imibilicate ; aperture contracted
and produced, marked interiorly with faint interrupted
bands, slightly effused at base ; epidermis polished, brown.
Long. 54, diani 41, long. : apert. 36, diam. 23.5 mil.
(7) Penang ; coll. Stoliczka. Three lull-grown and
four young specimens."
1921] Annandale : Apple-Snails of the Penin.sitla. 195
Stoliczka's type-series was from Penang, while de
Morgan gives the same island and Lariit, Perak, as localities
for his A. welleslijen.si.s. The new specimens are from
Selangor.
I think that Nevill was right in treating this form as
a variety of P. conica. as some individuals might be
assigned either to it or to the forma tijpica of that species
with almost equal justice. Only tiie specimens from Bhamo
ill Nevill's collection can, hoAvevcr, be assigned to it, those
from Tenasserim representing P. gracilis.
The variety was described from " Malacca." According
to Kobelt it occurs in Assam as well as in Upper Burma.
The forma ti/pica of P. conica is widely distributed in
Burma and has been found in Northern Siam.
Pachylabra gracilis (Lea).
1!I2(I. Pachylabra gracilis. Aiinandalp, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, IV (1920),
p 11, pi. i, ng. 4.
The differences between this species and P.
conica noted in the paper cited appear to be constant in
the fairly large scries now^ before me. The internal
colouration of tiie shell also is characteristic (iig. cit.).
The largest shell I have seen is 37 mm. high and 31.5 mm.
in maximum diameter.. The apex is eroded and the shell
has the appearance of being adidt.
There are specimens in the F.M.S. Museums collection
from Penang and the Kinta district, Perak. The
species has hitherto been known only from northern Siam,
but the shells from Tenasserim labelled A. conica var.
compacla by Nevill certainly belong to it.
Pachylabra perakensis (de Morgan).
ISS.'). Anipiillaria perakensis, do Morgan, op. cit., p. 418, pi. viil, fig. 12.
The colouration of the shell is evidently variable. Dc
Moi'gan describes it as, " Caerulea, multis croceis faciis
ornata," but in the specimens I have examined it is of a
bright yellowish olivaceous shade with a few faint darker
spiral bands. The shape, high polish of the surface and
sculpture of very tine longitudinal costae are, howevei',
characteristic.
De Morgan records the species from the lower Kinta
aii<l Plus valleys. There are specimens in the Kuala Lumpur
collection from Perak and Selangor and Mr. Boden Kloss
recently- sent me one from Benong on the Isthmus of Kra
on the Siamese side of the Pakchan river.
Pachylabra turbinis subampullacea (Nevill) .
I.SH.'). Ainpiilltirid liirhinis v;ii-. snhampullocea. Nevill, Hand ist Moll. Ind.
Mils. II, p. tl.
1885. Ampiillaria smiKilrensis, de Morgan inec Philippi), op. cit , p. 418.
1!)aO. PachyUihra liirbinis race siihampnlldctd, Annandale, op. fit . p. 48, pi. i,
fig. 7, pi. ii, (ij{. 1.
196 • Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
This form, which I have discussed at length in the
paper cited, is evidently Ihe common large Pachylabra of
Ihe Malay States as well as of the Siamese Peninsular
province of Singgora. De Morgan records it from Penang
and Rhaman as well as from both the upper and the lower
Kinta and Plus valleys in Perak. It is not known to range
north of the Tale Sap or Inland ?>ea of Singgora. Several
authors have confused it wdth P. ampiillacea (Linn.)
[Ampullaria sumatreims, Philippij, but Nevill pointed
out the differences quite clearly in his " Hand List."
1921] 107
VII. TWO NEW BATRACHIANS AND A NEW SNAKE
FROM BORNEO AND THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By Malcolm A. Smith, F.Z.S.
(Plate n.)
I am indebted to the Director of the Federated Malay
States Museums, for the opportunity of examining two
separate collections of reptiles and hatrachians. One of
them was made by the native Museum collectors in 1919,
upon Mt. Dulil, Sarawak, Borneo ; the other, also in the
same year, during the expedition of Messrs. Robinson and
Kloss to Peninsular Siam. Amongst a large amount
of interesting material tlie following species appear to be
new : —
Rana pullus, sp. nov. (pi. 11, fig. 1).
Vomerine teeth in two very oblique series, commencing
between the choanae and extending well behind, the distance
between them less than their distance from the choanae ;
tongue without median papilla ; head as long as broad,
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting beyond
the mouth, a little longer than the eye ; canthus rostralis
(jbtuse, loreal region obli(|ue, concave ; nostril nearer the
tip of the snout than the e>e ; distance between the nostrils
e((ual to or greater than thai of the upper eyelid ; tympanum
very distinct, 1/2 to W/Tt the diameter of the eye.
Fingers moderately long, first slightly shorter than
second ; tips with moderately large discs, which are a little
broader than long, and with a groove in front separating
the upper from the lower surface ; subarticular tubercles
large and prominent ; discs of the toes like those of the
fingers ; toes half webbed, the web reaching the disc of the
fifth toe and penetrating to a ([uarter between the outer
metatarsals ; subarticular tubercles moderately prominent ;
a tarsal fold ; inner metatarsal tubercle feebly prominent,
'^/A to 4/5 the length of (he inner toe ; no outer tubercle ;
tibia 2 to 2V4 times in (hslance from snout to vent, as long
as or a little longer than Ihe fool ; the heels meet when the
limbs are folded at right angles to the body ; the tibiotarsal
articulation reaches the snout or not quite so far.
Skin witli a glandular network of fine folds, the reticu-
lations largest and best marked al)ove.* A strong glandular
fold irom the eye to the shoulder.
Dark grey or blackish above, whitish below, thickly
speckled, except on the belly, with, dark grey. Some of the
young have light and dark bars on tlie hind limbs.
* The skin of tliis frog is unusually tender. There is not a
single example in the serius in which the skin is not torn or
damaged in some part of Ihe hody. The glandular reticulations
leferred to are possibly not so prominent in life as in spirit
specimens.
198
Journal of the F.M.S Museums [Vol. X,
This frog does not appear to have any very clbse ally.
Mr. Boulenger, who kindly examined the series with me,
placed it near to Rana heddomii (ninther, from Southern
India.
Males smaller than females, without vocal sacs, and
with an enlarged (pale) pad on the first finger.
Eggs large and few, unpigmented, the vitelline sphere
measuring 2 mm. in diameter.
Nasals largely in contact with each other ; terminal
l)lialanges Y-shaped.
Type series in the British Museum. Type locality,
Tasan, 25 miles S.W. of Chumporn, Peninsular Siam.
46 specimens examined, all from the type loca)ity, with
one exception from Mamoh, in Renong (No. 4501 ) .
Measurements of Type
Series in Millimetres
Anthor's Number
N
«1
00
oc
•4-
M
N
in
00
N
oc
1
Snout to Vent.
31
31
33
32
31
37
38
38
40
38
31
Head: —
Length
12
12
13
13
12.5
M
145
M-5
^5
J5
14-5
Width
12
12
13
14
13
16
17
16
17
16
16
Snout
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
Eye
4.5l 4-5 5
6
5-5
6
6
6
6
6 5-5
Interorbital Width
3
3 3
3
3
4
4
4
4'5
4
4
Tympanum
3
3 3
3
3
2.5
3
25
3
25
2-5
Arm
i8
18 20
20
20
24
25
24
26
24 24
Leg
50
50 50
53
51
59
59
59
60
62
5<^
Tibia
16
16 17
17
16
18
18
18
19
19
19
Foot
16
i6 ' 16
16.5
16
t8
t8
r8.5
19
19
10
<?
i \ i
i
<?
?
?
?
?
9
?
Nectophryne picturata, .sp. nov. (pi. II, fig. 2) ,
Habit slender ; head as long as broad ; snout loundcd.
projecting beyond the lower jaw, as long as the orbit ; no
canthus rostralis ; loreal region oblique ; interorbital region
fwice as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum absent.
Fingers with well developea truncated discs, webl)ed
al the base, first much shorter than second ; subarticulav
tubercles well developed'; toes webbed at the base, the
discs a little larger than those of the fingers ; two flat
metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold ; the tibiotarsal articu-
lation reaches the tip of the snout,
1921] Smith : New Batrachians and Snake, 199
Skin smooth, no parotid glaiid.
Blackish brown above on the head and body, limbs
l)aler with dark cross bars. Below with large round spots
of pale yellow.
A single female specimen from Mount Dulit, Sarawak,
N. Borneo, collected at 1,000 metres in Augi\st, 1919.
Type in the British Museum, author's number, 4,559.
Eggs large and pigmented, the vitelline sphere having
diameter of 2 mm.
Allied to N. maculaia Mocquard.
Measurements in Mihimetres.
Snoul to vent . . . . 22.
Length of head . . . . 7.5.
Snout .. ..3.
Arm . . . . 14.
Leg . . . . . . 35.
Tropidonotus baramensis, sp. nov.
Maxillary teeth 21, the last two abruptly enlarged.
Head short, not very distinct from neck ; eye moderate.
Rostral twice as broad as high ; nostril large, between two
nasals ; internasals broader than long, not half as large as
the praefrontals ; frontal scarcely longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout ; loreal slightly
deeper than long ; one prae and tiu'ee postoculars ; two large
superposed anterior temporals followed by ordinary scales ;
8 supra-labials, 4th and 5th touching the eye ; 6 infralabials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are very
broad and shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, reducing to 15 before the vent, feebly
keeled, those of the outer row smooth ; ventrals 134, anal
divided, subcaudals 47 pairs.
Greyish olive above with an indistinct black isk net-
work ; yellowish below, the fore-part sparingly, the hinder
very thickly, powdered with grey ; tail with a white Hne
along the outer margin of the subcaudals.
Total length 700 mm., tail, 125.
A single male specimen from Mount Dulit, Sarawak,
North Borneo, at 1,000 metres. Type m tht British
Museum, authors number, 4,579.
Allied to T. subminiatus Schiegel, and 2'. nigiocinctus
Bivth.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus.— Vol X.
PI. II.
■^^
1. RANA PULLUS. 2. NECTOPHRYNE PICTURATA, X2.
1921]
201
VIII. SOME WATER-SNAKES NEW TO, OR RARE
IN, THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By C. Boden Kloss, i .z.s.
The following rare water-snake of the sub-family
Homalopsinae is new to the fauna of the Malay Peninsula :
it was obtained by a native collector at the mouth of the
Kurau River at the northern extremity of the coast of Perak
in January 1917.
1. Gerardia prevostiana.
Coluber {Homalopsis) prevostiimiis Eyd. & Gerv. in
Guer. Mag. Zool. cl. Ill, 1837, p. 5, pi. XV.
Gerardia prevostiana Boulcnger, Fauna Brit. India,
Rept. p. 379 (1890), id.. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. Ill, p. 20
(1896).
The single specimen obtained agrees with Boulenger's
descriptions {l.c.s.) except that the temporals are 2 -f 2
and there ai'e three i)raetrontals, the median one being
smaller than the others and broadest in front.
Snout to vent 305 mm., tail 45 mm.
Hitherto apparantly only known from Burma, India
and Ceylon.
2. Fordonia leucobalia.
Homalopsia leucobalia Schleg. Phys. Serp. II, 1837,
p. 345, pi. XIII, figs. 8, 9.
Fordonia leucobalia Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay
Pen., Rept. & Batr. 1912, p. 164.
The collector secured on the same occasion one example
of the variety named F. unicoloi by Gray. Snout to vent
350 mm. ; tail 50 mm.
This species ranges from Bengal to Cochin-China and
North Australia. It has been taken at Singapore and at
Penang, where Cantor says it is common, but the present
specimen is the first we have met with.
3. Herpeton tentaculatum.
Erpeton tentaculalus Lacep., Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom.
II, 1800, p. 169 ; id., Ann. Mus. II, 1803, p. 280, pi 1
Herpeton tentaculatum Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus. Ill, 1896, p. 25 ; Annandale. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam II, 1916, p. 91.
First recorded from the Malay Peninsula by Dr.
N. Annandale (l.c.s.) who obtained it in the Tale Sap or
Inland Sea, Singgora.
202 Journal of the F.M.S. Mii.seiims. [Vol. ,X,
This curious snake is easily identified by means of the
rostral appendages which occur on either side of the snout :
for an account of these see Smilli. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam, I, 1914, p. 109 and plate.
To include these the " Synopsis of the Genera " in
Mr. Bouleni^er's volume of Reptilia and Batraclia of the
Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula (p. 158) may be
altered as follows : —
No tentacles on the upper lip
II. Loreal present ; parietals well developed ;
ventrals large, not keeled
Scales in 19 rows, nasals scmidivided .. Cantoria
Scales in 17 rows, navals undivided ... Gerardiu
With tentacles on the upper lip
(a single species only) Herpeton
10'21] • 203
fX. NINE NEW ORIENTAL BIRDS.
By H. C. Hoijinson and C. Bodkn Kloss.
1. Treron bisincta praetermissa subsp. nov.
Larger than T. h. bisincta (Jerdon) from Madras
(wing 144) : ditlers from T. h. donwilii (Swinh.) from
Hainan in having the grey nuchal patch in the female clear
and more extensive whereas, fide Hartert, it is indistinct and
small in the island bird (Nov. Zool. XVII, 1910, p. 193).
Hartert has inadvertently described the Ceylon birds
as being smaller than Madras individuals (l.c.s.) though
his specimens are exactly the vsame size as typical birds,
and leygei is therefore synonomous with h. bisincta.
Svvinhoe states that domvitii is smaller than the typical
form (presumably the bird now descrilx^d), but this is
denied by Hartert.
The range of this race is probably from Bengal and
Assam southward to the Malay States, and in the north,
eastwards to China where the wing averages 156 mm.
(fide Baker, India Pigeons and Doves (1913) p. 51).
Tiipes. Adult male and female from Koh Lak, South-
West Siam. Collected bv H. C. Robinson and C, Boden
Kloss on 5th April, 1919. * Collector's Nos. 5075, 5074.
Wings 162, 161 mm.
Specimens examined. Thirteen from the Malay
Peninsula. Wings 157-163 mm.
Birds from East and South-Kast Siam and Java
(apparently first met with in the island by Ivloss early in
1920) are smaller, the wing being always under 150 mm.
and these may represent another race. We expect to settle
I he point shortly.
2. Macropygia emiliana borneensis, subsp. nov.
Differs from the typical race from Java (typical locality
here specified as the plains of Central Java) in having the
head and nape distinctly darker, the breast more amythsline,
the centre of the abdomen paler, tending towards buff.
Wing of type, 163 mm.
Type. Adult nuile collected at Lingit, Saribas,
Sarawak, Western Borneo, bv Native Collector in March,
1917.
Scries examined. Five adult males and two females,
ail from Sarawak, compared with a large series of Javan
birds liom all parts of the island. Si)eciniens from Java,
attain a greater length of wing than any of our Bornean
birds (one male, 1(S0 mm.).
.'{. Zanclostomus javanicus pallidus subsp. nov.
Differs from Z. j. javanicus (Horsf.) of Java as being
paler below : the rufous area less iulense and (he p,vo\ \yA\ov
and more washed with but!',
204 Journal of the F.M.S Museums. [Vol. X,
Type. Adult male from Kedali Peak, Malay Peninsula,
2,500-3,500 ft. Collected by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden
Kloss, 4th December, 1915.
Twelve specimens from Bandon to Negri Sembilan
compared with fourteen from various parts of Java. A
Sumatran and a Bornean example do not apj)ear to difi'ei-
irom Malayan birds.
We believe that all the names which have been referred
to tliis species api)ly to the Javanese form : javanicus, of
course ; but also Coccyzus rnhiirostris Drap., Piaya
evylhrorbyncha Less, and P. chrysogaster Less. P.
crythioi'hyncha was stated to come from Java and, if so,
the description will only tit this bird : P. chrysogaster
seems to be the same thing though recorded as from Guiana
and we attach the name to tiie Javan form rather than
to the other as the forehead is stated to be rustv yellow,
the breast slate coloured and the abdominal region, etc.,
chocolate red. As a matter of fact the forehead of puHinicus
is not red ; but that colour extends upwards in front of the
eyes to a much greater extent than in the race now described.
4. Brachylophus puniceus continentis subsp. nov
The typical race of this woodpecker from Java B. p.
punier as (Hoisf.) is very distinct, the earco verts being
darker green and the back and rump entirely lacking any
tinge or tleckings of golden yellow.
Hartert (Nov. Zool. Ill, 1896, p. 542) separated the
birds of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra (type-
locality) on these grounds and named them Gecinus
puniceus ohservandus.
Seven Sumatran birds befoi-e ms (wing 115 123) are
distinctly smaller than our series fro)>i the Peninsula. For
the present we content ourselves with naming the Malayan
I'ace as above.
Larger than B. p. oJjservandus from Sumatra. Wing
of t^pc 132 mm.
Type. Adult male collected at Tapli, Pakchan Estuary,
Renong, North Malay Peninsula by H. C. Robinson and
C. Boden Kloss on 3rd March 1919. Collector's No. 4382.
Specimens examined. Seventeen from Chumporn to
Negri Sembilan. Wings 123-136 mm.
Six Bornean birds have the wings 118-126 mm. and
seem to average about the same size as the Sumatran form
with which we leave them.
5. Eupetes macrocerus borneensis subsp. nov.
Like E. m. macrocerus Temm. of Padang, Sumatra,
and of the Malay Peninsula (E. m. griseiventris Baker)
but rather more deeply and richly coloured.
Compared with a topotype from West Sumatra and
six adults from the Malay Peninsula,
1921] RoinxsoN & Ki.oss : New Birds. 205
Type. Adult male from Samarahan, South Sarawak,
obtained on 25th. November 1910 by F.M.S. Museums'
Collector.
Specimens examined. The type, five from the Baram
district and one from Penrisen, Sarawak, Borneo.
Measurements of the type : length, 270 ; wing 93 ; tail
122 ; tarsus 41 ; bill from gai)e 33 mm.
6. Drymocataphus tickelli australis, subsp. nov.
Southern birds from Bandon to the southern limit of
the species in Selangor, where it is strictly a montane bird,
are decidedly richer coloured both above and below than
typical ones.
Types. Adult male and female from Ginting Bidei,
Selangor 2,300 ft.. 5th and 16th April, 1917, collected by
C Boden KIoss.
" Iris crimson, maxilla brown, mandible yellowish
lleshy, feet fleshy."
Wing 5 66 : $ 64 mm.
Specimens examined. Twenty-seven from Bandon,
Trang, Perak and Seiangor.
7. Malacocincla sepiaria barussana, subsp. nov.
Type. Adult female, Siolak Dras, Korinchi, West
Sumatra, 3,000 ft., collected on 18th March, 1914, by H. C
Robinson and C Bo<len Kloss.
Ditlcrs from the .lavan forms of M. sepiaria in darker
coloLuation ; l)ack reddish iiisset, tail more rufous chestimt,
foreneck greyer, breast and al)domen darker sutt'used with
russet : white centre to the abdomen reduced. Crown dark
as in M. s. minor (Meyer) of E. Java.
From the Malayan form M. o. tardinata, Hartert, it
diflers in having a distinctly dark cap and deeper colour
throughout.
Specimens cvamined. Fourteen from various locali-
ties in West Sumatra, coiupared with seven from East and
Mid-Java and thirteen from the Malay Peninsula.
8. Horizillas rufifrons indochinensis, subsj). nov.
Selnrin nillfrons Hobinson, Ibis 1915, p. 748 (S.E. Siani).
SeUiria li-indoceplxila Kloss, Ibis 1918, p. 20;{ (K. & S.E. Slam) ; i<J.,
.lourii. Nat. Hist. Soc. Sljim. Hi, 1919, p. 450, ](ol)iiisoii :iii<l Kloss.
Ibis 19J9, p. 582 (Cocblii China).
Differs from H. rufifrons inhabiting Java in having
the feathers of the forehead and crown more strongly black-
tipped and the nape darker ; paler above ; tail browner,
rather less brightly rufous, the lowest upper tailcoverts
distinctly less so. Size ap[)arently rather smaller (15
Javanese birds, wings ()9 81 : 2(1 Indochinese, 67-75 mm.).
Types. Adult male and female from Trangbom,
Cochin China, collected on Jth June and 31st May by C,
Boden Kloss.
206 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
T. L. 152, 160 ; Tail, 67, 71 ; Wing, 71, 76 ; Tarsus ;
19.5, 21 ; B.i'.g. 17.5, 19 mm.
Setaria rufifrons was described by Cabanis as from
Sumatra or Java. Biittlkofer has deliberately attached
lepidocephala. Gray, to Javanese birds and they will have
to bear that name if different from Sumatran examples :
but Sharpe, after inspecting specimens in Lej'den stated
that the differences lie noted in the " Catalogue " did not
exist.
As several Javanese birds have wings of 79 to 81 mm.
Finsch's statement that the wing of the type of rufifrons
measures 80 mm. (3 inches of Cabanis) is confirmed.
This is one of the species which, though occurring in
Indo-China and the Sunda Islands, is not found in the
Malay Peninsula.
{Horizillas Oberholser, replaces Malacopteron Eyto;i
and Setaria Blyth : vide, Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, 48, 1905, p. 64).
9. Prionochilus maculatus septentrionalis subsp. nov.
Male. Differs from the form inhabiting the southern
part of the Malay Peninsula (20 specimens from the Malay
States compared) in having the ear-coverts much greyer,
hardly if at all waslied with green ; the white throat stripe
narrower and the yello\N of the underparts considerably
brighter, becoming almost orange chrome on the middlit'
of the breast.
Female. Differs in a similar manner from the female
of the southern race.
Iris red or reddish ; maxilla black, mandible slate, the
tip sometimes black ; feet dark slate or slaty black.
Ten specimens examined from the Northern Malav
Peninsula (Lat. 10° 11° N.) .
Types. $ ad. Tasan, Clmmporn, 13th March, 1919.
H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss, No. 4548, $ ad. Tapli,
Pakchan Estuary, Renong, 3rd March, 1919. H. C. Robinson
and C. Boden Kloss, No. ^4393.
1921] 207
X. NEW AND KNOWN ORIENTAL BIRDS.
By C. Boden Kloss, m.b.o.u., c.f.a.o.u.
ON THE PROPER NAME OF THE BLACK DRONGO WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SUBSPECIES.
The name by which the Black Drongo has hitherto been
lviio\vii specifically, Dicriirus atra (Miiscicapa atra
Hermann, Obs. Zool. 1804, p. 208 : Tranquebaria, S. India)
is preoccupied by Muscicapa atra GmeUn (Syst. Nat. ed. 13,
1, 1788, p. 946) and Dicrurus macrocerciis Vieillot, must
replace it.
All the following are based on " Le Droiigolon " of
Levaillant (Ois. d'Afr., iii, 1802, pi. 174) so all belong to
the same bird : but macrocerciis has priority : —
Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817
Muscicapa biloba Lichtenstein, 1823 " Ind. Orient "
Dicrurus indiciis Stephens, 1826 " India "
Dicrurus longus Bonaparte, 1852 " Java "
Levaillant, however, recorded no locality for " Le
Drongolon," nor did Vieillot for macrocercus ; and we have,
therefore, to look for a " terra lypica " among the others.
The " Ind. Orient " of Lichtenstein is too vague to
supply the need as it merely means the East Indies of Asia
as distinguished from the West Indies of America and there
are several races of Black Drongo.
But Stephens' Dicrurus indicus, " India " is quite
definite and must therefore be accepted as the typical
locality for " Le Drongolon ' and, therefore, for the first
Linncan name, macrocercus, applied to it which, by the
subsequent description of the northern Indian form as
albirictus by Hodgson in 18»<7, becomes by elimination the
name of the Peninsular Indian subspecies.
Bonaparte's citation of Bengal for macrocercus
(Consp. Av, I, 1850, p. 351) confirms this selection and his
attribution of Java to longus (t.c.p. 352) and Walden's of
the same place to macrocercus (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1875, pt. 2, Extra No., p. 129), though he says quite rightly
that both these are the same bird, come too late ; while
the reference of biloba to Java by Gabanis (Mus. Hein I,
1850-1, p. Ill) cannot be accepted.
Thus ai'e ruled out for further use all names based on
" Le Drongolon."
The races of the Black Drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus,
therefore are :—
1. Dicrurus macrocercus macrocercus Vieill. (syn. biloba, iiulicii.' ami longus^,
Nouv. Diet. IX, 1817, p. 588 : Peninsular India. 0<i*iSL . /^/^
2. Dicrurus m. albirictus (Hodgs.), Ind. Rev. 1837, p. 320 : Nepal
.'5. Dicrurus m. minor Blyth, Layard. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), XIII, 1851,
p. 129 : Ceylon.
4. Dicrurus m. calhoecus Swinh. (syn. siamcnsis Kloss), P.Z..S. 1871, p. 377 :
Southeast China.
5. Dicrurus m. harlerti Baker, Nov. Z( ol. XXV, 1918, p. 299 : Formosa.
('). Dicrurus m. thai Kloss : Siam (postea).
7. Dicrurus m. javanus Kloss : Java (postea).
208 Journal of the FJ/.S. Museums. jVoL. X,
Dicrurus macroccrcus thai siibsp. nov.
Like 1). in. nuicrocercns of Peninsular India but with
Ihe wing shorter and the wliite rictal spot rarely present
instead of rarely absent (present onee in ten only : whereas
in D. in. macrocerciis it is al^sent once in ten according to
Baker in Nov. Zool. XXV ; 1918, p. 277).
Ditters from D. m. ciithoeca in having a shorter bill
and wing while the median feathers of the tail are always
shorter but the outermost genendly longer.
Specimens examined. Twenty from S. Tenasserim,
S.W. and Central Siam and South Annam. Wing 123 140 :
Tail, outermost feathers, 150 178, median feathers, 100 108;
bill from gape 23-25.
Type. Adult male. No. 4975. Collected at Koh Lak,
S.W. Siam, 3rd April 1919, by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden
Kloss.
" Iris dark brownish red, bill and feet black."
Total length 296 ; wing 135 ; tail 177-105 ; bill from
gape 25 mm.
Dicrurus macrocercus javanus subsp. nov.
Like D. m. thai but with a larger bill (practic^dly equal
in size to that of D. in. cathoeca).
Specimens examined. Twelve from East .lava and
Mid-Java. Wing 129 139 ; tail, outermost feathers,
147-166, median feathers, 101 114 ; bill from gape, 24-27.
Type. Adult male No. 5953. Collected at liadjoelmati,
Besoeki, E. Java, 3rd Eebruary 1920, by C. Bodcn Kloss.
" Iris dark, bill and feet black."
Total length 296 ; wing 139 ; tail 157 ; bill from gape
26 mm.
ON THE RUBY-CHEEK WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
THREE NEW SUBSPECIES.
Having assembled a large series of Chalcoparia
singalensis from Indo-China and Malaysia I take the oppor-
tunity to review the races occurring on the mainland and
the large islands.
Beginning with the northern specimens of the series
1 recognise the following forms : —
1. Chalcoparia singalensis koratensis Kloss.
Kloss, Ibis 1918, p. 218 (Korat, E. Siam).
Males with the rufous of the foreneck not extending so
far downwards as in other races and terminating abruptly
on the upper breast. Remaining lower parts a markedly
brighter, less greenish yellow.
Females with lower parts brighter than in the typical
race (^. s. singalensis.
1921] BoDEN K1.0SS : New and Known Birds. 209
Specimens examined from North Siam, East Siani
(topotypes), South-East Siam, South Annam (14 ^ , 9 9 ).
2. Chalcoparia singalensis interposita Robinson and Kloss,
subsp, nov.
Males with rufous of foroneck extending over the upper
breast and ending gradually. Remaining lower parts not
so brightly yellow as in C. s. koratensi.s but less greenish
than in C. s. singcdensis.
Females like T. .s. koratensis.
Specimens examined from Bangkok, Siam, south
through the North Malav Peninsula to lat. 6° 30' N. (11 3 ,
Types. Adult male from Takuapa, West Coast Penin-
sular Siam. Collected by H. C. Robinson and C. Boden
Kloss on 18th February, 1919. Adult female from Ban Kok
Klap, Nakon Sri Tamarat. Collected by H. C. Robinson
and E. Seimund on 30th June, 1913,
3. Chalcoparia singalensis singalensis (Gmelin).
M-otucillu singalen.six (iiiu-liii Syst. N;il. I, 1789, p. 'J64 (Malacca :
Obcrholser det.)-
Males with rufous of foreneck and upper breast as in
C. s. interposita but with remaining lower parts a rather
greener yellow.
Females with tlie breast and abdomen distinctly greener
than in koraiensis and interposita.
Specimens e.vamined from Pct-ak to Joliore, South
Malay Peninsula (12 i , 9 9).
4. Chalcoparia singalensis sumatrana lvh)ss, subsp. nov.
Males with the rufous of the foreneck and breast
extending still fmther down towards the abdomen and the
latter more tinged ^^^th green than in C. s. singalensis.
Females rather more greenish below than in C. s.
.•singalensis.
Specimens examined from the Ophu' to Bencoolen
districts. Western Sumatra ; and Deli, North Eastern
Sumatra. (9 c5 , 5 9).
Types. Adult male from Mi. Talamau, 400 metres,
and female from Tanangtalu, 1,000 metres, Ophir district.
Central Sumatra. Collected bv E. Jacobson on 27th April,
1917 and 10th May, 1915. Collector's numbers 891 and
4,553.
5. Chalcoparia singalensis borneana Kloss, subsp. nov.
As in C. s. interposita but rufous of the foreneck and
upper breast rather deeper in both sexes.
Specimens examined from various part o>" Sarawak.
(195, 149).
Types. Adult male from Bukar, Samarahan, Sarawak,
obtamed by F.M.S, Museums collector on 26th October,
210 Journal of the F.M.S, Museums. [Vol. X,
1919 ; and adult female from Kuchiiig, Sarawak, obtained
on 24th May, 1892 (ex Sarawak Museum) .
6. Chalcoparia singalensis phoenicotis (Temminck).
S'eclariniu phoeiticotis Teniiiiiiick, PI. Col. 1824, No. 108, flg. I (cf) ;
No. 388 flg. 2 (?) (Java).
Males as in C. s. singalensis but rufous of the foreneck
and upper breast deeper : abdomens less bright than in
C. s.. borneana.
Females with the rufous of the foreneck much deepei*
than in the females of any other race (as deep as in the
males) ; not extending on to the upper breast and ending
abruptly as in males of (^. s. koratensis ; but still more
restricted. Lower breast and abdomen bright as in
koratensis and interposita.
Specimens examined from Rast. Mid and West Java
(7^,3$).
Chalcoparia singalensis panopsis Oberholser (Smiths,
Misc. Coll. 60, 1912, p. 21) of Nias Id., West Sumatra, is
described as having the females with the posterior lower
parts more brightly yellowish than in C. s. singalensis.
It must, tlierefore, be quite distinct from the adjacent race
C. s. suniatrana.
Of the males C. s. koratensis, of the females C. s.
phoenicotis is the most distinct.
When I stated. Ibis 1918, p. 218, that birds from the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java were alike my material
was inadequate, consisting from the latter places of one
Sumatran male only and four old mounted males of faded
colours from Java. C. s. phoenicotis is a very distinct
form on account of the characters of the female : C. s.
sumatrana less so ; but sutficiently distinguished to need
separation.
A NEW RACE OF SHAMA FROM JAVA,
Kittacincla malabarica javana subsp. nov.
Sexes alike in colour and paler below than the males of
K. m. tricolor (Vieillot). Typical locality Bantam, W, Java:
Robinson and Kloss det,^) and with white, not rusty thighs r
like the males of K. m. omissa Hartert (Nov. Zool. IX, 1902,
p. 572. Lawang, E. Java) but without the indistinct white
border to the black breast.
Types. Adult male (No. 6277) and female (6112)
collected by C, Boden Kloss, 23rd and 18th February 1920,
' Extract from M.S. " We consider that Vieillot'.s citation of the
locahty of his Tiirdm tricolor (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. XXX, 1818,
p. 291) ""les isles de la nier du sud " is at least as precise as
llartert's subsequent fixation as " India " (Nov. Zool. IX, 1902,
p. 571). Further the description by Scopoli in 1786 (Del Flor.
Faun. Insubr., II, p. 97) of the Malabar bird as Miiscicapu
malabarica should prevent " India " being selected for a typical
locality. We have, therefore, further fixed the typical locality
of Tardus tricolor as Western Java." H. C, Robinson and C. Boden
Kloss.
1921] BoDEN Kloss : New and Known Birds. 211
at Karangbolang, South Coast of Mid-Java (not Karang-
bolang of Noesa Kambangan Id.).
Specimens examined. Three males and one female
from the type locality : compared with two males and one
female from Pandeglang District, N. Bantam ; one male
and one female from Wynkoop's Bay, S.W. Coast of Java ;
and with two males and one female of K. m. omissa from
Badjoelmati, E. Coast of Java.
A second male from Wynkoops Bay is intermediate
between tricolor and javana ; a little lighter beiow than
the first, somew^iat darker than the latter with white thighs
slightly washed with rusty.
Hartert states (l.c.s.) that the female of omissa is
exactly like the male in colouration but my specimen is
distinctly paler below — almost as pale as females of West
Javan tricolor. The female of javana, being like the males,
is darker than either of the others.
Measurements of K. m. tricolor from Pandeglang ^
and Wynkoops Bay.
T. L. ^277*, 273, 245; ?242*, 210. Tail, 163*, 175,
145 ; 9 126% 105. Wing, 3 96*, 97, 94 ; $ 90*, 85. Tarsus.
26*, 26, 28; $25, 24. Bill from gape, 24*, 24, 23.5;
5 22*, 22.
K. m. tricolor > javana from Wynkoops Bay.
T. L. 5 261. Tail, 142. Wing, 97. Tarsus, 27. B.f.g.
24. o , J-,
K. m. javana from Karangbolang.
T. L. s 251t, 255, 258 ; $ 206t. Tail, s 139t, 142, 138 ;
9 102t. Wing, $ 93t, 89, 92 ; 9 86t. Tarsus, 25t, 27, 26 ;
9 25t. B.f .g. 23t, 23, 24 ; 9 23t.
K. m. omissa from Badjoelmati.
T. L. $ 257, 245 ; 9 195. Tail, $ 144, 130 ; 9 91. Wing,
cJ 92.5, 90; 9 81. Tarsus, 5 25.5, 27.5 ; 24 ; 9 20. B.f.g
21,23; 9 20 mm.
All collected and measured in the flesh by myself
between February and April 1919.
* Neo-types.
t Types.
NEW AND OTHER BIRDS FROM N.E. SUMATRA.
Amongst a small collection of birds from Deli, N.E.
Sumatra, and the Karo lands sent me for determination bv
.lonkheer F. C. van Heurn the following are of interest : — "
Spizaetus alboniger Blyth.
Spizaetus alboniger de Beaufort, in " Vers), en Med. der \ederl. Ornitli.
Vercen " No. C (September 1909) Mid Sumatra
1 9 Bandar Baroe, Upper Deh, 30.7.20. Wing 365. A
fine adult example.
' A male has a large irregular white patch covering the side
of {he tliroat and the foreneck.
212 Joiirmtl of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
HcmicerGUs concretus coccometopus Reichenb,
2 6 from Simpang Toba, Asahan, 10.5.20, and Batani>
Koois, I3cli, 16.6.20. Wings 83, 84 mm,
Cyornis elegans Tenini., subsp.?
1 $ from Soengci Tassik, Langkat, 8.7.20. Wing 72
mm.
Since 1 returned .Tonkheer van Heurn's collection I have
received Dr. Oberholser's description of Ciforms elegans
rupatensis (Froc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 33, 1920, p. 87)
from Hupat Strait, about 250 miles down coast from
Langkat. Tliis is stated to be like C. e. elegans from
Northern and Western Sumatra, but mnch darker above
and on the throat, breast (iarker, posterior lower parts more
ochraceous. The bird from Langkat (Lat. 4"^ N.) belongs
to the typical race.
Eupetes macrocerus macrocerus Temm.
1 s Soengai Tassik, Langkat, 30.6.20. Wing 97.
Not differing in any way from specimens in a Malayan
series.
Ai)parantly a new record for Snmatra : —
Hemichelidon sibirica fuliginosa.
1 6 Karolanden, 1.000 metres, 8.11.19. Wing 78 nnn.
New subspecies : —
1. Pitta granatina vanheurni subsp. nov.
J'iilti uroiKiliiKi dc IJcaulort and do Bussy, Hijdr. tot de Dierk. Atl.
\X1, iai8 {•>), P- ^"ii* (N.K. Sumatra) ; Sciiouckaert, Club van
Nedfil. Vogelk. .laarb. No. 10, 1920, p. 11.'. (N.E. Sumatra).
Like PHIa gramUimi cocrinea Kyton, of the Malay
Peninsula but developing a markedly larger bill. The large
bill and the narrower black frontal area in addition still
more clearly distinguish it from P. <). qianatina Temm.
of Western Borneo.
Wing 89, tail 37, tarsus 40, bill from gape 30, from
anterior edge of nostril 18 mm.
Tijpe. Adult male from Soengai Tassik, Langkat, N.E.
Sumatra. (Collected by .Jonkheer F. C. van Heurn on 7th
July, 1920. (>)mpared with 25 examples of P. g. cocrinea
and 25 of P. g. granalina.
Jonkheer van Heurn has also sent a second male from
Alas Teurba near Lho Seumaweh, Acheh (Kith September,
1920) ; but it is an immature bird with red tips to many of
the breast feathers : wing 95 ; tail 43 ; tarsus 38 ; bill from
gape 27, from anterior edge of nostril 14 mm.
2. Thringorhina striolata umbrosa subsp. nov.
More russet and much darker above than T. s. striohitii
(S. Midler) from West Suipatra south of Padang (18
1921] BoDEN Kloss : New and Known Birds. 213
specimens examined) : crown, nape, back (except the lower
rump which is russet), wings and tail being much more
strongly washed with black
Three specimen examined, all from the same locality.
Type. Adult male from Bandar Baroe, Upper Deli,
N.E. Sumatra, 800 metres. Collected bv Jonkheer F. C. van
Heurn on 21st August 1920.
Wing 67*, 65, 65 ; tail 60*. 60, 62 : tarsus 23*, 24, 28 ;
bill from gape 21*, 21, 20 mm.
The type locality of Miiller's Timalia striolaki may be
taken as the Padang Residencies, Central West Sumatra.
' Type.
214 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
XL NOTES ON SOME ORIENTAL B?RDS.
By C. Boden Kloss, m.h.o.u., c.f.a.o.u.
HALCYON (SAUROPATIS) CHLORIS.
Either together or separately Mr. H. C. Robinson and
1 have hitherto not seen our way to accept all the races oi'
Malajsian Blue-and-white Kingfishers that Dr. H. C.
Oberholser recognises and proposes (Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus.
55, 1919, pp. 351 395). But now with about 80 specimens
from Bangkok, south through the Malay P^ninsida to
Johore ; 8 from North-east Sumatra ; 16 from Benkoolen,
the Padang districts and Korinchi, West Sumatra (C.
cyanescens Oberh.) ; and 18 from all parts of Java (C
palmeri Oberh.) I have to revise my opinions somewhat.^
I cannot perceive all the differential characters
Oberholser gives in his key and diagnoses : however, in the
large series of continental birds I find a few males — a
distinct minority- — that are a deeper, less greenish, blue than
the others and these make the series as a whole look more
blue ; as stated, there is frequently a pronounced wash of
buff on the flanks which the others lack : the continental
birds are certainly smaller : and so are eight specimens from
the Deli district of North-east Sumatra, which on this
account I should rank with them, though Oberholser says
that F2ast Sumatran birds as far north as Deli are
(tyanescens. The wings of my continental birds range
from 97 'to 106 mm. ; those of the Deli examples from 96
to 104 mm. : and those of the West Sumatra specimens from
104 to 112 mm.
Oberholser considers that bii-ds from the Sunderbunds
to Singapore are all armstrongi (type, a Siamese skin of
Gould's collection), and that birds called luimii by Sharpe
(type, a Selangor bird of Hume's collection) are insepai--
able : but I find, on the contrary, that the great majority
of birds from the Malay Peninsula have the earcoverts morl'
blackish, or of a darker different bhie, than the birds of the
Inner Gulf of Siam which have the earcoverts of the same
blue as the crown though sometimes a trifle darker in tint ;
and on this ground, and because of a deeper huffy wash on
the flanks and of a pronounced black nuchal band in most
of the specimens (obsolete or absent in the Siamese birds)
hiimii may be maintained for birds of the Peninsula, south
of the Isthmus of Kra and for those of North-east Sumatra.
There seems to be no difference in size : the wings of the
24 more Northern birds (armstrongi) range from 98 to
106 mm. ; those of the Peninsular series from^97 to 106 mm.
and those of the Sumatran set of Inimii from 96 to 104 mm.
Sauropatis clitoris cyanescens Oberh. (op. cit. 52, 1917
p. 189 : type from Pulau 1 aya. Southern China Sea, north
' 1 am indebted to Mr. W. .1. F. Williamson, c.m.g., for the loan
of 24 examples from the head of the Gulf of Siam ; to Heer E.
Jacobson for a dozen from West Sumatra and to Heer. A. G F. A,
van Heyst for examples from North-east Sumatra.
1921] BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 215
of Banka Id.) is defined as from Sumatra to Borneo and
the islands along its east coast with all the intervening
islands ; also Bawean and various islets in the Java Sea.
Placed with this race must be a pair from Pulau Mapur,
the easternmost island in the Bhio Archipelago south of
Singapore, (wings 110 mm.).
Apart from colour differences which I cannot find,
S. c. palmeri Oberh. (tom. cit. p. 368 : tvpe from Mt. Salak,
W. Java : supposed to be confined to Java), is said to be
distinguished from cyunescens by a slightly smaller bill :
the measurements given for the exposed culmen^ are : —
cyanescens (75 examples) 41. 5-47.3* -53.5 mm. ; palmeri
(25 specimens) 42.5-45.9 *-50 mm. [i.e., within the range
of cyanescens]. The bills from gape of my West Mid-
Sumatran specimens of cyanescens measure :- 52-56.4*-
()() mm. ; of my Javan birds 55-57.2*-60 mm. : the converse
of Oberholser's findings.
Averages seem to be untrustworthy as they differ
with different series : both series attain similar maxima
and the smaller-billed Sumatran birds may be immature
though they have no appearance of this. I cannot separate
the Javan birds before me from cyanescens : my series of
the former has a wing range of 103-116, and the latter
104-112 mm.
HALCYON (ENTOMOTHERA) COROMANDA.
Dr. Oberholser has also reviewed the races of the
Ruddy Kingfisher, Halcyon (Entomothera) coromanda
(op. cit. 48, 1915, pp. 639-657) and of Malaysian races which
he recognises, we have material of the following : —
1. Halcyon coromanda coromanda (Lath.).
Southern continental birds are all considered to belong
to this subspecies, which occupies Indo-China ajid the Malay
Peninsula, south to Malacca : Rangoon is selected for the
type locality.
Tills is the largest of the Malaysian forms and the palest
both above and below, being not, or comparatively little,
washed with magenta on the breast [and on the upper
surface, especially the head]. The wing length ranges
from 111 to 119 mm. [Nine practically adult specimens
examined by Oberholser, five from India, one from China,
three from the Malay Peninsula].
' I do not like this measurement : the posterior point is not
iixecl as the forward spread of the frontal feathers, it is very
variable. For instance, in two birds which have the same length of
bill from the gape and from the anterior edge of the nostril, there
is a difference of 3 mm. in the length of the exposed culmen. Both
of the lengths mentioned, which are between fixed points, are
preferable.
* Average. .
216 Journal of ihe F.M.S Museums. [Vol. X,
2. Halcyon coromanda minor (Tcmm. & Sclil.)
This is recognised as inhabiting Borneo with various
coastal islands, and also Singapore. Pontianak is selected
as the typical locality.
It is a darker bird, particularly below and also mucli
more washed with magenta on head and upper parts
generally] : it is also smaller, the w'ings ranging from 99 to
104 mm. I Five adult specimens examined by Oberholser,
three from Borneo, two from Singapore].
We have no examples of West Sumatran birds which
are named by Oberholser coromanda neophora (type
locality, Tapanuli Bay, Western Sumatra, opposite Nias Id.) :
they are characterised as being like c. coromanda, but
smaller ; lower parts darker and breast Jiiore washed with
magenta, wings 100 111 mm. [Five practically adult
specimens examined by Oberholser, two only from Western
Sumatra]. The habitat is given as Sumatra ; and probably
Banka Id. This race appears on the characters given to be
very like minor, but a little larger [and perhaps paler
above] : but Obserholser's material was small in both cases.
It has already been pointed out' that all Sumatran birds
are not neophora ; four examples from Deli in the North-
east of Sumatra being undoul)te<lly c. coromanda, (though
Oberholser regards his only specimen from N. E. Sumatra,
a juvenile female from Aru Bay, a little to the north of
Deli, as neophora) . This is not surprising as birds taken
on Pulau Jarak, the Aroa Islands and the One-fathom Bank
LightJiouse in the Straits of Malacca are c. coromanda and
it is highly improbable that they were resident on any of
these places.
Thus the range of c. coromanda must be extended to
North-east Sumatra.
To the distribution area of minor must be added
Johore, birds from the south of that State being indistin-
guishable from those of Singapore Island adjticent.^
The wing measurements of our specimens are : —
H. c. coromanda : —
Malay Peninsula, Langkawi and Terutau Ids.
(8 spnis.) .. .. .. 105— 116 mm.
vStraits of Malacca (17 spnis.) .. .. 112—118 „
North-east Sumatra (4 spnis.) . . . . 110 — 117 „
H. c. minor : —
Borneo (2 spnis.) . . . . . . 100—102 „
Sins^apore (4 spms.) . . . . . . 102 — 104 „
Johore (4 spnis.) .. .. ..103—111 „
Dr. Oberholser's measurements for the wings of his
two topotypes of neophora are ; $ 100, ? vix ad. Ill mm.
' Ilulcijon coromanda coromanda Robinson & Kloss, Journ.
Straits Branch Hoy. Asiat. Soc. No. 80. 1919, p. 87.
' Harlert has alreacb stated that birds from the southern part
of the Malay Peninsula are minor (Yog. pal. Fauna, II, 1912, p. 887).
1921] BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 217
It seems to ine that a difference between Bornean and
Sumatran birds is as yet " not proven " : Dr. Oberholser's
material from each place was very limited and it may be
noted that he was nnable to distinguish between specimens
of Halcyon chloris from those areas.
CHRYSOCOLAPTES STRICTUS CHERSONESUS Kloss.
Ibis, 1918, p. 113 (Singapore and Johore).
Chrysocolaples giitlicristaius chersoiiesus Robinson, Ibis, 1919, p. 181 ;
Robinson and Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. See. No.
81, 19'20, p. 80.
Chrysocolapies gutficrisiains d>! Beaufort and de Bussy, Konink. Zool.
Cenoots, " Natura Artis Magister " XXI, 1918 (?) p. 25V.
Chryaocolaplfs gnltacristalns delexserli Baker Ibis 1919, p. 197.
Mr. Stuart Baker denies the validity of this race, because
he behevcs that birds from Johore have wings as long as
170 mm. : but he has evidently made a bad geographical
error in attributing to the extreme south of tlie Malay
Peninsula, the specimens which he thinks come from Johore
(Query : Jalor in Patani).
This subspecies, described on account of itv small size,
has now been found to extend to the islands of the Rio
Archipelago and to Sumatra. I have examined the follow-
ing specimens : —
c? Si Karang, Johore (cotype).
d-
c? Singapore Island (cotype).
— Kundur Id., Rio Arch.
<S Deli Dist. N.E. Sumatra.
Wings 143-146*-150 mm. Bills from gape 43-45*-48
mm.
PHILENTOMA VEI.ATA CAESIA (Less.).
The type locality of Dryniophila oelata Temm. (PI.
Col., No. 334, 1825), is Java as the species does not occur
ill Timor or the Moluccas.
Birds from Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo
differ from those of Java in having more black on the
throats in males ; while the throats of females are blackish
blue, distinctly darker than the breasts.
Birds from each of these areas have received a name as
follows : —
Monarrhu cuesia I>ess., Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).
Muscicapa pecloralis Hay, Madras Journ. XIII, 1844, p. 101 (Malacca).
Philcniunia unicolor BIyth, Ibis 186.5, p. 46 (Borneo).
But all are alike and all must stand as caesia.
Specimens examined. Java, 4 5, 5 $ ; Sumatra, 3 $ ,
3 $ ; Malay Peninsula 12 5 , 15 $ ; Borneo, 3 5,39
* Average.
Wing 150.
Bill from gape 45
„ 14a
>?
43
„ 143.
>»
48
„ 146.
»
45
", 150.
'! 48
„ 143.
,j
43
218 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
PHILENTOxMA PYRRHOPTERA (Temm.).
Philentoma saravacense Bartlett, Sarawak Note-book, pt.
IX (1896), p. 80.
Tliis name was given by Barllett to a blue flycatcher
from the neighbourhood of Kuching. I have seen the type,
a male, which belongs to the Sarawak Museum. It is of
exactly the same size as Philentoma pyrrhoptera
[Muscicapa pyrrhoptera Temm., PI. Col. 1823, No. 596, fig.
2 (error ! read 1) Borneo and Sumatra i, but is of the same
blue all over as the foreparts, except on the abdomen where
the blue of the breast gradually changes more or less into
sullied white.
Agreeing with the type are six other specimens for
the moment in my hands : — a male and female (?) from
Sarawak, Iwo males from the Malay States, and Iwo males
from Sumatra. One of the Malayan specimens has the
flanks slightly tinged with russet.
It has been suggested that this bird is the young of
P. uelata, but 1 am sure (his is not so. It belongs to P.
pyrrhoptera, of which, it seems to be an aberration — though
as shown a comparatively common one- and is not a dis-
tinct species. The colour of the young male P. pyrrhoptera
is apparantly that of the adult female but rather paler on
the throat.
Philentoma intermedius Hume, Stray Feathers, IX, 1880,
p. 113.
This name was given to a female from Johore — an
aberration like that named saravacense by Bartlett. As
usual Hinne's description is very full.
Philentoma maxwelli Bartlett Journ. Straits Branch Royal
Asiatic Soc. No. 28, 1895, p. 96.
This name was given also to a Sarawak bird which
is an ordinary male P. pyrrhoptera except for an irregular
chestnut patch on one side of the blue breast — ^an abnor-
mality 1 find in a Malayan example as well. I am indebted
to the authorities of the Sarawak Musemn for lendmg me
the Bornean types of the synonyms. Malaysian birds are
not separable into subspecies.
CRYPTOLOPHA TRIVIRGATA.
Since we commented on Sumatran examples of
Cryptolopha trivirgata (Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
VIII, pt. 2, 1918, p. 167), the F.M.S. Museums have obtained
a large series of this bird from .lava and now comparing
with them an equally large Sumatran series, I can detect no
differences : the birds of the Siuida Islands are larger than
other Malaysian birds and are of tlie typical form C. t.
trivirgata (Strickl., type locality, Java)\
'See, however, Nov. Zool. XXVII, 1920, p. 462 where Hartert
States there is no difFerence in wing length. But tlie series on
which my remarks are based is much larger than any other
assembled.
1921] BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 219
In 1912 Dr. E. Stresemann found that Malayan birds
were smaller than the Sondaic form and named them
Phylloscopus t. pnrvirostvis (Nov. Zool. XIX, p. 322, Mt.
Tahan, 5,200 ft.). He omitted, however, to compare them
with Bornean material, named bv Sharpe C. t. kinahalaense
(Bull. B.O.C. XI, 1901, p. 60).^ Sharpe described this as
having a duller crown stripe, whitish underparts and a less
yellow colour generally.
But when referring his material earlier to Cnjptolopha
trivirgata (Ibis, 1888, p. 202), Sharpe noted that amongst
it, besides specimens as described, were a few examples of
typical appearance : and he surmised that the latter were
young birds. 1 think the reverse is more probably correct
for I have immature specimens from Java and the Peninsula
whicli approximate to his description.
An adult skin (wing 56 mm.) from Gunong Tanabo,
N. Sarawak, does not ditt'er from Malayan birds : one
cannot dogmatise with a single specimen, but if it is typical
of the aduH C. t. kinabaluense then Malayan birds maj^ have
to bear that name with C. t. parviroslns as a synonym.
LALAGE FIMBRIATA.
I have been able to bring together series of Lalage
fimbriata (Temm.) from Java, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
and Borneo. There is some lack of uniformity in each
series, because immature males are paler than fully adult
males in some races ; but having regard to adult birds only
my conclusions are as follows : —
1. Lalage fimbriata fimbriata (Temm.).
Cehlephyris fimbriata Teiiiminck PI. Col. Nos. 249 (d) and 250 (?).
Java.
Males perhaps a little darker than males from Malacca,
Sumatra and Borneo, but only doubtfully so.
Females distinct : darker below, but less clearly banded
(bars greyer, less black) owing to a general grey suffusion
or clouding except on the throat and under tail-coverts
where the ground colour is white.
The largest form : wings 99-107 mm. (9 5, 4 2).
Confined to Java.
2. Lalage fimbriata culminata (Hay).
Ceblepliyris ciilminalux Ihiy, Madras Journ. Lit. & Sci. XUI, 1844, p.
l.')?. Malacca.
Males not distinguishable from Javanese males.
Females nuich whiter and more clearly banded below.
.M M?l'.'^^ '. ^^^^'^y Peninsula, 95-100 (2 5 4$) ; Sumatra
91-98 (b 6 S9).
The Malay Peninsula south of Lat. 3° N. and Sumatra
3. Lalage fimbriata schierbrandi (Pelz.).
Volvocivora schicrbrandii Pelzcln Novara Reis. Vogoln, 18C;> p 80
taf. 11, fig. 1. Bonu'o.
Volvocivora barneensis Salva.lori, Atti U. Ac. Sc. Tor. lU, 1808, p. 532.
Borneo.
220 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Abdomen and undcrlail-covcrts in males a tritle paler
than in cither f. fimhriata or culminata ; but Jess white
than in neglecla.
I'emales inseparable from those of culminata
I'he smallest form : wings 90-95 mm. (9 ,5 3 9 from
Sarawak).
Confined to Borneo,
4. Lalage fimbriata neglecta (Hume)
Volnocit'oru m-glccia IIuiiic, Stray Feathers, V, 1877, p. 203. Extreme
south of Tenasserim.
Males paler grey throughout than those of the above
three races ; heads and mantles not becoming blackish •
abdomens and imdertail-coverts white or whitish.
Females inseparable from all but the Javan race.
Wings 94-106 mm. (IO5 8$).
From Southern Tenasserim down to about Lat, 6° N.
in the Malay Peninsula.'
Males from between Lat. 6° and 3° N. in the Peninsula
are intermediate between culminata and neglecta, but on
the wlioie are nearest the latter : in tlie abdomen and lower
tail-coverts they resemble schierhrandi, but do not appear
to develop the dark head and back of the Bornean bird.
Wings 94-105 (5 6 5 ) .
MALACOCINCLA SEPIARIA.
In the Trans. Linn. Soc. (XIII, 1822, p. 158) Horsfield
described Braclujpteryx sepiaria from Java and in the
Zeitschrift fin- de (iesammte Ornitbologie (I, 1884, p. 21)
Meyer described Turdinus sepiarius var. minor from the
same island. In Notes from the Leyden Museum (XVII,
1895, p. 82) Buttikofer considered that the latter autlior
could rightly do tliis as Horsfield's sepiaria was the paler-
headed bird. This is actually the case.
I recently obtained in .lava, birds which Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker has kindly compared for me with Horsfield's types
in the British Museum. The latter represent tlie paler-
headed form, so I am now able to definitely state that
Malacocincla sepiaria sepiaria (Horsf.) is the Western and
Malacocincla sepiaria minor (Meyer) the Eastern .Javanese
form.
Though the individuals of Meyer's type series have
wings much smaller than my specimens, or an}^ others on
record from .lava, it is accepted that they do represent a
form of sepiaria.
Wing measurements of my specimens.
1 . From West Java (W ynkoops Bay and Pandeglang
district) ; 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73-5 mm. M. s. sepiaria
' I liave seen an undoubted example of L. f. 'culniinatn from
l*atani, however, .showing tliat this race and neqlecta may
(occasionally) inosculate as well as intergrade.
1921] RoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 221
2. From East Java (Bali Strait to Idjen Massif) ; 67,
08, 68, 74 mm. M. s. minor
3. From Mid Java (Karongbolang on the S. Coast, 40
miles E. of Tjilitjap) ; 72, 68, 76 mm. These are truly
typical of neither form : the first might be placed with
.s'. sepiaria, the others with .v. minor.
Meyer gives wings of 61-64 mm. for minor ; 70-72
mm. for sepiaria : but there is no real difference in size as
Butlikofer points out. See also Finsch (Notes Leyd. Mus.
XXII, p. 220) who finds the wings to vary indiscriminately
from 65 to 74 mm. as I do.
Except on the heads the colour differences given by
Meyer are not visible in the freshly collected series.
CHIBIA HOTTENTOTTA.
1 S ad., 1 S imm., 2 9 imm., 1 $ juv. Badjoelmati, 30
miles north of Banjoewangi, F^ast Java, 31st January — 7th
February, 1920.
Total length ($ S, 9 9) 308, 300, 285, 288. Tail, 144,
137, 128, 125.^ Wing, 155, 153, 150, 143. Tarsus, 25, 25.5,
25, 24. Bill from gape, 38, 38, 37, 35 ; from nostril, 25, 23,
22.5, 22 nmi.
" Iris, adult male yellowish white, immature birds dark.
Bill black, tip and gape whitish in immature birds. Feet
black."
The immature specimens lack the spangles on the head
and breast and have no frontal hairs, shoulder plumes or
curled tail feathers.
The colour and plumage characters of this bird are
exactly those of C. hottcniolta (which occurs on the
(^.ontinent as far south as South Tenasserim and Cochin-
CJiina only ; for this species is another instance of that
interesting anomaly in distribution in which a number of
species common in Indo-C.hina are absent in the Malay
Peninsula, but appear again in Java and sometimes in
Borneo and Sumatra) and apparently of lencops, Wallace,
of Celebes and pectoral i.s Wallace, of* the Xulla Islands. In
the shape of the bill it agrees with the two last, the bill
being higher, less tapering and more keeled than in con-
tinental birds : it is in fact the bill of the so-called
Dicruropsis smnatniniis (Wardl . Rams.) somewhat
elongated ; and larger of coui'se, to agree with the size of
the bird. Except for larger size and perhaps a propor-
tionately slightly lieavier bill, it scarcelv differs from
l)(>rneen.sis Sharpe.
The iris is yellowish while, lluis closelv agreeing with
lencops.
I cannot definitely determine the form for lack of
material and literature : from the Thousand Islands at the
N.W. end of Java termeuleni has been described l)y Finsch
and from Kangean Id., at the N.E. end, jentinki, bv
Vorderman.
222 Journal of the F.M.S. Miiseiins. [Vol. X,
The specimens constitute a new record for Java. I
Jiave no hesitation in including them in Chihia for there
seems to me no reason why those birds which have been
placed in Dicniropsis should be excluded from the earlier
genus : all link up too closely to be separated. Sharpe long
ago expressed the same opinion with regard to the genus
of these birds (P.Z.S. 1879, p. 247).
Since Mr. Stuart Baker published the results of his
studv of continental material of the species Chihia
hoitenlotta (Nov. Zool. XXVI, 1919, p. 44), I have been
able to examine, side by side with the specimens in the
F.M.S. Museums, the collection of these birds belonging
to the Indian Museum.
On the whole this material confirms Baker's
conclusions (except that being smaller the series shows a
smaller range in dimensions and presents one or two
anomalies'), viz., that in the North of India from the
Northwest to the Eastern Himalayas and Assam — and
perhaps North Burnia and the Shan States the birds are,
on the whole, larger ; whereas in Bombay, Central India,
Bengal, South Burma and Siam to Cochin-China and Annam
they average not so large.
But investigation of material should go hand in hand
with investigation of literature and Baker has omitted a
study of the latter. It is certainly a less interesting pursuit.
It is open to anyone to select a type locality for a form
which has been described without one and often, of course,
it is largely a matter of chance whether the choice made
is anywhere near correct : but the selection should at least
have the appearance of probability. As the type locality
for a bird known to Brisson and Lumeus Sikkim seems so
improbable .that the fixation may be tlisregarded.
But in this case there is another reason for rejecting
it. As a type-locality the region including Sikkim io
preoccupied. Baker considers birds from Nepal, Sikkim
and Bhutan to be alike and the Nepal bird has bc'n described
by Gould as Edolius chrishna (P.Z.S. 1836, p. 5) and by
Hodgson as Edolius casia (Indian Review, 1, 1836-7, p.
324). Until the longer-winged, longer-billed northern birds
are separated into races by some reviser the name they must
all beai* is Chihia hottrntoita chrishna (Gould) .
Other places which are perhai)s debarred from selection
as tyi>e localities of the original form are Borabhum and
Dholbhum, Chota Nagpur, (Criniger splendens llckell,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal II, 1833", p. 574) ; and Bengal
(Calcutta), the locality given by Latham for his Crishna
Crow (Gen. Hist. Birds, III. 1822, j). 51, pi. XI) which is
the same as Edolius harhatus Grav (Zool. Misc., 1831,
p . 34).
* Specimen from Upper Burma, wing 166, bill from nostril 2B ;
from Loisampa, Shan States, wing 180, bill from nostril, 26 (if is
possible that more material may show these lo be tbe Chinese
form) : from South of Irawadi, wing 179, bill 29 mm,
1921] BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 223
J'or the IjTpe locality of Chibia h. hottentotta I select
Siam. As in the case of Cuciihis (Dissemiiriis) paradiseus.
Linneus based the species on Brisson who recorded Siam
as the native country of the latter bird. In Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Siam, Illf 1919, p. 453, I restricted the type
locality to the region between Ayuthia and the head of the
Gulf and now select the same district for C. h. hottentotta.
Mr. W. J. F. Williamson has obtained specimens from near
Bangkok (t.c.s. p. 45) .
As thus localised C. h. hottentotta comes nearest, of
recognised races, to C h. brevirostris of China (type locality
Chusan), but has a rather longer bill, but somewhat shorter
wing.
It seems that there are (1) in the north a larger bird
with (a) a large bill in the Himalayas (chrishna Gould)
and (b) a. small bill in China {brevirostris Cabanis) : (ii)
in the south a rather smaller bird with a bill of intermediate
size {hottentotta Linn.). Whether the bird of Bombay and
Central India in distinct requires, as Mr. Baker says, a larger
series than is available to show. I fancy it is not : the few
measurements given are well within the range of a series
from Burma and Siam.
Thus we have on the Continent at present : —
C. h. hottentotta S. Indo-China and Peninsula India.
C. h. chrishna Himalayas, etc.
C. h. brevirostris I^astern China.
MALAYSIAN CROWS.
CORVUS CORONOIDES.
To a number of the " Verhandlungen der Ornithologis-
chen Gesellschaft in Bayern," received only recently, Dr.
Erwin Stresemann contributes a long and interesting paper
oq the forms of the groups Corvus coronoides Vig. & Horsf .
(Band XII, Heft 4, May 1916, pp. 277-304).
The following is a rough translation of the parts with
which this note deals : —
(p. 284). Corvus coronoides andamanensis Beavan.
Corvus andamanensis Beavau ex Tytler MS. [Ibis 1806, p. 420 —
.\ndamaus : nomen nudum !] Ibis 1867, p. 328 — Andamans.
Like C. c. intermedius, but on the average with shorter
wings and a longer, higher bill. Base of feathers in adults
more or less pronounced white, never grey.
Length 'of wings : Assam : 328, 337. Upper Burma :
294-343 (6 examples) 2. Tenasserim : 279-343. (Average
of 12 examples: 312.8). Penang : 331. Andamans:
292-341 (Average of 10 examples : 313.1)..
' Or species, as I should probably say. C.B.K.
'I have omitted a number of individual measurements
throughout. C.B>K.
224 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X
Length of bill : Assam 61, 62. Burma : 57, 58.
'1 enasserim : 58.5, Penang, 60. Aiidamans : 54-62.5
(Average of 13 examples : 58.5) . Average of 20 examples :
58.9.
Height of bill : Minimum 20.5, maximum 24.1.
Average of 22 examples : 22.2.
Distribution : Assam and Burma, southwards to
Tenasserim and Penang' ; Andamans. The range of the
form probably extends to the northern part of the Malay
Peninsula also though no examples seem as yet available.
iVll crows which I have seen in Museums from the Malay
Peninsula and those which I shot in Perak myself were
Corims enca compilator Richmond. It is, therefore, not
clear how one should regard the " Corvus macrorhynchus "
which Robinson and Kloss record in Ibis 1911, p. 71, as
" very abundant in Trang and also in Langkawi and
Terutau " especially as these investigators add the astonish-
ing remark " From Perak southwards to Johor the Slender-
Ijilled crow, Corvus enca Horsf., occurs, but is very rare,
only three or four specimens having been obtained " ( !) . A
transfer of names between the two species appears to me
as not improbable.
(p. 287). Corvus coronoides macrorhynchus Wagl.
sp. .'! ( 1S27— .liiva. Type in the .Municli Muspuin).^
Corvus macrorhiinrliii.s Wagler i>.\ Tcinniinck MS., Syst. Av. Corvus
Corvus limorensis JJonaparto. (lonipt. Rend. 37, p. 829 (1853 — Timor).
Like C r. andamanensis and intermedius, but with biU
of different shape : bill at the base about as high as over
the nostrils. Base of the feathers in adults always white,
in young birds brownish wiiite. Iris brown.
Examples from the Timor group do not appear to
completely agree with birds from the typical locality : but
differ in having a shorter bill on the average, clearer white
bases to the featliers and a rather stronger gloss below ,
but the Javanese material 1 have examined^ is insuilicienl
for me to decide the question.
Length of wings :
•lava : 335, 350. Bali : 356. Kangean : 320, 365.
Lombok : 353. Lomblen : 328, 348. Alor : 340. Wetai' :
320-347 (6 examples). Timor : 314-335 (4 examples)
Savu : 324. Sumba : 323.
u : 324. Sumba : 323.
Average of 26 examples : 336.4.
'The British Mu.seum po.s.ses.se.s two examples from Pcnani;,
Col]. A. R. Wallace and Dr. Cantor. E. S.
' Cf. Parrot, Zool. .lahrb., Abt. Syst. etc., 23, 190(), p. 272.
" One example oni> . C.B.K.
1921] BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds. 225
Length of bill :
Java : 62, 69. Bali : 61. Kangean : 67. Lombok
61, 67.5. Flores : 62, 62.5, 64. Lomblen : 61, 64.5. Alor :
62.5. Wetar : 59-65.5 (5 examples). Timor: 57.5, 58.5.
Savu : 57.5. Siimba 58.
Average of 21 examples : 62.2.
Height of bill : minimum 20.1, maximum 24. Average
of 21 examples : 22.3.
Distribution : Chain of islands from Java to Timor.
Sumatra^ ? Borneo- ?
Summarising the measurements given by Stresemann
we have : —
Wing length : —
undamanensis
min,
. 279 ;
max.
343 ;
average
313 mm,
macrorhynchus
»
314 ;
i>
365;
„
336.4 „
Bill from gape : —
undamanensis
>»
54 ;
»
62.5;
>»
58.9 „
macrorhynchus
>i
57.5 ;
i>
69 ;
»»
62.2 „
Bill height :—
andamanensis
>•
20.5 ;
»
24.1;
»
22.2 „
macrorhynchus
»j
20.1 ;
„
24 ;
>i
22.3 „
The subspecies macrorhynchus is shown to have both
a longer wing and a longer bill than andamanensis. The
heights of the bills provide no differential dimensions ; but
as regards shape Dr. Stresemann states that the culmen of
andamanensis has its highest point above the nostril [i.e.,
the profile is arched proximallyj : that of macrorhynchus
is no higher above tlie nostril than at the base [i.e., the
profile is straight proximallyj.
Dr. Stresemann goes on to say (pp. 295-6) : — " It is
very surprising to find that there is a broad space between
the two areas of distribution of the closely allied forms
andamanensis and macrorhynchus : this is— strangely
enough — occupied by a crow of another species, Corvus
cnca rompilator ! In all parts of the latter's range, the
southern half of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias,
Simalur. Borneo — so far as reliable reports go ' there is no
representative of the coronoides species as we should
expect ; at least in the southern half of the Malay Peninsula
and in Sumatra which are parts of the old land bridge
from India to Java. This is a case of allied, but
' Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 690 :
perhaps an error for Corvus enca compilator ! E. S.
' Fide Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus. XXII, p. 245. E. S.
' Finsch indeed records Corvus macrorhynchus from Borneo,
but probably means compilator. E. S.
226 Journal of the F.M.S Museums. [Vol. X,
heterogeneous species excluding eiich other geographically.
In spite of the broad zone of separation andamanensis and
macrorhynchus liave remained very similar — so similar
that the majority of modern ornithologists declare them
to be identical."
Dr. Stresemann could be accused of manipulating
literature to fit a theory. In stating that no examples of
covonoides seem aviiilable from the northern part of the
Malay Peninsula he ignores our record of specimens from
Trang, etc., where it was very abundant. In stating that
it does not occur in the southern half of the Peninsula he
ignores our next remark. " In the southern half of the
Peninsula it is scarcer being only seen in numbers on the
coast in the vicinity of fishing villages." This last does
away with his " broken land bridge " theory !
And when he wrote " From Perak to Johor the Slender-
billed Crow, Corvus enca occurs, but is rare, etc." and
suggests (as I understand), that we have transferred the
names of two species he stultifies himself — for if he believes
that our enca of the Southern Malay Peninsula is coronoides
he himself builds a bridge which he later demolishes.
There is no break in distribution — as far as the Penin-
sula is concerned.
Why is our opinion astonishing that (lorvus enca is rare
in the Malay States ? It is based on the experience of good
many years : rather there is ground for astonishment that
in probably little more than as many days in the counti*y
Dr. Stresemann found it, by inference, common.
As to Borneo and Sumatra Dr. Stresemann makes the
same suggestion regarding the birds determined by Finsch
and Stone as he does about our identification. Personally
1 have only seen examples of C. enca from these two islands,
but it seems to me that, for the present, negative evidence
is little better than no evidence.
I'he conclusion arrived at by Dr. Stresemann's methods
is that only one form of C. coronoides, viz., andamanensis,
occurs in the Malay Peninsula, and that the species (apart
from its occurrence at Penang), may extend from Burma
to the northern part of the Peninsula only. Also that
Corvus enca compilator is the common form.
I will now proceed to give some account of the
Malaysian specimens of Crows at present in the F.M.S.
Museimis and, as no instructions have ever been given to
our collectors to discriminate betN\ een the two species when
procuring examples, it may be taken that the numbers
secured fairly represent the rarity or commonness of the
two birds. They show that as far as our experience goes
we can repeat our former statement that coronoides is the
commoner bn-d and in some form occurs tliroughout the
Malay Peninsula.
1921]
BoDEN Kloss : Notes on Birds.
227
Malay Peninsula :
Indo-Chintse Specimens : —
Rrabiiri, Pakchan Estuary
Ghirbi
Koh Samui, Bandon
Trang
Telibon Id., Trang
Malayan Spedmens : —
Terutau Id.
J.angkavvi Id.
Temangoh, Upper Perak
Taiping, Perak
Bukit Gantang, Perak
Trengganu
Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca.
Kuala Selangor
Batu, Selangor
Java .—
Huitenzorg
Wing.
340
308
Bill
from
gape.
Bill
height.
Sex.
326
67
24
c?
325
66
23
<?
313
64
22
9
302
63
21
?
320
64
21
?
352
64
245
(7
310
59-5
22
V
333
67
25
c?
340
63
24.3
s
340
67
245
s
307
63
23-5
(J vi.xad.
324
63
235
?
3«2
64
24
9
344
66
22
S
325
60
21
c?
350
66
24
305
60
22.5
306
61.5
22.5
<?
321
63
, ^-^
i <?
327
58
' 23
i <?
340
59
23
9
285
59
22
9 subad ?
292
60
22
? do
313
60
22
?
311
64
22.5
(j
328
f'5-5
^4-5
9
63
57
58
23
235
23
Twenty-six examples of coroiwides against six of enca
(vide postea) from the same area !
The birds of the Malay Peninsula have both the larger
wing and longer bill ranges of macrorhynchus and must,
I think, be placed under that name, for as regards the forms
of the bill the ditferences stated by Dr. Stresemann do not
seem to hold : I find both shapes in the Malayan series
and of the three Javan birds one has the bill higher at the
nostrils than at the base, while in the other two, the height
at both places is the same.
My conclusions are therefore that a form of the species
(^.oruHs coronoides occurs throughout the whole of the
Malay Peninsula where it is much commoner than the
species Corvns enca ; and that south of Tenasserim (say
Lat. 11° N.) it is Corvus coronoides macrorhynchus Wagl.
CORVUS ENCA.
Six specimens have been obtained during the same
period and in the same area as the 26 examples of
C. coronoides recorded above : the apparant occurrence is
therefore, only one to foui\ The detail? are : —
228
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Wing. Bill from Bill height.
Malay Peninsula :
gape.
Taiping, Perak
316
65
22.3
yf
310
62.5
20
99
303
60
20
9>
304
61.5
20 vix. ad.
Beiitong, Pahang
324
62
22.7
I'll! Langat, Selangor
307
61.5
22.5
Specimens from
Borneo and
Sumatra
(the latter
submitted by Mr. E. Jacobson), measure :—
Locality.
Wing.
Bill from
Bill height.
I?orneo :
gape.
Balangian, Sarawak
315
61
22
Samarahan „
308
61
23
Sumatra :
l^ftdang Highlands
320
61
21.5
f9
300
61
22
fj
298
63.5
22
ff
317
65
21.5
y>
322
64.5
23
ff
305
60.5
21.5
ff
309
61.5
22
f9
314
63.5
20.5
99
305
60
21.5
All these are alike and must all be known as Corvns
enca compilator Richmond (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXVI,
15)03, p. 518. Type locality : Simalur Id., W. Sumatra).
Corvus enca enca (Horsf.) of Java is smaller and the
bill is in some respects more like that of C c.
niacrorhijnchus than its own subspecies compilator :
viewed laterally it is less wedge-shaped, i.e. the profile does
not begin to taper so quickly.
1920
]
meas
Four
lire ;-
adult
specimens
obtained by
me in
Wing.
Bill from
Bill height
Java
282
280
273
272
gape.
55
54
54
56
19
19
16.5
17
1921] 229
XII. SEVEN NEW MALAYSIAN MAMMALS.
By C. Boden Kloss, f.z.s.
1. Balionycteris maculata seimundi subsp. nov.
Like B. m. maculata (Thos.) of Borneo but witli the
poslorbital processes much less developed ; short and obtuse
instead of pointed and elongated.^
Male. Head and nape black, shoulders and mid-back
mummy brown, rump and sides cinnamon bi"o\cn Under-
parts hair brown, the fur of the abdomen lipped with
drabby white, of the fore-neck very indistinctly with drab.
Ears and menbranes black ; a small tawny spot on the
anterior margin of the ear near the base, another near the
inner angle of the eye and a pale streak near the angle of
the mouth : finger joints tawny and a f(nv small tawny
spots scattered irregularly over the wing membranes. The
imdersurfacc of the fore limbs and the membranes near Ihe
body distinctly clad with whitish hair.
Female. Only ditfers from the male in jjaving no
drab on the fore-neck and less cinnamon brown on the
rump.
Co-types. Adult male and female (skins and skulls)
from the junction of the Tahan and Teku Rivers at
the foot of Gunong Tahan, Pahang, collected by Mr. E.
Seimund on 26 Februarv 1921, F.M.S. Mus., No. 1/21 and
2/21.
Specimens examined. The co-types, and three
alcoholic specimens, viz., a female with a young one and
a gravid female : all of which formed a small bimch in the
forest.
Collectors e.vlernal measurements of nude and
female : head and body, 57, 57 ; forearm, 43, 42 ; hindfoot,
9, 9 ; ear, 9, 9 mm.
Skull measurements : greatest length, 22 -5, 22-4 ;
condylo-basal length, 21 • 1, 21 • 1 ; palatal length, 11 • 0, 11 • 2 ;
maxillary tooth row including canine (alveoli) 7-0, 7-0 ;
interorbital breadth, 5-2, 4-8 ; breadth across postorbital
processes, 7-3, ()-5 ; breadth of braincase, 10 2, lO-O ;
zygomatic breadth, 15-6, 15-1 mm.
Remarks. Until last year the two Cynoplrrine genera
Balionycteris and Dyacopterus were only known from
Borneo where each is represented by a single species,
B. maculata (Thos.) and D. spadiceus (Thos.). In Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) \, 1920, p 284, Mr. Thomas
described a race of the latter, brooksi, from specimens
collected near Bencoolen, Sumatra, by Mr. C. J. Brooks
and now we have discovered the former in the Malay
Peninsula. We may reasonably' expect to meet someday
with Dyacopterus in the Peninsula and Balionycteris in
Sumatra.
' Cf. Andersen, Gat. Chir. Bfit. Mus. I, 1912, p. 655, fig. 55.
230 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
2. Petaurista punctata sumatrana subsp. nov. (PI. Ill) .
Like P. p. punctata of the Malay Peninsula but much
less flecked with white : the spots being almost absent on
head, neck, shoulders, rump, thighs and basal part of tail.
Skull generally similar but rostrum broader and
shorter : zj'^gomata noticablj' broader and more bowed
outward anteriorly ; but interpterygoid space and basi-
occipital narrower : loothrows not converging anteriorly.
Type. Adult female, skin and skull, from the Padang
Highlands, West Sumatra (probably near Fort de Kock).
Obtained by E. Jacobson on 29 Mav 1918. Original number
E. J. 398.
External measurements taken in the flesh : head and
body 345 ; tail 375 ; hindfoot 65 ; ear 29 mm.
SIxull measurements : greatest length, 62-3 (63-0)^ ;
basilar length, 51-0 (50-5) ; diastema, 13-2 (13-2) ; upper
tooth row, 13-9 (11-0) ; interpterygoid breadth, 51 (0-2) ;
breadth between bullae, 9-0 (11-0) ; anterior and posterior
breadths of combined nasals, 11-4, 7*7 (10*5, 6-9) ; median
length of nasals, 17-0 (19-0) ; zygomatic breadth, 42-0
(42-0) ; mastoid breadth, 32-5 (33-0).
Remarks. This is the first time this interesting
squirrel has been taken in Sumatra. P. punctata seems to
be a rare animal everywhere. Other forms have been
described from S. Yunnan {marica Thos.) and the Chin
Hills {sybilla Thos.). Apparantly a mountain species.
3. Sciurus notatus tamansari subsp. nov.
Like the animal inhabiting the lowlands of East Java^
but darker and more richly coloured throughout.
Head, body and limbs above less grey, more olivaceous,
the pale parts of the grizzle being ochraceous. Fore and
hind feet darker grey, contrasting more strongly with the
limbs. Ears and sides of head and neck ochraceous.
Underparts darker, nearly ochraceous-orange. Tail more
richly coloured both above and below, the lower median
line like the under-body.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) from Tamansari,
Idjen Massif, 1,600 ft., about 15 miles westwards from
Hanjoewangi, East Java. Collected on 18 January 1920
by C. Boden Kloss. Original No. 8,634 : F.M.S. Mus. No.
34/20.
External measurements taken in the flesh : head and
body, 200 ; tail, 185 ; hindfoot s.u., 45 ; ear, 18 mm.
'Measurements in parentheses those of an adult male from
the Larut Hills near Taiping, Perak, 2,100 ft., F.M.S. Mus. No.
1427/11.
"To some extent this resembles, as might be expected, S. n.
madurae Thos. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), V, 1910, p. 386;
Madura Id.).
1921] BODEN Kloss : New Mammals. 231
Skull measurements : greatest length, 50-0 ; condylo-
basilar length, 43-5; palatilar length, 21-5; diastema,
12-0; upper molar row (alveoli) 11-2; median nasal
length, 13-0 ; interorbital breadth. 15-5 ; zygomatic
breadth, 29 mm.
Specimens examined. Five from the type-locality
compared with eight from Badjoelmati in the lowlands
of Besoeki, E. Java.
Remarks. This form possibly closely resembles S. n.
stresemanni Thos. of Bah (Ann. & Mag. (8) XI, 1913, p.
503) ; but it has very conspicuous orbital rings and the head
is apparantly less ochraceous.
All recent writers on Sciurus notatus —Thomas,
Bonhote, Robinson and Wroughton — have treated the old
names which have been given the species as synonyms of
S. n. notatus ; and to put matters on a clear footing I select
Western Java as the typical locality of hadjing, Kerr (1792)
and biliniatus Desni. (1817) : we know that nohdus Bodd.
(1785), plantani Ljung (1801) and andrewsi Boidi. (1901)
came thence. And though dschinschinus Gm. (1788) and
gingianus Shaw (1801) are bjsed on the " Ecuriel de Gingi "
of Sonnerat, supposed to have come from Pondicherry,
I have little doubt but that they also are notatus squirrels.
If so — typical locality West Java.
Therefore, of this squirrel, we haNC in Java at
present : —
S. n. notatus (with synonomy as above) West Java.
S. n. balstoni Mid Java.
S. n. tamansari Idjen Massif, East. Java.
All the notatus squirrels I have yet seen fiom West
Java are grey-bellied animals, though the axillae and in-
guinal region are generally butty or tawny : all the East
Javan specimens 1 have examined are entirely butf or
tawny beneath. S. n. balstoni from South Mid-Java is
described as " below pinkish-butt", but as the hairs have
long black bases this colouring is much disguised except
on the inner sides of the limbs where the hairs nrc entirely
butt' " (Robinson and Wroughton, Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus., IV, 1911, p. 234. Tjihtjap).
5. Sciurus nigrovittatus besuki subsp. nov.
Like -S. n. nigrovittatus Horsf. of West Java' but with
the underparts a less clear grey, the tips of the hairs less
white being often considerably sullied with butt'. Muzzle,
sides of head and neck and the chin dull ochraceous,
distinctly less intense and bright.
Type. Male, vix ad. (skin and skull) from 1 amansari,
Idjen Massif, 1,600 ft., East Java. Collected on 17 January
1920 by C. Boden Kloss. Original No. 8,629, F.M.S. Mus.
No. 29/20.
' I select West Java as the typical locality for 5. nigrovittatus
Horsf., and also for S. griseiventer Desm.
232 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
External measurements taken in the flesh : head and
body, 182 (185) > ; tail, 160 (160) ; hind foot, 41 (43) ; ear,
1(> (16).
Skull measurements: greatest length, 16*3 (50) ;
condylo-basilar length, 39-4 (43) ; palatilai- length, 19 (21 ) ;
diastema, 10-5 (12*8) ; upper molar row, alveoli, 9 (9) ;
median nasal length, 12-4 (14-5) ; interorbital breadth,
17-2 (17-6) ; zygomatic breadth, 28 (29).
Specimens examined. Twelve from the type locality
and twenty-two from Sodong Jerok, 4,000 ft., and Ongop
Ongop, 5,700 ft., Idjen Massif, East Java, compared with
many examples of the typical form from Mid-Java
(Karangbolang, East of Schildpadden Baai) and West Java
(Mt. Gedeh,' 4,000-8,000 ft. ; Wynkoops Baai and
Pandeglang).
Remarks. Tlie West Javan form of S. notatus- bears
some resemblance to this race in having the ventral surface
largely grey, sometimes washed with bufl'y, and the colour
of the imderparts is therefore no distinction, broadly
speaking, between the two species wiiich are differentiated
as follows : —
S. notatus. S. nigrovittatus.
Pale edges to eyeliis distinct. No distinct pale edges to eyelids.
Fore and hind feet %re\ marked- Fore and hind feet scarcely
Iv contrastinij with limbs and diirering from limhs and back.
back.
Tail generally linged with Tail generally markedly l)lack
rufous at tip. at tip.
Pale lateral stripes well defined. Pale lateral striper* less defined.
Dark lateral stripe less distinct Dark lateral stripe black,
and coloured like sides and distinct.
back.
Skull narrower. Skull broader.
The distribution of S. notatus and nigrovittatus in Java,
as experienced by members of the F.M.S. Museums during
two collecting visits, may be of interest.
East Java : —
At Badjoelmati, in the lowlands of Besoeki, only notatus
was met with.
At Tamansari, Idjen Massif, 1,600 ft., both notatus and
nigrovittatus were found.
At Sodong Jerok, 4,000 ft., and Ongop Ongop, 5,700 ft.,
on the Idjen, only nigrovittatus was found.
Mid Java : —
At Karangbolong on the south coast only nigrovittatus
was met with.
' Measurements in parentheses those of an old female from the
type locality : Original No. 8,639, F.M.S. Mus. No. 39/20.
'Well described bv Bonhote under the name of Sciiirus
andrewsi in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), VII, 1901, p. 456 : his type
being from Tjigombong, south of Buitenzorg,
1921] BoDEN Ki^oas : New Mammals. 233
West Java : —
At Tjibodas, 4,000 ft., and Kandang Badak, 8,000 ft.,
Mt. Gedeh, only nigrovittatiis was obtained.
At Wynkoops Baai were collected both nofatiis (one
example) and nigrovittatiis (many specimens) .
In the district of Pandeglang, Bantam, both species were
equally common.
6. Lariscus niobe vulcanus subsp. nov.
Differs from L. n. javamis^ in having the hairs of the
tail tipped with buff or tawny instead of white.
Type. Adult male (skin and skull) from Ongop
Ongop, Idjen Massif, 5,700 ft., Besoeki, East Java. Obtained
on 9 April 1916 by F.M.S. Museum collector. No. F.M.S.
356/16.
External measurements taken in the flesh : head and
body, 185 ; tail, 115 ; hind foot, 46 mm.
Skull measurements : greatest length, 48-5 condylo-
basilar length, 40 ; palatilar length, 20-0 ; diastema, 12-0 ;
upper molar row (alveoli) 9-0 ; median nasal length, 14-5 ;
interorbilal breadth, 12-0 ; zygomatic breadth, 27-0 mm.
Specimens examined. Twelve from the Idjen Massif
between 4-6,(K)0 ft., compared with eight exami)les of L. j.
javanus.
Seven of the latter come from West Java (Wynkoops
Baai and Pandeglang) ; but one is from Tamansari, Idjen
Massif, 1,600 ft. : it is therefore probable that L. j. javanus
is the lowland and sub-montane form throughout the whole
of Java.
7. Rattus bukit temmincki subsp. nov.
A very dark form of Rattus bukit (Bonh.).
Considerably duller than R. b. bukit of the Malay Peninsula:
much duller and darker than R. b. treiibi^ of the mountains
of Java.
Above mingled mummy-brown and ochraceous-tawny
the latter strongest on the sides of the head and neck and
flanks : limbs greyer : fore and hind feet white with dark
mesial stripes. Dorsal spines greenish grey basally.
Below creamy sharply margined and extending to the fore
feet, but not to the ankles. Tail bicoloured with a white
tip.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) from Badjoel-
mati, north of Banjoewangi, Besoeki, East Java, Collected
on 29 January 1920 by C. Boden Kloss. Original No. 8,676,
F.M.S. Mus. No. 76/20. Mammae 2—2-8.
^Thos. & Wr. Abstr., P.Z.S. 1909, p. 19; P.Z.S. 1909, p. 389
(Buitenzorg, 855 ft., West Java).
^Robinson and Kloss, Ann. & Mag. Nat Hist. (9) IV, 1919, p. 376
(Tjibodas, Mt. Gedeh, West Java, 5,000 ft.).
234 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
External measurements taken in the flesh : head and
body, 140 ; tail, 178 ; hindfoot, s.u., 3()-5 ; ear, 21 mm.
Skull measurements : greatest length, 35-0 , condyle-
basilar length, 28-8; diastema, 8-4; upper molar row
(alveoli) G-0 ; length palatal foramina. 5-6 ; median nasal
length, 12-9; breadth combined nasals, 40; zygomatic
breadth, 16*0 mm.
[The largest specimen, a male from Karangbolang
measures : head and body, 147 ; tail, 190 ; hindfoot, 28-5 ;
ear, 20. Skull : greatest length 36-0 ; zygomatic breadth;
17-5 mm.].
Specimens examined. The type, two from Tamansari,
Idjen Massif, 1,600 ft., Besoeki ; and two from Karang-
bolang, east of Schildpadden Baai, Mid Java. Compared
with many paratypes from Tjibodas and a large series from
Sodong Jerok, 4,000 ft., and Ongop Ongop, 6,000 ft., Idjen
Massif, East Java.
Remarks. This seems to be the lowland and
submontane form throughout Java while R. b. treuhi is
found on the mountains at higher altitudes.
The pelage is much less profuse and is stifTer than in
the mountain representative ; but 1 do not regard this as
a racial character for if individuals of the mountain form
were transferred to the plains they, or their first offspring,
would probably at once assume the more spin>, less furry
coat of the lowland animal.
1921] 235
XIII. NOTES ON SOME MAMMALS FROM SUMATRA.
By E. Jacobson.
(Plate III).
In the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,
Vol. VII, Decemher 1919, Messrs. H. C. Robinson and C.
Boden Kloss published some papers on mammals obtained
by me in difiercnt parts of Sumatra (pp. 257-291, 299-323).
Below I give some additional data regarding these
collections. Some hares I obtained at a later date have
also been described by Mr. Boden Kloss and myself (tom.
cit. pp. 293-298).
1. Nesolagus netscheri (Schleg.).
Of the extremely rare Sumatran Hare J obtained
altogether seven specimens. Besides the four specimens
enumerated by Mr, Boden Kloss on page 296, I caught : —
One specimen at Balun, in the District of Muaro Labuh
(Padang Highlands), July 1914.
Two specimens at Sungai Kumbang, at the foot of
Korinchi Peak, August 1915.
These three specimens were sent to the Leyden Museum
of Natural History, Of the four specimens examined by
Mr. Kloss three have been sent also to the Leyden Museum
and one has been presented by me to the British Museum.
Where such a rare species is concerned, it is worth
while to record all specimens which have been obtained.
In August 1895 a living specimen was bought by the
Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam from a sailor, who had
obtained it at Padang (West coast of Sumatra), the exact
locality where it came from being imknowji. The animal
was in very bad condition and had lost one of its hind-legs.
At the Zoological (lardens it was fed with bran, radishes,
carrots, bread, young shoots of oak, elm, and beech. Very
soon after its arrival, in September of the same year, it
died liaving remained always very shy and timorous. The
skin and skull are preserved in the Museum of t!ie Gardens.
The Leyden Museum received in August 1916 a skin
and a skull of Nesolagus netscheri from Mr. Stolz at Surian
(District Alahan Pandjang, Padang Highlands), a place
not so very distant from Balun, where I obtained my tirst
specimen.
The Zoological Museimi at Utrecht possesses two
specimens of the Sumatran Hare preserved in spirits.
" Another specimen of N. netscheri, is in the possession
of the British Museum (Natural History) ; and I am
informed by Mr, Oldfield Thomas that Dr. Forsyth-Major
made use of it when writing his well-known paper on
Leporidae. The example is said to have come from Padang,
but this is most certainly not correct and probably due to
236 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
the careless manner in which the collecting locality is often
indicated by laymen. The specimen cannot have come
from Padang or its direct surroundings for the same reason
(pointed out by me in the Journ. F.M.S. Mus. VII, p. 293)
that the type specimen cannot have been caught at Padang
Pandjang. I presume that it was obtained on same coffee
estate in the Barisan Mountains and from there sent to
Padang."
This brings the number of specimens in Museums,
as far as I have been able to ascertain, to a total of thirteen.
[A reference to Nesolagus netscheri not yet mentioned
is this Journal is : —
Lepus netscheri Jent, Cat. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Pays.
Has, IX, 1887, p. 239, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2 & 3 : representing the
skull of the type in three aspects. C.B.K.].
2. Arcionyx collaris hoeveni (Hubr.).
In Messrs. Robinson and Kloss' paper the measurcmonls
of the female specimen (No. E. J. 116) I obtained in the
forest near Suban Ajam (Bencoolen) were not given. I
therefore state them here :
Head and body, 580 ; tail, 160 ; hindfoot, 91 ; ear,
31 mm.^
3. Mydaus javanensis (Desm.) subsp. javanensis ? (Syn.
Mijdaus meliceps, Cuv.).
In the list of Sumatran mammals given by Messrs.
Robinson and Kloss (Jouni. F.M.S. Mus. VIII, Part II,
1918, pp. 73-80) Mydaus javanensis has been left out.
This animal is rather common in Bencoolen from the coast
up to a great altitude in the interior. Mr. Westenenk, when
Resident of Bencoolen, shot one in his garden at the town
of Bencoolen (sea level) and several more were killed by
his dogs at Kapahiang, higher up in the Barisan Mountain
Range. When I was at Suban Ajam at the foot of Mt.
Kaba (Bencoolen) at 1,200 metres (3,700 feet) I noticed
the smell of one of these animals in the forest near our
camp. The odour is not to be mistaken and is so powerful
* The skin of this specii;ien was unfortunately destroyed by
insects ; the skeleton and skull are now in the Leyden Museum
of Natural History.
From my collections of jnammals from Bencoolen, Palembang,
South-West Sumatra, and the Ophir Districts described by Messrs.
liobinson and Kloss besides the specimen of Arctonyx collaris
hoeveni mentioned above, nine more skins have also been destroyed
by insects, viz. : —
Pithecus melalophos melalophos, No. EJ. 23 ; Felis marmorata.
No. EJ. 214 ; Felis beiigalensis sumatnma, No. EJ. 70 ; Pagiuna
larvata leiicomijstax, " No. EJ. 196 ; Gijmnui i gymnura
(jymmira. No. EJ.57 and 77 ; Petaurista petaurista batuana. No. EJ.
34 ; Batiifa bicolor palliata, No. EJ. 90 and 161.
The remainder of my collections has been sent to the Leyden
Museum of Natural History, except a number of specimens
presented to the Federated Malay States Museums.
1921] Jacobson : Mammals from Sumatra. 237
that it can be conipared with nothing else in Malaysia. In
different parts of Sumatra the animal is called tclegu.
Curiously enough, it does not occur in the Padang
Highlands.
4. Felis tigris sondaica Fitzinger.
There has been some controversy over the question
whether the Sumatran species ought to be separated from
the Javan one. It is therefore interesting to mention the
opinion of Mr. B. Ledeboer, the well-known tiger hunter.
I translate here some of the most important passages
from one of his letters to me :
"The different kinds of tigers distinguished by the
" Javanese, (known as gemhol and tjantel) because of the
" shape of the stripes, are quite fictitious. The skins I
" possess from Java, Bali and Sumatra, more than one
** hundred, all show the same kind of stripes. The slight
"■ diftcrences noticeable being due to age or mode of hfe.
" Tigers living in lalang fields are lighter in colour than
" those from the forest. Young tigers are different from
" old ones. The older the animal, the narrower and further
" apart the stripes will grow. In very old tigers the stripes
" on the front |)art of the body disappear altogether.
" The Sumatran tiger is marked quite differently from
" the Javan form. If a Sumatran tiger is laid on its back,
" nothing is seen but a whitish skin, the under-side of head,
" throat, breast and belly being totally without markings.
" In the Javan tiger, however, the extent of white on the
" under-surface is considerably reduced and encroached on
" by the ends of the stripes from the sides. An animal from
" Sumatra may therefore be distinguished at a glance from
" one from Java. Moreover the stripes in the Sumatran
" tiger are not so continuous, being frequently broken ; they
" even show a tendency to form spots, not plain ones, but
" cuxles. Full grown tigers from Java, Bali and Sumatra
" do not vary much in size. The biggest example I have
" obtained ran somewhat over 3 metres ; 3.05 metres is an
" exception. The males are much larger than the females."
[When Mr. H. C. Robinson and I wrote our note on
Sondaic tigers (Journ. F.M.S. Mus. VIII, pt. 2, 1918. p. 8)
we had to depend on literature for information and recorded
a Sumatran specimen as F. t. sondaica though Schwarz
had selected Java as the type-locality for that race. During
my visit to Java in 1920 I saw a number of tiger bkins from
that island and from Bali and am now of opinion that
sondaica must be used for the Javan animal only, for
besides having the narrower white undersurface mentioned
by Heer Ledeboer the stripes are undoubtedly less heavy
than in the Sumatran animal. The Sumatran and Malayan
material I have been able to compare is very small and
I have not been able to see any difference between the
animals of the island and the peninsula : both apparantly
are F. t. tigris.
238 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums [Vol. X,
The tii^cr of Bali, P. t. halica Scliwarz (Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (8) X, 1912, p. 325) seems to me to have still
narrower and fewer stripes than the Javanese race (four
Bali specimens examined). Schwarz who only saw one
skin, says the markings are broader and more duplicated !
He also states that the Bali animal is recognisable by its
smaller size. I think that size and skull characters are
very untrustworthy guides for distinguishing Malaysian
tigers : they depend so much on age as we have shown
(I.c.s.) C. Boden Kloss].
5. Fells pardus Linn.
It has sometimes been doubted whether the panther
really occurs in Sumatra, but Mr. Boden Klos« drew my
attention to a record of Schneider, who saw a black panther
at Batu Bahra, and he himself knows of a second animal
fired at, but missed in the Besidency of Sumatra's East
Coast some 1.5 years ago. I myself have been told several
times of black panthers having been shot by Euroi)eans,
and native hunters informed me repeatedly that a black
l)anther, which they called kumhanq was known to them.
In .lava where the same name is applied to the melanistic
variety of Felis pardus, it is much rarer than the normally
coloured animal. I know, how^ever, of no authentic record
of a Felis pardus of the normal yellow colour with black
markings having been obtained in Sumatra. Over and over
again F^uropean hunters assured me that they had shot such
an animal, but on closer investigation all these cases turned
out to refer to Felis nebulosa, the " rimau dahan " of the
Malays.
My opinion, that the normally coloured Felis pardus
does not live in Sumatra is still unshaken, and I am very
much inclined to believe that the black animals shot or
seen in this country are nothing else than melanistic
examples of Felis nebulosa. I may mention, that this is
also the opinion of the well-known tiger hunter Mr. B.
Ledeboer.
6. Lutra lutra barang Cuv.
Lnlra vulgaris barang Robinson & Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. VUI,
pt. 11 (1918), p. 13.
1 $ (skin and skull) Fort de Kock, West coast of
Sumatra, 920 metres (3,()0() ft.), 15th June 1920, No. EJ.
404, leg. E. Jacobson.
Measurements in the flesh : —
Head and body, 557 ; tail, 470 ; hind foot, 109 ; ear,
19 mm.
Skull : greatest length, 104 ; condylo-basal k^ngth, 106 ;
basal length, 98 ; palataF length, 47 ; greatest length on
outer edge of p.m.\ 10-7 ; greatest diameter of m', 10-7 ;
interorbital breadth, 19 ; postorbital breadth, 14 ; cranial
breadth, 48-5 ; mastoid breadth, 5(5 ; zygomatic breadth,
60-5 mm.
1921] Jacobson : Mammals from Sumatra. 239
This specimen is now in the F.M.S Museum at Kuala
Lumpur.
I Though the hest character for determining the species,
i.e., the shape of the upper edge of the rhinarium. has been
destroyed by an injury to the nose I have no doubt as to
my identification, made at Heer Jacobson's request, of this
considerably grizzled specimen. C. Boden Kloss].
7. Petaurista punctata sumatrana Kloss (Plate III) .
This specimen, which will be sent to the Leyden
Museum, was bought from a native at Fort de Kock (940
metres), and nuist have been captured in the vicinity' of
this place, situated in the Padang Highlands (West coast
of Sumatra). It had become rather tame and was kept
in a cage. Being of nocturnal habits it slept mostly during
the day, sitting hunched up in one of the corners of its
cage, with its tail folded over its back and the end of it
curled around its iiead in such a manner, that the latter
was entirely concealed. If disturbed during *he day it
would wake up for some time and even take the food given
to it, but later it would go to sleep again, becoming lively
in the evening aftei- the sun had set. A favorite position
when awake was the one seen in the accompanying photo-
graph, its tail being held over its back and head.
The Prtanri.sUi was fed witli all sorts of fruit and
nuts, tile tigs of ditferent kinds of Ficn.s beuig very much
preferred. 1 think 1 made a great mistake by feeding it
exclusively on vegetable matter, as it is well-known that
squirrels are great destroyers of birds nests, devouring eggs
and yound tledglings. The idea did not occur to me then
to provide animal food, and to this reason I ascribe the
fact that the Pelaurista after some time began to gnaw its
soles. After it had devoured a great part of the skin of
its feet, I decidetl to kill the animal, fearing the specimen
would be spoilt.
Afterwards I heard from one of my acxjuaintances,
that he had kept a Pclaurista in confinement, which
devoured the greater part of one of its gliding membranes.
The natives here assert that the Petaurista, which is called
in Minangkabau Malay kubiu\ destroys the very young
coconuts, not bigger tiian a hen's egg, but the specimen
I kept refused to touch these young nuts.
Petaurista petaurista batuana Miller, seems to be the
common species in the Padang Highlands. When I once
stopped at a village called Andalas at the foot of Mt. Sago,
tlying-squirrels used to come ;'t dusk in a volplaiie from the
surrounding hills down to the village in the vallev, covering
in one stieUh a distance which must have been at least 400
' The name of kiihin is equally applied to the flying Lemur
(idleoptenis variegatiis tcnimincki (Waterh.). [hi Sumatra,
perhaps, but in tlie Malay i'eninsiila tliis animal is called " kubong "
C.B.K.j.
240 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
or 500 yards. They alighted always on Ihe trunks of
coconut trees, which being totally without branches afforded
a convenient alighting spot. Then they crawVd up the
trunk till they came underneath the base of the crown and
pushed off, alighting then on some other tree. The line of
flight is always curved ; first slanting down and then curving
up again : the point of arrival is, however, always lower
than the starting point.
When in August 1015 I made an ascent of the Peak of
Korinchi (Sumatra), I found a PeUmrista on the highest
point of the Peak, at the very brim of the crater. When
I approached it stared at me with its large glaring eyes,
making no attempt to escape.
I cannot explain what motive the animal had to seek
such an inhospitable spot, which is 3,800 metres (12,500 ft.),
high and, except for a few straggling plants, is for the last
400 metres entirely bare of all vegetation. The animal
could not possibly have come to the mountain top through
the air, for, as pointed out above, it has to avail itself
always of a higher starting point. Therefore it must have
crawled up all the way from the nearest .forest, which is
still considerably below the limit of vegetation.
This is not the only record of a Petaurista being found
in such a peculiai' place. Mr. L. Westenenk, now Resident
of Palembang, told me that a Petaurista was formerly seen
at the edge of the crater of Mt. Merapi in the Padang
Higlilands. The surroundings of this crater are also
'vithout vegetation.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus— Vol. X.
PI. III.
E. JACOBSON, PHOTO.
PETAURISTA PUNCTATA SUMATRANA.
81
50
82
63
80
39
2
24
88
56
74
43
95
94
70
d
25
85
M.>(Batavia)
4
11)21 j 241
XIV. NOTES ON THE PROBABLE CLIMATE OF A
MOUNTAIN STATION IN THE MALAY STATES.
By C. E. p. Brooks, m.sc, Air Ministry.
1. Temperature.
The heat of tropical regions is proverbial, but they
are characterised rather by constant heat than by unusually
high temperatures. Taking Singapore as an example, and
comparing it with Richmond, Surrey, we have the following
little table :—
Temperature. Singapore. Richmond.
"F. °F.
Mean annual
Hottest month
Coldest month
Annual range
Mean daily maxinunn
Mean daily minimum
Highest recorded
Lowest recorded
Absolute range
Average difTerence between mean tem-
I)erature of one day and the next . .
This table shows us at once the characteristics of an
etiuatorial coast station as comi)ared witii London :
(1) The mean annual temperature is about 30 degrees
higher. On all tropical coasts and islands the mean
temperature at sea level stays very close to 80° F., a round
number which is very convenient to remember.
(2) The annual variation is exceedingly small, being
only 2° F. at Singapore. At stations so close to the equator
(the latitude is only P 17' N.) it is more oi less of an
accident which months are the warmest. There is no
distinction of seasons by temperature as there is in England,
the terms " winter," *' spring," etc., having n'^* meaning.
The sun is overhead at the equinoxes, i.e., March and
September, but the difference from other months is not
great enough to be im]K)rtant.
(3) The daily range, or the difference between the
temperature of the day and that of the night, is very nearly
the same at Singapore and London, but even here there
is a difference. In the tropics the day is alMays hotter than
the night by about the same amount, and the alternation
of higher and lower temperatures every 24 hours is as
regular as is the alternation of summer and winter in
temperate regions. In fact it has been said that " night
is the winter of the tropics." In England on the other
hand, though the day is generally warmer than the night,
it sometimes happens, especiallj'^ in winter, that the tem-
perature rises as night comes on, so that the night is
warmer than the day. In the tropics this never happens.
242 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
(4) But though the night is cooler than ti.e day, it U
still very hot, as judged by English standards. 74° F.,
which is the average temperature of the coldest part of the
night at Singapore, would pass for a hot day in England.
(5) It is in the extremes of temperature that the
difference between temperate and equatorial regions is
shown most markedly. Days almost as hot as any met
with in Singapore can be experienced in a L.ondon summer.
At Bukit Mertajam, near Perak, a maximum temperature
of 101° F. has been recorded, but this has been nearly
equalled in England (100° F.). On the other hand, the
lowest temperature recorded at Singapore is 70° F., while
at Richmond the thermometer has been down to 9° F., a
difference of 61.^
(6) The smaller difference from one day to the next
in the Tropics also makes for monotony.
2. The Change of Temperature with Height.
Leaving the sea-level- and climbing the slopes of a
mountain, the temperature is found to fall. This fall is
on the average at the rate of about 3 degrees Fahr. for
every tliousand feet. Thus at a height of five thousand feet
the mean temperature will have fallen from the tropical
figure of 80° F. to the merely pleasantly warm one of 65° F.
That is why it is always desirable in the troj)ics to establish
health stations or sanatoria on high mountains, the change
to the lower temperature having a marked bracing effect ;
the smaller density of the air owing to thf> decreased
atmospheric pressure is also beneficial at moderate
heights (not exceeding 6-7.000 ft.) as in the generally
greater dryness of the air.
The diurnal range at high levels does not generally
diifer greatly from the average at lower levels, but much
depends upon local conditions. On an elevated plateau the
range is much greater than on the side of an isolated moun-
tain peak, for two reasons. Firstly, a plateau offers a wider
surface to direct heating by the sun's rays, and therefore
gets much hotter during the day than a mountain slope.
Secondly, on a level plateau the air becomes colder at night
than on a mountain slope. Air, especially div air, does
not itself lose heat rapidly by radiation, but the ground
beneath it does, and the air becomes cooled by contact with
the ground. Consequently air near the ground becomes
colder than that some distance away from the ground.
Gold air is heavier than warmer air, consequently it will flow
down a mountain slope like a river and give place to warmer
air which has not been in contact with the ground. On a
plateau it cannot flow away, but must remain v.here it is,
so that the temperature falls lower.
This is illustrated by the contUtions at tw > mountain
stations in Java. One, on a level plateau enclosed by the
Yang Mountains, at an elevation of 6,500 ft., has a daily
1921] Brooks : Mountain Climates. 243
range of 14" F., from 66° F. in the day to 52° F. in the
night ; at the other, at Tosari on a mountain blope, at a
height of 5,800 ft., the daily range is not more th.-n 7° F.
At Tosari in Java the lowest temperature occurs just
before sunrise, as near the sea coast, but the temperatures
during the day at a height of about 5,800 ft. are very
different. In the morning clouds form with their upper
surface below the level of the station, and temperature
rises rapidly, the station receiving not only tliC direct and
very powerful radiation from the sun, but also that reflected
from the clouds. But during the day, as the heat of the
plains becomes greater, the level of the clouds rises, and
shortly after ten o'clock they reach the station, which then
becomes plunged in mist. Temperature now faUs rapidly,
but with great fluctuations of as nuich as 5° F. in a few
minutes as the clouds come and go. Consequently the
greatest heat of the day comes about ten o'ckck in the
morning, instead of in the afternoon as at lower levels. The
afternoons are cloudier and cooler.
As a rule, at night the clouds either dispcse or sink
to a lower level, so that the nights are clear and dry, but
occasionally they will be cloudy and these nights will be
relatively hot and oppressively moist, the blanket of cloud
preventing the ground from radiating its heat.
3, Humidity, Sunshine and Cloudiness.
The chief characteristic of the humidity of tiie air at a
tropical mountain station is the rapidity with which it
varies. Above the clouds the air is very dry, but among
them it is satiuated with moisture. In the intense solar
radiation of the morning the air is as dry as thai of a desert
at noon ; a cloud drifts up, and even though no rain falls,
everything drips with moisture. The actual average
depends upon local conditions, but will probably be not
far from eighty per cent, of saturation during the days — a
figure indicating a quite considerable degree of moisture,
and much less during the nights, which would thus appear
cooler than they actually are relatively to the plains.
The amount of bright sunshine will probably be very
considerable. At low level stations the sky is on the average
half covered with clouds, which means that on the average
sunny and dull days will occur with equal frequency, but
at a level of 5,000 ft. much of the cloud development will
take place below the station, which will thuG receive a
greater amount of sunshine, especially in the mornings.
Moreover, owing to the greater clearness of the air, this
sunshine will be far more powerful than on the plains.
Excess of sunshine and light is frequently dangerous to
Europeans in the tropics.
4. Winds : The Alternation of Monsoons.
But if there are not four seasons in the English sense,
there is a very definite division of the year into two seasons
244 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
of another type, known as the north-east and south-west
monsoons. From December to March the wind blows very
regularly from the north-east, and from May to October
it blows almost equally regularly from between south-east
and south-west. April and November are transition
months.
To understand this change we must consider the
geographical position of Singapore. To the north lies the
great continent of Asia, to the south the large island of
Australia. These are far enough north and south to be
greatly cooled in winter and to a less extent heated in
summer. Lying in opposite hemispheres, Asia is hot while
Australia is cold, aiul nice nersa. The equatorial regions
are always hot. Now air expands with heat, and hot air
is lighter than cold air, consequently hot air tends to rise
while the cold air tlows along the surface of the earth to
replace it. In the months of November to March this cold
air flows in a steady stream of immense volume from the
high table lands of central Asia, where it is winter, across
the inter\'ening oceans to the equator and possibly beyond
it. This is the north-east monsoon, which returns every
year at about the same time. In some parts of the worjd
it blows with great force, but at Singapore it is relatively
light, blowing at only about two miles an hour a few feet
from the ground.
From May to October it is Australia that is relatively
cold, and the wind at Singai>ore during these months is
away from this continent, i.e. is southerly, blowing from
between south-west and south-east at about two miles an
hour. At this sheltered locality calms are frequent but in
a more exposed situation calms are rarer and the velocity
of the wind somewhat greater. Wind generally increases
in velocity with height, and on a mountain slope there is
probably a fairly steady breeze which is a favourable factor
in the climate. The alternation of monsoons at the level
of 5,000 ft. is probably the same as at Singapore, but at
greater heights the wind would come very regularly from
east.
5. Rainfall.
The rainfall in the Straits Settlements is everyw^here
hea\^, Singapore having one hundred inches (2,500
millimetres) a year and Perak as much as 120 inches (3,000
nmi.) . Whether the rainfall at a mountain station of
5,000 ft. height would be more or less than this depends very
much on local conditions, probably it would be rather less,
as the heaviest rain clouds often have their under surfaces
below 5,000 ft. At still greater heights the amount falls
oft' rapidly. A total of one hundred inches is several times
as heavy as that of London, but it must be remembered
that owing to the extremely rapid rate at which rain falls
in the tropics, the actual time taken is ver>' much less. The
intensity of tropical rainfall is only rarely attained in
1921] Brooks : Mountain Climates. 245
England, in exceptionally heavy thunderstorms. The cause
of this heavy rainfall is the great amount of moisture in
the air. Saturated air at 80° F. contains twice as much
moisture as the same volume of saturated air at 60° F., and
nearly four times as much as at 40° F. It is by the elevation
of air and its consequent cooling that clouds and rain are
formed. If saturated air is cooled from 80° F. to 60° F. it
will set free twice as much water, that is, the rain will be
twice as heavy, as if it were cooled from 60° F. to 40° F.
The number of days — 173 — at Singapore is almost the same
as at Richmond (170), and in Perak, although the total fall
is greater, the average number of days is only 156. A
" rain-day " is defined as a day on which a measurable
amount of rain, generally • 01 inch or more falls.
There is some attempt at the development of a rainy
season in the Straits Settlements, but it differs in different
parts. At Singapore the rainiest months are November to
January, and the least rainy — one can hardly call them
dry — May to September. In Perak September to November
are the rainiest months, January and February the least
rainy. Even the relatively dry months however exceed six
inches (160 mm.) in their rainfall, a total representing an
unusually wet month in England.
Some of the individual falls are exceedingly heavy,
Singapore having experienced more than 7 inches (175
mm.) in a day on at least two occasions, while Perak has
reached the total of 13-8 inches (346 mm.) in 24 hours.
But at a mountain station we may expect the falls to be
less heavy and more continuous.
There is one point in which mountain climates in the
tropics are unfavourably situated, and that in the unequal
division of the rainfall between the day and the night, owing
to the daily variation in the level of the clouds. Tosari,
the health resort of Java previously referred to, has an
annual rainfall during the day of about four times as much
as that during the night, and this peculiarity is probably
shared by other mountain stations in the tropics of a similar
height.
6. Storms.
Tosari is very subject to severe storms from the south-
west, but these are local only, being due to the peculiar
nature of the topography of East Java, where a long funnel-
shaped valley conducts the winds with accumulated force
straight to the settlement. An open isolated peak should
be much better situated in this respect, and should rarely
experience more than a strong breeze.
XV. THE FLORA OF KLANG GATES, SELANGOR.
By H. N. Ridley, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S.
The high ridge of Klang Gates in Selangor consists
of a lofty dyke of quartzite running across the valley of
the Klang river which has cut its way through the rock.
The ridge is about three miles in length, and its highest
point is 1,400 feet in height. In many places the top is
quite narrow, only a few feet across, and the sides are
in most places quite precipitous. It is evidently a
quartzite dyke traversing granitic rocks which have long
since been eroded away. I visited it many years ago
and collected there a portion of the peculiar flora on a
part of the ridge to the north above the bungalow, which
stands high up above the road; and on the 2nd January,
1921, with Mr. C. Roden Kloss and Messrs. Milsum and
South of the Agricultural Department ascended the
ridge on the south side to Rukit Lompat Rayan, 1,148 feet
altitude. On the previous day Mr. Kloss and I
had ascended the north side above the bungalow, for
some way, and later Mr. Kloss went further up
towards Rukit Ratu Tabur, the highest point, 1,445 feet
high. On the lower slopes the lowland flora has ascended
for some distance, where there is sufficient soil and
humidity for its growth, but on the bare quartzite ridge
there is a small but quite peculiar flora consisting of
several endemic species with several only known from
much higher altitudes in our mountains, and not occurr-
ing in the forest-clad hills of the main chain. These
plants are strictly xerophytic and, as I shall hope to show
in a later paper, are the remains of an ancient xerophytic
flora which at one time pervaded the whole of the Malay
Peninsula, but which by climatic changes has been driven
out, only persisting on the sub-xerophytic tops of certain
of our mountains and to some extent on the seashores.
To reach the summit of the ridge on the south side
we crossed the river and passed through a portion of a
rubber plantation, above which is a wooded slope con-
sisting of lowland trees and shrubs in which we found
the new and beautiful Didijmocarpus primiilimis. This
slope of deep humus leads to a break in the precipitous
quartzite ridge by which it is possible to get on to the top
at Rukit Lompat Rayan, which is quite bare of soil and
bears the remarkable rock flora. It is this flora of which
I treat in this paper, but have added two new species
growing lower down and towards the base of the rock.
Capparis lariitensis. King. (Capparidaceae).
A single bush of this very thorny plant occurred on
the rocks behind the bungalow. Only previously known
from Perak.
248 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.X,
Elaeocarpus MastersiU King. (Tiliaceae).
A small bushy tree, the leaves are rather small and
more coriaceous than in the typical lowland form.
Common in open country in the Peninsula.
Rhodoleia Teysmanni, Miq. (Hamamelideae).
This beautiful bush with its heads of rose-pink
flowers is abundant on the rocks on both sides of the
ridge. It is a high mountain plant occurring on the dryer
mountains at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude. I have never
seen it at such a low altitude elsewhere.
Pygeum Hookerianum, King. (Rosaceae).
The bush here has smaller and narrower leaves than
usual. Not rare in the low country.
Carallia euryoides, Ridl. Flora Mai. Pen. 1, 1922, p. 698.
(Legnotidae) .
A small tree, branches slender, black with prominent
nodes, leafy at the top only. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic
acuminate with a long blunt point, base cuneate, edge
serrulate, 1.75 in. long, .5 in. wide; nerves 7 pairs strongly
inarching, hardly invisible above; petiole .25 in. long.
Cymes axillary, .25 in. long, of 3 flowers, or compound of
3 branches with 2 flowers on each; pedicels .1 in, long.
Flowers .12 in. long. Calyx urn-shaped with 5 coriaceous
lanceolate acute lobes. Petals very narrow linear 5, as
long as the sepals. Stamens 10, the outer series slightly
longer than the inner row, about as long as the sepals,
the filaments rather thick; anthers elliptic. Style stout
as long as the sepals; stigma rather large pulvinate.
Fruit small, ovoid with the persistent triangular lanceo-
late sepals. On rocks about 1,000 feet altitude. Not
common. Allied to C. Scortechinii King, and montana
Ridl., but the leaves are entirely diff'erent with the general
appearance of those of Eurya acuminata. This set of
Carallias is typically montane and very distinct from the
much larger leaved lowland species which also have
larger cymes.
Boeckea frutescens. (Myrtaceae).
Perhaps the most abundant and conspicuous shrub
on the rocks. This plant is typically a high mountain
plant of the dryer mountains such as Gunong Tahan,
Mount Ophir and Kedah Peak at 3 to 4,000 feet altitude
and is absent from the wetter mountain forests of the
main chain ^ and from Penang. Its occurence on Klang
1. It occurs freely on Gunong Terbakar near Gunong Beruni-
ban in the main range, Perak-Pahang boundary, where there is
a heavy rainfall. H.C.R,
i922] Ridley: The Flora of ICtang Gates. ^9
Gates is very remarkable. It is reported also as a seashore
plant in Borneo and Trengganu \
Anplectrum divaricatum, Triana. (Melastomaceae).
In the lower country a long climber, but here I found
some in the form of a bush.
Sonerila prostrata, Ridl. Flora Mai. Pen. 1, 1922, p. 782.
A very slender, creeping, prostrate plant, stems
filiform, several inches long, hairy red. Leaves in equal
pairs, .5 in. apart, ovate hairy above with sparse wtiite
hairs, tip rounded, base round or shortly narrowed, edge
serrate .25 in. long and wide; petiole slender, 1 in.
long. Flowers 2 on very slender terminal peduncles;
pedicels very short. Calyx urn-shaped narrowed upwards
with short acute teeth, hairy, .12 in. long. Corolla bright
pink, .25 in. wide. Petals 3 or 4, obovate, minutely
apiculatc. Stamens 3, nearly as long as petals; anthers
yellow. Style slightly shorter. Capsule flask-shaped,
smooth, nearly truncate with very short points, .25 in.
long.
On shady rocks at the entrance of the tunnel on the
road at Klang Gales forming a small mat of stems.
This charming plant is utterly unlike any species of the
genus known to me in its prostrate creeping stems and
very small star-like flowers. It is, however, I think most
nearly allied to the slender-stemmed erect group with
smooth fruit, of which S. tenuifolia is an example.
Aleisanthia rupestris, Ridl. (Rubiaceae) .
This is common especially on the rocks above the
bungalow and Klang Gates is its only known habitat.
The only other known species is A. sylvestris Ridl., from
rather dry wooded hills at Kuala Lebir in Kelantan, a
tall shrub. A. rupestris is a dwarf shrub barely 12 in.
tall with yellow flowers.
Embelia coriacea, Wall. (Myrsineae).
A climber with large stiff leaves and big panicles of
small white flowers. It occurs all over the Peninsula from
Singapore to Penang and in Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
Vaccinium eburiieum, Ridl. (Vacciniaceae) .
A very fine bush, or almost a tree, with abundance
of pure white flowers. Also occurs on Kedah Peak.
1. It is also abundant in Lower Siam north of Patelung,
almost at sea level. Great stretches of it can be seen from the
railway. H.C.R.
250 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Rhododendron longiflorum, Lindl. (Ericaceae).
A beautiful bush Rhododendron with bright red
flowers. On the rocks on both ends of the ridge. It
occurs also in Perak and formerly in Singapore as an
epiphyte on high trees, and in Borneo and Sumatra.
Fagraea auriculata, Jack. (Loganiaceae) .
A single plant on rocks behind the bungalow. Not
in flower, I saw it there on my first visit. This plant
usually starts life as an epiphyte and eventually by
killing its host becomes a tree. It also grows on rocks.
Scattered over much of the Peninsula and the Malay Isles.
Didymocarpus primulinus, Ridl. sp. nov. (Cyrtand-
raceae).
A herb with a short, closely hairy stem about 1 to
4 inches long. Leaves about 6, elliptic, round at tip, base
round or shortly narrowed, above glabrous, beneath softly
densely hairy, edge thickly hairy; nerves 8 pairs, distinct,
1.5 in. long, 2.75 in. wide; petiole 1 to 2 in. long, thick,
densely hairy. Scai)es very numerous, erect, slender
from upper axils one-flowered, 2 in. long, hairy. Calyx-
lobes linear acuminate, .2 in. long. Corolla-tube .5 in.
long, limb .4 in. long, unequally bilobed, upper lobes
oblong, blunt, .2 in. long, lower lip nmcli longer .4 in.
long with 3 broad rounded oblong lobes .25 in. wide. All
primrose yellow with an orange patch in the mouth.
Stamens 2, filaments slender, curved as long as the tube,-
anthers elliptic connivent. Capsule slender, 1.5 in. long,
acuminate, glabrous when ripe.
In woods on the slope leading to Bukit Lompat
Bayan. This pretty plant seems to me to be most nearly
allied to D. longipes Hook, of Mt. Ophir.
Trema angustifolium, Bl. {Urticaceae).
Shrub about 4 feet tall. A clump of this on the bare
rock on Bukit Lompat Bayan. Distrih. Malacca, Penangj
Sumatra.
Ficus nidica, L.
Tree on the high ridge above the bungalow collected
by Mr, Kloss on his second visit. Common in the
Peninsula.
Ficus diversifolia, Bl. var. Kunstleri.
On the ridge behind the bungalow (C. B. Kloss)
usually an epiphyte and as such on lofty trees common
in the Peninsula.
1922] Ridley: The Flora of Klaiig Gates. 251
Ficus diver si folia, var. ovoidea.
A number of bushes on rocks behind the bungalow.
This is usually a seashore form: it is quite erect and
terrestrial.
Choriophylliim malayarmm, Benth. (Eiiphorbiaceae) .
A bushy tree with dark green leaves and greenish-
white flowers. On rocks behind the bungalow, a male
tree. A mountain plant and almost the only plant in the
order which ascends above 2,000 feet.
Eriachne pallescens, Br. (Gramineae).
On rocks near the bungalow, common here. Not
rare in rocky and sandy spots especially near the sea,
Singapore, Selangor, Ginting Bidai, Pahang. Distrib.
Chittagong, Nicobars, Cochin-China, China, Borneo and
Australia. ^
Eulalia Milsiimi, Ridl. sp. nov.
A grass forming clumps about 2 feet tall; stems
slender often simply branched, glabrous. Leaves sub-
distichous, very narrow linear acuminate, rather rigid,
2 in. long, .2 in. wide or narrower, broadened and
truncate at base with a central midrib fairly conspicuous;
ligule none. Spikes one to four, 1.5 in. long with a few
distant reduced leaves. Rachis of spike terete fringed
with white silky hairs, joints tufted silky white. Spikelets
1-stalked and 1-sessile, the stalked one articulate on a
silky fringed stalk. Glumes 1 to III lanceolate narrow,
white hairy, awned from below tip, II is very narrow. III
rather broader. Valve (Glume IV) very short, glabrous
hyaline bifid, lobes acuminate, awn .5 in. long, turning
brown at base, white above. Stamens 3; anthers yellow,
oblong. Style plumed, buff. On the bare rocks at Klang
Gates on Bukit Lompat Bayan.
A very distinct species of this genus which is
represented in the Malay Peninsula by three species
E. lanipes Ridl., of Kedah Peak, E. praemorsa (Polytrias
praemorsa) and E. Ridleyi, Stapf : a sand-hill plant.
Cibotium Barometz, Link. (Filices).
Rocks above the bungalow. Local on dry hills in
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma, Assam.
1922] Robinson & Kloss: Birds of Malacca Straits. 253
XVI. BIRDS FROM THE ONE FATHOM BANK
LIGHTHOUSE, STRAITS OF MALACCA,
November, 1918 and November and December, 1919,
by
H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss.
The One Fathom Bank Lighthouse is an erection on
a submerged bank in the middle of the Straits of Malacca
about fifteen miles distant from Pulau Pintu Gedong,
the nearest point of the Selangor Coast and about
26 miles from the Aroa Islands towards the Sumatran
coast, whence a collection has already been reported on
(Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. ii, pp 8-14 (1906). This
collection was made during November and is very
similar in character.
The present list adds two birds to the Fauna of the
Malay Peninsula, viz: —
Chelidon dasijpus (Bp.)
Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinh.)
while several species only rarely met with on the main-
land were found in abundance.
With very few exceptions all the specimens were
either killed against the light or captured while fluttering
around it. Species which were obtained on the Aroa
Islands are marked with an asterisk.
1. Treron nipalensis, Hodgs. 1^,2$
*2. Ptilinopus jambu (Gm.) .6^,59
3. Rallina fasciata (Raffles). 6^,11$
4. Rallina superciliaris (Eyton) . 15,3?
*5. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.). l5,l?
*6. Sterna aenetheta. Scop. 1^,29
7. Sterna fluviatilis tibetana, Saunders. 1 $
8. Sterna (?) sinensis, Gm. 2 9
The identification of these small terns in immature
and winter plumage is a somewhat uncertain matter.
9. Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinh.). 1 $
10. Terekia cinerea (Guldenst). 1^
11. Limonites subminuita (Middendorf ) . l9
12. Gallinago sthenura (Kuhl) . 1 $
13. Butorides javanica javanica (Horsf .) , I $
254 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
*14. Dupetor flavicoUis (Lath.) . 1^,49
15. Ardetta sinensis (Gm.). 1 ,3 , 1 9
*16. Sula sula (Linn.). t$
*17. Accipiter virgatus gularis, Temni. & Schleg. 1 9
*18. Otus scops malayana (Hay). 1 9
More rufous than the majority of specimens.
*19. Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles). l9
Wing 211 mm.
*20. Halcyon coromandus coromandus (Lath.). 3^, 3 9
*21. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.). 1^
*22. Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.). 10 5, 2 9
23. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linn.). l9
*24. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Temm. & Schleg. 1 $
25. Collocalia innominata, Hume. 2^,19
*26. Coccystes coromandus (Linn.). l9
*27. Surniculus lugubris dicruroides, Hodgs. 1^,79
Decidedly this form with the wing in all cases over
135 mm.
*28. Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor (Hodgs.). 3^,19
*29. Cuculus micropterus, Gould. 1 $
*30. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. 11 $, 10 9
*31. Pitta cucullata, Hartl. 1$, 10 9
32. Hemichelidon sibirica fuliginosa, Hodgs. 7^,29
*34. Alseonax latirostris (Rafiles). 3$
35. Zanthopygia xanthopygia (Hay). 2 9
36. Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis, Thayer and
Bangs. 1 $
37. Poliomyias mugimaki (Temm.) . 5 $ , l9
38. Terpsiphone paradisi incii (Gould). I9
39. Terpsiphone atrocaudata (Eyton) . 1^,19
40. Rhinomyias tardus, Robinson & Kloss. 2^,19
Very doubtfully distinct from Rhinomyias nicobarica,
Richmond.
41. Pericrocotus cinereus, Laf r. 3 5,29
42. Cichloselys sibirica davisoni, Hume. 12 5 , 12 9
*43, Turdus obscurus (Gm.). I5, I9
1922] Robinson & Kloss : Birds of Malacca Straits. 255
*44. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.) . 6 $
*45. Locustellata lanceolata (Temm.). 5 5, 9?
46. Locustella certhiola (Pall.). l5,l$
47. Acrocephalus orientalis, Temm. & Schleg. 3 $
48. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.) . 7 5,4?
49. Lanius cristatus, Linn. 3 5,1?
50. Lanius tigrinus, Drap. 1 S imm.
51. Chelidon dasypus (Bp.). 1?
The occurrence of this rare martin, which breeds in
Japan and has been met with on migration in Borneo
whence it was originally described, is rather surprising.
The single specimen appears perfectly typical.
XVIL A LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED ON PULAU
RUMPIA, SEMBILAN ISLANDS,
In November and December, 1918
by
H. C. Robinson and C. Bodhn Kix)ss.
The following list of birds collected by Mr. E. Seimund
on Pulau Rumpia, one of the Sembilan Islands off the
mouth of the Perak River, in November and December,
1918 is of interest as bearing on migration and migra-
tion routes in the Malayan region, regarding which we
have as yet very little exact knowledge.
One bird, new to the Fauna of the Malay Peninsula,
was obtained:
Oreocincia dauma (Lath.)
Pulau Rumpia is a rocky island rising to a height
of about 600 feet and of very uneven surface. In extent
it is perhaps 1,500 or 2,000 acres and is densely forested.
There are two or three small bays with sandy beaches
of no great extent. It is the largest of the Sembilan Group
and is separated from the other islands and from
the mainland by depths approximating to twenty-five
fathoms.
Except during the migration season the bird popula-
tion is small, being confined to a few nutmeg-pigeoq,
crows, sunbirds and an occasional kingfisher, excluding of
course the usual shore and marine birds.
1. Treron nipalensis, Hodgs. 1 $
2
256 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
2. Ptilinopus jambu (Gm.). 2 5,4$
Of highly migratory habits and found flighting at
night in many very diverse localities, such as Government
House, Singapore, and the Semangko Pass, Selangor-
Pahang boundary.
3. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.). 5^, 1$
Common on all the islands more or less throughout
the year but rarely if ever found away from the coastal
mangrove belt on the mainland.
4. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.). 2$
Probably resident on the island in small numbers
throughout the year.
5. Caloenas nicobarica (Linn.) . 1 5 , 2 9
Possibly resident, though we have never found it
in the summer months.
6. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.).
Found throughout the year.
7. Rallina superciliaris (Eyton) . 1 $
This rail and its congener R. fasciata are both very
wandering species.
8. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.). 1$
9. Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles) . 1 S
10. Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.). 1$
Both migratory birds of highly nocturnal habits.
11. Astur soloensis (Lath.). 1$ imm.
A rare bird in the Malay Peninsula; most of our
specimens have been obtained in the autumn or winter
months and it is doubtful if it is a resident.
12. Astur badius poliopsis (Hume) . 1 $ imm.
An immature female in process of change to the
adult plumage.
Also a migratory bird in the south of the Peninsula,
though not improbably resident in the northern parts.
13. Accipiter virgatus gularis, Temm. & Schleg. 3 $ imm,
10 9 imm.
Also a very common migrant to the Malay Peninsula,
but keeping mainly to the coasts. Other than immature
birds in the striped plumage are hardly ever met with,
14. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linn.). 3^,19
1922] Robinson & Kloss: Birds of Malacca Straits. 257
15. Eurystomus orientalis calonyx, Sharpe. 1 9
With Stuart Baker we are beginning to have our
doubts as to the separability of- these forms.
16. Alcedo atthis bengalensis, Gm. 1 ^ .
Resident. i
17. Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.). 1$
A visitor; but not a migrant in the true sense.
18. Halcyon pileata (Bodd.) . 1 $
19. Halcyon chloris humii, Sharpe. 1 $ imm.
Casual visitors.
20. Caprimulgus indica jotaka, Temm. & Schleg. 1^,1$
Common throughout the Peninsula in the winter
months.
21. Cuculus micropterus, Gould. 1 9
22. Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor (Hodgs.). 2 9 imm.
Only met with in the Peninsula in winter.
23. Eudynamis scolopacea malayana. Cab. 5 ^ , 11 9
Probably partially resident but the numbers are
much augmented in the winter months.
24. Surniculus lugubris, subsp. ? 2^,29
It is difficult to decide whether these cuckoos should
be referred to S. /. dicruraoides Hodgs., the northern race
or S. I. brachyurus, Stresemann, the southern form
described from Pahang. In size they are intermediate,
having a wing of from 131-136 mm,
25. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. 1 9 ^
Performs migrations of limited extent.
26. Hemichelidon sibirica f uliginosa, Hodgs. 2^,39
27. Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgs. 2 $
A bird of passage merely, on the coasts and at low
elevations in the Malay Peninsula. Probably resident
during the winter months in the higher mountains.
28. Muscitrea grisola grisola (Blyth) . 1 9
Probably resident.
29. Poliomyias mugimaki (Temm.). 5^, 15 9
Migratory.
30. Terpsiphone inch (Gould). 1$
Migratory.
258 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
31. Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis, Thayer and
Bangs. 1 f
Cyanoptila cumatilis, Thayer & Bangs, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard, III, 1909, p. 131 (Hupeh, China).
Our specimens from the Malay Peninsula conform
to the description of Thayer and Bangs. It is doubtful
however if they represent other than a non-breeding
plumage of the true C. cyanomelana (Temm.) from Japan
and it has yet to be shown that C. bella (Hay) described
from Hongkong does not apply to the second form, the
throat being described as " dull blue black."
32. Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr. 1 $
Migratory.
33. Cichloselys sibirica davisoni, Hume. 2$ imm.,
3 9 imm.
These birds are all very immature, but the Malayan
race is probably that described by Hume from Mulejdt
if Geocichla inframarginata from the Andamans, des-
cribed by BIyth in 1860, is not the same form.
34. Tardus obscurus (Gm.). 6^,5$
A bird of passage in the low country.
35. Oreocincla dauma (Lath.) . 1 $
A single bird shot on the 29th November, 1918, agrees
precisely with Oreocincla dauma, which has not been
recorded from further south than Central Tenasserim.
It is not O. affinis Richmond, from the mountains of
Peninsular Siam, with which we have compared it, that
species having fourteen and not twelve tail feathers.
Wing, 142 mm.
36. Locustella lanceolata (Temm.). 3$
Resident and common in the Malay Peninsula during
the winter months.
37. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.). 3 5, 2 5
Common in the Malay Peninsula. All this series are
the true A. b. borealis with the smaller first primary and
not A. b. xanthclryas, with the larger first primary extend-
ing well beyond the coverts, which is occasionally met
with.
38. Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus (Blyth) . 1 $
Reguloides humei praemium, Mathews and Iredale
Austral. Av. Record iii, p. 45, 1919.
This is the bird hitherto known as Acanthopneuste
superciliosus (Gm.)*. The present example is the most
southerly recorded; we have it also from Taiping.
* Cf. Ticehurst, Ibis, 1922, p. 147.
1922] Robinson & Kloss: Birds of Malacca Straits. 259
39. Aplonis panayensis strigatus (Horsf.). 1?
Accidental on Pulau Rumpia.
40. Motacilla boarula melanope, Pall. 1 9
A few are generally to be met with on Pulau Rumpia
in the winter months. From Pulau Lalang, distant two
or three miles from P. Rumpia, we have a specimen of
M. ftava simillima, Hartert, shot on 15th October, 1911.
This species is very rare in the Malay Peninsula.
41. Cyrtostomus ornatus ornatus (Less.). 2$
Fairly common throughout the year. This is the
bird hitherto known as Arechnecthra pectoralis (Horsf.).
XVIll. LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED ON PULAU
JARAK, STRAITS OF MALACCA,
In November, 1919, i
by
H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss.
For comparison with the birds collected on Pulau
Rumpia a collection was also made on Pulau Jarak,
Straits of Malacca, in November, 1919. Pulau Jarak is
a small island, about three hundred acres in extent, rising
steeply from the sea to a height of 600 feet. It is densely
covered with vegetation and has no beaches and is
entirely uninhabited.
Large numbers of a peculiar rat (Rattus rattus jarak,
Bonhote) are found on it and a slightly differentiated
form of a widely spread fruit bat {Pteropus hypomelanus
fretensis, Kloss). As might be expected the birds
obtained are not materially different from those on
Pulau Rumpia from which island Pulau Jarak is distant
about 34 miles almost due west, the maximum depth of
the intervening sea being about 30 fathoms.
List.
1. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.). 2$
2. Caloenas nicobarica (Linn.) . 1^,1$
3. Amaurornis phaenicura chinensis (Bodd.). 1^,39
4. Butorides javanica javanica (Horsf.) . 2^,1?
5. Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.). 1^, 2 9
6. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.). l9
7. Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles). 2s, 2 9
260 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
8. Anous stolidus pileatus (Bodd.). 1$
The black noddy is extremely rare in the Straits of
Malacca and this is only the second specimen on record.
9. Sterna fluviatilis tibetana, Saunders.
We are inclined to refer the terns of this type
obtained in the Straits of Malacca in winter to this
race of the Common tern and not to the Kamchatkan,
Sterna longipennis Nordman, as has been done by many
authors.
10. Accipiter virgatus gularis, Temm. & Schleg. 3^,6$
All these specimens are immature.
11. Astur soloensis (Horsf.). \$
A very nearly adult male.
12. Otus scops malayana (Hay) . 1 $
A moderately rufescent bird.
13. Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles) . 2^,4$
All belonging to the migratory form with the wing
over 210 mm.
14. Halcyon coromandus coromandus (Lath.). 6^,3$.
15. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.) .2$
16. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Temm. & Schleg. 1 $
17. Eudynamis scolopacea malayana, Cab. 2 $
18. Cuculus micropterus, Gould. 1 $
19. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. \ $
20. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles). 2$
21. Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgs. 1 5 , 1 $
22. Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis, Thayer and
Bangs. 1 $
23. Terpsiphone atrocaudata, Eyton. 2 $ imm.
Terpsiphone princeps, auct.
Two immature specimens. The bird is very rare,
or only makes a very brief stay in the Malay Peninsula,
whence we have Mily three other specimens.
24. Monticola solitarius philippinensis (Mull.). 1 $
25. Cichloselys sibirica davisoni (Hume) . 9^,5?
Adults are very typical C s. davisoni.
26. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.). 3 5
27. Locustella lanceolata (Temm.). 4^,2?
28. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.). 6^,2$
29. Dicrurus annectens, Hodgs. 7 5,1$
Quite typical.
1922] Robinson & Kloss : Three New Oriental Birds. 261
XIX. THREE NEW ORIENTAL BIRDS.
By H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss.
Otus luciae siamensis, siibsp. nov.
Heteroscops vulpes, Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay-
States Mus. V, 1914, p. 91 (Bandon) ; Gyldenstolpe, Ibis,
1920, p. 752.
Otus liiciae, Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Siam, v., 1922, p. 111.
A very rufous form of Otus luciae (Sharpe). The
black markings on the crown, nape and tail much reduced
and the spots on the back obsolete : wings and tail strongly
washed with rufous, the outer webs of the wing feathers
scarcely blackened, the pale wing bars much obscured.
The undersurface paler and the spots and vermiculations
obsolete. Differs similarly, but to a less degree, from
O. vulpes. Grant, from Gunong Tahan, 5,000 feet, Pahang.
We are not prepared to accept imlpes as different from
the Kinabalu bird.
Type. Adult female from Kao Nong, Bandon, 3,500
feet. Peninsular Siam: collected on 23rd June, 1913.
A male from Kao Luong, 5,000 feet, in the same
mountain range, differs only in having the black markings
on the head a little more pronounced and in being a
trifle darker beneath.
Compared with one example of O. luciae from N.
Sarawak and seven from the Malay States (O. vulpes.
Grant).
Cyornis anak, sp. nov.
Size as in Cyornis magnirostris, Blyth, but the bill
markedly smaller: males with the breast a deeper rufous
and the blackish-blue of the sides of the neck extending
to restrict the rufous area of the throat to a small A
shaped area falling considerably short of the mandible:
upper parts deeper blue.
Females like those of magnirostris but the under-
parts paler; the abdomen more extensively white owing
to lesser infuscation of the flanks, undertail-coverts
white, the pale area of the throat restricted as in the
males; the upper parts rather browner, less olivaceous.
Type. Adult male from Krongmun, Trang, Penin-
sular Siam: collected on 16th February, 1910. Specimens
examined : the typ.e, a male from Kao Luong, 2,000 feet,
Nakawn Sri Tamarat, a female from Nongkok, Ghirbi
and a female (? vixad.) from Chong, Trang; collected on
23rd March, 1922, 12th January, 1918 and 16th February,
1910, . ^
262 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Measurement: Wing $ 78*, 79, 5 77, 72: bill from
gape $ 19*, 18 9 17, 16.5 mm.
Compared with two males and two females of
C. magnirostris and a large series of C. caerulifrons
Baker — a much smaller bird. We cannot refer these
examples to any known form and are very reluctantly
impelled to give them a new name.
Kittacincla malabarica interposita, subsp. nov.
Kittacincla macrnrus macrurus, Robinson & Kloss,
Ibis, 1919, p. 596.
Differs from K. m. malabarica (Scop.) of India
and Burma (type locality Malabar) by its darker
female and from K. m. tricolor (Vieill.) of the southern
half of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and West Java
(type locality) in having the feathers of the thighs in
both sexes white, hardly tinged with rusty. From this new
race K. malabarica macrourus (Gm.) of Pulau Condore,
off Cochin-China, differs in being paler on the breast in
males and having less black on the outer tail-feathers.
Range. From South Annam and Cochin-China to
Tenasserim and down the Malay Peninsula to about
Trang as far as ascertained.
Type, Adult male from Daban, South Annam:
collected on 14th March, 1918, by Boden Kloss. Wing
94 mm.
Many specimens examined from the range indicated.
* Type.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 263
XX. ON A COLLECTION OF REPTILES AND
BATRACHIANS FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF
PAHANG, MALAY PENINSULA.
By Malcolm A. Smith, F.Z.S.
The present report is based upon collections made
in two separate, but not far distant localities: — (1) from
Gunong Tahan, the highest mountain of the Malay
Peninsula, and (2) from Eraser's Hill, an area on the
main peninsula range of considerably less altitude, north
of the well-known Semangko Pass, between Selangor and
Pahang, and not a part of the same range, and about 70
miles S.W. of Gunong Tahan.
The bulk of the collection is from the first-named
locality, and was made by the F.M.S. Museums in connec-
tion with the metoorolgical survey of Gunong Tahan
which has been undertaken during the past two years.
I am indebted to Mr. Herbert Robinson, Director of
Museums, for the privilege of examining it.
The following are the chief localities referred to: —
Kuala Teku. The confluence of the Tahan and Teku
Rivers at the foot of the Tahan massif. Height about 550
feet above sea level.
Kuala Tahan. The confluence of the Tahan and
Tembeling Rivers about fourteen miles below Kuala Teku.
Height about 230 feet above sea level.
Wray's camp. A halting place about four hours walk
from Kuala Teku. Height above sea level. 3,300 feet.
Padang. The main station on Gunong Tahan. Height
above sea level about 5,400-5,700 feet.
Gunong Gedong. One of the peaks of the eastern
Tahan range. Height above sea level about 6,400 feet.
All the specimens from Eraser's Hill were taken in
June last, at an elevation of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet.
With regard to the text of the report, the numbers
referred to are those of my own private register.
F.M.P., where used as a reference, indicates
" Boulenger's Fauna of the Malay Peninsula, Reptilia
and Batrachia, 1912."
The claim of Rana lateralis Boulenger, to be included
in the fauna of the Peninsula, (based on a single speci-
men), is shown to be incorrect (see R. miopus).
3
264 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Two new forms are described: — -
Rana cataracta
Kalophrynus rohinsoni.
Seven species appear new to the Peninsula: —
Chitra indica (Gray).
Coluber prasinus Blyth.
Polyodontophis collaris (Gray).
Lygosoma indicum (Gray).
Rana miopus Boulenger.
Rana picturata Boulenger.
Kaloula haleata (Mueller).
CHELONIANS.
Chitra indica (Gray).
Bouleng., Cat. Chelonians B.M., 1889, p. 264; Siebenrock,
Zool. Jahrb., 1909, Suppl. 10, p. 608 ; Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus.,
1912, VII., p. 169,' pi. VI., figs. 1 & 2.
The discovery of this species, one of the largest of
the freshwater turtles, in the Malay Peninsula is a fine
extension of its known range. It has previously been
recorded from the Ganges and Irrawady river systems.
This turtle has also been met with in the Ratburi
river. Western Siam, two adult specimens having been
caught near Kanburi. These two examples, which I
examined alive, differed from the description of the
Indian form in that the disc was marked with numerous,
pale broad lines and angular markings.
Although of not such a fierce disposition as the
common Trionyx cartilagineus, they would when irri-
tated suddenly shoot out their long necks with lightning-
like rapidity and were capable of giving one a vei-y
severe bite.
Testudo impressa (Gunther).
Testudo latinuchalis, F.M.P., p. 15.
Testudo impressa, Malcolm Smith, Journ. N. H. S. Siam, 1922,
IV., p. 204.
One adult male specimen from Eraser's Hill ; length
of shell in a straight line 260 mm. (No. 6591).
1922J Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 26o
SNAKES.
Typhops nigroalbus, D. & B.
1 ad, from the Tembeling river.
26 scales round the body.
Polyodontophis collaris (Gray).
Bouleng., Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 1893, I., p. 184.
1 3 from Padang, Gunong Tahan (No. 5980).
Sc. 17 rows throughout, V. 161, C. 100. Temporals
1 + 2, 10 supralabials. Total length 473 mm., tail 72.
Dark brown above; a black vertebral line and two
pale lateral ones; a black occipital bar, and another just
behind on the neck. All the markings are very indistinct.
White below with a series of lateral spots, confluent with
the colouring of the back. Upper lip with a white streak.
Gunong Tahan is a considerable extension south-
wards of the known range of this species. The specimen
is considerably darker in colour than any of those I have
seen from further north in Siam,
Natrix chrysargus (Schleg.).
Tropidonotus chrysargiis F.M.P., p. 127.
Seven examples from Kuala Teku and Kuala Tahan,
3 from Eraser's Hill. One juvenile (total length 240 mm.)
is light brown in colour with black reticulations.
No.
Sex.
Ventrals.
Caudals
5889
S
159
80
5890
£
159
82
5894
i
156
88
5892
6
164
92
6584
juv.
148
110
6586
juv.
160
106
5893
9
146
58?
5891
juv.
156
88
6585
9
161
30
$
161
89
Macropisthodon rhodomelas (Boie).
Kuala Tahan 2 examples, Wray's camp 1 example.
No. Sex. Ventrals. Caudals.
5896 9 143 42
5898 s 135 53
5897 juv. 139 48
266 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Macropisthodon flaviceps (D. & B.).
1 $ Kuala Tahan. No. 5895.
Ventrals 119. Caudals 61.
Coluber oxycephalus Boie.
One immature female (No. 5979) from Kuala Tahan.
Scales 25.25.17., V. 246., C. 130. Green above paler
below, tail yellowish-brown, unbarred.
Coluber prasinus Blyth.
Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., II., 1894, p. 59.
One 5 (No. 5999) from Wray's camp.
Previously known from the Eastern Himalayas to
Shan States (Burma), this is a considerable extension of
its range of distribution. Except in the longer loreal and
shorter anterior chin shields this specimen agrees entirely
with the description and with an example in the Indian
Museum (No. 16663) from Yunnan with which I have
compared it.
Loreal nearly twice as long as deep; one praeocular,
not in contact with the frontal; temporals 2 -[- 2; anterior
chin shields a little shorter than the posterior: scales in
19 rows reducing to 13 before the vent. Ventrals 203,
anal 2, caudals 105 (extreme tip of tail missing). Maxil-
lary teeth 22 ; mandibular 25.
Dendrophis pictus (Gm.).
One 9 Kuala Teku (No. 5975).
Scales 15.15.11. V. 160, C. 130.
Supralabials 8 and 9. The praeoculars in good
contact with the frontal. Chin and throat white, rest
of belly and tail below, pale bronze.
Macrocalamus lateralis Giinth.
F.M.P., p. 153.
A single example of this rare snake from Padang,
Gunong Tahan (No. 5981).
Scales in 15 rows throughout, ventrals 172. Caudals
30. A large loreal, twice as long as high; no distinct
posterior chin shields.
Colour. Darker brownish above. A dark band from
tl^e eye to the last labial with a yellow border above;
two indistinct yellow V shaped marks on the neck ;
labials yellow. Belly yellow spotted with black. A black
line at the outer margin of the ventrals and a median
subcaudal one. Total length 200 mm. Tail 30.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 267
Pseudorhabdium longiceps (Cantor).
One example from Fraser's Hill.
A common snake in the Peninsula at low levels but
not usually found at any altitude.
Calamaria pavimentata D. & B.
F.M.P., p. 157.
One 9 immature. Padang, Gunong Tahan.
Ventrals 164. Caudals 16.
Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie) .
Three adults. Padang, Gunong Tahan and Kuala
Teku.
Scales 17.17.15., ventrals $ 170, $ 173, 174. Caudals
$ 61, 9 57,. 60.
This species and Lachesis sumatrana are the only
species other than very rare on Gunong Tahan. Both
are common there as on other high mountains in the
Malay Peninsula.
Doliophis intestinalis (Luar.).
F.M.P., p. 206.
Two examples from Kuala Tahan and Kuala Teku.
No. 5902, juv. V. 250., C. 26; No. 5903, 9 V. 242. C. 21.
Colour (in spirit). Jet black above and on the sides,
with 3 narrow white lines, the vertebral (not bifurcated)
starting from the neck and extending to the tip of the
tail, the laterals occupying the upper half of the outer
row of scales and the lower half of the row next and
extending to the vent. Belly with broad transverse bars
of black and white; tail below orange, with two narrow
bars. Top of head brown mottled black.
Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw).
Lachesis gramineus, F.M.P., p. 17.
Two specimens from Fraser's Hill. Green above,
pale blue below ; outer row of scales white in the
upper half, dull red in the lower. This red pigment
in the flank band is common in examples from farther
north (N. Siam), but does not appear to have been
recorded before from the Peninsula. It does not occur
in specimens from Bangkok and the surrounding country
where this snake is common.
Boulenger's statement (p. 217) that this species is
without distinct canthus rostralis is not borne out in
specimens I have examined. In most adults it is well
marked.
2^8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Trimeresunis sumatranus (Raffles).
Lachesis sumatraiia, F.M.P., p. 217.
One 9 . Kuala Teku. (No. 5978).
Scales 21.21.15. V. 186, C. 80. 7 scales between the
supraoculars.
Verdant green above, with two chains of pink spots
down the back coalescing on the base of the tail to form
cross-bars. A pink temporal streak, and a white line
down the side on the outermost row of scales. Ventrals
and anterior subcaudals bright green; posterior half of
tail red above, white below.
LIZARDS.
Gymnodactylus marmoratus (Kuhl.).
One young $ from Kuala Tahan (No. 6002).
Gonatodes kendalli (Gray).
F.M.P., p. 38; Malcolm Smith, Journ. N. H. S. Siam, 1916,
11., p. 151.
One example from Eraser's Hill.
I have already (loc. cit. sup.), drawn attention to the
fact that a form of this Gecko exists identical in all
respects with the typical one except that the male poss-
esses 6 to 8 praeanal pores in an obtuse-angled series.
The present example is another instance of this form,
there being 6 pores separated by an enlarged scale.
Draco fimbriatus Kuhl.
One $ from Wray's camp, (No. 5983).
Draco melanopogon Rouleng.
Two s from Kuala Tahan.
Draco volans Linn.
One $ from Kuala Tahan.
Draco formosus Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 61.
One ad. ^ , 1 ad. $ , Kuala Teku Nos. 5984, 5907.
The female specimen confirms what I have previously
stated (Journ. N. H. S. Siam, II., p. 153) that the throat
is maroon or crimson, not green as given by authors.
Gonyocephalus borneensis (Schleg.).
1 ad. $ , No. 5906. The gular sac in this specimen is
unusually small.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 269
Gonyocephalus robinsoni Bouleng.
Journ. F.M.S. Mus. III., 1908, p. 65, pi. V..; idem. F.M.P., p.
67, fig. 19.
One 9 ad. and 1 juv. from Padang, Gunong Tahan.
Previously known from 1 ad. $ and 1 young one.
The adult agrees well with Boulenger's description. The
gular pouch is fully as large as in the male. There are
a few unevenly disposed enlarged scales upon the flanks.
9 upper and 9 lower labials; 72 scales round the middle
of the body, the laterals not much smaller than the
dorsals. The third and fourth fingers are of equal length.
Head and body, 125 mm., tail 300.
The juv. (No. 5990) has a head and body of 46 mm.,
and a tail of 105. Gular pouch well developed. 8 upper
and 8 lower labials. About 80 scales round the body with
enlarged ones as in the adult.
Calotes floweri Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 70.
One juv. from Gunong Gedong, No. 5905.
Fifty-seven scales round the middle of the body.
Greyish brown above, without dark patches.
This form has not yet been found below 6,000 feet
in the Malay Peninsula.
Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl.).
F.M.P., p. 70.
Kuala Tahan, 2 ad. 9 ., Nos. 5904, 5988.
Green with a large chocolate patch on either flank;
the hind limb reaches the eye; 80 and 85 scales round the
middle of the body. Boulenger's statement that this
species has up to 120 scales round the middle of the body
needs I think confirmation. I have never yet seen any
examples with more than 100, although I have examined
numerous specimens from all parts of the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.
Varanus dumerilii (S. Miill.).
F.M.P., p. 77.
Kuala Teku, 1 ex. (No. 5908).
A very young specimen which I refer to this species.
Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl.).
Seven specimens from Kuala Tahan and Kuala Teku.
Thirty-four scales round the body in five, 32 in two ;
dorsals tricarinate in all. The hind limb reaches the
axilla in two,
270 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.X,
Lygosama indicum (Gray).
Bouleng., Fauna Brii. Ind., Rept., p. 195.
Two young examples from Eraser's Hill.
As was expected, this lizard with its wide range from
the Eastern Himalayas to Southern China, Burma, Siam
and Indo-China has now been found also in the Malay
Peninsula.
Lygosoma butleri Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 91.
One example from Eraser's Hill (No. 6590).
Hitherto recorded only from the Larut Hills, Perak.
Distance between the end of the snout and fore-limb
less than 1^ times in distance between axil and groin,
10 and 11 subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe.
Brown above and on the sides, thickly spotted with
yellow. No dark lateral band. Below yellowish. From
snout to vent 29 mm., tail 42.
«
Lygosoma olivaceum (Gray).
Two examples from Kuala Tahan.
Thirty scales round the body, dorsals tricarinate.
Lygosoma vittigerum Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 94, Malcolm Smith, Journ. N. H. S. Siam, 1922, IV.,
p. 208.
One example from Kuala Teku (No. 5909).
It has 30 scales round the body and with the other
specimen from Kuala Teku recorded by Boulenger has
the praefrontals in broad contact with each other. These
two specimens and one other from Ginting Bidai appear
to be the only records of this species in the Malay
Peninsula.
Lygosoma cophias Bouleng.
Journ. Fed. Mai. States Mus. III., p. 67, PI. IV., Fig. 3 ;
F.M.P., p. 96.
One spec, from Wray's camp. (No. 5910).
Known from a single specimen previously obtained
on Gunong Tahan. This second exainple differs from the
type description in the following particulars: — Distance
between end of snout and fore-limb If times in distance
between axil and groin. A pair of distinctly enlarged
praecaudals. 10 lamellae beneath the fourth toe.
Head and body 55 mm., tail 48; arm 6; leg 9.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachiatis. 271
Lygosoma larutense Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 97.
One specimen Padang, Gunong Tahan.
Previously known only from the Larut Hills, Perak.
The specimen has 28 scales round the middle of the body.
There are 6 and 7 supralabials, the fourth (or fifth) which
is subocular being wedge-shaped, its apex not quite reaching
the margin of the lip.
Total length 205, head and body 90 ; fore-limb 7 ; hind
limb 1 ; from snout to fore-limb 20 ; fore-limb to hind
limb 66 mm.
Dark grey on the back and sides, yelloWish-white below.
Neck with 3 narrow transverse, yellowish bars, back with
6 fine longitudinal lines.
BATRACHIANS.
Oxyglossus laevis Gunth.
F.M.P., p. 225.
Seven examples from Kuala Tahan (Nos. 6045-6049)
Largest 32 mm. from snout to vent.
I have recently also examined a large series of this frog
from Mount Dulit, Borneo. The Gunong Tahan specimens
agree well with the Bornean individuals, and differ from
Siamese examples in the larger size of the discs of the toes
and in having the belly always unspotted.
Rana laticeps Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 230.
Three examples from Wray's camp and the Tahan
river.
Very common on Eraser's Hill whence a large series
was obtained.
Apparently known in the Peninsula previously, with
certainty, only from Gunong Kledang, Perak.
The tibio-tarsal articulation may reach the tip of the
snout.
Colour. Light or dark greyish with dark grey mark-
ings. The yv shaped mark on the back is present in most
juveniles, often enclosing a dull orange patch in life, but
indistinct or absent in the adults. Below white, the throat
and limbs with small black spots. A thin pale vertebral
line sometimes present.
Rana doriae Bouleng.
Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 49 ; F.M.P., p. 231 ; Malcolm Smith,
Journ. N.H.S. Siam, 1922, IV, p. 217.
One female (No. 5922) from Kuala Tekq,
4
272 Journal of the FM.S. Museums. [Vol.X,
Predominating colour above reddish-brown, with small
black markings ; throat and chest handsomely mottled with
brown.
Rana plicatella Stoliczka.
Bouleng., Rec, Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 53 ; Malcolm Smith,
Journ. N.H.S. Siara, 1922, IV, p. 227.
Three adult males, Fraser's Hill. I have recently dealt
very fully with these specimens and the place of this frog
in the R. doriae group {loc. cit. sup.) .
Rana macrodon D. & B,
Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 40.
Three half-grown examples from Kuala Tahan ; two
adults and 1 half grown from Fraser's Hill.
I place these specimens under Boulenger's var. blijthii,
a dubius race as its characters do not coincide with any
definite geographical distribution. In the younger speci-
mens the tibio-tarsal articulation usually reaches to beyond
the tip of the snout, in the adults to not quite so far.
Rana glandulosa Bouleng.
Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 181.
Two examples from Fraser's Hill.
Rana picturata Bouleng.
Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 179.
Seven examples from Kuala Teku and Kuala Tahan
(Nos. 5913-5915 and 6028-6031). The species has hitherto
been found only in Borneo. The largest, a male, is 57 mm.
frofti snout to vent ; the largest female is 55 mm. Two
females taken at the end of November are full of ripe ova.
Colouration. Black above, handsomely spotted and
marked with yellow or yellowish-brown. Five of the speci-
mens have a yellow band starting from the tip of the nose
and passing along the canthus rostralis, the margin of the
eyelid and down the back on either side to the groin. Lower
parts hrown, with small white spots in four examples,
whitish, uniform in two, whitish with black spots in one.
Two of the specimens, both $ , have large irregular
flat glandules on the back.
This species closely resembles R. glandulosa to which
I at first referred them, but it can be recognized by the
more extensive web to the toes, and the more ornate
colouration. The male also has internal vocal vesicles.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 273
Rana luctuosa (Peters).
F.M.P., p. 238.
Fourteen examples from Fraser's Hill.
Rana miopus Bouleng.
Rana miopus Bouleng., Journ. N.H.Soc. Siani, 1918, III, p. 11 ;
idem, Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 149.
Rana lateralis, Laidlaw, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 886, pi. LVII, figs. 1 & 2 ;
Bouleng. (in part) F.M.P., 1912, p. 239.
Two adult males (Nos. 5911 & 5912) from Kuala
Tembeling, and 1 juvenile (No. 6037) from Kuala Tahan.
Originally discovered in the mountains of Nakon
Sritamarat, Peninsular Siam, this frog was described from
an adult female specimen and a juvenile. A male taken
at the same time, and until recently in my possession,*
agrees well with these individuals from Gunong Tahan.
They have the curious blackish, obliquely-running fine
glandular folds across the back which are to be found only
in one other species of frog from this region, namely
R. lateralis. It turns out also that the frog recorded and
figured by Laidlaw from Kuala Aring, Kelantan (P.Z.S.,
1900) as this latter species, must be referred to miopus.
Miss Procter has kindly examined this specimen, now in
the Museum at Cambridge for me, and confirms my
suspicions as to its identity.
In the three males examined by me the canthus
rostralis is distinct ; the hind limb reaches to between
the nostril and the eye ; the skin of the back is smooth
in one and more or less studded with minute horny
tubercles in two.
The vocal sacs are very prominent, appearing as
distended pouches through a slit on either side of the throat
in front of the fore-arm. They have a large fiat oval gland
at the shoulder and a thick pad on the inner side of the
first finger.
Colour. Greyish-brown above and on the side, the
glandular dorsal fold not darker ; a dark brown patch
enclosing the tympanum ; upper lip lightish ; the limbs
with dark bars ; a series of fine black lines running oblicfuely
downwards from left to right between the dorso-laleral
folds. Below yellowish-white.
The juvenile from Gunong Tahan is coloured pink, like
the juvenile from the type locality.
As the Kuala Aring specimen is the only record of
Rana lateralis in the Malay Peninsula, it must disappear
from the fauna of this region.
* Now in the British Museum of Natural History.
274
Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Measurements Of R. miopus, in mm.
No.
Snout to vent
Length of head -
Breadth of head -
Snout
Eye
Interorbital width
Tympanum
Arm
1st finger
2nd „
3rd „
4th „
Hind limb
Tibia
Foot
1210
65
23
22
9
7
4-5
5
39
11
8
11
75
100
32
31
Khao Wang Hip
(P. Siam),
5911
62
21
21
9-5
6-5
5
5
40
10-5
9
11
8
100
33
32
5912
63
23
22
10
■ 7
5
55
41
10
8
11
75
103
32
^32
G. Tahan.
Rana nigrovittata (Blyth).
Bouleng., Rec. Ind. Mus., 1920, XX, p. 144 ; idem. F.M.P., p. 242 ;
Malcolm Smith, P.Z.S., 1921, p. 433 ; idem., Journ. N.H.S. Siam,
1922, IV, p. 212.
One example from Kuala Teku (No. 5927) .
Boulenger has included this species in the fauna of the
Peninsula on the strength of young specimens from the
Batu Caves, Selangor. An adult $ obtained at Kuala Teku,
confirms his opinion.
Colouration. Brown above, with a broad well defined
black stripe along the upper half of the flank.
Rana chalconota Schlagel.
Baiia labialis, F.M.P., p. 242.
Rana chalconota, Bouleng., Rec. Ind. Mus,, 1920, XX, p. 201.
Two examples from Kuala Teku.
Rana hosii Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 243.
One adult $ from the Tahan river. (No. 6036) .
The tibia is exactly the length of the head and body,
and the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches well beyond the
snout.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 2*75
Rana cataracta, sp. nov.
Type adult male, Author's No. 6164, collected on Khao
Ram, Nakon Sritamarat Hills, Peninsular Siam, at 300
metres elevation, in Feb. 1922.
Description of type. Vomerine teeth in moderately
strong, oblique series, commencing between the choanae
and extending beyond their posterior borders, equidistant
from each other and from the choanae. Head a little longer
than broad, much depressed ; snout obtusely pointed,
projecting a little beyond the mouth. Canthus rostralis
strong, slightly oblique, deeply concave ; nostril nearer the
end of the snout than the eye ; distance between the nostrils
greater than the interorbital width, which is less than that
of the upper eyelid ; eye large and prominent, its diameter
nearly equal to the length of the snout ; tympanum very
distinct, f the diameter of the eye, not half as long as its
distance from the latter.
Fingers moderately long, the tips dilated into large
discs, those of the third and fourth considerably smaller
than the tympanum ; first finger slightly shorter than
second, third longer than the snout ; subarticular tubercles
large and prominent.
Hind limb long, the tibio-farsal articulation reaching
well beyond the tip of the snout ; heels strongly over-
lapping when the limbs arc folded at right angles to the
body ; tibia once and three-fifths in length of head and body,
longer than the foot ; a feeble tarsal fold ; toes with discs
similar to but smaller than those of the fingers, fully
webbed, the web involving the bases of the discs, slightly
emarginate ; outer metatarsals separated to the base ;
subarticular tubercles moderately large, prominent ; inner
metatSi'sal tubercle oval, somewhat flattened, one-third the
length of the inner toe ; no outer tubercle.
Upper parts finely granulate ; coarsely granulate be-
hind the thighs and upon the sides of the body, the latter
also with numerous small warts ; lower parts smooth. A
moderately broad and fairly prominent glandular dorso-
lateral fold from the eye to the hip.
Colour. Verdant green in life above, greyish in spirits;
sides of the head and body a little darker ; limbs with
indistinct cross bars ; upper lip and the glandule behind
it, white. Lower parts white.
Vocal vescicles internal ; a moderately strong pad on
the first finger. No other sexual characters.
Variation. 21 specimens examined, 1 1 5 3 $ , from
the type locality, 4^ 3$ from Fraser's Hill. Except
276 journal of the F.M.S Museums. I Vol. X,
for some slight differences in measurements, the males do
not differ in any important character from the type
specimen except in having a more prominent, glandular
dorso-lateral fold. Females arc considerably larger.
Two of the males (Nos. 6532, 6534) from Eraser's
Hill are coloured as follows : — Bright green on the back,
sides of body and limbs above brown, the latter with darkish
crossbars ; below white. Two females from the same
locality (Nos. 6535-6) are purplish brown above and on
the sides ; below whitish, the throat, chest and under surface
of limbs heavily powdered with brown.
Eggs large and unpigmented, 2-5 mm. in diameter.
Rana cataracta is closely allied to R. hosii Blgr., and
R. livida (Blyth) .* From the former it differs in the larger
tympanum, more coarsely granulate skin, and very
distinctly in colouration. From the male of R. livida, with
its prominent bladder-like external vocal vescicles, it is
easily distinguished. The females of the two, except for
some slight differences in colouration appear to be
indistinguishable from each other.
From R. chalconata (Schleg.) another near ally which
agrees exactly with it in colouration, and which was found
in company with it on Khao Bam, it differs in the longer
hind limb, more fully webbed toes and in the absence of
the small external metatarsal tubercle.
Remarks. This new frog was first discovered on Khao
Ram, on the banks of a stream famous for its scries of
magnificent waterfalls. It was common at 300 metres
altitude, at a couple of large pools where we were camped
for some days, but was not found on two other hills in the
same range visited on the same trip.
Its habits were those of a true tree frog, perching high
up in bushes, or on the trunks of trees, or hopping about
on the rocks beside the swiftly flowing water. The call of
the male, heard at night only, was a short whistling cry,
sometimes almost a scream, and by it they could be tracked
down with a lantern and caught.
The Rami livida obtained by Wray in the Larut Hills,
Perak, should possibly be referred to this species.
* Also to /?. graminea, Blgr., which appears to differ from
livida chiefly in the presence of a more or less defined glandular
dorso-lateral fold. Originally described from Hainan, this frog
has since been found to be widely spread over Siam and Indo-
China. I strongly suspect the two will have to be united.
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 277
Measurements of R. cataracta, from Khao Ram, in mm.
Type.
No. - - 6169 6160 6163 6162 6164 6165 6166 6170 6186 6187
Snout to vent
50
53
54
57
53
55
51
50
86
86
Length of head
18
20
20
20
18
21
19
18
29
29
Breadth of head
16
17
17
18
16
19
17
16
29
27
Snout -
8
8
85
85
8
9
75
7
13
135
Eye -
6
8
7
7
75
8
75
75
10
10
Interorbital -
4
45
45
5
4
5
4
45
75
8
Tympanum
4
45
45
4
4
45
4
4-5
45
45
Fore limb
31
37
35
38
35
37
34
32
57
55
Hind limb
92
98
99
110
98
35
97
91
148
150
Tibia -
32
32
35
37
34
34
32
32
52
53
Foot -
27
29
28
31
29
31
28
28
48
46
Sex -
S
c?
^
c?
<S
^
6
cT
?
?
Measurements of Specimens from Eraser's Hill.
No. - - - 6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6600
Snout to vent -
- 49
50
48
46
95
98
104
Length of head
- 19
19
18
16
32
34
35
Breadth of head
- 16
16
16
14
31
31
34
Snout
8
8
7-5
7
14
16
17
Eye
7
65
7
55
11
105
12
Interorbital width
4
4
45
4
95
9
10
Tympanum
4
4
4
3-5
6
6-5
55
Fore limb
- 30
33
30
30
64
67
69
Hind limb
- 89
86
90
89
180
186
198
Tibia -
- 30
32
30
32
62
67
70
Foot
- 25
27
26
27
52
56
61
Sex - - - c? c^ c? d' ? ? ?
Type to the British Museum of Natural History.
Rana larutensis Boiileng.
Eana larutensist F.M.P., p. 245.
Staurois larutensis, Bouleng., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 1, 1918,
p. 374.
Six examples, Padang, Gunong Tahan and Kuala Teku ;
four examples, Eraser's Hill
The largest 9 is 75 mm., from snout to vent, the
largest $ 44 mm. Another $ , 70 mm. in length, taken
in December, contained about 800 eggs, unpigmented, each
measuring from 1-75 to 2 mm. in diameter. Several
tadpoles with fully developed limbs and diminishing tail,
but with the large ventral sucker still complete were taken
at the same time.
278 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.X,
The amount of black blotching upon the upper parts
of the frog is variable, and may be so extensive as almost to
obscure the green. Some specimens have the throat and
under surfaces of the thighs heavily marked with black also.
The male has vocal vescicles fairly well marked
externally, the skin on either side of the jaw being thinned
and thrown into longitudinal folds.
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Gravenh.).
F.M.P., p. 248.
Three examples from Kuala Tahan and many from
Eraser's Hill. In some of these the tibio-tarsal articula-
tion reaches the tip of the snout, in others well beyoncj.
The hind leg of this common tree-frog varies greatly
in length, and in the large series in my possession from
Siam and Indo-China, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
beyond the snout in more than half of them. Philippine
examples evidently do the same (cf. Taylor, Philippine
Amphibia, 1920, p. 289).
Rhacophorus bimaculatus Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 250.
13 exs. Bukit Fraser.
This tree-frog is very closely allied to R. reinwardti
Boie, and I doubt if it should really be considered specifi-
cally distinct. I have compared the above examples,
and 24 more from Khao Luang in the Nakon Sritamarat
Hills, Peninsular Siam (unfortunately, only one more than
half grown) with 4 specimens of typical reinwardti from
Java. None of the differences claimed by Boulenger for
them will stand.
The vomerine teeth may be in slightly oblique series
or perfectly straight. The cutaneous folds above the vent
along the sides of the arms and legs may be slightly or
strongly developed. No black spots are present on the
membrane between the fingers and toes of the Siamese
examples, but are present in half the series from the
Malay Peninsula.
The character in which the two forms however do
consistently differ is in the size of the discs of, and extent
of the web between, the fingers and toes. In reinwardti
the finger discs are always larger than the tympanum and
the membrane is fuller, usually extending to the disc of
the third finger. In bimaculatus the discs are not larger,
and often smaller, than the tympanum, and the web never
reaches the disc of the third finger.
In addition the membrane of both fingers and toes
in reinwardti are wider, allowing a more complete
separation of the digits. Thus when the fingers of this
frog are fully extended, the first and fourth form a straight
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 279
line; in bimaculatus they make an obtuse angle. The
external metatarsals are completely separated in rein-
wardti, in bimaculatus not completely.
Tadpoles taken on Fraser's Hill and bred out by me
agree entirely with van Kampen's description of the tad-
pole of reinwardti (Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind., LXIX., 1909,
p. 43).
The colouration of R. bimaculatus in life shews
considerable variation, the upper parts ranging through
various shades of green, grey, pink or brown, usually
uniform but sometimes with an indistinct dark) (upon
the back. Below dull yellow the membrane between the
fingers yellow, between the toes red or orange, this
colour sometimes including the upper arm, flanks and
a band along the thighs. Very young specimens are
light brownish-green above, with a white throat and belly
and yellow limbs.
R. reinwardti appears to have accomodated itself to
more lowland conditions, thriving at Buitenzorg, altitude
250 m., while R. bimaculatus as far as the Malay Peninsula
and Siam is concerned has not been found below 700 m.
Philautus brevipes (Bouleng.).
Ixaliis brevipes, Bouleng, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. III., 1908, p. 63,
pi. IV., fig. 1; F.M.P., p. 253.
A fine series of 16 specimens of this little tree-frog,
hitherto known only from a single example. (Nos. 5970
and 6007 to 6021), One was taken by Mr. Chasen at Kuala
Teku on a broad leaf overhanging the water, the remainder
are from Camp Padang. The type was obtained by Mr.
Robinson on Gunong Tahan at 1,000 metres.
The series agrees well with the description. The tibio-
tarsal articulation may reach to the anterior border of the
eye. The tympanum varies in distinctness, and is always
smaller than the disc of the third finger. The skin of the
back is smooth in some, finely shagreened in others.
As is common with many species of Philautus the
colour is variable. About half the scries shew the dark
patch on the back, more or less as figured in the description
of the type. In others the back is uniformly but coarsely
speckled with black all over. Some have no dark bars to
the Ihnbs. Greyish olive is the predominating colour above,
except in one example which is reddish brown.
The example from Kuala Teku (No. 5970) is pale grey
above (under the glass dark grey finely vermiculated with
buff), and with a broad irregular buff band along either
side of the back. This specimen, the largest, measures 36
mm^ from snout to vent.
Several of the females contain ripe ova, the eggs being
large, few and pigmented. Diameter 2 mm;
5
280 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
Philautus castanomerus (Bouleng.).
Ixalus castanomerus, Bouleng., Journ. F.M.S. Mus., I., 1905,
p. 39, pi. IV., fig. 1; F.M.P., p. 254.
One example, Kuala Teku (No. 5929) ; one example
Wray's Camp (No. 5930).
Boulenger's description, drawn up from a single
example, agrees entirely with these two specimens except
in colouration, a point of little significance with many of
the members of this genus, so greatly may they vary both
in colouration and in markings.
No. 5930 has the snout obliquely pointed as in the
figure, the other, a larger one, has it more acutely pointed
owing to the presence of a distinct dermal tip.
Both specimens are dark brown colour above, the
smaller one uniform, the larger with indistinct paler
mottlings and indications of a dark X ; below pale yellowish-
brown, heavily spotted with dark brown.
Boulenger has compared this species with his
P. vermiculatus ; 1 can find nothing, however, except
colouration and a slightly narrower interorbital region, to
separate it from the Javan P. aurifasciatus Schlegel, with
a specimen of which I have compared it.
Kalophrynus robinsoni, sp. nov.
Type, author's number 5935, collected at Wray's Camp
in Oct. 1920 ; presented to the British Museum.
Description of the type. Tongue elliptic, entire.
Snout short, truncate, projecting slightly beyond the
mouth ; canthus rostralis distinct, loreal region vertical,
feebly concave ; interorbital region broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two-thirds the diameter of the
eye. First and second fingers very short, not half the length
of the third, fourth shorter still ; toes one-third webbed,
the web extending as a fringe along the outer sides of the
toes ; fifth toe shorter than the third ; tips of fingers and
toes bluntly pointed ; a feebly developed oval inner
metatarsal tubercle and a rounded outer one. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum.
Skin of the back granular, with small scattered
tubercles ; a series of tubercles along the dorso-lateral
region from the eye to the groin ; belly and groin with
large, coarse granules ; throat with finer granules ; a
curved fold from the eye to the shoulder.
Light brown above with dark brown markings, in
particular a large one on the back extending forwards in
two branches to the eyelids, and backwards, in two longer
branches to the groins ; sides of head and body very dark
brown, this colour sharply defined from the light brown
1922] Smith: Reptiles and Batrachians. 281
of the back ; limbs with dark cross bars, and a dark patch
enclosing the vent and extending along the back of the
thighs. Below yellowish, spotted and speckled with brown.
From snout to vent 17 mm.
Variation. Five examples from the type locality
(author's numbers 5934 to 5938 inclusive) and one more
from Kuala Teku (5942) do not show much variation from
the type specimen. The tympanum is not so distinct in
two examples ; in one the series of tubercles along the
doso-lateral region is very conspicuous, and there is in
addition another series along the hinder side of each thigh
as in K. pleuro stigma. Two specimens have a pink tinge
upon the upper parts ; the dark forked mark on the back
varies considerably both in extent and shape.
Kalophrynus robinsoni is related to K. heterochirus
Boulenger, from Borneo, from which it differs in the
shorter hind limb, shorter third finger, the strongly
tubercular skin and distinctive colouration.^
The specimens here described are evidently very
young. Their characters however are quite distinct
The dermal ridge across the palate behind the choanae
it obtusely V shaped and interrupted in the mid-line, as in
K. pleiirostigma ; the ridge in front of the oesophagus is
pronounced and strongly denticulate, while the one anterior
to it is curved and less strongly denticulate. Boulenger's
figure of K. pleurostigma in F.M.P., 257, represents the
anterior ridge as a continuous curve. In 22 specimens in
my collection from various parts of Siam and Indo-China,
it is in each one interrupted in the mid-line for some
distance. Miss Procter informs me that the palatal ridge
of K. heterochirus is almost straight, and is just inter-
rupted in the middle.
Microhyla butleri Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 261.
One juvenile from Kuala Teku ; four adults from
Eraser's Hill.
Recently also I have examined a specimen frorn the
He-Ho plain, Southern Shan States, Burma, sent me by Dr.
Anandale ; a considerable extension of the known
geographical range of this frog.
Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth).
F.M.P., p., 263.
Two juveniles, one from Kuala Teku, the other of
unknown origin — the label being lost. It is certainly
however from somewhere on this mountain.
This specimen a $ (No. 6050) is somewhat remarkable,
in that although only 17 mm. in length from snout to vent
1. Kindly compared for me by Miss Procter with the type
specimen, now in the British Museum.
6
282 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X,
it is filled with ripe ova. In every character however it
agrees with M. berdmorei.
Kaloula baleata (Miiller).
CaUiila baleata, Bouleng., Cat. Batr. Sal., 1882, p. 169.
Kaloula baleata, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (1912), XLIV,
(1) p. 72.
One adult $ (No. 5928) with ripe ova collected at Kuala
Tahan, in January. This is the first record of this burrow-
ing frog from the mainland of Asia, although it is well
known in the Archipelago.
Phrynella pulchra Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 265.
A male and female taken in copula in September at
Kuala Tahan (Nos. 5931, 5932). They were caught in the
bottom of a boat in a pool of water that had collected there
from a storm of the previous night. Eggs large and
pigmented, the vitelline sphere measures 1*5 mm. in
diameter. The male has the pad at the base of the first
finger slightly larger than that of the female, but there
are no other characters separating the sexes.
Bufo jerboa Bouleng.
F.M.P., p. 271.
One half -grown example of this toad from Kuala
Teku.
Bufo penangensis Stol.
F.M.P., p. 270.
One example Kuala Teku. Two examples Eraser's
Hill.
The Bukit Eraser examples have dull white markings
instead of the usual yellow ones.
Bufo parvus Bouleng.
Two examples Kuala Tahan.
Bufo asper Gravenh.
Apparently common in most localities up to 1,500
metres.
Megalophrys nasuta Cantor.
One example Wray's camp. No. 4947.
Megalophrys longipes Bouleng.
Bouleng. P.Z.S., 1908, p. 415.
One-hailf grown example from Eraser's Hill.
[Rana pullus Smith (antea p. 197) is preoccupied by
Rana pullus Stoliczka (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XXXIX
1870, p. 142) and the frog from Chumporn may therefore
be known as Rana tasanae (cf . Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam,
VI, 1921, p. 193)1.
1922] Pendlebury: A New Malayan Butterfly. 283
XXI. A BUTTERFLY NEW TO THE MALAY
PENINSULA.
By H. M. Pendlebury, F.E.S.
Systematic Entomologist, F.M.S. Museums.
Amongst some insects recently obtained in the Main
Range north of Gunong Berumbun is a butterfly of a
species not yet recorded from further south than
Tenasserim : —
FAMILY NYMPHALIDAE.
Sub-family Satyr inae.
Lethe verma Koll.
Lethe verma Fruhst. in Seitz' Macrolepidoptera, IX, p. 324;
Bingham, Fauna of British India, Butterflies I., p. 84.
$ , Lubok Tamang, Pahang, F.M.S., 4,000 feet, Sept.
8th 1922. Native Collector.
This individual which has an expanse of 68 mm., the
prominent ochreus-white oblique discal band on the fore-
wings beings 7 mm. broad in the middle, comes nearest
to the wet-season form L. V. sintica which, according to
Fruhstorfer " . . . . presents very definitely the aspect
associated with a rainy district ; compared with verma
from the dry West of the region." L. v. stenopa Fruhst.,
recorded from Tenasserim, ".... shows a reversion to-
wards verma ; comes likewise from districts with a small
rainfall and hence again with predominantly dry-season
facies."
Previously recorded from N.-W. and E. Himalayas ;
Assam ; Khasia Hills ; Burma and Tenasserim.
Fruhstorfer, I.e., places this species under group
Hermias, Fruhst. and records six subspecies as follows: —
L. V. verma Koll. Common in Kashmir and
Mussurie.
L. V. sintica Fruhst. Sikkim and Assam.
L. V. stenopa Fruhst. Tonking, Hainan, Shan States
and Tenasserim.
L. V. laticincta Fruhst. Wet season form, China.
L. V. cinctomani Fruhst. Melanotic island extreme,
Formosa.
L. V. satarnus Fruhst. Mountain form, Omeishan,
W. China.
INDEX.
A. ZOOLOGY.
Page
aagaardi, Hydrophis tor-
quatus 14, 42
Accipiter virgatus gularis
254, 256, 260
Acroccphalus orientalis . . 255
algyptus singapura, Eiiploea 189
aelia, Eiiploea simillinia . . 191
aenetheta, Sterna . . 25.'^
affinis artenicc, Danaida . . 178
inalayana Danaida 177
aglea nielanoides, Danaida . . 170
Aipysurus eydouxii 32, 63
albata, Danaida albata . . 168
albirictis, Dicrurus macro-
cercus . . 207
alboniger, Spizaetus .. 211
alcatlfbe gardineri, Euploea 183
monticola, Euploea 183
Alcedo atthis bengalensis . . 256
Alseonax latirostris 254, 260
Amaurornis phoenicura chi-
nensis 253, 259
anak, Cyornis . . 261
andanianensis, (^orvus coro-
noides . . 223
annandalei, Thalassophis 29, 59
annectens, Dicrurus . . 260
anomalus, Thalassophis 29, 58
Anous stolidus pileatus . . 260
Aplonis panayenis strigata 259
archippus, Danaida . . 173
Arctonyx collaris hoeveni . . 236
Ardetta sinensis . . 254
anustrongi, Halcyon chloris 214
artenice, Danaida affinis . . 178
aspasia aspasia, Danaida . . 171
asper, Bufo . . 282
Astur badius poliopsis . . 256
soloensis 256, 260
atriceps, Hydrophis atriceps
25, 53
atrocaudata, Terpsiphone 254, 260
A
Page
atthis bengalensis, Alcedo . . 256
australis, Drvniocataphus
tickelli ' . . 205
badius poliopsis, Astur . . 256
baleata, Kalloula 264,282
Balionycteris maculata sei-
mundi . . 229
banksi banks!, Danoida . . 167
baraniensis, Tropidonotus . . 199
barang barang, Lutra . . 238
barussana, Malacocincla se-
piaria . . 205
bataviana, Danaida chrysip-
pus ..173
bengalensis, Alcedo atthis 256
berdmorei, Microhyla . . 281
besuki, Sciurus nigrovittatus 231
bicolor, Myristicivora 256, 259
biniaculatus, Rhacophorus 278
bisincta praetennissa, Treron 203
boarula iiielanope, Motacilla 259
borealis borealis, Phvllos-
copus 255,' 258, 260
borneana, Chalcoparia singa-
lensis . . 209
borneensis, Eupeles niacro-
cercus . . 204
(lonyocephalus 268
Macropvgia emi-
liana . . 203
Brachylophus puniceus con-
tinentis . . 204
brevirostris, Chibia hotten-
totta . . 223
brevipes, Philautus . . 279
l)rugmannsi, Hydrophis 12, 40
Bufo asper . . 282
jerboa . . 282
pai-vus . . 282
penangensis . . 282
bukit tenimincki, Rattus . . 233
])utleri, Lygosonia . . 270
Microhyla . . 281
Bulorides javanica . . 253, 259
Index. — Zoology.
Page
caerulescens, Hydrophis cae-
rulescens 17, 45
caesia, Philentoma velata 217
Calamaria pavimentata . . 267
Caloenas nicobarica 256, 259
Calotes cristatellus . . 269
floweri . . 269
Caprimulgus indicus jotaka
254, 257, 260
castanomerus, Philautus . . 280
cataracta, Rana 264, 275
cathoecus, Dicrurus macro-
cercus . . 207
certhiola, Locustella . . 255
Ceyx tridactyla 254, 257
chalconota, Rana . . 274
Chalcoparia singalensis
borneana 209
interposita 209
koratensis 208
phoenicotis 210
singalensis 209
suniatrana 209
Chalcophaps indica . . 25G
Chelidon dasypus 253, 255
chersonesia, Hcstia leuconoe 101
chersonesus, Chrysocolaptes
strict us . . 217
Chibia hottentotta 221, 222
brevirostris 223
chrishna
222, 223
chinensis, Amaurornis
phoenicura 253, 259
chloris armstrongi. Halcyon 214
cvanoscens, Halc-
yon 214, 215
humii, Halcyon 214,257
palmeri. Halcyon
214, 215
chrishna, Chibia hottentotta
222, 223
Ghitra indica . . 264
chrysargus, Natrix . . 265
chrysippus bataviana, Da-
naida . . 173
Chrysocolaptes strictus cher-
sonesus . . 217
Cichloselys sibirica davisoni
254, 258, 260
cinerea, Terekia , . 253
Page
cinereus, Pericrocotus 254, 258
climena ' sepulchralis, Eup-
loea . . 181
coccometopus, Heniicercus
concretus . . 212
Coccystes coromandus . . 254
collaris hoeveni, Arctonyx 236
Polyodontophis
264, 265
Collocalia innoniinata . . 254
Coluber oxycephalus . . 266
prasinus 264, 266
conii)iIator, Corvus enca . . 228
concretus coccometopus, He-
niicercus . . 212
conica contracta, Pachylabra 193
consobrinus, Hydrophis 20, 49
contineutis, Brachylophus
puniceus . . 204
contracta, Pachylabra conica 193
cophias, Lygosonia . . 270
core graniinifera, Euploea 182
coromanda coronianda, Hal-
cyon 215,216,254,260
minor. Halcyon 216
neophora, Hal-
cyon
216
coromandus, Coccystes
254
coronoides andamanensis.
(Corvus
223
coronoides, Corvus
223
macrorhynchus,
Corvus
224
corns phoebus, Euploea
187
Corvus coronoides
223
andaman-
ensis
223
macror-
hynchus
224
enca compilator
228
enca
228
crameri marsdeni, Euploea
179
snelleni, Euploea
180
crassa crassa, Euploea
190
cristatellus, Calotes
269
cristatus, Lanius
255
crowleyi, Daiiaida
168
Cryplolopha trivirgata
218
kinabaluense
219
parvirostris
219
Index. — Zoolo(.y,
iii
Page
Cuculus micropterus 254, 257, 260
culminata, Lalage fimbriata 219
cumatilis, Cyanoptila cyano-
mclana " 254, 258, 260
cyanea, LarvivOra 255, 260
cvanescens. Halcyon chloris
214, 215
cyanocinctus, Hydrophis 8, 37
cyanomelana cumatilis, Cya-
noptila 254, 258, 260
cyanoptera. Pitta 254, 257, 260
Cyanoptila cyanomelana cu-
matilis 254, 258, 260
Cyornis anak . . 261
elegans . . 212
Gyrtostomus ornatus ornatus 259
Danaida affinis artenice . . 178
malayana 177
aglea melanoides 170
albata albata . . 168
archippus . . 173
aspasia aspasia . . 171
banksi banksi .. 167
chrysippus bata-
viana . . 173
crowleyi . . 168
eryx eryx . . 169
juventa krakatauae 166
juventa sitah . . 165
lininiace limniacc 172
lotis lotis . . 178
luzoncnsis prae-
macaristus . . 169
melaneus platanis-
ton . . 166
melanippus hege-
sippus . . 176
insularis . . 176
melissa septentrio-
nis . . 172
plexippus intcnsa 175
plexippus 175
similis vulgaris . . 164
sita ethologa , . 168
tityoides . . 168
daos perakana, Ideopsis . . 162
dasypus, Chelidon 253, 255
dauma, Oreocincla 255, 258
davisoni, Cichloselvs sibirica
254,258,260
Page
deheeri lamos, Euploea . . 182
deione mcnetriesi, Euploea 184
dejeani, Euploea midamus . . 189
Demiegretta sacra 256, 259
Dendrophis pictus . . 266
dicruroides, Surniculus lu-
gubris . . 254
Dicrurus annectens . . 260
macrocercus albi-
rictes . . 207
cathoecus . . 207
harterti . . 207
javanus 207, 208
macrocercus 207
thai 207, 208
diocletianus diocletianus,
Euploea . • 190
Doliophis intestinalis . . 267
doriae, Rana . . 271
Draco fimbriatus . . 268
formosus . . 268
volans . . 268
Drymocataphus tickelli aus-
Iralis . . 205
dufresne harrisi, Euploea . . 185
dumerilii, Varanus . . 269
Dupetor llavicollis 254,256,259
elegans, Cyornis . . 212
eleusina eleusina, Euploea 191
emiliana borneensis, Mac-
ropygia . . 203
enca compilator, Corvus . . 228
enca, Corvus . . 228
Enhydris hardwickii 32, 61
Enhydrina valakadyn 30, 60
Entomothera coromanda . . 215
eryx eryx, Danaida . . 169
ethologa, Danaida sita . . 168
Eudvnamis scolopacea ma-
layana 257, 260
Eupetes macrocercus bor-
neensis . . 204
macrocercus 212
Euploea aegyptus singapura 189
alcathoe gardineri 183
inonticola 183
climenasepulchralis 181
crameri marsdeni 179
snelleni 180
VI
Index. — Zoology.
Page
lateralis, Macrocalamiis . . 266
laticeps, Rana . . 271
latirostris, Alseonax 254, 260
layardi, Euploea . . 183
ledereri, Euploea mazares 187
Lethe verma . . 283
leucobalia, Fordonia . . 201
leucogonys, Euploea Icucos-
tictos . . 188
leucomystax, Rhacophorus 278
leuconoe chersonesia, Hestia 161
leucostictos leucogonys, Eup-
loea . . 188
limniace limniace, Danaida 172
Linionites subminuta . . 253
lineata, Hestia hypermnestra 161
Locustella certhiola . . 255
lanceolata 255,258, 260
logani logani, Hestia 160
longipcs, Megalophrys 282
longiceps, Pseudorhabdiuiii 267
lotis lotis, Danaida . . 178
luciae sianiensis, Otus . . 261
luctuosa, Rana . . 273
lugubris dicruroides, Surni-
culus . . 254
subsp., Surniculus 257
Lutra barang barang . . 238
luzonensis praemacaristus,
Danaida . . 169
Lygosoma butleri . . 270
cophias . . 270
indicuni 264, 270
larutense . . 271
olivaceum . . 270
vittigerum . . 270
lynceus reinwardti, Hestia . . 160
Mabuia niultifasciata . . 269
Macrocalamus lateralis ,. . 266
macrocercus borneensis,
Eupetes . . 204
macrocercus, Dicrurus 207
Eupetes 212
thai, Dicrurus 207,208
uiacrodon, Rana . . 272
macrorhynchus, Corvus
coronoides . . 224
Macropisthodon rhodomelas 265
tlaviceps . . 266
Page
Macropygia emiliana bor-
neensis . . 203
niaculata seimundi, Balionyc-
teris . . 229
niaculatus septcntrionalis,
Prionochilus . . 206
malabarica interposita, Kit-
tacincla . . 262
javana, Kittacincla 210
oinissa,Kittacincla 211
tricolor, Kittacin-
cla . . 211
Malacocincla sepiaria barus-
sana . . 205
minor 220, 221
sepiaria 220, 221
malayana, Danaida afTinis 177
Eudynamis scolo-
pacea 257, 260
Otus scops 254, 260
nialayica malayica, Euploea 180
niarmoratus, Gymnodactylus 268
179
191
218
187
282
282
marsdeni, Euploea cramer
martini, Euploea
maxwelli, Philentoma
mazares ledereri, Euploea
Megalophrys longipes
nasuta
melaneusplataniston, Danaida 166
melanippus hegesippus, Da-
naida . . 176
insularis, Danaida 176
melanoides, Danaida aglea 170
melanolophus, Gorsachius 256, 259
melanope, Motacilla boarula 259
melanosoma, Hydrophis 10, 39
nielissaseptentrionis, Danaida 172
menetriesi Euploea deione 184
Microhyla berdmorei . . 281
butleri . . 281
micropteruSjCuculus 254, 257, 260
midamus dejeani, Euploea 189
minor. Halcyon coromanda 216
Malacocincla sepiaria
220,221
miopus, Rana 264,273
modcsta modesla, Euploea 181
monorhis, Oceanodroma . . 253
Index. — Zoology.
Vll
Page
monticola, Euploea alcathoe 183
Monticola solitarius philip-
pinensis . . 260
moorei moorei, Euploea . . 181
Motacilla boarula nielanope 259
mugimaki, Poliomyias 254, 257
niulciber niulciber, Euploea 18(5
inultifasciata, Mabuia . . 269
Muscitrea grisola grisola . . 257
Mydaus javanensis . . 236
Myristicivora bicolor 256, 259
nasuta, Megalophrys . . 282
Natrix chrysargus . . 265
Nectophryne picturata . . 198
neglecta, Lalage finibriata 220
neopliora, Halcyon coroinanda 216
Nesolagus netscheri . . 235
netscberi, Nesolagus . . 235
nicobarica, Caloenas 256, 259
nigroalbus, Typhlops . . 265
nigrovittata, Rana . . 274
nigrovittatus bcsuki, Sciurus 231
Ninox scutulata scutulata 254, 260
niobc vulcanus, Lariscus . . 233
nipalonsis, Treron 253, 255
nisicolor, Hierococcyx fugax
254, 257
notalus taniansari, Sciurus 230
obscurus, Turdus 254, 258
oceauls, Euploea . . 181
Oceanodronia nionorhis . . 253
oiivaceuni, Lygosonia . . 270
omissa, Kittacincla nuilaba-
rica .. 211
Oreocincla dauma 255, 258
orienfalis, Acrocepbalus . . 255
orientalis oricntalis, Eurys-
tomus 254, 256
ornatus ornatus, Cyrtostomus 259
Otus luciae sianiensis . . 261
scops nialayana 254, 260
oxycephalus, Coluber . . 2()6
Oxyglossus laevis . . 271
Pachylabra conica contracta 193
gracilis . . 195
perakensis . . 195
stoliczkana . . 194
turbinis lacustus 193
Page
turbinis subam-
pullacea , . 195
winkleyi .. 193
pallidus, Zanclostomus java-
nensis . . 203
palmeri. Halcyon chloris 214, 215
panayensis strigata, Aplonis 259
paradisi incii, Terpsiphone
254, 257
pardus, Felis . . 238
parvirostris, Cryptolopha
trivirgata . . 219
Phylloscopus trivir-
gata . . 219
parvus, Bufo . . 282
pavimentata, Calaniaria ^ . 267
penangenis, Bufo . . 282
perakana, Ideopsis daos . . 162
perakensis, Pachylabra . . 195
Pericrocotus cinereus 254, 258
Petaurista punctata sunia-
trana 230, 239
Philautus brevipes . . 279
castanonierus . . 280
Philentoma intcrniedius . . 218
niaxwelli . . 218
pyrrhoptera . . 218
saravacensis . . 218
velata caesia . . 217
philippinensis, Monticola soli-
tarius . . 260
phoebus, Euploea corus . . 187
phoenicotis, Chalcoparia
singalensis . . 210
phoenicura chinensis, Amau-
rornis 253, 269
Phrynella pulchra . . 282
Phvlloscopus borealis borea-
lis 258, 260
inornatus inornatus 258
trivirgata parviros-
tris . . 218
piclurata, Nectophryne . . 198
Rana 264, 272
pictus, Dendrophis . . 266
pileatus, Anous stolidus . . 260
Halcyon 254, 257
Pitta eyanoptera 254, 257, 260
granatina vanheurni 212
plalaniston,Danaidanielaneus 166
Vlll
Index. — Zoology. .
Page
platurus, Hydrus 5, 35
plexippus intensa, Danaida 175
plexippus, Danaida 174
plicatella, Rana . . 272
poliopsis, Astur badius . . 256
Poliomyias mugimaki 254, 257
Polyodontophis collaris 264, 265
praemacaristus, Danaida lu-
zonensis . . 169
praetermissa, Treron bisincta 203
prasinus, Coluber 254,266
prevostiana, Gerardia . . 201
Prionochilus niaculatus sep-
lentrionalis . . 206
Ptilonopus jambu 253, 256
Psamfnodynastes pulverulen-
tus . . 267
Pseudorhabdium longiceps 267
pulchra, Phrynella . . 282
pullus, Rana 197,282
pulverulcntus, Psammody-
nastes . . 267
punctata suniatrana, Petau-
rista 230, 239
puniceus continentis,Brachy-
lophus . . 204
pyrrhoptera, Philentonia . . 218
Rallina fasciata . . 253
superciliaris 253, 256
Rana cataracta 264, 275
chalconota . . 274
doriae . . 271
, glandulosa . . 272
hosii . . 274
larutensis . . 277
laticeps . . 271
luctuosa . . 273
niacrodon . . 272
niiopus 264, 273
nigrovittata . . 274
picturata 264, 272
plicatella . . 272
pullus 197, 282
tasanae . . 282
Rattus bukit temmincki . . 233
reinwardti, Hestia lynceus 160
Rhacophorus biniaculatus . . 278
leucomystax . . 278
Rhinoniyias tardus . . 254
Page
rhodomelas, Macropisthodon 265
robinsoni, Gonyocephalus 269
Kalophrynus 264, 280
rufif rons indochinensis, Hori-
zillas . . 205
sacra, Demiegretta 256, 259
saravacensis, Philentonia . . 218
Sauropatis chloris . . 214
schicrbrandi, Lalage fim-
briata . . 219
Sciurus nigrovittatus besuki 231
notatus tamansari 230
scolopacea malayana, Eudy-
namis 257, 260
scops malayana, Otus 254, 260
scutulata scutulata, Ninox 254, 260
seiniundi, Balionycteris ma-
culata . . 229
sepiaria barussana, Malaco-
cincla . . 205
minor, Malacocincla
220,221
sepiaria, Malacocih-
cla 220, 221
septentrionis, Danaida me-
lissa .. 172
septentrionalis, Prionochilus
maculatus . . 20(5
sepulchralis, Euploea climena 181
siamensis, Hydrophis tor-
quatus 15, 43
Otus luciae . . 261
sibirica davisoni, Cichloselys
254, 258, 260
fuliginosa, Hemi-
chelidon 212,254,257
simillima aelia, Euploea . . 191
sinensis, Ardetta . . 254
Sterna . . 253
singalensis borneana, Ghal-
coparia . . 209
interposita, Chalcoparia 209
koratensis, Chalcoparia 208
phoenicotis,Chalcop*aria210
singalensis, Chalcoparia 209
suniatrana, Chalcoparia 209
singapura, Euploea aegyptus 189
siniilis vulgaris, Danaida 164
sita ethologa, Danaida . . 168
sitah, Danaida juventa . . 165
snelleni, Euploea erameri . . 180
Index — Zoology.
IX
Page
solitarius philippinensis,
Monticola . . 260
soloensis, Astur 256,260
sondaica, Felix tigris . . 237
Spizaetus alboniger . . 211
Sterna aenetheta . . 253
fluviatilis tibetana 253, 260
sinensis . . 253
sthenura, Gallinago . . 253
stoliczkana, Pachylabra . . 194
stolidus pileatus, Anous . . 260
strictus chersonesus, Chryso-
colaptes . . 217
strigata, Aplonis panayensis 259
striolata umbrosa, Thringor-
hina .. 212
subampullacea, Pachylabra
turbinis . . 195
subminuta, Limonites . . 253
Sula siila .. 254
suniatrana, Chalcoparia singa-
lensis . . 209
Petauristapunctata229, 230
sumatranus, Trimeresurus 268
superciliaris, Rallina 253, 256
Surniciilus lugubris siibsp. 257
lugubris dicruroides 254
taniansari, Sciurus notatus 230
tardus, Rhinomyias . . 254
tasanae, Rana . . 282
tentaculatuni, Herpeton . . 201
Terekia cinerea . . 253
Terpsiphone atrocaudata 254, 260
paradisi incii 254,257
Testiido impressa . . 264
thai, Dicrurus macrocercus
207, 208
Hvdrophis caerulescens
17,47
Thalassophis annandalei 29, 59
anomalus 29, 58
Thringorhina striolata um-
brosa . . 212
libelana, Sterna lluviatilis 253, 260
Page
tickelli australis, Drvmoca-
taphus ' . . 205
tigris sondaica, Felis . . 237
tityoides, Danaida . . 168
torquatus torquatus, Hvdrop-
his ■ 13, 41
Treron bisincta praeter-
missa . . 203
nipalensis 253, 255
tricolor, Kittacincla mala-
barica . . 211
tridactyla, Ceyx 254,257
Trimeresurus gramineus . . 267
sumatranus 268
trivirgata, Cryptolopha ..218
kinabaluense, Crvp-
tolopha . . 219
parvirostris, Crvp-
lopha ' . . 219
parvirostris Phyl-
loscopus .. 219
Tropidonotus baramensis , . 199
turbinis subampullacea, Pa-
chylabra . . 195
lacustris, Pachylabra 193
Turdus obscurus 254, 258
Typhlops nigroalbus . . 265
umbrosa, Thringorhina strio-
lata . . 212
valakadyn, Enhydrina 30, 60
vanheurni, Pitta granatina 212
Varanus dumerilii . . 269
velata caesia, Philentoma 217
verma, Lethe . . 283
virgatus gularis, Accipiter
254, 256, 260
viperina, Hydrophis 27, 56
vittigerum, Lygosoma . . 270
volans, Draco . . 268
vulcanus, Lariscus niobe . . 233
vulgaris, Danaida similis . . 164
winkleyi, Pachylabra . . 193
xanthopygia, Zanthopygia 254
Zanclostomus javanicus pal-
lidus . . 203
Zanthopygia xanthopygia . . 254
Index.
B. BOTANY.
Page
Acanthus ilicifolius . . 106
acarifera, Thysanolaena . . 125
acrantha, Litsea . . -152
Acriopsis indica . . 119
Acronychia Porteri . . 84
acuminata, Buchania . . 87
var. fragilis,
Peristrophe . . 110
acuminatissima, Eugenia . . 91
acuminatum, Elatostemma . . 117
acutangula, Barringtonia . . 91
acutifolia, Trichoglottis . ." 118
Adenia grandiflora . . 136
adenophyllum,Heterophragma 104
Adenostemma viscosum . . 98
Adinobotrys atropurpureus . . 89
adnascens, Niphobolus . . 126
Aeschynanthus marmorata . . 104
affine, Xanthophyllum .. 82
Aganosma marginata . . 102
Aglaia odoratissima . . 87
tenuicaulis . . 88
Aglaonema Helferi . . 123
albicans, Litsea . . 112
albida, Elytranthe . . 114
Albizzia myriophylla . . 90
albomarginata, Hornstedtia . . 120
Aleisanthia rupestris . . 249
sylvatica . . 138
Alocasia denudata . . 123
Alpinia pahangensis . . 154
Alsodeia Kunstleriana var.
latifolia . . 82
mollis . . 82
racemosa . . 82
Alsophila latebrosa . . 125
Alyxia lucida . . 101
Amacarpus caudatus . . 143
amboinensis, Trema . . 116
Amherstiana var. lanceolata,
Ardisia . . 99
amoena, Derris . . 89
Radermachera . . 105
Amoora racemosa . . 88
Amomum argyrophyllum . . 119
aurantiacum . . 153
cephalotes . . 154
molle . . 120
jcanthoglossum . . 153
Page
Anacardium occidentale . . 87
Anadendron montanum . . 124
anceps, Dendrobium . . 117
Ancistrocladus GrifTithii . . 83
andamanica, Mapania . . 124
Aneilema conspicuum . . 122
Angiopteris evecta . . 126
angustifolia, Breynia . . 114
Ebermaiera . . 105
angustifolium, Arthrophyllum 136
Pseuderanthe-
mum . . 107
Trema . . 250
Anodendron C.andolleanum . . 102
paniculatum . . 102
Anplectruni divaricatum . . 249
Antheliacanthus micranthus. . 109
Antidesma velutinosum ..115
velutinum . . 115
Aporosa aui'ea . . 115
Planchoniana . . 115
Prainiana . . 115
sp. . . 115
appendiculata var. Hamil-
toniana, Polybotrya . . 126
arborea, Callicarpa . . 110
Careya . . 91
Maesa . . 147
Ardisia Amherstiana var.
lanceolata . . 99
bractescens . . 99
complanata . . 99
congesta . . 100
creanata . . 99
villosa . . 99
Arecp pumila . . 122
arenaria, Waltheria . . 130
arenarium, Jasminum . . 147
argentea, Tournefortii . . 103
Argostemma hirsutum . . 139
stipulacea . . 139
? Argyreia splendens . . 103
argyrophyllum, Amomum .. 119
Arthrophyllum angustifolium 136
congestum . . 137
Ascochilus capricornis .. 153
asiatica, Colubrina . . 86
asiaticum, Crinum , . 121
Index. — Botany.
XI
Page
Asplenium circutarium
. 126
nitidum
. 126
anilaterale
. 126
atropurpureus, Adinobotrys.
. 89
attenuata, Uncaria
. 93
aurantiacum, Amomum
. 153
aurea, Aporosa
. 115
Dillenia
. 80
auricularia, Dysophylla
. Ill
auriculata, Fagraea
. 250
Psychotria
. 97
Avicennia lanata
. 151
officinalis
. 151
sphaerocarpa
. 151
Baccaurea parviflora
. 115
sapida
. 115
Balanocarpus ovalifolius
. 130
barbata, Sonerila
. 135
barbellata, Begonia
. 135
Baronietz, Cibotium
. 251
Barringtonia acutangula
. 91
pedicellata
. 134
Bauhinia bracteata
. 89
begoniaefolia, Pentaphragma 98
Begonia barbellata
. 135
bicolor, var. sepJentrionalis,
Cyrtandra
. 104
biflora, Wedelia
. 98
bimaculata, Torenia
. 149
blechnoides, Taenitis
. 126
Blumea membranacea
. 98
myriocepbala
. 98
Boea minutiflora
. 148
Boeckea frutescens
. 248
Boehmeria Klossii
. 117
Bonnaya reptans
. 104
Botryophora Kingii
. 116
bracteata, Bauhinia
. 89
Otanthera
. 92
bractescens, Ardisia
. 99
Eria
. 118
Breynia angustifolia
. 114
microcalyx
. 114
reclinata
. 114
Bridelia stipularis
. 114
Bromheadia palustris
. 118
Brunoniana, Gnetum
. 125
Buchania acuminata
. 87
Calamus myrianthus
. 123
Callicarpa arborea
. 110
furfuracea
. 150
villosissima
. 110
Page
Calycopteris floribunda . . 90
campestris, Nelsonia . . 105
Candida, Ixora . . 141
Candolleanum, Anadendron. . 102
canina, Pinanga . . 122
Canthium depressinerve . . 141
trachystyle . . 95
capitata, Myrioneuron . . 93
capitatimi, Phyrnium . . 120
Xanthophytum . . 139
capitellata, Hedyotis . . 93
ScheflQera . . 137
capniocarpa, Hodgsonia . . 135
Capparis Klossii . . 81
larutensis . . 247
micrantha . . 82
paniculata . . 129
pubiflora uar. pera-
kensis . . 129
capricornis, Ascochilus . . 153
Carallia euryoides . . 248
lucida . . 9(J
Carex indica . . 124
mapanifolia . . 124
Gareya arborea . . 91
Cassia fistula . . 89
castanocarpus, Chaetocarpus 116
Castanopsis tribuloides
caudatus, Amacarpus
cephalotes, Amomum
Cerbera odollam
Ceriops Roxburghiana
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus
Chailletia longipetala
chartacea, Ficus
Chasalia curviflora
chinensis, Desmos
Chirita parvula
chlorostachya, Lepidogathis
Choriophyllum malayanum
Cibotium Barometz
ciliata, Sonerila
Cinnamomum nitidum
circutarium, Asplenium
citrifolia, Morinda
Clausenia excavata
hirta
Clerodendron infortunatum
neriifolium
coarctata, Gluta
coccinea, Lumnitzera
coeruleum, Memecylon
117
143
154
101
90
116
85
116
97
80
149
107
251
251
92
111
126
96
85
85
111
111
87
90
92
xu
Index. — Botany.
Page
Page
CofTea inciguensis
. 96
Delima sarmenlosa
80
Cokienia procumbens
. 103
Dendrobium anceps
117
Colubrina asiatica
. 86
Farmeri
117
(]ombretum extensum
. 90
Pierardi
117
Klossii
. 90
secundum
117
Commelina nudiilora
. 122
tortile
117
coniplanata, Ardisia
. 99
DendrocoUa trichoglottis
119
concinna, .Vliliusa
. 127
densillora, Holarrhena
101
Congea tomentosa
. Ill
Quisqualis
90
congesta, Ardisia
. 100
Randia
94
Flemingia
. 89
denticulata, Ipomoea
103
Ixora
. 96
denudata, Alocasia
123
congestuni, Arthrophyllura
. 137
depressinerve, Canthium
141
Connarus paniculatus
. 88
Derris sp.
89
semidecandrus
. 88
amoena
89
Connaropsis sericea
. 131
elliptica
89
conspicuum, Aneilema
. 122
uliginosa
89
Cordia subcordata
. 103
Desmos chinensis
80
cordifolia, Diplycosia
. 145
dichotoma, Schizaea
126
coriacea, Embelia
. 249
dichotomus, Strophanthus .
102
corticosum, Meinecylon
. 92
Didymocarpus primulinus
250
tCostus speciosus var. argyr
a-
Didymoplexis sp.
119
phyllus
. 119
diffusus, Cyperus
. 124
Crataeva macrocarpa
. 82
var. pubisquama
,
crenata, Ardisia
. 99
Cyperus
. 124
crenulatum, Gynostemma
. 93
Dillenia aurea
80
Pseuderanth(
i-
Dimeria glabra
. 156
mum
. 107
Diospyros flavicans
. 100
Crinum asiaticum
. 121
siamensis
. 100
cristata, Tacca
. 121
Diplazium tomentosura
. 126
cristatum, Limnanthemmn
. 103
Diplospora minutitlora
. 140
Crotolaria saltiana
. 89
stylosa
. 94
Croton (irilfithii
. 116
Diplycosia cordifolia
. 145
Crudia Evansii
. 133
elliptica
. 145
culiciferum, Taeniophyllum
. 153
erythrina
. 146
cuneiformis, Orophea
. 80
microphylla
. 145
Curculigo latifolia
. 121
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
. 83
curviflora, Chasalia
. . 97
Dischidia ericaefolia
. 146
cuspidata, Dracanea
. . 155
hirsuta
. 102
Cycas siamcnsis ?
. . 125
lancifolia
. 102
cymosus, Melodinus
. . 146
viridiflora
. 146
Cyperus difTusus
. 124
discolor, Microtropis
. 85
dilFusus var. pubi
s-
disepalum, Eriocaulon
. 155
quama
. 124
distans, Licuala
.123
iiaspan
. . 124
divaricatum, Anplectrum
. 249
malaccensis
. . 124
diversifolia, Ixora
. 95
Cyrtandra bicolor var. se
P-
var. Kunstlen
>
tentrionalis
. . 104
Ficus
. 250
Cyrtoccum pilipcs
. . 125
var. V o id e a
,
Cystacanthus pulcherrimus
106
Ficus
. 250
Daemonorops Lewisianus
. . 123
Dolichandrone spathacea
. 104
decussatum, Jasminnm
. . 100
Don ax grandis
. 121
Index. — Botany.
xiu
Dracaena cuspidata
siamensis
dulcis, Scoparia
Dysophylla auricidaria
Ebermaiera angustifolia
lasiobotrys
iiierguensis
viscida
eburneum, Vaccinium
edule, Memecylon
Elaeocarpus Mastersii
tectonaefolius
data, GlycDsmis
Elatostemnia acuminatum
lineclatum var
major
Elephantopus scaber
Ellipanthus Heifer:
elliptica, Derris
Diplycosia
Morinda
ellipticus, Lasianthus
Elytranthe albida
globosa
Embelia coriacea
emblica, Phyllanthus
Eria bractescens
Eriachne pallescens
ericaefolia, Dischidia
Eriocaulon disepalum
glabriflorum
Erioglossum edule
Ervatamia subcapitata
erythrina, Diplycosia
Erythropalum scandens
Eugenia acuniinatissima
Evansii
formosa
Graeme-Andersoniae
jasminifolia
laxiuscula
leptantha
punctifolia
rubida
zeylanica
Eulalia Milsumi
Euonymus javanicus
euryoides, Carallia
Evansii, Crudia
Eugenia
•Tasminum
Page
Page
. 155
evecta, Angiopteris
. . 126
. 121
Evodia viticina
. 84
. 104
exaltata, Jussieua
. 92
. Ill
excavata, Clausenia
. . 85
. 105
excelsa, Helicia
. . 113
. 105
exoleta, Utricularia
. 104
. 105
extensum, Combretum
.. 90
. 105
faginea, Vatica
. . 83
. 249
Fagraea auriculata
. . 250
. 92
racemosa
. 103
. 248
Farmeri, Dendrobium
. 117
. 81
fasciculata, Randia
. 94
. 130
ferruginea, Hippocratea
. 86
117
Ficus chartacea
. 116
diversifolia uar. Kuns
t-
..117
leri
. 250
98
diversifolia imw. ovo
i-
. 88
dea
. 250
. 89
gibbosa
. 116
145
nitida
. 250
. 90
fdipes, Miliusa
. 81
98
fistula, Cassia
. 89
114
Flagellaria indica
. 122
113
flavescens, Lasianthus
. 97
249
Saccolabium
. 118
114
Salacia
. 86
118
flavicans, Diospyros
. 100
251
Flemingia congesta
. 89
146
floribunda, Calycopteris
. 90
155
floribundus aff., Mallotus
. 116
155
Mallotus
. 116
87
formosa, Eugenia
. 90
101 ;
'.. frondosus, Phyllanthus
. 114
85 *
frutescens, Boeckea
. 248
85
furfuracea, Callicarpa
. 150
91
Galearia phlebocarpa
. 115
. 134
Galeola hydra
. 119
90
Garcinia sp.
. 82
134
garcinioides, Memecylon
. 92
. 133
Salacia
. 86
133
Gardenia tubifera
. 95
91
Gendarusa, Justicia
. 108
91
gibbosa, Ficus
. 116
90
glaberrima, Lasianthus
. 98
91
glabra, Dimeria
. 156
251
Pongamia
. 89
85
Tarenna
. 141
248
glabriflorum, Eriocaulon
. 155
133
glabrifolia, Litsea
. 152
134
Globba pendula
. 119
148
globosa, Elytranthe
. 113
XIV
Index. — Botany,
Page
Page
Gluta coarctata
87
Hornstedtia albomarginata
. . 120
Tavoyana
87
rubrolutea
. . 120
Glycosmis alata
130
Hoya parasitica
. . 102
Gnetum Brunoniana
125
hyalina, Lepidagathis
. . 107
scandens
125
hydra, Galeola
. . 119
Goniothalanius undulatus
81
hypogyna, Peliosanthes
. . 121
Graeme-Andersoniae, Eugenia 134
Hypolytruni latifolium
. . 124
grande var. Merguica, Meme
Iguanura Wallichiana
. . 123
cylon
92
ilicifolius, Acanthus
. . 106
grandiflora, Adenia
136
Illigera trifoliata
.. 113
Iporaoea
103
indica, Acriopsis
. . 119
Salacia
86
Carex
. 124
grandillorus, Pachynocarpus
127
Flagellaria
. . 122
grandis, Donax
121
Maesa
. . 99
Ochna
85
Pluchea
. . 98
Greenia Jackii
93
infortunatum, Clerodendror
I 111
Griffithii, Ancistrocladus
83
integrifolia, Maesa
. 98
Croton
116
Premna
. . Ill
Prismatomeris
96
intermedia, Rourea
. 88
Guettarda speciosa
95
Ipomoea denticulata
. . 103
Gymnopteris subrepanda
126
grandiflora
. 103
Gymnostachyum trilobum .
106
Ixora Candida
. 141
Gynostenima crenulatum
haspan, Cyperus
93
124
congesta
diversifolia
. 96
. 95
Hedyotis capitellata
pachycarpa
Helferi, Aglaonema
93
140
123
merguensis
nigricans
. 95
. 96
Ellipanthus
Helicia excelsa
88
113
opaca
pumila
. 96
. 142
. terminalis
113
spectabilis
. 95
Helicteres hirsuta
84
stricta
. 95
Heptapleuruni venulosum . .
93
Jackianus, Strophanthus
. 102
Hernandia peltata
113
Jackii, Greenia
. 93
Heterophragma adenophyllum 104
Psychotria
. 97
Hibiscus niacrophyllus
83
jasminifolia, Eugenia
. 133
tiliaceus
83
Jasminum arenarium
. 147
Hippocratea ferruginea
86
decussatimi
. 100
hirsuta, Dischidia
102
Evansii
. 148
Helicteres
84
puberulum
. 100
Randia
140
syringaefoliimi
. 100
hirsutum, Argostemma
139
javanica var. major, Pelliom
la 116
hirta, Clausenia
85
Vernonia
. 145
Lepisanthes
132
javanicus, Euonymus
. 85
hirtella, Vigna
132
Jussieua exaltata
. 92
hirtellum, Zanthoxylum
131
Justicia Gendarusa
. 108
hispidula, Ophirrohiza
93
ovalis
. 150
Hodgsonia capniocarpa
135
purpurascens
. 107
Holarrhena densiflora
101
quadrifaria
. 108
pauciflora
101
subcoriacea
. 108
Homonoia riparia
116
valida
. 108
Hooker! anum, Pygeum
248
viridiflora
. 108
Hookeri, Vitis
86
Kadsura Roxburghiana
. 81
Index. — Botany.
XV
Page
Kingii, Botryophora . . 116
Xanthophyllum . . 82
Klossii, Boehmeria . . 117
Capparis . . 81
Gombretum . . 90
Phyllanthus . . 114
Schefflera .. 137
Randia . . 94
Kraensis, Piper . . 112
Kunstleriana var. latifolia,
Alsodeia . . 82
Kurzii, Lasianthus . . 143
Kyllinga monocephala . . 124
Labisia pothoina . . 99
laevis, Scleria . . 124
Sterculia . . 84
lanata, Avicennia . . 151
lanceolata, SchefTlera . . 137
lancifolia, Dischidia . . 102
lancifolius inir. laxior, Strobi-
lanthes . . lO.i
lanuginosa, Lindsaya . . 126
Laportea stimulans . . 116
larutensis, Capparis . . 247
Lasianthus eliipticus . . 98
flavescens . . 97
glaberrima . . 98
Kurzii . . 143
mollis . . 144
velutinus . . 144
lasiobotrys, Ebermaiera . . 105
lasiocephala, Psvchotria ? . . 97
Lastroea Robinsonii . . 156
latebrosa, Alsophila . . 125
latifolia, Curculigo . . 121
Salacia . . 86
latifolium, Hypolytrum . . 124
laurifolia, Thunbergia . . 105
laxiuscula, Eugenia . . 133
Leda roseo-punctata . . 109
rubrolutea . . 149
Lepidagathis chlorostachys . . 107
hyalina . . 107
parviflora . . 107
Lepisanthes hirta . . 132
leptantha, Eugenia . . 91
Lettsomia peguensis . . 103
leucophylla var. latifolia,
Smilax . . 121
Lewisianus, Daemonorops . . 123
Licuala distans . . 123
Linuianthemuni cristatum . . 103
Pa^e
Lindsaya lanuginosa . . 126
lineolatuin var. major, Elatos-
temma . . 117
Litsea acrantha . . 152
albicans . . 112
glabrifolia . . 152
panamonja . . 112
lobata, Urena . . 83
longiflorum. Rhododendron . . 249
longifolia, Myristica . . 113
longifolius, Trigostemon .. 115
longipetala, Chailletia . . 85
Lorj^nthus pentandrus . . 113
vulpinus . . 113
lucescens, Podochilus . . 119
lucida, Alyxia . . 101
Carallia . . 90
Lunmitzera coccinea . . 90
lycioides, Rhabdia . . 103
Lygodiuni polystachyum . . 126
Maba merguensis . . 100
macrantha, Vallaris . . 101
niacrocarpa, Crataeva . . 82
Nenga . . 123
macrophyllus, Hibiscus . . 83
madagascariensis Neyraudia 125
Maesa arborea . . 147
indica . . 99
integrifolia . . 98
ovocarpa . . 147
paniculata . . 99
ramentacea . . 98
striata var. dissitiflora 147
malaccense, Pseuderanthemum 107
malaccensis, Cyperus . . 124
malayana, Prismatomeris 96, 142
malayanum, Choriophyllum 251
Mallotus aff. floribundus . . 116
floribundus . . 116
Mapania andamanica . . 124
mapanifolia, Carex . . 124
marginata, A'anosma . . 102
Mariscus microcephalus . . 124
marmorata, Aeschynanthus . . 104
martabanica, Turpinia . . 87
Mastersii, Elaeocarpus . . 248
Melastoma normale . . 92
Melodinus cymosus . . 146
Melodorum rubiginosum . . 80
membranacea, Bluniea . . 98
Memecylon coernleum . . 92
corticosum . . 92
XVI
Index. — Botany.
Page
Page
Memecylon edule
. 92
nudiflora, Commelina
122
garcinioides
. 92
occidentale, Anacardium
87
grande var. Me
r-
Ochna grandis
85
guica
. 92
ochraceum, Saccolabium
118
merguensis, CofTea
. 96
odollam, Cerbera
101
Ebennaiera
. 105
odoratissima, Aglaia
87
Ixora
. 95
oenoplia var. ornata, Zizyphus 86
Maba
. 100
officinalis, Avicennia
151
Merremia umbellata
. 104
Olea penangiana
148
micrantha, Cai)paris
. 82
opaca, Ixora
96
micranthus, Antheliacanthu!
5 109
Ophiorrhiza hispidula
93
microcalyx, Breynia
. 114
remotiflora
140
iTiicrocephalus, Marisciis
. 124
Oreorhaninus serrulatus
132
Microlepia Speluncae
. 126
Orophea cuneiformis
80
Micromelum pnbescens
. 84
Otanthera bracteata
92
microphylla, Diplycosia
. 145
ovalifolius, Balanocarpus
130
microstylis, Sphenodesma
. Ill
ovalis, .lusticia
150
Microtropis discolor
. 85
ovocarpa, Maesa
147
Miliusa concinna
. 127
pachycarpa, Hedyotis
140
fllipes
. 81
Pachynocarpus grandiflorus. .
127
Milsumi, Eulalia
. 251
Wallichii
83
minutiflora, Boea
. 148
pahangensis, Alpinia
154
Diplospora
. 140
Pajanelia multijuga
105
molle, Atnonnim
. 120
pallescens, Eriachne
251
mollis, Alsodeia
. 82
palmatifida, Tacca
121
Lasianthns
. 144
palustris. Bromheadia
118
monocephala, Kyllinga
. 124
panamonja, Litsea
112
monoicum, Viscum
. 114
paniculata, Capparis
129
montanum, Anadendron
. 124
Maesa
99
monticola, Peliosanthes
. 155
paniculatum, Anodendron
102
Morinda citrifolia
. 96
paniculatus, Connarus
88
elliptica
. 96
parasitica, Hoya
102
multijuga, Pajanclia
. 105
parviflora, Baccaurea
115
Mussaenda variolosa
. 93
Lepidagathis
107
niyrianthus, Calamus
. 123
var pectinata,
myriocephala, Blumea
. 98
Bungia
110
Myrionenron capitata
. 93
parvula, Chirita
149
myriophylla, Albizzia
. 90
Bandia
94
Myristica longifolia
. 113
pauciflora, Holarrhena
101
Nelsonia campestris
. 105
pedicellata, Barringtonia
134
Nenga macrocarpa
. 123
peduncularis, Timonius
142
neriifolium, Clerodendron
. Ill
peguensis, Lettsomia
103
nervosum, Sandoricum
. 87
Peliosanthes hypogyna
121
Neyraudia mada,t.'ascariensi!
5 125
monticola
155
nigrescens, Pleopeltis
. 126
Pellionia javanica var. major
116
nigricans, Ixbra
. 96
peltata, Hernandia
113
Niphobolus adnascens
. 126
penangiana, Olea
148
nitida, Ficus
. 250
Ternstroemia . .
83
nitidum, Asplenium
. 126
pendula, Globba
119
Cinnamomum
. Ill
pentandra, Sphenodesma
111
normale, Melastoma
. 92
pentandrus, Loranthus
113
Noronhae, Schima
. 83
Pentaphragma begoniaefolia
98
Index. — Botany.
xvii
Page
perakensis, Rauwolfia
101
Strophanthus
102
Peristrophe acuminata var
fragilis
110
phlebocarpa, Galearia
115
Phoebe Tavoyana
112
Phyllanthus emblica
114
frondosus
114
Klossii
114
Phyrnium capitatum
120
Pierardi, Dendrobium
117
pilipes, Cyrtoccum
12.5
Pinanga canina
122
Piper Kraensis
112
polycarpa
112
pupuloides
111
Planchoniana, Aporosa
115
Pleopeltis nigrescens
126
sinuosa
126
Pluchea indica
98
Podochilus lucescens
119
Pollia sorzogonensis
122
Polybotrya appendiculata var
Hamiltoniana
126
polycarpa, Piper
112
polystachyum, Lygodium
120
Pongamia glabra
89
popiilnea, Thespesia
83
Porteri, Acronychia
84
polhoina, Labisia
99
Pothos scandens
124
Prainiana, Aporosa
115
Premna integrifolia
111
primulinus, Didymocarpus . .
250
Prismatonieris Griffithii
96
malayana 96
,142
procumbens, Coldenia
103
prostrata, Sonerila
249
Pseuderanthemum angustifo-
lium . .
107
crenula-
tum . .
107
m a 1 a c -
cense. .
107
Psychotria auriculata
97
Jackii
97
lasiocephala
97
sarmentosa
97
vulpina
142
Pteris quadriaurita
126
puberulum, Jasminum
100
Page
pubescens, Micromelum . . 84
Vitex .. Ill
pubiflora var. perakensis,
Capparis . . 129
pulcherrimus, Cystacanthus . . 106
pumila, Areca . . 122
Ixora . . 142
punctifolia, Eugenia . . 91
pupuloides, Piper . . Ill
purpurascens, Justicia . . 107
Pygeum Hookerianum . . 248
quadriaurita, Pteris . . 126
quadrifaria, Justicia . . 108
Quisqualis densiflora . . 90
racemosa, Alsodeia . . 82
Amoora . . 88
Fagraea . . 103
Radermachera amoena . . 105
ramentacea, Maesa . . 98
Randia densiflora . . 94
fasciculata . . 94
hirsuta . . 140
Klossi . . 94
parvula . . 94
Rauwolfia perakensis . . 101
reclinata, Rreynia . . 114
remotiflora, Ophiorrhiza . . 140
Rennellia speciosa . . 96
reptans, Bonnaya . . 104
retusa, Vigna . . 89
Rhabdia lycioides . . 103
Rhododendron longiflorum . . 249
Rhodoleia Teysmannii . . 248
rhombifolia, Sida . . 83
riparia, Homonoia . . 116
Robinsonii, Lastroea . . 156
Vitis . . 87
roseo-punctata, Leda . . 109
Rourea intermedia . . 88
Roxburghiana, Ceriops . . 90
Kadsura . . 81
rubida, Eugenia . . 90
rubiginosa var. ensifolia, Ster-
culia . . 84
rubiginosum, Melodorum . . 80
rubrolutea, Hornstedtia . . 120
Leda .. 149
Rungia parviflora var. pecti-
nata .. 110
rupestris, Aleisanthia . . 249
rupicola, Vernonia . . 144
XVlll
Index. — Botany.
Page
Saccolabium flavescens
. 118
ochraceum
. 118
Salacia flavescens
. 86
garcinioides
. 86
grandiflora
. 86
latifolia
. 86
verrucosa
. 86
vinimea
. 86
Saltiana, Crotolaria
. 89
Sandoricum nervosum
. 87
sapida, Baccaurea
. 115
sarmentosa, Delima
. 80
Psychotria
. 97
scaber, Elephantopus
. 98
scandens, Erythropalum
. 85
Gnetum
. 125
Pothos
. 124
Schefflera capitellata
. 137
Klossii
. 137
lanceolata
. 137
Schima Noronhae
. 83
Schizaea dichotoma
. 126
Scleria laevis
. 124
Scoparia dulcis
. 104
secundum, Dendrobium
. 117
semidecandrus, Connarus
. 8S
sericea, Connaropsis
. 131
serrulatus, Oreorhamnus
. 132
siamensis ?, Cycas
. 125
siamensis, Diospyros
. 100
Dracaena
. 121
Sida rhombifolia
. 83
sinuosa, Pleopeltis
. 126
Smilax leucophylla var. lat
i-
folia
. 121
Solanum torvum
. 104
Sonerila barbata
. 135
ciliata
.. 92
prostrata
. . 249
Sophora tomentosa
.. 89
sorbifolra, Stenochlaena
.. 126
sorzogonensis, Pollia
. . 122
spathacea, Dolichandrone
. . 104
speciosa, Guettarda
.. 95
Rennellia
.. 96
speciosus var. argyrophyllu
s,
Costus
. . 119
spectabilis, . Ixora
.. 95
Speluncae, Microlepia
. . 126
sphaerocarpa, Avicennia
. . 151
Sphenodesma microstylis
. . Ill
pentandra
. . Ill
Page
Sphintacanthus tabacif olius . . 110
? splendens, Argyreia . . 103
Stenochlaena sorbifolia . . 126
Sterculia laevis .. 84
rubiginosa var. en-
sifolia . . 84
stimulans, Laportea . . 116
stipulacea, Argostemma . . 139
stipularis, Bridelia . . 114
striata var. dissitiflora, Maesa 147
stricta, Ixora . . 95
Strobilanthes lancifolius var.
laxior . . 105
subcapitatus , . 106
violascens . . 106
Strophanthus dichotomus . , 102
Jackianus . . 102
perakensis . . 102
Wallichii .. 102
stylosa, Diplospora . . 94
subcapitata, Ervatamia . . 101
subcapitatus, Strobilanthes . . 106
subcordata, Cordia . . 103
subcoriacea, Justicia . . 108
subrepanda, Gymnopteris . . 126
sylvatica, Aleisanthia . . 138
syringaefolium, Jasminum . . 100
tabacif olius, Sphinctacanthus 110
Tacca cristata . . 121
palmatifida . . 121
Taeniophyllum cuTiciferum . . 153
Taenitis blechnoides . . 126
Tarenna glabra . . 141
Tavoyana, Gluta .. 87
Phoebe .. 112
tectonaefolius, Elaeocarpus . . 84
tenuicaulis, Aglaia . . 88
teres, Vanda . . 118
terminalis, Helicia . . 113
Ternstroemifl penangiana . . 83
Teysmanii, Rhodoleia . . 248
Thecostele Zollinger! . . 118
Thespesia populnea . . 83
? Thottea tricornis . . Ill
Thunbergia laurifolia .. 105
Thysolaena acarifera . . 125
tiliaceus. Hibiscus . . 83
Timonius peduncularis . . 142
tomentosa, Congea . . Ill
Sophora . . 89
tomentosum, Diplazium . . 126
Torenia bimaculata . . 149
Index. — Botany.
XIX
Page
tortile, Dendrobium
.. 117
torvum, Solanum
. . 104
Tournefortia argentea
. . 103
trachystyle, Canthium
.. 95
Trema amboinensis
.. 116
angustifolium
.. 250
tribuloides, Castanopsis
.. 117
Trichoglottis acutifolia
. . 118
trichoglottis, Dendrocolla
. . 119
Trichomanes javanica
.. 126
? tricornis, Thottea
. Ill
trifoliata, Illigera
. 113
Trigostemon longifolius
. 115
trilobum, Gymnostachyum
. 106
tuberosa, Xyris
. 122
tubifera, Gardenia
. 95
turbinatus, Dipterocarpus
. 83
Turpinia martabanica
. 87
uliginosa, Derris
. 89
iimbellata, Merremia
. 104
Uncaria attenuata
. 93
undulatus, Goniothalamus
. 81
unilaterale, Asplenium
. 126
Urena lobata
. 83
Utricularia exoleta
. 101
Vaccinium eburneum
. 249
valida, Justicia
. 108
Vallaris macrantha
. 101
Vanda teres
. 118
variolosa, Mussaenda
. 93
Vatica faginea
. 83
vclutinosum, Antidesma
. 115
velutinum, Antidesma
. 115
velutinus, Lasianthus
. 144
venulosum, Heptapleiirum
. 93
Vernonia javanica
. 145
rupicola
. 144
Page
Vernonia Wallichii
..145
verrucosa, Salacia
. 86
Vigna hirtella
. 132
retusa
. 89
villosa, Ardisia
. 99
villosissima, Callicarpa
. 110
vinimea, Salacia
. 86
violascens, Strobilanthes
. 106
viridiflora, Dischidia
. 146
Justicia
. 108
viscida, Ebermaiera
. 105
viscosum, Adenostemma
. 98
Viscum monoicum
. 114
Vitex pubescens
. Ill
viticina, Evodia
. 84
Vitis Hookeri
. 86
Robinsonii
. 87
vulpina, Psychotria
. 142
vulpinus, Loranthus
. 113
Wallichiana, Iguanura
. 123
Zalacca
. 123
Wallichii, Pachynocarpus
. 83
Strophanthus
. 102
Vernonia
. 145
Waltheria arenaria
. 130
Wedelia biflora
. 98
xanthoglossum, Amomum
. 153
Xanthophyllum afline
. 82
Kingii
. 82
Xanthophytum capitatum
. 139
Xyris tuberosa
. 122
Zalacca Wallichiana
. 123
Zanthoxylum hirtellum
. 131
zeylanica, Eugenia
. 91
Zizyphus oenoplia var. orna
ta 86
Zollingeri, Thecostele
. 118
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