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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I ^ GAZETTEER OF THE TERRITORIES UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF ^tt Sa]$t=Snliiia ^ompsinnt AND OF THE NATIVE STATES ON THE CONTINENT OP INDIA. COMPILED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE HON. COURT OP DIRECTORS, Aim CHIB?LT FBOH D0CUHBNT8 IN THBIB P088B88ION. • BY EDWARD THORNTON, ESQ., AUTHOR or THE "HISTOBT Or THB BBITI8B BMPIBB IN INDIA." IN POUR VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: Wm. H. ALLEN & CO. 7, LEADENHALL STREET. 1854. A GAZETTEEE, Src. coa— coi. COGLASS, in the British district of Seuni, Saugor and b.i.o. Ma. Doe. Nerbudda territory, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Nagpore to Jubbulpoor, 68 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 22° 15', long. 79° 40'. COHtTB. — A town in the native state of Sirgoojah, on the e i c. Mi doc Bouth-west frontier of Bengal, 49 miles N. from the town of Sirgoojah, and 72 miles "W". from Palamow. Lat. 23° 48', long. 82° 52'. COILLB. — A town in the British district of Tirhoot, e.i.c. mi. doc presidency of Bengal, 23 miles N.W. of Durbunga. Lat. 26^ »4', long. 85° 43'. COIMBATOBE,^ within the territories subject to the pre- « e.i c. ms. doc sidency of Madras, a British district, named from its principal place. It is bounded on the north and north-west by the territOTy of Mysore ; on the north-east by the British district of Salem ; on the east by the British districts of Salem aud Trichinopoly ; on the south-east by the British district of Madura ; on the south by Madura and the territory of Travan- core ; and on the west by the British district of Malabar and the native territory of Cochin. It lies between lat. 10° 14' — 12° 19', long. 76° 36'— 78° 16' ; and according to official return,* « p»riiam«itary has an area of 8,280 square miles. The general physical aspect fw"™' ^'"*** of the district is that of a great recess opening to the east, in which direction it communicates with the vast plain of the Oamatic. The general surface is level, having at its western extremity, or towards the base of the Ghats, an average eleva- tion of 800 or 900 feet above the sea. This district is inclosed » B 1 COIMBATOKE. on the north by the mazy group of mountains bordering the table-land of Mysore ; on the south by the Pulnai or Yurra- s Mftdrts Journal girl » Mountains, and by the Animali range. Beyond the scienc*, vi. «80— cl^ep gap of Palghatcheri, it has on its north-western side the ^'irif^vu^ra- ^^^^^ *"^d Neilgherry groups. The gap of Palghatcheri, fherry Mountoin?. which divides the Animali group from that of the Kundahs, ReM«rc'het, ii 405. *^^ which Completely intersects ^ the great range of the Q-hats Report on Med. from cast to wcst, IS about twenty miles wide, having: near the Topognphj and . "^ . statiftics of centre an elevation, stated, as a rough approximation, to be ^'SSIL ArmT ^70 * feet above the sea. The line of waterheads is on the *•• western frontier of the district ; and with the exception of a Joum. Roy. At. u ^ i* t i ii n Soc. YiiL i4«— very small portion of the south-west angle, where some valleys o/southira indji ^^ *^® Animali group are drained by the Palaur, flowing west- » N«wboii^ o( ward to the Indian Ocean, the whole drainage of the district is ^ conveyed by numerous streams to the Cauvery, and ultimately discharged by its channel into the Bay of Bengal. Many of these mountains have very considerable elevations above the sea. Kudiakad, in the Kundah range, attains a height of • Baikit. obter- 8,502 « feet; Animali, 8,970;^ the Pulnai orYurragiri range, Neiirherri«t. 80. between 6,000 ^ and 7,000. The group in the north-east, form- fupraTa! "* ^^ *^® continuation of the table-land of Mysore towards the * Madras Joum. Caniatic, is of moderate elevation ; few summits, probably, sctenr^vii.'ow— being more than 3,000 feet. The geological formation of this •*Bl]rf»r' *"*"* ^^^ group is primitive, consisting of granite, gneiss, and roeks * Journey from allied to them. The geological character, also, of the rocks in MyMra, omiun! *^® Kundah gTOup IS primitive.* Of the same formation, and Malabar, morcover, are the Animali and Yurragiri groups. The prin- Madnis Joum. of cipal rivers of the district are the Cauvery, Bbovani, Noyel, \i\^-^tmtMl *^^ Ambrawutty. The Cauvery, rising in the territory of Oeoi. of Country Coorg, and taking a course generally south-east through the andthaNeu- territory of Mysore, touches on this district at Tullacaud, Md"^w*»48— where, turning eastward, it for forty miles forms the boundary Btnia. on Gaol, of between it and the territory of Mysore ; it then becomes the * boundary between this district and the British district of Salem, and, flowing south-eastward, continues to divide them for 140 miles, as fisir as Trimaconulloor, where it receives the Ambrawutty, and passes into the British district of Trichi- « Baikie, obwr. nopoly. The Bhovani takes ite rise in the Kundah ^ range, N0iifheni<»I*i8. ""^ *^^ flowing first south-cast for about fifteen miles, and then north-eastward for the same distance, entem this district a COIMBATOBB. netr the villAge of Sommithoraj, and flows thit)ugli it first in a north-eastern, then in an eastern direction, for ninety miles, to its fail into the CauTery on the eastern frontier. The Nojel also rises in the Kondah range, hut south of the source of the Bfaorani, and, flowing easterlj hy the town of Coimhatoor, falls into the Cauvery on the right side, in lat. 11*^ 41, long. 78° ; its total length of course, which is ahout ninety-fire miles, heing wholly through this district. The Amhrawutty rises in the maze of mountains where the Pulnai and AnimaH groups unite, and, after flowing north-eastward for fifteen miles, enters this district, through which it continues its course in the same direction for 115 miles, and falls into the Cauveiy on the right side, near the village of TrimaconuUoor. Those principal streams receive right and left a great numher of torrents, flowing briskly during the periodical rains, but at other times they are almost devoid of water. Much of the irrigation requisite for the production of crops is effected by means of wells, of which, according to official return, the number is 88,429 ; * the average depth of water being twenty-five feet. * Report, ut The water obtained from them is generally very brackish, but *"*"** it is considered peculiarly favourable to the culture of tobacco, that raised on lands thus irrigated being the best produced in the district. Near the mountains in the southern and western parts of this district are several extensive morasses, and the vil- lages in the vicinity of such places are noted for insalubrity. The climate in general, however, may be concluded, on scientific principles, to have greatly the advantage^ over the maritime parts * w. 94. of the Camatic, partly in consequence of greater elevation, and partly from the volume of cool and fresh air introduced from the Indian Ocean through the great Falghat gap. The rains are principally brought by the north-east monsoon, which prevails from the beginning of November to the end of December ; and then the Cauvery, Noyel, Bhovani, Amhrawutty, and their numerous feeders, as well as the tanks, are replenished, and the low grounds become deluged with water. For a month or aix weeks after the end of the monsoon, the season is com- paratively cool, delightful, and healthful, the north-east wind proving cheering and bracing to weakly constitutions. The midday temperature, however, is high ; the range* of the ther- * id. ib. BKHneter in the shade being from 62® to 80*^ or 82°. Towards B 2 3 COIMBATOEE. •lUport,«t •apn, M. ^ Baehanan, Journ. from Madras, through MytorSf Canara, and Malabar, 11. SSI. * Report, ut •opra, 41. the end of Janiiarj imd throughout February, dews fall heavily, and fogs occasion- intermittent fevers and catarrhs. After the end of March the north-east ^i-inds oease, and are suc- ceeded by occasional calms and variable breezes ; southerly and south-east winds succeed, and continue to about the middle of May. During April the weather gradually becomes hotter, and the average range of the thermometer for the month is from 76° to 93°. In May it rises as high as 96° or 98° in the shade, and seldom falls below 79°. From the interposition of the Ghats, the south-west monsoon is but little felt, except in the rise of the Cauvery, replenished on the table-lands of Coorg and Mysore. Much of the district has a rich red soil, mixed with sand or gravel, formed by the disintegration of quartz ; and in some tracts the sand and gravel constitute the whole soil, which in consequence is very sterile. The most valuable soil is a black carbonaceous clay, generally called • cotton-ground or regur. " The black colour of this clay, the carbonate of lime, agates and zeolites found in it, and its conversion into a black glass by heat, all indicate that it has originated from the disintegra- tion of trap rocks." This black alluvial clay is remarkable for long retaining moisture, from which quality the fertility for which it is noted is considered to result. The only mineral of importance is iron-ore, either a brown hematite or a black oxide, found in the form of sand. Beryl is found in considerable abundance, and some specimens are of very fine quality. Saltpetre abounds, but is considered to be of inferior quality. It is procured by washing the earth ; and a coarse culinary salt for domestic purposes is obtained by the same process. The zoology of this district has not been described, though, from the physical circumstances of the tract, it may be inferred to be rich. Elephants are very numerous about the bottom, and in the secluded valleys of the Ghauts, as weU as in the Animali or Animalaya group, which has received its name, meaning Elephant Hill,^ from the great number of those animals which harbour in it. In the course of four years, immediately preceding 1843,® between 700 and 800 elephants were destroyed by the public establishment maintained for this purpose. The price of the largest and finest pair of tusks is COIMBATOEE. from 8/. to 9/., and of those of smaller size from 4Z. to 6/. Many more were destroyed in the same interval hy private persons^ who never reported the facts ; as, although government rewarded the destruction of an elephant, the tusks, which were required to be surrendered, were often of considerably greater value than the reward. Of domestic cattle, kine are excellent and numerous. They are white, of a light make, bony, with large dewlaps, very active, and are in great demand for fleet draught all over the Camatic. The breed of buflaloes is infe- rior, but that of sheep is good, they being easily fattened, and their flesh of excellent quality : their wool, though coarse, is manufactured into excellent carpets and blankets. Silk is produced in the district, but the quantity is small, and the quality not prime. '^ The vegetable productions consist chiefly of dry grains. The principal alimentary crops are gram (Cicer arietinum), various sorts of panic, as Fanicum miliaceum. Pan i cum italicum, Panicura spicatum ; various kinds of millet, Holcus spicatns, Holcus saccharatus. Curcuma longa or turmeric. Of com- mercial crops, opium is raised on the hills, but not of superior quality.* The castor-oil plant (E.icinus communis) is much • Mndna Rer. cultivated, and its produce consumed at home, and exported 135]* *^' largely. Experiments have been conducted. by the govern- ment for the introduction and cultivation of the Mauritius sugar-cane, and favourable reports have been received of their progress.^ Cotton is produced, and manufactured into coarse * id.ioifov.i86t. fabrics for home wear, and for exportation to Trinchinopoly, Salem, Mysore, and Malabar. One of the experimental farms established by the government, with the view of introducing the American species of cotton, was located in this district. In 1849 it was discontinued ; the object for which it was formed, having, it is said, been fully attained by *' demonstrat- ing that the soil and climate are capable of producing cotton suitable to the British market.'* ^ The district is noted for * iB.i.aMt. Doe. COIMBATOOB,^ * the principal place of the British dis- trict of the same name, is situate near the lefb bank of the river Noyel, a tributary of the Cauvery, in a dry and well- cultivated country, on the declivity, and near the base of the great mountain-group of Neilgheny, and on the north side of * joora. R07. At. the remarkable depression^ which traverses the G-hauts from Mewbohil oroTof ^*®* ^ wcst. From this latter circumstance it is admirably Southern India, ventilated by the currents of air incessantly sweeping that s ii«t>ort on M9d. great gorge. The streets are wide,^ airy, and neatly built; sttSiici cJ *"** ^^^ *^® salubrity of the place is impaired by the bad quality of Southern Division ^}^q water, which is obtained from wells, and is for the most of Mftdrti Armj, 40. part brackish. The European quarter is eastward of the town, and detached from it. The jail for the district is situate in the south-eastern part of the town, and is a large square buildiog, capable of containing 275 prisoners. A detachment of native infismtry is stationed here. The huts of the sepoys are near the town. On its south side is a tank, never less than three miles in length, and during the rains increasing to a lake of considerable extent. In the time of Hyder Ali the town is said to have contained 4,000 houses ; but it suffered much in the wars between the British government and Mysore. Ele- vation above the sea 1,483 feet. Distance from Calicut, E., 80 miles; Mangalore, S.E., 196; Bombay, S.E., 600 ; Seringapatam, S., 100; Bangalore, S., 140; Madras, S.W., 268. Lat. 11°, long. 77° 1'. « E.I.C. Ml. Doc. COLAB A.^ — This name is given to the southern* part of indi«"Din!cu>ry» I'ig^thouse Island, the northern being called by the British *• **•• * Coimbetore of Buchanan ; Coimbitoor of Wilki. 6 COLABA. Oldwoiium*0 Idand. ThoM two parts are conneeted hj a caasewajy orerflowed at spring tides. Lighthouse Island is likewise connecfced with Bombay Island by a causeway.* In * Heber, Narrat. 1838, a spot of ground at the northern exiTemity of the island, which was usually covered by the sea at high water, was granted'* to a company of European and natiye merchants, for ^ Bomtwx r«t. the purpose of constructing a wharf and line of warehouses for ^*^ *^* the deposit of merchandise, and of excavating a canal, to insure constant smooth water for boats lying alongside the wharf. Colaba is the seat of an observatory, one of sixty now in operation in various parts of the world, for the purpose of magnetic and meteorological observation, whereat the instru- ments are read hourly, day and night, without interruption. The building was completed, the instruments set up, and assistants provided, in the year 1841 ; but a variety of unto- ward circumstances occurred, which for a considerable period retarded the course of observation, and rendered the results attained imperfect and untru||;worthy. The obstacles which prevented the perfect success of the establishment were, how- ever, by degrees overcome, and in the latter part of the year 1842, the duties of the establishment were brought into orderly and systematic discharge. In 1843 further improve- ment was effected ; and from that time the proceedings of the institution have been highly satisfactory. The charge of the observatory was allotted, in the first instance, to Mr. Orlebar, professor of natural philosophy in the Elphinstone College, Bombay. The erection of a church at Colaba was commenced in 1848.^ • RomtMj emim. The construction of this edifice was the result of a desire to JJJJJ^' ** ''"*^' establish some permanent memorial of the gallantry and en- durance of those who fell in Scinde and Affghanistan ; and the mode chosen, was selected on the ground of combining a record of the departed brave, with a purpose of the highest spiritual utility. The cost of the building was estimated at 70,000 rupees, or about 7,000^. Towards this sum the government contributed 30,000 rupees, the remainder to be supplied by private subscription. But the estimate having been con- siderably exceeded, the government has been authorized to ,3^' ' oontrtbute a flirther sum, equal to a moiety of the balance Friend of India . , ^ ' ^ ^ Journal, 18M, requured.® p.4fle. 7 COL. ^ Bomtej If iU Diip. 90 June, 184S. ' Bombftj Pub. Dltp. 14 Jan. 1846. B.I.O. Ms. Doc S.I.C. Ml. Doc. * ParliamenUuy Return, April, 1808. B.I.C. Ml. Doc £.1.0. Mt. Doc B.I.O. Mt. Doc > B.I.O. Ml. Doc. Heber, Narrat. Joum. 1. 904. * Surrej of Beet. India, 11. 89. Colaba is the seat of barracks/ which formerlj- were subject to the inconveniences arising from an unsatisfactory supply of water. To provide a remedy for this evil, was an object combined with the construction of the causeway® connecting Colaba with Bombay Island ; and a sufficient extent of iron pipes were forwarded from England to enable the project to be completed. The centre of the island is about lat. 18° 53', long. 72° 52'. COLABA (Angria's lapsed territory). — See Kolaba. COLA BEEA. — A town in the British district of Sumbul- poor, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, 85 miles N.E. of Sumbulpore. Lat. 21° 54', long. 84° 18'. COLADYNE EIVEE.— See Koladtne. COLAHNELLY.— A town in the British district of Coim- batoor, presidency of Madras, 61 miles E. of Coimbatoor. Lat. 11° IC, long. 77° 53'. COLAIE, in the district of Masulipatam, presidency of Madras, a large lake, formed by the drainage of the three rivers Weyairoo, Tumulairoo, and Boodamair. It contains about 160 square miles. A considerable outlay has been recently sanc- tioned^ for its drainage, by which the bed would be made available as arable land, capable of supporting a population of 7,000. Its centre is about lat. 16° 40', long. 81° 20'. COLAPOEE.— See Kolapoeb. COLAE. — A town in the native state of Mysore, 40 miles E. from Bangalore, and 66 miles W. from Chittoor. Lat. 13° 8', long. 78° 10'. COLEAPOLL. — A town in the British district of Pooralia, presidency of Bengal, 56 miles N.W. of Midnapoor. Lat. 22° 51', long. 86° 40'. COLEHAN. — A native jaghire within the British district of Singbhoom, under the jurisdiction of the political agent for the south-west frontier of Bengal. Its revenue is returned at 10,000 rupees, a portion of which is paid to the British govern- ment as tribute. Its centre is about lat. 22° 5', long. 85° 55'. COLEEOON EIYEE.—See Cautbuy. COLES.— See Obissa. COLGONG,* • in the British district of Bhagulpore, presi- dency of Bengal, a town on the right bank of the Gunges, on * KahalgaDJ of Buchanan.* 8 COL— COM. the route from Berbampore to Dinapore, 180 miles^ N.W. of * Garden, TabiM the former, 163 K of latter. It has a smaU bazaar and a fort, **' ^"*~' ^' now in a ruinous state. Abreast of it, in the river, are three insulated masses,' consisting of huge blocks of rocks, having * DaridMn, their crevices and rifts filled with stunted trees, and fifty or '*'^ sixty feet above the water. Distant N.W. from Calcutta by Berbampore, 245 miles ; by the course of the river, 809. Lat. 26° 13', long. Sr 17'. COLLACHXJLL,* in the territory of Travancore, a small « e.i.c. Mi. Doc town on the seacoast, in a diminutive bay. The land here is rather high and bold,^ differing from the generality of the SHonOHirgh, coast, which is low, and in most places sandy. Distance from t^;." '? ^e.'"''^' Trivandrum, S.E., 30 miles ; Cananore, S.E., 287. Lat. 8° 10', long. 77° 18'. COLLOOB. — See Babealoob. COMALDA, in G-urwhal, a river rising in the mountains e.i.c. ms. doo. inclosing the Bama Serai valley on the north, and in lat. g„'^*^^*^°^ 80^ 57', long. 78° 7'. It has a course of about seventeen miles, ai. rm. xhr. i86 generally in a south-easterly direction, to its confluence with ^jumna aDd ^' the Jumna, on the right side, in lat. 30° 47', long. 78° 10'. It o*"**- is one of the largest streams which the Jumna receives above the confluence of the Tons. Hodgson crossed it in the begin- ning of Apnl, a little above its mouth, when it was seventy feet wide, two and a half deep, and very rapid. COMABEALLWA. — A town in the British district of E.i.aMi.Doc. Guddapah, presidency of Madras, 29 miles S.W. of Cuddapah. Lat. 14P 16', long. 78° 30'. COMBAKONUM,^ in the British district of Tanjore, a i e.i.c. Mi. doc town the principal place of a large and valuable taUook or subdivision which bears the same name. It is situate in a low level tract between two considerable branches or outlets of the river Cauvery, and extends^ about two miles in length from a Report on Med. north to south, and one mile in breadth from east to west. I'^^^Jf ^ The houses are built in the usual native style, and some in the southern Divuion chief streets have two stories. The bazaar forms a long and irmy! it©. "" tolerably wide street, and is well supplied with provisions. There are several celebrated pagodas here, and consequently a considerable number of Brahmins, who live on the revenues of those establishments. Many devotees resort hither to visit the pagodas. There is also considerable traffic ; but the exercise 9 COM. Map of Arraean. I E.I^. Ml. Doe. * Otrden, Tabl«t of Rootot, 00. * Heber, Narrat. of Joum. I. 179. I E.I.C. Ml. Doc ' Honburgh, Eatt-India Direc- toiy, i. 018. * Honburgh, ut •upra, 519. of manufacturing art ia chiefly confined to weaTing. The weavers are said to be very industrious, but, like those engaged in the same employment in most other places, rery poor. Not- withstanding its slight elevation above the sea, this place ia remarkably healthy both for Europeans and natives. The lines for the small detachment of native infantry stationed here, are situate on a sandy piece of ground near the river, where are also the court-house, the jail, and the hospital. The jail is con- structed to contain three hundred prisoners. Distance from Tanjore, N.E., 20 miles ; Madura, N.E., 112 ; Bangalore, S.E., 186 ; Madras, S.W., 160. Lat. 10° 58', long. 79° 26'. COMBEEMERE BAT, situate between the mouths of the Talak and Aeng rivers, on the coast of Arraean, and abounding with shoals, rocks, and sandbanks. Its centre is about lat. 19° 35', long. 93° 35'. COMERCOLLT,^ in the British district of Pubna, presi- dency of Bengal, a town situate on the route from Berhampore to Dacca, 77 miles » S.E. of former, 95 W. of latter. It is situate on the Goraee, a large offset flowing south-eastward from the Ganges, and often denominated by the British the river of Comercolly * The river is described by Heber as having the width of the Thames at Yauxhall. Distance from Calcutta, N.E., 104 miles. Lat. 23° 52', long. 89*^ 14'. COMORIN (CAPE),i in the native state of Travancoro, the most southern point of what is called the Peninsula of India. " It is formed^ of a circular low sandy point, not dis- cernible above the distance of three and a half or four leagues from the deck of a large ship. Within two or three cables' length of the south-east part of the point lies -a sloping rocky islet, high above water, with other rocks about it, on which the sea breaks. To the westward of this islet, the shore of the cape is sandy and barren, but to the eastward it abounds with trees, having a fort and village among them close to the sea." The land is bold, and safe to approach within about a mile and a half or two miles, the depth of water in some places increasing towards the shore. " A great way out from the cape* there is a bank abounding in cod, where some ships have caught con- siderable numbers of those fish ; but it appears to be of small extent and little known." The base of the southern exixemity of the Western Ghauts is about a mile or a mile and a half 10 CONCAN. from ihe aea. ** These mountains^ rifle in majestic sharp peaks, * Honburgb, at chained together, and forming a ridge >/' and " a little detached '^^ from the end of the chain over the cape, on the east side, there is a sharp conical mountain bj itself, like a sugarloaf."* A bold summit, some distance north of the cape, when viewed frx>m afar, appears isolated, and has by navigators sailing at a distance been often mistaken for the cape itself. To the east- ward of the rocky islet previously mentioned, and about three milea from it, is a fort. Colonel Welsh, describing the place in 1824,* says, " A few fishermen's houses, some venerated ' hii. Rem. it temples, and a Dutch church, now form the celebrated town of Cape Comorin." Lat. 8^ 5', long. 77° 37'. CONCAN,* in the presidency of Bombay, a narrow tract > e.i.c. Ms. doc stretching fix)m the south of Sawimtwarree, on the frontier of Goa, in lat. 16° 44', long. 73° 46', to the Damaun river, in lat. 20° 22*, long. 72° 62', a length of about three hundred and thirty miles, with a breadth varying from twenty-five to fifty miles. It is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, and on the east by the culminating ridge of the G-hats. The eastern part, stretching up the fiice of the G-hats, and along their summits, is extremely rugged. The mean elevation of the western, or more depressed part, is about 100 feet ;^ but it has many iso- ' Tmnucti. of lated hills, or short ranges, some of which have a considerable g^^ ir. 411. elevation. Though rugged, this tract has many fertile valleys, each of which, for the most part, affords a passage to a small river or torrent holding a westerly course from the Ghats to the Arabian Sea. The geological surface-formation is volcanic, generally trap, rising in terraces from the low country to the summit of the Ghats, and in some places overlaid by ferru- gxneons sandstone, which, when decomposed,'^ forms a laterite, • Tnmsact*. of easOy mouldering into a reddish fertile earth. But a country soc. of Bomb«r, 90 rugged cannot but contain much land that is totally irre- ^'/fhTilah'Su- claimable, though producing in its gorges and ravines dense lesbmir Huii. jungle, infested by beasts of prey,* especially tigers, here re- * Duff, Hut. of markably fierce and destructive. In some places, however, the •**'****^ rock is so hard and close as totally to preclude vegetation of any kind, and presents the appearance of a huge black mass overtopping the general outline of the mountain. This is in ' Tirentf-ft>ar In HindotUm, by M. ^m .% * ^ . m . . . , -TV . « I W. and T.DnnUlI : * Of tnifl moantain a good view is given by Daniell.* I^on^, 1307^ j^^^ I, 11 CON. * Murrar, ut •upra, 100. * Transactf. of Mad. and Phji. Boc. Bombay, I. 256— Duncan, Notes on the Thermal Spring in the Konkan. ' Elphlnitone, Hilt, of India, U. 484, 4(». • Id. II. 480. ■ E.I.C. Mt. Doe. ' Report on Med. Topof raphy and SUtlatics of Northern Dirltion ofMadnuAnuj,A. many instances sumiounted by a formidable hill-fort. The rivers, in the upper or steeper part of their course, near the mountains, are clear and rapid ; but after entering the level country, where they are affected by the tide, they are very deep and muddy, their estuaries forming small havens, which, before the establishment of British supremacy, afforded lurking- places for pirates. The most fertile spots are on the banks of streams. The rivers abound with fish, but they are also fre- quented by alligators. Venomous serpents are unfortunately very numerous. The climate is characterized by the great heaviness of the monsoon rains, the amount of which in one year has been known to be nearly 300 inches.* The Concan abounds in thermal springs, the water of which has a tempera- ture in no instance exceeding 110°,* and is found very service- able in cases of rheumatism. When cooled, it is pleasant and salubrious to drink. The Concan comprehends two collectorates, — Tannah and Eutnaghery, which will be found more particularly described in their proper places in the alphabetical arrangement. Of the tract south of Bombay, Mhar is the principal town. There are numerous small towns or forts along the coast, at the estuaries of the small rivers, or on the creeks or small bays, which abound. Of those places the most worthy of notice are Junjera, Rutnagheriah, Viziadroog, and Vingorla, notices of which are given under their respective names. The Concan appears to have been little noticed in Indian history until the beginning of the sixteenth century, when its seacoasts became the scene of the daring and active operations of the Portuguese. In the middle of the seventeenth century it was conquered'' from the king of Beejapore by the Mahratta leader Sevajee. Aurungzebe was less successful in his attempts upon it: his son Moazzim, whom he despatched against it, lost, in 1684, nearly the whole of his horses® and cattle, either from want of provisions, or from the deadly effect of the climate. It thenceforward remained under the rule of the chief of Sattara, and subsequently under that of the Peishwa, until, on the overthrow of the latter in 1818, it was incor- porated with the dominions of the East-India Company. CONDAPILLT,! in the British district of Masulipatam, presidency of Madras, a hill-fort, having an elevation ^ of about 12 CON. 1,700 feet above the level of the sea. It waa formerly noted* » H«yD«, Tnct» for its strength ; but of late years, according to Hamilton,^ * ol^atw*^ 448. " has been suffered to crumble into ruin." Distance from Madras, N., 245 miles ; Masulipatam, N.W., 52 ; Calcutta, S.W., 658. Lat. 16*' 38', long. 80° 37'. CONDEEPEE DEOOG.— A fort m the British district of E.i.c.Mi. doc Bellary, presidency of Madras, 52 miles S. of Bellary. Lat. 14*^ 22*, long. 7r &. CONDILA-PELLT. — A town in the native state of -Nagpoor, b.i.c. m». Doe. or the rajah of Berar's dominions, 67 miles S.W. from Bustur, and 91 miles N. from Eajahmundry. Lat. 18° 19', long. 81° 39'. CON JEVEEAM,^ • in the British district Chingleput, pre- * e.i.c. Ms. doc sidency of Madras, a town on the route from Madras to Arcot. It is situate on the Wegawati, a torrent devoid of water during the dry season. The streets are wide,^ cross each other at * Lord vaimtia, right angles, and have a row of cocoanut-trees on each side. Bwiulmin Narr. The houses are of mud; they are roofed with tiles, and are of Joum from built in the form of a square, with an inclosed court in the uywre, caatA, middle : altogether they appear superior to the houses in the "^^**»***^» country towns of Bengal. The principal inhabitants are Brahmins, of whom there are about a hundred families, and a large number of dancing-girls, kept in honour of Iswara or Siva. The pagodas dedicated to that deity and his consort Kamachuma are represented as '* great' stone buildings, very * Bachuiftn, l is. clumsily executed both in their joinings and carvings, and totally devoid of elegance or grandeur, although they are wonderfully crowded with what are meant as ornaments." These pagodas are highly famed in the mythological lore of the Brahmins, and are amongst the most revered and fre- quented in Southern India. The great gateway of the pagoda, as is usually the case with such structures, is huge and lofty, and from the top, which is reached by seven flights of stairs, there is a view '' extremely flne,^ consisting of extensive woods * Sait, in vai«ou«, intersected by a large sheet of water, with numerous pagodas rising among the trees, and a magnificent range of retiring mountains in the distance." Distance from Cuddalore, N., 81 miles ; Arcot, E., 27 ; Bangalore, E., 145 ; Madras, S.W., 42. Lat. 12° 5(y, long. 79° 46'. * Called KuDJi by th« natives, according to Buchanan.' > NarrttiTo, i. 10. 13 CON— coo. B.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.C. Ml. Doe. E.IU3. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.IX). Ms. Doc B.I.C. Mi. Doc ■ B.I.a Mi. Doc s Bachanan, Journey from Madras, through Mjriore, Canara, and Malabar, iU. 16. E.I.C. Mi. Doc. CONTAI. — A town in the British district of Hijellee, pre- sidency of Bengal, 65 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 2^ 47', long. 87° 47'. COOCH BEHAH.— See Koobh Behab. COODAM. — A town in the native state of Jeypoor, cwie of the hill zemindarries of Madras, 73 miles S. from Jeypoor, and 83 miles W. fix)m Vizianagrum. Lat. 18°, long. 82° 14'. COOGDARRA. — A town in the British district of Mymun- sing, presidency of Bengal, 52 miles N.E. of Pubna. Lat. 24° 2(y, long. 90°. COOMANDA. — A town in the natire state of Kareal, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, 12 miles N. from Elareal, and 108 miles S.W. from Sombulpoor. Lat. 20° SO', long. 82° 44'. COOMBACOTTA.— A town in the native state of Jeypoor, one of the hill zemindarries of Madras, 10 miles S.W. from Eyaguddah, and 69 miles N. from Vizianagrum. Lat. 19° 6', long. 83° 20'. COOMBAEBEE.— A town in the native state of Hyder- abad, or dominions of the Nizam, 93 miles S.E. from Ellich- poor, and 93 miles N.E. from Nandair. Lat. 20^ 4', long. 78° 23'. COOMBLA,^ in the British district of South Canara, pre- sidency of Madras, a town situate on a high peninsula, pro- jecting into a salt-water lake, separated from the sea by a spit of sand, and receiving the water of two rivers,* one flowing from the Ghauts, the other, of less size, flowing from some hills a few miles east of the town. In the rainy season, those rivers bring down a body of water, which makes the lake or inlet quite fresh ; but during the rest of the year it is as salt as the external sea. The situation of the fort is very fine. The town, once considerable, but now rather decayed, was formerly joined by a bridge to the town of Ejmyapoora, situate on the south or opposite side of the narrow inlet by which the lake communi- cates with the sea. Coombla is distant from Mangaloor, S., 19 miles ; Madras, W., 360. Lat. 12° 36', long. 76°. COOMBTA.— See Coombla. COOMSEE. — ^A town in the native state of Mysore, 29 miles N.E. from Bednore, and 141 miles N.W. from Seringa- patam. Lat. 14° 3', bng. 75° 28'. u coo. COOMTA,^ in the British distriet of North Canary preai- i e.i.c. mi. doc dencj of Madras, a town on a creek on the eaat coast of the Indian Ocean. " It seems^ to have been fonnerlj a place of • bucImbiii, some note. Its Lmes are straight, and fenced with stone walls, iiadrM. through and it has manj cocoanut-gardens. Twice it had the misfor- f^^ M«imbar, tone of haying Tippoo's armj encamped in its Ticinitj, and on 'u* i^* both occasions it was burned down by some of the irregulars." Salt ia made on the banks of the cove, hy evaporating the sea- water. Of late years, this place appears to have recovered its fbrmer'prosperity, from being selected as the port of shipment lor the raw cotton produced in the district of Bellary and in the Southern Mahratta country. A road from Dharwar, by Sircy, was op^ied some time since; but this affording but imperfect accommodation, another was subsequently con- structed, opening a communication for wheeled carriages for the entire distance between Dharwar and Coomta.^ The town * imiift puh. niap. is situate about a mile from the port, which, however, is little * ^^^ ***^' more than an open roadstead, having a headland running out at its northern termination, which protects the anchorage from the north-west wind, being that which prevails nearly the whole of the trading season, and renders the bay comparatively calm during* this part of the year ; but it is entirely exposed to the south-west monsoon, and after this commences, it is unsafe for any country vessel to remain there.'* Distant N.W. from Man- * i^tt«' fromooi- galore 113 miles, S.E. from Bombay 328, N.W. from Madras o March, 1847, in 410. Lat. 14° 26', long. 74° 29^. S^V^^"* COOMTY. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or the e.i.c. ms. doc rajah of Berar's dominions, 145 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 22 miles S.W. from Ryepoor. Lat. 21°, long. 81° 22^. COONDADIJM. — A town in the British district of Coim- e.i.c.Mi.doc batoor, presidency of Madras, 33 miles S.E. of Coimbatoor. Lat. 10° SO', long. 77° 30^. COONDAPOOB.^ — The principal place of a subdivision of i e.i.c. Ms. Doe. the same name, in the British district of North Canara, presi- dency of Madras. It is situate on the south or left side of an estuary receiving five fresh- water rivers,^ flowing down from • Bucfaanao, the Ghauts. Though this estuary is extensive, it is shallow, mIU^ through and navigable solelv for boats and small* vessels ; uid those **J?°r®» Mtitttr, o J ' ^ and CAoara, ill. which ply on it are only canoes. The surrounding country is los. lemarkably beautiful ; and an old fort, erected by the Portu- Directory 1! aoe.* coo. ^ R«port on lied. Topofniphy and StntUttcs of Malahftr Mtd Cknara, App. ill. ^HistoriciU 8lM(ebM»L 12. * BndMMin, lii. 10ft. f ElpbfmtoBo, HM. of Iodia» il. IM. • WUlu> i. 451. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. Oachterlonj, Surrey of Neil- gherrj Mount, 9. guese a short distance inland of the town, commands a noble prospect. General Matthews, preparing for the disastrous expedition in which he perished, made lines around this fort. The town contains about 250 houses, and has long been sta- tionary with respect to increase of size and prosperity. The tallook of which this town is the principal place extends between the sea and the Ghauts, numerous streams flowing down from which traverse it. Hence the soil is moist, and water is found at no great depth below the surface ; and as there is a considerable quantity of fertile ground, rice succeeds well. In the numerous creeks and inlets, a considerable quan- tity of salt is made, by evaporating sea-water. The area of the' tallook is 432 square miles,^ and the population, according to official report, 72,767 ; indicating a relative density of 168 to the square mile. The tract comprised within this subdivision, according to Wilks,* formed part of the dominions of the Cadumba dynasty, which at a remote period ruled extensively over this part of India, and was subverted during the second century of the Christian era. Coondapoor town, and some other posts on the seashore, were in the early part of the sixteenth century seized* by the Portuguese, and the more inland tract was included within the great realm of Yijaya- nagar until its overthrow, in 1565,^ by a Mussulman confede- racy at Telikota ; subsequently to which this territory appears to have become part of the state of Bednor ; on the overthrow® of which by Hyder Ali, in 1763, it became incorporated witb his dominions ; and when his son, in 1799, fell beneath the attack of the British, it became part of the British district of Korth Canara. Distance from Mangalore, N., 53 miles ; Bom- bay, S., 390 ; Bangalore, N. W., 206 ; Madras, W., 380. Lat. 13° 38', long. 74° 45'. COONNAGOODT.— A town in the British district of Madura, presidency of Madras, 42 miles £. of Madura. Lat. 10° 7', long. 78° 47'. COONOOB, one of the minor sanitary stations on the Neilgherry Hills, in the district of Malabar, presidency of Madras, 6,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is situate on the crest of the hills, in the south-east angle of their summit ; the residences of the Europeans, including an hotel, being placed on the rounded tops of a range of hills, 16 coo. which runs from a high mountain called " Coonoor Betta," towards the top of the pass ; while the hazaar and native resi- dences are in the hollow below, and adjacent to a masonrj bridge, which spans a wide stream flowing from the Jakatalla valley, and descending the hills at this point in a large volume of water. The south-west monsoon sets in at this station in the month of June, but with less rigour than at Ootacamund, owing to the clouds, which come charged with rain from the westward, meeting with opposition from the high spurs of the Dodabetta range which intervene. The annual fall of rain here averages fifty-five inches ; that at Ootacamund sixty inches. Distant N. from Coimbatoor 26 miles. Lat. 11*^ 21', long. 76° 56'. COONYGUL. — A town in the native state of Mysore, 47 e.i.c. Mi. do«. miles N.E. from Seringapatam, and 36 miles W. from Banga- lore. Lat. 13° r, long. 77° 5'. COOEG,^ a district of Southern India, and recently an » e.i.c. Mi. Doc independent raj, is bounded on the north by Mysore and the coUectorate of Canara ; on the east by Mysore ; on the south by the coUectorate of Malabar ; and on the west by Malabar and Canara. While a separate raj, its limits were more exten- sive ; but upon the subjugation of the province by the British, in 1834, the talooks of Pootoor and Umr Sooleay were an- nexed to the coUectorate of Canara. The present district of Coorg lies between lat. 11° 56' and 12° 45', long. 75° 25' and 76° 13', and extends about sixty miles from north to south, and thirtv-ftve from east to west. The area is estimated at about 1.420 ^ square miles. Coorg is a very rugged, and alto- « R-port on M«d. gether mountainous region, the lowest part being fully 3,000 g.'il^.^'^^f *""* feet above the sea. The tract which most nearly resembles a coorg, i. plain, is the valley, about eighteen miles long and thirteen broad, lying between Merkara and Naknaad, which, viewed from above, has a level appearance, but when examined more closely, is found to consist of a succession* of low ridges, with * Mudrai journal small narrow valleys, or perhaps rather ravmes, between them ; science, it. sa©— the lowest beinnj the bed of the great river Cauvery. The ??."*''*' **"/!i* " *=> "^ Climate of Coorg. ridges are parallel to each other, and commence in a steep abutment, whence they proceed in a direction south-east, until they terminate in the plains of Mysore or Wynaad. Some of those ranges have on their summits very small table-lands, but s c 17 COOB&. in general their tops are sharp ridges. The whole country, with few exceptions, is covered with forests more or less dense, but seldom so overgrown by underwood as to qualify them to be called jungle. To the eastward, however, towards Mysore, in which direction the elevation of the surface diminishes, bamboos make their appearance, and the forest becomes thick jungle, filled with every variety of wild animals. The prevail- < Madrti jonrn^ i^g geological formations are primitive ; " the principal ^ rocks Science, It. 880— being sicnitc, granite, and greenstone ; and the subordinate aiinlSeofc EJ.O. Ml. Doc COBINGA,^ in the British district of Bajahmimdry, presi- dency of Madras, a town on the estuary of that branch of thef * Daiiynpio, Gt>davery' which opens into Coringa Bay, and which is gene- torj, II. M****^ "^7 called the Coringa River, its mouth forming the harbour BoraburKh. EMt- ^f Coringa. At the entrance is a bar, having twelve or four- i.008. ' te^i feet of water at spring tides. Within the bar the depth of water is from two and a half to four £ithoms. The town, which is a place of considerable trade, is situate on the south side of the estuary. It is the best place on this coast for building or repairing small vessels, there being a considerable number of shipwrights and calkers, who here find constant employment. The place, however, from its low situation, is subject to be overflowed by extraordinary rises of the sea, and » Dftiirmpie, in May,* 1787, in consequence of a prolonged and very violent gale from the north-east, the sea rushed over the site of the town, swept away all the houses, and in a moment des1a*oyed nearly the whole population, estimated at about four thousand. * Id. 91, 09, 05. The deluge^ overspread the adjacent country for several miletf inland, destroying, as is estimated, fifteen thousand people, and * Honburgh, I. upwards of a hundred thousand head of cattle. A similar^ disaster occurred in 1882, when several vessels were carried into the fields and left aground in elevated situations; one 28 608. COB. new ship, on the stocks, was swept into tbe river and lost. Distance from Eajahmundry, S.E., 82 miles; Madras, N.E., 290 ; Calcutta, S. W., 562. Lat. 16° 4^, long. 82" 19^. COBL AM. — ^A town in the British district of Granjam, pre- b.i.c. Ms. doc sidency of Madras, II miles N.E. of Chicacole. Lat. 18° 24/, long. 84° 3'. COBOMANDEL (COAST OF). i— Part of the eastern i e.i.c. mi. Doe. coast of Southern India, forming the shore of the Baj of Bengal. It is considered to commence at Point Calimere, in lat. l(f 17*, long. 79° 6tf , and to hold a direction nearly due north as far as Gondegam, in lat. 15° 20', long. S(f IQf* It extends across the estuaries of many riyers, and the entrance to the extensive Pulicat lake or inlet ; hut there is no place within its whole extent where large ships can he sheltered in all weather. Blackwood Harhour,^ the least ohjectionahle, is * Horrt)orfh, open to the north, on which point it might be sheltered* by a 3 d^ Haviiiand, breakwater ; the construction of such a work, however, thousrh ?" P"?V*^ ?""** practicable, would be enormously expensive. Of the several as. oth^ places frequented by shipping, none have havens, and ships must be anchored in the open sea, where, during the dosing months of the year, they are exposed to the violence of the north-east monsoon. Consequently, the coast is then nearly deserted ; and the few navigators who venture to anchor, must be prepared to weigh, cut or slip anchor, and work out to sea on the first setting in of a gale. At all times a heavy sea rolls on shore from the vast expanse of the Bay of Bengal, and causes a tremendous surf, which totally precludes communica- tion from the ships lying at uichor with the land by means of boats constructed on the European plan. These would inevitably be dashed to pieces ; and resort is therefore had to the Masula boats,^ which are flat-bottomed, of the same shape i joam. of Rof. at stem and stem, from thirty to thirty-five feet in length, ten ^J ^Jj^i^e"" or eleven in breadth, and seven or eight in depth. The planks Native VMseii of which form those boats are sewed together with coir yams, or twine spun from the cocoanut-fibre, crossing the seams over a wadding of the same fibre, which presses on the joints and prevents leakage. ^ To the coast, within these limits, Horsburgh oonsiders the term Ooromandel Coast in strict propriety confined ; but, by license, it is some- tiiiiet extended, so as to indude the coast farther northward to Balasore. 27 India. COE. The places principally frequented by shipping on the Coro- mandel Coast are Negapatam, Nagore, Tranquebar, Cuddalore, Pondicherry, Sadras, Madras, and Pulicat. The coast through- out is, with little exception, low and sandy, and the sea shallow * near the shore, with sounding gradually increasing with the distance from land. The etymology of the name Coromandel has been variously explained ; but it appears that it was originally denominated Choramandal or Cholamandal, which is considered to mean the » wiikf, Htstori- maudal or region of the Chola, an ancient dynasty* of this c«i sketchei. 1. 7. ^^^ ^^ India .• The Coromandel Coast comprises the sea- coasts of the British districts Tanjore, Arcot, Chingleput, and Nellore, Honbunrh. II. 16. COEONGE.— An island about two miles in length from north to south, situate close to a rocky point off the coast of Arracan, which forms a bay, having several rocks and islets. Distant from Cape Negrais, N., 33 miles. Lat. 16° 32', long. 94° 2(y. COEYGAUM. — A village in the British district of Poona, presidency of Bombay, on the route from Poona to Ahmed- nuggur, 16 miles N.E. from the former. The place is unim- portant, but is associated with interesting historical recollec- tions. On the 1st January, 1818, a British force, under the command of Captain Staunton, comprising a detail of artillery, a battalion of infantry, and a small number of auxiliary horse, occupied the village, in which they were attacked by three divisions of the Peishwa's infantry, consisting of about 1,000 men each, supported by immense bodies of horse. The action lasted from noon till nine in the evening, during which period several buildings were repeatedly taken and retaken. On both sides the loss was terrific ; but the result was most honourable to the British, who remained masters of the place. In recog- nition of the gallantry displayed on the occasion by Captaia . Staunton, a grant of 5001. per annum was conferred upon him by the East-India Company. Lat. 18° 39', long. 74° 8'. E.I.O. Mf. Doc. COETAGEEEY.— A town in the native state of Mysore, 47 miles N.W. from Bangalore, and 84 miles N.E. from Seringapatam. Lat. 13° 31', long. 77° 17'. E.I.C. M8. Doc COETAPALEYAN.— A town in the British district of 28 COS. Coimbatoor, presidency of Madras, 65 miles N.E. of Coim- batore. Lat. 11° 33', long. 77° 35'. COSSIMBAZAR,^ * in the British district of Moorshedabad, » e-ic. mi. doc presidency of Bengal, a town adjoining the city of Moorsheda- bad on the south, and in fact a suburb of it. The Bhagirathi, a great offset of the G-anges, here forms, by its winding,* a * as. rm. vii. 96 peninsula, at one time insulated, and thence denominated the ^^ coum oMhe Island of Cossimbazar.t The manufactures of this town were O""^** <•»«>««»» formerly of importance, especially of silk fabrics; but they have much decayed before the irresistible competition of the cheaper wares of Britain. A considerable quantity of silk being produced in the surrounding country, it is generally here prepared for market. Here was formeriy a considerable factory,^ belonging to the East-India Company. In 1756 it ' TiefPenthaier. was taken,^ without resistance, by Sooraj-oo-dowla, nawaub of Hindustan, i.sar. Bengal. By a careful census in 1829, the number of houses of^HM.rEmpi'iil was stated at 1,300 ; of inhabitants, at 3,538 ; of which 1,325 in India, 1. 187. Mussulman, 2,213 Brahminical. Distance N.E. from Cal- cutta by land, through Berhampore, 120 miles ; by water, 163. Lat. 24° 8', long. 88° 18'. COSSIPOEE.^ — A manufacturing suburb of Calcutta, » e.i.c. Ms. doc situate on the left bank of the river Hooghly, six miles north of Fort WiUiam. Here is located the government foundry, represented as one of the most complete and perfect to be seen in any country.* During the administration of Lord Hastings, « Calcutta Rar. several pieces of brass ordnance cast at this plac^ were sent to '"' *^' England, and submitted to the examination of a committee of artillery officers at Woolwich, who pronounced the workman- ship and finish superior to those of the royal arsenal.* Young 'Benjrai andAgm artillery officers are now required to attend at this establish- p^ruii. 85.'^** ' ment for instruction in the casting of euns.^ The foundry, * bengal mu. ° ° ■" DIsp. 2 Aug. 18M. * Market of Cossim ; from Cossim, a proper name, and Bazar, "market.'* It might have been conjectured that it was named after Cossim Ali, the 2 HUt. of British ' nawaab of Bengal, expelled by the British, 1763, were it cot that it is Empire in India, described by Tavemier' as an important place a century earlier. It is i"If^' the Coesimbazar of Thornton f Cossimbuzar of Rennell.' yo, xi. ir Hamilton states ' that this peninsula abounds in wild swine, deer, 1 Oazetteer, i. 4fi5. hares, feathered game, and even tigers. But it is only about 1,000 acres in extent, and is close to the towns of Moorshedabad and of Cossimbazar. He farther states that it is one of the largest inland trading towns in Bengal. 39 COSSTAH HILLS. 1 Bffigal and Agr» Guide. 1841,T0l.ii. ptrtl. SttO. * B«ngftl Mftrlne DUp. IS Jan. 185$. ' At. Journ. Sod Miiet, vol. V. part 1. Sia. * Report of Meet- ing, At. Soc Cal. 4 March, 18S0, tn QoT. Gazette. * Treatlef with Native Prineee, S78. when in full work, is capable of turning out more than 200 pieces in the year. Lat. 22^ 38', long. 88° 26'. COSSTAH HILLS 1 embrace the tract of country lying between Assam and Sylhet on the north and south, and Jynteah and the Garrow country on the east and west, and extend from lat. 25° to 26° 7', and from long. 90° 52' to 92° 11'. The area of the country is estimated at 729 square miles, and the amount of the population at 10,935. This mountainous region is considered to be advantageously situate as an almost impregnable military post for the north-eastern frontier, arising from its occupying the centre in a line of operations which might be directed against an eastern enemy, and from its possessing natural bulwarks, requiring little aid to render them impenetrable. The Cossyah Hills have been usually re- garded as containing much mineral wealth ; but the result of their recent geological survey by Professor Oldham does not favour this presumption ; neither iron, stone, nor coal, appear- ing to be abundant.^ The great body of Cossyahs have not adopted the customs of the Hindoos ; they eat beef, and have, apparently, few re- ligious notions. They have neither idols nor temples ; but many peculiarly-shaped stones and rocks, as well as streams and groves, are accounted holy ; and sacrifices are made to them.* Near the villages, on the hills, are likewise to be seen gigantic stone monuments, with doorways, that remind the English visitor of Stonehenge, and are conjectured to have been erected to the memory of departed chiefs and rajahs.^ In 1826, a direct communication between Assam and Sylhet being considered desirable, an agreement, concurred in by the Cossya chiefs, was concluded with the chief of Nungklow, under which, in return for British protection against external enemies, and support in the event of internal insurrection, the rajah stipulated to afford a free passage to British troops passing betweeii Assam and Sylhet; to furnish materials for the construction of a road, and to govern his subjects according to established laws. Teerut Singh, with whom this engagement was made, having caused Lieutenants Bedingfield and Burlton to be treacherously massacred, was deposed in 1829, when the district of Nungklow was conferred upon his nephew ;* and engagements were at the same time entered into with the rajah 90 COT— COU, of Chirra Foonjee, and the other principal chiefs of the country.^ A few years later the complete establishment of 'BenxsiaAdAfnt tranquillity was effected in the Cossjah highlands ; and the a"^\t^Ju^'' salutary change was ascribed to the substitution of mild for coercive measures, and especially to the restoration^ of the ' India PoLObp. son of Teerut Singh to the principality forfeited by his father. fr COTA POLOOE.— A town in the British district of North B.i.c.Mi. doc Arcot, presidency of Madras, 49 miles N. W. of Madras. Lat. 13° 45', long. 80° 4'. COTHA, or KOTA,^ in the British district of Jaunsar, a » ai. Ret. x!t. w Tillage near the right bank of the Jumna, and about 3,000 feet ^ jumna "and""^' above its bed. At the time of Hodgson's visit in 1817, it was o»»k««- a poor place, containing about a dozen houses and 100 in- habitants : but it is now much improved, being a neat village,* * skinner, and uncommonly clean, surrounded with thriving cultivation, i. sm. and possessed of much cattle. It is also a place of great thoroughfare, being on the direct route from the plains to Jumnotri, and also to Theog and Kotgurh. Lat. 30° 40^, long. 78° 6'. COTIOTE.— See Malabae. COTOOE. — A town in the British district of Cuddapah, b.i.c. Mi. doc presidency of Madras, 31 miles E. of Cuddapah. Lat. 14° 26', long. 79° 2(y. COULY DEOOG.— A town in the native state of Mysore, ej.c. m«.doc 10 miles S.E. from Bednore, and 140 miles N.W. from Seringapatam. Lat. 13° 43', long. 75° 10^. COUETALLIJM,^ in the British district of Tinnevelly, a » B.i.ojit. Doc small town at the western boundary, towards the territory of Travancore. It is situate in a small recess,* in the east side * MadrM joumfti of that great group of mountains in which the southern ex* gLtnoT*". «o^ tremities of the "Western and Eastern Ghauts unite ; and the w'«*»*» <>» **»• Flora of Cour* site of the town is surrounded on three sides by hills. At this uuum. place the group is traversed by a deep narrow valley, allowing an easy communication between the Camatic and Malabar. The dryness of the air and its low temperature, arising from local peculiarities, have deservedly acquired for this spot a character for salubrity ; and it is, consequently, much frequented by invalids during the hot weather. In addition to more sub* stantial advantages, it may be mentioned that the scenery is described as being " rich* and varied, and the whole enlivened »wigw, ut «ipi% 81 *^ cov— cow. ' B.T.C. Mb. Doc. * Horabargh, East- India Dlrec- tonr, i. 693. ' Bartoloneo, Yojai^e to the East Indies, 74. * Friend of India Journal, 1868, p. 016. E.I.C. Ml. Doc E.T.C. Mf. Doe. with a series of beautiful waterfalls, forming a tout ensemble^ the contemplation of which is highly grateful to the eye and soothing to the feelings. The lowest and most conspicuous of the series of waterfalls is nearly 200 feet in height, the water of which being much broken in its descent, forms a favourite bathing-place, where the bathers enjoy the benefit of a shower- bath on the grandest scale." The vegetable kingdom is here peculiarly comprehensive, rich, and varied, including forest trees of enormous size, date-palms and sago-palms, wild nutmeg, a coarse species of cinnamon, wild mango-steen, jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), various twinert*, such as the Cocculus indicua (pepper-vine). The arrow-root plant grows to the height of from twenty to twenty-five feet ; the ferns attain the size of moderate timber-trees. The number of flowering indigenous vegetables is estimated at 2,000. The soil and climate, so favourable to vegetation, have caused this place to be selected for the at- tempt to cultivate some of the rarest and most valuable inter- tropical exotics, including the nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon. All of them are represented as thriving, though the undertaking does not appear to have been pushed so as to afford as yet any- beneficial commercial result. Elevation above the sea 700 feet. Distance from Tinnevelly town, N.W., 32 miles; Madras, S.W., 350. Lat. 8° 56', long. 77° 20^. COVELONQ,! in the British district of Chingleput, presi- dency of Madras, a town on the Coromandel Coast. It is of dangerous approach from the south and south-east, in conse- quence of a rocky shoal* projecting upwards of a mile into the sea in that direction. Here are the ruins of a fort,® formerly belonging to the Imperial East-India Company of Ostend, but subsequently acquired by the English, who dismantled it. The locality of Covelong appears to be peculiarly favourable for the production of salt, and it is stated that a pure white descrip- tion of this article may be manufactured here at the low rate of four shillings and sixpence per ton.** Distance from Cudda- lore, N.E., 80 miles ; Ajcot, E., 62 ; Madras, S., 21. Lat. 12° 47', long. 80° 18'. COVILPUTTY.— A town in the British district of Tinne- velly, presidency of Madras, 36 miles N.E. of Tinnevelly. Lat. 9° 12', long. 77° 56'. COWLAPOOE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or 82 cow— CEA. the rajah of Berar's dominions, 152 miles S. from Nagpoor, and 115 miles W. from Bustur. Lat. 19° K/, long. 80° 13'. COWK'RATi, in the British district of Jubbulpore, Saugor B.i.a u». Doc and Nerbudda territory, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Jubbulpore to Punnah, 29 miles N.E. of the former. Lat. 23° 82', long. 80° icy. COXE BAZAB. — A .town in the British district of Chitta- Honburgb, gong, presidency of Bengal, situate on the eastern side of the ^*"^*^'y' **• *• entrance to Mascal Channe], a considerable arm of the sea, flowing between the island of Mascal and the mainland. Lat. 21° 31', long. 92° 6'. COYELBOODAH. — A town in the native state of Berar, e.i.c. m«. doc. or dominions of the rajah of Nagpoor, 151 miles S.E. from Nagpoor, and 73 miles N.W. from Bustur. Lat. 19° 50', long. 81° 6'. CEANGANORE.i* — A town of Malabar, with a fort. It is » e.i.c. u», Doc situate^ on the Cranganore Biver, called also the Aycotta Biver. « Honburgb, The river has a bar at the entrance, with five or six feet water j^^' i"^,^^ ^'^^ on it: inside, there are fourteen or sixteen. The place was taken, in 1662* or 1663, from the Portuguese, by the Dutch, »wiik», Historical who appear to have constructed the fort. In 1789, it was pur- ««•»•• chased from the Dutch by the rajah of Travancore ; in the following year, possession^ of it was taken by Tippoo Sultan ; * wiiiu, ut lupra, and at the general pacification which closed the war provoked by the sultan's attack upon Travancore, it was ceded to the British. In this part of India are many Jews ; and one section of that extraordinary people, termed White Jews, claim a pecu- liar connection with Cranganore. According to their account,* * Buchnnan their ancestors escaped from Jerusalem at the time of its final tian ReK^archei, destruction, and after various migrations, the descendants of ^^^* the fugitives made their way to the western coast of India, where, in the year of the world 4250, or 490 of the Christian era, the local sovereign granted them a settlement at Cranga- nore, where they were joined by others of their nation, and in which place they remained about a thousand years ; but, as one of their number stated,* " discord arising among ourselves, one • id. ib. of our chiefs called to his assistance an Indian king, who came upon us with a great army, destroyed our houses, palaces, and * Kodangaloor of Trigonometrical Survey. - . $ J) " CTJO— CtJD. f MnHraa Journal of Litemturo and Science, 1. 74 — Conner, Memnir of a Surrey of Travancore. Biimet» Pol. Pov. ol Sikhc, 0. Ill Tnidi*ofth« Dur^at, 98. B.I.G. Ms. Doc S.I.C. Ms. Doe. E.I.G. Ms. Doe. ' E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Horsbnrgh, £a»t- India Dlree- tory, L 600. strongholds, dispossessed us of Cranganore, killed part of UB^ and carried part into captivity." According to tradition, a colony of Syrian Christians settled here in the year 345/ and their establishment continued to prosper until the arrival of the Portuguese at the dose of the fifteenth century. By a course of cruel persecution, the greater part of the Syrian believers were constrained to acknowledge the authority of the papal see, which is. exercised by the bishop of Cranganore and vicar-general af Malabar. Distance from Cochin, N., 19 miles ; Calicut, S., 75 ; Cananore, S.E., 126 ; Mangalore, S.E., 207 ; Bombay, S.E., 648 ; Bangalore, S.W., 211 ; Madras, S.W., 341. Lat. 10° 14', long. 76° 16^. CUCHEE. — A doab or narrow peninsula east of the Indus, and between it and the Punjnud. It is embodied with Dera Ghazee Khan, and with it formed one of the districts of the late Sikh government, yielding it nine lacs of rupees annually. It is everywhere permeated by watercourses from the Indus, and is remarkably well cultivated and productive. Lat. 29^ *jiOf — 80°, long. 70° 40'— 71° 10'. CUDAMPILLY. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 69 miles S.W. from Hyderabad, and 80 miles N. from Kumool. Lat. 16° 66', long. 77° 47'. CUDDABA, — A town in the native state of Mysore, 60 miles N. from Seringapatam, and 62 miles N.W. from Bangalore. Lat. 13° 14', long. 76° 65'. CUDDABAL. — A town in the British district of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 46 miles W. of Bellary. Lat. 16° 6\ long. 76° 17'. ClTDDALOItE,^ the prindpal place of the southern division of Arcot, presidency of Madras, a town on the Coromandel Coast, situate at the estuary of the river Panar. The river, though haWng a considerable length of course, is small at its mouth, and closed up by a bar, so as only to admit coasting- craft of moderate size ; but there is good anchorage off shore^ a mile and half. The site of the town is low, being not more than five feet above the sea ; and, from this circumstance, the place might be supposed to be insalubrious ; but such is not the case, and the new town especially is regarded as peculiarly healthy. The population are in general well lodged, and there are many good bousesi arranged in broad regular streets. The d4 OUDDAPAH. old hri^ now nearly demolished, is thus described : — '' A quad- rangle^ of unequal sides, with au indifferent rampart and ditch, * wiiki» Htstori- and no outworks, excepting one advanced from its north-eastern Ju^^T****^ angle : a bastion covers each of the other angles, and the cur- tains are furnished with the imperfect kind of flanking defence obtainable by means of a succession of bastions placed in a prolongation of one and the same straight line." The town is the principal civil station of the zilkh or district. Distant firom Madura, N.E., 170 miles ; Tanjore, N.E., 77 ; Arcot, S.E., 84 ; Madras, S., 100. Lat. 11° 43', long. 79° SO'. CUDDAPAH.' — A British district under the presidency of • e.i.c. ms. Doc. Madras, named from the principal place within it. It is bounded on the north by Kumool and the British district of Guntoor; on the east by the British districts Guntoor and Nellore; on the south-east by the British district of Arcot (the northern division) ; on the south-west by the territory of Mysore ; and on the west by the British district of Bellary. It lies between lat. 13° 12^—16° 10', long. 7r 52'— 79° 48', and comprehends an area officially returned ^ at 12,970 square * Pariiampntarj miles. The mountains of this district form an uninterrupted ' chain of great extent, consisting of numerous parallel and con- tinuous ridges, which rise abruptly from the plains, and traverse the whole length of the district, constituting part of the Eastern Ghauts. The hill-ranges most worthy of note are those of the Nulla MuUa and Lanca Mulla to the east, and of Gur> rumcondah and Punganoor to the south. The former take a south by easterly course, by Cummum, to the town of Cudda^ pah : tbey thence proceed south-west to Bakrapett, ten miles from Cuddapah, where they separate into two ranges ; one running south-east towards the celebsated hill-shrine of Tri- petty, with peaks attaining in some instances a height of 3,500 feet above the level of the sea ; the other running west, and becoming identifled with another but lower range, which, taking its rise near the Toombuddra, runs in a semicircular direction by Bungunpully and Ghooty ; thence turning south-east to Gundiootta^ where it is intersected by a remarkable chasm, the aides of which are elevated upwards of 200 feet from the base, Bnd through which the Planar river flows. The general slope of the country is to the east ; the plains eastward of Bellary and Gooty having an elevation of 1,182 feet, while the depression n 2 » CUDDAPAH. in which the town of Cuddapah is situate, is only 507 feet above the level of the sea ; and the more eastern limit of the district has an average height of 450 feet. The numerous streams which intersect the district consequently flow in that direction, discharging themselves into the Bay of Bengal. The principal river is the Northern Pennar, which, rising on the * Dairympie, north-wcst flank of the Nandidurg Mountain,* flows northward 835— MtcK^iie, i^to the British district of Bellary ; subsequently turning east- on 8 ' ^ o rally south-eastward for 110 miles, flows through the Eastern Ghauts to Somesaram, where it passes into the British district of Nellore. Though having an average breadth of nearly 300 feet, and during the periodical rains containing a large stream, < Report on Med. it becomcs during the dry season nearly devoid^ of water. stati»tic» of Numerous torrents fall into it in its passage. On the right Shinis A^m **V' ^^^®» ^^ Gundy Kot, it receives the Chitravati, rising in Mysore ; on the same side, thirty-eight miles further down the stream, it is joined at Kamulapoor by the Paupugnee, flowing from the south-west ; and at Gundlamudd, forty miles lower, by the Chittair. On the left side of the Pennar, its principal feeders are the Kundaur, joining it at a point about two miles above the confluence of the Paupugnee, and the Sugglair, joining about twenty miles lower down, at Mullailpatam. Like the Pennar, these are considerable torrents during the periodical rains, but during the dry season, they are either nearly or totally without water ; and when they are in that state, the vegetable and animal substances in their channels are seriously injurious, by exhaling malaria, contributing to the origin and continuance of epidemics. The most prominent characteristics of the climate are great heat during the day, and oppressive closeness and stagnation of air during the night ; and from these conditions of the atmosphere results its enervating influ- ence on the European constitution. The average maximum temperature for several years has been found to be 98° in the • Report, at shade ; the mean * for the whole year, in the shade, 81° ; the minimum 65°. The year may be divided into three seasons. 1. The cool ; 2. the hot and dry ; 3. the hot and moist. The cool season commences in October, and continues until February. About the end of October the north-east monsoon sets in, thunderstorms and vivid lightning generally preceding fupra, S9. CTJDDAPAH. the heavy rain. This monsoon ends about the end of November, and during its continuance the wind is steady from the north- east, the weather exceedingly pleasant, and the whole country under cultivation ; luxuriant crops attesting the fertility of the soil. The mean temperature throughout this season is stated* * Report, ui at 77°, and the maximum at 89° ; the atmosphere being re- markably clear. Towards the middle of February the weather begins to get hot, and Europeans cannot remain out of doors later than eight o'clock in the morning. The crops in the valleys are reaped in February, and as March advances, the wind sets in strongly from the east ; grass is everywhere burned up, vegetation disappears, and the country becomes a parched dreary waste. In April the air is either perfectly calm, or moved only by light uncertain breezes during the day, followed by complete stillness during the night, when the temperature is kept up to a great height by radiation from the rocks in the hilly tracts. In May the heat is still greater, but its dis- tressing effects are moderated by strong winds blowing from the west. The south-west monsoon commences early in June, being ushered in by tremendous thunderstorms, and continues to the early part of September ; being characterized rather by steady and strong west winds, than by any great fall of rain, which is intercepted by the Western Ghauts, and precipitated on the table-lands extending from them eastward. The geological formation of the mountains is generally primitive, consisting of granite, gneiss, and mica-slate ; and in many places they are overlaid with sandstone, intermixed with veins of greenstone.^ In some places the sandstone rests on ^ Madras joarnai a limestone of a deep-blue colour ; and such formations have scimc^vlw-^ been considered to afford promising indications of the existence •x*'^* Aecoant of of coal-fields. This sandstone is the matrix of most of the x. 109. diamonds for which G-olcondah has long been celebrated. About seven miles from the town of Cuddapah, between Chin- noor and a range of hills on either side of the Pennar river, are still to be seen the sites of several diamond-mines. " They® • Report, ut consist merely of pits rudely excavated, and surrounded with "^"' **' heaps of stones. The mines have not been worked of late ; and from being known several centuries past, it is probable that they are quite exhausted.'* Heyne, however, states^ " that • Tracu on India, the country is by no means exhausted, and that abundance of ^ S7 CUDDAPAH. diamonds might be procured, should an increased demand for • Madrw Her them arise." There are mines of iron, lead, and copper,* in many of the hills ; but with the exception of the first, scarcely any of them have been worked. The earth in many part« of the country is impregnated with saltpetre, carbonate of soda, and culinary salt, which by simple processes are extracted in large quantities by the native population. Those saline ingre- dients extensively deteriorate the water of the wells. The natives generally make use of river or tank water ; but though more free firom saline impregnations, it holds in suspension much earthy admixture, and is contaminated with decomposed animal aud vegetable matter. Much of the country ia hilly, jungly, and intricate. Wild animals are numerous : they are principally the tiger, the bear, the leopard, the jackal, the fox, the hare, the elk, the antelope, « Madras Journal the hog, the wolf, the hysBua,^ the mongoose, the squirrel, the Science, x. 188— moukcy (of which description of animal there are great num- Sni^oSdir*""* hers and many varieties), and the porcupine. Of birds there Distrieu. are the Indian eagle, the vulture, the hawk (in great numbers and variety), the paroquet, the dove, pea-fowl, jungle-fowl or common gallinaeeous poultry, partridges, florikin, plovers, snipes, quails, bustards, storks, herons, gulls, wild-ducks, geese, teal, and pelicans. In other departments of zoology there are the fresh-water tortoise, the geometrically-shelled tortoise, the alligator, the iguana, the chameleon, and lizards of various kinds ; the cobra di capello and whip-snake, the rock-snake, and the green-snake ; the honey-bee, the silkworm, imd the lae insect. Of trees the most remarkable and valuable are the teak, blackwood, cocoanut-palm, date-palm, palmyra, babul or Acacia arabica, nim or margosa, and bamboo. The best soil is the regur, or black cotton-ground, in some places mingled more or less with calcareous matter, imparting to it a higher colour, and more open and friable texture. The principal alimentary crops are rice, ragi (Eleusine corocana), bajra (Holcus spicatus), jowar (Holcus sorghum), chenna (Cicep arietinum), dhal (Citysus cajan), wheat, oil-seeds, and sugar- cane. Amongst the principal commercial crops may be • Raftort on Got- mentioned tobacco, indigo, andkusum (Carthamus tinctorius). tonjTooi^in <( Cotton' is Cultivated to considerable extent in this district.^ CUDDAPAH. The most common fruifcs are the mango, tamarind, plantain, and water-melon. Less abundant are the gnava, peach, lime, citron, jack, pomegranate, and grape. Such manufacturing industry as is found, is employed on cotton piece-goods, muslins, blankets, and other coarse woollens ; in the preparation and use of indigo and other djes ; in the working of gold, silver, and other metab ; and in pottery. The exports consist of cotton piece-goods, coarse woollens, a small quantity of silken fabrics, sugar, grain, and tobacco : the imports are betel, iron, steel, copper, and some other articles of less importance. The language spoken is the Canarese. The population, ac- cording to oflBcial return, amounts to 1,451,921.* Of these * Mtdw cwsui, about one-eighth are represented to be Mussulmans, the rest Hindoos ; of which latter description a considerable number are of the Brahmin caste. Artisans, tradesmen, agriculturists, and shepherds are generally Hindoos, as few Mussulmans like those occupations, preferring service either in the army or police. The principal road lies in a direction from south-east to north-west, and leading from Madras to Cuddapah, and thence to Bellary. There are also routes of inferior description. 1. From south to north, from the cantonment of Cuddapah to Hyderabad, through the Murkondah Pass. 2. From east to west, from Nellore to the cantonment of Cuddapah. 3. From north-east to south-west, from the cantonment of Cuddapah to Bangalore. The principal places — Cuddapah, the locality of the military and civil establishments of the district, Sidhout or Siddawattan, and Bachuti or Eoychotv — are described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. In 1846 this collectorate was the scene of serious disturb- ances, originating, it is believed, in a feeling of distrust to- wards the government, occasioned by the adoption of measures affecting the prescriptive rights of landed property. These, however, were speedily suppressed ; and the home authorities, npon the subject being brought before them, having directed that long undisturbed possession should be regarded as sufficient ^ ^^^^ judicw evidence of the existence of such rights, the district shortly after Disp.«d Jtinf.i847. J .^ . J . •ii«i„ii Id 13 Oct 1847. resumed ita wonted tranquillity." w. 21 n^. 1847. 8V CUD— CUH. The Ceded Districts, of which Cuddapah forms the eastern division, came into the possession of the East-India Companj in the year 1800, by a treaty concluded with the Nizam, sub- sequently to the partition of the dominions of Tippoo Sultan. «B.i.c. Ml, Doc CUDDAPAH,! * situate in the British district of the same name, under the presidency of Madras, a military cantonment « Triicon. Sunrej, five miles* south-wcst of the right bank of the Northern Pennar Walker, No. 77. o^ Penuaur, and immediately on the banks of the river ? di"** ^"*^ °" Bogawunka. The cantonment is on a declivity, rising gently « Report on Med. from the latter river, and contains two barracks* for the ac- suiutics of Ceded commodatiou of Europeans, substantially built of brick and DUiricte, 47. lime mortar, lying parallel to each other, each extending about sixty feet in length by sixteen in breadth ; and spacious lines for native infantry, besides an hospital, and other requisite buildings. The military force stationed here amounts to * Madras Journal about 1,000 mcu.^ Here are also the civil establishment for of Literature and ,i 5*^*i jji ••! i*i* *i ±_ t»xi j Science, x. 110— ^bc district, and the jail, which is situate nearly in the centre ''/'h^^Jiiii*^^""* ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^> ^^^ ^^ * slightly elevated site, considered to be Districts. salubrious. It was erected in 1813, and consists of several buildings in separate and spacious enclosures, suited for the classification of the inmates. Elevation above the sea 507 feet. Distance from Bellary, S.E., 138 miles ; Bangalore, N.E., 134 ; Vellore, N., 110 ; Nellore, W., 78 ; Quntoor, S.W., 169 ; Madras, N.W., 139. Lat. 14° 28', long. 78° 52'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc CUDDAPUEEUM.— A town in the native state of Travan- core, 31 miles N. from Quilon, and 49 miles S.E. from Cochin. Lat. 9° 20', long. 76° 39'. E.i.aM..Doc CUDDEAPUTNUM.— A town in the native state of Travancore, 31 miles S.E. from Trivandrum, and 19 miles N.W. from Cape Comorin. Lat. 8° 9', long. 77° 20'. B.I.C. MS.D0C CUDDOOE. — ^A town in the native state of Mysore, 90 miles N.W. from Seringapatam, and 91 miles N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 33', long. 76° 4'. Bxo. Mi. Doc CUDDTJTUEITTEE.— A town in the native state of Tra- vancore, 21 miles S.E. from Cochin, and 61 miles N. from Quilon. Lat. 9° 45', long. 76° 33'. B.I.C. Mi.Doc CTJHMTJE, in the British district of Grhazeepoor, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the I «.-* -. . * Cadappa or Cudappah generally of the British writers ; but Kurpa of • Hlstoneal titmi i Bketcbet, iL 190. Wilks. 40 CTJK— CUM. route from Benares to Dinapoor, 60 miles E. of the former. Lat. 25^ 26', long. 88° 5(y. CTJKKOLXJM. — A town in the native state of Travancore, e.i.c. M».Doe. 80 miles S.E. from Trivandrum, and 20 miles N.W. from Cape Comorin. Lat. 8° 15', long. 77° 22'. CULDINDY. — A town in the British district of Masulipa- b.i.c. Hs-Doc tarn, presidency of Madras, 28 miles N.£. of Masulipatam. Lat. 16° 80', long. 81° 21'. CTJLLOOB. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or b.i.g. Ms. ikm. dominions of the rajah of Berar, 89 miles N. from Bajahmundry, and 81 miles S.W. from Bustar. Lat. 18° 10', long. 81° 22'. CULLYCOTA.— A town in the British district of Ganjam, e.lc. Mt.Doc presidency of Madras, 20 miles N. of Ghtnjam. Lat. 19° 38', long. 86° 9'. CULNA,* in the British district of Burdwan, presidency of * e«i.c. mi. do«. Bengal, a town on the right bank of the river Hooghly, on the route from Cutwa to the town of Hooghly, 26 miles E. of Burdwan. It is a place of considerable trade, its business having greatly increased in consequence of its being found a convenient station for steamers plying between Calcutta and the North-West Provinces.* Culna is said to have 60,000 « Prin«ep. Ntrigi- inbabitants, the chief part of whom are from different parts of indit, k, ao, oi. the country carrying on trade there.* Lat. 23° 14', long. 88° 20'. \^- ^' ''^' CULNA. — A town in the British district of Jessore, pre- E.i.a uu doc sidency of Bengal, 82 miles E. of Jessore. Lat. 23° 18', long. 89° 42'. CULPETTA. — A town in the British district of Malabar, b.t.c. hi. Doe. presidency of Madras, 84 miles N.E. of Calicut. Lat. 11° 89', long. 76° 10'. CUMBAKONAM.— See Combacoihth. CUMBUM. — ^A town in the British district of Madura, b.i.o. Hs.doo. presidency of Madras, 69 miles W. of Madura. Lat. 9° 44', long. 77° 20'. CUMMADA. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or b.i.c. Uu Doe. dominions of the rajah of Berar, 80 miles N.W. from Bajah- mundry, and 95 miles S.W. from Bustar. Lat. 18° 1', long. 81° 14'. CUMMTJM. — ^A town in the British district of Cuddapah, e.i.c. Hi. doc. presidency of Madras, 79 miles N. of Cuddapah. Lat. 16° 84', long. 79° 10'. 41 CTJN— CUT. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. CUNCHAKACHEELA.— A town in the British district of Masulipatam, presidency of Madras, 49 miles W. of Ellore. Lat. 16° 41', long. 80° 27'. B.I.C. Mr Doc CUNCHINCXJLL DEOOa.— A town in the native state of Mysore, 83 miles N.W. from Seringapatam, and 59 miles N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 17', long. 75° 39'. S.I.C. Ml. Doc. CXJNDOOE. — A town in the British district of Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 59 miles S. of Cuddapah. Lat. 13° 89', long. 78° 54'. E I.e. Mf. Doc CXJNDYK AIEA. — ^A town in the natire state of Mysore, 76 miles N. from Seringapatam, and 128 miles N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 80', long. 76° 89'. E.I.C.M..DOC. CUEEABAGUDDY.— A town in the British district of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 81 miles S.W. of BeUary. Lat. 14° 43', long. 75° 50'. CUEEAH.— See Kuhhah. E.i.o.Mf.Doc CUEEEEGONG.— A town in the British district of Eungpore, presidency of Bengal, 28 mUes N.E. of Eungpore. Lat. 25° 46', long. 89° 88'. E.i.aMi.Doc CUEEUCKPOEE.— A town in the British district of Bhagulpore, presidency of Bengal, 80 miles W. of Bhagulpore. Lat. 25° 6', long. 86° 82'. « E.I.C. Mf. Doc CUESALEE,^ io the natire state of Gurwhal, a village, the* » skinner/Excur! ^^^t and highest to be met with in ascending the valley of the *; *?* Jumna towards Jumnotri, from which it is distant three miles As Ras Sill ih2 — Prawr. Journ. south-wcst. It consists of forty or fifty houses^ solidly built the^unm"^ **' of stono, bonded with squared beams of timber, the exterior of •jacquemoni, which is grotcsqucly carved with images of Hindoo deities. There are a few small pat<;hes of tolerably level and fertile * At. Ret. ziv. ground about the village, and on those is cultivated grain^ stt^fol^"' suflBcient for the population. This sequestered spot is in- jtimna and cloBcd on the wcst, north, and east* by the Himalay^i and on « Skinner, Ezeur- the south by a lofty mountain clothed in forests ; so that it ia r°j^'° ^"^ sheltered from the violence of the mountain gusts, and even when the surface as far as the eye can reach is under snow, ia < Jacquemont, no uncomfortable abode. Elevation above the sea 8,564^ feet. CUTCH. — ^A native state under the political superintend- 1 India Leguiative ence of the government of Bombay.^ It is bounded on the iM?! '* *"' north-west and north by the province of Sinde ; on the east 42 CX7TCH. hj ibe dominions of the Guicowar ; on tbe south hj the penin- sula of KattjTwar and the Gulf of Cutch, and on the south- west bj the Indian Ooean. Its limits, inclusive of the great salt marsh termed the Bunn, extend from lat. 22^ 4iT to 24r 40', and from long. 68*^ 26' to 71** 45'. Its greatest length from east to west is 206 miles, and its breadth from north to south (which is nearly equal throughout its whole extent) 110 miles. The area, exclusiTO of the Eunn, is 6,764^ square • Trigooometrioa miles, and its population is returned at 500,536.* This long 1850^ narrow tract, interposed between the desert and the sea, forms RjJlJji*7JJi*^ a connecting link between Guzerat and Sinde.* Two moun- 4 Eiphimtone, tain-ranges intersect* the country. The principal, termed the J**"^ ^ '"^*^ Lunkhi, nearly bisects the province from east to west; the • Tr«n». Bomhtj other runs in a parallel direction, but more to the northward, mudo. lUount Both are of moderate height. The most remarkable hill of «' ^uicb, wi. the range first mentioned, is the Nunow, rising from the centre of the province, and well known to navigators from its height and sugar-loaf form. The northern chain is in like manner distinguished by the Judria, a hill of similar form, from the materials' of which are fabricated the millstones of Dutch. Indications of volcanic* action are observable along the < Maenardo, ut bases of the hills, where an extensive surface is overlaid with *"'*'*• *^ basaltic eruptions, and the rocks bear evidence of having been rent asunder by the effects of fire. Earthquakes have, indeed, been experienced to a very recent period, showing that these operations have not yet ceased. In July, 1819, a severe shock was felt throughout Cutch, the effects of which were so violent that every fortification in the country was shaken to its foun- dations, and several hundreds of the inhabitants perished. Among the remarkable phenomena of this convulsion of nature, were the upheaving of an enormous mound of earth and sand many miles in extent, and the simultaneous submersion of an adjacent tract of country. Allah^ Band, or the Band of God, ' TrwM, Roy. a^ is the name which has been given by the natives to the mound, cwcutt* luV. in allusion to its not being the work of man. *'• *^' Though the province is of small dimensions, and sterile* in • Bamm, ut its character, owing to the sandy* nature of the soil, there are, •cianVsAppendtx notwithstanding, several fertile tracts. These are chiefly com- ^ i"«>««nrf ««. prised in the valley between the two mountain-ranges already noticed, and in the extensive plain stretching south of the 48 CTJTCH. ' Buroeft, ut •upra, 071. * Mactnardo, ut ■upra, 212. Lunkhi hills, nearly to the coast, where it is skirted by a border of sand, extending from the Indus on the west, to the head of the Gulf of Cutch on the east. On the opposite, or northern side of the province, beyond the second range of mountains, the entire frontier is fringed by a broad belt of luxuriant pasturage, called the Bhunni. Like Sinde, of which Cutch probably once formed part,^ the country is characterized by a deficiency of water. During the prevalence of the south-west monsoon, numerous torrents descend from the mountains, both in a northerly and southerly direction ; but there are no permanent rivers^ in the province, the beds of the streams becoming dry with the cessation of the rains. No reliance, moreover, can be placed upon any con- siderable supply from tanks or artificial lakes, inasmuch as, owing to the porous character of the subsoil, such reservoirs are quickly exhausted by filtration. Wells, however, are abun- dant, and excellent water is obtained by penetrating the rock underlying the more recent formations. Some mineral productions are obtainable in Cutch. Coal < joarn. Af. Soe. &nd iron have both been found, the former at Jamutra^ and the Beng. 1884, p. 40. Iq^^qj. {q i\^q vicinity of Bhooj. Alum is obtained in considerable quantities by boiling the waters of the mountain springs in the neighbourhood of Lukput, whence it is exported, chiefly to Bombay, for the purposes of dyeing. There is a scarcity of timber both on the mountains and in the plains : the former are covered with low brushwood ; but the trunks^ of decayed trees, constantly met with in the Lunkhi range, induce the belief that its sides were formerly clothed with forests. Plan- tations of peepul and babool occasionally surround the villages; the date-tree is more common, but the mango, banyan, and tamarind are rare. Of commercial crops, cotton is the prin- cipal ; the soil of the most productive tracts being peculiarly » oiune, ut fupra, favourable* to the growth of this staple article. Sugar-cane is cultivated, but its quality is represented as inferior. Jowar, bajree, and the common grains of India, are the chief alimen- tary products. Though the country boasts of no great variety of fruits, none surpass it in the excellence of its grapes and musk-melons. Among the domestic animals, the horse is held in high estimation : it is remarkable for a bony head and cheeks, a thin and long neck, and large sparkling eye, with small soft; * Hacmnrdo, ut ■upra, 207. M. 44 CUTCH. ears. Eline, though of inferior hreed, are ahundant, as are also buffaloes and camels. The wild animals are, the tiger, leopard, wolf, hjsena, jackal, and fox. The wild ass roams in the Eunn. This salt marsh consists of two principal portions,* the larger • Jacob. Report boimding Scinde on the south-east, and the smaller being con- ^" * ''^*'' nected at its western extremity with the Gulf of Cutch. The Great Eunn extends between lat. 23° 22'— 24° 42', long. 69° 5(y — 71° 2(y ; is about 160 miles in length from east to west, and and 80 in breadth from north to south. Its area is estimated by Bumes^ " at the enormous space of 7,000 square miles." ' Trans, of R07. Throughout this wide expanse there are, however, several BumeiJ Memoir^ islands, or more elevated tracts, and some of considerable **" '**« Enttem ' ., , , Branch of the extent. Burnes does not consider the term marsh a correct river Indus and appellation for this singular tract. He points out that " it *"""* has® none of the characteristics of one ; it is not covered or • id. fi77. saturated with water but at certain periods; it has neither weeds nor grass in its bed, which, instead of being slimy, is hard, dry, and sandy, of such a consistency as never gives way, unless a long continuance of water on any individual spot have converted it into clay, which is rare ; nor is it otherwise fenny or swampy. It is in reality but the dried-up bottom of an extensive inland sea, which, from having once been overwhelmed with water, more readily receives what flows into it, from being lower than other parts of the country.'* Burnes conjectures that the desiccation of the bed of this conjectural sea has resulted from its elevation by the upheaving of the earth, caused by one of those earthquakes so common in this part of India. To such an origin he attributes the saltness of the Eunn, as well as to numerous saline streams flowing into it from the north and north-east. " So salt^ is the Eunn, that > Bumet. at it is often encrusted with it an inch deep, the water having *"^"* *^ been evaporated by the sun ; and even lumps of salt may be picked up as large as a man's fist, and beautifully crystallized." During the monsoon, the Bunn is flooded by sea-water blown into it, as well as by fresh water derived from the rains, or dis- charged into it by the various swollen rivers. In the dry season, fresh water is never to be had anywhere, except on the islands or rocky elevated spots ; and there it is scarce. The Bunn is throughout devoid of herbage, and vegetable life is discernible only occasionally in a tamarisk-bush, growing by 4ft OUTCH. means of the rain-water falling near it. The Bimb, or mirage, prevails here very vividly, and highly magnifies objects, so that patches of shrubs sometimes resemble forests, and wild asses, the only quadrupeds to be seen in this desolate tract, appear as large as elephants. During the dry season, when the sun shines, the Bunn may be mistaken for a great expanse of water, in consequence of the reflection of light from the glased saline surface. Flies are so numerous on the Bunn, that it is almost impossible to breathe without swallowing some ; and though they do not bite, it is very difficult to force a horse through their swarms. The smaller Bunn is situate between the terri- tory of Cutch and that of Guserat, and communicates with the Great Bunn, at the south-east of which it lies, by a narrow strip of similar formation. It extends between lat. 23° & — 23° 45', long. 70° 45'— 71° SCV, and in outline approaches mi isosceles triangle, the base of which extends from east to west about 70 miles, the area being about 1,600 square miles. The western extremity of the base adjoins the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Cutch. These two saline wastes differ little from each other in their physical qualities, and few tracts of similar magnitude are so totally unproductive, salt being the only valuable commodity obtainable from them. The political relations of the East-India Company and the government of Cutch first assumed a formal character in 1809. The articles of agreement then entered into were four, relating respectively to the protection of Guxerat from aggression on the part of Cutch ; the settlement of certain claims of the Bao of Cutch on territory lying on the Guzerat side of the gulf; the suppression of piracy, and the exclusion from Cutch of Europeans and Americans. Some of these articles appear to have been but inadequately observed on the part of the rulers and people of Cutch, and in 1815 it became necessary for the British government to take hostile proceedings. The result > Trmtieii iind was, the conclusiou, in January, 1816,^ of a treaty, embodying ForaignFoiren.^ and rendering more stringent the provisions of the former articles, and containing arrangements for the limitation of the employment of Arab mercenaries in Cutch, for the receipt of military aid from the British government, and for other pur* poses. By one article of this treaty, the fort of Anjar, with certain villages, were conveyed to the British government; 46 CIJTCH. besides whicb, the Bao bound himself to an annutl pajtDent of a stipulated sum. By another, he ^agaged to make good the losses sustained from the depredations of the people of Cutch in Kattywar, and also to defray the military expenses rendered necessary by these outrages. But by a supplemental^ ' sutheriuui, treaty, dated the 18th June, 1816, the British government t^^iu,*^ released the Bao from the payment of the military charge upwards of 80,000/., and also from the annual tribute. Thus matters stood till 1819, when, in consequence of his misgoyem- ment, the Eao was deposed, and his infant son raised to the throne. By treaty, dated the 13th October,^ in the last-men- * Tmtim and tioned year, the preTious treaty was confirmed, so far as it was ^p^Hf^'"**' "* unaltered by the new one, a council of regency was appointed to act during the minority of the Bao, and, among other points, stipulations were made for the maintenance of a British force for the defence of Cutch, at the discretion of the British gOTemment; for prohibiting negotiation with any chief or state, except by permission ; for the adjustment of disputes by the arbitration of the British, and for mutual freedom of trade between British ports and those of Cutch. In May, 1822, the arrangements of the treaty of 1816 were modified by a new treaty, under which the territorial cessions made by the Bao in 1816 were restored, in consideration of a pecuniary equiTalent, The sum^ fixed, 88,000 rupees per annum, was * Treaties, ut subsequently thought too large, and in 1882 the arrears, '"^"^ amounting to a considerable sum, were remitted, and all future payments on this account relinquished. The subsidy thence- forward payable for the military force stationed in Cutch was fixed at 2,00,000 rupees per annum, subject to reduction in the erent of a diminution of the force; and in case the latter should be idtogether withdrawn, or so reduced that the charge should not exceed the amount of the Anjar compensation. Tit. 88,000 rupees, then that amount only to be demandable.^ * Suthpriand, m In December, 1835, it was discovered that a considerable trafic in slave children was carried on between Arabia and the ports of Cutch. The British government resolved to take measures for its suppression, whereupon the Bao issued a proclamation* prohibiting the inhuman practice. Under the ^ Bomba.? pou influence of British counsel, various other measures of a i^\ "'' saltttaiy aod beneficent character hatb been adopted; suttee CUTTACK. V Bombaj Pol. Dtop. 10 Aug. 1858. • Statistics of MatlTe States. * Minute, dated 96 Jan. 18S1. has been abolished, and the complete suppression of infanticide is anticipated.^ The revenue of the Eao amounts to 7,38,428 rupees, or 73,842 Z., and the military force maintained bj him consists of a body of irregular horse, in no way subject to the control of the British government.® A number of feudatory chiefs, boasting descent with the Bao from a common ancestor, enjoy an amount of revenue, and exercise unlimited authority within their respective domains. Of these chiefs, the following account is given by a former governor of Bombay :• — "The family of these chiefs is derived at a recent period from Tatta in Sind, and they all sprung from a common ancestor, Humeerjee, whose son, Eao Khengar, acquired the sovereignty of Cutch before the middle of the sixteenth century of our era. " The number of these chiefs is at present about 200, and the whole number of their tribe in Cutch is guessed at 10,000 or 12,000 persons. This tribe is called Jhareja. It is a branch of the Bajputs. The £ao*s ordinary jurisdiction is confined to his own demesne, each Jhareja chief exercising unlimited authority within his lands. The Bao can call on the Jharejas to serve him in war; but must furnish them with pay at a fixed rate while they are with his army. He is the guardian of the public peace, and as such chastises all robbers and other general enemies. It would seem that he ought likewise to repress private war, and to decide all disputes between chiefs ; but this prerogative, though constantly exerted, is not admitted without dispute. Each chief has a similar body of kinsmen, who possess shares of the original appanage of the family, and stand in the same relation of nominal dependence to him that he bears to the £ao. These kinsmen form what is called the bhyaud or brotherhood of the chiefs, and the chiefs themselves compose the bhyaud of the Eao." » E.I.C. MS. Doc. CUTTACK,^ a British province, named from its principal place, lies within the presidency of Bengal, and is divided into three districts: the northern, or Balasore; the central, or Cuttack proper ; and the southern, or Pooree. It is bounded on the north by the British districts of Midnapore and Hijellee ; on the north-west by the petty native states Jmown 48 CUTTACK. as the Cuttack Mehals ; on the west by the Mehals and the British district of Ganjam; and on the east and south-east by the Bay of Bengal. It lies between lat. 19° 4(y— 21° 45', long. 85° 8' — 87° 31', and has an area of 7,635^ square miles. * p«rii«menurr The seacoast, forming part of the north-western boundary of i^*",™' ** the Bay of Bengal, extends in a direction generally from south- west to north-east, from Priaghy, near the southern extremity of Chilka Lake or inlet, in lat. i9° 42', long. 85° 40', to a point seven miles east of the mouth of the river Soobunreeka, in lat. 21° 37', long. 87° SCy. It is by seamen called the Orissa coast. In the southern part along the shore is a low, level expanse, beyond which inland appear* several " saddle hills,** terminating » noreburKh, a chain of mountains extending along the coast to the south- Jilt' J"^'^''^*^ ward. Between those hills and the low sandy shore, is the extensive Chilka Lake or inlet, communicating with the sea by means of a narrow strait, in lat. 19° 42', long. 85° 40' ; at a short distance from which a sand-bank is said to project two miles into the sea, rendering dangerous the close approach of shipping to the coast. The navigator, continuing his course to the north-east, is struck by the appearance of Pooree, with its three pagodas of Juggemauth, at the mouth of the most southerly estuary of the Mahanuddee, and in lat. 19° 49', long. 85° 54'. At this point commences the delta of the Maha- nuddee, the shore of it extending north-east for eighty miles, to lat. 20° 35', long. 86° 40'. It is low and swampy, resembling the Sunderbunds at the estuaries of the Ganges, being inter- sected by numerous sluggish winding streams, influenced by the tide, and infested by innumerable alligators of great size and voracity. The soil is in general a deep mud, overgrown with coarse grass and brushwood, and containing many morasses,"* quagmires, and quicksands, perplexing and dangerous * a». Re«. xr. to travellers. The Black Pagoda, another vast monument of J^oriMa'proper. Brahminical superstition, is seen on the coast nineteen miles north-east of the temples of Juggemauth. Further onwards is False Bay,* having at its extremity two points, the southern- » Honburgh, ssa. m'ost knovni as False Point, the other as Point Palmiras, and also called True Point. Point Palmiras is a low sandy tongue of land, covered with Palmira palms, and having on each side a channel, each the mouth of the river Brahmunnee, that to the south being navigable for small coasting craft. It does not 8 B 49 OUTTACK. * Horsburgh, East- India Oirec- torj, 1. 61S. J 7 Stirlinir, ut •upra. 171. • Id. 176. 9 Id. ib. ' Id. 177. U.6S4. appear that any of the numerous estuaries of the Mabanuddee are navigable for vessels of any considerable size. Above Point Palmiras, the coast takes a direction which forms the extensive bay, terminated by the south-westernmost banks at the mouth of the Hooghly, and called by European seamen Balasore Beads. Thia bay '^ affords^ good anchorage, the bottom being mostly stiff blue clay, intermixed with sand at times, or small stones." Inland, or westward of the low swampy maritime tract, extends the Moghalbandi, a dry tract, with a sandy soil, in general much mixed with gravel and calcareous conglomerate. It is for the most part hungry and unproductive, and large plains occur totally unfit for cultiva- tion,^ where low stunted brushwood is the only specimen of vegetation. In the more favoured parts, however, there are fine groves of mango-trees, dense thickets of luxuriant bamboos, noble specimens of the banian (Ficus indica), and various wild flowering shrubs. Inland, and westward of this tract, and in some measure parallel to it, is the hill country, closing down towards the seacoast, in the vicinity of Chilka Lake, in the southern part of the district, and also at its northern extremity, where, near Balasore, a group of rocky picturesque hilb project boldly to within sixteen or eighteen mUes of the shore. These mountains, denominated Nilgiri* or Blue Hills, were, through a whimsical corruption of sounds, called by the earlier English navigators the Nelly Green Hills.^ In intermediate parts between those extremes, the distance of the highland from the coast increases in some places to sixty or seventy • miles. The hills^ visible from the low country, between Point Palmyras and the Chilka Lake, occur generally in irregular, scattered groups, having peaked and waving summits, which seem to cross each other at all angles, or are isolated, conical, and wedge-shaped hUls, wholly disconnected at their bases. They are all covered with vegetation to the top. The greatest height of those seen from the Moghulbandi is said to be 2,000 feet ; but their ordinary elevation is less, varying from 300 to 1,200 feet. These highlands are repre- sented to be, for the most part, of primitive formation, princi- pally granite, so finely grained as in some measure to resemble ♦ NUgiri ; from Nil, " blue," and Giri, " hill." These are the Nilgor HIUb of Horabargh.^ 60 CUTTACK. aandatone, and oontaming, disseminated throughout, vast^ « suriinfr* ut quantities of imperfectly-formed garnets, with veins of steatite. •"*"^ ^'^' The prevailing colour of the rock is red, and being diversified bj the steatite, as above mentioned, it presents a very striking and singular appearance. Next to granite, the rock most abounding in this part of the district is that called laterite, or iron-clay, which is found in some instances combined with the granite so completely and intimately, as to render doubtful which waa the inclosing substance. Iron is abundantly diffused throughout the whole of the Cuttack hills, in the state of pisiform* iron-ore, earthy-red iron-ore, and ochrey- » id. 179. red ir Commerce is in a very languid state, and appears on the u. 41a. whole to be declining. In Cuttack proper it can scarcely be said that any commerce exists ; in Balasore it is very limited. 63 CUTTACK. Prom the latter district rice is Baid to be exported in favourable seasons. Some other exports take place, but their value is verj small ; and it appears that, during a period of five years, i^e • Bengal tnd Affnt imports greatly exceeded them.' ii.Vrt I. awJ** Cuttack is not one of the permanently settled districts, but • Pari. Rep. on a Settlement has recently been effected for a term of years.** inlndia^ Man- Cuttack and BaUsorc, as well as Koordah, Pooree, and bct ^*r^v Disp ^*^*i^^» *^® principal towns, are described under theic respec- 14 Aug. 1898. tive names in the alphabetical arrangement. The routes are— 1. From north-east to south-west, from Cal* cutta, through the town of Cuttack to the Circars ; 2. firom the town of Cuttack to Kamptee and Nagpore ; 8. from north to south, from the town of Cuttack to Pooree. Cuttack was among the latest of the Mahomedan acquisitions in India. The decline of the ancient royal house of Orissa • Ai. R«t. IT.— dates from the death, in 1524,* of Kajah Pertab Eudra Deo, an rZTvaCm event which the monarchy was not destined long to survive. Calcutta RcTiew, jjjg downfall may be regarded as completed in 1592,* when a ' * lieutenant-governor arrived fix)m the Mahomedan Hngdom of Bengal to assume charge of the administration. From this time the province appears to have formed part of the possessions of the ruler of Bengal till 1750, when it was invaded by the Mahrattas, and became tributary to the rajah of Nagpore. The chout, or tribute, amounted to 40,000Z. per annum. After the lapse of a few years, during which the resources of the country seem gradually to have decayed, difficulty was experienced in dis- charging the obligation ; whereupon the Bengal chief proposed that he should be absolved from the stipulated payment, and that the rajah of Nagpore should take possession of the terri- tory, and imdertake its management through his own officers. The proposal being acceded to, the province of Cuttack, in 1756, passed to the Mahrattas. Under their administration it appears to have experienced the anarchy, and to have been subjected to the rapacity, which were the unfailing characteristics of their rule. During the Mahratta war of 1803, the occupation of Cuttack formed part of the British plan of military operations. This service was performed by Colonel Harcourt, who, having taken possession of Juggernaut, proceeded to reduce the fort of Barabuttee, situate about a mile from the town of Cuttack. Its capture took place on the 14th October, 1808, and the CTJTTACK. victory was followed bj the entire Bubmission of the province. Among the results of the conquest was the subjection to British supremacy of the group of native states known as the Cuttack Mebals. These are eighteen in number ; viz. Angool, Autgur, Banky,Berumbah,Dhenkanaul,Hinclole, Kundiapurra, Keelgur, Nursingpoor, Nyagur, Runpoor, Talchur, Tiggreah, Autmallik, Boad, Duspulla, Koonjerry, and Mohurbimge. In the aggre- gate they contain an area of 16,929 square miles, and a popu- lation of 761,805. Within this extensive tract the land fit for tillage bears a trifling proportion to the space occupied by rock and jungle, or covered by forests producing the finest timber. The sal-tree is particularly sought aR^r, from the size it attains, especially in the hill state of Duspulla,* whence is procured the • Caicutu r«t. timber annually required for the car of Juggernaut. Many years since a British superintendent was appointed, with a view to establish such a control over the conduct of the rajahs as might prevent the commission of crimes and outrages. The abolition of suttee^ is one of the beneficial measures arising ' '«<''» ^^•>» from this appomtment. isii. CUTTACK.i*— The principal place of a British district of » e.i.c mi. Doc the same name under the presidency of Bengal. " The extent,' • as. rw. it. i80 appearance, and population of the town," says an observer, Zrimlproptr. " are not unsuitable to its rank as the capital of a large pro- vince. Its situation on a tongue of land or peninsula near the bifurcation of the Mahanuddee is commanding in a political and commercial point of view, though these advantages have been in some degree counterbalanced by the outlay incurred in defending it by stone revetments from the encroachments of the rivers which wash two of its sides." The fortifications* ' Journ. At. soc ture in a ruinous state, and their materials are fiist disappear- -!KTtioe, joiim. ing, the stones being carried away and used in various public **' ■ '^''*'* ^ ^**'' works, among others in the lighthouse at False Point, and in the macadamization of the cantonment roads. This old fort, says a recent observer,^ " deviates little fiom a regular parallelo- * '**•*• gram, having its longest faces to the north and south, the river running parallel with the former, at a short distance from it. The walls were originally defended by high square bastion towers projecting at difi^rent distances : the place could never ' Mem. of If ap of ^ K&ttak of Brigg8*8 Index; Cottack of Rennell.^ Hindootun. ii. CUTTACK. at any time have offered mucb resistance, ^ the walls were barely five feet thick on the three land faces, which a six-pound shot could have perforated." On the river face, however, they were not only of great height but of proportional thickness. • joum. Ai. soc. " There* is only one gateway, and that in the centre of the — Kutoe, Joum. eastem face. It is narrow, and between two square towers, ofii Trip toCut- 2j]jQ ti^Q others wide at the base?, and decreasing towards their summit. The archway is of comparatively modem date, and is the work of the Mogul government of the province. There was an inner gateway, which was taken down to build the lighthouse with." A broad deep moat faced with stone seems to have been greatly relied on by the natives for the defence of the place from hostUe attack. On the British taking pos- session of the fort in 1803, this was drained, and numerous alligators which infested it, either destroyed or allowed to escape into the river. Within the fort is an old mosque, built by the former Mogul occupants. It has no architectural preten- sions whatever. The town is straggling, and exhibits evident signs of decay. There are some very good houses of hewn stone and brick, but for the most part in very indifferent repair, the poverty of the inhabitants preventing them from maintaining their habitations in decent condition. In the suburbs is the "Kuddum Bussool," a Mussulman building displaying neither grandeur nor elegance, but venerated from its containing some alleged sacred relics. The inclosure and the ground surrounding it are used as the common burial- place for the Moslem inhabitants ; and the guardian priests make a good harvest in unhealthy seasons, by the mortuary- fees exacted for each grave. The Jama Masjit, or great mosque, in the main street, is a very clumsy, inelegant building ; it is used both as a school and a place of devotion. The Brahminical temples are rude, ungraceful erections, and gene- rally small. The only one of large dimensions, and which was commenced by a Mahratta governor, is imfinished. Very little trade now exists in Cuttack. It has manufactures of brass cooking-vessels, and shoes, which constitute the staple commodities of the place. The soil of the vicinity is poor and sandy: rice of indifferent quality is the principal crop. • Stirling, ut The population is estimated at 40,000.* Distance &om •"P"' ^' Madras, N.E., 635 mUes 5 Nagpore, E., 440 ; Berhampore, in &6 CIJT— DAB. Ganjam, N.E., 108 ; Calcutta, S.W., 220. Lat. 20° 28', long^, 85° 55'. CUTTEEEAH.— A town in the British district of Bhau- E.i.a ift.Doc gulpore, presidency of Bengal, 38 miles S."W. of Bhaugulpore. Lat. 24° 4^, long. 86° 39'. CUTTUB MINAE.— See Delhi. CUTWA,* in the British district of Burdwan, presidency * b.i.c. m*. Do«. of Bengal, a town on the route from Berhampore to Burd- wan. It is situate at the confluence of the river Hadjee with the Bhagruttee, the great western branch of the Gkinges, and is on the right side of both the confluent streams. In a com- mercial point of view, its situation* is advantageous, command- ing an easy communication by the course of the Bhagruttee and Ganges with the North-West Provinces, and also with Calcutta by the course of the Bhagruttee and Hoogly. Distance N. from Calcutta, by land 80 miles, by water 120.^ ' O""**"' Tablet ^ __^ , , «^^. ^ ^ of Routes, leo. Lat. 23° 38', long. 88° 10'. D. DABLA. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Oodeypoor or e.i.c. Ms.doc Meywar, 98 miles N.E. from the town of Oodeypoor, and 55 miles S. from Ajmeer. Lat. 25° 41', long. 74° 49'. DABLING. — A village of Koonawar, in Northern India, situate in a belt of arable land near the left bank of the Sutlej, and four miles from the confluence of its feeder the Hopchoo, and amidst groves of poplars and orchards of apricots.^ The * Jacqnemont. opposite bank of the Sutlej presents a perpendicular section of ^^^^' 6,000^ or 7,000 feet of pure rock. The scanty population is, » uoyd and according to the description of Herbert,^ altogether of the HtaauV^J^iifl. Chinese Tartar type. " The head man, a Lama, came to pay * ^•- ^^* *^' •'^ > -> V J 868— Level* of the SetleJ. * Hamilton states/ "This place is noted for a smart action that was i Gazetteer, I. fought here in 1763 with the troops of Cossim Ali." It may have been i'\ the action mentioned in Scott,* who does not specify the locality. Dekkan, Append* •f* The g^pe does not succeed here. ** Point de vignes,*' as Jacquemont ii- 4S2. ■taies : a circumstance the more extraordinary, as at Khab, six miles t uojA and fiirtlier north, and only eighty feet less elevated, there are vineyards.' Gerard, ut tupra* 57 »«• DAB. hifl respects to us in a dress exactly similar to what is repre* sented as the Chinese costume. His stockings were of woollen stuff sewed, and ought rather from their shape, or want of shape, to have been called bags. His shoes were exactly Chinese, the soles having a spherical shape. He wore also a Chinese skull-cap, but the other people in the village went bareheaded, and wore long tails plaited. They were all rather fair, particularly the women, who had a fine rosy colour. We were very much pleased with the appearance of the assembled village, and could hardly help thinking we had got on the high road to Pekin.** Notwithstanding that the eleva^ 4 Liojd tnd tion of Dabling is 9,400^ feet above the sea, the reverberation tt!m! "' *"^"' ^^ *^® sun*s rays from the rocks rising about it, caused, during the visit of Gerard, the heat to be so great, that the thermo* meter reached 109^ in a tent. A mile to the east of Dabling, is another less village, called Doobling, the path between them being very rough, and rendered practicable by means of scaffolds or balconies fastened in some places against perpen- * jftcquemont, ut dicular faccs of precipices. The vicinity is fertile,* in com- •"*'"• parison with the sterility of the mountains rising on every side, and produces walnuts, apricots (which, when dried, resemble prunes, and form an important article in the diet of the inhabitants), cherries of small size but fine flavour, deodars, and birches. Those villages are considered so connected, that they are always named together, under the appellation of Dabling-Doobling. Lat. 31° 45', long. 78° 39'. E.i.c.iff.Doc DABUNPOOB, in the jaghire of Jujhur, lieutenant- governorship of the North-"West Provinces, a village near the eastern frontier, towards the British district of Delhi. Lat. 28° 28', long. 76° 43'. *E.i.c.Mf.Doe. DABUB,^ in the British district of Agra, a village on the route from the city of Agra to the Eajpoot town of Jeypore, « Garden, Tw>i« and 28 milcs* W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is generally good, though in a few places it is heavy : the country is rather fertile, and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 3', long. 77° 39'. Garden, TabiM DABUTA, in the British district of Budaon, lieutenant- ^""^ ' governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on tiie route from Allygurh to Moradabad, 45 miles S.W. of the latter place. Water is plentiful, but supplies for troops must DACCA. be collected from the neighbouring Tillages. The road in this part of the route is bad ; the country low, leTol, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 21', long. 78° 23'. DACCA.^ — A British district, named from its principal ■ £.ic. mlDoc place, and situate within the limits of the presidency of Bengal. It is bounded on the north by the British district Mymunsing ; on the east by the British districts Tipperah and BuUooah ; on the south by the British district Backergunge ; and on the west by the British district Deccan Jelalpore, or Eurreedpore. It Hes between lat. 28° 12'— 24° 17', long. 90° 11'— 90° 68', and has an area of 1,960 square miles.' It is a level depressed * Pariiamenurr tract, drained by numerous rivers, and by sl^eams of inferior f^7.™' ^'^'"' dimensions. In the north-western part of the district, how- ever, and also in its eastern angle towards the Megna^ are some small ridges,* generally running from north to south, * Bengal and and having an elevation from twenty to fifty feet above the ^oul^^h l^Sts! adjacent country. The southern division of the district is the most depressed, and being, in consequence, widely inundated daring the periodical rains of closing summer and commencing autumn, is generally under rice-cultivation. Of the rivers, the Megna, or lower BnJimapootra, flowing from north-west to south-east, first touches on the district at its northern boun- dary at Agarasonda, and continuing to hold a direction south- east for thirty miles, forms the eastern boundary as far aa Byrub Bazar, where it turns to the south, and flowing in that direction forty-five miles, forms the boundary on the east side of Dacca, towards Tipperah and Bulloah, as far as Moiskondi, where it leaves the district. At the point where it turns south, it receives on the left the Gora Outra, a considerable stream, and is thence termed the Megna; fifty miles lower down, it, on the right side, receives the Dulasseree, a large offset of the Koonaie or Jabuna, and twenty-five miles lower down, on the same side, the Kirty-Nassa, a large offset from the Ganges. It also sends off and receives, right and left, many other watercourses of less importance, and several small tribu- taries from the Tipperah hiUs. The year^ may be considered to be divided into three Md. «74. seasons — ^the hot, the rainy, and the cool. The first lasts from the beginning of March to the end of June, and is succeeded by the periodical rains, continuing until the early i9 DACCA. part of October, at the close of which the cool season com* niences, and lasts till the middle of Februarj, when the weather gradually becomes warmer. During the cool season, ice may be obtained by exposing water to the night air in shallow, wide earthen vessels. Generally the climate ia characterized by moisture, resulting as well from the great amount of rain, as from evaporation from the several great rivers. During the hot season, sickness is prevalent, and increases with the temperature. During the cool season, there are, with little intermission, either fogs or heavy dews. The mean annual temperature at noon is 79^ ; the greatest annual fall of rain has been found to be ninety- three inches, the least forty-six, the mean seventy. In the northern and western parts of the district there is much kunkur, or calcareous tufa, in many places largely im- pregnated with iron. There is also much clay, white, yellow, or blue, which on the more elevated parts is barren, and over- run with jungle ; but in the depressed tracts, flooded during the periodical rains, is overlaid with a deep dark-coloured alluvial mould of great fertility. Altogether, however, the average fertility of this district is decidedly inferior to that of the country north and west of it. Of wild animals, Dacca possesses the elephant, buffalo, tiger, bear, and leopard. Of wild birds, there are the fishing-eagle, vulture, kite, argila or adjutant-bird, and cranes of various kinds. The porpoise is common in the large rivers, which also harbour in great numbers the ghariyal, or sharp-beaked crocodile, and the magar, or blunt-beaked crocodile (alligator). Snakes exist in great number and variety. Pish are abundant and excellent. The domestic animals are principally kine and buffaloes. Cultivation is partial and unskilful, so that the district does not supply its own consumption of grain, and that article is » Ben^i and imported in large quantities from the neighbouring districts.* •upra, S77. ' Esculent vegetables are abundant, but usually not of kinds known in Europe. Sugar, betel-nut, hemp, indigo, and other plants yielding dye-stuffs, are produced in moderate quantities. Cotton was formerly produced in considerable quantities, but its culture has been much limited since the manufacture of fine muslins in the city of Dacca has ceased, the staple being too short for the manufacture of coarse strong fabrics, which 60 DACCA. alone are now made in the district. In* the attempts recently « Cotton Report, made bj the East-India Company to introduce the American J"^* l^So^ cotton, Dacca participated ; but the result was complete and •'*• total failure. The climate appears to be unsuitable for the purpose, and myriads of insects preying on the plants, destroyed the bolls and frustrated the hopes of the cultivators. Manufacturing industry is circumscribed and insignificant, since the failure of the muslin- trade. Dyeing, bleaching, em- broidering, working in gold and silver, the fabrication of articles of jewellery, glass, paper, soap, cabinet-ware, coarse woollens, sacking, cordage, and hardware, are carried on to a small extent. The exports are coarse cottons and woollens, indigo, date-sugar, preserved fruits, betelnut, dried fish, cheese, soap, jewellery, and hardware ; the imports, grain, oil-seeds, spices, cocoanuts, tobacco, catechu, wax, silk, British cotton yarn and piece-goods, metals, hardware, timber, bamboos, and lime. The amount of population is returned oflScially^ at 600,000, ^ Pariiaroentair which, compared with the area, indicates a relative density of igs".™' ^^ 306 to the square mile. In the northern part of the district, are two tribes, denominated, the one Kunch, the other Raj- bansi, apparently of different origin from the rest of the popu- lation ; more robust in physical type, and more daring and resolute in character. Excluding these, the Mussulmans are considered to be more numerous than the Brahminists, but not in a great degree. Education does not appear to be greatly encouraged in Dacca. The town has a government college in a prosperous state (of which some account will be found in the proper place), but throughout the district there were on the 30th September, 1850, only two government vernacular schools. Dacca, the locality of the civil establishment and a military cantonment, Narainganj, and Islampoor, are described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. There are scarcely any roads in this district, in consequence of the facility afforded by the several large rivers for commu- nication by water, and the extreme difficulty of conducting roads across the numerous streams. There is a very indiffer- ent route from south-west to north-east through Dacca, from Calcutta to Sylhet j another from south to north, from Dacca 61 DACCA. to Nusseerabad, in the adjoining district of Mjrmensing. A superior road, projected some years since, from the capital, waa abandoned in consequence of the great difficulty in the way of • Bengal jud. its exocution.^ At a recent period, a line of steam communi- Dijp. SI July, cation was established experimentally, between Calcutta and Dacca, but the result was unfavourable, the expense having greatly exceeded the receipts. The failure, however, being attributed in some degree to the slowness with which the natives of Bengal adopt new customs, it was resolved to con- » Ben^iii Marino tiuuo the experiment, and to extend the line to Assam.^ 1848. Under the Mahomedan rule, the affairs of Dacca were administered by an officer appointed by the nawaub of Bengal, and accountable to him for the revenues of the province. The 1 Benni and establishment^ of the British authority, on the grant of the Toi^. parrii^Ms! Dewauny in 1765, of course put an end to the actual power of the subordinate governor, as well as to that of the chief; but an adequate provision was made for the Dacca nawaub, and his successors continued stipendiaries of the British s E.I.C. Mb. Doc. government until the year 1845, when the title^ and dignity became extinct by the death of the last possessor without heirs. The pecuniary allowances thereupon lapsed, but a » India Pol. Diip. small sum was allotted for the maintenance of the female con- Id. 10 June, 1847. uoctions and servants of the deceased nawaub.' 1 E.i.c. Ms. Doc DACCA,^ a town, the principal place of the British district of the same name, presidency of Bengal, is situate on the Burha Gunga, a considerable stream, communicating with the Dulasseree, a large offset of the Koonaie or Jabuna. The « Heber. Narrat. Burha Guuffa is, howovcr, here about half a mile* wide in the of Joum. 1. 140, . . dry* season, and still wider during the rainy season. The climate is considered good, the heat being tempered by the cooling effect of the numerous rivers ; and as their currents are rather rapid, they produce none of the deleterious results of stagnant water, or of water approacliing to stagnancy. » Bengal and The city is' four miles in length, and one and a quarter in vol. ii. parti. 273.' breadth. It is at present a wide expanse of ruins, in many * Heber. ut supra, P^^^^es ovcrgrown with juuglo, which, m well as the dilapidated 1 141. buildings, is infested with numerous tigers,^ snakes, and other » Ai. Ret. xvii. noxious creatures. " All its splendid buildings, the caatle of 698— Walter, *^ ^ ' Ceniufuf the « Walter » states that "this city can now boast an iron snmension- City of Dacca. , .j „ v- u • i * • *v u • i s Bengal Pub. bndge,' whioh 18 kept in thorongb repair.' I>Up.23.\ov.l8U. 63 DACCA. its founder, Shah JehaDgir, the noble mosque he built, the palaces of the ancient newaubs, the factories and churches of the Dutch, French, and Portuguese nations, are all sunk into ruin, and overgrown with jungle." Though thus comparativelj desolate, its minarets, huge ruined palaces, and other monu- ments of departed grandeur, give it an impressive and not unpleasing aspect, during the periodical rains of closing summer and autumn, when it stands alone above a wide, watery waste. At present, the works and places of pubHo character are fitting only to be enumerated, not described. The city and suburbs are, in a recent publication,^ stated to * Bengal tnd possess ten bridges, thirteen ghats or landing-places, seven Toi"ufpwt*u Sro! ferry-stations, twelve bazars, three pubUo wells, a variety of buildings for fiscal and judicial purposes, a jail and jail- hospital, a lunatic asylum, and a native hospital. Among the noticeable establishments is the elephant dep6t,^ containing • Heber, l 144. generally from two to three hundred of these animals. The religious edifices devoted to Christianity are St. Thomas's Church, the Baptist Mission • meeting-house, the Eomish, Armenian, and Greek churches. There are said to be a hundred and eighty Mussulman mosques, and a hundred and nineteen Brahminical temples. The English, Armenians, and Greeks, have cemeteries at this place. Here is a college subject to the control of the Council of Education, but under the management of a local committee,^ consisting of twelve ^ General Report members, of whom one half are unconnected with government, Jton/iMi,'?. wt". and five are natives. The committee have a secretary, and for conducting the educational duties, there are, besides a head master, superintending the whole establishment, three masters in the senior, and nine in the junior school department, of which latter six are natives. There is also a vernacular de- partment, directed by two pundits ; and attached are a librarian and a writer. In September, 1850, there were 340 pupils ; of whom 46 were Christians, 15 Mahomedans, and 279 Hindoos. The daily average attendance was 293. The Baptist Mission^ " Bengal and maintain a number of schools here. touufplru^aJil In 1850, the Court of Chancery pronounced its judgment in favour of the validity of the bequest contained in the will of the late Mr. Eobert Mitford, for the benefit of the native inhabitants of Dacca, and the residue of the testator's estate, 03 DACCA. • Bengal Public Disp. 4 Dec. 1850. * As. Res. xvti. 6S0— Walter, ut supra. • Walter, nt supra, 638. * Id. 630. amounting to between eleven and twelve thousand pounds, has been accordingly paid over to the government of Bengal, to be applied to charitable purposes within the city.* The manufactures of Dacca are at this time scarcely deserving of notice. A small quantity of coarse cotton, silk, and em- broidered goods, constitutes the sum of them ; and even this scanty remnant of skilled industry is constantly and rapidly giving way before the competition of British fabrics. The muslins of Dacca were formerly unrivalled for fineness and every desirable quality. The spinning of the very fine thread was carried on with wonderful nicety. The operation was performed with a fine steel spindle by young women, who could only work during the early part of the morning, while the dew was on the ground; for such was the extreme tenuity* of the fibre, that it would not bear manipulation after the sun had risen. The darners were so skilful, that they could remove an entire thread from a piece of muslin, and replace it by one of finer texture. The demand for those extremely beautiful fabrics was principally for the supply of the royal wardrobe at Delhi, and has declined with the decay of that court. Such muslin, from its wonderful fineness, was called abrawan, or " fiowing water," and shabnam, " evening dew." The manu- facture is now totally lost ; and though some time ago an order was sent from China for a small quantity of such muslin, at the rate of ten rupees, or 11. per square yard, no artisan could be found competent to execute it. The falling off* of the general Dacca trade took place as far back as 1801, previously to which the yearly advances made by the East-India Company and private traders for Dacca muslins, were estimated at upwards of twenty-five lacs of rupees (250,000/.). In 1807, the Company's investments had fallen to 59,690/., and the private trade to about 56,020/. In 1813, the private trade did not exceed 20,595/., and that of the Company was scarcely more considerable. In 1817, the English commercial residency was altogether discontinued. The French and Dutch factories had been abandoned many years before. The extent of misery caused by the annihilation of the manufacture and trade of this once flourishing mart, is not readily to be conceived. The population^ according to a census^ made in 1830, 04 DAC— DAD. amounted (exclusive of military) to 66,989 ; of which number 31,429 were Brahminists, 35,238 Mussulmans, 322 Armenians, Greeks, and others ; the whole residing in 16,279 houses. This result shows a great diminution since 1814, when the number of houses assessed to the police-rate was 21,631.^ Within the * waiter, ut last eight or ten years, however, there is reason to think that the prosperity and population of the place have somewhat increased. The importance of Dacca is of comparatively recent date, as it is not mentioned either by Ferishta or Abul&zl. The civil establishment of the district of which this is the chief location, consists of a judge, a collector, and other European officers, with a due proportion of subordinates. For military purposes, Dacca is within the Presidency division, and the immediate vicinity of the town was usually the station of a regiment of infantiy and a detail of artillery. It had, how- ever, been alleged, that the site of the cantonment was unhedthy, and in consequence remedial measures were from time to time adopted* These, however, failed in producing dIJ!"?? Mareh the desired result, and at the latter end of 1852, it was finally im7. Id. 20 Dec 1848. determined to abandon the cantonment.* Distance of the u. lo au?. i84«. town from Furreedpore, E., 39 miles ; Berhampore, E., 138 ; {J- J*^^' ',^- Calcutta, N.E., 150. Lat. 23'' 43', long. 90° 25'. w." 2 ju-e/issa.* DACCA JELALPOEE.— See Ffbeedpoeb. * ''** * ***^' '^• DACHEN. — A town in the native state of Sikhim, 61 miles b.i.c. Ms. Doe. N. from Daijeeling, and 150 miles N. from Dinajepore. Lat. 27° 44', long. 88° 36'. DADANAIGPOLIJAM. — A town in the native state of b.i.c. ifs. Doe. Mysore, 48 miles N. from Bangalore, and 102 miles N.E. from Seringapataro. Lat. 13° 38', long. 77° 40'. DADECALLEE. — A town in the British district of Barasut, e.i.c. Ms. Doc. presidency of Bengal, 35 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 53', long. 88° 55'. DADNUH, in the district of Dadree, subject to the native e.i.c. ms. doc state of Jujhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town situate on the north-west frontier, towards Loharu. Lat. 28° 34', long. 75° 57'. DADOOLA. — A village in Sinde, on the route from Shikar- e i.e. Ms. doc. poor to Subzulcote, and 40 miles S.W. fix)m the latter town. ^10 aXm'**^ It is situate four miles from the left bank of the Indus, in a 8 V 65 DAJD— DAJ. populous and well-cultivated country, and is supplied with water from three wells. Lat. 28° 2', long. 69° 14'. E.I.C.MS.DOC DADEEE, in the British district of Boolundshuhur, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route £rom Delhi to Allygurh, 20 miles S.K of the former. Lat. 28° 33', long. 77° 38'. > E.I.C. Iff. Doc. DADEEE.* — A town, the principal place of a division of the * Franklin, Mem. game name, in the native state of Juihur,* within the territories of Thomas, 80, 87. . J » subject to the lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, and situate on the route from Hansee to NeemucL Here is a large bazar, and supplies and water are plentiful The road to the north, or towards Hansee, is sandy and heavy, but good southwards. According to De Cruz, the district of Dadree, which was originally conferred upon the nawaub of Bahadoorgurh for the support of troops, was retained by the Jujhur nawaub, who furnished the quota for whose main- » poL Rei. 86. tcnanco the district had been granted ;* but it appears from « India Pol. DUp. ^10^0 reccut information, that the chief of Jujhur has restored 27 March. 1830. the ostato to the former grantee.^ Distance of the town from • Garden, Tablet '■' of Routet, i»7. Hansee,* S., 44 miles. Lat. 28° 32', long. 76° 2(y. > E.i.a Mf. Doc. DADUPOOE,* in the Cis-Sutlej territory of Sirhind, a small Beuff. 1842, toi. ii. towu or village five miles from the right bank of the Jumna, rioii-Piddi^' and close to the Delhi Canal. Elevation above the sea between tin, 7Ui Memoir 900 and 1,000 fect.^ Distance N. of Delhi 88 miles. Lat. r.,™.rinl. 80° 12Mong. 77° 27'. Garden, Tablet DAICHOO, in the Bajpoot State of Joudpore, a village on of Route., 2w. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Pokhum to Joudpore, 28 miles S.R of the former place. It is supplied with good water from four wells, 160 feet deep. The road in this part of the route is heavy and bad, winding among sand-hills. Lat. 26° 47', long. 72° 27'. B.i.aMt.Doc DAIGLOOR— A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 100 miles N. W. from Hyderabad, and 46 miles S. from Nandair. Lat. 18° 82', long. 77° 39'. E.I.C.M8.D0C DAILWOUEA.— A town in the peninsula of Kattywar, province of Guzerat, four miles N.E. from Diu, and 106 miles 8. from Eajkote. Lat. 20° 46', long. 71° 2'. E.i.o.Mi.Doc DAJEEPOOE.— A town in the native state of Kolapoor, presidency of Bombay, 30 miles S.W. from Kolapoor, and 53 miles N.W. fi^m Belgaum. Lat. 16° 22', long. 74°. 60 DAJ— DAL. DAJEL. — A fort, town, and district of the Punjaub, on the BunMt. rnae of route from Dera Ghazee Kban to Bhag, situate among the poi. p^. of mountains of Paiel and Hurroond. The town is a small but ^"'***»„*: , rather flourbhing place, and important as commanding the .^ ""^ communication through the Derajat to Cutch Ghindava and Beloochistan, by the Bolan Pass. Lat. 29° 87', long. 7(f Iff. DAKHILO, in the jaghire of Jujhur, lieutenant-governor- e.i.c. ms. Doo. ship of the North-West Prorinces, a village on the left bank of the Hansoutee nullah, a torrent dry for a great part of the jear, but overflowing considerably during the rains. Lat. 28° 2^, long. 76° 37'. DAKLAT, in the native state of Gurhwal, a village at the a^ Re«. iir. i«7 Bouthem extremity of the mountain bounding the fertile valley ^ jumna ind of Banal on the eastern side : it is close to the right bank of ®*°«**' the Jumna. Lat. 30^ 49', long. 78° 18'. BALAMO W,^ in the district of Banswara, in the territory > e.i.c. Ms. Doc. of Oude, a city on the left bank of the Gtmges, and presenting a striking appearance^ to those who navigate it. There • lo«i Vaientia, are two large antique shiwalas,* or Hindoo temples, on "^^^ the bank of the Ganges, and an ancient flight of brick-built steps gives access to the river, for the purpose of the ritual ablutions of pilgrims, it beins: recognised as a holy place.* » Butter, Topo^. There is besides a brick-built fort, with walls. Butter states, its " population to be 10,000, of whom 250 are Mussulmans." It is mentioned in the Ayeen Akberry as situate in the sircar or subdivision of Manickpoor, in the province or soubah of Allahabad, and as having a brick fort, and being assessed at 90,651 rupees. Distant S. firom Lucknow 56 miles, N.W. from AUahabad 68 miles, N.W. from Calcutta 663 miles. Lat. 2e° 4', long. 81° 7'. BALKISSOEE.* — A river rising in the British district of > ej.c. Mt. noc. Pachete, presidency of Bengal, about lat. 28° 80', long. 86° 34', and, taking a south-easterly course, passes through the districts Bancoora, Burdwan, and Hoogly, when, under the name of the Roopnerain, it forms the boundary of the districts Hidjellee and Hooghly, and falls into the river Hoogly at Diamond Harbour, in lat. 22° 12', long. 88° 7'. Its total length of course is 170 miles. At Bancoora, fifty miles from its source, f Garden, Tables it is crossed^ by ford, on the route from Calcutta to Hazaree- <>' Route*, im. * " A temple of Shi?» or Mabadeva," according to Sbakcspear.' jl72. F 2 07* DAL— DAM. * Oftrden, Ttblet of Routes, 164. B.I.C. If •.Doe. I B.I.a Ml. Doe. ' Butter, Topof . orOudli,lSl. EJ.aili.Doe. * B.I.C. Mt. Doe. • Porbet, Oriental Mem. 1. 180. Bonburgh, India Dlracloiy, i. 470. * TleflRmthaler, Betchreibung von Hindttstaa, L 200. * Honborgh, India Direclorf, 1.471. bagh, and at Jahanabad,' aixty-five miles lower down, it ia crossed bj tbe same route by means of ford. PALL AH. — A town in the recently acquired British difi- trict of Pegu, presidency of Bengal, 42 miles S.W. of Ban- goon. Lat. 16° 21', long. 95° 47'. BALL AH. — The name of one of the rivers forming the delta of the Irawady. It flows past the town of Dallah, and Ms into the Bay of Bengal about lat. 16° 8', long. 76° 49*. DALPATPOOE,^ in the district of Pachamrat, territory of Oude, a town on the right bank of the G-haghra, seven miles S.E. of Faizabad, 82 E. of Lucknow. In 1837, Harpal Singh, the zemindar or proprietor of the adjacent country, employed^ 500 men in building a mud fort of considerable extent. Lat. 26° 44', long. 82° 14'. DAMAKA. — A town in the British district of Camroop, in Lower Assam, presidency of Bengal, 28 miles N.E. of Goal- para. Lat. 26° 27', long. 90° 56'. DAMAN.** — A town on the coast of the Northern Concan, and belonging to the Portuguese,^ though included within the limits of the presidency of Bombay. It is situate on the Damungunga, or river of Daman, which rises in the Qhauta, about forty miles further east. The river has a bar at its mouth, having two feet water at low water spring tides, and eighteen or twenty feet inside. There is never less in common springs than three fathoms at high water on the bar, the rise of the tide being seventeen or eighteen feet. Outside the bar is a road, in which vessels may anchor in eight fathoms of water. The town is fortifled, and has a rampart with ten bastions^ and two gateways. There are nine Christian churches, and a fort called the Castle of St. Hieronymus. The surrounding country is fruitful and pleasSht, except in the rainy season, when it is extensively overflowed. During the dry season, there remain some shallow jhils or ponds, abounding in fish and reptiles. The river, admitting the tide, is brackish, and when the water left by rain is evaporated, recourse is had to wells, the water of which, however, is also in some d^ree brackish, and moreover, very unwholesome, causing fevers and other formidable ailments. *' Provisions^ and vegetables are * Daman of Tassio ; Damman of tbe Oordoo writers. 68 DAM. cheap and plentiful.** Daman is an excellent place for small Teasels to remain at during the S.W. monsoon, and for the purpose of repair, the country being well stocked with ship- timber. Many ships of from 500 to 600 tons burden have been built in this river. Daman, described as " a town* great » paria y Soma, and strong," was sacked and burned by the Portuguese in *' **** 1531. It was subsequently rebuilt, and in 1558 was taken by the Portuguese,* who converted the mosque into a Christian • w. u. iw. church. The place appears from that time to have remained one of their possessions. The district, of which the town is the principal place, is about ten miles in length from north to sonth, and five in breadth. Distance of the town of Daman from Bombay, N., 101 miles. Lat. 20° 24', long. 72° 68'. DAMAN,! or THE BOEDER, so called because it >Buni«a,Poi. stretches between the Suliman Mountains and the Indus. The 5, J' ** ** tract formerly constituted a portion of Eunjeet Singh's king- ^r'tb? DOTJauSs. dom of Lahore, and is now annexed to the British province of Eiph acc. of the Punjaub. Where not under the influence of irrigation,^ it i^i^,^ in general presents the appearance of a plain of smooth hard day, bare of grass, but sprinkled with dwarfish bushes, tama- lisks, and occasionally trees of larger size, but seldom exceed- ing the height of twenty feet, the soil or climate being un- &?ourable to their further growth. In place of the clay, the surface in some places consists of a loose and irreclaimable sand. The clay appears to be deposited by the waters either of the Indus or of the numerous small rivers which, during the season of the melting of the snow, stream down from the moontidns, and add to the inundation. Where duly irrigated, the clay is very productive, and few countries are more fertile than the Derajat, or that part of the plain which extends along the western bank of the Indus. The Derajat, so called from the three towns, Dera Ismael Khan, Dera Fati Khan, and Bera Qhazee Khan, abounds in towns and good villages. In summer, the heat in the Daman is intense, and the productions in a great measure resemble those of India. The Daman is 800 miles long, from the Kala or Salt Eange on the north, to the confines of Suide on the south, and has an average breadth of about sixty miles. Lat. 28° 40' to 83° 20', bng. 69° 30' to 71° 20^. DAMDAMA.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Kotah, 78 B.i.c.Mt.Do«. 69 DAMMOODAH. > E.I.O. Ma. Doe. * Oftrden, Tablet of Routes, 104. s Yojages, ill. 978. 4p. 20S. Oarden, Tablet of Routes, 165. < Winiarot, at •upnt, 199. miles N.E. from Neemucb, and 11 miles S. fipom Kotah. Lat. 25° long. 75° 56'. DAMMOODAH.** — A river rising in the British district of Eamgurh, presidency of Bengal, about lat. 23° 55', long. 84j° 53'. It takes a south-easteriy direction through the British districts Bamgurh and Facheet, into those of Bancoora and Burdwan, and twelve miles below the principal town of the last- named district, and in lat. 23° 5', long. 88° 1', it turns nearly 4ue south, a direction which it holds for the remainder of its course through the British districts Burdwan and Hoogly, until its fall into the river Hoogly on the right side, in lat. 22° 13', long. 88° 7' ; its total length of course being 350 miles. Its feeders are numerous, the most important being the Barra- chur, a considerable torrent, falling into it on the left side, in lat. 23° 4^, long. 86° 51'. On the route ifrom Calcutta to Hazareebagh, it is crossed by means of a ferry ,^ fifty miles above its mouth. At Baneegunj, eighty-five miles higher up, and in lat. 23° 35', long. 87° 8', the bed of the stream is described by Jacquemont^ as 500 yards wide, fordable, with a rapid current, and limpid water, about one foot deep in the middle of Decem- ber, or during the dry season. At GU>meah, ninety miles higher up the stream, the same traveller states^ the bed to be 250 yards wide, and free &om obstructions, with a slender stream of very fine water.f The valley of the Dammoodah, which is about to be traversed by the railway from Calcutta, is known to abound in coal and iron ; and, indeed, the only doubt as to the practicability of manufacturing malleable iron in the dis- trict, arises from the absence of limestone for the reduction of the ore into metal. Limestone, however, may be imported from Sylhet and other places ; and it has been estimated by competent authority,^ that, assuming the cost of railway bars at lOZ. per ton, bar-iron may be manufactured in the Dam- * As. Res. sir. 402. > Gazetteer, i. 520. * Journ. At. Soc. Beng. 1848, p. 050 — Heatly, Mineral Reeourcet of India. Williams, Geol. Rep. on Oomoo* dah Valle7» 8. * Dummodah of Rennell. Wilford observes/ '' Damodara, one of the sacred names of Vishnu ;" and adds, '' in spoken dialects, it is called Damoda or Damadi." t Hamilton, speaking of this river, states ' that ''it is important, as greatly assisting the inland navigation of the adjacent districts ;" and, in a recent publication' of high character, it is stated to be navigable, during the rainy season, from the Hoogly as far as the confluence of the Borrachur, a distance of 170 miles, for vessels of twenty tons. 70 DAM— DiLN". moodah yaUey afc least twenty per cent, lower than it could be imported from England. DAMUK. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated k.i.c. m«. Dot. districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 25 miles S.E. from Omraouttee, and 85 miles S.W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 20° Sff, long. 78° 1'. D AMUNOATJM . — A town in one of the recently seques- b.i.c. m». doo. trated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 29 miles S.E. from Omraouttee, and 66 miles S.W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 20° 45', long. 78° 14'. DAMTJNGUNGA. — A river rising on the western slope of the Syadree range of mountains, in lat. 20° 11', long. 73° 42', and, flowing in a westerly direction through the native state of Feint, and dividing the British collectorates of Surat and Tannah, intersects the Portuguese territory of Damaun, and fails into the Arabian Sea in lat. 20° 23', long. 72° 52'. DANA. — ^A town in the native state of Nepal, 158 miles b.i.o. Mt. Doe, N.W. from Khatmandoo, and 148 miles N.E. from Oude. Lat. 28° 47', long. 83° 8'. DANAYAKKAN KOTTEL— A town in the British dis- b.i.c. m.. do#. trict of Coimbatore, presidency of Madras, 80 miles N. ot Coimbatore. Lat. 11° 26', long. 77° 7'. DANPEBAS.— See Daktiwaea. DANDBEPHUL.— A town in the British sub^ollectorate e.i.c. Mt.Doc of Nassick, presidency of Bombay, 39 miles S.E. of Nassick. Lat. 19P 33', long. 74° 7'. BAND Y AUW.— A town in the native state of Nepal, 94 e.i.c. m t. Doe. miles S.E. from Almora^ and 36 miles S.W. from Jemlah. Lat. 29° 8', long. 81° 10'. BANGAUE* — ^A town in the laative state of Sirgoojah, 27 b.i.c. mi. do«. miles S.W. fronx Sirgoojah, and 33 miles N.W. from Odeipoor. Lat 22° 5^, long. 82° 53'. BANG-KHAE. — A town in the British district of Spiti, in e.i.c. ms. doc. the district of the Julinder Dooab, one of the divisions of the Punjab, 92 miles N.E. of Simla, Lat. 32° 6', long. 78° 15'. BANGTJRTHTJL. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jeypoor, e.i.c. m«. doc. 86 miles S. from Jeypoor, and 15 miles N. from Tonk. Lat. 26P 23', long. 75° 56'. BANOO. — ^A town in the British district of Tannah, pre- e.i.o. Mt. do«. 71 DAN— DAO. E.IX3. U*. Doe. > E.IJO. Mt. Doe. * Garden, Tftblet of Routes, 47. Boileeu, Si^wera, 146, 810. E.I.O. Ml. Doe. B.I.C. Mt. Doe. > B.I.O. Me. Doe. * Oarden, Tables ofRoutei, 230. B.I.C. Mf. Doe. > E.I.C. Ml. Doe. * Priniep, Steam Navlfailon In BriUah India, 48. sidency of Bombay, 69 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 5T, long. 72° 43'. DANPOOE, in the British district of Aligurh, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village near the northern boundary of the district. It is 65 miles S.E. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 7', long. 78° 6'. DANPOOE,! in the British district of Boolundshuhr, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a small town on the route from the cantonment of Aligurh to that of Moradabad, and 22' miles N. of the former. It has a bazar, and is weU supplied with water. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, and rather well cultivated. Lat. 28° 11', long. 78° 16'. DANTIWAEA, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the route from the town of Joudpore to that of Ajmeer, and 21 miles £. of the former. It contains 100 houses and five shops. The road in this part of the route is gravelly, occasionally encumbered with stones, and cut up into ravines. Lat. 26° 16', long. 78° 30'. DANTOON. — ^A town in the British district of Midnapoor, presidency of Bengal, 32 miles S. of Midnapoor. Lat. 21° 57', long. 87° 20'. DANTEOEE.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Serohee, 22 miles S.W. from Serohee, and 78 miles W. from Oodeypoor. Lat. 24° 49', long. 72° 85'. DAODPOOE,!* in the territory of Oude, a village on the route from Lucknow' to Sultanpoor cantonment, 12 miles W. of the latter. It has a small bazar, and is well supplied with water. The road to the north-west, or towards Lucknow, is bad, and much cut up ; to the south-east, or towards Sultan- poor, it is rather good. The surrounding country is but partially cultivated, having much low jungle. Lat. 26° 18', long. 81° 57'. DAOOD KATLE, in the Sind Sagur Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on an offset of the river Indus, six miles S. of the town of Kala Bagh. Lat. 32° 51', long. 71° 35'. DAOODNUGIJE,^ in the British district Behar, presi- dency of Bengal, a town on the right bank of the river Son, navigable' up to this place from its confluence with the Gkmges, * David's Town ; from Daud, nom. propr., "Dsvid," and Pur, "town," 72 DAO— DAE. a distance of foriy-fiye miles.* Some of the streets are straight and wide,' but the greater number mere wretched lanes. Here * Buchanw, 11 i_ .«, ••,. in* 1 Survey of Basteni is a spacious well-built serae, or public lodging-house, sur- indu,i.io7. rounded by a rampart of brick, with battlements and loop- holes, and probably intended for a stronghold of the former goremment. There is another extensive serae, inclosed and secured by gates. The number of houses,^ including Ahmud- * B«»ngai and gunj, has been computed at about 2,000 ;t and, admitting the ^oui. pllirtf. u^ usual ratio of inmates to houses, the population appears to be about 10,000. It is a place of considerable trade,^ and has ' id. S34, sso. manufactures of setringis, or coarse cotton carpets, blankets, and cotton fabrics of various sorts. The police division, of which it is the principal place, contains 378 villages, and a population computed at 92,800 ; the Brahminists being as ten to six to the Mussulmans. The town is 42 miles N.W. of Gya, 60 S.W. of Patna, 89 E. of Benares. Lat. 25° 3', long. 84° 27'. DAOEALAH.— See Dotjbala. DAPOOLEE.— A town in the British district of Eutna- e.i o, ms. doc gherry, presidency of Bombay, 55 miles N. of Eutnagherry. Lat. ir 48', long. 73° 16'. DAPOOEEB.— A town situate on the left bank of the Moota river, a feeder of the Beema, in the British district of Poonah, presidency of Bombay, four miles N. of Poonah. The town contains a residence^ for the use of the governor of Ijjf*"*^^©"^"* Bombay, and in its vicinity are the Botanical Gardens, ^ main- ibso. tained by the government. Lat. 18° 32', long. 73° 51'. is sept. lai. ^' DAEAQ-UN J,^ X in the British district of Allahabad, lieu- « e.i.c. ms. doc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Jaunpore, and communicating by ferry with the former, of which it may be considered in some measure a suburb. The G-anges, on the left bank of which it is situate, has here a bed a mile wide,^ the * Garden, Tablet stream in the dry season occupying only a third of that space, **' ^^^^ ^' the remainder being moist sand and mud, over which the road is difficult. It is a place of some importance, having, according to a return made in 1834,*'* a population of 9,103 ; of whom Beng. May, 1834, p. S44. * PiiDsep states the distance at twenty miles. f The number of hoosee, according to Bachanan, is 8,000. t Market of Bara; from Dank, and Gunj, ''market.'' 73 DAE. > E.I.C. Ml. Doo. * Gftrden, Tables of Routes, 29. E.I.C. TriKon. Surr. Garden, Tables of Routes, 864. I Barnes, Bokh. i.68. * Arrlan, L. t. six. > E.I.O. MS.D00. * Report on Med. Topography and Statistics of Southern Diviiion of Madras Army, 40. ' Buchanan, Joum. from Madras, through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, U.808. 7,395 were Hindoos, and 1,708 Mussulmans. Lat. 25° 27', long. 81° 57'. DAEAMANT GHAT.— See AMBEAjrauLLT. DARANAGUE,! in the British district of Allahabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Allahabad to the town of Futtehpoor, 40 miles ^ S.E. of the latter place. Supplies and water are abundant. The road to the south-east, towards Allahabad, is heavy, but that to the north-west, or towards Futtehpoor, is good. The surrounding country is level and well cultivated. Lat. 25° 4r, long. 81° 25'. DAEANUGUE, in the British district of Bijnour, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Moradabad to Muzufemugur, and 40 miles S.E. of the latter place. It is situate on. the lefb bank of the Ganges, in a level, well-cultivated country, and has a basar. The road in this part of the route is sandy, and bad for wheeled carriages. Distant N.W. from Culcutta 944 miles. Lat. 29° 17V long. 78° 11'. DAJBAPOOE,^ in the Punjab, a small village about a mile from the right or west bank of the Jhelum. Close to it are extensive ruins, called Oodenuggur, which Bumes supposes to be those of Nicaa,^ built by Alexander, to commemorate his victory on this spot over Porus. Lat. 32° 46', long. 73° 36'. DAEAPOOEAM,! in the British district of Coimbatore^ presidency of Madras, a town situate about half a mile from the left bank of the river Amrawati,^ in an elevated open country. The streets are wide, and the houses in general well built. Here is a large mud fort, formerly of considerable importance^ during the wars between the British and the rulers of Mysore, but now in ruins.* Distance from the town of Coimbatore, S.E., 42 miles ; Madras, S.W., 250. Lat. 10° 45', long. 77° 36'. * Buchanan, after mentioning the fort, gives the following curious statement : — '' The commandant, according to the report of the natives^ agreed to surrender the plaoe to Col. FuUarton. As, however, he wished to make an appearance of resistance, some pioneers were sent into the ditch to undermine the wall, which they did very coolly, while over their heads the garrison kept up a tremendous fire. When the passage was open, the firing ceased, and our troops walked in quietly, without any injury being done on either side." 74 DAE. DABBATniA, in the Punjaub, a large fortress of the voMon, sai. Afk- Daman. It is situate 12 miles N.W. of Tak, and at the ^•^^ ^ ^ mouth of a pass into the Suliman Mountains. Its walls are very lofty, but it does not appear to be otherwise of impor- tance, and it is situate in a very barren and secluded country. Lat. 32° 15', long. 70° 2(y. DAEBEE. — A town of North-Eaatem India, in the native K.i.a m^ Doe. state of Bhotan, 60 miles E. fVom Daijeeling, and 105 miles N. from Eungpore. Lat. 27° 12', long. 89° 18'. DAEBUNG, or EOOSHKATONG,i in Bussahir, a river • e i.e. m.. doc. of Koonawur. It rises in about lat. 31° 57', long. 78° 25', on ^'n^Zrt%^hB the south-western declivity of the stupendous range of Damuk i^v<^'» <>' **»• Shu, bounding that territory on the side of Ladakh. Gerard estimates the elevation of its source at about 15,000 feet above the sea. The scene, as described by him, is one of terrific desolation. *' The Darbopng was lost amidst the fields of snow and ice by which it was generated ; the whole space on every side was floored by ice, half-hid under stones and rubbish. In some places the snow is of an incredible thickness, and lies in heaps. Having accumulated for years together, it separates by its gravity, and spreads wide desolation in its route. Nowhere ia my travels have I observed such enormous bodies of snow and ice, or altogether such a scene.'* ^ About five miles below * Liojd and this place, and nearly south of it, the stream recf ives a number nunt^jl^^^u^M. of snow-torrents, tumbling down the glaciers and mountains on every side, and rushes downwards, sometimes amidst spiry peaks of limestone, sometimes beneath vast arches of perpetual ice and snow. Soomdo, about two miles below this, or between six and seven miles from the source, has an elevation of 13,000 feet, so that the torrent in that part of its course has a &11 of nearly 300 feet a mile. The declivity, however, soon beoomes much less, and the stream flows through a fertile dell,^ ' Joam. as. soe. to which it aflbrds the means of irrigation indispensable to pro- — Jfutton. Trip^ ductiveness in this arid climate. It is in consequence bordered ^ Koonawur. by several villages, by the name of one of which it is sometimes called the Eooshkatong. Jacquemont^ describes it, in this part * iv. 962. of its course, as a considerable river, which descends from the s Herbert, ut north-west with turbulence and enormous rapidity. At Soong- •"?"» *®*- num, it is crossed by a sanga or wooden bridge, thirty-tliree Ben?. i84«, p. sss feet long,* and at an elevation of 9,030 feet above the sea ; and Zl^^ ''''"™* E.I.C. Mfl. Doe. B.I.C. Ms. Doe. I Mil. Letter from Beniral, S6 Sept. 1863. * Deteriptinn of Doijelfng, 1898, p. B. * Rhododendrons of Sikkim, 5. DAE. seven or eight miles below this it falls into the Sutlej, in lat. 31° 43', long. 78° 35', after a total course of about twenty-seven miles. DABICKEE.— A town in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, 36 miles S.E. of Cuttack. Lat. 20° 4', long. 86° 18'. DAEISHE. — ^A town in the British district of Nellore, presidency of Madras, 30 miles N.W. of Ongole. Lat. 15° 48', long. 79° 44'. DAEJEELING, in the British district of the same name, presidency of Bengal, a sanatarium^ for troops located within the military division of Cawnpore, Allahabad, Dinapore, and Benares. It is situate ''on' the southern side of a great hollow or basin, being that of the Eunjeet Eiver, which falls into the Teesta a few miles east of the place. To the north, the view is open, and exhibits the usual succession of range beyond range, all irregularly ramifying in every direction, and in apparently inextricable confusion: it terminates in the Snowy Eange. To the westward, the view is confined by a lofty range at the distance of about ten miles; to the eastward, appears the valley of the Teesta ; and on each side of it is the confused assemblage of mountain-ridges, as to the north ; to the south, Darjeeling has the Sinchul Peak, elevated about 9,000 feet, and G-urdun-Kuttur range, which is a ramification of it. These mountains are completely clothed with forest from the top to the very bottom." In regard to natural scenery, the country round Darjeeling is described as inferior to that of Landour and Mussooree, but as contrasting favourably with that of Almora. In one respect, however, it has an advantage even over the former places, commanding as it does the most magnificent view which can probably be obtained of the Snowy Eange, distant about sixty miles, in which, eminently conspicuous, appears the Kunching Jinga, rising 27,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Hooker,^ when on a botanical mission to this region, thus describes his first impression of the scene : — '' Early next morn- ing I caught my first view, and I literally held my breath in awe and admiration. Six or seven successive ranges of forest- clad mountains as high as that whereon I stood (8,000 feet), intervened between me and the dazzling-white pile of snow-clad 76 DAE. mountainB, among which the giant peak of Kinchin-junga rose 20,000 feet ahove the lofty point from which I gazed. Owing to the clearness of the atmosphere, the snow appeared to mj fancj but a few miles off, and the lofbiest mountain at onlj a day's journey. The heavenward outline was projected against a pale-blue sky, while little detached patches of mist clung here and there to the highest peaks, and were tinged golden-yellow or rosy-red by the rising sun." Gneiss is the principal formation of the rock at Daijeeling ; slate occurs on the banks of the Bunjeet Siver ; at the foot of the hills, iron-ore abounds ; and traces of copper are said to haye been discovered. The advantages possessed by Darjeeling, as the site for a sanatarium, in the salubrity of its climate* and facility of access from the plains of Bengal, induced the British govern- ment, in 1835, to open a negotiation with the rajah of Sikkim, for its cession, in return for an equivalent in land or money. The rajah consented to an unconditional and gratuitous transfer. Several years afterwards, however, a grant of 3,000 rupees per annum was made to the rajah, as compensation for the cession, which sum at a later period was doubled.*^ A sanatarium for * india poi. nitp. Europeans has been established,* and its results, as exhibited ^^^^I^ ^^' in official medical reports, are considered satisfactory.* The dj«p. aosept. district of which Darjeeling is the principal place, was enlarged e i^' « g^p^. ig^i. in 1850, by the annexation of a fturther portion of the territory of Sikkim. The sequestration of this tract, yielding a revenue^ 7 india Poi. niip. of 26,037 rupees, took place in consequence of outrages com- ^ ^"*' ^^** mitted by the rajah against British subjects, a course of con- duct which at the same time exposed him to the forfeiture of the annual payment which had been granted as compensation ^ for Daijeeling.s Lat. 27° 2', long. 88° 19'. mi.^ ''"'^' D ABM A PUB. — A town in the British district of Salem, e.i.c. hs. Doe. presidency of Madras, 33 miles N. of Salem. Lat. 12° 9', long. 78° 14/. DABMOODAB. — A town in the native state of Nepal, e.i.c. mi. doc * Like all places in Bengal south of the Himalayas, Darjeeling has a cold, a warm, and a rainy season ; but, having an elevation of 7,218 feet above the sea, and it being ascertained that in India the temperature of the air i^Ils 1** for every 800 feet, its mean temperature is about 24^ below that of Calcutta, or only 2^ above that of London. 77 DAE— DAT. B.I.C. Hs. Doc E.I.C. Mt. Doo. > E.I.C. H>. Doc • Butter, Topo- raphy of Oudh, 138. I E.I.G. Mt. Doc. * Cautlej, on Prolougation of Giinges Canal, Append. 5. E.LC. Hf. Doc E.I.C. Mt. Doc. E.I.O. Ml. Doc. B.I.C. Trigon. Sunr. ▲t. Ret. ziv. 83A* •— Hodgton and Herbert, Trigon. Sunr. of Hima- laya. > E.I.C. Mi. Doc 190 miles W. &om Khatmandoo, and 103 miles N. firom Oade. Lat. 28'' 17', long. 82° 19'. DARRAH. — A town in the British district of Bhaugulpore, presidency of Bengal, 60 miles S.W. of Bajmahal. Lat. 24° 45', long. 87° 6'. DAllROOR. — ^A town in the natire state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 185 miles N.W. fix)m Hyderabad, and 72 mUes S. from Jauhiah. Lat. 18° 50^, long. 76° 11'. DARSHANGANJ,^ in the district of Pachamrat, territory of Oude, a town near the right bank of the rirer G-haghra, five miles S.E. of Faizabad. It was built* by Darshan Singh, a freebooter, the brother of an adventurer originally a trooper in the Company's service, but raised to the station of zemindar, or feoffee, by the favour of Saadat Ali Khan, formerly nawaub vizier. It is rather a thriving place, several merchants of considerable property residing there. Distant E. from Luck- now 80 miles. Lat.*26° 44', long. 82° 12'. DASNXJH,* in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name, situate on tho route from Delhi to Ghurmukteesur, and 18 miles E. of the former. Elevation above the sea 821* feet. Lat. 28° 41', long. 77° 36'. DASOREE. — ^A town in the Rajpoot state of Joudpore or Marwar, 79 miles N. from Joudpore, and 50 miles S.W. irom Beekaneer. Lat. 27° 25', long. 72° 56'. DAS PORE. — A town in the British dbtrict of Midnapore, presidency of Bengal, 31 miles N.E. of Midnapoor. Lat. 22° 37', long. 87° 50'. DATCHAPULLY.— A town in the British district of Guntoor, presidency of Madras, 52 miles N.W. of G^untoor. Lat. 16° 37', long. 79° 48'. DATMER, in native Gurwhal, a village on the left bank of the Supin or Tonse. The village is inhabited by savage and lawless banditti, who practise their misdeeds with much im- punity, in consequence of the extreme difficulty of access to their fastness. It was a secondary station in the great trigo- nometrical survey of the Himalaya. Elevation above the sea 8,354 feet. Lat. 31° 5', long. 78° 20'. DATREE,' in the British district of Mynpooree, lieutenant- 76 DAU. goTemonbip of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to Etawah, and 29 miles ^ N.W. of * o«rden. Tablet the latter. The road in this part of the route is good, the country cultivated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 2T 6', long. 78° 4^. DAUDPOOB. — A town in the native state of Calahandy, £.i.c. H^-Doe. one of the hill zemindarries of Orissa, 90 miles W. from Gk)om80or, and 20 miles N.E. from Joonnagudda. Lat. 19° 69', long. 83° 19'. DAUKOEE. — A town in the British district of Kaira, e.i.c. Ms. Doc presidency of Bombay, 31 miles £. of Kaira. Lat. 22° 42', long. 73° la. DAUMNUGQ-UB,^ in the peninsula of Kattywar, province • ej.c. Mt.Doe. of G-uzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, a town on a river which, fifty miles* to the eastward, falls into the Gulf of Cambay. • Tod, Trareit in The surrounding country is well watered and fertile, producing 304. abundant crops of fine grain, sugar-cane, and cotton. It is fortified, and belongs to the Guicowar, and received its name from Damoji, one of the family. Distance from Ahmedabad, 8.W., 120 nules; Baroda, S.W., 120; Surat, N.W., 98; Bombay, N.W., 208. Lat. 21° 40^, long. 71° 30', D AUNABAD, in the Eeechna Dooab division of the Punjab, e.i.c. Mi. doc a town situated on a feeder of the river Bavee, 60 miles S. W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 31° 7', long. 73° 21'. DAUNDIAKHEEA, in the district of Bainswara, territory e.i.c. mi. do«. of Oude, a town on the left bank of the Gtinges, 50 miles S. of Lucknow, 30 S.E. of Cawnpore. Butter estimates the population at between 8,000 and 9,000, of whom 260 are Mussulmans. Lat. 26° lO', long. 80° 42'. DAUNG, TBDE.^ — A tract of country so called, situate » sutuucai within the limits of the presidency of Bombay, and comprising ^^^^ ***• several petty native states, tributary to a chief, styled the rajah of Daung. It is bounded on the north-west by the petty state of Wursavee; on the north-east and east by Candeish and the sub-collectorate of Nassick ; on the south by the native state of Point ; and on the west by that of Baunsda. It extends from lat. 20° 22' to 21° 6', and from long. 73° 28' to 73° 52'. Its length from north to south is fifty-two miles, and its breadth twenty-eight, comprehending an area of 950 square milee^ with a population of 70,300. The country abounds in 19 DAU— DAV. « Dombny Pol. teak forests, which are rented by the British goyernment * of Dijp. 28 Nov. ^^^ Daung chiefs, who usuaJlj refer to the British representa- id. 19 jior. leai. tive any points of dispute among themselves. DAUNTA, in the Myhee Caunta division of Guzerat, or the dominions of the Guicowar, a town, the chief phice of the petty native territory of the same name, situate 48 miles E. of Deesa, and 139 miles N. of Baroda. The territory of Daunta » Id. 21 Jtn. 1846. is subjoct to the supremacy of the Eajpoot state of Edur,* and, moreover, pays tribute to the Guicowar. In 1820, the Bana agreed to cede a fixed proportion of his revenues to the * Id. 10 Aug. IB 18. state of Pahlunpore,^ but the obligation was subsequently » Id. 14 Feb. 1810. commuted for an annual payment of 500* rupees, and the dis- 4 Id. 7 Nor. 1840. trict is uow released from sequestration.^ The town of Daunta is in lat. 24° 12', long. 72° 50'. DAUSAN. — See Deesaun. B.I.C. Mt. Doc DAVADANAPUTTY.— A town in the British district of Madura, presidency of Madras, 83 miles N.W. of Madura. Lat. 10° 8', long. 77° 43'. £.1.0. Ht. Doc DAVAGOODOO. — A town in the British district of Nellore, presidency of Madras, 12 miles S.W. of Ongole. Lat. 15° 20',, long. 80°. EJ.C.M1.D0C. DAVANKONDA. — A town in the British district of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 52 miles N.E. of Bellary. Lat. 15° 33', long. 77° 37'. B.I.C. 111. Doc DAVAEOY DEOOG. — ^A town in the native state of Mysore, 76 miles N.E. from Seringapatam, and 39 miles N."W. from Bangalore. Lat. 13° 22', long. 77° 16'. > E.I.C. Mi. DcHx. DAVERCOND A,^ in Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam, « Trigonometrical a town on a hill,' near the left or northern side of a feeder of b^wlukei^^^No^w. ^^^ ^^®' Pedawag, one of the tributaries of the Gt)davery. It is supplied with water from a tank of considerable size, situate on its west side. The extensive district of Daverconda, on the south side of the town, is named from it. Distant fr*om the city of Hyderabad, S., 52 miles. Lat. 16° 42', long. 78° 59'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc. DAVEEHULLY. — A town in the native state of Mysore, 68 miles N.E. from Bedenore, and 126 miles N. from Seringa- patam. Lat. 14° 6', long. 76° 2'. Garden, Tablet DAVIPOOE, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- of Rouiei, 64. tenant-govcmorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Moradabad to Almora, and 12 miles 80 DAY— DEB. N. of tbe former. The road in this part of the route is difficult for wheeled carriages ; the country open, fiat, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28'' 59', long. 78° 54'. DAVTJLaHAUT.— A town in the native state of Hyder- e.i.c. m^ Doe. abad, or dominions of the Nizam, 70 miles N.E. from Aurung- abad, and 100 miles S.W. from Ellichpoor. Lat. 20° 30', long. 76° 11'. DAWLTJTWALLFH, in the Damaun division of the e.i.c. Mt. doc Punjab, a town situated 80 miles N."W. of Dera Ghazee Khan, 60 miles S.W. of the town of Dera Ismael Khan. Lat. 31° 10', long. 70° 20'. DEAGAN J,* in the British district of Mynpooree, lieu- ' e.i.c. mb. doc tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to Etawah, and 46 miles^ S.E. * onrden, T«biei of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country cultivated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 27° 3', long. 78° 46'. DEAjVIAH,* in the district of Sultanpoor, territory of Oude, * e.i.c. mb. Doc a town on the route from Pertabgurh to Sultanpoor canton- ment, 18 miles^ S.W. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is ' Garden, Tablet abundantly supplied with water from wells. The road in this part of the route is bad. Lat. 26° 10', long. 82° 3'. DEARY. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated e.i.c. Mi. Doe. districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 17 miles S.E. from Ellichpoor, and 13 miles N. from Omraouttee. Lat. 21°, long. 77° 44'. DEATPOEE.— A town in the British district of Malda, e.i.c. mi. doc presidency of Bengal, 25 miles N. W. of Malda. Lat. 25° 12', long. 87° 52'. DEBEEPOOEA.— See Datipoob. DEBEA. — A town in the British district of Midnapoor, B.i.c.Mi.Doc. presidency of Bengal, 16 miles E. of Midnapoor. Lat. 22° 23', long. 87° 39'. DEBUE. — A considerable lake in the Eajpoot territory of Oodeypoor, or Mey war : it is about nine miles in length by five in breadth, and is fed by several streams flowing from the northward. On its southern side it has an outlet by a stream flowing into the Mhye river. Distant S.E, from Oodeypoor 80 miles. Lat. 24° 12', long. 74° 4'. DEBXJEA, in the British district of Qt>ruckpoor, lieutenant* e.i.c. ift. Doc « o «i DECCAN. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the left bank of the river Baptee, 51 miles N.W. of Gk)ruckpoor. Lat. 27° 17', long. 82° 58'. • Mil. HUt. of DECCAN,* in its usual acceptation, implies the tract of Ei'^binltolirHiit country in Southern India, situate between the Nerbudda and of India, 2. ' the Kistna rivers. Properly speaking, however, it includes the whole of the territory lying south of the Vindhya Mountains, which separate it from Hindostan on the north. Taken in its latter extent, it comprehends the valley of the Nerbudda, and the narrow tract of lowland forming a belt round the coast of the Peninsula ; and it occupies, in addition thereto, the vast expanse of triangular table-land, which, resting on each side upon the Eastern and Western Ghauts, is supported at its base by the sub-Vindhyan range, termed the Sautpoora Mountains. The seaward face of the table-land on the west, towards the « Mftdras journ. Coucaus, though abrupt,^ is not precipitous, but consists of a sikn^c7i837f p. succession of terraces or steps. In their northern section, the 346-syke9, Geoi. Ghauts, ou this sido of the Peninsula, attain an elevation seldom exceeding 3,000 feet ; advancing southward, the range increases in height, Bonasson Hill being 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, and the peak of Dodapet, in the Neilgherries, having an elevation of 8,700. Near Cape Comorin, in the extreme south, and at the point of convergence with the range from the opposite coast, the Western Ghauts terminate abruptly » Journ. Roy. As. in a peak about 2,000^ feet above the sea. Their average Newboid, Geoi. of ©levation may be stated at about 4,000 feet. From the point Southern India, of Convergence, the Eastern Ghauts take a northerly direction. Ai. Res. xviii. 5. _, , . _ . , . . '^ These last-mentioned mountams, at tbeur southern extremity, may be characterized rather as detached groups and clusters of hills appearing at intervals, than as a regular range. About lat. 11° ^KV, they assume the character of a continuous chain, and, running along the coast of Coromandel in a direction a little north-west of the city of Madras, form a junction at Naggery, in lat. 13° 20', with the main ridge, which crosses * Newboid, ut the Peniusula in a south-west direction,* to t3ie Neilgherries. '"'* * Thence the Eastern Ghauts continue a northerly course, and terminate in about the same latitude as their counterpart of the opposite coast. Here uniting with the Vindhya zone, which crosses the continent from east to west, they constitute one side of the triangle upon which rests the table-land of the 83 DECCAN. Deccan. Li regularity and grandeur, the Eastern Ghauts bear no comparison with those of Western India; their average eleyation does not exceed 1,500 feet. The intermediate table- land has consequently a gradual slope to the eastward, as indicated by the drainage of the country in that direction.* * Madrw journ. All the principal rivers, — the Godavery, Cauvery, Bastna, and ix— sykes. sta- Pennaur, though deriving their sources from the base of the "•'• **' i>eccan. Western Ghauts, find their way into the Bay of Bengal through fissures in the Eastern Ghauts. According to Captain Kewbold,* " the mean elevation of the table-land around • ut wprt, mo. Bangalore and Nundidroog above the sea is 3,000 feet ; northerly, towards Hyderabad, it sinks to 1,800 feet ; and a little south of Bangalore, it falls, by rather abrupt steps, to the level of the plains of Salem, viz. 1,400 feet ; whence to Cape Comorin the mean height of the country is about 400 feet. The average height of the low country between the Ghauts and the sea, on both the coasts of Coromandel and Malabar, may be roughly estimated at 200 feet, rising at the base of the mountains to 800 feet.** On the Coromandel side, the slope to the sea is gentle, exhibiting the alluvial deposits borne down from the higher portions of the table-land ; while that of Malabar is marked by a succession of irregular hilly spurs from the Ghauts, descending to the sea in abrupt clifis. The central part of the Deccan is composed of waving downs, which, at one time, present for hundreds of miles one unbroken sheet of green harvests; but, in the hot season, bear the appearance of a desert, naked and brown, without a tree or shrub to relieve its gloomy sameness.'^ ^ Eiphinttone, ii. A general outline of the geology of the Deccan is all that the limits of this article will permit to be sketched. A writer, already quoted, observes, " Hypogene® schists, penetrated and " Newbow, ut broken up by prodigious outbursts of plutonic and trappean '"'*™' rocks, occupy by far the greater portion of the superficies of Southern India. They constitute the great bulk of the Western Ghauts, from between the latitudes of 16*^ and 17° to Cape Comorin, and from the base of the Eastern Ghauts, from beyond the north limit of the Peninsula, to their deflection at Naggery, in lat. 13° 20^. They are partially capped and fringed in the Western Ghauts by laterite, and in the Eastern Ghauts by sandstone, limestone, and laterite. From Naggery o 2 8» DECCAN. to Cape Comorin, they form, with few exceptions, the basis of the plains of the Carnatic, Arcot, the valley of Seringapatam, Salem, Trichinopoly, Coimbatore, Tanjore, Madras, Tinnevelly, and Travancore ; and, intimately associated with granite, the principal hills and ranges on the low lands south of the Salem Break and valley of the Cauvery. North of this valley, and above the break, they form the basis of the table-lands of Mysore, the Baramahal, Bellary district, part of Hyderabad, and the Southern Mahratta country ; and present a ground- work on which will be sketched out, as accurately as the present imperfect state of information will permit, the circum- scribed areas occupied by more recent aqueous strata. Towards the north-west flank of our area, almost in a line drawn diagonally across the Peninsula from Nagpore, by Beejapore, to the western coast, the hypogene and plutonic rocks disappear, emerging only occasionally under one of the largest continuous sheets of trap in the world.** Compared, then, with some other countries, the geology of Southern India is clear and distinct in its principal features. It has been ascertained, partly from observation, and partly by means of specimens obtained from various sections of the country, that the entire basis of the Peninsula, and its principal elevations,* are com- posed wholly of granite. Overlying the granitic floor, are the stratified hypogene rocks, the usual order of superposition being gneiss resting immediately on the granite, followed by mica and hornblende schists, the two latter supporting clay- slate, statuary marble, &c. These rocks are wholly destitute of organic remains ; for, although of aqueous origin, as attested by their stratified character, the sedimentary deposit has sub- sequently become crystallized by the effect of subterranean heat, and hence they are grouped by geologists in the meta- morphic class. Ascending in the series, we next arrive at the fossiliferous strata. Here, in the order of superposition, lime- stone is the lowest, followed by varieties of clay and sand rocks. Prom various circumstances, arising chiefly from the paucity of the imbedded fossils, and from the failure of dis- covering among them the distinguishing genera, these varieties have not hitherto admitted of a detailed classification. These * Severndroog, Ohitteldroog, and others in Mysore ; Adoni and others in the Ceded Districts, &c. Ac. 84 DECCAN. sedimentary rocks are overlaid by the trap formation, a volcanic prodact, fused by subterranean heat, and projected to the earth's sur^u^e, where it occasionally assumes a columnar form, but more usually may be traced in extensive sheets, covering a vast tract of country. Two rocks, of aqueous origin, peculiar to Southern India, are met with, capping trap and all other rocks, without reference to age or composition. These are laterite and regur. The former consists of an iron-clay. In its texture, it is full of cavities and pores, and contains a large quantity of iron. While in the mass, and excluded from the air, it is soil and readily cut ; but upon being broken up and exposed, it soon becomes hard, and resists the effects of air and water better than brick. It is consequently one of the most valuable materials for building. The maximum thickness of its beds does not exceed 200 feet, and these are not alto- gether destitute of organic remains. Begur is the black cotton clay, formerly supposed to be produced by the decomposition of trap rocks, but now regarded, and apparently more justly, as a marine deposit. One other overlying formation requires notice, — ^the calcareous substance termed kunkur, found on analysis to contain the elements of oolite and chalk. Its origin is referred to the action of thermal springs, charged with carbonic acid, bringing up lime in solution, and depositing it on the earth's surface. It is used as a rough building-stone, mid universally employed to bum into lime. The universal prevalence of granite and the h3rpogene rocks has been mentioned. It remains to describe the geographical position of the more recent and the overlying strata. Partial deposits of sand-rock, of a recent period, containing pelagic shells, are found scattered over the south-eastern extremity of the Peninsula ; but the older sandstone and limestone beds are not met with south of Salem. The chief development of these older rocks lies in the district of Cuddapah, and again in Hyderabad, also in the Southern Mahratta country, and in the tract between the Q-odavery and the Kistna. A bed of shelly limestone occurs in the vicinity of Pondicherry, to which, from an examination of its fossils, geologists concur in assigning a more elevated position than to the limestone strata before described. The outpouring of the trap rock is distributed over a considerable portion of the Peninsula. It extends from the 85 DECCAN. seasliore, at the northern extremity of the Western Ghauts, to its eastern limit at Nagpore and the banks of the ri?er Toom- buddra, and terminates southward on the seacoast, in the lati- tude of Fort Victoria or Baneot. Within these boundaries the landscape is marked by the usual distinctiye features of basaltic rock ; hills of tabular form rising from the general level, some- times abruptly, in perpendicular masses ; sometimes in steps, or terraces, piled one upon another, decked with magnificent forests, and producing beautiful and romantic scenery. From the southern termination of the trap, the laterite or iron-clay succeeds as the overlying rock, to Cape Comorin, covering the base of the mountains and the narrow tract that separates them from the sea, and occasionally exhibiting a succession of low rounded hills and undulations. It exists also in detached beds on the opposite coast of the Peninsula, expanding over a large surface near the south banks of thePennar,* crowning the loftiest summits of the Ghauts, and of the table-lands in the interior. Eegur, like laterite, overtops all other rocks, with the single exception of the most recent deposits. This soil is chiefly indebted for its fertility to its retentive power in regard to moisture. When its surface is dried to an impalpable powder, the substratum retains its character of a hard black clay approaching to rock, usually moist and cold. " It occupies principally the elevated table-lands of the Ceded Districts, the Hyderabad, Nagpore, and Southern Mahratta countries. It is less common in Mysore, but is again seen in continuous sheets, from six to twenty feet thick, below the Salem Break, covering the lower plain of Coirabatore, Madura, Salem, Trichinopoly, Tanjore, Bamnad, and Tinnevelly, to the vicinity of Cape Comorin." Of the remote history of the Deccan little is known. Hindoo legend relates that it was invaded by Bama, king of Oude, when in pursuit of Kavan, the ruler of Ceylon, who had carried off his consort Siva ; but the date of Bama's existence is involved in » Eiphinstone. obscurity.* Au auciont distribution of the country into the Htet. of India, national divisions of Dravira or the Tamul Country, Carnata, Telingana, Maharashta, and Orissa, is, however, indicated by > Id. ut supra, the five corresponding languages^ of the Deccan, all of which are derived &om an origin totally distinct from the Sanscrit. • Calder, in As. Rea. xviii. 9. 86 817. BECCAK In the fifth century before Christ, the Peninsula is stated to have been partitioned between the four kingdoms of Fandja, Kerala, Cola, and Chola.^ Passing, however, to authentic history, we learn ' Biphin«tone, ut that the first Mahometan invasion of the Deccan was attempted *"*'"' in the year 1294, by Alaudin, afterwards emperor of Delhi. Its object was restricted to the assault of Dfeogiri, the capital of Maharashta ; and this was successful, the city being captured and given up to pillage. A few years later, Alaudin extended his conquests over the whole of Maharashta, Telingana, and Carnata ; and in 1825 the reduction of the Deccan was com- pleted by Mohammed Togluk. But the supremacy of the emperor was not of long duration: the Hindoo rajahs of Telin- gana and Carnata were the first to recover their possessions. Hieir success was followed by the general revolt of the Deccan, in 1347, when Hasan Geauga founded the Mahomedan dynasty of Bahmani. His independence was recognised at Delhi, and the power of the empire was thus driven across the Nerbudda. In the struggles which ensued, the house of Bahmani succeeded in subverting the kingdom of Telingana, and, at a later period (1565), the fall of the monarchy of Bijayanagar or Carnata was effected, by the league of the Mussulman princes against Eajah Bam, at the battle of Talicote. Subsequent events tended to the dismemberment of the Bahmani empire ; and its final dis- solution gave rise to the independent Mahometan states of Beejapore, Ahmednuggur, Golconda, Bedur, and Berar. Of these the two latter, merging into one or other of the remainder, became extinct ; and in the time of Shah Jehan, in 1680, the Deccan was divided into the three kingdoms of Ahmednuggur, Qt>]conda, and Beejapore. The first of these became tributary to Shah Jehan in 1636 ; and in 1686, his son and successor Aurungzebe, subverting the monarchies of Golconda and Bee- japore, the whole of the territory previously severed from the empire was recovered, and the Deccan once more passed under the rule of Delhi. But though Aurungzebe now grasped the universal sovereignty of India, he was not destined long to retain it. The Mahrattas, who had previously attracted little notice, had emerged from obscurity during the reign of his father, 4md were now about to act a conspicuous part in the history of the Deccan. In the late imperial contest with Gh)lconda and Beejapore, they had shared the fate of the con- 87 DECCAN. quered ; but tlieir power and resources, though crippled, were not destroyed. The fortresses and districts of which they had been dispossessed were again fast falling into their hands ; and upon Aurungzebe's retreat to Ahmednuggur, in 1706, they attacked the imperial army, and plundered its baggage. Ten years after the death of Aurungzebe, his successor concluded a peace with Saho, the Mahratta chief, and admitted his claim to levy tribute over the whole of the Deccan. The Mogul empire was now tending to its close. Asof Jah, whose descendants are known as the nizams of Hyderabad, had succeeded to the viceroy alty of the Deccan. He was subsequently promoted to the oflBce of vizier at Delhi ; but being disgusted with the court, and sensible that his power rested upon a solid founda- tion, he resigned his appointment, and returned to his govern- ment at Hyderabad. The Mahrattas, in the interim, bad obtained a large accession of territory, and at the time of Asofs return, the chief authority of the nation was wielded by Balaji, one of Saho's principal officers, and subsequently the founder of the dynasty of the Peishwas. This able minister had laboured unremittingly to concentrate the power of the Mahrattas ; and having succeeded, he usurped the authority of his master, and offered himself as a competitor for the sovereignty of the Deccan. But Asof deemed the power of his rival too formid- able for resistance : he therefore applied himself to accomplish its reduction by means of dissensions among the principal chiefs ; but, failing in his attempt, he finally effected a compro- mise with the Peishwa, and entered the lists himself as an usurper. The result was the foundation, on the part of Asof, of the Mahometan kingdom of Hyderabad, which still con- tinues to be ruled by his descendants ; and the formation, under the Peishwa, of a powerful monarchy, comprising the larger portion of the territories now included within the limits of the presidency of Bombay. The remainder of the imperial posses- sions in the Peninsula, with few exceptions, were held by chief- tains subject to the supremacy of one or the other of these two potentates. Those north of the Toombuddra were distributed principally between the rajahs of Colapore and Berar, and Angria of Colaba, all of whom acknowledged some degree of dependence upon the Peishwa. Of the provinces south of the Toombuddra, the Camatic and Tanjore were held under the 8B DECCAN. feudal sovereignty of the Nizam. The Mysore, though pre- riously tributary to both Moguls and Mahrattas, assumed independence during the commotions of the times, and in the sequel became the prize of the Mahometan usurper Hyder Ali. In the extreme south, the petty state of Travancore, secured from invasion by its remote position, and by the sea and moun- tains which surround it, appears to have long enjoyed an unin- terrupted freedom from foreign sway. The nabob of Kumoul, Sajah Tondiman, the rajah of Coorg, and other inferior rulers, seized each on his own district, and rose to the rank of petty princes, acknowledging a feudal superiority, but maintaining their own exclusive right to internal independence. Such were the changes introduced into the native govern- ments of the Deecan in the earlier part of the eighteenth cen- tury. The possessions of European nations within the Penin- sula afforded at that time no indication of future grandeur. A few petty settlements acknowledged the dominion of France and Portugal. The English occupied a station at Surat, and another at Madras ; and these, with the island of Bombay, con- stituted nearly the sum of British territory in Southern India. In the subsequent contests for power which ensued between the native chiefs, the English and French took opposite sides. The results of these struggles proved unfavourable to the powers whose cause had been espoused by the French. Among the men of that nation most distinguished in India, both in war and negotiation, was M. Bussy, who established the French power and influence over the Northern Circars, so often referred to in the Indian history of the middle of the eighteenth century. These possessions, however, like most of the French acquisitions, remained to them only a very short time. Clive attacked them with a force from Bengal, and though opposed by a larger force, the skill, energy, and happy fortune which marked all Olive's enterprises, triumphed, and the Circars were transferred from the French to their great rival in India. Thenceforward the interests of France rapidly declined, the influence of the British rose in the ascendant, and a new empire was established in India. "Within the limits of the Deecan the French still retain Pondicherry, with other minor settlements, and the Portuguese continue undisturbed within the slender territory of Goa and Daman ; but important revo- DEC. lutions have occurred in the native governments within the Peninsula, from which the British alone, of all the European settlers in India, reaped any advantage. The dismembered provinces of Mysore, at the close of the first war with Tippoo, formed the earliest addition to their original acquisitions. A further annexation accrued upon the death of Tippoo, and the final partition of his dominions. This was followed by the incorporation with the British empire, of the Camatic and Tanjore. Some years later, the forfeited possessions of the Peishwa tended to swell the extent of the empire. These acquisitions, with certain cessions from the Nizam, the subse- quent conquests of Kurnool and Coorg, and the lapse, from failure of heirs, of Angria's territory of Colaba, and the raj of Sattara, constitute in the aggregate a continuous territory, stretching firom the banks of the Nerbudda to Cape Comorin. Its greatest length from north to south measures 1,000 miles, and its extreme breadth exceeds 800 ; and if Sinde and a por- tion of British Guzerat be excluded, the Deccan, as defined in this article, will be found to comprehend the provinces now distributed between the two presidencies of Madras and Bom- bay, with the several native states already enumerated. It will be obvious that in so large a tract of country there must be a great diversity of people and great variations as to manners and character. In the countries connected with the British government of Bombay, the higher classes, every- where in the East the most unmanageable, were in 1822 admitted by Mr. Elphinstone to certain privileges. A great dislike existed towards the courts of law, and the privileged classes, of which there were three constituted, were exempted, the first totally, the second partially, from the strict process of the Adawlut ; while a third class, composed of meritorious native military officers of the rank of soubahdar, were exempted from personal arrest. A commission was appointed, which took cognizance of cases involving claims upon the first two classes, and proceeded to dispose of them in a mode which, « Malcolm, Govt, wliilc sccuriug justico, should be free from offence.* The p. 14. ** ^^'^" ' commission was subsequently abolished, and its duties trans- ferred to an officer called " agent for sirdars." DECCAN SHABAZPOEE.— See Backeegtojb. E.i.c. M». Doc DECKNALL, — A town in one of the native states known 90 DEC— DEE. ftB ihe Cuttack Mehab, 39 miles N. from Cuttack, and 77 miles S.W. from Balaaore. Lat. 21° 1', long. 85° 65'. DECTAUN,^ in a. detached portion of the native state of ' ej.c. m». doc Gwalior, a town belonging to Scindia, on the route from Mow , owden Tabiw to Baroda, 20 miles^ W. of former, 196 E. of latter. It is of noutei, jmo. estimated to contain 1,000 houses,^ and about 5,000 inha- to Map of 'ootrai bitants, and is the principal place of a pergunnah of the same I^^J^^m i„ name. Elevation above the sea 1,881 feet.^ Lat. 22° 34^, App. to Haicoiin, l«r.« Tevo o%i Central India, long. 75 31 . u. S48. DEEANUTPOOE,! in the British district of Alygurh, » e.i.c. Mi. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Alljgurh to Agra, and 21 miles* S. of the former. The road in this part of the • Garden, T«we« route is good, the country well-cultivated and populous. Lat. . 27° 38', long. 7ff^ 7'. DEED WAN A. — ^A village in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore or Marwar, 112 miles N.E. from Joudpore. Lat. 27° lO', long. 74° SO'. DEEG,* * in the territory of Bhurtpore, a town situate in a * e.i.c. mu doc lone tract, amidst numerous marshes and jhils, or small lakes, fed bj the stream Manus Nye,* conveying the drainage of a * Baber, Mem. considerable country lying to the west. As it is nearly sur- jacquemont, rounded by water during a great part of the year, it is then 1?^^^}'^ •**; ^ • c» o t ^ If TnorDf Mem. of almost inaccessible^ to an enemy. Before dismantled by the war in India, British, its outline, the outer wall, was an irregular pentagon, s si'eoman, Ram- the southern and longest side of which towards the middle *»'*• "»<* R«coiieo- ° tions, ii. 81. curves inwards, or towards the north. At the south-west angle is the Shah Bourj,^ a high rocky mount, having on its summit * Thom, 4i8. an area of fifty yards square, and inclosed by a rampart, having four commanding bastions facing the four cardinal points. Within the walls, the fort, an extensive buildidg with high rampart twenty feet thick,^ furnished with bastions, commands ' Tieffenthaier, the whole town. Close to the west of the fort is the palace of HinduTtan "f. 14S. the rajah, with a fine garden, inclosed by a high wall. The ground-plan of the garden is rectangular, 475 feet long,^ and • sieeman, Ram- 350 wide ; and on each side is a remarkably beautiful building. uon^°u. s^ ^" In the middle " is an* octagonal pond,^ with openings on four sides, leading up to the four buildings, each opening having, frt>m the centre of the pond to the foot of the flight of steps * Dig, of Tassin. H DEE. leading into them, an avenue of jets d'eau." These beautiful t sieeman, ii 88. buildings, whlch are surpassed^ in India for elegance of design and perfection of workmanship only by the Taj Mahal of Agra, • cai tt Glean- ^® coustructed of a fine-grained sandstone, quarried of great ings In Science, dimensions at Roopbas, in the south-eastern part of the Bhurt- the Geology of the po^e territory.®* Deeg is a place of great antiquity. " The Bhartpur District, ancient name was Diragh, or Dirghpura, and will be found Y. 86. mentioned in the Skand Puran, and 4th chapter of the Bha- Thorn!!^Mein 418. g^^at Mahatama." ^ It became eariy^ one of the chief strong- a Appendix D. holds of the Jats, from whom, in 1776, it was wrested by Nujuff 8erie« of Calcutta . . « m i * i a a i j ii Gazettes, pub- Khan, the powerful minister of Shah Alum. Alter the death wXm, relative of Nujuff Khan, however, it reverted to the rajah of Bhurtpore. to Military Opera- Here, on the 13th of November, 1804, the army of Holkar was jellwunt Rao defeated ^ by a British force, under the command of General Th^raton*Hi«^' Frascr ; and the Jats, having taken a hostile part by firing on of British Empire the victors, sicge was laid to the place on the 16th of December Tiiom, Mem. of following, and on the 23rd of the same month it was carried by ^^'" '"***"' storm.® Subsequently restored to the Jat rajah, it, after the » Id. ut Mipra.^o. Capture of Bhurtpore by the British, commanded by Lord ofsTj^eoTihurt- Combcrmere, was surrendered^ without resistance, and dis- pore,4a. mantled. Distant W. from Muttra 24 miles.** Lat. 27^ 29', long. * Garden, Tablet . ^. , ' ° of Routes, 265. 77° 23'. Boiieau, R^jwara, DEEGAEEE, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the route from the town of Joudpore to that of Ajmeer, and three miles east of the former. The road in this part of the route, though sandy, is probably good, as Boiieau travelled it on horseback, by moonlight, at the rapid rate of ten nules an hour. Lat. 26° 17', long. 73° 16'. DEEGH.— See Dig. E.I.C. M«. noc DEEGHYL, in the British district of Kohtuk, lieutenant- of Routef, 2sM). governorship of the North-West Provinces, a considerable village on the route from Kurnool to Eewaree, and 76 miles S.W. of the former. "Water is abundant, though indifferent, and supplies are plentiful. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 28° 46', long. 76° 41'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DEEGUCHEE.— A town in the British district of Sattara, * Gazetteer, i. 487. * Hamilton Btates/ "to preserve this town from the violence of the torrents that pour down from the hills during the rains, it is necessaiy to keep large embankments in repair.' 92 DEE. presidency of Bombay, 61 miles E. of Sattara. Lat. 17° SQf, loDg. 74° 59'. DEEHA, in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- e.i.c. Ms.doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the right bank of the Granges, 795 miles N.E. of Calcutta by the river route, 13 S.E. of the city of Allahabad by the same, liat. 25° 19', long. 82° 3'. DEEMLA. — A town in the British district of Eungpore, e.i.c. it§. Doc. presidency of Bengal, 39 miles N.W. of Bungpore. Lat. 26° 6', long. 88° 55'. DEENANTJGTJE, in the Lahore division of the Punjab, a e.i.c. m». doc town situated on the right bank of the Baree Dooab Canal, 89 miles N.E. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 82° KV, long. 76° 29'. DEENGEOO. — A halting-place on a rivulet of the same uoyd »nd oenrd, name, on the southern declivity of the Shatul Pass. It is it^y^ h. le. situate just above the limit of forest, in a tract having a rich ^^™* ^' -*•• soil covered with a close sward. Elevation above the sea 12,300 feet. Lat. 81° 21', long. 78° 1'. DEENGTJEH. — A town in the native state of Bhawulpoor, e.i.c. ms. doc. 32 miles S. from Bhawulpoor, and 116 miles N.W. from Beekaneer. Lat. 28° 56', long. 71° 49'. PEENHXJTLA. — A town in the native state of Coosh ei.c.m«.doc. Behar, 61 miles N.E. from Dinajepore, and 10 miles S. from Behar. Lat. 26° 7', long. 89° 26'. BEEPLA. — A towTi in the British province of Scinde, pre- e.i.c. ms. doc sidency of Bombay, 162 miles E. of Kurrachee. Lat. 24° 80', long. 69° 40'. DEEEOEE, a river of Assam, rises on the south-eastern boundary, in lat. 27° 10', long. 95° 21', and flows for about forty-five miles through the district of Seebpoor, to its junction with the Bisang, a tributary of the Brahmapootra, in lat. 27° 4', long. 94° 41'. DEES A,* in Guzerat, or dominions of the Guicowar, a town • e.i.c. m». doc. on the river Bunnass^ (western), the residence and possession * ciune, Appendix of a petty Mussulman chief, styled the nawaub of Deesa, who w^^"ind2^'iS! is also nawaub of Pahlunpoor. There is here a British canton- ment, which is situate on the left bank of the Bunnass, three miles N.E. of the town. Distance from Mhow, N.W., 301^ ' O"^®". TaWei ' _- ' of Rjutea, «68. ¥9 DEE— DEH. * Garden, TmWcs of Routes, VUl. I E.[.C. Ms. Doc. * As. R«s. xviii. W—Coulthard, on the Trap Formation of the Saugor District. ' Pitzclarenc^, Journal, 60. Idundjf Sketchns, li. 121. Garden, Tables of Routes, 74. * Transacts. Roy. As. Soc. i. S60 — Mem. on Bundel- khund. » Ut supra, 117. ' Franklin, ut supra, 274. I E.I.C. Ms. Dor. * Walker's Map. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. Transacts, of Med. and Phjs. Soc. of Bombay, i. 51 — Gibson, Sketch of Guzerat. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.C. Trig. Surv. * Trans. Roy. As. Soc 1.374. ' Index to Map of Malwa, 44, 117. ' Memoirs, 299. miles ; from Neemuch, W., 251 ;^ from Bombay, N., 870. Lat. 24° 14', long. 72° 5'. DEES AUN.^ • — A river rising in tbe native state of Bhopal, a few miles north of the town of Seermow, in about lat. 23° 28', long. 78° 30', and at an elevation of about 2,000^ feet above the sea. After a course of ten or twelve miles north, it passes into the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, through which it flows north-east sixty miles, to the south boundary of Bimdelcund, which it enters in lat. 24° 12', long. 78° 63', and flows through in a sinuous direction, but generally north, for 160 miles, falling into the Betwa on the right side, in lat. 25° 48', long. 79° 29' ; its total length of course being about 220 miles. Several torrents and small rivers fall into it, right and left, but none of any importance. It is crossed by a ford on the route from Banda^ to GTwalior, twenty miles above its mouth, and in lat. 25° 34', long. 79° 28', and has there "a sandy bottom, and water about knee-deep from November to June." Franklin^ regards it as the boundary between his rather arbitrary divisions of eastern and western Bundlecund. It abounds in fish, and is styled by Malcolm^ a fine stream ; but it is not navigable.** DEESOOEE.i— A town in the Eajpoot district of Gbdwar,* 75 miles S.E. from Joudpore, and 110 miles S.W. from Ajmere. Lat. 25° 19', long. 73° 39'. DEETAUN.— See Dectatjk. DEGAON. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of Bhopal, 50 miles E. from Bhopal, and 56 miles S.W. from Saugor. Lat. 23° 17', long. 78° 10'. DEHGONQ-, in Guzerat, or territory of the Quicowar, a town on the route from Ahmedabad to Neemuch, 17 miles N.E. of the former, 165 S.W. of the latter. Population 8,000. Lat. 23° 8', long. 72° 50'. DEHPOOE. — A town in the subdivision of Nassick, British district of Ahmednuggur, presidency of Bombay, 25 miles S.E. of Nassick. Lat. 19° 53', long. 74° 10'. DEHEA DOON.if— A fertile valley at the south-western * Dhasan of Tassin ; Desan of Franklin ;' Duasattn of Malcolm.* + Doon, in the language of tbe country, ngnifies "dale, or vallej.*' Baber ' says, " in the language of Hindoostan they call a julga (or dale) 94 DEHBA DOON. base of the lowest ^ and outermost ridge of the mountaint of « Joum. am, Soc the Himalaya, and forming with the pergunnah* of Jounsar _Evere«t, aioio- Ba\inir, a British district under the lieutenant-governorship of «*«^ ^**** the North- West Provinces. The valley is inclosed on the north hy the Jumna river, separating it from Sirmour and Jounsar ; on the north-east by the mountains of native Gurh- wal ; on the south-east by the Granges, dividing it from British Gurhwal ; and on the south-west by the Sewalik range, sepa- rating this district from that of Saharunpoor. The length of the valley in a direction nearly from south-east to north-west, or irom Bikkee Kasee on the Ganges, to Bajghat on the Jumna, is forty-five^ miles. Its breadth varies from fifteen to twenty » Joom. At. soc. miles. It Hes between lat. 30^—30° 32', long. 77° 43'— 78° 24'. ^em«!r^."Tr. The mountains on the north-eastern frontier of the valley, -Herbert, R«p. of the Mineral Off. towards Gurwhal, have an elevation of 7,000 or 8,000^ feet survey of Hima- above the sea ; those of the Sewalik range from 3,000* to 3,500. i^^J^uemont, The elevation of the bed of the Gtmges at the confluence of voya«e, ir. m. . . * Herbert ut the river Sooswa, at the south-eastern extremity, is 1,200^ feet ; ,upra, xxxr. that of the Jumna, at the confluence of the Asun, at the north- ' '**• ****^' western extremity, is 1,469.^ Midway between those depressed ^ w. %xxr, extremities of the valley, a gently increasing elevation runs transversely from the Sewalik mountains to those on the north- eastern boundary, and divides the valley into two basins, that on the north-west drained by the Asun, and that on the south- east by the Sooswa, discharging themselves, as already men- tioned, the former into the Jumna, the latter into the Ganges. The town of Dehra, situate on this ridge, has an elevation of 2,369^ feet ; the source of the Asun, an elevation of 2,148 ;^ • a«. rc*. iir. that of the Sooswa, which river takes its rise a few hundred yards® from the former, has the like elevation. These rivers » Herbert, ut flow along the north-eastern base of the Sewalik range, the *"^"^ ****^* surfiice of the valley in general having a considerable slope to that part, and in consequence, nearly all the supplies to those • rivers proceed from the north-eastern side of the valley. The p^roifcTkni' "" formations of the Sewalik are recent, or tertiary * in the con- cautiey, on the "^ Possilg of the Sevalik Hillf doon." Dehra is the chief place of the yalley, so that Dehra Doon may mean "the Dehra valley." * The districts of Joimsar and Bawur ' were disjoined from the raj of i De Gnu, Pol. Sbmour, and annexed to the British territories, npon the expulsion of the Relations, 889. Ghoorkas in 1815.* 95 DEHEA DOON. * Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1830, p. 605 — Baker, S}>eci- mens of Sub- Himalaya Fowilt. Id. 685— Cautlpj, Pouilt of th«i 8ewallk. » Id. Op. 18S5, p. (190 — Evcreit, Geological Olig. * Jacquemont, Toyage, It. 29. * Ut supra, 19. < Bot. of Hima- laya, 18, 136. "^ Journ. Roj. At. Soc. No. xiv. 184S, p. 266 --Mac- donald, on the Dehra Doon. • Rojie, Bot. ut iupra, zxxlr. ventional language of geologists, and for the most part are composed of calcareous sandstone,^ clay conglomerate, or marl, containing a vast profusion of fossil remains of mammalia, fishes, reptiles, and testacea. The more elevated range on the north and north-east frontier consists generally of what in the same language are styled transition formations, compact limestone,^ devoid of organic remains, clay-slate, greywacke,^ with occasionally dykes of trap and other stone, of supposed igneous origin, with extensive overlying beds of quartzy sand- stone, and in many places large beds of quartz. The trans- verse elevation connecting the Sewalik and north-eastern ranges, appears to be of loosely-aggregated diluvial formation, from the fact stated by Jacquemont,**^ that the wells at the town of Dehra, situate on the crest, are nearly 200 feet deep. The climate is marked by a range of temperature not incon- siderable. Dr. Royle^ states it to vary from 37° to 101° ; and he adds, that snow occasionally falls in winter. In 1841^ the mean heat of June, the hottest month, was 88° ; of December, the coldest, 60° ; and of the whole year, 74°. Other observa- tions, made some years earlier,* give results not greatly differ- ing from these ; the mean® temperature of January, which in this instance was the coldest month, being 52° ; that of June, the hottest, 86° ; and that of the whole year, 70°. In 1839, the total fall of rain was sixty-seven inches; of which fifteen fell in July, and twenty-six in August. October was the driest month ; the next in degree April ; the next December, and then November. During the dry season, and in cleared situations, the climate is as healthy as in any part of India. " During the rains, however, and in consequence of the rich and rank vegetation in which the whole valley is clothed, from being under the action of numberless small streams, from the formation in the lower ground of extensive and stagnant marshes, and more especially from the miasma exhaled from the growth and increase of the underwood, as also of the trees themselves composing these mighty forests, fevers somewhat peculiar and local are generated ; and in fact, for a European constitution at the above season, even a journey through, far more a residence in these wilds, would be certain * By the Hod. F. Shore. The year in which these obBwratioxiB were made is not stated. 96 DEHEA DOON. of producing* them." The most unhealthy months are July, » Dr. wiiuck, in August, and September, during which the periodical rains fall ; ^p^ ^im. and it is stated, that of ^ the large number of individuals * ucDonaid, ut engaged in the extensive grants of land made by the govern- *"^"* ment in 1837, not one person, European or native, escaped fever during the unhealthy period. Hopes, however, are entertained, that by clearance of fche jungle and drainage of the swamps, the deadly malaria may be removed, or its effects materially mitigated. The Dehra Doon^ is not under the influence of • id. 8». the hot winds. The general aspect of the country is very pleasing, according to the account of Herbert,' who was well acquainted with it. 'utiupr*, xxxr. He says, " The appearance of this valley is highly picturesque, particularly in the neighbourhood of Dehra. The intermixture of cultivation, in which the fields are defined by hedges, with patches of green, over which are scattered fine, groves of trees ; the undulation of the surface and its intersection by numerous streams, are features that might almost remind one of the scenery of England. The proximity of lofty mountains, occa- sionally clothed with forests, in which the pine, oak, and walnut are conspicuous, gives a variety to the landscape, which, Tiewed at a favourable season, is picturesque and beautiful in a high degree. The soil is gravelly, yet, to judge from the cultivation, far from poor.'* Jacquemont's^ impressions of the * ut supra, 14. country appear to have been somewhat different; but he describes them with much liveliness. ''Notwithstanding its solitude and elevation, Dehra, more than any other part of India, recalls to my mind the tropical scenes which I for the first time aaw in America. The bold outlines of the mountains, and the varied tints of the forests with which they are covered, indeed, at first reminded me of scenes in the ^ps ; but the abundance of plantains (bananas) caused my thoughts to turn to Haiti. The varied productions of nature appear to be wonderfully affected by different circumstances. Numerous forms of the tropical vegetation of the plains of India abound here, though in a climate differing by a more continued prevalence of moisture, a partial exemption from hot winds, and a greater degree of cold in winter ; but there is a resemblance in the solstitial rains, one of the most striking circumstances of inter- tropical meteorology. Those rains, which prevail throughout *• H ^ DEHEA BOON. * Botany of Himalajra, l;). * Id. la. India Rev. DUp. U Aug. 1850. f McDonald, ut iupra, 260. * Royie, at tupra, 13. * Id. p. Isxix. — Table of Corii* genda and Ad- denda, line 10. ' Bengal and Agra Guide, ut supra, 130. ' Botanj of Himalaya, 12S. ' Joum. As. 8oc. Beng. 1854, p. 183 — .Aptitude of Himalaya for Cul- ture of Tea>plant. * Voyage, iv. 90. * Joam. Beng. England, i. 2S0. ' As. Res. xiv. 101 —Hodgson and Herbert, Trigon. Sunr. of Himalaya. * Sketches in India, I. 804. * Bengal and Agra Guide, 1841, Tol. ti. part 1. 180* the whole southern declivity of the Himalaja, even to the greatest height, are the cause why the ^x>pical fonns of vege- tation are found mingled with the Alpine at a height exceed- ing 6,000 feet above the sea.'* Arborescent vegetation is greatly developed, and covers the uncultivated parts with dense and almost impenetrable forests, consisting of trees, many of which are common in more southern parts of India ; and arborescent species of genera of which the herbaceous ones are found in the colder parts of the world. Here also occur plants found not only in Southern India, but even under the equator. A large number of each class are enumerated by Dr. Boyle.* The zoology is important, comprising the elephant,* * wild buffialo,^ tiger, leopard, hycena, lynx, jackal, wild hog, bear, deer, and the four-horned^ antelope.f Of quadrumanous animals, there are the langur (Simia entail us) and bandar (Simia rhesus). A species of python* is met with, as might be expected in a tract so congenial to the nature of those reptiles. The soil is in general a deep rich mould, though in some places composed of shingle or gravel swept down by the torrents from the mountains. Eor the most part, the soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of rice, maize, gram (Cicer arietinum), cotton, sugar, opiupi, hemp, indigo, plantain ; and, according to a statement in a late work of good authority, " every ^ English plant thrives luxuriantly in the Dhoon, where in March, April, and May, a splendid show of English flowers is to be seen in all the gardens." The eminent botanists^ Dr. Eoyle^ and Dr. Falconer,^ who had ample means of local * JacquemoDt* unaccountably asserta that there are no elephants in these tracts : — " Les fArets da sommet des plaines qui e'^tendent imm^ diatement le long des montagmis, celles qui sont indiqu^s sur la plupart des cartes oomme le sejour des ^l^phants, des rliinoo6ro6, des tigres, &c. ; mais las deaz prenuers de ces animaux ne s'y trouvent pas, ou no 8*y trouvent plus." Foster,' howeyer, states that elephants abounded between Lal-Dong and Hurdwar, and that they were captured for the sake of their tusks ; and in the steps taken for measuring a base* in the Dehra Doon, in conducting the trigonometrical survey of the Himalaya, wild elephants were found troublesome. Mundy* also mentions, that in the same vicmitj they attacked his baggage-elephants. t It is^ however, stated in a modem publication/ that " the aatelt^ was never seen wild in the Dhoon." DEHEA DOON. information, considered the south-western declivity of the range rising north of the Dehra Doon as well suited for the successful growth of tea. The result of the experiments made in consequence has amply justified the sagacity of their conjectures.'* Tea has * Rev. Di»p. to been produced of a quality which has commanded the approval sepl^iM^** ^ of the best professional judges. According to the latest reports, the plant was thriving in different localities, extending over four degrees of latitude and three of longitude, and it was believed that in Dehra Doon alone there were 100,000 acres suitable for its growth. The statistics^ of the annual produce and consumption of • sugar statistics, sugar are stated as follow. The consumption, it will be seen, ^^c"'*^ ^®*®* vastly exceeds the home supply. Estimated cultivation of cane in beegahs of 14,400 square feet, 3,149. Estimated produce of goor from cane, in maunds of 80 pounds each, 8,600. Average produce per beegah, maunds 2 29 3}. Estimated consumption of the district, whether in sugar, khaur, goor, or the raw cane, in maunds of 80 pounds, 67,725. Number of pounds per head on which estimate is based, 96. Quantity consumed above the produce, 69,125 maunds. In 1837 extensive grants were made by government in the Dehra Doon. The terms* were a forty yeara' lease, under « Ret. DUp. to which one-fourth was to be rent-free for the whole term, and ^p^^{^^ ^ the remainder for three years ; after the expiration of which the twentieth part of the rent assigned was to be paid, rising annually in twentieths, until, at the end of the twenty-third year, the maximum rent of four annas per beegah, or twelve annaa per acre, should become payable.* The grants in the first instance amounted to something less than 30,000 acres,^ ? McDonald, ut and the grantees having expended large sums- in conveying "*p™»*^' emigrants and cleaning and cultivating the lands, saw reason, as the year advanced, to anticipate their reward in crops of the finest quality ; but on the setting in of the rains, the jungle- fever^ became so general, that from death, the prostration of « w. S52. I McDonald, ut * It would appear, that preyionely such measures were discountenanced. Mr. Shore, long the political agent here, entertained, or expressed an gupra,852. opinion, "that an acquaintance* with Europeans contaminated the natives," • Skinner, Eicur- and was even averse " to too general a rage for yisiting the mountains."' f *1IJIL " *' H 2 90 • • DEHEA BOON. disease disabling many who surrived, and the departure of others in terrified flight, scarcely any hands remained to gather the harvest, which consequently rotted where it grew. The circumstances of the country, however, in regard to health, appear, as already intimated ; to be improvable, and better results are looked for. It does not appear that the expecta- tions of the grantees have been generally realized, as, in some • India Rer. DUp. instances^ at least, they have withdrawn from the speculation. At the time the valley was wrested from the rajah of Gurwhal by the Q-hoorkas, it is said to have yielded an annual revenue < Fr»i«r, Tour in of 10,000Z.,^ • though thoso iuvadcrs could never realize more than 2,000Z. from it. Under British rule its prosperity has evidently advanced. The number of mouzahs or townships in Deyrah Boon • ifraioir on proper^ is 214. The area is 673 square miles, or 431,240 Prov. 1848, p. its! British statute acres. The following statement shows the respective proportions of assessed and unassessed land. The former, termed malgoozaree, being divided into cultivated and cultivable; in the latter, lakhiraj or land yielding revenue, which, however, is alienated from government, either for public or private purposes, being discriminated from that which ia barren. Malgoozaree, or C Cultivated acres 40,196 assessed land ( Cult arable acres 67,791 Minhae, or C Lakhiraj acres 17,865 una:>sessed land \ Barren acres 305,388 431,240 » jAcqiiemont, The people are of mixed character. The Mussulman* portion of them resemble those of the adjacent plains, in their high and strongly -marked features, full beard, and general figure : the Hindoos, on the other hand, exhibit traces of the blood of their Ghoorka conquerors. According to Jacquemont, they are a lively, inoff^ensive, and honest race. Their dress is poor and simple, consisting of a small gown, and a cotton wrapper on the head. The lower order have merely a small swathe around the loins. The following returns of the population of the Deyrah Boon < Journ. As. Soc ° *^ *^ •' Reiiir 1843, xxxvl. -Report of Surv. » Herbert* States the amoHft' At 8,000^. of IlimalaTA. ' ,_ 100 DEHRAH. proper are the result of a census^ made in the year 1845. Thej * Mem. ut mprt, indude men and women, adults and children, of aU ages. '^' Hindoo f^Sricultural... 18.634 ( Non-agnculturaJ 4,856 Mahoroedan and C Agricultural 4,783 others not Hindoo ( Non-agricultural 8,910 Total 82,083 The above gives a proportion of something more than fortj- ■BTen persons to each square mile. The district (including Jaunsa Bawar) is under the charge of a superintendent; but the judicial administration is con- nected with that of Saharunpore,^ and subordinate to it. * JadicM Ditp. to Previously to the Goorkha invasion of the Dehra Doon, in ^"n^. i^ 1803, it was regarded as the most valuable^ part of the domi- « Frawr, Toun in nions of the rajah of G-urwhal, who frequently resided at Dehra, ^^"****y*» •^ and made bis final stand at the village of G-urudwara, in its ▼icinity, where he was defeated and slain. The invasion of the Talley by the British, in 1815, during the Nepaul war, was marked by the obstinate, though ineffectual, defence which the Gh)orkhas made at Eiilunga or Nalapani,* and the fall of General Gillespie and a considerable number of men under its walls. On the final expulsion of the Ghoorkhas, it became a British district. DEHBAH,^ the principal place of the Dehrah Doon, is ' e.i.c. mi. Doe. situate on the crest of a ridge of moderate height, extending ^'^' '^'*'***** frnm the Sewalik range to that bounding the valley on the north-east. It is situate amidst an extensive and dense grove of very luxuriant mango-trees, and surrounded by verdure, the vicinity being watered by a torrent descending from the moun- tains. As the intermitting nature of the stream renders the supply of water from it precarious, the town is in dry weather supplied from several wells, nearly 200 feet deep. Jacquemont^ • jaequwnont, describes the place as a very large village, consisting of several **'"**' cottages ; and in a letter, bearing date May, 1842, it is men- tioned as '' a large town, in the neighbourhood of which are many houses, the property of Europeans." Its situation is favourable for traffic, being at the intersection of the route from Hurdwar to Sirmoor with that from Saharunpore and ♦ See Nalapaki. 101 DEH— DEJ. * At. Ret. xIt. 880*— Hodgton and Herbert, Trivon. Surrey of Himalaya. * Sketchet in India, I. 164. * Hodgfon and Herbert. 890*. * Garden, Tablet of Routet, 1. jct. y.I.O. 1ft. Doc. B.I.C. Ms. Doc Leech, on Sindh Army, 66, 79. Burnet, Pert. Narr. 40. Wettmacott, Ace. of Khyrpoor, In Joum. At. Soc 1840, p. 1106. Correspondence on Sinde, 404. the plains to the British sanitary stations of Mussouree and Landour, and to "Western Gurwhal. Whatever may be the present prosperity of Dehra, it must have resulted from British rule ; for in the account of the trigonometrical survey of the Himalaya, drawn up about 1820,* where it is noticed as one of the stations of small triangles, the town is said to be '' small and poor." Mundy,^ writing eight years later, describes it as inconsiderable, but with good cantonments, and a handsome temple, built of stone, and embellished extemaUy with designs in stucco. The elevation of this place above the sea is 2,369* feet. Distance N.W. from Calcutta 974* miles. Lat. 30° 19^, long. 78° 5'. DEHWAEEE.~A town in the British district of Sattara, presidency of Bombay, 39 miles E. of Sattara. Lat. 17^ 42', long. 70° ^O'. DEI JBARA, in the British district of Broach, presidency of Bombay, a town on the headland bounding on the north the entrance of the estuary of the river Nerbudda. Distance from Surat, N., 42 miles. Lat. 21° 41', long. 72° 34'. DEINWAH. — A river rising in the district of Deogurh, territory of Berar, or the dominions of the rajah of Nagpore, in lat. 22° 20^, long. 78° 35'. After a northerly course of seventeen mUes, it turns westward, and forming for thirty-two miles the boundary between Berar and the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, it falls into the Samarsee river, in lat. 22° 33', long. 78° &. DEJEEKOTE.— A fort in Sinde, belonging to AH Moorad, ameer of Khyerpoor, fiK)m which town it is distant eleven miles south. It is built on a range of low limestone hills, proceeding in a direction from south-east to north-west, and reaching the Indus at Boree. It consists of a number of fortifications crowning several eminences, and connected by a single mud wall pierced with loopholes. Here, in January, 1843, the British army was encamped during the advance of Sir Charles Napier to destroy Emaum Ghur. Though stronger than most of the fortresses of Sinde, Dejeekote is open to capture by escalade. There is a large tower, which was intended to contain the treasure of the Ameer, and which is covered by an irregular outwork in a singular style. On the south side of the fort is a magazine and manufactory of powder. 103 DEK— DEL. This fort is e&Hed also Ahmedabftd. Lat. 2r 22^, long. 68° 48'. PEKAiEL — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i.c. Mf.Doc dominions of the rajah of Berar, 140 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 172 mites "W. from Sumbulpoor. Lafc. 21° 3(y, long. 81° 2Qf. DEKOOLER— See Deokullm. PEKTOWLI, in the British district of Mjnpooree, lieu- aurden. Tablet tenant-goremorship of the NcMrth-West Provinces, a village on °' ^®"***' *** the route from the cantonment of Aligurh to that of Etawah, and 34 miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the rente is good ; the country open and well cultivated. liat. 27° 8', long. 78° 38'. DELHI.^ — A British district, within the limits of the lieu- * EJ.C. u%. doc. tenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, so called from the celebrated city, its principal place. It is bounded on the north by the British district of Paneeput ; on the east by the Jumna, separating it from the British districts of Meerut and Boolundshuhur ; on the south by Bullubgurh and the British district of Gborgaon ; and on the west by the district of !Rhotttck, and by Buhardoorgurh and Jhujur. It lies between lat. 28° 24'— 28° 64', long. 76° 49'— 77° 29', and has an area of 602^ square miles. The population in 1848 * Pariiamenuir amounted to 306,550. Of this number, 85,448 are returned '^•'"™' '®*^- as Hindoo and agricultural ; 129,066 as Hindoo non-agri- cultnral ; 9,227 as Mahometans, and others not Hindoo, agricultural ; and 82,809 of those classes non*agricultural. Nearly one-half the entire population of the district is con- centrated in the city of Delhi ;* and if the suburbs be included, • Shakeipear, the proportion will be found to exceed one-half. Exclusive of n.w. pror. 27. the city and its suburbs, the district is divided into two per- gunnabs, — ^northern and southern. Of these, the former is fav the more populous, as it contains only 172,126 British statute acres, and has a population of 74,917; while the southern pergunnah, with an area of 211,634 acres, has a population of only 71,354. In both pergunnahs, the Hindoo population greatly preponderates ; its proportion to the number of other classes being, in round numbers, about thirteen to two. But in the city asid suburbs of Delhi, long the seat of a powerful Mahomedan monarchy, the proportion becomes little more than eight to seven. 103 DELHI. * Jottrn. At. Soc. Beng. 18SS. p. 110 — Golrin, on tbe Ancient Canals in the Delhi Terri- tory. ' Heber, t. fifte. • Mundj, Sketches, i. 801. 7 Bot. of Hiroa- * Jacqueniont, rtass. > Act of the Govt, of India, viii. of 1846. 1 India Jud. Disp. 7 Aug. 1889. The eastern, nortbem, and north- western parts of this dis- trict are watered bj the Jumna and its branches, by the Delhi Canal, or that of Ali Mardan Khan, and bj the Hansouti Nullah, a torrent which, in the rainj season, expands into the Farrukhnagar Jhil, an extensive plash ^ or shallow lake, dis- charging itself into the Jumna about two miles north of the city. The southern part is barren,^ with an uneven surface of rocky* ridges. The aspect of the country is thus described by Dr. Eoyle -7 — " Delhi, the capital of Northern India, situate on the western bank of the Jumna, nearly at the upper part of the inclined slope which forms the plains of India, is elevated about 800 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is barren, and remarkable for its saline efflorescence ; and the wells, for the brackishnesB of their water. The rocky soil, always ex- posed to the solar rays, absorbs much heat, and a high tempe- rature, with considerable dryness, is produced in the hot weather ; but from the openness of the country, and exposure to the winds which pass over extensive* lakes in the vicinity, a greater degree of cold is produced in winter than we should otherwise expect. We do not, therefore, find in Flora round Delhi, such plants as G-uttifersB, Anonace®, and StrychnesB, which, requiring moisture with heat, flourish in the southern provinces of India. But the climate in general being favour- able, and the minimum of cold not long-continued, we find many of the plants which are common in warmer parts of India, but which are not found at Saharunpore." The climate being in general dry,® and the soil for the most part either sandy or rocky, requires consequently to be fer- tilized by frequent applications of moisture. The principal alimentary crops are barley, wheat, and pulse. The demand of government in this district, on account of the land revenue, amounted, in 1846-47, to 34,967Z. The assessment has been fixed for a series of years, and is not liable to increase until the year 1870.' The district is intersected by the grand trunk road from Calcutta, and is also connected with Meerut by means of an excellent road, completed some years ago.^ That a tract having inconsiderable natural resources, should for so long a period have contained the capital of a vast empire, seems extraordinary. It probably resulted from the progress * The jhU of FuTukhDag»r, already mentioned. 104 DELHI. of the conquest of Hindostan, previooslj to tbe British sway, baying always been from the west to the east. Delhi, con- sequently, was found the best station for maintaining political and military communication between the Deccan and the great Talley of the Ganges on the one side, and on the other the Punjab and Afghanistan, usually the base of operations to invaders. DELHI.^* — A celebrated city, the principal place of the * e.i.c. ifi. Doc British district of the same name, under the lieutenant-gover- gurv. '^ norship of the North- Western Provinces. The site of the present city is a low rocky^ nmge, about a mile from the right * Heber, i. 548. bank of the Jumna, and on an offset* of that river, which prinkun, stau of leaves the main stream five* miles above the town, and rejoins P*****- , ._ , _ _, , ^ , / , Heber, Joura. it two miles below. The approach from the south-east, or the in india, i. 540. direction of Agra, is very striking, fix)m the innumerable R^^V8«)!^i.1Sr* minous monuments of former prosperity and grandeur. ♦ k-i.g. Trif on. ** Everywhere* throughout the plain, rise shapeless half-ruined « jacqu«mont, obelisks, the relics of massive Patau architecture, their bases ^^^■••» "*• *^' being buried under heaps of ruins bearing a dismal growth of thorny shrubs. Everywhere one treads on overthrown walls. Brick mosaics mark the ground-plan of the humbler dwellings of the poorer classes. Among the relics of a remote age, are occasionally to be seen monuments of light and elegant style of architecture, embellished with brilliant colours, gilt domes, and mmarets encased in enameUed tiles." These surprising collections of ruins are the remains of the ancient city of Delhi, which, according to Wilford,* extended above thirty • At. Re«. r. «?« ^ '_ ., , , ?,, -r mi . . i% 11 — OntheChro- mOeS along the banks of the J umna. The present city, founded noioffy of the by Shahjehan in 1631, is about seven'^t miles in circumference, ?JJJ|*)^"4qo_ and inclosed on three sides by a fine walL which is interrupted FrankUn, Acoount At TViIhl towards the river. Shahjehan disposed along this defence a sjacquemont, few weak towers scarcely projecting® fipom it ; but since the ^i^ 1 549. acquisition of the city by the British, it has been strengthened^ »Bi»njfaiMii.Di»p. ^ 1 March* 1848. * The spelling is TarioiiB in various authors. Dilhi and Dilli in Shake* i DlcUonarf, OOfi, spear ;' Debly in the Ayeen Akbery' and in Briggs's Indox ;' Dehlee in |^'' Prinsep;* DehH in Jacquemont* and inWilford;' Delhi in Bennell,'' in 9 p'erish'ta tr.oio. Ell^UDstone,' and in the translation of Baber.' ^ Life of Ain«er . vk «. < .< Khan, 62. t PohefT* states ten miles. s Voyage, ill. 491. 7M«m.of MapofHlndoftwi, 89. • Htet. of India, II. 89. ^JJ^.'^^J^^ * Mam. 800. > As. Aon. lUf. li. 1800, p. SO— MtoeaU. Tnuw. uie Hkktooii7 105 DELHI. > Bacon. Pint Impr^Mions, 11.324. s Heber, i. 546. 9 Ut lupre, 490. * FIrit Imprei- tiont, IL 286. * Delhi Ouette, 184S, p. 9iO, ^ Franklin, ut supra, 435. 7 Heber, 1. 569. * Franklin, ut supra, 425. Heber, i. 551. bj large bastions, eacb mounting nine cannon.* A ditob hm also been excavated and tbe glacis raised. As tbe ciurtains are extensive, small external martello towers bare been con- structed, to bring tbe foot of the walls under tbe fire of musketry.^ The tops of but few bouses appear above tbe ram- parts, over wbkb rise graceful acacias, and still overtopping tbese, loftj detached date-trees ; while tbe minarets of mosques, and tombs shaded with tbe gloomy f(^iage'of tbe salvadora, are scattered over tbe glacis. The Jumma Musjeed,^ or principal mosque, and tbe palace, displaying a very bigb and extensive cluster of towers and battlements, rise above all, and render the external aspect of tbe place very imposing. Franklin^ enumerates seven gates, — the Labore, Ajmere, Turkoman, Delhi, Moor or Mohur, Caubul, and Kashmere* Bacon,^ who visited tbe place ten or twelve years ago^ gives tbe same number, but styles tbe Caubul tbe Agra gate. Tbe actual number, however, appears to be eleven,* — ^tbe Casbmere, La- bore, Caubul, Buddumao, Ajmere, Turkoman, Belbi, Eiygbat, Negumbod, Lall, and Kaila gates. Tbe last four are on tbe river face. Tbe Casbmere gate has casemated apartments for tbe accommodation of tbe city-guard, wbicb is stationed there. The streets are for tbe most part narrow, but tbe Chandni Cbauk,t or principal street, wbicb runs nortb^ and soutb from tbe gate of tbe palace to the Delbi gate of tbe city, a lengtb of about three quarters of a mile, is fifty yards wide, having good shops^ on both sides. It is also remarkably clean, a small raised watercourse^ flowing down tbe middle of the street in a cbannel of red stone.^ There is another large street running east and west, from tbe gate of the palace to tbe Labore gate of the dty, but it is inferior to tbe Chandni Chauk, though like it provided witb a watercourse.^ The inhabitants have, however, spoiled tbe appearance of both by erecting houses in * East-India Gazetteer, H. 40. * Hamilton * states that the walls are '' faced along their whole extent with stibstantial masoDTy, confltracted of large blocks of a bright-grey granite. Martello towers have been likewise erected at intervals, for the purpose of flanking the defences, the old bastions being at too great a distance to answer the end efiPeotaally." t "Shining Street, square, or market;" from Chandni, "white or 1 DIct!onai7, 060. shining ;" Chauk, " a square, street, or market." Shalffiffpear' translates it " a wide and public sfa'eet or market.*' 106 DELHI. the c^iitre and across the streets m some places, so that it is not without difficulty that their original course can now be traced. In the Chandni Chauk is situate the ittperial palace, described by Heber^ as one of the noblest kin^y resi- ' Heber, i. asi. deuces he had e?er seen ; far surpassing the Kremlin, though t ,^ j^ not equal to Windsor.^ It is inclosed on three sides' by a ' Prankiin, 498, wall of red granite, a mile in circumference, and abo«ut^ forty 4 Bkcon, u. sso. feet high, flanked with turrets and cupolas. It is very beauti- fully built, and has two noble gateways, each def^stded by a barbican. On the remaining side it is defended by the river (the braneh of the Jumna), oyer which is a narrow bridge,* • id. ib. forming a communication with the old fort of Selimghur, on the eastern hajok. That antique fort is supposed to have be^i raised by some early Patau soTereign, and is in a rery heavy, masftiye style of architecture, devoid of ornaments, except a lew rude carvings on the mouldings and cornices. The entrance to the palace is through a succession of noble and T^py lofty gateways, built of red granite^ highly sculptured ; * id. ib^ t^ principal one is described by Heber ^ in the same terms "> l 557. which he applies to the palace generally. A splendid Gothic areh in the centre of the great tower is succeeded by a long vaolted aisle, like that of a G-othic cathedral, with a small open octagcmal court in its centre, all of granite, and all ornamented with inscriptions from the Koran, and finely-carved flowers. The Dewani Khas, or " private council-chamber," is a pavilion of white marble,^ surmounted by four cupolas of the same • Heber, i. set. material,^ and open on one side to the court of the palace, on JJ«|»"«™on'» "•• the other to its garden. Its pillars and arches are exquisitely Bacon, ii. sso. carved and ornamented with arabesques gilt and inlaid, flow^*8, .upm, 48o.' and inscriptions,* in the most elaborate Persian character. A rich foliage of silver, which formerly graced the ceiling, has been long since carried off. At present this splendid and tasteful hall is seldom entered by the emperor, and is in a very filthy state, being the retreat of crows, kites, and other unclean birds.* The garden, though now quite neglected and desolate, > Bacon, ii. 28I. was formerly extremely beautiful, and refreshed by numerous * Heber' says, ** Roxud the friese is the motto recorded, I believe, in * i. 561. Lall* Bookb :~ " ' If there be an Elysiam ob eartk It is this, it is this!'" 107 DELHI. elegant fountains of white marble, supplied fi^jm an aqueduct of the same material. Within its inclosure is an octagonal pavilion of white marble, containing a fountain and an elegantly- ornamented bath, and consisting of three very large apartments • Franklin, at surmountcd by white marble* domes ; but all is now mutilated *"^'*' and defaced with dirt. The Moti-masjid, or private mosque for the court, is an elegant little building of white marble, exquisitely carved, but, like the rest, neglected and dilapidated. The Dewanee-aAm, or public hall of audience, is a large and splendid pavilion of marble, but now fallen into ruin and » L 508. neglect, the throne, when seen by Heber,* being nearly covered with pigeon's dung. Near the palace, and in the Chandni Chauk, is the small mosque of Boshun-a-Dowlah, from whicli Nadir Shah witnessed the massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi by his troops. The Jumma Musjid, or principal mosque, is situate* on a small rocky eminence, of such height that the platform from which the structure rises, overtops the adjacent 4 vonoriicfa. houses, and is thirty^ feet above the general level of the city. ^5^1^yoi)j'a. This platform or court, a square of 450 feet, is paved with red stone, and on each of three sides is entered through a large gateway, approached from below by flights of stone steps. In the middle is a marble reservoir for water, filled by several fountains supplied from a canal by means of machinery, and intended for the ablutions required in the Mahomedan cere- monial. On three sides the court is skirted by open arcades, with octagonal pavilions at convenient intervals ; the west is occupied by the mosque, a splendid structure of an oblong » Prankiin, ut form, 261* feet in length, and approached by another magnifi- ^ cent flight of stone steps. The whole front is faced with large slabs of fine white marble, and along the cornice are ten com- partments, four feet long and two and a half broad, inlaid with • Id. ib. numerous inscriptions* from the Koran, in the Nuskhi charac- ter, executed in black marble. The interior is paved with flags of white marble, three feet long and a foot and a half broad ; and the walls and roof are lined with the same material. The I J g^ * Heber* states "yery adyantageoiiBly.'* Bacon,* on the contrary: • U. 887. "The position is not felicitous, being in alow, dirty part of the city, amid narrow streets and meanly-built houses." It is presumed, the epithet ''low" is not intended to indicate deficiency of elevation, but applies to the character of the neighbourhood. 108 DELHI. stracture ia surmounted by three domes'^ of white marble ^ H«b«r, i. 000. intersected with black stripes, and at each extremity of the ^^pn, 4«i." front is a minaret* of considerable height, and havinfi: a wind- J««J"«»ont,4oa. ^ , , ,. , . Von OrUch, II. 0. mg staircase of 130 steps of red stone, by which access is obtained to the summit, whence is a fine and extensive view of the city, with its palaces, mosques, and battlemented walls, as well as of the surroimding country, widely overspread with monuments and other buildings in every stage of decay. Attached to the mosque is a large and deep well,^ said to be * bmod, u. sso. excavated in solid rock, and from which the water is raised by means of complicated machinery and a succession of reservoirs. In 1809, the machinery became so much decayed as to be unserviceable, until repaired by the British authorities. Hamilton^ seems to intimate that the fountains in the court of ' DwcHption of the mosque are supplied from this source, and not from a " oo**". ••*«>• canal, as stated by Heber. The Jumma mosque was com- menced by Shahjehant in the fourth year of his reign, and completed in the tenth, at an expense ^ of about 100,000/. * Prankiin. nt English money. Authority was given in 1851 for the repair *"**"* of the building.^ Of the other religious buildings, the only > India poi. nisp. one worthy of much notice is the Kala^ Masjad, or Black * ^''** ^^^' Mosque, so called from the dark hue given it by time. It is a structure of no great size, in a plain massive style of architec- ture, according to the plan of the primitive Arabian mosques, and consists of a square* court, surrounded by an arcade, and ' Jtcqoemont, lurmounted by numerous small ill-shaped domes. It is gene- u^i^r^ {. 559. rally supposed to have been built by some of the early Afghan sovereigns. Near the Cashmere gate is an English church,^ erected at the * von oriich. 11.4. cost of 10,000/., by the munificence of Colonel Skinner, a highly ®*^"' "* ^• distinguished commander of irregular troops in the East- India Company's service. Though above one-half of the population of the city consists of Hindoos, their temples^ are mean, in consequence perhaps of * Jaequemont, the general poverty of the votaries of the Hindoo creed. The many gorgeous palaces of the nobles of Delhi, which once * Franklin states tbe height at 130 feet ; Jaoqnemont at 65 metres ; Von Orlich at 160 feet. t Who reigned from 1628 to 1658. X From Kala, " black/' and Masjad, "mosque." 109 DELHI. * Ai. Ann. Reg. U. 1800, p. 98. 7 Jacquemont, m. 404. ■ Dow, UhL at HlndooMan, iU. 200. * Franklin, ut supra, 490. 1 Joum. Ai. Res* Beng. 1889, p. 110 — Colvin, on the Ancient Canals la the Delhi Terri- tory. * At. Ann. Reg, 37, ut supra. gave BO splendid an aspect to th« citj, kave been in a great measure demolished, the beams and other wood-work having been tom^ awaj for fuel by the Mahrattas and Eohillas. Con- siderable improvements have, however, taken place since the acquisition of the city by the British, who have made it more cleanly, built a court of justice,^ and, for the resident, a palace, which is surrounded by several fine houses in the Italian style of architecture. A great number of houses have also been built by the native inhabitants, the number of whom is considerably on the increase. During the prosperity of the city, all parts were copiously supplied with water by means of a canal, made, at vast expense and with much skill, by Ali Murdan Khan, a munificent Per- sian, of great ability, and high in command^ under Shah Jefaan. Drawing its supply from the canal of Eeroz Shah, near Bair, a distance of seventy miles, this great watercourse, as it approaches the city, is conducted along the summit of a prolonged arti- ficial mound, of such an elevation that the bottom of the channel is much higher than the surrounding country ; holding its course, by means of an aqueduct of masonry, over a considerable de- pression, and skirting the north-eastern base of the range of rocky hills stretching westward from Delhi, the stream is finally led across it, in a channel cut through the solid rock fur nearly three miles,* being twenty-five feet in breadth, twenty- five in depth, generally, but in one place sixty feet. It* then enters the city, and, passing through it by an open channel, traverses another long extensive aqueduct, by which it reaches the palace, throughout the whole of which it ramifies, in open or covered courses, having outlets to the Jumna ; thus diffusing constant streams of fresh water. In like manner, in the space between the range of hills and the palace, niunerous under- ground channels were cut, leading to the various residences of the nobles, and the different divisions of the city ; yielding to the whole city and its suburbs a supply of good water, from open well-shafts connected with these subterraneous water- courses. On a review of the ancient works in Delhi competed with the canal, it is obvious that money must have been expended with a most lavish hand, to effect even that of which the exist- ence is known ; and much is yet hidden in the'ruins of the neighbourhood. According to Polier,^ a watercourse ran no DELHI. through ey«7 principal street ; and such a copiouB and pure supply was inestimable to Delhi, as the water of the Jumna in the neighbourhood of tlie city, impregnated with natron,^ is ' Heber, i. 648. disagreeable and unwholesome. If, as stated,^ Ali Murdan Route trri!dia. Khan served Shahjehan from 1638 to 1656, the canal must ^-. hare been made in that interval. The resulting revenue Hindoos an. ul appears to have been assigned as a remuneration to the ofScer Eiphinstone, huu who provided for the requisite repairs ; as Safdar-jang, the father ®^ ^^^^ "• *^- of Shoojah-oo-dowlah, the nawaub of Oude, is alleged to have derived an annual revenue^ of 250,0001. from it.* * ai. abo. Reg. In the course of the revolt of Safdar Jang,* in 1752, and the • EiphiMUwe, subsequent disorders and disasters of Delhi, the canal went to ^^* *^ ruin,^ and the supply of water was cut off ; and though sub- f a*. Ann. Reg. Bcquently restored, at a cost of 10,000/., by Ahmed Shah "'•"P"''*^. Dooranee, in one of his temporary occupations of the city, it again became unserviceable through neglect, and the supply was interrupted, until, in 1820,^ the requisite repairs having been 'Coirin, lis. eiSeeted by the British authorities, the watercourses and con- duits of the <^ty were again set flowing, to the unspeakable joy of the inhabitants, who went out in jubilee^ to meet the stream, • Heber, ut luprt, throwing flowers and other oflerings into the water, and ***^* imploring blessings on the government. When the prosperity of Delhi was at its meridian, there was, near the left bank of the Jumna, opposite the palace, an imperM preserve and pleasure-ground, surrounded by name- rous palaces of the nobles ; and to supply these, as well as to irrigate the Doab, Ali Mardan made another canal,^ which, ' caotiey, Report T • ., in j_i T 'j. "i /»!. • J 1 on Central Doab drawing its supply from the Jumna on its left side, nearly c^nzu v. opposite the commencement of Feroz Shah's work, proceeded co**^»» "* •"?"» Ill* * It appears that the direct revenue * derived froiSi the Delhi canal in i Board's Dfu the two years ending 1838, amounted to 60,000 rupees above the entire 672 <>' ^839. ordinary expenditure for maintenance and management, while the indirect reyenue from increased fertilization in the four districts of the Delhi terri- toiy (indadiBg Jheend) benfiteed by Ihe canal, is assumed at 182,685 ropeca ; and after making some -deductions, the annual income to the Com- paoj*s treasury from the canals is estimated at 170,000 rupees, upon an outlay of about eleyen lacs (110,000Z.), which gives a return of nearly 15 J per cent. The financial results are thus highly satisfactory, whilst the other effects, rendering hundreds of Tillages populous, flourishing, and almost independent of drought and the fluctuations of seasons, and in »ciiring a large population from figunine and distress, are highly gratifying. Ill DELHI. 1 Cautley, ibid. Col Tin, ut supra, 110. ' Selections from Public Corretp. published hj tM- thority, N.W.P. part iii. Popula- tion of Delhi and its Suburbs. Ex- tracts from Report of Mr. A. A. Ro- berU (Officiating Collector). * Friend of India Journal, 18AS, p. 100. * B«>ngal and Agra Guide, 1848, vol. i. part ill. 88. »i Ml. * Ut supra, 11. S18. in a direction in some measure parallel with the parent streamy for a distance of 135 miles, and rejoined it abreast of the citj. This work, known bj the name of the Doab Canal, haying also gone to ruin through neglect, was repaired bj the Britiah authorities, and the flow of water restored,^ in January, 1830. According to a recent census (1845-46), the city of Delhi contains 137,977^ inhabitants; of which number, 71,530 are stated to be Hindoos, 66,120 Mahomedans, and 327 Christians. The inhabitants of the palace of the titular sovereign are not included in the above return ; but thej cannot be numerous, as nearly all the servants of the permanent residents pass the nights outside its inclosure, returning to their duties in the morning. But besides the city, there are extensive suburbs — *' the Islington, Clerkenwell, <&c., of Delhi," as the British officiating collector termed them. According to a census made in 1847, these contain a population amounting to 22,302. The entire population of Delhi and its suburbs consequently exceeds 160,000. According to a table, published in the local Gazette, of the amount of traffic crossing the bridge of boats at Delhi, in 1852, the number of buflaloes is returned at upwards of 100,000, of mules and ponies 84,000, and of hackeries 65,000.* The Delhi College^ is under the management of a local committee or council, composed partly of European and partly of native members. The college was founded in 1792. In 1829, Nawwab Itmad-ood-Dowlah, formerly minister of the king of Oude, endowed the college with the sum of 170,000 rupees, the interest of which produces 7,253 rupees per annum ; and this sum, added to the government grants and assignments, raises its gross receipts to the sum of 40,580 rupees per annum. The institution is dinded into four departments, — ^English, Arabic, Persian, and Sanscrit. On the 80th April, 1851, the number of students was as follows : Christians, 22 ; Mahomedans, 206 ; Hindoos, 105 ; giving a total of 333. At the time of Heber*s^ visit, in 1824, the exterior of the palace of the emperor was guarded by the troops of the East- India Company, but the internal duties were performed by a provisional corps, raised in the name of the local sovereign, and nominally under his orders. During Bacon's* visit, several years afterwards, one corps in the East-India Company's service was stationed within the city, the remainder of the us DELHI. garrison being cantoned outside the walls. The arsenal is situate on the bank of the Jumna, and at the time of the visit of Von Orlich, in February, 1843, contained 110 guns, of different calibre, and other arms of various kinds, arranged with great care and taste. The powder-magazine, until a verj recent period, was situate within the walls of the city. Its dangerous position was brought to notice in the year 1850, and orders were given for its removal.^ It seems unaccount- ^ Benpii mi. able, that for the deposit of such stores a site should have been "^' so long retained in the midst of a great city, and nearly three miles irom the military cantonment. The surrounding country is widely overspread with vast ruins, principally of Indreput® or Delhi, the seat of empire • Ayeen Akkery* previously to the foundation of the present walled town of Sbahjehanabad. This scene of desolation extends from the garden of Shahlimar, north-west of the present town, to some * distance beyond the Kutb Miuar, nine miles south of it. JSven on the north-west, where the extent of dilapidated remains is smaller, the road is a " continued avenue of ruined tombs, gardens, serais, and palaces,"^ up to the walls of Delhi. ^ Mundy, l mo. The ShahHmar,* made by Shahjehan, in 1632, is a mile in cir- cumference, and is popularly reported to have cost a million^ * A8. Rn. it. 489 ,. i_j.»i.' • 1 'jji J. 1 —Franklin, Ac- Bterlmg ; but it is now in such a rumed state, as to present ^ount of Delhi. little evidence of such expenditure. Thorn ^ says, "Shah 'MemoiwofWar Jehan evinced, in the construction of these gardens, the same ' tast« for picturesque beauty and sublimity as he did genius iu building and other works of art. Here every provision was made to render seclusion pleasant, to gratify the senses, to fsoften the cares of royalty, and to beguile the tedium of life. Pavilions, pleasure-houses, and baths, invited to refreshment and repose, while grottos and groves afforded ample protection from the intensity of the solar heat." This once splendid retreat is surrounded by a high brick wall, having, at intervals, octagonal pavilions of red stone, but all much dilapidated, the only vestiges of its former attractions being a number of trees, of great size and age, amidst which is situate the country mansion,' built some years since by the British resident. No s Thorn, ut Bupm, traces of walls mark out the extent of ancient Delhi ; but the y"J^ q^ij^,, „ ,g ruins extend over a tract altogether about thirty miles in cir- t» * A cormptioa of Shahlamarat, " the King*3 Edifice.' DELHI. * Journ. At. Soe. 6ens. 1897, p. 796 — Priniepy on th« iMt or Silaitham- bha InsoripUoDS. * As. Ret. vii. 17S — Harington, on the Lat of Perot Sbah. • m tupra, 790. ' Joum. At. Ret. 1837, p. 666 — Prinsep, Inter- pretation of the Intcriptiont on Column of Delhi. • Id. 567. » Printep, 791. * Same vol. p. 1057 — ^Tumour, on the Ck>Iumnt at Delhi. * Joum. In India, 1.568 • Firtt Impret- tlont, U. 81 i. cumference. It may be that this vast ares was at no one time continuously occupied by buildings, but that the popula- tion shifted from place to place, and thus different parts became in succession covered with habitations. A few hundred paces to the south of the present city, is the Kotela or citadel of Feroz Shah, formerly the fortress of the old city, within the tiorth-western angle of which it is situate. On one side it was washed by the Jumna,* which now seldom reaches it, except in Tery heavy floods. The works of this citadel were very exten- sive; but the architecture is clumsy in style and rough in execution, and has no pretence to aught but strength. The material is the rough wrought stone found on the spot, which is too hard to admit of being better worked. The Kotela was to old Delhi what the Lai Killa is to the present city, and was probably considered an elegant building in remote times. Bising from the terraced roof of a building at the bottom of the courtyard, is a pillar, popularly called the Lath or Staff of Feroz Shah, the visible part measuring thirty-seven* feet in length, and ten feet four inches in girth at the base. It is a single shaft of red sandstone, without any joint, and is thought by Prinsep* to have been quarried in the Sewalik Mountains at Itajpur, on the bank of the Jumna. It bears several inscriptions, some in Sanscrit,^ of a comparatively modem date (as late as the twelfth century) ; of others, " the language^ differs essentially from every existing written idiom : it is, as it were, intermediate between the Sanscrit and the Pali." The most ancient of these inscriptions purports to have proceeded from Asoka, sumamed Pirjadassi,' a Buddhist monarch, anointed 825 ^ years before the Christian era, and its tenor is the incul- cation of some of the observances of that sect. The building, on the roof of which is the pillar, stands close to the ramparts of the river-face. It is square, and has three stories in height, all vaulted. Its use seems to be matter of uncertainty. There are buildings near to this which may have been appro- priated to the purposes of a menagerie ; but in the judgment of Prinsep, that on which the pillar stands was not so employed. The most probable conjecture is, that it was a summer-house. Heber^ erroneously describes the shaft as " a high black pillar of cast metal, called Eeroze's Walking-stick;*' and Bacon^ unaccountably represents it as standing on the ground. 114 DELHI. Similar monuments^ with the same Buddhist inscriptioiiB, are found at Allahabad,^ and two other phioes in India of leas * Primep. at celebrity. The popular name has resulted from the pillar •"'"*• ^^• having been re-erected^ in its present position (probablj about • Htninfton, ut 1355«) by Feroz Shah, the Patan monarch of Delhi. Close to TJ^'J; i.4«. the elevated terraced roof on which this pillar stands, are the ruins of a large mosque.^ The old Patan fort/ contiguous on 7 Thorn, war in the south to these various buildings, is inclosed by walls sixty p°^{I^^rienfd feet high. At each angle is a circular bastion, and in the M«moin, u.427. middle of each side a gateway, defended by two round towers, pierced with loopholes. About a mile and a half south of this is the tomb of Humayon, the emperor, who, after being driven from his kingdom, succeeded in re-establishing the Mogul dynasty on the throne of Delhi. It stands in the middle of a platform 200 feet square, supported on every side by arcades, and ascended by four great flights of stone steps. Each arch of the arcades serves as a receptacle® of one or * B«!on, pirrt ■m rwn 1 Ml • * • a Impmsions. ii. more tombs. The mausoleum of the sovereign, nsuig on the aoe. platform, is a noble building,* of a square form, constructed of • "«*>•'» »• »•• red stone, inlaid with marble, and surmounted by a large dome of the latter material, the style of architecture approaching to that usually termed Saracenic. In the interior is a large circular apartment,* in the middle of which is a small white marble sarcophagus, containing the remains of Humayon ; and around are smaller apartments, in which are entombed liis relatives and more favoured retainers. From the top of the building, the view ^ is striking, being on every side over a wide ' Heber, ibw. expanse of ruins, which to the westward extends to a range of hills seven or eight miles distant. Some hundred yards west of this mausoleum is a collection of burial-places and small mosques, the most remarkable structure being the tomb of Nizam-ood-deen,^ a reputed Mussulman saint, which building < id. i. am. is ornamented with elaborate and elegant carvings in white vonOriich, h.m. marble. Around, most of the deceased members of the present imperial family lie buried, each within a small inclosure of elegant lattice-work, executed in white marble. Among these monuments is that of the Princess Jahanara, a daughter of Shahjehan. About two miles west of the tomb of Humayon, and four miles south of the city, is the mausoleum of Safdar * ''About as big as the Batcliffe library/' acoording to Heber. 1 2 i'» DELHI. * Elphinitone, Hict. of India, IL 027. * Von Oiiich, ii. 37. * Bacon, ii. «M. * Ai. Rml t. 100 — Hunter, Ac- count of the Astronomical Labours of Jaja Sinha. 7 Hunter, at •upra, 178. * Memoirs of George Tliomas, IS. Jang, yizier of the empire in the middle of the last century, and ancestor' of the present king of Oude. It is composed of arcades, surrounding a large octagonal dome, built of white marble^ and red sandstone, arranged in alternate parallel per- pendicular sections, and contains in its interior the body, deposited in a white marble sarcophagus,^ beautifully carved. The surrounding garden, as well as the building, is kept in good order by the agent of the king of Oude ; but the elegant fountains, which once ornamented and refreshed the scene, are neglected. A few hundred paces west of the city is an observatory* of enormous size, with the following colossal instruments con- structed in masonry: — 1. An equatorial dial, the gnomon of which is 118 feet 7 inches long, with a base of the length of 104i feet 1 inch, and of the perpendicular height of 56 feet 9 inches. This, called by Jey Singh, its constructor, Semrat- Yunter, or " prince of dials," is made of stone, but the edges of the gnomon and the surface for graduation were of white marble, most of which has been torn away. 2. Two smaller equatorial dials, each with a gnomon 35 feet 4 inches long, and having stairs to the top. 3. A wall, on which is delineated a graduated semicircle for taking the latitudes of bodies that lie due east or due west from the eye of the observer. 4. A waU in the plane of the meridian, and bearing a double quad- rant, having as centres the two upper comers of the wall, and intended for observing the altitudes of objects passing the meridian. 5. Southward of the great dial, are two circular buildings, of exactly the same size and construction, each 172 feet 6 inches in circumference, and 24 feet 6 inches high, and designed for observing the altitude and azimuth of the heavenly bodies. 6. A concave hemispherical surface, to represent the inferior hemisphere of the heavens, the diameter being 27 feet 5 inches. This observatory (as well as similar structures at Jeypoor, Muttra, Benares, and Oujein, respectively) was made by Jeysingh,^ rajah of Amber, who was employed by the emperor Mohammed Shah* to reform the calendar. Nine miles south of the city is the celebrated Kutb Minar, probably the highest column in the world. It tapers regularly from the base to the cupola, which, according to Franklin,® is ♦ Who reigned from 1718 to 1748. 110 DELHI. capable of containiBg a dozen persons. The exterior is for a great part of the height adorned by Anting, there being twenty- seven projections, alternately round and angular. The column is surrounded by four balconies or galleries, supported by large stone brackets, and having small battlements, which, while they have an ornamental effect, afford some slight security to those who yenture on such a giddy footing. The first balcony Burrounds the column at the height of ninety* feet from the » ai. rm. it. sis ground, the second at 140, the third at 180, and the fourth at i;;^ "^'iJ^b 203 feet. As far as 180 feet, to which the fluting extends, the Minar. material is a fine red stone, declared by Jacquemont^ to be > vojage, iii. ao©. unquestionably the compact quartz abounding in the neigh- bourhood. Above the height of 180 feet, the material is a very fine white marble, the form circular, but not fluted. The cupola, or small dome on the summit, is supported by eight square pillars, and is surrounded by an iron^ gallery, reached • von oriich, by a spiral* staircase winding up through the interior. The "" ^' entire height has been ascertained by careful measurements and calculations to be 242 feet 6 inches,* the diameter at the * siunt, at supra, base 48 feet 2 inches. In 1803, the column was injured by Eiti,i„gtone, Hist, lightning and earthquake; and either from those causes, or of India, ii. 9. from the more gradual influence of time, many stones on the west side have been displaced, so as to cause a vertical crack* * as. Ra. xIt.4m in the staircase and central pillar. A British ofScer of engi- '^^^riJ^^ion neers has repaired the damage to a considerable extent, and <»" *he cootub has performed the task with great architectural skill. Accord- ing to Bacon,* the undertaking was a very bold one, as a very a h. soo. large portion of the masonry at the base of the pillar must have been removed before the new could be substituted. " The native masons," he observes, "generally a most hardy and adventurous set, were with the greatest possible difficulty brought to put their hands to the labour." Of the numerous inscriptions on the exterior of the column, four in Persian have been examined* by means of a powerful telescope, and • A*.Ret.xiT.48o, copied. Two of them declare that it was erected by Shams- JJJcTipUoMon ood-deen AJtamsh, a Mussulman king of Delhi, of Turkish^ *^^ cootub Minar. , . - - -•«-•/-. i tc^rxr* A ii • • . ' FerUhtt, 1. 208, ongin, who reigned from 1210 to 1236. Another inscription, si«. * AccordiDg to Franklin,* of 808 steps; according to Von Orlich, of » Memoir* of War 888. Thorn states that he ascended 345 steps, but could proceed no *" India, 109. &rther, on account of the ruinous state of the stairs. H7 DELHI. on the upper part of the column, states that it was raised bj the command of the heir of the kingdom of Suliman Abul Muzefier Altamsh, Naser Amin-ool-Momenin, who was probably identical with the former. If, however, these inscriptions refer to diflfep- ent persons, they may be reconciled by supposing that the first- mentioned prince built the lower fluted part, which is com* posed, as already stated, of red quartz, and that the other added the upper portion, of white marble. In those inscrip- tions it is also mentioned that certain injuries occasioned by lightning, were repaired in 1529, and again in 1531. The name of Kutb Minar, by which it is popularly called, may hare resulted from an inscription over the gate of an adjoining ruined mosque, stating that '* Kutb-ud-din-Ibek, on whom be the mercy of God, constructed this mosque." Kutb-ood-deen • Feriihta, !. 188- Ibck reigned® in Delhi from 1206 to 1210. About 420 feet north of the Kutb Minar, is a vast unfinished structure of the same kind, but of nearly twice its circumference, though only foiiy feet high. It is without any clue to explain the era or the motive of its construction. Some have supposed that it was intended with the Kutb Minar to form a pair of minarets to a mosque to be elected on the same stupendous scale ; but the discordance in size and structure renders the supposition untenable. Of all the conjectures that have been formed respecting the purpose of raising these vast piles; the most plausi- ble appears to be that they were intended to commemorate the triumph of Islam over Brahminism. Euins of large and elabo- rately-constructed buildings, apparently dedicated to the latter faith, are everywhere to be seen about the miuars. In a court of one of those ruined edifices, and about 130 feet north-wcBt of the Kutb Minar, is a metal pillar, the part of which above » jacquemont, ground is about^ twenty-six feet high, and one foot in diameter. ui. 509. j^ j^^g jj^^ jjg^jj ascertained how much is buried, but, according to the characteristic account given by the Hindoos, it rests on the back of the tortoise which upholds the universe. It is popu- larly believed to be composed of a peculiar alloy, but Jacquemont affirms it to be merely soft iron. About twenty feet north- west of this pillar is a large Mussulman tomb, said to contain > Bwer,48s. the remains^ of Shams-ood-deen Altamsh, and bearing inscrip- tions of unascertained meaning. At no great distance is the burial-place of the unfortunate emperor Shah Alum, and close lis DELHI. to it the oountvy remdence of bis successors, ^'a large^ but SHeber,i.0as. palky building, in a bad style of Italian arc)iited;ure, and with a public Foad actually leading through its courtyard." Font miles nearly due east of this place, and ten miles south of the present oity of Dejihi, is Toghlu^abad, now a vast collec- tion of ruins of buildings, originally constructed of hard red stone, in such a massive' style, that it would seem as if nothing s B«con, u. soo. but an earthquake were capable of producing the universal '^®**®'» *• *'*• destruction everywhere observable. Wilford^ mentions, on the * a§. lut. ix. 8i9 atiU^horlty of some early missionaries, that here " were certain ^I^J md^^' tombs, which were asserted to be those of some ancient princes saiivahana. of Pelhi, who were Christians, and lived a little before the invasion of the Mussulmans.'' The most remarkable ruin is that of a fortified mausoleum of the founder, who was probably Peroz Togbluk, celebrated for the number of his public works, and stated by Ferishta^ to have built in 13$4 the city of *i-440. Perozabad, adjoining that of Delhi. Though Toghlukabad* is ten miles from the present Delhi or Shahjehanabad, it must have adjoined the previous or original city of that name. In the absence of direct observations respecting the eleva- tion of Delhi above the sea, an approximate estimate may be safely made irom careful observations at no great distance. The height of Dasna, sixteen miles due east of the channel of the Jumna, abreast of Delhi,^ is 821 feet. The slope of the • cautiey, on surfece from that part of the doab to the river is very gentle, I'^^^^'lZf and if assumed at two feet per mile, it will give the elevation of Append, u. 4. that part of the channel at about 790 feet. Farther, the eleva- tion of Gurgaon, seventeen miles south-west of Delhi, is 817 ^ ' Jo"™* a«. Soc feet, and as, during the ramy season, an extensive and nearly -oiiver. if eteoro- atagnant piece of water extends between the two places, the ^^*^^*^'*,?,I^he inclination of the surface from the former to the latter cannot vicinity of Delhi, be great; though undoubtedly there is some declension, as the 1."^^'^ the drainage of the jhil or swamp is into the Jumna,^ at Delhi. Ancient cunaii in the Delhi Terri- tory. * Ferisht** attribates the foundation of the fortress of Toghlokabad, H. 400. nemi Delhi, to Gheias-ood-deen Toghlnk, who reigned from 1321 to 1825; bat (though generally a faithfnl recorder) the probability of his account is impaired by his aUowing for the completion of this stupendous work, but one year from the accession, of the prince, who must have been fully occn- pied by the multitudinous affidrs resulting from an altered succession and a distracted realm. 119 DELHI. • Delhi Gazette, 1843, p. a. * Thorn, Memoir of the War in India, 174. * Tod, Annali of lUJastban, i. 40. * Prlntep, India Tables, H. OR. 4 Feriihta, 1. 18, 48. * 1. 63, 60. The elevation of Delhi, therefore, does not probably vary much from 800 feet. A series of observations, extending over a period of three years, gives the following as the mean tempe- rature in the daytime, of the respective months : January, 56° February, 6P; March, 72°; April, 83°; May, 91°; June, 92° July, 86°; August, 83°; September, 83°; October, 77° November, 65° ; December, 58°. Delhi may be regarded as a rather arid district : the fall of rain* in 1842 is reported to have been only ten inches. That year, however, was con- sidered a very dry one, even more so than 1837, in which the deficiency of rain was productive of dreadful famine. Smart frosts during the nights of mid-winter afford the means of producing ice, to be stored for a relief during the heats of summer. The earth, which is generally impregnated with mineral salts, especially saltpetre, is moulded into round shallow pans, into which water is poured to the depth of about an inch, and they are set^ out in rows on layers of split bam- boos or hurdles, covered with straw. The frost of the night is sufficient, under such management, to produce ice, which is carefully removed in the morning, and deposited for preserva- tion in deep pits. Indraprestha or Inderput, the city which formerly occupied the site of the modem city of Delhi, is alleged to have been founded^ by Tudisthira, whose demise, according to the extra- vagant chronology of the Hindoos, occurred in the year 3101* before the Christian era. It ceased for several centuries to be the seat of regal government, until re-established by the adven- turer Anungpal.* About the year 980, the rajah of Delhi is mentioned as a member of a Hindoo confederacy^ defeated by Sebektegin, the Ghaznevide, in the Punjaub ; and again as a member of a similar confederacy, experiencing a like fate from Mahmood of Ghuznee, in 1008. Ferishta,* however, in recounting the expedition of that ruler to Kannouj, which was undertaken in 1017, and the subsequent expeditions by which, in 1021 and 1023, he penetrated to Kalleenjur,* makes no i. 61, S55. > As. Ret. Iz. 160. * This event is stated by Wilford* to have taken place in 1050 ; by ' Annialt, ut supra, Tod, * in 792. Such wide discrepancy between the conclusions of authors who have both given great attention to the subject, shows (what indeed scarcely needed illustration) how little reliance ought to be placed on the Hindoo records. 120 DELHI. mention of Delhi ; though in all three enterprises the routes of the invader must have lain at no great distance from it. But on the invasion^ of India, in 1191, by Mohammed Shahab-u-din of • Feri»hta. i. its. Gbor, Delhi appears as one of the four great Hindoo powers. It ©f India.T.^w-* was then held in union with Ajmeer, by Pirthi or Pritwi Baj, a J."* j Eajpoot prince, who haying, on the plains of Sirhind, given battle ' ' at the head of a force, according to native estimate comprising 300,000 horse and 3,000 elephants, besides infantry, was de- feated, made prisoner, and put to death by the invader. Kutb- oo-deen, a lieutenant of the victor, took^ Delhi in 1198, and ' Feriihm, i. its. established there an independent Mahomedan dynasty, known ^'jj""*'°"*» among the Oriental historians as that of '* the slaves^ of the • Eiphinfttone, sultans of Qhor." In 1288, the Khiljis or Giljis, adventurers "' **' from Afghanistan, having murdered the reigning prince, Keiko- bad,* succeeded in transferring the sovereignty to Jelal-ood-deen, • w. ii. 24. one of their number, and established the Khilji dynasty, which lasted till 1321, when it was terminated by the assassination of Sultan Mobarik, and the supreme power was transferred to Gheias-ood-deen Toghluk, the founder of the Toghluk dynasty. In the reign of Mahmud, of this dynasty, the Tartar conqueror Tamerlane invaded India ; and, in 1398, marched to Delhi, the operations against which he prefaced by massacring^ in cold ' ppriihia, i. 491. blood his Hindoo prisoners, reported by native authorities to dan uisi. sii asu. have been 100,000 in number. After a brief resistance, "*»t«nrofTa. ' ' merlane, trans- Mahmud, the sovereign of Delhi, took to flight, the town was '«*«* by Petu de plundered and burned, and the inhabitants butchered. Accord- ing to the account of a panegyrist ^ of the invader, " high towers « Peti« deiacroix, were erected of their heads, and their carcases were left a prey "' *"^™* **** ^^*' to birds and beasts : never were such carnage and desolation known." The stay of Tamerlane in Delhi was only of sufficient length to enable him to complete the series of barbarities by which his visit is rendered infamously memorable ; and after his departure the city and the adjoining territory remained for nearly half a century in an unsettled state, until the sovereignty 3 pi.ri»hta. i. 548. was acquired, in 1450,8 by Behlol, of the Patau or Afghan tribe ,^'^85 "''**"•' of Lodi. His grandson, Ibrahim, was, in 1626, defeated and ^ B«»>«^ Memoir«, slain, at the battle of Paniput,"* by the renowned Baber, whose Perlshta, n. 4a. lineal descendant, popularly called down to a late period the E[^^jn"ton?^Hi8t, Great Mogul,* is at present the titular sovereign. Baber's son of indja, u. 90. * Enkine * observes, that the Moguls " do not appear to have ever co« * Baber, If em. 296. 121 DELHI. • Price, HI. 789. Perishta, ii. 87. EIphiDfttone, il. 198. Dow, Hilt, of HiDdoo«Uin,il.144. ^ Ajeen Akberj. 7 Elphliutone, Hist. H. 480. * Ajeen Akbeij, U. 1. • Hitt. of India, 11.804. and successor, Humaion, was, in 1540, defeated^ and expelled from India, by Shir Elhan, an adventurer of Fai;ui desoent ; but receiving assistance from the king of Persia, Huiaaioii recovered his sovereignty, in 1554, by a decisive victory which he gained at Sirhind. The progress of the power of the Moguls in India was more rapid even than that of the British in the same country ; as in the reign of Akbar, the son and successor ofHumaion, the empire ei tended from Chittagong^ in the east, to Candahar in the west, and from Bultistan or Little Thibet in the north, to the southern boundary of Berar at the opposite point. Subsequently, the southern frontier was £ot a sh<»t period extended by the conquests' of Aurungzebe to Tanjore. The empire was originally distributed into twelve soubahs or vioe- royalties, but the number was ultimately increased to fifteen, for the purpose of comprehending the additions which were the fruits of Akbar's later conquests. The assessed revenue of Akbar, settled by him in the fortieth year of his reign for a term of ten years, amounted to 9,07,43,881 sicca rupees,^ or about eleven millions sterling. Elphinstone,' from Abulfozl, estimates the number of persooaa bound to render militwry service at 4,400,000, but the whole number at one time actually drawn out, did not probably much • Voyage, I. 8. operated heartily with Baber, who alwajrs speaks of them and their race with stroDg marks of dislike and reseDtment ;*' and adds, " under these circumstances, it may seem one of the strangest caprices of fortune, that the empire which he founded in India, should have been called both in the country, and by foreigners, the empire of the Moguls ; thus taking its name from a race that he detested." Seeing, however, that Baber was of Mogul origin, it would not appear a very "strange caprice of fortune" that the empire which he founded, should be called after a people from whom he was descended ; but Erskine proceeds to account for it as follows : — "This arose not so much from his being a descendant of Chengis Khan, as from his being a foreigner from the north ; and from the age of Chengis Khan downwards, all Tartars and Persians, in the loose colloquial language of India, seem to have been denominated Moguls." And Bemier, whoyisitod India towards the close of the reign of 'Shabjehan, mentions that most in his service " were' people drawn from every country, mostly Persians, and in less number Arabians and Turks ; for it is sufficient ground for being called a Mogul, to be a foreigner of a fair complexion, and professing Mahomedanism ; circumstances which cause the distinction from the Indians, who are swarthy and pagans, and also frx>m the Christians of Europe, who are called Franjis." • 133 DELHI. exceed 200,000^ cavalry, and about 20,000 infiEintry and artillery- i B^rnitr, i. aoo. men. Bemiw,^ who considered the army which Prince Dara, * l oo. the son of Shahjehan, led against his brother Aurungzebe, as inferior to none ever mustered in India, estimates it at 100,000 CBTaby, 20,000 infantry, and eighty pieces of artillery. The treasure aocumulated by Shahjehan amounted, according to report, to six millions sterling,' exclusive of jewels and gorgeous * id. s. soo. furniture of much greater value. The harem* of Akbar was maintained on a scale of great magnificence. In the Ayeen Akbery^ it is described as ^' an inclosure of such immense 4 1. m. extent as to contain a separate room for every one of the women, whose number exceeds 6,000." By the conquests of the BQCcemors of Akbar, especially Aurungzebe, the extent and rerenues of the empire were vastly increased, though perhaps with little, if any, advance of its actual power. The empire of AuniDgzebe is stated to have been divided* into twenty-one * Prwer, Hiit. of soubafas, assessed in the aggregate at 87,724,615/. Bat this prosperity was only the prelude to rapid and total decay. The chiefs of Eajpootana became alienated^ from the u. 505. "it comprised a treasnre in money, amounting, by the lowest computation, to eight or nine millions sterling, besides several millions in gold and silver plate, valuable furniture, and rich Btu& of every description ; and this does not include jewels, which were inestimable.'' The total amount appro- priated by Nadir, according to Fraser,* was 70 crore, or 70,000,000^. 'p.aai. Reimell' makes it 62,000,0002. The money alone which Nadir took, is > p. ixriii. estimated by Hanway at 87,500,000/. ; by Fraser * at 80 crore, or * p. 2so. 80,000,000/. ; and in the Nadir-namah^ at 15 crore, or 15,000,000/. & Kiphin»tone, Amongst the miscellaneous plunder was the famous peacock throne, ''* ^^ Tilaed by the jeweller Tavemier at 6,000,000/. The plunder carried away by the officers and soldiers is estimated by Fraser at 10 crore, and the ebarges of the Persian army, and the damage inflicted by them, at 20 crore; making a total loss to the sovereign and people of Delhi of 100 crore, or 100,000,000/. 12ft DELHI. * Elphlnttone, Hist, ii 642 6A1. Id. Account of Cubool, if. 2US- 896. Rennell, Ixxir. As. Res. in 01- 1»9— Casl Rqja, on the Battle of Pan 1 put. * Renuell, Uziv. Prinsep, India Table** IL IftS. * Rennelly Iix?. ' Thorn, 183. ' Memoir of Ameer Khan, 77. Malcolm, Central India, i. 170. Forbes, Oriental Memolni,ii.498. Thorn, War in India, 16. * Elphinstone, Hist. U. 880. * Memoirs of Ameer Khan, 81. Forbes. Oriental Mem. ii. 424. Thorn, 146. * p. 81. estimated at about 70,000 cayalrj and 80,000 infiuitiT, and were, in January, 1761, encountered at Paniput' by Ahmed Shah Dooranee, at the head of a confederate Mahomedaa army of nearly equal number, when the Mahrattas were totallj routed, their commander and the greater part of their armj being cut to pieces. Shah Alum, whose right to the titular sovereignty accrued on the assassination of Alumgir, in 1759, was at that time a fugitive in Bengal, and his son* Jewan^ Bukht, a youth of thirteen years of age, was, under the name of Shahjehan, recognised shah of Delhi, by Ahmed Shah Dooranee. Shah Alum, however, assumed the title of Padshah, and coming into collision with the forces of the English East* India Company, was defeated by them at Patna, in February, 1760. Subsequently he threw himself on the clemency of the British, and in 1765, obtaining from the East-India Company an assignment of territory, yielding a revenue of 260,0002.,^ he made over to them the Dewanny of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, which waa virtually a grant of the provinces themselves. In 1771, Shah Alum, determined at all hazards to try his fate at Delhi, left Allahabad, the residence assigned him by the British authorities, and made over to the Mahrattas the territory and revenue allotted to him by the arrangement of 1766. But the proposed transfer was of no avail to the Mahrattas, as the British authorities, regarding the alienation of the districts as an abandonment, did not hesitate to resume the grants; and the short-sighted emperor, having entered Delhi* on the 25th December, 1771, found himself there the destitute and helpless captive of the Mahratta chief Madhaji Scindia, who became the real sovereign^ of the capital and the adjoining territory. The power of Scindia being weakened by various causes, Ghulam Kadir, a Eohilla chief, son of Zabitah Khan, and grandson of Najib-ood-dowla, who had made a great ^ figure in the affiiirs of Delhi during the time of Ahmed Shah Dooranee and Alamgir, gained a footing there ; but his conduct to Shah Alum was more intolerable than even that of the Mahrattas, and the Shah wrote to Scindia, urging him to march to his deliverance. The correspondence having been treacherously disclosed to Qhulam Kadir, he forcibly entered the palace of the captive emperor, struck^ out his * Called Bedar Bukht, in the Memoirs * of Amir Khan. 120 DELHI. ejes with a dagger, seized bis scanty treasures, and subjected the femtdes of his {Amilj to plunder and outrage. This dreadful eonrommation of the emperor^s adversity took place in 1788, when he was about sixty-five years of age, and had nominally reigned about twenty-nine years. Ghulam Kadir shortly after fell into the hands of Scindia, who put him to death with ostentatious^ cruelty. Under the Mahrattas, Shah Alum kmg suffered neglect and abject poverty ; nor was hk condition improved when the command' of Delhi was intrusted by that ' appmmiiz to power to Perron, the French adventurer ; for though a sum the lau TniMic- of about a hundred thousand' pounds sterling was nominally J^*J^ Em^irrf w! allotted for the annual expenditure of the royal household, not ' 'rbom, im.' much more than a fifthf of that sum was ever actually dis- bursed. On the 8th September, 1808, the British army, under G^eral Lake, marching from Allygurh on Delhi, came in front of a superior Mahratta force, under command of Louis Bourquien, a French adventurer, and advantageously posted on the left bank of the Jumna to defend the approaches to the city. There the army of the Mahrattas was utterly routed* with great slaughter, a vast number of their men s Thorn, i id. being driven into the Jumna and drowned, and all their artillery and stores falling into the hands of the British. Delhi thereupon, without farther resistance, admitted the con- qoering army, and the Mogul emperor was taken under tlio protection of the East-India Company, an allowance being assigned for his support. By the twelfth article of the treaty of Seijee Anjenjaum, signed 30th December, 1803, between the East-India Company and the Mahratta leader Dowlut * According to most of the aathorities, his eyes were struck out, hia nose, ears, hands, and feet cut off, and thus mutilated, he was sent forward towards Delhi, hut died on the way. The account given in the Memoirs of Amir Khan is, that he was " tied hy the foot to the foot of an elephant. Mid sahe was beaten to pieces, and separated limb from limb, and suffered a miserable death." t The Appendix, quoted in the text, says (p. 88), "There are fifty sons and daughters of the emperor ; the monthly stipend allowed to each of the princes of the imperial fiunily by the French and Mahrattas, did not exceed fifteen rupees, or about two pounds sterling. The monthly sums disbursed by Monsieur Drugeon, who had charge of the person of the emperor, were, fbr the expenses of his majesty, royal family, dependants, Mtablishnient, &c. kc, about 17,000 rupees (about 2,1252. sterling)." 127 DELHI. * TrcRtie* and Engagenienu with Native Powers and Siatpfl, Cal- cutta, 1845, p 530. * Not«t Relative to TranitacU. in Mahfatta War, 906. * Not«R, ut supra, soe. Tbom, ut supra, S79. 7 Thorn, 168. Eao Scindia,^ the latter " renounces all claims upon his majesty Shah Alum, and engages, on his part, to interfere no further in the affairs of his majesty." In October, 1804, the Mahratta chief Jeswunt Eao Holkar, having under his command about 70,000 men, with 130 pieces of cannon, laid siege to Delhi; the British force in which consisted of but two battalions and four companies of native infantry, two corps of irregular horse, two corps of irregular infantry, and a corps of matchlock-men. Most of the irregular troops deserted,* yet Lieut.- Colonel Burn, in command of the garrison, took measures for main- taining, with his very inadequate force, the whole line of defences, though nine miles in circuit, and in a very ruinous state. The operations of Holkar were materially crippled by a sortie, in which the guns of his breachiug-battery were rendered unserviceable, and afler an ineffectual attempt at escalade, he drew off his army with such haste, that three mines, laid for the destruction of some bastions, were left iinexploded.^ General Lake, whose approach caused the siege to be so precipitately raised, reached the city three days after- wards. The unfortunate Shah Alum died in 1806, at the age of eighty-six,^ and was succeeded by his son Akbar, who, dying in 1837, at the age of eighty, was succeeded by the present Padshah, Mohammed Bahadur. The prestige of the name of the Mogul throughout India, long afler the nominal ruler of Delhi had ceased to possess any real power, was remarkable, and rendered expedient a jealousy on the subject which the real condition of the latter state would not otherwise have warranted. The feelings of deference for the throne of Delhi extended to provinces very remote from the seat of its former grandeur, and to Hindoos not less than to Mahomedans. It was in fact universal. In 1813, the Tamburetty, or princess of Travancore, a Hindoo state situate near Cape Comorin, and never subject to Delhi, applied for a dress of investiture from the Padshah, for her infant son, though he was under the guardianship of the British government. It was with some difficulty that her desire was overcome ; and though compelled to acquiesce in the decision of the British authorities, the applicant was by no means satisfied that the coveted investiture was unnecessary or im- proper. The universal respect entertained for the Mogul 128 DELHI. ftutbority, and even for its semblance (of which the above is an mstance) has rendered it necessary that the British govem- Bient should discountenance as far as possible any assumption of regal or imperial dignity on the part of the representative of the great Mahomedan power which once was paramount in India, and the head of the house of Baber is fast subsiding into the station of a subject. The British government long since disallowed his pretensions to coin money, to establish weights and measures, to confer title or command, except within the limit of his own household. The pride of the Mogul ia said to have been wounded by® Lord Hastings, when • Heber, u sos. governor-general, having remained seated during an interview. So early, however, as 1805, the presentation of nuzzur or offer- fflgs by British functionaries, was subjected to check; the Marquis of Hastings and Lord Amherst restrained it still further, and a later governor-general. Lord EUenborough,* for- • indi» poi. Di»p. bade it altogether, and substituted a pecuniary equivalent, which, after some hesitation, was accepted by the king.^ More ' id. eoct.isss. recently, an arrangement has been made with the heir-appa- ' ^' * rent, by which the palace* of Delhi is to be given up to the British government, the king and the members of the royal fiunily over whom he is to continue to exercise jurisdiction (the number of such persons being considerably abridged) removing to another residence.^ « id. 2 June, i85a. The formal title of the Delhi sovereign is Padshah or Bad- shah; and so late as 1806 he has been styled by Hindoos rajat of Indraprestha. The official name of the city, in the * The royal palace of Delhi is to be regarded by the courts of law as an independent, foreign territory. The king and the heir-apparent are exempted in their persons from all civil and criminal process ; and the sons md brothers of the reigning, or any former prince, are exempted from , ^^^^^ p^^ ^^^ civil, bat not from criminal process.* 80 Sept 184S. t On a coin' struck by Holkar the Mahratta, ''by permission of the > Printep, India rtj* of Indraprestha (the king of Delhi), the emperor of the world." ''^'**» *• "**• Heber ^ does not seem to have been aware that the city was named from its ' *• M^- founder Sbahjehan, as he observes, " The official name of the present city jB Shabjehanpoor, * city of the king of the world. '" It is not, however, probable that the court would use the Hindee termination poor instead of the Persian abad. Besides, in Richardson's Dictionary, by Wilkins, it is dfaitinctly styled ** Shahjthanabad, the city of Shahjehan, the Great Mogul's capital ;" and also in the same work,^ in the copy of the legend on a 'p. 840. pplendid and unique coin of 200 mohurs, struck by Shahjehan. 3 K *^ DEL— DEN. ' India Pol. Disp. IS May, 1850. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. ■ E.I.C. Ms. Doc. • Garden, Tablet of Route*, 171. ' Mundy, Sketches, i . 44. Archer, Tours, i. 43. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. documents of the Padshah, is Shahjehanabad. The number of persons connected "with the Padshah, hy consanguinity more or less remote, is considerable; and from the exten- sion of their families and the withholding by the king of their due share of the allowances granted by the British goyern- ment, they are said to have been sometimes subject to great distress. The king received compensation for the discontinu- ance of emoluments derived from nuzzur, or offerings made in recognition of his superiority, but still did not escape the pressure of debt. It was proposed a few years since, to increase the royal allowances (previously about twelve lacs per annum), by the addition of three lacs, on condition of due provision being made for claims of dependants. His majesty did not at first think fit to accept the boon on the condition annexed to it, but subsequently altered his determination.* Lat. 28° Siy, long. 77° 18'. DELLAMCOTTAH.— A town in the native state of Bhotan, 27 miles E. from Darjeeling, and 99 miles K. from Dinajepore. Lat. 26° 69', long. 88° 44'. DELLT MOUNT.— See Dillt. DEMAUN.— See Daman. DEMEEE. — ^A river rising in Thibet, north of the great Snowy range of the Himalayas, and in lat. 28° 45', long. 92° 11'. It flows first southerly for sixty-five miles, when, passing through a gorge of the Himalayas, it turns south-west, and flows for 115 miles through the native state of Bhotan, to its junction with the Monas, a considerable feeder of the Brahmapootra, in lat. 27° 2', long. 91° 10'. DENDOWEA,! in tho British district of Furuckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Cawnpore to Futehgurh, and 36^ miles S.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is bad, the country level and highly cultivated.® Lat. 26° 69', long, 80° 2'. DENDEAH. — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or territory of Gholab Singh, 21 miles N. fix)m Jamoo. Lat. 32° 55', long. 74° 60'. DENKANICOTTA.—A town in the British district of Salem, presidency of Madras, 68 miles N. of Salem. Lat. 12° 32', long. 77° 50'. 130 DEO. DEOBUND, in the British district of Suhamnpoor, lieu- e.i.c. Ms. doc. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on s;^^^'^'**^**"* the route itom MozufFumuggur to Suharunpoor, and 20 milea Garden, Tabie§ S.E. of the latter town. It is situate between the rivers Hindnn and Kali Nuddee, in an open and cultivated country, abounding in water and supplies for troops. The population ia returned at 11,684 souls. The road in this part of the route i3 good. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 987 miles. Lat. 29^41', long. 7r 44'. DEOCHUNPOOE,! in the British district of Ghazeepore, > e.i.c.mi.Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Benares to Ghazeepore cantonment, 24 miles N.E. of the former. It is situate on the left bank of the Ganges, 36 miles* W. of Ghazeepore by water, 20 by land; » Garden, TtWet 636 N.W. of Calcutta by water, or 813 taking the Sunderbund passage. Lat. 26° 31', long. 83° IG'. DEO DHOOEA, in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- e.i.c. Mi. Doc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a temple on a lofly summit in the Sub-Himalaya, or mountain system south of the principal range, on the route from Chumpawut to Almora, S.E. of Fort Almora 19 miles. Elevation of summit above the «ea 6,780 feet. Lat. 29° 26', long. 79° 66'. DEODUB.* — A small independent district in the north-west » e.i.c. m». Doc. quarter of the province of Guzerat, presidency of Bombay, con- taining an area of about eighty square miles,* with a popula- • Bombay Poi. tion of 2,000, consisting principally of Bajpoots and Coolies. '^' This petty state pays no tribute to any government. Each Tillage protects itself, depending on the British government for external defence. The first relations between Deodur and the British date from 1819, after the expulsion of the marauders who had infested the country. The protecting government exercises no interference in regard to the internal affairs of the district, but merely controls its external relations. The town of Deodur is in lat. 24° 9', long. 71° 49^. DEOGAON, in the British district of Azin»gurh, lieutenant- e.i.c. ms. doc. governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name, nine miles from the left bank of the Goomtee, 29 miles N. of Benares, 21 S.W. of Azimgurh. Lat. 25° 44', long. 83° 3'. DEOGAEH.— See Dewottrh. K 2 i«> DEO. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I C. Ms Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.1 C. Ms. Doc. of Routes. 299. E.I.C. Mh. Doc. • EJ.C. Triton. Surr. K I .C. Ms. Dor. J.uqucinont, iv. 152. Fra«er, Tour in Himalujrn. As. Res. XV. S42 — Herbert, levels of IheJuinna. DEOGHUE BAEREEA.— See Bakreea. DEOGONG, iu the British district of Ajmeer, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town 50 miles 8.E. from Ajmeer, 31 miles W. of Tonk. Lat. 26° IC, long. 75° 26'. DEOGUE. — A town in the British district of Bhaugulpore, presidency of Bengal, 77 miles S.W. of Eajmahal. Lat. 24° 31', long. 86° 42'. DEOGUE. — A town, the principal place of a district of the same name, in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, 55 miles N.W. from Nagpoor, and 52 miles E. from Baitool. Lat. 21° 53', long. 78° 46'. DEOGUE IT. — A town in the native state of Gwalior, or possessions of Sciudia, 26 miles S.E. from Gwalior, and 56 miles S.W. from Etawah. Lat. 26° 5', long. 78° 39'. DEOGUEH. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Oodeypoor or Meywar, 62 miles N. of the town of Oodeypoor. Lat. 25° 31', long. 73° 58'. DEOGUEII, or OOTGIE.— A village in the Eajpoot state of Kerowly, 29 miles S.W. of Kerowly. Lat. 26° 5', long. 77°. DEOGUEH, in the Eajpoot state of Joadpore, a village oa the route from Pokhurn to the town of Joudpore, and sevea miles N. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is very good. Lat. 26° 25', long. 73° 8'. DEO GUEH. — A town of Bombra, one of the native states on the S.W. frontier of Bengal, 50 miles E. from Sumbulpore. Lat. 21° 32', long. 84° 47'. DEOHEA.* — A village in the hill state of Bussahir. It is situate in a fertile valley inclosed by mountains, rising with a gentle declivity, formed into numerous terraces, covered with soil, and carefully cultivated under rice and other grains. The houses are dispersed in a straggling manner, amidst cultivated spots along the high banks of a feeder of the river Pabur. The residence of the Eana, situate on the summit of an isolated eminence, is a collection of buildings five or six stories bigb, communicating in the upper part by galleries and balconies of wood. The lower part of each building is constructed of large blocks of stone, bonded with great beams, of which the sur- rounding forests yield abundant supplies. The eaves of the roofs project greatly, and the outer surfaces are concave, in the DEO. Chinese style. It is totally without defence against assault. Elevation above the sea 6,550 feet.2 Lat. 31° 6', long. 77° 44'. i/*^"*""*** DEOHUKI, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- e.i.c. mi. doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village close to the route from Bareilly to Almora, and 34 miles N. of the former. Lat. 28° 53', long. 79° 31'. DEO J AN A.— See DooJAJfTTH. DEO KH AS. — A town in the British district of Behar, e.i.c. m». Doc, presidency of Bengal, 39 miles S.W. of Gayah. Lat. 24° 40', long. 84° 29'. DEOKULTEE,! in the British district of Ghazeepore, lieu- ' e.i.c. m..doc tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Benares cantonment to that of Ghazeepore, 29 miles* N.E. of the former, 17 W. of the latter. It is * Garden, Tibici situate three miles north of the left bank of the Ganges, and *"' ^"""^ ^' on the river Gungee, traversed here by a bridge of masonry. Lat. 25° 33', long. 83° 18'. DEOLEE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i.c. m$. doc. dominions of the rajah of Berar, 52 miles S.W. from Nagpoor, and 50 miles S.E. from Omraouttee. Lat. 20° 40', long. 78° 32'. DEOLEE A, in the British district of Ajmeer, lieutenant- b.ic.ms. Doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Oodeypoor to Kishengurh, 46 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 25° 54', long. 74° 53'. DEONELLY,^ in the territory of Mysore, a town with an ' e.i.c. m«. doc. important fort, near the eastern frontier, towards the British district of North Arcot. It was here, in 1749, when the place was besieged by Nundirai,^ a man notorious in the history of * ^'"'•» HUtoH- . . -^ cal Sketches, those times, that Hyder Ali, subsequently tyrant of Mysore, i. «47. and a formidable enemy to the British and other powers of that part of India, first distinguished himself. Here, also, in 1753, was born his son Tippoo Sultan.* Deonelly is 22 miles N.E. of Bangalore, 90 N.E. of Seringapatam. Lat. 13° 15', long. 77° 45'. DEONTilUL. — A rillage on the route from Subhatoo to e.i c. th?. surv. Simla, and 3^ miles N. of the former station. It is pleasantly Thornton* British situate in a narrow and romantic glen on the banks of the ^n'P'"^ »« !"**'»• ° w. 8ia. * It was named by Tippoo Sultan, YuFuttbad, a« he compared himself Lloyd and Gerard, ' , . , . JT . T^ Journ. to Hima- to Ytt«u^ the Joseph of Scripture, legaraed as the Adonis of tlie East. iny,^ |^ i^^ 1S3 DEO. Thornton, British Empire In India, iv. 814. Liojrd, Joum. to Himalaya, i. 116. Fraser, Journ. to Himalaja, 42. E.I.C. M». Doc E.I.G. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ma. Doc E.I.C. Trig. Surr. Aa. Res.zlv. 137 — Hodgson, Sunr. of Jumna ic Gangea. E.I.G. Ms. Doc I £.1.0. Ms. Doc « Garden, Tkblea of Routes, 183. river Gumbur, and amidst cultivated terraces, laborioudlj formed and overspread with soil, on the steep sides of the mountains. It should not be confounded with another place distant fifteen miles to the north-west, where a decisive action took place during the Qoorkha war. The village of Deonthul is situate 2,200 feet above the sea, in lat. 31° 1', long. 77° 2'. DEONTUL, in the hill state of Hindoor, a summit of the Malown ridge, celebrated as the spot where the obstinately- contested Goorkha war was virtually decided. It is about a mile and a quarter S. of Malown, and is situate between that fortress and Surujgarh, both held bj the Goorkhas at the beginning of April, 1816, when General Ochterlony advanced to attempt their reduction. With a view to cut off the com- munication between those forts, and to facilitate the formation of a breaching-batteiy, a British detachment, under Colonel Thompson, took possession of Deontul, where it was furiously attacked by about 2,000 Goorkhas, who, however, were utterly defeated, with the loss of 700 men, including their commander. Afler this defeat the Goorkhas offered no further seriouo opposition, and soon after concluded the convention for ceding the hill states to the East-India Company. Lat. 31° 11', long. 76° 63'. DEOOE. — A town in the British district of Sattara, pre- sidency of Bombay, 16 miles N.E. of Sattara. Lat. 17° 61', long. 74° 12'. DEOPEAG.—See Devapbataga. DEOEALIO. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 66 miles N. from Khatmandoo, and 140 miles E. from Malebum. Lat. 28° 29', long. 85° 31'. DEOEALLEE, or DEVALI, in Gurhwal, a village on the western declivity of the mountain inclosing the fertile valley of Bunal on the east. Lat. 30° 50', long. 78° 17'. DEOEEE.— A town in the British district of Behar, pre- sidency of Bengal, 100 miles W. of Gayah. Lat. 24° SCy, long. 83° 32'. DEOEI,^ or BUEADEOEI, in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town with bazaar on the route from Saugor to Gurrah, 44 miles « S.E. of former, 41 N. W. of latter. It appears to have been scarcely noticed by travellers, though 134 DEO— DEE. oace a considerable place, as it is stated, that when burned ' sieeman, Ram- down by a freebooter some years ago, nearly 30,000 persons » ["j^, '"^ '**^*' perished in the conflagration. Elevation above the sea 1,706 * ^ "<*• *^"- feet.-* Lat. 23° 22^, long. 79° 4'. ^i.TB^lnier DEOSA.— See Doitsah. ^^"^ BEOSIH. — A village in the dominions of G-holab 8ingh, 56 miles N. from Sirinagur. Lat. 34° 63', long. 76° 2'. DEOTAN, in the British dbtrict of Baitool, Saugor and e.i.c. u$. doc Nerbudda territory, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Baitool to Mhow, 16 miles N.AF. of the former. Lat. 21° 59^, long. 77° 46'. BEOTILAN,' • in the British district of Muttra, lieutenant- > e.i.c. mi. doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Muttra to Delhi, and 26 miles' * Gardeu, xiWat N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is ** **" good, the country wild^ and woody. Lat. 27° 45', long. 77° 82'. i. ^78.™ ° DEPAIiPOOE,^ in the territory of Indore, or possessions of * fi^c mlDoc the Holkar family, a town on the route from Mow to Neemuch, 27 miles^ N.W. of former, 128 S.E. of latter. It is situate on » Garden, TtWet the west side of a large tank or small lake, and in 1820 con- tained 1,036 houses,^ and about 4,000 persons. The pergunnah, ' Maiooim, cen- of which it is the principal place, contained at the time just }ndVx"to*M»p of ' mentioned 7,489 houses, and a population of 30,466. Distance Maiwa, loi. S.W. from Oojein 27 miles. Lat. 22° 60', long. 76° 34'. BEfiA,* in the district of Ahladganj, territory of Oude, a ' e i.e. m«. doc. town 30 miles N. of Allahabad, 80 S.E. of Lucknow. Butter* * TopoRmphy of estimates the population at 8,000, all Hindus. He adds,^ that s p joi. the zemindar or landholder pays to the state a revenue of 100,000 rupees, yet maintains, in common with his two brothers, 9,000 followers in readiness to resist any farther exactions by the chukledar or officer in command of the district. He is of the Khatri or military caste, and considered to be descended^ * Butter, 100. from the ancient Hindoo sovereigns of Oude. Lat. 26° 49', long. 81° ar. BEEA, in the Peshawur division of the Punjab, a town e.i.c. ms. doc situated on the left bank of the river Indus, 83 miles N.E. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 34° 24', long. 72° 69'. BERA DEBN PUNAH. — A town in the Punjab, situate e.i c. m*. doc. near the left bank of the Indus, on the route from Mooltan to * Dothana of Heber.' 1.578.™ " 135 DER. Leis, and 40 miles N.W. of the former place. Attached to it is a small but fertile district, which, at the time of Elphin- * Ace. orcautmi, stone's^ visit, yielded 150,000 rupees to the Afghan chief, who *^* held it in jaghire. Lat. 30° 25', long. 71° 3'. E.I.C. M.. Doc DERA DEEX PUNAH.— A town of the Derajat, on the right or west bank of the Indus. It was nearly destroyed by the great earthquake of 1819 and the overwhelming floods which at the same time descended from the Suliman Moun- tains. Lat. 30° 40^, long. 70° 62'. M«»on.Bai.Aftf. DERA FUTTI KHAN, a town of the Derajat, is situate in a very fertile country, on a small western branch of the Indus, and at no great distance from the main stream. The crops in the vicinity are principally cotton, grain of various kinds, indigo, and some sugar and opium. Lat. 31° 9', long. 70° 60'. 1 Bani«, Pol. DERA GHAZEE KH AN.i— The most southern and also Pow. of Slkh«, d. . , M • Id. on the Trtde the most important of the three towns which contribute to give id!^khjn*282? ^ ^^® Derajat its name. It is a large, populous, and com- id.pert.Narr.88. mcrcial place, situate in a low alluvial tract, four miles from Wood, Ozut, 80. ^, ., -, «,T-i ii. the ngbt or west bank of the Indus, and contains numerous *MaMon.Bai.A%. ruius of mosques,^ and of the extensive and well-constructed residences of the former Durani governors and officers. It carries on considerable transit-trade ; an advantage attri- butable to its being situate at the point where one of the great routes from Eastern India and the Punjab into Beloochistan and Khorasan intersects the great route from north to south into Sinde. The bazaar contains 1,600 shops, the inmates of 630 of which are engaged in weaving and selling cloth. It is in other respects well supplied with goods, but ill-built and dirty. Some manufactures are carried on here in silk, cotton, and mixed fabrics of silk and cotton, called loongees, intended for scarfs and waistbands. Coarse cutlery is also manufactured to a considerable extent. The surrounding country is very unhealthy during the hot season, but remarkably fertile, being well irrigated, and pro- ducing grain, fruits in abundance and of fine quality, sugar, cotton, and much indigo, in which a considerable traffic is driven. Both the transit and the direct carrying-trade are conducted almost exclusively by the Lohani Afghans, who are at once a pastoral and a mercantile tribe. 136 DEE. Dera Gliazee Kban, in consequence of its advantageous position, has been recommended by Bumes and others as the best site for a great annual fair, to be held under the protec<- tion of the British government, commanding, as it does, such important routes and the navigation of the Indus north and south. It was a dera, post, or camp of Ghazee Khan, who, about three centuries ago, figured as an adventurer here, and being wrested from the Durani empire by the Sikhs, fell to the British upon the conquest of the Punjaub, in 1849. Lat. 30° 4', long. 70° 54'. DEEA ISMAEL KHAK^ — A considerable town of the » e.i c. us. doc Derajat, built a short distance from the right or west bank poi!*Pow"or of the Indus, to replace the former town, which, having been s*^***» *• ii-ii t n ^ * o i» Trade of the Situate only a hundred yards from the nver,* was, a few years DenOat, 102. ago, swept away by it so completely that not a vestige was cwibuul^ *^' left. The town is well laid out, but is ill built of unburnt mm, Bai. Atg, brick, and in general has an air of desolation, though in spring wood, oxltt, 00. there is much business, it being then crowded by the Afghans of the Lohani tribe, who purchase great quantities of goods to transport by their caravans for the supply of Afghanistan and Central Asia. The most important article of commerce is white cotton cloth, of which two millions of yards are yearly sold here, and eighteen millions of yards taken through,* in »Bume«, Trade of transit from Hindostan to the north and west of this place. ^"^"^ **^ There is also a considerable trade, by way of the Indus, south- ward, in grain and salt, from Kala Bagh. The position of Dera Ismael Khan is important, being situate on one of the great routes from the north to Sinde and the Southern Punjab, and also in the vicinity of the ferry at Kaharee, one of the most frequented over the Indus. There is another ferry over that river* three miles to the eastward of the town. About * Burnet, Perg. three centuries ago, there was here a dera, post, or encamp- ^^"' ®^* ment of Ismael Khan, an adventurer in this country ; and hence the name which the town bears. It was wrested from the Durani empire by the Sikhs, and became incorporated with the British dominions upon the conquest of the Punjaub in 1849.* Its population is stated to be 8,000.^ Lat. 31° 50', * AMen»s Indian l^«/r TCP i^Qf **""' '^*®' P'^®- long. /IT 00 . 6 Buniem Trade of DEEA JAT.— See DaMAW. ^^e Derajat, 108. DERAPOOE, in the British district of Cawnpoor, lieu- e.i.c. Ms. doo. 137 DEE. 1 E.I.C. M». Doc. P. Von Hugel, Hi. 88. Burnet. Pol. Pow. or the Sikht, I. ' Wpnf, KashniSr, U. 184, 19S. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc. 3 Garden, Tablet of Routei, S87. 1 E.I.C. Ml. Doc. * Garden, Tables of Routes, 188. Garden, Tables of Routes, S90. E.I.C. Us. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. E.I.C.Mf.Doe. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Sejngur Nuddee, 85 miles W. of Cawn- pore. Lat. 26° 26', long. 79° 51'. DEEBEND.i — ^ British military post, on the north-west frontier of the Punjab. It is situate on the left bank of the Judos, where the stream, previously straitened in its passage through the mountains, expands on entering into the plain; and hence probably the name of Derbend, which signifies the place of a dam or strait.' In its neighbourhood, in 1827, Sheer Singh, the Sikh commander, defeated Saiyid Ahmed, the fanatic Afghan, who had excited a religious war against the Sikhs. Lat. 34P 18', long. 72° 55'. DERESURA,! in the British district of Muttra, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Meerut to that of Muttra, and 21' miles N. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is indifferent, being narrow and sandy in parts ; the coimtry open, and partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 45', long. 77° 61'. DERIAB AD,^ in the territory of Oude, a town on the route from Goruckpore to Lucknow, 123^ miles W. of the former, 43 E. of the latter. Provisions and water are good and abun- dant, but firewood very scarce. The road eastward, or towards Gk)ruckpore, is in general good, though in a few places heavy ; westward, or towards Lucknow, it is very good. Lat. 26° 64', long. 81° 34'. DERIAPOOR, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Meerut to that of Moradabad, and 44 miles S.E. of the former place. It is situate in an open and partially cultivated country. The road in this part of the route is iudifierent. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 888 miles. Lat. 28° 61', long. 78° 21'. DERRIAPOOR. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or the dominions of the Nizam, 28 miles W. from Omraouttee, and 29 miles S.W. from EUichpoor. Lat. 20° 50', long. 77° 23'. DERRO. — A town in tlie British district of Shahabad, pre- sidency of Bengal, 23 miles S.W. of Arrah. Lat. 25° 17', long. 84° 27'. DERWANEE, or DURWANEE, in the British district of litS DBS— DEY. Bungpoor, preaidency of Bengal, a town, the principal place Buchanan, surrej of an extensive pergunnab dT the same name. It maj be 111.459^'^ ° considered a good town for the rude countrj in wbicb it is situate, and contains about 300 bouses. Distant N.W. from the town of Bungpoor 30 miles, K. from Berbampoor, bj Dinajpur, 125. Lat. 25° 50^, long. 88° 50^. DBSNOK. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Beekaneer, 15 miles S. of the town of Beekaneer. Lat. 27° 48', long. 73^ 28'. PESSOOB. — A town in the British district of North Aroot, e.i.c. Us. doc presidency of Madras, 33 miles S. of Arcot. Lat. 12° 28', hag. 79° 82'. DEVAPRAYAGA,^ * in G-urwhal,a town at the confluence » e.i.c. m«. doc of the Alttknunda and Bbageerettee. The former flows from ^'•^' Tiigon. the cast, the latter from the north, and at the vertex of the right angle formed by their junction the town is situate. According to the graphic description of Eiq>er,* " The con- « as. net. xi. 48s trast of the two streams is very remarkable; the former ^ u,e'*^'i„*^*^ (Bbageerettee) runs down a steep declirity with a rapid force, roaring and foaming over large stones and fragments placed in its bed, while the placid Aluknunda, flowing with a smooth unruffled surface, gently winds round the point." The banks of both rivers are composed of hard black rock ; but while those of the Aluknunda are almost perpendicular, to the height of eighty or a hundred feet, those of the Bbageerettee are shehing and expanded. The Aluknunda, the deeper and more considerable river, is, at the season of low water, 142 feet in breadth, and in the rainy season rises forty-six or forty-seven feet. It abounds with fish of the rohuf species, four or five feet in length, regarded sacred, and so tame as to take food from the band. The Bbageerettee is, at the season of low water, 112 feet in breadth, and rises forty feet in the rainy season. Each river is crossed by a jhula or rope bridge. The united stream having a breadth of eighty yards, receives below the confluence the name of the Ganges. The town is built 100 feet above the water, on the scarp of a mountain rising * From Deva^ "a divinity/' and Prayag, "a confluence of rivers."* ' As Rei. xi.488 ^ • — Rnper, Survej . T Galled by Kaper, Cyprinus denticulatus ; apparently the Cirrhinos of the Ganges. Rohita of Mcaelland.' * ^- »«•. «ix. 907. 139 DEVAPEATAGA. 1 A«. Ret. HI. 400 — Wllford, on Etnrpt and the Nile. • Id. vi. 498- On Mount Caucafus. behind it about 800 feet. A flight of steps cut in the rock gives access to the town from the water's edge. The houses are arranged so as to form two rows of unequal length, joined at a right angle, the longer row facing the Bhageerettee, the other the Aluknunda. They are generally two stories high, built of large stones, cemented with lime mortar, and having sloping roofs, covered with shingles. In the upper part of the town stands a temple, sacred to Bama- chandra.* It is situate on a terrace from twenty to thirtj yards square, and six feet high, and is built of large blocks of cut stone piled on each other, without cement, so as to form a pyramid, bulging in the middle, and decreasing rapidly towards the summit, which is surmounted by a white cupola ; and over all is a square sloping roof, composed of plates of copper, crowned above with a golden ball and spire. The entrance is on the western side, in a portico, from the roof of which are hung bells of various sizes. Under the shelter thus provided, the worshippers perform their devotions. The inaage of Rama- chandra, about six feet high, carved in black stone, but painted red, except the face, is seated opposite the door, and under the eastern part of the cupola. Before the idol, and opposite the portico, is the brazen image of a Garuda.f One knee is bent on the ground, and his hands are joined in the attitude of prayer. The whole height of the building is between seventy and eighty feet. Under the terrace is a temple, sacred to Mahadeva. The only information which the Brahmins pro- fessed to be able to vouch for, when questioned respecting the age or founders of the building, was, that it had stood for 10,000 years, which is certainly a very respectable degree of antiquity. It is a peculiarly sacred place of pilgrimage for the superstitious Hindoos, being one of the five principal Prayags or confluences mentioned in the Shastras. The grand rite is ablution, which takes place at the confluence, in three kundas or basins, excavated in the rock, at a level a little lower than ♦ An incarnation of Vishu.* f Wilford' describes the Garuda with his usual recondite learning :— • *' Garuda, or the eagle, upon whom Vishnu and Jupiter are represented riding. Garuda is represented generally like an eagle ; but, in bis com- pound character (somewhat like the cherub), he is represented like a joung man, with countenance, wings, and talons of the eagle." "Garuda is called the Vahan (literally the vehicle) of Vishnu or Jupiter." l-K) DEV— DEW. the surface of the current, which here is so rapid and violent as to sweep away anj attempting to bathe in it. The names of the pilgrims are registered on their making sufiBcient disbursements to the officiating Brahmins, on account of dues and oblations. The annual revenue of these functionaries, exclusive of such contributions, does not exceed 120Z., derived from twenty-five villages,* granted for the purpose by the rajah « Raper, ut mpra, of Gurwhal; and notwithstanding the holy celebrity of the ^^' place, the Brahmins are compelled to eke out a subsistence by the practice of trade. The temple, as well as the rest of the town, was much shattered by an earthquake in 1803, but sub- sequently repaired by Brahmins sent thither for the purpose bv Daulat Itao Sindia. The town contains between 200 and 250 houses, inhabited principally by Brahmins from the 4 1^, 402. Deecan. The heat is sometimes very great, exceeding 100^* *^* ^^' *''^- at noon in the shade. Elevation above the sea, of the town, and Herbert, 2,266 feet ;« of the stream, 1,953. Lat. 30° 8', long. 78° 39'. of'SiiL^ryr^ DEATEEKOTE, in the Eajpoot state of Jesulmeer, a small Boiieau, Tour in town on the route from the city of Jesulmeer to Balmeer, and ^^"^^^^ *®^' *^- 22 mOes S:B. of the former. Lat. 26° 44,', long. 71° 17'. DEVIAPATAM. — A town in the British district of Madura, e.i.c. mi. doc presidency of Madras, nine miles N.E. of Eamnad. Lat. 9° 28^, long. 78° 58'. DEYIKOTTA,! within the British district of Tanjore, ' ej c. mi. doc. presidency of Madras, a town on the Coromandel Coast, at the mouth 2 of the Coleroon, or great northern branch of the » Hor»biirffh. Cauvery. The entrance of the river is difficult, and dangerous tory, '" mq.'^ ^^' 9f access, from a bank called Coleroon Shoal, which stretches four or five miles to the south-east. Devikotta was taken by tbe British about the middle of the last century, and their possession was confirmed to them by the rajah of Tanjore.* » Thornton, Hut. Devikotta is distant from Tranquebar N. 24 miles, Madras S. «''°^'*'* »'• 122. Lat. 11° 22', long. 79° 52'. DEVUPALLI. — A town in the British district of Viziga- e.i.c. m*. doc, patam, presidency of Madras, 13 miles N.W. of Vizianagrum. Lat. 18° 16', long. 83° 21'. DEWAH EIVEE.-See GoaBA. DE WAN. — A town in the British district of Moorshedabad, e.i.c. mi. Doc presidency of Bengal, 15 miles N. of Moorshedabad. Lat. 24° 24', long. 88° 16'. 141 DEW. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. DEWANGAEI.— A town in the native state of Bbotan, 63 miles N. from Gowhatty, and 50 miles N. W. from Dummg. Lat. 26° 51', long. 91° 27'. E.I.C. M.. Doc DEWANGUNJE.— A town in the British district of Hoogly, presidency of Bengal, 40 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 49', long. 87° 50'. K.I.C. Ml. Doc DEWANGUNJE. — A town on the left bank of the river Coosy, in the British district of Pumeah, presidency of Ben- gal, 49 miles N.W. of Purneah. Lat. 26° 24', long. 87° 14'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc DEWAS. — A town of Baghelcund, in the native state of Eewah, 21 miles N.E. from Eewah, and 50 miles S.W. from Allahabad. Lat. 24° 46', long. 81° 35'. » E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DEWAS,^ in Malwa, a town, the principal place of a small territory of the same name, situate between lat. 22° 30' and 23° 2', long. 75° 53' and 76° 27', and embracing an area of « PariianMntaiy 256 Square miles.* This petty raj or state is held conjointly 185""*' '"^ ' ^y *^^ chiefs of the lineage of the Puar or Pramara' Bajpoots, •jkmrn, Roy. Ai, ^q^ greatly humiliated, but at a remote period so powerful Fraiikiiii, Memoir that ** the world is the Pramar*B," was an ancient saying,^ ^ TSil"Annai"1>f denoting their extensive sway. Their dynasty is recorded to H^atUian, i. 91. have rulcd over Malwa for 1,058* years. Li more recent * Malcolm, Con- . « , . » ini India, i. 2s. timcs, WO find one of the ancestors of the present rajahs, a « Id. 1. 07. military commander in the service^ of Sevajee, the founder of the Mahratta power, and his two sons, Tukajee and Jewajee, accompanying Bajee Rao, subsequently Peishwa, when ap- f Id. 1 100. pointed soubahdar^ of Malwa in 1735, and receiving from him Dewas and some other possessions. During the distracted state of Central Lidia which followed, the dominions of the * Id. i. lis. rajahs of Dewas were incessantly overrun® by Mahrattas, Pin- darries, and other freebooters, their towns and villages sacked, and themselves and families reduced to misery ; but since the British protection has been extended to them, their dominions have been restored to order and prosperity. The treaty under * TN«ckf» i. eso. which this was granted, is dated in 1818.* By its engage- ments, the rajahs are bound to maintain a contingent force, to be at the disposal of the British government. This force, since the date of the treaty, has been considerably increased, and now consists of 400 infantry, forming part of the Malwa united contingent. The military force of the state consists of 175 horse and 500 foot. The rajahs have agreed to act by a union 142 DEW— DHA. of authority, and to administer their affairs through one puhlic minister. The revenue amounts to 400,000 rupees, or about 40,000/. The population is estimated at about 25,000. The town of Dewas is distant S.E. from Oojein 21 miles. Lat. 22° 58', long. 76° 4'. DEWGUEH or DEOGABH,! on the coast of the coUee- i e.i.c. m.. doc torate of Eutnagherry, Southern Concan, presidency of Bom- baj, a town with a harbour having three^ or four fathoms of * Honburgh, water, and sheltered towards the sea by an island, on which J^a^J, ^^^orj, is a fort. In this harbour disembogues the river Seo, flowing W. from the Ghats. Distant S. from Bombay 180 miles. Lat. 16° 22', long. 73° 25'. DEWLE. — A town in the British district of Eutnagherry, e.i.c. m s. doc presidency of Bombay, 25 miles E. of Eutnagherry. Lat. 17°, long. 73*^ 40'. DEWEA. — A town of Bundelcund, in the native state of e.i.c. m». doc. Chutterpore, 10 miles S.E. from Bijawur, and 23 miles S. from Chutterpore. Lat. 24° 34', long. 79° 40'. DEWUD.— See Dohud. DEWULLEE. — A town on the south-west frontier of e.i.c. m«. doc BengfJ, in the native state of Mohurbunge, 37 miles S.W. from Midnapoor, and 37 miles N. from Balasore. Lat. 22° 3', long. 86° 58'. DEWTJLMUEEEE. — A town in the native state of Berar, e.i.c. m». doc or dominions of the rajah of Nagpore, on the left bank of the Prenheta or Weingunga river, and 140 miles S. from Nagpoor. Lat. 19° 20', long. 80° 1'. DETVULPULLY.— A town in the native state of Hydera- e.i.c. m«. doc bad, or dominions of the Nizam, 79 miles S.E. from Hyderabad, and 73 miles N.W. from Guntoor. Lat. 16° 50', long. 79° 35'. DHABA. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or rajah e.i.c. m«. doc. of Berar's dominions, 30 miles S.E. from Chanda, and 111 miles S. from Nagpoor. Lat. 19° 39', long. 79° 41'. DHABADDY. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.c. ms. doc or dominions of the Nizam, 30 miles N.E. from Auningabad, and 18 miles N.W. from Jaulnah. Lat. 20° 2', long. 75° 46'. DHABEEE.— See Datbee. DHADEEE. — ^A town in a detached portion of the native e.i.c. m«. doc. state of Dhar, on the right bank of the river Nerbudda, and 49 miles S.E. from Mhow. Lat. 22° 17', long. 76° 28'. 143 DHA. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc ■ E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Trigon. Surv. * As. Rm. XT. 41.^ — Herbert, Course and Levels of the Siitl<>{. * Fraser, Journ. In Himalaya, 62. * D'Crua, Pol. Relations, 116. Bengal and Agra Guide, 1841, vol. ii. part ii. 284. > E-I.C. Mb. Doc. DHALGAON. — A town in the native state of Neeruj, one of the Southern Mahratta jaghires, 75 miles S.E. from Sattara, and 53 miles N.W. from Beejapoor. Lat. 17** 9', long. 75° 1'. DHAMA. — A town in the British district of Samhulpoor, on the south-west frontier of the presidency of Bengal, 16 miles S. of Sumhulpoor. Lat. 21° 15', long. 84° 5'. DHAMEE,^ a small hill state, is bounded on the north by Bhugee ; on the east and south by the territories belonging to the rajah of Pateeala ; and on the west by Bhagul. Its length probably does not exceed five or six miles, its breadth may be taken to be nearly equal, and its area about twenty-five square miles. Its centre is in lat. 31° 12', long. 77° 8'. It is through- out a collection of summits of considerable height, with inter- vening valleys, and is drained northward by a stream* which discharges itself into the Sutlej, and southward and westward by a few insignificant streams, feeders of the small river Gumbur. Q^he general elevation of this small territory pro- bably exceeds 4,000 feet. The left bank of the Sutlej at Soomee, to the north, and much lower than the greater part of the country, is 2,283 feet^ abovfe the sea. It is one of the Barah Thakoorai,® or " twelve lordships,*' wliich were in the tract between the Sutlej and the Tonse, imtil the divisions were obliterated by the Gorkha invasion. Dhamee belongs to a petty Hindoo rana or prince, who received it from the British government on the expulsion of the Gorkhas in 1815. It contains seven pergimnahs^ or subdivisions, estimated to have a population of 3,000, and to yield an annual revenue of 350/., out of which a sum of 72/. is paid as tribute to the East-India Company. DHAMOEA.— A river rising in lat. 26° 61', long. 86° 28', in the range of the Sub-Himalayas : it flows in a south-easterly direction for fifty miles, through the Terai of Nepal to the boundary of the British district of Tirhoot, from whence it maintains a southerly course for seventy miles, for the greater part of which it either intersects or bounds the district of Bhagulpore, and falls into the Gogaree in lat. 25° 31', long. 86° 48'. DHAMONI, or DHAMOUNI,i in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- * Styled the Synge in the surveyor-general's nuip. 14i DHA. West Provinces, a town on the frontier towards Bifndelcund. The fort^ of Dbamouni is of triangular ground-plan, and is * Blacker, Mem. situate on an eminence, to the eastern brow of which the ram- BriUshlmy in part on that side conforms. The rampart is in general fifty feet *»<*^ ^w- high, and in most parts fifteen feet thick, with large round towers. There are besides interior works, strengthening the defences of the eastern quarter, where are the magazines and the residence of the commandant. Westward of the fort is the toirn, surrounded by a weak wall of loose stones, and to the south-west of the town is a large tank. In 1818, after the . defeat and flight of Apa Sahib, rajah of Nagpore, or of Berar, it was invested by a British force under General Marshall, who, having to no purpose offered the garrison 10,000 rupees in payment of arrears, on condition of immediate evacuation,* ' Prinscp, Trant. opened batteries against the place with such effect, that in six hours it was yielded unconditionally. Lat. 24° lO', long. 78^49'. DHAMPOOE,^ in the British district Bijnour, lieutenant- « e.i.o. ms. do^. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the of*Rouiet,**i87* route from Moradabad to Hurdwar, and 37 miles N.E. of the former. It contains a good number of old substantial houses,^ • Davidson, and has a bazar. The road in this part of the route is good, and i. 41. passes through a country generally open and partially cultivated. Elevation above the sea 754 feet. Lat. 29° 19', long. 78° 84'. DHAMSALA, or DHUKRUMSALA. — A sanatarium for mu. Letter from troops in the Jullundur Doab, 92 miles N.W. from Simla, "8^'*»«p 126 miles N.B. from Lahore. Lat. 32° 13', long. 76° 22'. DHANA, in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, e.i.c. Mt. do«. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town 11 miles S.E. from Saugor, 39 miles W. of Dumoh. Lat. 23° 4% long. 78° 55'. DHANAPOOE, in the British district of Ghazeepoor, lieu- e.i.c. Mt. Doc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the river Ganges, 19 miles S.W. of Ghazee- poop. Lat. 25° 24', long. 83° 24'. DHANNI, in the jaghire of Eampoor, lieutenant-governor- Garden, TaWe* ship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from *>'Ro"»^«>' the town of Bareilly to Almora, and 41 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad, the country open and cultivated. Lat. 28° 49', long. 79° 26'. 3 T 145 DHA. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DHAT^BA, in tbe British district of Gurhwal, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the left bank o^ the Vishnoo river, 64 miles N.B. of Sireenugur. Lat. 80° 66', long. 79° Stf. DHANBOWAL.— See Bhtbowalah. DHAONEE.— See Dhanki. > E.I.C. xt. Doc DHAP,^ in the British district of Bungpoor, presidency of Bengal, a town the principal place of a pergunnah, and situate » Buchanan, Siinr. gix milcs N."W. of the town of Buugpoor. It is the station 2 of ill. 484* • the native officer of police, and contains 300 houses, which, according to the usually admitted ratio of inmates to dwellings, would make the population amount to about 1,500. The vicinity of the town has a pleasing aspect, containing several houses of Europeans embosomed in trees. Lat. 25° 46', long. 89° lO'. E.i.c. Trigon. DHAB, in Bussahir, a considerable village, is situate on the Frwer, Tour in dccUvity of a hill Overlooking the valley of the Pabur. The Himalaya, lao. surrounding country is characterized by Eraser as surpassing in beauty and fertiUty any which he had seen among the moun- tains. Lat. 31° 6', long. 77° 46'. DH AB. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, distant N.E. from Aurungabad 58 miles, N. from Jaulnah 38 miles. Lat. 20° 23', long. 76° 4'. ' Ej.c. Ml. Doc. DHAB,^ in Malwa, the principal place of a raj of the same > Garden, Tablet name, is situate on the route from Mhow to Baroda, 33 miles ^ of Route.. «4o. ^ Qf the former, and 183 E. of the latter. The town is nearly three and a quarter miles in length and half a mile in breadth. » Malcolm, Index It is surrouuded* bv a mud wall, and has many striking build- to Map of Maiwa, . • 11 1. 1 1. -li. r J X f x^ ^ iM. ings, especially two large mosques, buut of red stone, but fast falling to decay. "Water is abundant, being supplied from two small and eight large tanks. There is a fort, built of red stone, situate outside the city, on an eminence rising forty feet above the plain. The rampart, from thirty to thirty-five feet high, has twenty-four round and two square towers, on the larger of which last the rajah's palace is, built of stone. The gate of the fort is in the western fece, and is defended by octagonal towers. The city is represented to have once contained 20,000 houses, an amount which would assign it a population of about 100,000. At present its numbers fell short of that amount to an extent 146 DHAE. which would make comparison ludicrous. An English and femacular school has been established here by the present raler* of Dhar. * India Poi. Disp. The raj or petty state of Dhar contains an area of about ^ ' IjQTO square miles, and has much fertile ground, producing ibundant crops of rice, wheat, millet, maize, pidse, oil-plants, sogar-cane, tobacco, opium, ginger, cotton, hemp, turmeric, escu- lent regetables, and pulse. The annual revenue* is estimated * e.i.c. Mb.doc. at 475,000 rupees, or 47,500/. ; the population at 104,860. The l"^^]"^ ''^ ^^ ngah maintains a military force, which, inclusive of the police, amounts to about 1,100 men ; and a contribution is made by the state of 8,000 rupees per annum in aid of the support of the Malwa Bheel corps. The rajah is a Puar* or Pramar Eajpoot, • Maicoim, on- of a Terj ancient family, but owes his present dignity to the gift " ** of the Peishwa, about a century ago.^ Towards the close of the f w. ut luprt, hst and in the early part of the present century, the state of ' Dhar was miserably devastated by the troops of Scindia Holkar and otber freebooters; and when the British troops, in 1817, advanced to this part of India, the limits of the state were greatly contracted, and its revenue did not exceed 35,000 rupees. By the intervention of the British government, various districts of which Dhar had been dispossessed were restored to the rajah, ai^ Bairseeah, which had been conquered from the Pindarries, was granted to him, subject to the condition that the British government should retain possession of it for a limited period, for the purpose of liquidating a loan ; after which period that government was to have the option of holding it, or of letting it, for the benefit of the Dhar state, which was thenceforth to be entitled to the revenue and produce. This arrangement was Boade in 1819.^ In 1821, a new engagement was concluded, by »Trcatief,. Doc. 2 An. Hr* xvil. 2 — T'alll, Ilhotia Mehals of KHinuun. p. 47. of Bairseeah was consequently resumed, and the stipulated payment restored.* By the treaty of 1819 the British govern- ment undertook to protect the state of Dhar, in return for which the rajah ceded the tributes of Banswarra and Doon- gerpore, entered into the usual engagements of subordinate co-operation and friendly alliance, and bound himself, at all times when required, to furnish troops in proportion to his ability. Elevation of the town above the sea 1,908 feet.* Lat. 22"^ 36', long. 75° 2(y. DHAEEE DEBEE, in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Almora to Sireenuggur, and 10 miles S.E. of the latter. Here is a dharmsala.* The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 30° 15', long. 78° 55'. DIIARMA,^ in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a Bhotia mahall or subdivision, lying north of the main range of the Himalaya, and between it and Hiundes, or South-Westem Tibet. Still some of the summits have a great elevation ; Lebong, on the eastern frontier, being 18,942 feet above the sea. The eleva- tion of the Dharma pass, on the northern frontier, leading to Hiundes, is probably about 15,000. The whole habitable por- tion consists of the narrow, and generally very rugged valleys^ down which flow the river Dhouli and its feeders; the rest consists of rocks or mountains, covered with perpetual snow. The boundaries of a tract so ill peopled and difficult to explore are not very precisely defined, but they may be considered as lying between lat. 30° 5'— 30° 30', long. 80° 25'— 80° 45', and as inclosing an area of about 400 square miles. When Traill drew up his account, it had twenty-four villages, containing 342 houses, and consequently, if sir persons be allowed to each house, the population may be estimated at 2,052, or between four and five to the square mile. They are called Bhotias, and are of the Mongolian or Tartar variety of the human race. " In their personal appearance,'* observes Traill,* " the Bhotias are perfect Tartars, and exceed the natives of this province in size * A place of meeting for the neighbourhood, and where justice is admraistered, and alms are distributed. From Dharra, *• justice," and Sala, "place." 148 DHA. and stature, more particularly the Dharma Bhotiaa, among whom indiTiduals posseaeing extraordinary strength are by no means uncommon. They are excessively dirty in their per- sons, using the skirts of their dress to cleanse both their persons and their cooking utensils, yet are in good circum- stances, having warm clothing, substantial houses, and abun- dance of animal food in the flesh of their numerous sheep and goats, used as beasts of burthen in the lucrative carrying- trade with Hiundes. In the course of this commerce, grain, the produce of Lower Kumaon, and cotton broadcloths, hardware, ragar, and other goods, brought from Hindoostan, are sent to Hiundes, and exchanged for culinary salt, tincal or borax, gold dust, and wool ; besides some others of less importance. DHARMDA. — A town in the British district of Midnapoor, B.i.c. Ms. Dor. presidency of Bengal, six miles S.W. of Midnapoor. Lat. 2f 21', long. Sr 1&. DHAEMKOT,! in Sirhind, a smaU town in the British dis- ' e-^-c mi. doc trictof Ferozepore, with a fort, situate about seven miles from Bong, iss?, p. 176 the left bank of the Sutlej. Dharmkot is distant 39 miles W. J^^J^ofwide'. from Loodiana, N. W. from Calcutta 1,140 mQes.^ Lat. 30'' 55', voy. down suu^. 1 wp'O -■ *•# * Garden, Tab. of long. 75^ 17'. Routei, 172. 9U, DHAEMSAIiEH.— A town in the native state of Nepal, b.i.c. m.. doc. on the left bank of the river KumaUi, and 126 miles N.E. from Alraora. Lat. 29^ 51', long. 81° 45'. DHAEWAB,' in the presidency of Bombay, a British dis- ' e.i.c. M8.doc. trict, named from its principal place. Previously to 1836, the collectorate of Dharwar consisted of eighteen talooks, stretch- ing nearly 300 miles from north to south. In that year the ten northern talooks were formed into a new district, deno- niinated the CoUectorate of Belgaum, those in the south rwnainiiiff under the control of the collector of Dharwar,^ and * Bomiwij Rer. lomiing the district now distinguished by that name. As at ptt-sent constituted, the district of Dharwar is bounded on the iM)rth by the Belgaum coUectorate ; on the east by the ter- ritory of the Nizam and the British coUectorate of Bellary ; on the south by the Mysore dominions ; and on tlie west by tbe Madras territory and the Belgaum coUectorate. It extends from lat. 14° 16' to 15° 50', and from long. 74° 50' to 76°. Its greatest length from north to south is 105 miles ; its greatest breadth from east to west 77 mUes. The area is 3,837 square 149 DIIABWAK. * Elphinstone, Report on the Territoriee con- quered from the Peiihwa. 148. * Evidence before CommonB* Com. 1848 — Growth of Cotton in India, Q. 8707. miles. A great part of the collectorate consists of extensive plains.^ A small portion has an inclination to the south-west, as indicated by the direction taken by the streams, which, flowing towards that point, fall into the Kali Nadi, a river making its way through a deep valley in the Ghauts to the Arabian Sea or North Indian Ocean. The Tumbudra,* rising in the territory of Mysore, on the eastern declivity of the Ghauts, and in lat. 13° 12', long. 75° 12', flows for ninety-five miles to the southern boundary of the collectorate, which it touches in lat. 14° 2(y, long. 75° 41' ; thence continuing its course circuitously, but generally towards the north-east, for sixty-five miles, it forms the boundary between this collectorate and that of Bellary, and finally leaves Dharwar in lat. 15° 9*, long. 76°. In lat. 14° 56', long. 75° 46', this river receives on the left side the Wurda, rising on the eastern declivity of the Ghauts, and flowing north-easterly for a distance of fifty miles. In many parts of the collectorate of Dharwar the soil is fertile, and well suited to the growth of cotton.^ Various attempts have been made by the Bombay government for the intro- duction of the New Orleans species. Previous experiments having failed, the last was commenced in 1842, and has been attended with success. In that year twenty-five acres only were sown with American cotton. It was cultivated by the ryots in the midst of their own native products, and much in the same manner, excepting that the American cotton was sown some weeks earlier. The return of the newly-introduced species being found much larger than that of the indigenous article, and the quality considered superior, the cultivation spread with extraordinary rapidity. Small experimental farms were esta- blished by government ; but these, except in so far as they tended to provide a supply of seed, seem to have been of no value, as it is stated by competent authority, that the cultiva- tion of the ryots themselves excelled that of the farms. These establishments were consequently soon relinquished, and the breadth of land devoted to the cultivation of American cotton, continued, without artificial aid, to extend, until, in five years only from the date of the successful experiment, it had reached 25,000 acres ; and it is stated that, but for the occurrence of ♦ AcoonliDg to the trigoDometrical survey as engraved by Walker. DHAEWAE. nnfaTourable weather at the proper time for sowing, it would hare amounted to 60,000 acres. The superiority of the New Orieans cotton over the indigenous species is now generallj recognised in Dharwar. The principal marts are Hooblee, Havery, Xarragoorda, Sircy, Noolgoond, and Balgapoor. Their distances vary from 80 to 130 miles from the Madras port of Coompta, to which a good road for wheeled carriages has been constructed, and where the cotton is shipped for Bombay. The population of this coUectorate is for the most part Oanarese,^ * EipbintioiM, at the Mahrattas, though once the ruling race, not amounting *"'*'*' **** now to more than a tenth of the whole. Canarese, the lan- guage of the people, was therefore, in 183(5, judiciously sub- stituted for Mahratta in the transaction of official business.^ « BomtMj judicial The population has been retm-ned at 754,385,^ the relative f^; '* *'"^' density being 196 to the square mile. ' cen«u«, 6 Feb. Dharwar, the principal town, and Hooblee, as well as others of note, are described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. The principal roads are the follow- ing: — One leading from south-east to north-west, from the town of Dharwar to Belgaum, and thence eastward, through Sawunt Warree, to the port of Yingorla ; another, from south- east to north-west, from the town of Dharwar to Kolapore ; and a third, from Dharwar to Hooblee, and thence to Wud- deguttee, on the Canara frontier of the Madras territory, there to join the road constructed by the Madras government for facilitating the inland trade between Dharwar and the port of Coompta. At the date of the latest returns, the number of government vernacular schools in this district amounted to fourteen, and that of the pupils to about 900. There is also a government Enghsh school^ in the town of Dharwar, containing forty a Report or Dom- pupils. **y ^""^ "^ The territory comprised within the coUectorate of Dharwar appears at the earliest recorded period to have formed part of !,f,'''*'rf ^i** the Brahminical realm of Vijayanagar,* and on its overthrow, by i. 4ai. the defeat^ of its rajah at Talikot, in 1565, by a Mussulman svetdio*, *!**io. confederation, to have become part of the kingdom of Beeja- ' Kiphirniono, poor. In 1675 it seems to have been overrun ^ and partially PerUhta. ni. iss. conquered by Sevajee, the notorious foimder of the Mahratta n*'^.'"****"** sway, becoming thereby subject to the power of the rajah of ^"^' "'«'• <>' Id I DHARWAK. Sattara, and subsequently to that of the Peishwa. In 1776 caTskoi h ''^^if' *^® province was overrun^ by Hyder Ali, the usurping sultan 174, 186. ' of Mysore. The capture by that chief, in 1778, of the fort * Thornton, Hut. and town of Dharwar, and their recapture,^ in 1791, by a of BrUlih Empire -r» . . , - . . . • , i -.-^ , In India, li. 419. Bntish forco actmg m co-operation with the Mahrattas, are Report on*Terri- ^o^'^c^d ^^ ^^^ article ou the town. On the oferthrow of the tory conquered Peishwa in 1818, DhaTwar was incorporated* with the territory 7. * of the East-India Company. * E.I.C. Ms. Doc DHARWAR,! the principal place of the British collectorate of the same name, in the presidency of Bombay, is situate close to the frontier which divides the Bombay territory from the * Hist, of Mah- Madras collectorate of Canara. Duff,^ describing its condition, wiiki, Hi»torJcai ^ays, " The defences of this fortress are principally of mud, and Sketches, li 174, though irregular and now greatly decayed, were then [in 1790] W ' very strong. It is situated in a plain, having an outer and an inner ditch from twenty-five to thirty feet wide, and nearly as many feet deep. Adjoining to the fort on the south side, and outflanking it to the eastward, is a town or pettah, defended by a low mud wall and a ditch of no strength." In 1837, this place was the sceue of religious disputes be- tween the Brahmins and Lingayets, which rose to such a height as to render necessary the interference of authority. The principle upon which the British government have acted in such matters, is to allow to the members of every religious persuasion the undisturbed exercise of their own rites and ceremonies so long as they are unattended with danger to the public peace. The Vrayasunthole procession at Dharwar, in » Bombay Judicial the judgment of the Bombay government,* was incompatible isas. *^' ^^^^ ^^^3 necessary condition, in consequence of the mutual animosity subsisting between the Lingayets and Brahmins, and it was determined that it should not again take place. Two of the government vernacular schools, the one Mahratta and the other Canarese, are established in this town ; as is also * Bombay Board an English school. Containing about forty pupils."* ^rf ^s^f " ^ I^ 1^'^S» Dharwar was taken* from the Mahrattas by Hyder » wiiks. Historical Ali, the sultau of Mysore, and in 1791 retaken® by a British « Thornton. Hisu force auxiliary to the Mahrattas, who very little furthered the to fn'dJa^u Tisl"* operations. On the final overthrow of the Peishwa, this place, with the other possessions of that potentate, fell to the disposal of the British government. Distant from Bombay, S.E., 288 DHA— DHE. miles ; from Poona 223 ; from Sattara 170 ; fiH)m (Joa, E., 70 ; Hyderabad, S.W., 270; Seringapatam, N.W., 235. Lat. IS*' 28', loDg. 75° 41. BHATA, in the British district of Futtehpore, lieutenant- e.i.c. m*. doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the prin- ^^ ^J^^ *** cipal place of the pergnnnah of the same name, five miles N.E. of the left bank of the Jumna, 36 miles S.E. of the town of Futtehpore. Lat. 25° 32', long. 81° 20'. DHATA,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Hansee to « e.i.c. Trigon. Lodiana, 13 miles N. of the former town. It is situate in a Ij*/^* ^^ jj^ level country partially cultivated, and yielding moderate sup- plies. The road in this part of the route is good. Distant • Garden, Table* N.W. from Calcutta 9892 miles. Lat. 29° 16', long. 76° 5'. J',^^^ "^ DHAYABUNG. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on e.lc. hs. doo. the left bank of the river Bori Gunduk, and 29 miles N. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 3', long. 85° 3'. DHEBITBOOA, in the British district of Goruckpoor, e.i.c. m«. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the lefb bank of the river Eaptee, 60 miles N.W. of Goruckpoor. Lat. 27° 24', long. 82° 51'. DHEEGWAS, or DHIGONS,^ in the district of Ahlad- ' ej.cjii. doc. ganj, territory of Oude, a town 30 miles N.W. of Allahabad, 80 S.E. of Lucknow. Butter estimates^ the population at ' Topography of 8,000, all Hindoos. The zemindar or landholder of this place ' ' pays an annual revenue to the state of 100,000 rupees, and maintains a large number of followers, to resist any farther exactions on the part of the governor of the district. He is of the Khatri or military caste, and is considered* to be a descend- « Butter, loo. ant of the ancient Hindoo sovereigns of Oude. Lat. 25° 52', long. 81° 44'. DHEEISMAELPOOE.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. uuHoc Midnapoor, presidency of Bengal, 40 miles S. of Midnapoor. Lat. 21° 50', long. 87° 21'. DHEEMAHPOOE, in Eastern India, a town in the native e.i.c. m«. doo. state known as Tooleram Senahputtee*s country, situate on the left bank of the river Dhunseeree, and 70 miles S.E. from Nowgong. Lat. 25° 53', long. 93° 46'. DHEBPA. — A town in the native state of Singboom, on the e.i.c. ms. doc S.W. frontier of Bengal, 39 miles S.W. from Chaibassa, and 100 miles N.E. from Sumbulpoor. Lat. 22° 19', long. 85° 18'. DHE. « B.I.C. M.. Doc. DHEKULOO,! in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a guardhouse and military station on the route from Moradabad to Almora, and fifty miles north-east of the former. It is situate in the yallej down which the river Kosilla flows from the mountains to the plains, on the right bank of the stream, and amidst sceneiy • joum. In India, described by Heber^ as being as wild and romantic as ever painted by Salvator Soea. Here, during the dry season, a small detachment of irregular troops is quartered in grass huts, but at other times the place is quite deserted, in consequence of the deadly atmosphere. Elevation above the sea 1,221 feet. Lat. 29° 29', long. 79° 12'. DHENKAXAUL, one of the independent hill tribes known as the Cuttack Mehals, adjoining the British district of Cuttack : it is situated on the banks of the Braminy river, and its centre is about lat. 20° 45', long. 85° 30'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. DHEN KAN AULaUE.— A town in the native state of Dhenkanaul, one of the Cuttack Mehals, 25 miles N.W. from Cuttack, and 62 miles N.W. from Juggernaut. Lat. 20° 40', long. 85° 36'. klc^^'ivT/.'s^rT: DHEBALEE,! in Gurhwal, a viUage on the left bank of the Pnuer, Tour In Gaugcs, or Bhageercttce, as that river is called in the upper «A«. Ret.'xi». 86 part of its course. It is situate in a rocky recess,* and com- of Q^^and"'^'^* mauds a fine view of the river, and beyond it of the snow-dad juran*. peaks of Jumnotri, towering over forests of cedar. There are BenMsas^p. wa ^^ t^® river side three small temples built of ptone, and of kTf^iu'obl^^ good workmanship. Prom this place upward to Gangotri, a tiont in a Journey distance of twclvc miles, the lofty clifis inclosing the river are of X».r"° gwmte' Lat. 31° 2', long. 78° 49'. E.I c. lit. Doc. DHEEGAUM. — A town in the British district of Akrau- nee, presidency of Bombay, 73 miles E. of Broach. Lat. 21° 53', long. 74° 10'. E.I.C. if.. Doc DHEEIAGOTE, or SOEE.— A small village in Sinde, on the route from Sehwan to Larkhana, and 22 miles S. of the latter place. It is situate in the extensive and fertile island inclosed between the Indus and its great offset the Narra, and is seven miles from the right bank of the former, and three miles from the left bank of the latter. The road lies through a thin jungle. Lat. 27° 10', long. 68° 4'. IM DHI— DHO. ' DHI. — ^A town in a detached portion of the poaseseions of b.i.c. U: doc. Hdkar, situate 78 miles S.W, from Mhow, and 90 miles E. from Baroda. Lat. 22^ ff, long. 74° 37'. DHIXISA. — A town in the native state of Nepal, situate b.i.c. Ms. doc. 60 miles N. from Nepal. Lat. 28° 24', long. 85° 22'. DHOA, in the territorj of Gwalior, or possessions of £.i c. ii s. Doe. Scindia, a town 20 miles S.W. of the fort of Gwalior. Lat. 26" 3', long. 77° 64'. DHOBHTING-.— A town in the native state of Nepal, 104 Rio. Ms. doc miles S.E. from Khatmandoo, and 90 miles W. from Daijeeling. Lat. 27° 17', long. 86° 54'. DHODA, in the Peshawur division of the Punjab, a town b.i.c. Ms. doc. situated on the route frt)m Kala Bagh to Kohaut, 14 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 33° 27', long. 71° 45'. DHOKI. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated dis- e.i.c. ms. doc. tricts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 50 miles N. from Sholapoor, and 102 miles S. from Jaubah. Lat. 18° 22', long. 76° lO'. DHOLAEEA, or DHOLEEA,^ in the peninsula of Katty- » e.i.c. Ms. doc war, province of Guzerat, a town within the British district of Ahmedabad, in the swampy tract extending along the western side of the Gulf of Cambay. The space between the town and the port of Dholera, a distance of about four miles, is traversed by a tramway, constructed by a company of native speculators. The line was opened in May,^ 1851, and bids &ir to be highly • PHend of India profitable to its projectors. Distance from the city of Ahmed- p^'i^* ' ' abad, S.W., 65 m'des. Lat. 22° 11', long. 72° 11'. DHOLATGH A T. — A town in the native state of Nepal, e.i.c. Ms. doc. 27 mUes S.E. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 27° 34', long. 85° 41'. DHOLK A,^ in the British district Ahmedabad, presidency i E,hc. Ms. doc. of Bombay, a town^ situate amidst ruined palaces, mosques, t porbes, onenut mausoleums, and fine and spacious tanks, embanked and lined **«"»*>*"» "• ***• with masonry. Though not regularly fortified, it is surrounded by a waU of mud four miles in circuit. Population 25,000.» L,'^™M^.*''s^*;^of Distance from Ahmedabad, S.W., 22 miles ; Baroda, N.W., 60 ; Bombay, i. 4u^ Surat, N., 110; Bombay, N., 262. Lat. 22° 42', long. 72° 25'. o^Z^u''^ DHOLNUH, in the British district of Budaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Puttehgurh to Meerut, and 80* miles N.AV. of the ^f Jou^, m!* DHOLPOEE. > B.I.C. Ms. Doc. * StetltticB of Native State*. * Garden, THblet of Routes, 22. Steeman, Ram- bles and Recollec- tion*, ii. 25. * Baber, Memoir, 814. Ai. Re«. vi. 14 — Hunter, ut supra. Tieffenthaler, Resell reibung tod Uindustan, i. 134. ' No. 50. ' As. Res. ri. IS, 14 — Joiim. Irom Agra to Oojein. former place. The road in this part of the route is good ; the coimtry open, with a sandy soil, only partially cultiyated. Lat. 27° SCy, long. 78° 36'. DHOLPOEE.^ — A small raj or territory on the northern bank of the Chumbul river, named from its principal place, and bounded on the north and north-east by the British dis- trict of Agra ; on the south-east by the Chumbul, dividing it from the territory of Gwalior ; and on the west by the territory of Kerowly. It lies between lat. 26'' 3(y— 26° 57', long. 77° 32'— 78° 20' ; is about fifty-four miles in length from north- east to south-west, twenty-three in breadth, and has an area of 1,626^ square miles. The large river Chumbul, touching on the territory at its south-west angle, forms its south-eastern boundary for about sixty miles, and subsequently flowing east- ward, forms the boundary between the British district of Agra and the territory of Gwalior. The Bangunga, called in this part of its course the Ootungun,* after forming the boundary for a few miles, passes to the interior, through which it flows in a direction generally easterly for about fourteen miles, and subsequently, for twenty miles, forms the boundary between this territory and the district of Agra. In its course along the frontier, it on the right or south side, and in lat. 26° 64', long. 77° 57', receives the torrent Parbutty, flowing in a direc- tion from south-west to north-east through this territory, which it enters from the territory of Kerowly. The surface of the country in the eastern part is generally level and sandy.' The south-western part is hilly, being overspread with low ranges of sandstone,^ connected with the hills of Gwalior. Notwithstanding the poor quality of the soil, it is rendered fertile by continual irrigation, and, in due season, is covered with fine crops, interspersed with groves of mango-trees. The principal towns of the territory — Dholpore, Baree, and Rajahkera — are described under their respective names in the * In Walker's Indian Atlas' the Bangunga and Ootungun are set down as identical, which is in accordance with fact. Hunter, howerer, men- tions' them as different streams : — " On the day before the action, Axim Shah was encamped between Jahjow and Agra, on a barren plain void of water, so that the army was much distressed. This must have been be- tween the Bangunga, which runs past Jahjow, and the Ootungun, which is distant from it 84 miles, on the road towards Agra." Hunter seems here to have mistaken the Khari Nuddee for the Ootungun. DHOLPORE. alphabetical arrangement. If the population be assumed at the rate of that of the surrounding British districts, it will amoiint to 550,000. The revenue is estimated at 700,000 rupees, or 70,000/.* per annum. * *2i c. mi. doc mi • • 1 1 . /. statistic* of The principal route through the country is from north to NaUve states south, from Agra to Gwalior, by the town of Dholpore. The chief, who is styled Bana, and the majority of his sub- jects, are Jauts, who, according to the BrahminicaJ notions respecting caste, are a spurious® offset of the Eajpoots. Pro- * ''*>"'»• *■• ^^^ babiy the first of the Bana's ancestors who rose into notice 274— Lushineion, was the chief of Qohud,* who, about the middle of the eighteenth RuJl'*,„d\7^« century, acquired territory by the favour^ of the Peishwa ofthejhat*. Bajee Eao, but on the defeat of the Mahrattas at Paneeput, Mahrattas, 11. 106. rebelled, and about 1761® made himself master of Gwalior * Sutherland, and the adjacent country. The political relations between the Reiatons. iss. Rana and the East-India Company commenced in 1779, when /^G,ad^1^)'^ the respective parties formed a treaty^ of alliance, oflfensive 249. and defensive, in which it was stipulated, that when peace ^J^y,, princ«», should be concluded between the Company and the Mahrattas, *• ^'^• the Eana should be included in it, and that his then present possessions, and such acquisitions made during the war as it should be agreed to leave in his hands, were to be guaranteed to him, together with the fort of Gwalior, recognised as of old belonging to the family of the Eana,t if at the time of the peace he should be in possession of it. In 1780, that fort having been taken* by a British detachment under Major Popham, " Hod^M, Travels was made over to the Eana, from whom subsequently it was Rei"p!i"' ^^ ^f wrested^ by Scindia, in 1784, the British government having m^p ©^ Hindoo- stin 834 abandoned the Eana, on the ground that he had been guilty of Duflf, Hist, of treachery. In 180 i,^ however, that government engaged to a'lIlIJerTInd im establish^ the Eana in his hereditary dominions of Gohud, and ^ Thom, M seeing a huge solid mass of red stone there, he ordered* 839» 840, 840, 884, t ./%. 873, tS'j, 884, 836, it io bo hcwu iuto a houso, if practicable ; but finding that it 9 Id. 878, 883. ^^ ^^^ sufficicut depth for that purpose, he caused the top of the rock to be levelled, and a tank excavated therein. He aIso caused a palace, a mosque, a pleasure-ground, and a well to be formed near it. At present there is encaraping-ground here, > sieeman, Ram- and a large bungalow or lodge for travellers, built ^ by a former tectioa^ uTS" British resident, and purchased by the Eana for its present * Dholpur of Tassin ; Dholpoor of Briggs's lodex. 158 DHO. purpose.* Distant N.W. from Calcutta, by Etawa, 793 miles. Lat. 26° 41', long. 7r 58'. DHOLPUEI, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- g«"1«*». Tahu, tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Moradabad to Almora, and 16 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is difficult for wheeled carriages. The country is open, level, and partially cultivated. Lat. 29*^ 2', long. 78° 66'. DHOOLI A. — A considerable town in the British district of e.i.c. Mi. doc. CandeiBh, presidency of Bombay, situate on the great route from Bombay to the city of Agra, 181 miles N.E. of Bombay. Lat. 20° 54', long. 74° 45'. DHOOLIAT. — A town in the native state of Gwalior, or E.r.c. Ms. doc. territory of Scindia, 11 miles W. from Asseergurh, and 80 miles S. from Mhow. Lat. 21° 29', long. 76° 17'. DHOOM. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 91 miles e.i.c. mi.doc. N.R from Pilleebheet, and 104 miles S.E. from Almora. Lat. 29° 3', long. 81° 19'. DHOOMA, in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, e.i.c. Mi. doc lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Nagpoor to Jubbulpoor, 40 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 22° 44', long. 79° 50'. DHOONDA,* in Gurwhal, a village on the right bank of » n.i.c. m*. Doc the Bhageerettee, as the Q-anges is called in the upper part of gurv.' ^ '*'" its course. The road to the south is of extreme difficulty and danger, along the face of a precipitous mountain rising over the river on its right side. Baper^ describes it as " a con- « as. r»<. xi. in tinued line of rise and fall, sometimes within fifty or a hundred -surr.of Gang«. feet of the base, at others mounting to the height of two or three thousand above the level of the river. In some places, large jutting points of rock formed a perpendicular ascent, in * In a recent publioation, the elevation above the sea, of the bed of the Chumbul at Dholpore, is estimated^ at 1,050 feet; but there appears < Bengal and reason for thinking that this estimate errs in excess. The elevation of ^^^ Ouide, 1842, Agra is thought not to exceed 600 feet ; and if this be so, that of the oonfluence of the Jumna and Chumbul, about 140 miles lower down the Jumoa than Agra, is probably about 450. If two feet per mile be allowed for the slope of the water-way of the Chumbul, Dholpore, on this last- named stream, 100 miles from the confluence, may with propriety be assumed to have an elevation of about 650 feet above the sea. 1&9 DHO. which, at the distance of three or four feet, small steps had been worn by the passage of travellers. In other places, the road ran along the scarp of the hill, where the footpath was at times trackless, and when again visible, appearing only in a dismembered state, the earth having crumbled, or been washed away by the rain, leaving only a projecting stone to rest the foot upon. In these situations, and, indeed, during the whole of the march, a tremendous precipice was open on the outer side." Dhoonda is in lat. 30° 41', long. 78° 24'. E.IC. Mf.Doo. DHOONDGUL. — A town in the native state of Hyder- abad, or dominions of the Nizam, 19 miles N. from Hyderabad, and 60 miles S.E. from Beder. Lat. 17° 38', long. 78° dOf. E.i.c. MS.DOC DHO OR. — A town in the British district of Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 29 miles N. of Cuddapah. Lat. .14° 61', long. 78° 43'. • E.i.c.Mi. Doc. DHOORCATEE,! the smallest of the protected hill states Relation**, 115. bctwecu the Sutlcj and the Tonse, is bounded on the east by Bussahir, and on all other sides by the British district of Kothkaee. Its area is not more than five miles. Its centre is in lat. 31° 8', long. 77° 40'. The surface has considerable elevation, the district containing the peak of Toongroo, which rises to the height of 10,102 feet above the sea, and whence streams flowing on the west to the Giree, and on the north to «Ag.RCT.xiT. ^Yie Pabur,2 become feeders to those rivers. This state com- JJ2SJ* — Hodgson ' ^ and Herbert, Trijr. priscs ouly a singlo pcrguunah, with a population of 200 and and Astronomical /» An.i xj. * /* /» i »\ i Operations. * rcvonuo 01 40/. It 18 free from tribute. » E.I.C. Ms, Doc. DHOOREE,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Hansee to Loodiana, and 41 miles S. of the latter town. It is situate in a country having a slightly-undulated surface, fertile, and partially cultivated. The road in this part of the route is firm, but narrow and winding, being confined by cultivation and « Garden. Tnbioi inclosurcs. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,062 miles.^ Lat. tUX"""'- 3(^ 22Mong. 75° 57'. I E.I.C. Ms. Doc DHOOEEEAPOOE^ is the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, in the British district of Ghoruckpore, under the lieutenant-governorship of Agra, situate three miles to the « Garden, Tables west or left of the route from Azimgurh to Gbruckpore, and of Routes. .-MJ. distant 34 miles^ N. of the former, 28 S. of the latter. It is * Survey of ' Eastern India, stylcd by Buchanau® a market-town. The same writer thus 4 Text, ii.*376. ' dcscribcs'* a ruin at this place : — " Along the bank of the river DHO. (Eojane) the Bbara have constructed a fort, which extended about two-thirds of a mile along the river, and has been narrow to the south, but wide towards the north, unless part has been carried off by the stream, as is probable. The southern end, built upon the site of a ruined palace of the Tharus, has had a rampart of brick, with a ditch between it and the northern end or town, which has been only fortified by a ditch and rampart of earth." Within this great ruin of remote date has been made, by a native chief, a small fort, consisting of mud-walled build- ings, surrounding two courts, all now in ruins. Connected with these is another ruin, which " consists merely of a large ipace, elevated very high above the country, and composed of broken bricks. On a comer of this is a small temple of Siva, rather ruinous, but without any appearance of considerable antiquity, and covered by a dome in the Muhammedan style ; but the image would appear to be very old, as, notwithstanding its simple form, it is very much decayed.** Distant* N. from » Garden, Tabi«i Ghaieepore 78 miles, N.E. from Calcutta 609. Lat. 26° 23', <»'««»««. »7»,m. long. 83° 18'. DHOOS, in the British district of Benares, lieutenant- e,i.c. m& doc. governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Benares to Sasseram, 10 miles E. of the former. Lat. 26° 16', long. 83° 14'. DHOR, in the Peshawur division of the Punjab, a town e.i.c. mc. doc situated on the left bank of the river Indus, five miles S. of the town of Attock. Lat. 33° 60', long. 72° 20'. DHORAOO. — A town in the British district of Bolund- E.i.c.Mt.Doc. ihuhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, 70 mUes S.E. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 7', long. 78° 14'. DHORA JEE. — A town in the peninsula of Kattywar, pro- B.i.a Ms. Doe. vince of Guzerat, 43 miles S.W. from Rajkote, and 62 miles E. from Poorbundur. Lat. 21° 46', long. 70° 33'. DHORI,! in the British district of Azimgurh, lieutenant-. « e.i.c. m •. doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Azimgurh to Goruckpore cantonment, Similes^ N.E. of the former, 34 S.E. of the latter. It is « c.nioii, TBhioi situate on the right bank of the Qhogra, here a great river, confined to one channel crossed by a ferry. Lat. 26° 14', long. 83° 33'. DHOXTLAGIRI, in Nepal, one of the highest peaks of the . ^ 161 DHO. great Snowy range of the Himalajas, being 27,600 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 29° 11', long. 82° 59'. > E.I.C. ii» Doc. DHOULI,^ a principal head- water or tributary of the great river Ghoghra, has its remotest source at the southern base of the Neo Dhoora Ghat, or pass leading from the Bbotia * As. Ret. xvii. s mahall, or subdivision of Dharma,^ to Hiundes or South- Bhoti liehau of ^©stem Tibet, and at an elevation above the sea of probably ^^«>»- about 16,000 feet, and in lat. 80° 28', long. 80° 33'. Its source is to the north of the main range of the Himalaya, through which it holds its way by the valley of the Dbarma mahall or subdivision, and flows at the western base of the great mountain Lebong. About thirty-five miles from its source, and in lat. 30° 5', long. 80° 40', it touches on the mahall of Choundans, the western frontier of which it forms for fifteen miles, and falls into the Kalee on the right side, in lat. 29° 67', long. 80° 38'. Its stream is in general a succes- sion of violent rapids in a rocky channel, amidst awful preci- ' E.I.C. Ma. Doc. pices and ravines. Webb* describes it, at twenty-five miles from its source, as " violent, turbid, in continued rapids from six to twenty-five feet; bed rocky, average breadth fix)m sixteen to twenty yards;*' and adds, that after rain "the water is so foul and turbid as to be unfit for drinking." The road to Hiundes by the Neo Dhoora Paas proceeds up the course of the river, passing by means of spar bridges from side to side, according to the exigencies of the path, which some- times winds along the faces of the nearly perpendicular preci- pices ; yet, during the season when the passes are open, this difficult track is crowded by innumerable laden goats and sheep, bearing grain and other merchandise from the lower districts to Hiundes. E.i.aMf.Doc. DHOUE BOONGA, in the British district of Gurhwal, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the river Sanee, 20 miles S. of Sireenuggur. Lat. 29° 67', long. 78° 62'. E.I.C. M.. Doc DHOUEEEA.— A town in the native state of Oude, 8ft miles N. from Lucknow, and 73 miles E. from Shi^jehanpoor. Lat. 28°, long. 81° 9'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc DHOWLUTNUGUE, in the Jetch Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on the route from Wazeerabad to Bhimbur, 20 miles N. of the former. Lat. 32° 47', long. 74° 9'. 163 DHU. DHUBBOOEE,^ in Gxizerat,or the territory of the Guicowar, ' e.i.c. mi. roc. .,j ,. Til 1 1 1 I TraDMicU. of Mod. an ancient decayed town. It has a nearly quadrangular ground- imd phyt. societj plan, and is inclosed with a rampart* two miles in circuit, ci^i^'^^'kei^^ made of large hewn stones, and having on the interior side a ouwrat. beautiful and useful colonnade of the same material. Within nemoira, i. 4o«. this inclosure is a large tank of strong masonry, access to the water of which is by means of a grand flight of stairs extend- ing quite round it, and on the well-constructed stone embank- meit are numerous Brahminical temples. The total circuit of the tank is considerable, it being supplied with water not only from the periodical rains, but also by means of an aqueduct of stone, conveying it from the country outside. Viewed from the country, Dhubbooee has a noble aspect, its ramparts being surmounted by fiffcy-two towers, besides one at each angle, of superior dimensions to the rest. In each face of the quad- rangular rampart is a double gate, with a spacious area between, surrounded by a corridor and guard-rooms. The portal on the eastern side is called the " gate of diamonds," and with the temple adjoining, forms a very noble and elegant specimen of Hindoo architecture. It extends 320 feet in length, with pro- portionate height, and the upper part of the building is sup- ported by rows of figures of elephants sculptured in stone, and represented as richly caparisoned. All parts of these superb buildings are embellished with a profusion of sculptures, repre- senting warriors in combat on horses, on foot, or on elephants, in a very superior style of execution ; and there-are besides sculp- tures innumerable of lions, camels, birds, snakes, and various other animals. A considerable part of the ramparts and other buildings have been destroyed by the hand of time and by invading Mussulmans. According to native tradition, these magnificent structures, including the fortifications, tank, and temples, cost upwards of ten millions sterling. The vast quantity of massive hewn stone used in them, is calculated to excite the greater surprise, as not the smallest pebble is to be met with in this part of Guzerat. The place swarms with monkeys, which are supported, encouraged, and protected by the inhabitants, though very mischievous and troublesome. Distance from Baroda, S.E., 15 miles ; Surat, N.E., 78 ; Bombay, N., 225 ; Ahmedabad, S.E., 80. Lat. 22° 8', long. 78° 25'. BHUJ PEAK, in the British district of Kumaon, lieute- e.i.c. ms. doc M 2 i«» DHU. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a sntntnit of the Sub-Himalaya, or mountain system south of the great range, east of Fort Almorah 40 miles, and equidistant from the rivers llamganga (Eastern) and Kalee (Eastern). Elevation above the sea 8,248 feet. Lat. 29° 38', long. 80° 20^. « E.I.C. Mt. Doc. DHUKO WLEA,^ in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village « onrdon, Tabiw on the route from Banda to the town of Futtehpoor, and four^ of Routes «». j^iigg g;^ ^£ ^y^^ 1^^^.^^ rpj^^ ^^^^ j^ |.|^.g ^^^ ^£ ^^le rOUte is good ; the country level, fertile, and studded with small villages. Lat. 25° 54', long. 80° 50'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc DIIUMDA. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or rajah of Berar*s dominions, 135 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 30 miles N.W. from Eyepoor. Lat. 21° 28', long. 81° 14'. DHUMRAH, or DOMRAH RIVER, in Cuttack, the name of the principal outlet of the Byeturnee : its mouth is in lat. 20° 59', long. 87° 2'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc DHUMRAH. — A town in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, 71 miles N.E. of Cuttack. Lat. 20° SO', long. 86° 59'. DHUMTERRY.— A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or rajah of Berar's dominions, distant E. from Nagpoor 160 miles. Lat. 20° 39', long. 81° 26'. B.I.C. Tri^. Surr. DHUMTHAN, iu Sirhind, a halting-place in the British oir^in^TMn district of Kythul, ou the route from Hansee to Loodiana, and or RoiitM, I4S, 43 miles N. of the former town. It is situate in a level 171 105 country slightly cultivated. The road in this part of the route is good. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,019 miles. Lat. 29° 42', long. 76° 5'. Eiph. Ace of DHUMTOUR, or DFMTAUR, in the British provmce of F voVHiiifei, ^h© Punjab, a valley extending nearly in a direction from east Kiuchmir, HI.' ^o wcst, in lat. 34°— 34° 10', and long. 72° 55'— 73° 15'. It ia described by Baron Hiigel, who explored it, as giving the impression of having been once the bed of a vast torrent. It is still furrowed by numerous watercourses, discharging them- selves into the river Dor, which flows with a scanty stream in a stony channel half a mile wide. Here the traveller, descend- ing from the elevated country lying to the north, finds the vegetation assuming the character of that which prevails in Hindostan. The sugar-cane especially is grown in such abun- l«4 DHXJ. dance, tliat it forms a principal article of fodder for cattle. The mountains which inclose the vallej on the north-west, are clothed with dense and luxuriant forests of oak, pine, walnut, wild olire, and plane trees. The valley is populous, and ahounds in villages, each defended bj a small fort. Dhumtour, which gives name to the valley and district, is a small and poor place. The inhabitants are Eusufzai Afghans. DHUMTOTJIl, in the Punjab, a small town, 16 miles E. of voo Hugei, «i. «♦. the Indus, lying on the route into Cashmere, by the Dub Pass. It IB situate in a beautiful, well-watered, and productive valley, crowded with small forts, erected and maintained on account of the dangerous proximity of the Eusufzais. Lat. 34° 7', long. 73° r. DHlJN'AIItEE. — A town in the province of Guzerat, or b.i.c. Mt. Doe. dominions of the Q-uicowar, 26 miles N. from Deesa, and 140 miles S. W. from Oodeypoor. Lat. 24° 37', long. 72°. DHUNCHI. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 42 e.i.c. Mt. Doc. miles N. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 19', long. 85° 14'. DHUNBLA,^ in the territory of Q-walior, or possessions of > e.i.c. MlDoc Scindia, a small town on the route from Agra to the fort of Gwalior, 60 miles^ S. of former, 11 N.W. of latter. It has a « oarden. Tablet bazar, and supplies may be obtained. Here, on the 24th ^^ ^"'*^ ^ December, 1843, was the encampment of the Mahratta army, eoDsisting of twenty- two regiments, with a large and well- appointed park of artillery, advancing^ to give battle to the » Further Paper* British, posted at the neighbouring village of Hingona, under iTor^p^nSd'to Sir Hugh Gbugh, commander-in-chief. Lat. 26° 24', long. Pariiameni April, ygo g/ '^*» P- 1*®« DHUNGAWAN, in the British district of Sohagpoor, ter- E.i.a Ms. doc. ritory of Saugor and Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town 34 miles S.E. of Sohagpoor, 119 miles E. of Jubbulpoor. Lat. 23° 2', long. 81° 52'. DHUNGhOEE. — A town in the British district of Sarun, E.i.aMf. Doc. presidency of Bengal, 39 miles N. of Chupra. Lat. 26° 17', long. 84° 40'. DHUNGUEBOSE, a town in the native state of Oude, 130 e.i.c. m^doc. miles N. from Lucknow, and 53 miles E. from Pilleebheet. Lat. 28° 41', long. 80° 47'. DHUNGSXJEEA, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a vil- Garden, TaWet of lage on the route from Jessulmeer, vid Nagor, to Nusseerabad, **"**** 166 Dnu. < E.I.C. Tricon. Surr. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Garden, TtMet of Routes, MS, 171, lOft. * B.I.C. Ht. Doc * Garden, Tablet or Route*, 905. ' Blacker, Mem. of Operations, 70. £.1.0. Us. Doe. E.LC. Ms. Doc £.1.0. Ms. Doc and 102 miles N.W. of the latter. It has one well of brackish water, and a tank which becomes dry in hot weather, when water must be brought a distance of six miles. The road to the east is hard, oyer an undulating country covered with jungle ; to the west, it passes over a most dreary coun^ of sand and sandhills, with small jungle. Lat. 27^ 8', long. 73° 36'. DHUNOWDA,! in Sirhind, a small town with a basar, on the direct route from Hansee to Loodiana, and 30 miles N. of the fcHiner place. Provisions may be had in abundance, and water from wells. The country is level, and partially culti- vated ; the road in this part of the route excellent. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,006 miles.^ Lat. 29'' 31', long. 76° 4'. DHUNSEESJBE, a considerable feeder of the Brahma- pootra river, rises in lat. 25° 20', long. 03° 83', on the southern frontier of Tooleram Senaputtee's country, and, flowing in a northerly direction through that country for twenty-one miles, then forming its boutidary for forty-six miles on the side of the Kagor territory, subsequently separating the latter for the distance of thirty miles from the British territory of Nowgong, it traverses Assam for thirty miles, and falls into the Brahma- pootra on the left side, in lat. 26° 41', long. 03° 44'. DHUNTALAO, in the territory of Gwalior, or possessionB of Scindia, a village on the route from Hoshungabad to Nee- much, 93 miles^ W. of former, 181 S.E. of latter. It is situate at the north-west extremity, or on the crest of a pass' leading from the valley of the Nerbudda to the table-land of Malwa. Lat. 22° 44', long. 76° 32'. DHUNWA. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jessulmeer, five miles S. from Jessulmeer, and 62 miles W. from Pokum. Lat. 26° 50', long. 71°. DHUB, in the mahall or subdivision of Dharma, British district of Kumaon, a village a mile from the right bank of the river Doulee. East of the village, a hot spring throws up a dense and powerful stream. The banks of its small diannel are tinged of an ochreous hue, partly occasioned by its heat^ and partly, perhaps, from a chalybeate quality. Elevalaon above the sea probably about 8,000 feet, Lat. 30° 5', long. 80° 37'. DHUBAMPOEE.— A town in the native state of Nepal, i« DHTT, 70 miles S.E. from Khatmandoo, and 60 mSes N. from Dur- bunga, Lat. 26° 52', long. 86° 6&, DHUBAYEB. — ^An island situate to the north-west of Salsette, off the coast of Bombay ; it is about seven miles long hj two broad, and its oenti'e is in lat. 19° 14/, long. 72° 63'. DHUBKOT. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 162 e.i.c. Mt. Do*, miles N.W. from Khatmandoo, and 122 miles N.W. from (Joruckpoor. Lat. 28° 22', long. 82° 48'. DHUEOWLBE,! or DEBOWLI, in the British district i e.i.o. Mt. doo. of !Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Alljgurii to that of Futtehgurh, and 39 miles^ W. of the latter. • Garden, tmm The road in this part of the route is deep, heavy, and bad for ** "**** carts; the countiy flat, cultivated in some parts, in others over- run with bush-jungle. Lat. 27° 30', long. 70° 7'. DHUBPHTJEEEPUTTBE.— -A town in the British district b.i.o. Mi.doc odf Tirhoot, presidency of Bengal, 27 miles W. of Mozuffor- poor. Lat. 26° 7', long. 86° 2'. DHUBFMPOOBEE.— A town in the native state of Dhar, e.lc. ms. doc in Malwa, 29 miles S. from Dhar, and 36 miles S.W. from Mhow. Lat. 22° 10', long. 76° 26'. DHXJEFMPOOBEB.^A town in the British territory of k.i.c. mi. doc. Sattara, presidency of Bombay, 49 miles N.E. of Sattara. Lat. 17° 67', long. 74° 4*. DHUBBTJMPOOE, a petty Eajpoot state under the political superintendence of the government of Bombay, is bounded on ike north by the petty raj of Bansda ; on the east by the Daung ; on the south by the district of the rajah of Penth ; and on the west by the British district of Surat. The country^ (which includes an area of about 226 miles), overrun » ciunca, Append. with dense forest, admits of little cultivation. The revenue* •"E.i.alil.'D^. is estimated at 91,000 rupees, or 9,100/. The rana maintains statitt. of Nativ. a small military establishment, and the population of his ter- ritory is returned at 16,660 inhabitants. In 1831' the rajah's pecuniary embarrassments led him to « Bombny Poi. mortgage to his creditors the revenues of a portion of his Tillages, he agreeing to abstain from all interference in the revenue or police management of these mortgaged villages until his creditors' claims should be liquidated ; but, at a later date, it being found that public inconvenience was occasioned w DHU— DIA. from the suspension of the rajah's exercise of the powers of police, he was authorized by the Bombay government to resume them, but subject to the general control of the British agent. The rajah of Dhurrumpore was formerly tributary to the * TrMtiM with Peishwa, but by the treaty of Bassein,^ concluded in 1802, the K 40SL ^'*""*' tribute was transferred to the British, and rated in the schedule of the treaty at 9,000 rupees per annum. The town of Dhur- rumpore is in lat. 20° 31', long. 73° 16'. E.I.C. Mb. Doc. DHUEUMSAL. — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or territory of Gholab Singh, 39 miles N.E. from Jhelum, and 78 miles S.W. from Sirinagur. Lat. 83° 15', long. 74° lO'. DHUEFMS ALLA. — A village in the native state of Cutch, presidency of Bombay, eight miles S. of Bhooj. Lat. 28° 9', long. 69° 41'. DHUTAEA, in the British district of Boolundshuhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village 1 Garden, Table* ou the route from Khasganj to Meerut, and 45 mUes^ S. of the of Routea, 176. letter. The road in this part of the route is tolerably good, and practicable for carriages ; the country is level, open, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 23', long. 77° 58'. B.i.a Ma. Doc. DHTWELL. — ^A town in the British district of Candeish, presidency of Bombay, 41 miles "W. of Dhoolia. Lat. 21° 2!, long. 74° 7'. « E.I.C. Ma. Doc. DIAMOND ISLAND,! or LYCHTJNE ISLAND, situate at the mouth of the Negrais river : it is low, covered with trees, about a mile and a half in extent, and surrounded with reefs. It is considered unhealthy and dangerous to remain on it • Horaburf h, tLi7. during the night. H.M.'s ship^ Syhille lost several of her men by fever from this cause. Distant 70 miles S.W. of Bassein. Lat. 15° 52', long. 94° 19'. « E.I.O. Ma. Doc DIAMOND HAEB0IJE.1-— The well-known port so called • Bengal and ig situate in the river Hooghly, 29 miles* below Calcutta. The vol. ii. parti. 141. adjacent territory, though interesting from being the first pos- * ueber, 1. B. sossion of the East-India Company in Bengal,^ is singularly unhealthy, the whole country round being swampy. There is no town, unless a few native huts are worthy the appellation ; but ships are usually lying in the harbour, for the reception or discharge of cargo. The road from Calcutta is excellent. Com- munication between this place and the capital is also maintained by means of the electric telegraph. Lat. 22° 12', long. 88° lO'. 108 DIA— DIG, • DIA SIAWALA.— See Debha. BIBING-. — ^A town in the native state of Cashmeer, op £.i.c. mi. ooe. territoij of Gholab Singh, 109 miles E. from Sirinagur, and 67 miles N.E. from Kiahtewar. Lat. 33° 66', long. 76° 5tf. DLBONO- EIVER rises in lat. 28° 23', long. 96° 46', and, bj-cm^doc flowing for ninety miles west through Thibet, and fifty mil^s Boath-west through Sudiya, in Assam, falls into the Brahma- pootra river in lat. 27° SC, long. 95° 28'. — See Beahmapootea. DICHOO.— See Daichoo. DIG-,^ in the British district of Cawnpore, lieutenant- > e.i.c. Ms. doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Cawnpore to that of Calpee, and 15 miles^ N.E. of the latter. Water is abundant here, but sup- > Garden, Tablet plies must be collected from the surrounding country. The o'^o«'<*» ^i®. road in this part of the route is good ; the country well culti- vated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 26° 17', long. 79° 57'. DIG-, or DIGA,^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieu- ' B.i.a ut. Doc tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the left bank of the Ganges, 752 miles^ N.W. of Calcutta by • Garden, TaMet the river route, 56 S.E. of the city of AUahabad by the same. °' ^"'"* "*' Lat. 25° 15', long. 82° 18'. DlG-AIt. — A town in the native state of Cashmeer, or ter- ej.c. Mi. doc ritory of Gholab Singh, 2Q miles N.E. from the town of Le, and 184 miles N.E. from Kishtewar. Lat. 34° 16', long. 77° 55'. DIGAROO. — ^A river in Upper Assam, rises in Thibet, in lat 28° icy, long. 96° 13', and after a course often miles through Thibet and fifteen through the Sudiya district of Assam, &lls into the Brahmapootra, in lat. 27° SCX, long. 96° 2'. DIGGEE, or DHIGGI,^ in the Eajpoot state of Jeypore, a * e.i.c. Mt.Doc town on the route from Nusserabad to Gwalior, 48 miles^ E. of ■ Garden, TaWea former, 193 W. of latter. It is of considerable size, and sup- "*' "°""'"' ^^' pHes and water are abundant. Lat. 26° 24', long. 75° 35'. WGNUGGUE,^ in British district of Burd wan,, presidency i e.i.c. Ms.doc. of Bengal, a town four or five miles on the right of the railway now under construction from the town of Burdwan to Banee- gunge, 18 miles N.W. of former, 88 S.E. of latter. Jacquemont describes^ it as having many hundred houses, a considerable « jacquemont. number of native gentry, some in the employment of govern- ^'^y^^* "*• ^^* ment, others speculating in sugar, which is abundantly pro- 169 DIH~DIN. duced in the surrounding country. Distance N.W. finom Cid- cutta by Burdwan 70 miles. Lat. 28° 22', long. 87° 45'. Boiieau, Tour in DIHATEA, in the Eajpoot state of Bikaneer, a considerable village on the route from the town of Bikaneer to that of Jessulmeer, and 40 miles S.W. of the former. It contaios 100 houses, thirteen shops, two tanks, and two wells of the enormous depth of 809 feet. The yicinity contains a few fields producing wheat. Dihatra is in lat. 27° 48', long. 72° 51'. DIHONG. — A river rising on the northern face of the Himalayas, in lat. 80° 25', long. 82° 5', and, pursuing an easterly course through Thibet for upwards of 1,000 miles, during the greater part of which it bears the name of the Sanpoo, it sud- denly sweeps round to the south and liters Assam, where, under the name of the Dihong, it falls into the Brahmapootra. ^ E.I.C. Mf. Doc. DILLY (MOUNT) .i— A remarkable headland* in theBritish of journer from district of MtJabaT. In clear weather it may be discerned from m"^ clTara** *®^ *** * dis^^anc® of frona twenty-four to twenty-seven miles^ and Malabar, ii. and as the coutiguous land is low, the headland, which is bluff, ' Horeburgh, ^^ ^^ A Small aucieut fort E.I.C. Ms. Doc DINAGEPOEE,! under the presidency of Bengal, a Britiah district named from its principal place. It is bounded on the 170 DIKAGBPOEE. iMiih^east b j the natiye state of Bhotan ; on the east by that of Cooeh Behar and the British district of Bongpore ; on the south bjthose of BograhyEajeshaye, andMalda; on the west bjFamea; and oa the north by the British territory of Darjeeling. It liea between lat. 24'' 53'— 20^ 88', long. 88^2'— 89^ 16' ; ii IdOmilea inkngth from ncnrth to south, and 75 in breadth. The area^ is ' PftriiuiMatAiT 8,820 square miles. It is arery flat country, the only eminences im!^ ^ being mere undulations,* not rising more than 100 feet above ' Boeh«nftn. sur- the ordinary level of the surface. There is, however, a general, i^diil u. 0^5. though very gradual, slope of the country from north ta south, u indicated by the flow of the rivers in that directian. The principal of these is the Teesta, which, flowing southerly from the mountains of Sikkim, touches on the district in lat. 24P 68', and flowing south-east for thirty-flve miles, divaricates into two streams, one, called the Attree,* flowing south, the other flow- ing south-esBt into Coosh Behar, and retaining the name of Teesta. The Atiaree, with the exception of a few miles, during which it flows through the district of Bungpore, holds a southerly course through Dinagepore for 100 miles, during the latter portion of which it forms the boundary between this district and that of Bograh, and finally crosses the southern boundary into the British district of Bajeshaye. It commu- Bicatee with other streams having courses in some measure parallel to its own, and sends from its right side a large offset, called the Pumabada, which, flowing south-westerly by the city (^ Dinagepore, passes the southern boundary of the district into Uie British district of Malda, and falls into the Mahanunda. Burmg the rainy season, the Attree is navigable^ for craft of * Buchanan, it. twenty tons, throughout the larger portion of its course in this district, but near its upper end no loaded vessels can ascend aft^ the middle of November. In the southern part, vessels of f(Hpalganj is said to have cost 20,0001. The population is stated to be 1,200,000, which, compared with the area, affords an average of 814 to the square mile. The Mussulmans have been estimated to exceed the Hindoos in the proportion of seven' to three. Among both, marriages * id. ii. Appendix* take place excessively early, the conjugal union being ordinarily completed befiore the female has reached the close of her 1/5 DINAGEPOEE. • Baehuun, thirteenth year,* or the male that of his sixteenth. The effect* of these premature marriages are said to be manifested in the physical and intellectual deterioration of the population, and ' Id. li. 080. the small increase of their numbers. The inhabitants^ of Dinagepore are represented by Buchanan as a puny, weak race, and far from having numerous families. They are, more- over, said to be generally short-lived, being cut off in great numbers by fevers and dysentery. The prevalence of these affections does not appear to arise from want of food. Poly- gamy is very prevalent, especially among the Brahminista. Widows rarely burned themselves with the bodies of their husbands, even when that horrible practice was permitted by law, and not more than one or two instances occurred annually. Only a few Brahmins of superior rank are versed in Sanscrit. • Id. II. 707. Much more extensive is the knowledge of the Prakrit, a dialect* corrupted from the Sanscrit, which has supplied most of the words, the syntax and inflexions having sprung firom the ordi- nary tongue of the district, llie common people are acquainted only with Bengalee, which appears to be the indigenous language of this country. The number of towns is very small in proportion to the extent and population of the district, the great majority of the people residing in dispersed hamlets. The chief towns — Dinagepore, the capital, Hemtabad, Eaegang, Damdahah, and G-honaghat — are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. There are few routes through this district. They are — 1. From west to east, from Pumeah, through the town of Dinage- pore, to Bungpore ; 2. from south to north, from Berhampore, through the town of Dinagepore, to Daijeling ; 3. from south- west to north-east, from Maldah to the town of Dinagepore. Legends respecting the primeval state of the tract comprised in this district abound in the works relating to the early mythology of India ; but the commencement of authentic history may be placed at the beginning of the thirteenth • At. R«fl. ix. 90S century, when £aja Lokhymon or Lakshmanyah was expelled' v7imtmiid!iya"«nd ^^ ^^ dominions by Muhammad Bakhtyar, one of the saiivabuia. generals of Kutb-uddin, emperor of Delhi. When Fakhruddin, 1 Id. It. 320. in 1338,^ proclaimed himself independent sovereign of Bengal, he appears to have made himself master of Dinagepore at the 170 DIN. lanoe time, though its obedience was probably precariouB. Eventually it was, in 1538, reduced,^ with the remainder of • PerUhta. ii. 84, Bengal, by Shir Shah, the renowned 'Afghan, who soon after ' ^' established himself in the sovereignty of Delhi, from which he bid expelled Humayon. After the death of Shir Shah, it was subdued* in 1684 by Akbar, the son of Humayon, and appears * w. ir. k8. to have remained a district of the empire of Delhi until the time nearly of its dissolution. In 1765, it was conveyed^ to *TreaUe«withth« the East- India Company by the grant of Shah Alum. i^'^* **"*"* DES'AGEPOEE.**— The principal place of the British dis- » b.i.c. Hi. doc trict of the same name, a town on the route from F< Survey of •bode of beggars." Eastern India, t Danapnr of Tassin ; Dinapur, Dinapoor, or Dinapore, of the British vriters. Tavemier denominates' it Danapour. > Voyages, HI. lOS. Z If 177 DIN. structure, and those of the officers, though rather inferior, are yet verj fine buildings, and of great extent. Many of the officers have built commodious lodges in the vicinity, and the grounds about them are neatly and tastefully laid out. There * Heber, Narmt. are also extcusive and very handsome barracks* for the native * Davidson. troops. The church^ is capacious and handsome, and the Traveii, li. 27. yarious houscs Scattered in market-places within the bounda^ ries of the cantonment, and subject to military authority, were •Buchanan, 1. 45. stated in 1807 to amount to 3,226,-* so that if five persons be allowed to each, the population should be estimated at 16,130, exclusive of military. The markets are well supplied, espe- cially with articles suited to European taste. Distant E. from * Garden, Tablet Beuarcs, by Ghazcepore, 145 miles, W. from Patna 10, liTiw"* ^*^' N.W. from Calcutta 411.« Lat. 25° 37', long. 85° 7'. E.I.C. Mi.Doc. DINAEEH.— A town in the British district of Shahabad, presidency of Bengal, 70 miles S.W. of Dinapoor. Lat. 25° 12', long. 84° 6'. E.i.c.M«.i)oc DINDARY. — A town in the native state of Berar, or dominions of the rajah of Nagpore, 175 miles N.E. from Nag- pore, and 80 miles N. from Eyepoor. Lat. 22° 20^, long. 81° 33'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. DINDEE EIVEE rises in lat. 17° 2', long. 78°, and flow- ing in a south-easterly direction for 110 miles through Hyder- abad, or the Nizam's territories, falls into the Kistna in lat 16° 22', long. 79° 16'. » B.I.C. u%. Doc. DINDIGTJL,^ in the British district of Madura, presidency « Report on Med. of Madras, a town with a fort,^ situate at the north-eastern statimic* of extremity of the valley of the same name. It is built on a Tu^L^aJHj* S®^*^® declivity, and is in length from north to south^ 987 »^« yards, and in breadth from east to west 927. The streets are vnde, the houses well built, and the bazars plentifully sup- plied with all the necessaries of life. The number of houses a few years ago wa« stated to be 1,833, and that of the inhabitants (exclusive of the troops) 6,550. The military lines, situate at the north-west comer of the town, are well drained, and always dry and clean. The Court of Justice and collector's lodge are about a quarter of a mile from the town; and between them and the town are the lodges of the officers, surrounded by groves and gardens, inclosed with hedges of euphorbium and aloes. The water is in general good, but the population 178 DIN. give a preference for driuking, to that obtained from the Brahmins* Baoli, a large public well at the north of the town. Excellent water is also found in a reseryoir situate at the bottom of the rock, and replenished bj the rains. The fort* • wiikt, Histori- is situate on a wedge-shaped mass of gneiss 400 feet in length jh. 77. and 300 in breadth, perfectly bare of vegetation, with the exception of a few patches of scanty soil about the summit, in which some stunted trees and shrubs grow. The ascent is on the eastern side by a flight of stone steps, the other sides being nearly perpendicular. Near the summit there is a well of great depth, erroneously supposed by the natives to be unfathomable. The water from it is excellent. Dindigul is the principal place of a subdivision of the same name, forming part of the British district of Madura. Elevation of the town above the sea 700 feet, of the rock 980. Distance from Madura, K., 32 miles ; Tanjore, S.W., 88 ; Trichinopoly, 8.W., 60 ; Cochin, E., 126 ; Madras, S. W., 247. Lat. 10° 22', long. 78° 3'. DINDOOEEE. — A town in the British district of Ahmed- E.i.c.iii.Doo. nuggur, presidency of Bombay, 96 miles N.W. of Ahmed- nuggur. Lat. 20° 1', long. 73° 50^. DINGAE,* in the native state of Qurwhal, a village in the ' R-ic. m«. doo. valley of the Budiar, and on the left bank of the torrent of ' * ' '**" that name. Elevation above the sea 7,119^ feet. Lat. * Jncquemont, 80° 56^, long. 78° 17'. *'""* DINGAEA. — See Deegaeee. DINGAEH KINEE,^ in Sirmoor, a large village situate on « e.i.c. Trigon. a very picturesque site in the gorge through which the route ®"^" passes northwards from Nahun to Eajgurh. It has very Bplendid views, — on the north, of the Chur mountain ; on the Bouth, of the valley of the Julal river, rraser,^ who thought it « Toum in Himn* the largest place in Sirmoor except Nahun, the capital, de- ''^■* *^ Bcribes it as consisting of well-built flat-roofed houses, arranged in rows on the ledges of the solid limestone rock forming the mountain. The country, though very rocky, has some fertile Bpot^, which produce luxuriant crops, especially of wheat. Lat. 30P 44', long. 77° 21'. DIXGATHXJE, in the British district of Kumaon, lieute- e.i.c. ms.doc. nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route up the course of the Eamgunga river (Eastern) from N 2 i"» DIN— DIE. Corretip.on Stnda, 498 4U8. Oflrden, TublM of Ruutet, 206. E I.e. Ml. Doc E.I.C. Mr. Doc. Ayeen Akbery, il. App. 101. * Li'wh, R^. on Sindn Armr, 81. Burner. Bokhara, Sil. ^1 Mas««M), Bal. A^. PaiU. i. 8ft. * Rip. into Afg. 76. Petorahgurh to the Unta Dhura Pass, 16 miles north of Petorahgurh, one and a half east of the left bank of the Earn- gunga. It was an important position in the survey of Kumaon by Webb, who remained there fifteen days engaged in trigo- nometrical and meteorological observations. Elevation above the sea 4,443 feet. Lat. 29° 49', long. 80° 12'. DIN GEE, in Sinde, a fort between Khyerpoor and Hydera- bad, and 50 miles S. of the former town. It is surrounded by walls fifteen feet high, and has an abundant supply of water from wells. Here, in the beginning of 1843, the ameers of Sinde collected an army, preparatory to their final struggle with the Britisli. Lat. 26° 52', long. 68° 40^. DINGUR KINGUE.— See Dingabh. DING YE, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, on the route from Nusseerabad to Deesa, and 123 miles S.W. of the former. The surrounding country is in general level and bare, but occa- sionally with a few small hills. The road in this part of the route is firm and good. Lat. 25° 37', long. 73° 27'. DIPAL, or DUTI. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 61 miles S.W. from Jemlah, and 70 miles N.E. from Pilleebheet. Lat. 29° 5', long. 80° 54'. DIPALPOOR. — A town in the Punjab, situate in the doab between the Ghara and the Ravee, 21 miles from the right bank of the former, 26 from the left of the latter. In the time of the emperor Acbar, it was the chief town of a district which yielded an income of 3,233,353 rupees. Lat. 30° 37', long. 73° 38'. DIRAWUL, or DILAWURi (the I and r being inter- changeable). — A fortress of Biiawlpoor, situate in the desert, forty miles from the left bank of the Punjnud. It is strongly fortified, according to the notions of native powers, and with reference to their practical skill in the arts of defence ; but its safety principally lies in the difficulty of access to it, the road lying through a parched desert totally devoid of water ; so that a besieging army must draw its supply from a distance of fifteen miles. At the time of Atkinson's visit,^ it contained the treasure of the late nawaub Bhawl Khan, vaguely estimated at 700,000Z. Here also was his zenana, and thither he retired for relaxation from the fatigues of business, or for security when threatened with invasion. There is here a manufactory 160 DIE— DITJ. of gunpowder for artillery, but the produce is of very indif- ferent quality. Lat. 28° 44', long. 71° 17'. DIREEAPOOE,^ in the British district of Allygurh, lieute- » e.i.c. Mt.Doe. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town with a hazar, on the route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Etawah, and 19 miles ^ S. of the former. The road in « onrden, Ttbi«t this part of the route is good ; the country open, with a soil ^ "'**' * which, though rather sandy, is well cultivated. Lat. 27° SO', long. 78° 12^. DISANa.— A river rising in lat. 26° 47', long. 95° 25', in b.i.c. Ms. do«. the country inhabited by the Naga tribes, through which it flows north for thirty miles to the village of Boorhath, where it turns easterly, and flowing for sixty miles through the British district of Seebpoor, in the territory of Assam, it falls into the Brahmapootra in lat. 27° 4', long. 94° SC DIU.^ — A seaport town on the south coast of the peninsula ' e.i.c. ms. Doc. of Kattywar, province of Guzerat, belonging to the Portuguese, who obtained possession of the place in 1515. It is situate at the eastern extremity of an island extending in a direction from east to west about seven miles, and having a breadth varying from a mile and a half to two miles. ** Off ^ the point • Honburgh, on which the town stands, and which projects to the eastward, tory, l"*?©. there is a rocky ledge, extending upwards of a quarter of a mile farther in the same direction, and protecting to the south- ward the bay formed by the main coast opposite. The bay or harbour is further protected by two small banks, one a quarter and the other three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the rocky ledge." The general depth of the anchorage is three and four fathoms, and formerly on the east side there was suf- ficient for a 74-gun ship ; but the depth of water is considered to have decreased latterly. The channel between the island of Biu and the mainland is navigable only for fishing-boats and other small crafl, the western entrance, which is defended by a fort, having four or five feet of water on the bar when lowest. The water is brackish, except that preserved from the rainy season. Vegetables and other provisions are plentiful, being brought from the mainland, the soil of the island itself being httle productive. The town is well fortified, being sur- rounded by a wall strengthened with towers at regular intervals. Notwithstanding the excellence of the harbour for ships of DIV— DOB. * Jacob, Report on KattcewaTi 81. * Bombay Pol. Di«p. 89 D«e. 1840. I E.I.C. Ml. Doe. ' Honbarirh, Directory, 1. 000. B.I.O. Ht. Doc E.I.O. Ml. Doe. > E J.O. Ht. Doe. ' OmM, Hindo- •tan, U.2M. moderate draught, there is but little traffic.^ Under orders from the Portuguese goyemment in Europe, the trade in Blayea formerly carried on in this island has been discontinued.^ Diu Head, two miles to the westward of the west end of Dia island, has on its east side a small harbour, where vessels might lie sheltered from the westerly winds in from two to three and a half fathoms. It Ues in lat. 20° 42', long. 70° 52'. The town of Diu is distant from Ahmedabad, S.W., 192 miles; Baroda, S.W., 182 ; Bombay, N.W., 170. Lat. 20° 42', long. 71°. DIV Y POINT.J— A low headland on the coast of the British district of Masulipatam, presidency of Madras. Around the point, and between it and the cape known as Divy False Pointy several branches of the river Kistna fall into the sea. " The rise and fall of the tide is seldom more than four or five feet in the springs at the mouths of the rivers ; but it some- times happens, when a severe gale of wind blows from the sea, that the low land contiguous to it is inundated, causing great destruction of property and lives.' *^ Divy Point is 19 miles N.E. of the mouths of the Kistna, and 13 S. of Masu- lipatam. Lat. 15° 59', long. 81° 14'. DIWAENUGGUE.— A town in the British district of Silhet, presidency of Bengal, 33 miles W. of Silhet. Lat 24° 59', long. 91° 20'. DO A. — A village in Arracan, on the Aeng route, a little to the east of the Yoomadoung Mountains. Lat. 20° 10', long. 94° 17'. DOAREE, in the British district of Gurhwal, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Kampoor to Sireenuggur, 37 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 29° 41', long. 78° 59'. DOBBILI, or BOBILEE.^— A town in the British district of Yizagapatam, 62 miles N. from Yizagapatam, and 41 miles N.W. from Chicacole. In 1758 the fort was stormed by a force under the French commander Mons. Bussy. When all hope of maintaining it against the assailants had been abandoned by the garrison, the chiefs put to death their wives and chil- dren, and the massacre being performed, " those who accom- plished it returned like men agitated by the furies to die themselves on the walls." ^ Lat. 18° 34', long. 83° 26'. 182 DOB— DOD. DOBDUE HATJT.—A town in the British diatrict of B.r.a Ms. Doc Seebpoor, in Upper Assam, presidency of Bengal, 10 miles S. of Seebpoor. Lat. 26° 52', long. 94° 87'. JDOBOOBJEE, in the Baree Pooab division (^ the Punjab, b.i.c. ift.Doe. a town situated on the right bank of the Gfhara river, 60 miles 8. of tlM town of Lahore. Lat. 30° 58', long. 74° 20'. DODA,^ in the territory of Owalior,or possessions of Scindia's * k-i.c. ms. doc family, a town on the route from Neemuch to Baitool, 51 miles^ « Garden, Tablet S.R of former, 261 N.W. of latter. It is supplied with water °' ^'"^ *' from wells, and has a small bazaar with market. Elevation^ ' Maiooin, o«ii- tbove the sea 1,482 feet. Lat. 28° 46', long. 76° 10'. • iJ'indl'? ti'M^ DOD A. — ^A town in the Punjab, amidst the mountains °^ ^*^^*f ><>*• south of Cashmere, situate on the right or north bank of the Chenaub, nearly opposite its confluence with the river of Budrawar. The Chenaub, here sixty yards broad, is crossed bj dkjhoola or bridge, formed by a cable stretched from bank to bank, and traversed by a suspended seat, drawn backwards and forwards by means of a rope. Doda is a neat, well-built town, with a good bazar, and a square fort having a tower at each angle. Lat. 83° 12', long. 75° 18'. DODABALLA, or DODA BAL APOEE.i—A town in the • e.i.c. mi. do«. territory of Mysore, the name signifying " Balapore the Great," to distinguish between it and Chika Balapoor, or Balapore the Leas, which is situate foiurteen miles north-east of this place. Dodaballa has a mud fort of great size and strength,^ but • Buchanan, within, nothing is found but ruins and rubbish. The place ^^"^^^^ [3„^^ has some trade, but it is only for the supply of domestic Wy-'J'*. canarm, wants. The traders have neither enterprise nor capital, i. s47. Distant from Bangalore, N., 25 miles. Lat. 18° 14', long. 77° 24'. DODAIEEE, or DODDERI,^ in the territory of Mysore, • e.i.c. mi. do«. a town about eight miles W. of the right bank of the river Vedavutty. Near this place, in 1698, the Mahrattas,^ com- « dhit, niat. of manded by Suntajee, surrounded, defeated, and destroyed a J. ^^***"''**' force commanded by Kasim Khan, whom Aurungzebe had appointed governor of the Camatic. Distant from Chittel Droog, E., 22 miles ; Bangalore, N.W., 110 ; Seringapatam, X., 130. Lat. 14° 18', long. 76° 46'. DODHUE.— See Doda. DODOOKIBE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i.c. mi. doc. 183 DOE— DOL. E.T.C. Mt. Doe. B.I.O. Ml. Doe. 1 B.I.a Mt. Doe. ' Oftrden, Tiblet of Routes, 247. * Hftleolin, Cen- tral Indie, 11.400. B.I.C Ms. Doc. Boilnia, R^}wara, 118, 818. rajah of Berar's dominions, 118 miles S.E. from Nagpoor, and 76 miles E. from Chanda. Lat. 20° 5', long. 80° 38'. DOESAH.— A town in the British district of Chota Nag- pore, presidency of Bengal, 100 miles S. of Shergottj. Lat. 23° r, long. 84° 61'. DOGHINE, a small river of the Amherst district of the Tenasserim provinces, rises in lat. 16° 58', long. 98° 33', and flowing west for forty miles, falls into the Gyein river, in lat. 16° 66', long. 98° 6'. DOHRA, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route by Nanak Math, from the town of Pilleebheet to Almora cantonment, 25 miles N. of the former. Lat. 28° 67', long. 79° 49'. DO HUD,** in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions of Scindia's family, a town on the common boundary of Malwa and Guzerat, W. of the former, E. of the latter, on the route firom Mow to Deesa, 118 miles* N.W. of former, 208 S.E. of latter. It is a place of considerable traffic and importance, the road being the channel of considerable and lucrative commerce between Malwa and Upper Hindostan on the one side, and Guzerat on the other. It commands^ the principal pass on the nort-east of Guzerat by means of its fort, situate at the east extre- mity of the town. This building, formerly a great caravanserai, said to have been built by Aurungzebe, is of a square ground- plan, measuring each way 460 feet, and has two strong gates, one on the north, the other on the south, and in the interior contains two wells and a mosque, and some other structures of fine workmanship and durable materials. Distant W. of Oojein 100 mQes, N.E. of Baroda 77. Lat. 22° 50', long. 74° 15'. DOL ANUH, in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the southern frontier, towards the British district of Bolundshuhur, 28 miles E. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 38', long. 77° 43'. DOLEH, in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore, a group of three villages on the route from Balotra to the city of Joudpore, and 33 miles N.E. of the former. It is impor- * Dohad of TassiQ. Whence the name, Do, "two," and Hadd, " boundary." 1S4 DOL— DON. tant as containing three wells, supplying the only good water obtainable throughout a considerable tract. The road in this part of the route is good, lying through a country level and fertile. Lat. 26° 4', long. 72° 62'. DOLEHKUN. — A town in the British district of Tannah, b.i.c. ms. doc presidency of Bombay, 59 miles N.E. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 29', long. 73° 36'. DOLLA. — A town in the British district of Sudiya, in e.i.c. ms. Doe. Fpper Assam, presidency of Bengal, six miles from the left bank of the Bramapootra, and 12 S.W. of Sudiya. Lat. 27° 42', long. 95° 36'. DOMEL, one of the principal islands of the cluster known as the Mergui Archipelago: it is twenty-six miles in length from north to south, and five miles in breadth ; its centre is about lat. 11° 4(y, long. 98° 20'. DOMEPAKEA. — A town in the British district of Pooree, e.i.c. ms. Doc presidency of Bengal, 44 miles N. of Juggumaut. Lat. 20° 23', long. 85° 40'. BOMEAH.— See Dhtjmbah. DOMBI, in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant- G»rdCTi, TabiM governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town two miles ^ "**^ ^ to the left or west of the route from Futtehgurh to Khasgunj, and 44 miles W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is heavy and bad for wheeled carriages ; the country level, cultivated in some parts, in others overrun with bush-jungle. Lat. 27° 32', long. 79°. DOMUS, in the British district of Surat, presidency of e.i.c. m ■. doc. Bombay, a town situate on the headland bounding the estuary of the river Taptee on the south-east. Distance from the city of Surat, S.W., eight miles; Bombay, N., 150. Lat. 21° 4', long. 72° 48'. DONABUE. — A town in the recently-acquired British district of Pegu, situate on one of the main streams by which the Irawaddy flows into the sea : it is 65 miles N.W. from Rangoon, 54 miles N.E. from Bassein. The place has attained a degree of celebrity in the annals of Burmese warfare, as well from its successful resistance of Brigadier Cotton's attack in 1825, as from its contiguity to the scene of a more recent disaster which befell the British. Here, on the 4th February, 1853, a detachment of sepoys, accompanied by a party of 1S6 DON. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Mti. Doc. » Treaties with Native Prince*, 004. « E.I.C. Mi. Doc. Statistics of Native States. 3 Sntherlnnd, Slietehes of Pol. Rel. 111. 1 Hist, of Guzerat, translated by PW. UO. seamen and marines under the command of Captain G-ranville Locb, of the Eoyal Navy, suffered a repulse in a struggle with a Burmese force, and lost some of its bravest officers, induding its distinguished commander. Lat. 17° IC, long. 95° 27'. DONGrERPOOE, in the jaghire of Bampoor, lieutenant- governorship of Agra, a town on the north-eastern route from the city of Rampoor to Nugina, and 1 J mile N. of the former. Lat. 28° 49', long. 79° 5'. DONGUR MULARNEE.— A town in the Rajpoot statt of Jeypoor, 66 miles S.E. from Jeypoor, and 98 miles W. from Gwalior. Lat. 26° 16', long. 76° 41'. DONGURPOOR, or DOONGERPORE.i*— A petty native state in the province of Rajpootana, under the political super- intendence of the Governor- General. It is bounded on the north and east by Mewar or Oodeypore ; on the south-east by Banswarra; and on the south and south-west by 'the Myhee Caunta district of the province of Guzerat. Its length from east to west is forty miles, its breadth from north to south thirty-five, and it contains an area of about one thousand square miles. It is situate between lat. 23° 35' — 24° 8', long. 73° 40'— 74° 18'. Its chief is descended from a branch of the Odeypore frimily, whose ancestors became, at an early period, dependent on the emperor of Delhi, and so continued until subjugated by the Mahrattas, from whose oppressive yoke the prince and his territory were rescued by the British. The treaty* by which the British connection was established, was concluded in 1818 ; and the terms and conditions are substan- tially the same with those of the treaty concluded about the same time with the chief of Banswarra, and which are described in the article upon that state. The population of Dongurpoor, estimated at 100 to the square mile, amounts to 100,000. The revenue is stated at 109,000^ rupees, or 10,900Z. per annum. Under the treaty above referred to, the British government is entitled to tribute not exceeding in any case three-eighths of the actual revenue. The armed force of the state is represented to consist of 125 cavalry and 200 infantry, with a police establishment of 100 men; making a total of 425. ^The tributary chiefs holding lands on military tenure are only eight^ in number. * Dnngarpur of AH Mohammed Khan.' 18G DON— DOO. DoDgarpoor sinoe its connection witb the Britisli govern- ment has not been free from those disturbances which seem inseparable from the condition of an Indian state. In 1827,^ ^ Sutherland, at the Bawul consented to divest himself of the exercise of the Poi^^bp.'to government, and to surrender it to his adopted son Dulput }??^ " ^^^' Singh ; but the latter was reclaimed' by his grandfather, the » india Poi. nup. MJah of Pertaubghur, being his only surviving desoendfuit, and *• ^^^^ *®^* on whose death he was allowed to succeed to the raj of Pertaub- ghur, still remaining regent of Dongorpoor. On the death of the rawul of the last-named state, however, the question arose whether Dulput Singh should succeed to the diguity by virtue of the adoption. It appeared that the thakoora or nobles of Dongurpoor were greatly averse to the union of the two prin- cipalities, and it was therefore agreed that Dulput Singh should adopt a son from among the kindred of the late rawul, who should be placed on the Dongurpoor guddee, Dulput Sbgh continuing regent during the minority. It seems, how- ever, to have been thought, that in a legal point of view, the reclamation of Dulput Singh by his own family did not annul the rights which had accrued to him by adoption ; but for the Bake of preserving the peace of the country, he consented to compromise his claim in the manner above described. DONQUBPOOB, in Eajpootana, a town, the residence of the rawul of the petty state of the same name, lies on the route from Neemuch to Deesa, and is 139^ miles S.W. of • oardm, Tabin the former, and 121 S.E. of the latter. It is of consider- «^R«»^*7*- able size, and fortified. Distant direct from Mhow, N.W., 150 miles; from Bombay, N., 345. Lat. 23° SC, long. 73° 6(y. DONGUBTHAL, in the British territory of Saugor and e.i.c. Mt. doc Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a town on the route from Seuni to Nagpoor, 36 miles NJB. of the ktter. Lat. 21° 39', long. 79° 22'. DON MANICK ISLANDS, situated near the mouths of the Megna, in lat. 21° 55', long. 90° 43', and 50 miles S.E. of Backergunge. DOOAB (THE).— See Noeth-Westebn Peotinceb. DOOAB CANAL.— See Jumka Biveb. DOOBAH, a small river of Sinde, rises in the southern e.i.c. mi. doc part of the Keertar Mountains, about lat. 25° 64', long. i^o'Tw^De 187 DOO. lift Hotte Rep. on Country between Kurracliee and Sthwaa. B.I.C. Mt. Doc. E.I.C. Mt. Doc * B.I.G. Ms. Doc. ' Garden, Tablet of Route*, 120. * E.I.C. Mt. Doc At. liet. vi. 06 — Hunter, NarraL of Joum. from Agra to Oujein. * Garden, Tnblet of Routes, 140. * Tod, Annalt of Rajasthan, li. 488. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. E.I.C. Mt. Doc E.I.C. Mt. Doc > £.1.0. Mt. Doc 67° 45'. After a course which may be estimated at forty-five miles, generally in a south-easterly direction, it forms a junction with the Damajee river, coming from the south-west ; and below the confluence the name is changed for that of Dhurwal. In the commencement of its course, it bears the name of the Pokrun river, and lower down, that of the Kajoor. It is dry for the greater part of the year, but water may always be obtained by digging in its bed. DOOBAB, in the British district of Mirzapoor, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bewah to Mirzapoor, 17 miles S.W. of the latter. Lat. 24° 59', long. 82° 28'. DOOBDI. — A town in the native state of Sikhim, 24 miles N. from Dargeeling. Lat. 27° 23', long. 88° 20'. DOOBKEE,* in the British district of Cawnpore, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Etawah to that of Cawnpore, and 41 2 miles W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good, the country cultivated. Lat. 26° 21', long. 79° 5^. DOOBLANA, or DUBLANA,* in the territory of Boonde, in Bajpootana, a town on the route from Delhi to Mhow, 272 miles S.W. of former, 235 N. of latter.^ It has a bazar, and water is abundant. Here, in 1744, was fought an obstinately- contested battle between Omeda, the exiled raja of Boonde, and the troops of Jeypore, who had seized his capital, in which conflict the raja was utterly defeated.® Distant from the city of Boonde, N., nine miles. Lat. 25° 35', long. 75° 44'. DOOBLING-. — A town of Bussahir, in the di\i8ion of Koonawur, on the left bank of the Sutluj, and 96 miles N.E. from Simla. Lat. 31° 44', long. 78° 40'. DOOBOWLEEA, in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town five miles from the left bank of the Gogra river, 53 miles W. of Goruckpoor. Lat. 26° 40', long. 82° 33'. DOOBTA.— See Dabuta. DOOBULHATTEE.— A town in the British district of Eajeshaye, presidency of Bengal, 30 miles N.E. of Bampoor. Lat. 24° 45', long. 88° 53'. DOODEE GHAT.i— A yHis^gQ in the Punjab, situate on 188 DOO. the right bank of the river Chenaub, and five miles N.W. of Mooltan, from which there is a good road. It is mentioned by Mphinstone^ under the name of Oodoo-ka-Gote. Here is a * acc. of cwibai, much-frequented ferry, by which the great route lies from Mooltan to Dera Ghazee Khan. Lat. 30° 15', long. 71° 22'. DOODEE,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Hansee ' e.i.c. Trigon. to Lodiana, and 57 miles N. of the former town. It is situate e.i.c. hs. doc. in a level, low country, liable to be rendered swampy by the inundation of the river Giigur. When this occurs, the road, though generally good, becomes difiBcult. Distant N.W. from ' Garden, Taww Calcutta 1,0332 miles. Lat. 29° 53', long. 76° 1'. \l^T^ '**' DOODGAON. — A town in the native state of Sanglee, one e.i.c. ms. doo. of the Southern Mahratta jaghires, 62 miles S.E. from Sattara, and 18 miles N.E. from Kolapoor. Lat. 16° 52', long. 74° 30'. DOODGAUM. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.c. Ms. doc or dominions of the Nizam, 136 miles N.E. frx)m Jaulna, and 67 miles S.E. from Elichpoor. Lat. 20° 17', long. 77° 58'. DOODHILI,^ in the Dehra Doon, on the frontier of ' e.i.c. mi. do«. Gurhwal, is a summit of the mountains rising above the valley on the north. It is surmounted by a small fort, now in ruins, which was a station of the lesser series of triangles in the trigo- ^ii_ Hodnson noraetrical survey of the Himalaya. Elevation above the sea ■"** Herbert. 7,2542 feet. Lat. 30° 28', long. 78° 2'. Him.Tiyt!''* **' DOODHOO,^ in the Bajpoot state of Jeypore, a town on ' Ei.c.Mt.Doc. the route from Agra to Ajmer, 186^ miles E. of former, 42 ' Onrden. Tkbiet W. of latter. It is of considerable® size, containing " 700* a jacqiiemont, houses, with more than 100 bunyas (shops), and is surrounded JB^Tirau^T^in by a mud wall, with a thin fausse-braie or renee, its ditch Rajwara, isa. being cut out of a hard kunkur soil, of which the ramparts are also constructed. There is at present much water in some parts of the ditch, which is quite dry in others, and presents nearly the following section; viz., breadth of ditch, twenty feet at top, and eight or ten feet at bottom; counterscarp, twelve feet ; scarp, sixteen feet, including a parapet of four feet interior slope, and three feet thick at base ; berme, or terre- plein of fausse-braie, twelve feet ; exterior slope of rampart, fourteen feet ; interior slope, ten feet ; terre-plein, three feet, and parapet four feet high, with a very thin crest, though three feet thick at the base, like the breast-wall of the renee. The whole of the fortifications are nearly a mile in circuit ; and 189 DOO. in the middle of the town is a veiy small but neat citadel, about forty or fifty yards square, built of masonry, and fiiced also with earth, covered with lime-plaster, and furnished with a parapet in such a manner as to form a middle line of defence between the reuee and the rampart. The fort has thus a triple line of fire ; but the whole is on too small a scale to be formidable to any but a native army. The town-gates on the east and west sides are carefully covered by outworks of mud, with winding entrances. At the east one is a well of good water, and opposite the west gate is a tank ; but the town does not seem to be very abundantly supplied with drinkiDg- water, though the wells are only sixteen cubits deep, some of them being brackish." Lat. 26° 4^, long. 75° 18'. DOODNA. — A river flowing in a south-easterly direction through the native state of Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam : it rises in lat. 20° 2', long. 77° 5', and faUs into the Pooma river, a considerable branch of the Godavery, in lat. 19° 16', long. 76° 58', after a course of about 120 miles. » E.I c. TrJgon. DOODOO,^ in Bussahir, a village on the route from Mussouree to the Gunas Pass, and five miles N.W. of the former place. It is of inconsiderable size, but before the establishment of the British power was of some importance as the residence of a freebooter, who affected independence, and « As. R«. XT. 848, laid the surrounding: country under contribution. Elevation 413— Herbert, , , ^ ^^ J « . , ^ « . Leyeii of seiirj. above the sca 8,790* feet; Lat. 31° 11', long. 78° 8'. DOODPATLEE, or DOODPUTLEE, in Eastern India, a village of Cachar, and the site of a large cantonment of the Burmese during the war of 1825. The post was strongly fortified, consisting of seven stockades of a most formidahle > wihon, nur- nature, which were destroyed upon the occupation of the place rJT ^"'' '''^* by the British.^ Lat. 25° 3', long. 92° 42'. B.I.C. M.. Dor. DOODYALEE.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, on the left bank of the Sookree river, and 69 miles S. firom the town of Joudpore. Lat. 25° 20', long. 78°. > E.i.c.Mi. D'^c. DOOGABEE,^* in the territory of Boondee, in Eajpootana, « onrden, tfiWps a towu ou the routo from Delhi to Mhow, 210* miles S.W. of former, 297 N. of latter. It has a bazar, and water is abundant. 9 as.rct. ri 06- It is nearly surrounded by hills,' and has to the westward a Journey from ** j^i^ 0^ Small lake. Ou the eastern margin of the lake, and Agra to Oujeln. » j^„^ ^^ r^^j^ 190 DOO. adjoining the Tillage, is au old residence of the raja of Boondee, on a considerable eminence ; and on the extremity of a tongue of land projecting into the jhil is a temple, consecrated to Mahadeo. Distance from Boondee, N.E., 19 miles. Lat. 25° 40', long. 75° 52'. DOO JANO, in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on Garden, TaWei the route fit)m Nasseerabad to Deesa, and 147 miles S. W. of "*' ^"'*'- the former. The surrounding country is rather level, but with little cultivation. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 25° 17', long. 73° 14'. DOOJANUH,* in the jaghire of Jughur, a town on the route « b.i.c. Ms. doc. from Kumaul to Eewaree, and 73 miles S. of the former. It is the residence of a jaghiredar or grantee of a small territory from the East-India Company. The jaghire was, in 1811, granted to TJbdus Summud Khan, in exchange^ for a part of * DeCru*. poi. Hurreeana, which he had received in 1806 as a reward for his * ^' services against the Mahrattas. The small district of Bohoo Nahur Jul, also granted in 1806, has been united with Doo- januh, and these at present form the jaghire of the grandson* of • India Poi. nisp. Ubdus Summud Khan. The area of the jaghire is about seventy- one square miles ; the population is estimated at upwards of 6,000. A small force, consisting of 50 cavalry and 150 infantry, is maintained by the jaghiredar. The town of Doojanuh is situate in lat. 28° 40', long. 76° 40'. The centre of the small district granted in 1806 is in lat. 28° 25', long. 76° 27'. DOOKOO. — A town in the territory inhabited by the Bor e.i.c. Ms. doc tribes, six miles N.E. from the river Dihona, and 40 miles N.W. from Sudiya, in Assam. Lat. 28° 14', long. 95° 16'. DOOKYN. — A village situate on the right bank of the e.i.c. Mt. uo«. Kuladvne river, in Arracan. Lat. 20° 48', long. 93° 4'. DOOLABAREE, in the British district of Eajeshahye, pre- e.i.c. ms. doc. sidency of Bengal, a town on the river Attree. Distance from Baulea, N., 25 miles ; from Berhampore, by Baulea, 55 ; from Calcutta, by Berhampore, 180. Lat. 24° 42', long. 88° 42^. DOOLALGUNJE. — A town in the British district of Pur- b.i.c. Mf.Di)c. neah, presidency of Bengal, 17 miles N.E. of Pumeah. Lat. 25° 53', long. 87° 48'. DOOLAPOOB, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieu- Garden, Tabiea of tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on ^"'^•' ^• the route from the cantonment of AUygurh to that of Myn- 191 DOO. pooree, and 17 miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is rather good ; the country low, level, and but partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 22', long. 78° 55'. DO OLA SEEA, in the British district of Boolundshuhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Delhi, « Oftrden, Tablet and 43 milcs^ N.W. of the former. The road in this part of " *** * the route is good ; the country level, with partial cultivation, and in some places patches of jungle. Lat. 28° 24', long. 77° 48'. B.i.G.Mt. Doc DOOLEE. — A town in the British district of Tirhoot, pre- sidency of Bengal, 41 miles N.E. of Dinapoor. Lat. 25° 59*, long. 85° 38'. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. DOOLKOTE. — A village in the British district of Delhi, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, on the route from Delhi to Rewaree, and 22 miles S.W. of the former. Lat. 28° 26', long. 77° 1'. DOOLOO. — See Bubbundab. E.I c. Ms. Doc DOOLOOEIA, in the British territory of Saugor and Ner- budda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hoosungabad to Numulla, 11 miles S.W. of the former. Lat. 22° 37', long. 77° 40'. B.I.C.MS.DOC DOOLUBA, in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Goruckpoor to the Nepal territory, 46 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 27° 20', long. 83° 15'. B.I.C. Mi. Doe. DOOMAH, in the British district of Saugor and Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Numulla to Baitool, 62 miles S.W. of the latter. Lat. 21° 30', long. 77° 39'. Ej.o. Ms.Doc DOO MAHAN. — ^A town in the native state of Nepal, 44 miles S.E. from Khatmandoo, and 76 miles N.E. from Bettia. Lat. 27° 11', long. 85° 42'. B.i.c. Ms. Doc. DOOMALUNG. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, 110 miles E. from Dargeeling, and seven miles from the left bank of river Bagnee. Lat. 26° 52', long. 90° 8'. E.1C.MS.D0C DOOMKOT, in the British district of Gurhwal, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bijnour to Sireenuggur, 13 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 30° 4', long. 78° 50'. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc DOOMUEEEAHGUN J,i in the Britbh district of Goruck- 192 DOO. poor, lieutenant-govemorehip of the North- Went Provinces, a small town 52 miles N.W. of the cantonment of Goruckpoor. Buchanan^ describes it at the time of his survey, forty years 'Surrey of ago, as containing " 175 huts, very poor, but forming a straight h.s87. wide street. It has been surrounded by a ditch and a hedge of bamboos, now neglected. It is finely situated on the banks of the Itaptee, but does not possess one boat except for ferry." Distant N. from Allahabad and Benares 135 miles. Lat. 27° Itf, long. 82*=* 43'. DOONA GIREE, in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- bj.c.m..doc tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Almora to Sireenuggur, 19 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 29° 48', long. 79° SC. DOONABA. — A town in the native state of Joudpore, on e.i.c. Ms. doo. the left bank of the Loonee river, and 33 miles S.W. from Joadpore. Lat. 25° 55', long. 72° 52'. DOONDA. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or b.i.c. Mt. Doe, dominions of the Nizam, situate four miles from the right bank of the Payne Gungah river, and 170 N.W. from Hyderabad. Lat. 19° 50', long. 78° 15'. DOONDEB, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- ri.c. Mi. doc. governorship of the North-West Provinces, a considerable Tillage on the route by Nanakmath to Buderpoor, from the town of Pillibheet, 28 miles N.W. of the latter. It is situate two miles E. of the left bank of the river Sookhee. Lat. 28° 58', long. 79° 43'. DOONDIA KHEB.-~See Datodiakheba. DOONEE,^ in the territory of Jeypoor, in Bajpootana, a » e.i.c. if». doc populous town,^ though of moderate size. It is surrounded by * BrouBhton, L«t- a mud wall, and, though not provided with cannon, was in 1809 ^Jl/'cwn* ,*wl!' BO resolutely defended as to baffle all the ill-directed efforts of Doulut Bao Scindia to take it. Distant from Jeypoor 8. 70 miles. Lat. 25° 53', long. 75° 47'. BOONGA,* or TUPI DOONGA,^ in the British district i k.i.c. Mt. doc. of Kumaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a halting-place on the route, by the Unta Dhura Pass, from Almora fort to Hiundes or South-western Tibet, 144^ miles * Garden, Ttbipt N.E. of Almorah. It is a singularly desolate place, about four ^ **" miles S. of the crest of the pass, and eight miles S. of the * -rv *^ , . 'TnblesofRoutcf, * Doon of GardoD.' 55. S n 193 DOO. * Journ. As. Soc. Ben;{. 184S, No. 184, pp. 8.H, 87. B.I.C. Ma. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. Chinese frontier. There is no village, but merely a rery indifferent encamping-ground, close to the junction of the Gunka and Lusher, two streams descending during summer in a southern direction, from the snow and ice about the pass. Even firewood must be brought from three miles lower down to the southward. The elevation^ above the sea, according to Barron's estimate, from the boiling-water point, is 15,450 feet. Lat. 30° 32', long. 80° IT. DOONGERPOEE.— See DoiTGrBPOOR. DOONGEA, in the British district of Kumaon, Heutenant- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village with a small Hindu temple, a mile from the left bank of the Lohoogbat river, and two from its confluence with the Kalee (Eastern). Lat. 29° 20^, long. 80° 19'. DOOPUND.—A town in the British district of Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 120 miles W. of Masulipatsffii. Lai 15° 56', long. 79° 26'. DOORAMOW.— A town in the native state of Oude, 60 miles S.E. from Lucknow, and 55 miles N.E. from Puttehpoor. Lat. 26° 17', long. 81° 41'. DOOREHA. — A town in the native state of Punnah, in Bundelcund, 26 miles S.E. from Punnah, and 96 miles N.E. from Jubbulpoor. Lat. 24° 27', long. 80° 33'. DOORGADAS,! iu the British district of Cawnpore, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Allahabad to Etawah, and 72 miles^ S.E of the latter. The road in this part of the route is bad, running through deep narrow ravines. Lat. 26° 11', long. 79° 57'. DOORGEENUGRA, in the jaghire of Eampoor, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Bareillj to Moradabad, and 38 miles N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good, and passes through an open, fertile, and highly-cultivated country. Lat. 28° 44', long. 79° 8'. DOORHATTA.— A town in the British district of Hoogly, presidency of Bengal, 32 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 54', long. 88° 5'. » E.I.C. Mi. Doc. DOORUNDA,* in the British district of Chota Nagpoor, presidency Bengal, a cantonment on the route from Hazaree- S.LC. Ma. Doc* I E.I.C. Mt. Doc. « Garden, Tablet of Routes, 82. Garden, Tables of Routes, 80. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DOO— DOE. bagh to Sambulpoor, 60 miles* S. of former, 170 N. of latter. « Garden, TW)i«t At the cantonment* is stationed the principal part of the SB^ngaTl^^' Bamgurh light infantry and four guns, and two squadrons of ^»" ®"***<^ ^^'» local horse. A mile and a half north of the cantonment is the civil station of Kishenpoor, where is the Sudder or head estabhshment of the Governor- General's agent for the South- West Provinces. Doorunda is in lat. 23° 24', long. 85° 20'. DOOEWAI, or DHOOEWYE,i* in Bundelcund, a small » Ri.c.Mi.Doc town, the principal place of the jaghire of the same name, which contains* an area of eighteen square miles, eight villages, * oe cmx, Pou and a population of 3,000 souls.* Its chief has an annual ModlrPoi^bbp. revenue of 15,000 rupees, and maiiitains a small military force '• ^^9- im*. of eight horse and 230 foot. The jaghire is held from the East-India Company by sunnud or grant,^ dated in 1823. This * De cms, 25«. raj was formerly tributary to Jhansi ; but in 1821 the jaghire- dars were induced to relinquish their claim to certain \dllageB which had been resumed by Jhansi, in lieu of the annual tribute, which was calculated at 3,500 rupees per annum. Doorwai is 63 miles S.W. of Calpee. Lat. 25° 28', long. 79° 7'. DOOSTPOOE,! t in the territory of Oude, a town on the ' b.i.c. mlDoc route from the cantonment of Gk)ruckpoor to that of Sultan- poor, 84 miles 2 W. of the former, 26 E. of the latter. Here * Garden, Tablet is a cantonment for three of the king of Oude's battalions. °' ^**"^«^ ^^' Supplies are abundant. The road in this part of the route is rough and bad. J Lat. 26° 18', long. 82° 30'. DOOVAH. — A town in the British district of Masulipatam, e.i.c. Mt. Doc. presidency of Madras, 54 miles N.E. of Masulipatam. Lat. 16° 47', long. 81° 41'. DOB, a small river of the Punjab, rises in lat. 34° 27', long, von Hugpi, in. 66. 73° r, in the mountains west of Mazufurabad, which divide ^^•"^' "* "^• the valley of the Indus from that of the Jhelum. It holds a westerly course of about fifty miles, and, uniting with the Sirrun, falls into the Indus on the eastern side, near Torbela, in lat. 34° 8', long. 72° 50'. DOEAHA. — A town in the native state of Bhopal, 18 miles eic. m«. doc • Doorwai of Franklin's Ms. Map ; Dhoorwye of De Cruz, t FriendBtown ; from Dost, "friend," and Par, "town." X Thi8 place appears to he the rame as Dostpur, noUced hy Batter.' * '^^^"^^'^ "*' O 2 »» " ' ' DOR— DOU. N.W. from Bhopal, and 111 miles S.W. from Saugur. Lat. 23° 21', long. 77° 10'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc DORAVEED. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 60 miles W. from Hyderabad, and 37 miles E. from Mulkair. Lat. 17° 18', long. 77° 60'. E-i.c. M». Doc. DORENALL. — A town in the British district of Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 139 miles "W. of Masulipatam. Lat. 15° 65', long. 79° 10'. DOTUNUH.— See Deothan. DOUBLE ISLAND.— Situated off the coaat of the Tenas- serim provinces, 14 miles S. of Moulmein. Lat. 15° 62', long. 97° 4jy, K.I.C. Ms. Doc DOUDCANDEE.— A town in the British district of Tip- perah, presidency of Bengal, 22 miles S.E. of Dacca. Lat. 23° 31', long. 90° 41'. E.i.c. Mi. Doc. DOUDPOOE. — A town in the British district of Beerboom, presidency of Bengal, 20 miles S. of Moorshedabad. Lat. 23° 64', long. 88° 15'. » E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DOUJA,^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route, by Rajapoor ferry, from the cantonment of Allahabad to « oard«»n. Tables Ban da, and 20 miles ^ W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad ; the country level and well cultivated. Lat. 25° 23', long. 81° 35'. E.I.C. &i». Doc. DOULANG. — A town in the British district Amherst, in the province of Tenasserim, presidency of Bengal, 38 miles N.E. of Moulmein. Lat. 16° 42', long. 98° 14'. » E.I.C. M«. Doc DOULEE.^ — A river rising in a spring on the southern face of the Niti Ghaut, in lat. 30° 67', long. 79° 64', leading from the British district of Kumaon to Tibet. The crest of the « Qunrterij Jour, ghaut, from which the watcp flows southward, is 16,814 feet' of Science, Llteni- i_ j i i ^i i» -j. • ture. and the Art^ aoovc the sca, yet was there no appearance ot snow on it m ix.69— wvbb.Ac- tiie middle of August, nor even in the middle of October, count of Jon raej ° ' Into Thibet. though the cold was then found very severe.* Passing by the Ben^.'^iHss! p. 3^1.1 village of Niti, it holds a course generally south for nineteen -B««1"' vuit to miles, as far as Mularee, in lat. 30° 42', long. 79° 65', 10,290 feet above the sea. As it is principally fed by rills running 4 ^^ ^^ ^„ ^^ down the sides of the mountains inclosing the valley or vast - Moorcn.ft, gorge dowu which it flows, those supplies are suspended^ by Manonrovara. ° Congelation during the night, and released by the heat of the 196 DOU. 8un during the day, bo that the river is invariably much fuller towards evening than in the morning. From Mulareo the Poulee flows south-west about twenty miles to Tupookun, in lat. 30° 29', long. 79° 42^, and 6,182 feet above the sea. At Tupookun the river turns north-west for eight miles, to its confluence with the Vishnoo at Vishnooprag, in lat. 30° 88', long. 79° 38', and 4,743 feet above the sea. The united stream of the Doulee and Vishnoo is named the Aluknunda down- wards from the confluence ; and the origin of the Doulee in the Niti Ghat is the remotest source of the Gauges, except that of the Jahnuvi. DOULEE (river of Kumaon). — See Dhouli. DOULUTPOOE,! in the British district of Cawnpore, lieu- » E.i.c.Mf.Doc. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Calpee to Pertabgurh, and three miles^ N. of • oardMi. TaWet the former. "Water is abundant here, but supplies must be ° "^ brought from Calpee. Lat. 26° 9', long. 79° 49'. DOULUTPOOB, in the British district of Suharunpoor, e.i.c. THgon. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village oardin TaWet on the route from Suharunpoor to Huridwar, and 27 miles E. *»' Ruui«a, »i8. of the former town. There is a bazar here, and an abundant sapply of water. The road in this part is very sandy and heavy. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 938 miles. Lat. 30'' 6', long. 77° 57'. D0TJLUTP00E.1— A village in Sinde, situate near the left » waikar. Map of bank of the Indus. It forms part of the district of Bhoonj ' "*" ^^' Bhara,^ and was comprised in the transfer of territory made by » corrwponrtcnca the British in 1843, from the ameers of Khyerpoor to Mahomed ^" ®'"**'' ^' '^' Bhawl Khan, in reward of his steady friendship. Lat. 28° 19', long. 69° 45'. DOUNDEE AKEIEA. — A town in the native state of Oude, e.i.c. m.. doc on the left bank of the Ganges, and 50 miles S.W. from Luck- now. Lat. 26° 11', long. 80° 45'. DOITB VALLEY, situated in Bunnoo Murwut, of the Daman division of the Punjaub, is 80 miles W. of Kala Bagh, and 102 S.W. from Kohaut. Lat. 32° 55', long. 70° 10'. DOUEAHAH SERIE,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route »Ei.c.Mf.Doc from Kumaul to Loodiana, and 14 miles S.W. of the latter. It consists of a few hovels,'-^ scattered at the base of a slight « B«rr, journ. eminence, surmounted by a caravanserai ; but the remains of JX||^*'*** '** 107 DOU— DOW. l£.I.C. M». Doc E.I.C. Tiigon. Surv, Garden, Tables of Routes, 897. B.I.O. Ms. Doo. E.I.C. Ht. Doc temples and tombs prove it to have been formerly more con- siderable. There is a small bazaar, and water is abundant. The road in this part of the route is good. Distant N."W". from Calcutta 1,075 miles. Lat. 80° 48', long 76° 8'. DOUEALA, in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Meerut to that of Suhanmpoor, and eight miles N. of the former place. It is situate in an open and partially-cultivated country, from which water and supplies can be obtained. The road in this part of the route is good. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 938 miles. Lat. 29° 7', long. 77° 46'. DOWDAUND.— A town in the British district of Bhagul- poor, presidency of Bengal, 44 miles S.W. of Bajmahal. Lat. 24° 39', long. 87° 17'. DO WLASEEUM.— A town in the British district of Eajah- mundry, presidency of Madras, four miles S. of Bajahmundry. Lat. 16° 67', long. 81° 50'. » E.I.C. Mt. Doc DOWLUTABAD,! • in Hyderabad, or the territory of the Nizam, a town with a celebrated fortress, near the north-west frontier. The fortifications of the town or pettah, which, how- ever, are utterly contemptible, communicate on the east side with those of the stupendous fortress. This stronghold con- sists of a conical hill, or rather vast rock of granite, scarped all round to a complete perpendicular, for a height of about 150 feet from the base. The summit of this conical rock is a small platform, not many feet in width, on which is mounted a brass twenty-four pounder ; and there is also a staff, on which flies the flag of the Nizam. The upper and conical part of the hill is not accessible by any stairs or passage externally visible, but at the base of the scarp an opening gives admission into a low narrow passage, hewn in the solid stone, and leading to a large vault, excavated in the interior of the hill. Prom this chamber, a ramp or gallery, gradually sloping upwards, and also exca- vated in the solid rock, winds round in the interior. This ramp or ascending gallery, which has a height and breadth of about twelve feet, terminates above in a recess on the top of * Dsulatabad of the Persian writers : Prosperity-town ; from Daiilat^ " prosperity," and Abad, " dwelling." 198 DOW. the rock, about twenty feet square. At the base of the bill, througbout its wbole circuit, is a ditcb, passable tbrougbout its trbole extent only bj one causeway, constructed of stone so narrow as to admit tbe passage of only two men abreast, and defi^ded on the side towards the rock by a battlemented build- ing. At a short distance outside the ditch is a minaret, apparently 100 feet high, said to be erected in commemoration of the first capture of this place by the Mahomedans. On the slope of the hUl, Mid about 100 yards from the summit, is a cistern, hewn in the rock, and holding, it is conjectured, about forty hogsheads. The perpendicular height of the hill above the surrounding plain is about 500 feet. It is altogether isolated, being about 3,000 yards from the nearest hills, which are situate to the north and west. The original name of this place was Deoghur ; and it received that of I>owlutabad from the Emperor Mohammed, son of Togh- luk Shah, who proposed to make it the capital^ of the imperial * Eiphinttone, state, to the supersession of Delhi, and who sought to force the 394^. inhabitants of the latter city to fix their abode in the former. The attempt, however, was abortive. It may be added, that the present state of Dowlutabad does not exhibit any appearance of the prosperity or good fortune indicated by its name. Dowlatabab is distant from Aurungabad, K.W., 10 miles ; Hyderabad, N.W., 280 ; Bombay, N.E., 170. Lat. 19^ 57', long. 75^ 18'. DOWLPOOEEE.— See Dholpuei. DOWLUTaUNGE.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. MlDoc Nuddea, presidency of Bengal, 21 miles E. of Kishnuggur. Lat. 23° 25', long. 88° 50'. DOWLUTGHJEH.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Odey- e.i.c. Mf.Doc poor, six miles from the right of the Koree river, and 57 miles S.W. from Nusseerabad. Lat. 25° 37', long. 74° 25'. DOWLUTPOOE.— A town in the British district of Hydra- e.i.c. Mi. doc. bad, in Scinde, presidency of Bombay, 10 miles from the left bank of the Indus, and 78 miles N. of Hydrabad. Lat. 26° 29', long. 68° 5'. DOWLUTPOOE.— A town of Malwa, in the native state eic. mlDoc of Bhopal, 41 miles S.W. from Bhopal, and 55 miles "W. from Hoosung^ad. Lat. 22° 58', long. 76° 54'. 1119 DOW— DEO. B.I.C. Mt-Doa DOWN A. — A town in the native state of Nagpoop, op dominions of the rajah of Berar, 133 miles N.W. from Sum- bulpoor, and 21 miles S. from Euttnnpoor. Lat. 21° 57', long. 82° 2'. » E.I.C. Ms. Doc. DOWSAH, OP DEOSUE,! in the Eajpoot state of Jeypore, « Garden, Tfcbiet on the pouto fpom Agpa to Ajmep, 110 miles^ W. of formep, 118 E. of latter. It is of considepable size, and is built on one » Heber. Narrat. side of a pocky hiU, having a flat summit,* " neaply * foup miles * Thorn, Mem. of ^^L cipcumference, which, besides being difficult of access, is sup- war in India, mouutcd with a Wall picpced with loopholes, and having two lapge bastions at the bottom, on one side of the pock.*' It is » Boiieau, Narrat. at ppeseut uscd as a stato prison* by the govepnment of Jey- waraTioo? ^' popo. The towu is suppounded by a puinous wall of stone, and contains one fine old Hindoo temple, sevepal smallep ones, a mosque, and some large and pichly-capved houses, but all verging to decay. Thepe ape also many handsome tombs. Lat. 26° 5(y, long. 76° 29'. DO YANG. — A pivep of Eastepn India, pisingon the frontier of the native state of Muneepoop, in lat. 25° 36', long. 94° 7', and, flowing in a noptheply dipection through the British teppi- topy inhabited by the Naga tribes, falls into the Dhunaeepee pivep in lat. 26° 7', long. 93° 69'. Mooreroft, li. DEAS, OP DUEAS, in Ladakh, at a shopt distance nopth of vigne)ii.so8. *^® nopthcpu fpontiep of Cashmepe, is a collection of villages, with a fort, in a valley of the same name, thpough which lies the poute fpom Le to Cashmere by the Bultul Pass. Thpough the middle of the valley flows the rivep Dras, which, rising in the Bultul OP Kantal Pass, a little to the south, flows nopth- wapd to the Indus, which it joins opposite the village of Mopol, in lat. 34° 44', long. 76° 20'. Dpas is 9,000 feet above the sea, and in lat. 34° 23', long. 75° 64'. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc DEAUPA,^ in the peninsula of Kattywap, ppovince of Guzepat, a town situate in the distpict of Hallap. Thepe ape s Jacob, Report on Seventeen ^ villages annexed to it, and the total population is ' ' estimated at 4,000. An annual tpibute of 4,000 pupees is paid to the British government. Distance fpom Ahmedabad S."W. 170 miles. Lat. 22°, long. 70° 13'. E.I.C. Ma. Doc. DEOOG. — A town in the native state of Berar, op territory of the pajah of Nagpoop, 141 miles E. fpom Nagpoop, and 22 miles W, from Eyepoop. Lat. 21° 11', long. 81° 20'. aoo DRO— DUB. DBOOEAJAPATAM, or DOOGOORAUZEPATAM,i» » e.i.c.m..doc in the British district of Nellore, presidency of Madras, a town on the Coromandel Coast, on the western shore' of the » TH^on. Bmyej, northern inlet forming communication between Pulicat Lake waiklr. no.tt. and the Bay of Bengal. South-east of the outward or seaward ^*p ®' '*]« ^*^*^ ^ ^ from MadrM to mouth of the inlet, ^* is a space^ from three to four miles wide, DooKooratpatuo, now called Blackwood Harbour, with soundings fjx)m four and rnd*Amiegh*m* a half fathoms near the shore, to six or seven fathoms con- sho«i. by d« tigooos to the edge" of Armegon Shoal, which shelters it in < HonburKh, certain directions, while Fundi Point and shoal, and the main- ^'*{"^.'^*'**" land, protect it on other points ; so that ships may lie here in Bruce, Annais of safety ; and it is stated^ by Captain Maxwell, assistant marine companj, i. seo. nirreyor-general, that "it is the only place on the Coromandel yj^'^^^illJ™** Coast which offers the least protection to ships during an easterly gale." " During the north-east monsoon, or stormy season, the sea breaks very high on the shallow ridge of the shoal, rendering the harbour within comparatively smooth." It has recently been determined* to connect this town with • ind\A Pub. nisp. the city of MLadras, by means of an extension of the navigable ' line of communication through the Pulicat Lake. Distance from Madras, N., 60 miles; Nellore, S., 34. Lat. Id"" 59', long. 80^ 13'. DUB, in the Punjab, a pass over a mountain on the route p ^on Hugei, from Attock to Cashmere, by the Baramula road. While under the dominion of the Sikhs, it was infested by free- booters, who held possession of the fort of Futighur, and spread terror over the whole vicinity. But Hari Singh, an inb^pid and energetic Sikh chieftain, attacked them, drove them out of a jungle where they took refuge, by firing it, and put the whole body to the sword. The Dub Pass is situate on the water-line dividing the feeders of the Kishengunga, and consequently of the Jhelum, on the east side, from those of the Indus on the west. Lat. 84° 17', long. 73° 21'. DrBAEEE.— A town on the right bank of the Brahma- E.T.a mi. noc pootra, in the British district of Goalpara, presidency of Bengal, 46 miles S.W. of Gloalpara, Lat, 26°, long. 89° 56'. DtJBBAE, or DABHA, an estuary of the Indus, being one * DognjpmttaDAm of Taarin ; AnnegoD of the British writers generally; Dunspatam of Horshurgh. 201 DUB— DUD. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Statbtics of N.W. Prov. 59. £.1 C. Ms. Doc. Garden, Tablcfl of Routes, &9. B.I.C. Us. Doc < E.I.C. Ms. Doc. Further Papers respecting wa- ller, presented to Parliament April, 1844. pp. 144, l&A. s Garden, Tabtos of Routes, 23. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. £,I.C. Mf . Doc. of the numerous outlets bj which the Indus ]*eaches the sea. The mouth of the Dubbar is in lat. 24° 21', long. 67° 17'. DUBBOI.— See Dhubbooee. DUBHAE,* in the British district of Boolundshuhur, liea- tenant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Buddaon to Delhi, 69 miles S.E. of the latter. Population2 7,837 souls. Lat. 28° 13', long. 78° 21'. DUBKA. — A river rising in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, on the southern declivity of the Gbgur or Ghutgarh mountain, in lat. 29° 27', long. 79° 26'. It holds a south-westerlj course for twenty miles, as far as the village of Burooa, where, in lat. 29° 20', long. 79° 13', it finally passes from the mountains into the plain ; and for this distance the valley down which it flows forms the direct route from Almora to Moradabad. In this part of its course, it is fordable at all seasons. From Burooa it takes a nearly southerly direction for about ninety miles, and falls into the Western Bamgunga in lat. 28° 24', long. 79° 17'. Below Burooa, it bears the name of Ooogha, and still lower down, that of Nahul. DUBOKA. — A town in the British district of Nowgong, Lower Assam, presidency of Bengal, 73 miles E. of Gk)whatty. Lat. 26° 6', long. 92° 63'. DUBBA,^ in territory of G-walior, or possessions of Scindia, a village on the route from the fort of Gwalior to Saugor, 332 miles S. of former, 169 N.W. of latter. There is water from wells and a small stream, and supplies are procurable. Lat. 25° 63', long. 78° 20'. DUBWALLEE, in the British district of Bhutteeana, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hansi to the Punjab, 96 miles N.W. of tbe former. Lat. 29° 67', long. 74° 49'. DUCHO. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the left bank of a branch of the Bori Gunduk river, and 32 miles N. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 9', long. 85° 13'. DUD AN A. — A town in the province of Guzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, situate on the left bank of the Bunnaaa river, 39 miles S.W. from Deesa. Lat. 23° 49', long. 71° 42*. DUD COOSY, a river tributary to the Coosy, rises in Nepal, in lat. 27° 69', long. 86° 31, and, flowing in a southerly 203 DTJD— DUG. direction for about fifty miles through Nepal, falls into the Coosj, in lat, 27° 2Qf, long. S(f SOf. DUDDEK — ^A town in the British district of Belgaum, e.i.o. ms. doc presidency of Bombay, 10 miles N.W. of the town of Belgaum. Lat. 16° 2f, long. 74° SQf. DUDDI AN WALLA, in the Daman division of the Punjab, E.La Mi. Doc. ft town situated on the left bank of the Khoorum river, 56 miles N. of the town of Dera Ismael Khan. Lat. 82° 35', long. 70° 62'. DUDDIJE.--A town in the British district of Hydrabad, e.i.c m..doc in Sinde, presidency of Bombay, 70 miles N.E. of Hydrabad. Lat. 26° lO', long. 69° 8'. DUDEEOO, in the Eajpoot state of Beekaneer, a village Boiieau, Rijwmm, on the route from Butungurh to the town of Beekaneer, 60 miles £. of the latter. It contains 130 houses, and has a sapply of exceUent water from a well 196 feet deep. Lat. 27° 57', long. 74° 24'. DUDHOA, in the jaghire of Jhujhur, lieutenant-governor- Garden, T*bie» of ^ip of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from ^**"'®*» ^^^* Hansee to Neemuch, and 52 miles S. of the former. Water is good and abundant ; there are a few shops, and supplies are procurable after due notice. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 28° 28', long. 76° 17'. DTJDKUNDA. — ^A town in the native state of Nepal, on e.i.c. ui. doc the right bank of a branch of the San Coosy river, and 48 miles N.E. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 27° 54', long. 86° 1'. DUEFLAPOOB. — A town in the native state of Juth, one e.i.c. ms. Doc. of the Sattara jaghires, 87 miles N.E. from Belgaum, and 84 miles S.E. from Sattara. Lat. 17°, long. 75° 8'. DUQ-. — A town of the Eajpoot state of Jhallawur, formerly belonging to Holkar, but transferred in 1818, by the treaty of Mimdeesor, to the ruler of Kotah, upon the partition of whose dominions it was allotted to the division of Jhallawur. Lat. 23° 55', long. 75° 55'. DUaDUaEE,! in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieu- » E.i.a Mi. Doc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Ganges, 882 ^ miles from Calcutta by the * Garden, TaWet river, 74 miles above Allahabad, 22 miles E. of the town of ""^ ^""***' Futtehpoor by land. Lat. 25° 56', long. 81° 15'. DTJGSHAI, in Sirraoor, a sanatarium for troops, between Bengal, sepuaas. DTJH— DUL. 1 Gubblnt, Report on Euwa, 48. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. > Garden, Tablet of Route** 44. Garden Tablet of Routes, 04. E.I.C. Mt. Doe. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. * E.I.C. Ms. Doc. * Garden, Tablet of Ruute twenty miles north-east of Kurrachee, in lat. 25° 4', long. l« Ho«te Hep. on ^^ ■' ^ ^ Country between 67^ 16', and, after a southerly course estimated at eighteen Sehwnn and miles, falls into the river Mularee, in lat. 24° 52', long. 67° 15'. ^""^«^*'«»- About ten miles above its mouth it is crossed by the route from Kurrachee to Sehwan, and is at that point, during the rainy season, a small stream. In the dry season, the channel has no stream, though water may be obtained by digging in 205 DTJM. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. • Buchanan, Sur- rey of Eastirn India, Hi. 03. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc. ' Von Orllch, Tnivplfl in India, Ji. 180. • Heber, Narrat. Joum. 1. 35. > Von Hu^, 1.804. » I. 254. > E.I.C. Ms. Doc « Garden, Tables of Routes, 162. > Beniml Mil. Disp. 12/an 1853. the bed. The place where it is crossed bj the road, as above mentioned, is called the Damba Camp. The road there is generally good, and forage maj be obtained in considerable quantities. DUMDTJHA,^ in British district Pumeah, presidency of Bengal, a town 22 miles W. of the town of Pumeah. It is situate on the west or right bank of the river Cosy, is the principal place of a pergana of the same name, and has 1,800 houses; which number, according to the usually received average^ of inmates to houses, would assign it a population of 6,500. Lat. 26° 41', long. 87° 11'. DUMDUM,^ in the British district called the Twenty-fonr Pergunnahs, a town, formerly the head quarters* of artillery for the presidency of Bengal. In its vicinity is the cannon- foundry, of which a military' writer thus speaks : " This cannon- foundry is in every respect better contrived than that of Woolwich. It contains a boring-room in which twelve brass guns may be bored at the same time, for the government pro- cures the iron guns from Europe. During the time I was there, six guns were cast ; and the arrangements are such, that three times the number might have been manufactured." The church " is a very* pretty building, divided into aisles by- two rows of Doric pillars, and capable of containing a nume- rous congregation." Distant from Barrackpore, S.E., 10 miles ; Calcutta, N.E., eight miles. Lat. 22° 38', long. 88° 30'. DUMDUM.^ — A valley in Cashmere, with a pass over the mountains which inclose that country to the south. This pass, situate between the mountains Euti Panjal and Pir Panjal, is generally called the Pir Panjal Pass, but sometimes the Nandan Sar Pass. It is 11,800 feet above the sea, and through it lies the route into Cashmere from the Punjab, by Bajawur. The river Bembeara rises about the summit of the pass, and, flowing north-east, falls into the Yehut or Jhelum, whicb drains the whole of Cashmere. It is called the Huripur river by Vigne.' Lat. 33° 45', long. 76°. DUMDUMA,» in the British district of Allahabad, lieute- nant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the left bank of the Ghmges, 788' miles N.W. of Calcutta by * Now removed to Meerat.' 206 DUM. the rirer route, 16 S.E. of the city of Allahabad by the same, liat. 25° 19^, long. 82° 9'. DUMDUMA, in the British district of Baraset, presidency e.i.c. Ms. doc. of Bengal, a village with a police-station, on the Isamutti, an o£^t of the Ganges. Distance from Calcutta, E., 42 miles. I^at. 22° 28', long. 89° 3'. PTJMDUMMA.— A town in the British district of Dinaje- e-io. U: Doc. poor, presidency of Bengal, 96 miles E. of Bhagulpore. Lat. 25° 18', long. 88° 31'. PTJMDXJMINEAH.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. Ms. Doc Shagulpoor, presidency of Bengal, 20 miles S.W. of Bajmahal. liSt. 24° 55', long. 87° 31'. DUM JA. — ^A town in the native state of Nepal, on the left e.i.c. us. doc. bank of the San Coos river, and 36 miles N.W. from Khat- mandoo. Lat. 27° 25', long. 86° 46'. DUMKETEA, — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i c. ms. doc territory of the rajah of Berar, 173 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 94 mUes S.E. from Eamgurh. Lat. 21° 39', long. 81° 45'. PUMMO W,^ in the British territory of Saugor and Ner- > e.!.c. m». doc budda, a town near the common boundary of Malwa and Gkxnd* vaoa, the principal place of a pergunnah of the same name,^ * satiitict of on the route from Jubbulpoor to Saugor, 65-' miles N.W. of j Garden, TnWei former, 46 E. of latter. It has a large bazar, and water is ®' ^<»^^^ *«• abundant from wells. The area* of this pergunnah is 1,554,058 acres. Of this ex- * staUrtici of ^ , T T 1 J ^'W. Prov. 179. tent, 807,451 are malgoozaree, or assessed to the land revenue, 406,078 of the land so assessed being cultivated ; the remaining 401,373 being capable of cultivation, but not actually cultivated. Of the land unassessed, 215,685 are lakhiraj, or legally exempt from assessment, and 530,922 acres are barren. The jumma, or total land revenue, was for 1847, 4,65,509 rupees ; being at the rate of £s. 4a. 9p. per acre on the total area, Bs. 9a. 2p. on the malgoozaree, and B«. 1 2a. 4p. on the cultivated portion. The total population at the period of the latest return was 363,584. The Hindoos greatly predominate; the numbers b^g, agricultural, 282,079; non-agricultural, 69,416; total, 351,495 ; while those of all other denominations amount only to — agricultural, 3,626 ; non-agricultural, 8,463 ; total, 12,089. Li 1848, the European civil establishment here consisted of one deputy commissioner of the first class, and one sub* DUM-DTJN. * Garden, Tables of Routes, 40. B.I.C. UiuDoe. B.I.C. Mf. Doc Oenlen, Tiiblet of Route*, 15. B.I.C. H». Doc. E.I.C. Ml. Doc * E.I.C. Mb. Doc. * Garden, Tablet of Routes, 160. * Voyages, iiL 907. * Id. Hi. 311. E.I.C. Ms. Doc assistant surgeon. The town of Dummow is distant from Calcutta, vid Allahabad, 776 miles.* Lat. 23° 6(y, long. 79° Sff, DUMOH.— See Dummow. DUMPA. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, 146 miles N.E. from Dargeeling, and 130 miles N. from Goalpara. Lat. 28°, long. 90° 27'. DUMUL. — A town in the British district of Dharwar, pre- sidency of Bombay, 52 miles S.E. of Dharwar. Lat. 15° 18*, long. 75° 50'. DUNAHAB, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to the cantonment of Myn- pooree, and nine miles W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is in many places laid under water during the periodical rains in the latter part of summer ; at other times it is tolerably good. The country is level, and partially culti- vated. Lat. 27° 14', long. 78° 58'. DUNDEESEUH.— See Debesuba. DUNDOOKA, in the British district of Ahmedabad, pre- sidency of Bombay, a town 62 miles S.W. of the dty of Ahmedabad, 100 N.W. of Surat. Lat. 22° 20', long. 71° 66'. DUNDOKUH.— See Dendowba. DUNGAVA. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or the dominions of the rajah of Berar, situate on the left bank of the Hutsoo river, and 208 miles S.W. from Sherghotty. Lat. 22° 28', long. 82° 34'. DUNGHYE,! in the British district Behar, presidency of Bengal, a small town on the route from Hazareebagh to Benares, 43 miles ^ N.W. of former, 146 S.E. of latter. It is situate at the north-west extremity of the pass of the same name, at the bottom of the descent by which ^he road passes from the high land of Itamgurh to the plains of Behar. The road down this descent is, according to Jacquemont,^ execrable, and indicating great want of care and skill in the government engineers who laid it down. The little town itself has a bazar, and is well supplied with water. Elevation above the sea 660 feet.4 Lat. 24° 27', long. 85°. DUNGKOT.— A town in the native state of Nepal, 84 miles N.E. from Khatmandoo, and 137 miles N.W. from Dar- jeeling. Lat. 28° 10', long. 86° 82'. DUN— DUE. DUNHOEA. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i c. m$ doc. territoiy of tbe rajah of Berar, 102 miles S.E. from Nagpoor, and 67 miles N.E. from Chanda. Lat. 20° 14', long. 80° 21'. DUNKOUR, in the British district of Bolundshuhur, lieu- tenant-goTemorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, situate on the route from Muttra to Delhi by the left bank of the Jumna, and 28 miles S.E. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 21', long. 77° 37'. DUNTOLA. — A town in the British district of Purneea, e.i.c. Ms. Doc. presidency of Bengal, 46 miles N.E. of Purneea. Lat. 26° 9', loDg. 88° 6'. DUN WAB. — A town in the British district of Shahabad, ej.c. Ms. doc presidency of Bengal, 51 miles S. W. of Dinapoor. Lat. 26° 9^, long. 84° 28'. DUPHA PANEE EIVER, a small stream of the Sudiya district of Upper Assam, rises in lat. 27° 38', long. 96° 50', and, flowing in a south-westerly direction for thirty-five miles, falls into the Noh Dihing river near the village of Imjong, in lat. 27° 28', long. 96° 30'. DUPHALA. — A tribe inhabiting the country lying between the main range of the Himalaya Mountains and that known as the Sub-Himalaya, and which is situate to the north of the Luckimpoor district of Upper Assam. The centre of the tract is in lat. 27° 35', long. 93° 45'. DUEA, in the British district of Agra, lieutenant-governor- e.i.c. Ut.Doc. ship of the North-West Provinces, a town close to the western frontier towards Bhurtpoor, 19 miles S.W. of the city of Agra. I^t. 27° 3', long. 77° 48'. DUEABUND, or DEEABUND, in the tract of territory e.i.c. Mi. Doc. on the right bank of the Indus, a small town and fort in the bui^aK*^*' ° Derajat, about 42 miles S.W. of Dera Ismael Khan. It is the ^^^' App.4s. place of rendezvous of the Lohani and other caravans, which every the Dcr«j«t, os. spring depart westward with the annual supply of British and Ji^,j.7.'7*^*'' ^^^' Indian wares for Central Asia. These Lohanis descend, with vijjne, ohiunee, their camels and other cattle, to spend the winter in the mild climate and luxuriant pastures stretching along the western bank of the Indus, and at the same time to furnish themselves with articles suitable for supplying their customers in Afghan- istan and the countries north and west of it ; and they assemble S . p 209 DUE. at Durabund to muster their strength for resisting the preda- tory tribe infesting the roads through which they have to pass. The toT^Ti of Durabund is a small ill-built place, but bearing evidence of having been more prosperous, until ruined by the predatory attacks of the Vaziris and other marauders from the west. The permanent -population is scarcely 1,000. Lat. 81° 35', long. 70° 13'. DURAJEE, in the delta of Sinde, a small town on the Bug- gaur, or great western branch of the Indus. When, about 200 years ago, this branch was navigable from the sea to the main channel of the river, Durajee and Lahory bunder, about two miles lower down, were the principal ports of Sinde, being » E.I.C. Mi. Doc. accessible for vessels of 200 tons burthen.^ The Buggaur,* Hamilton (Alex.), , , /. j j. i. • i.i New Ace. of East- howcver, has now for many years ceased to be navigable »"cii? ' Re on ^^^°S *'^® scasou of low Water in the Indus, and goods landed induf, 1. at Durajee are,* by means of camels, conveyed to Tatta over- ^rne». . j^^j^ ^ distance of thirty miles. Though, during the season of » Burnet. Tatta, Jq^ water, the Buggaur is unnavigable above Durajee, it has 4 Burnet, Bokii. at all times a depth of at least twelve feet^ from that place UL 229. downwards as far as the Pittyanee mouth of the Indus, a distance of twenty-eight miles. This easy access from the sea renders Durajee the port of Tatta and the greater part of the delta, as Kurrachee is the general haven for the upper part of Sinde. The closure of the port of Vikkar, in consequence of • Kennedy, stnde the great alteration which took place in the Hujamaree mouth* J.^. * in 1839, will probably cause an increased resort to Durajee. Lat. 24° 80', long. 67° 30'. » E.I.C. Mt. Doc. DURALAH,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Himiay^T'oJ? Kumal to Lodiaua, and 17 mUes N.W. of the former town. 'Garden. Tablet Distant N.W. from Calcutta 982 miles.^ Lat. 80° 2*, long. of Routet, 17i. ygo 52^ « E.I.C. Mt. Doc, DUEBUH, or DUEBA,* in the British district of Bhut- tiana, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a small town or village near the south-eastern boundary, towards Hurnana. On the restoration of the canal of Feroz Shah in • joum. At. soc. 1825, a branch,* for the purpose of irrigation, was made from — coiJSI^n the* '* ^ Durba, a distance of thirty-two miles. It gives name to Ancient canait in one of the perguunahs or subdivisions of the district. Lat. the Delhi TerrI- ^^- ^^, . '^ J^. ^ ^, tory. 29° 25', long. 75° 12'. DUE. DUBBUNGA,^* in tte British district of Tirhoot, presidency » E.i.a Mt. doc of Bengal, a town on the route from Dinapoor to Pumeah, 70 miles* N.E. of former, 131 W. of latter. It is situate on • Garden, T«biw the banks of the river Buckea, and supplies for troops may be ^ had here in great abundance. Here* is the thana or station of • Bengal and a police division of the same name. Lat. 26° 8', long. 85° 68'. roUh'^Hrt'i'tei: DUEEEAQUNJ, in the British district of Furrukhabad, E.i.c.Mi.i>oc. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the north-western frontier, towards Aligurh, 88 miles N.W. of the city of Furrukhabad. Lat. 27° 37', long. 79° 8'. DUEEEBA. — ^A town in the Eajpoot state of Jeypoor, 60 e.i.c. u*. Doc. miles N. from Jeypoor, and 103 miles N.W. from Bhurtpoor. Lat. 27° S&, long. 76° 69'. BUEEEPOOE.— See Debiapooe. BFEGAON, or DEEGAON,i in the native state of Gnr- » e.i.c. mi. doc whal, a village on the western declivity of a mountain rising gu/^/ ' ***"' from the left bank of the Supin or Tonse, about 2,000 feet above its bed, and a mile above its confluence with the Eoopin. Jacquemont,^ from an observation with the barometer, esti- « voyage, It. iso. mates its elevation above the sea at 7,169 feet. Lat. 31° 4', loDg. 78° 11'. DUEQ-APOOE. — A town in the British district of Mymen- e.i.c. Ms-Doc. WDg, presidency of Bengal, 76 miles S. of Goalpara. Lat. 25° 4', long. 90° 41'. DUEGUK. — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or e.i.c. m*. doc territory of Gholab Singh, 220 miles N.E. from Jamoo, and 189 miles N.E. from Kangra. Lat. 84*» 8', long. 78° 17'. DUEKOTHEE.— See DnooECATTEE. DUELAH.^ — A river of Bengal, rising in Bhootan, in lat. 27°, * e.i.c. Mi. doc long. 88° 43', and, proceeding in a southerly direction for forty miles, reaches the northern boundary of the British district of Binajepore. Flowing through that district south-east for about ten miles, it passes first into the territory of Cooch Behar, and then into the district of Eungpore, and re-entering a second time each of the two last-mentioned tracts, which it * Darbhanga of Tastdn. According to Wilford,^ "Bome learned pandits * As. Res. ix. 71 derive the etymology of Dnr-bnngah from Dwara, or Dewar, and Bangab, ^'■^^ ®° ^""* becanae the door, or gateway of the palace of the king, was destroyed by the river (Bokia) during the rains." p 2 »" DUB. traverses for the aggregate distance of ninety-eigbt miles, it is finally discharged into the Brahmapootra, on the right or west side, in lat. 25° 4(y, long. 89° 45'. Its course throughout is from north-west to south-east, and its total length 148 miles. » Buchanan, During the rainy season, it is navigable' throughout for craft ioZtJiiL 379, ™ of about ten tons burthen, but at other times the upper part is not navigable. As far up as Mogulhat, however, about forty miles from its mouth, it is at all times navigable for craft of ten or twelve tons burthen. E.i.c.Mf.Doc. DUEMAHPOOR. — A town in the native state of Oude, seven miles E. from the left bank of the Gk)gra river, and 86 miles N.E. from Shahjehanpoor. Lat. 28° 11', long. 81° 20'. E.I.C. lit. Doc DURM AWAEAM. — A town in the British disirict of Bel- lary, presidency of Madras, 196 miles N.W. of Madras. Lat. 14° 25', long. 77° 48'. • E.I.C. ut. Doc. DURRAUNGDRA,! in the peninsula of Katty war, pro- vince of Guzerat, a town in the district of Jhalawar, near the northern frontier, towards the Run or Salt Marsh. It was « Trnnmcu. of formerly a place of considerable importance,' but is represented bay, I. {£50— Mae^ ^^ow as rather decayed, though* still numbering 2,000 houses murdo on Katti- j^ g^^^j preservation, and having walls erected at a late period. » ciunci, nine- Its chicf, of the Jhala tribe, is considered one of the most foMvILteml^^iZ ^^^Ited* of that race. The territory to which this place gives ^' name is, in its relations with the British government, con- * Jacob, Report ... on Katteewar, 14. sidercd United to fhe small tallook of Hulwud, conjointly with Id. 40. which it is returned officially as having a population* estimated at 51,709, and paying annually a tribute of 43,909 rupees. In 1828, it was stated that many villages had been deserted, and « ciun«, Append, that from famine* and the inroads of freebooters, the population I nerary, . ^^^ \)een reduccd to little more than a third of its former » Id. 06. amount. There are some manufactures^ of coarse cloth, carpet- ing, and other articles. Distance from Ahmedabad, W., 75 miles ; Baroda, N.W., 125. Lat. 23°, long. 71° 25'. DURROOR. — A town situate in one of the recently sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 36 miles N.W. of Kumool. Lat. 16° 13', long. 77° 44'. E.i.c. Ms. Doc DURRUNG,* in Lower Assam, presidency of Bengal, a town, the chief place of a considerable district of the same name, containing an area of 2,000 square miles, and a popola- DTJBr-DUS. Hon of 80,000 souls.^ The town is sitaate on the right bank > Pariiamratarf of the Brahmapootra, 73 miles S.W. of Bisnath. Lat. 26° 25', ^*"™' ^®"' long. 92° 2'. DURSENDAH. — ^The principal place of the pergunnah of e.i.c. ms. doc the same name, a town on the river Baghin, a tributary of the Jiunna, seven miles S.W. of the right bank of the latter, 89 E. of the town of Banda. Lat. 25° 27', long. 80° 57'. DUEUK. — A town in the native state of Oude, 70 miles E. e.i.c. m». doc. from Fileebheet, and 81 miles N.E. from Shahjehanpoor. Lat. 28° 35', long. 81°. DUEWESHABAD, in the British district of Futtehpoor, e,i.c. Mt. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North-"West Provinces, a town on the route from. Hummerpoor to the town of Futtehpoor, and 14 miles N.W. of the latter. Lat. 26° 1', long. 80° 41'. DUEYAH KHAN, in the Sinde Sagmr Dooab division of e.i.c. ms. doc the Punjab, a town situated near the left bank of the Indus, luid 11 miles E. of the town of Dera Ismael Khan. Lat. 31° 46', long. 71° 5'. DXJSEEA, in the British district of Boolundshuhur, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route irom Alljgurh cantonment to that of Delhi, and 24^ miles N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the ' Garden, TaWet route is good ; the country open, with a sandy soil, scantily ^^ ^**"*"' **• cultivated. Lat. 28° 10', long. 77° 58'. DUSGAON. — ^A town in the British district of Burdwan, e.i.c. ms. Doc. presidency of Bengal, 79 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 30', long. 87° 42'. DUSNUGGUE. — A town in the British district of Silhet, e.i.c. m«. doc presidency of Bengal, 36 miles S. of Silhet. Lat. 24° 25', long. 91° 45'. DUSPULLA.i--One of the Cuttack Mehals, in Orissa, placed * e.i.c. m.. doc under the political superintendence of an agent appoiated by the Governor-General of India. It has an area of 162 square miles, containing a population of 7,290 : its centre is about lat. 20° 25', long. 84° 40'. The timber required for the car of Juggernaut is annually supplied from this petty state, where the sal-tree, of which the car is constructed, grows to a pro- digioUS^ size. 'Calcutta Review, DUSSAEA,^ in Guzerat, or the territory of the Guicowar, a i e.i.c. ms. doc town lying a short distance beyond the northern frontier of 218 DUT. the prant or district of Jhalawar, and near the eastern border of the Run, or great Salt Marsh. With the twenty-five • ciunet. Append, villages anuexed to it, this place is shared^ among several w«»teni*iwiui,fl2. zomindars, members of the same femily, called the maliks of Dussara, who pay annually a tribute of 12,000 rupees to the British government. Distance from Ahmedabad, N.W., 65 miles. Lat. 23° 18', long. 71° 52'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc DUTI, or DIPAL. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the left bank of one of the branches of the Ghogra river, and 101 miles N.E. from Bareilly. Lat. 29° 5', long. 80° 54f. « K.I.C. Trigon. DUTNUGGUE,^ in Bussahir, a large village on the left Lloyd and oermrd, bank of the Sutluj. It is situate where the valley of the fo*""ii'»u '"*** ^^^^HJ expands, and forms a flat of about two miles in length, well watered by canals, and bearing luxuriant crops of rice. • As Rei xy 488 ^* ^ inhabited by about fifty families, of whom one-half are —Gerard, on Brahmins, holding their lands rent free. Elevation above the aimate of Su- ^ ^ ^QO^ feet. Lat. 31° 24', long. 77° 38'. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. DUTTAEEBOODD, in Orissa, a town in the hill semindarry of Jeypoor, 15 miles S.E. from Jeypoor, and 102 miles N.W. from Yizagapatam. Lat. 19°, long. 82° 40'. E.I.O. Mf. Doc DUTTAHUE.— A town in the British district of Nellore, presidency of Madras, 137 miles N.W. of Madras. Lat. 14° 50', long. 79° 22'. « E.i.a M«. Doc DUTTEEAH,^ ♦ in Bundelcund, a town, the principal place of the territory of the same name, lying on the route from « Garden, Tablet Agra^ to Saugor, 125 milcs S.E. of the former, 148 N.W. of of Rouiea, «3. ^j^^ latter. Like most places in Bundelcund, it has a rocky » sieeman, Run- site. It " is surrounded^ by a stonet wall, about thirty feet ^ ' high, with its foundation on a solid rock ; but it has no ditch or glacis, and is capable of little or no defence against cannon." 4 Id. i. 809. Though the streets are narrow^ and intricate, the place has altogether a flourishing aspect, there being many good houses, the residences of the principal zemindars or landl^plders throughout the territory. The residence of the raja is in the town, within the walls of a garden or pleasure-ground, about * Indei to Hap of mIJJ^Too"' '" * ^**^*y* ^^ ^^^^"^ ' Datteah of RenneU ;» Dutteah of D'Cruz and ' Transacts. Ro/. Garden ; Dattiya of Franklin.* *8^hL!n!ioi, + According to Mundy,» "a beautifuUy-buUt stone waU." Tieffentbaler* * Besehreibiing states it to be a rougb wall, in which great unshapely stones are piled over Ton Hiodttstan, each other, without cement. 1.131. 2^^ DUTTEEAH. ten acres in area, " crossed^ and recrossed at right angles hj • sieeman, i. sis. numerous walks, having rows of plimtain and other fruit-trees on each side, and orange, pomegranate, and other small fruit- trees to fill the space between." The inclosing wall, about thirty feet high, with embattled towers at each of its four comers, has, in its eastern face, a fine and large gateway ; and surmounting the wall at the opposite side of the pleasure- ground is the pavilion or lodge in which the raja resides. Between the pavilion and the gateway a building rises, in the midst of a fine reservoir, of which the following description is given : — " The shafts presented an octagon of about twenty • Hand/, u. 107. feet span, surrounded with columned cloisters, and at each angle a figure of an elephant, sculptured in stone, with uplifted proboscis, spouted water to a vast height into the air." Within the wall of the city is another palace, at present untenanted ; and outside, and westward of the city, is a third, of great extent as well as strength, and in a fine style of architecture, but likewise deserted. The population, estimated by Sleeman^ ^l909, at forty or fifty thousand, consists almost exclusively of votaries of Brahminism, though three or four miles from the town is a curious® cluster of temples of the Jains. The Brahminical • Mundy, u. loe. temples appear to be not much worth notice. The rocky ground around the town for two or three miles is overgrown with copse or stunted forest, abounding in game. Adjacent* »A».R«t.Ti.«i— to the town is a jhil, or small artificial lake. ofT /ourney from The raj or territory of which Dutteeah is the principal AgratoOi^^eUi. place, lies between lat. 25° 32'— 26° 18', long. 78° 15'— 78° 54'. It is estimated to contain an area of 850^ square miles, and 1 D'Cms, Political 380 villages, with a population of 120,000. The revenue was »«»-"«°«'«- estimated, in 1882, at 120,000?., and in 184.7,2 ^t 100,000/. * e.i.c. ms doc. The raja pays no tribute. He maintains a military force, con- ^^^^ sisting of 1,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, and eighty artillerymen. This state was formerly part of the dominions of Oorcha, and its raja appears to be descended from Dewada Bir, who, about the end of the fourteenth centmry, at the head of a colony of warlike Bajpoots, invaded and conquered a considerable tract of country.* Subsequently, Dutteeah, after passing under the overwhelming domination of the Mogul empire, became * Such appears to be the purport of the account given by Captain * Trww. of Roy. Franklin.' A. 80c. »«.««. 21S » D'Cruz, Political Relations 81. Sutlierland, SIcetclies, 143. * TrcoliM with Native Powers, Calcutta, 1845, p. 418. * De Crut, 21. • Garden, TaMea of Routes, 23-73. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. > E.I.C. Mt. Doc * Butter, Topofr. ofOudh, ISl, 123, 123. > E.I.C. 111. Doc. 1 Duff; HUi. of tbe Malirattaiy I. 613. BUT— DWA. subordinate to the Peishwa,* as appears from the treaty con- cluded with the rajah by Lord Lake, wherein the former " pro- fesses his obedience and attachment to the British govern- ment, and to that of his bigness the Peishwa." By this treaty, the raja " submits* to the arbitration of the British government in matters of dispute with his neighbours, promises to join tbe British forces with his troops, and to act in subordinate co- operation. The ancient territories of his house are guaranteed, also protection against foreign aggression." The Peiahwa having in 1817, by Art. XIII. of the treaty of Poona,* ceded to the British government all his rights in Bundelcund, the raja of Dutteea, in acknowledgment of his zealous friend- ship and active co-operation, was, by treaty* in 1818, rewarded by the Governor- General with a considerable addition to his territory. The last hereditary raja died in 1839, and was succeeded by a foundling whom he had adopted, and who was recognised by the British government. Dutteeah is distant "W. of Allahabad, by Banda, Chirkaree, and Jhansi, 260 miles; N.W. of Calcutta 755.« Lat. 25° 40', long. 78° 31'. DUTTODAH. — A town in the native state of Indore, or possessions of Holkar's family, 107 miles S.W. from Bhopal, and 215 miles S.E. from Ahmedabad. Lat. 22° 83', long. 75° 55'. DU WAEKA, or DOARKA,i in the district of Sultanpoor, territory of Oude, a fort on the left bank of the river Gtwmtee, 82 miles S.E. of Sultanpoor cantonment, 110 S.E. of Lucknow. It is held^ by Fateh Bahadur, a notorious freebooter, who has 1,000 men under his command. In 1812, it was stormed by a British force commanded by Colonel Faith full, and for some years was occupied by a detachment of the Company's troops, but evacuated about 1838. It was then repaired by the pre- sent occupant, who pays annually 50,000 rupees to the Oude government, and remunerates himself by widely ravaging the neighbouring country. Lat. 26° 2', long. 82° 28'. DWARA HATH, or DEWAEA HATH,i in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Almora to Sire^ * Probably in consideration of the aid afforded by the Mahratias in 1733 to Cbutter Sal, against Muhammad Khan Bangash, the sabahdar of AUahabad.* 219 DWAEKA. nuggar, and 26 miles N.W. of the former.^ There is encamp- ' Garden, tiWw ing-ground at the temple of Kalka, 200 yards from the village, E-i.c^THgon. and supplies are procurable. Here, according to TraUl » are f^^-^^ „„ _ tombs BubstantiaUj built of large flat tiles, the memorials of statistical Beport Moguls located on the spot in the course of Tamerlane's J9, * • »» expedition into Hindustan. Lat. 29° 47', long. 79° 28'. DWABKA, or DWAEIKA,i called also Jigat, in the « e.i.c. Mf. doc. peninsula of Kattjwar, province of Guzerat, a town on the s^^tB^mbty^' western shore, in the district of Okamundel. The land towards !• «w-Mac- murdO) on Katti* the sea is moderately elevated, and the place is conspicuous, war. from the commanding appearance^ of the great temple of •iionburRh, Krishna or Dwarkanath, "the Lord of Dwaraka." It is the to"Vl"^°o.^"^ most celebrated of all the shrines raised to Krishna, and is built' on an eminence rising from the seashore, and surrounded * Tod, Trareis in bv a fortified wall (which likewise encircles the town), from ^'®™ ^"**^ which it is, however, separated by a lofty partition- wall, through which it is necessary to pass to see it to advantage. " It may* * w. 4S5. be said to consist of three parts : the mundufT, or hall of congre- gation ; the devachna, or penetralia (also termed gabarra) ; and the sikra, or spire." "The munduff is square, measuring twenty-one feet internally, and five distinct stories high. Each story is colonnaded, the lower being twenty feet in height, and of the same square form to the last, where the architraves are laid transversely to form a base for the surmounting dome, whose apex is seventy-five feet from the pavement. Four massive piUars on each face of the square form the foundation for this enormous weight; but these being inadequate to sustain it, intermediate pillars to each pair have been added, to the sacrifice of all symmetry. A colonnaded piazza surrounds the lowest story, of about ten feet in breadth, from which to the north, south, and west, portions are projected, likewise colonnaded. Each story of the mundufi'haa an internal gallery, with a parapet of three feet in height, to prevent the incautious from falling. These parapets, divided into compartments, had been richly sculptured." " The sikra or spire, constructed in the most ancient style, consists of a series of pyramids, each representing a miniature temple, and each diminishing with the contracting spire, which terminates at 140 feet from the ground. There are seven distinct stories, before this pyramidal spire greatly diminishes in diameter. Each face of each story is 217 DAVAEKA. * Maemurdo, ut supra, S67. * Ayeen kkherj, ii. 89. ornamented with open porches surmounted by a pediment, sup- ported by small columns. Each of these stories internally consists of column placed upon column, whose enormous archi- traves increase in bulk in the decreasing ratio of the super- imposed mass ; and although the majority at the summit are actually broken by their own weight, yet they are retained in their position by the aggregate unity.** " The entire fabric, whose internal dimensions are seventy-eight feet by sixty-six, is built from the rock, which is a sandstone of various degrees of texture, forming the substratum of the island. It has a greenish hue, either from its native bed, or from imbibing the saline atmosphere, which, when a strong light shines upon it, gives the mass a vitreous transparent lustre.** Joined by a colonnade to this temple is a smaller one, dedicated to Beoki, the mother of Krishna ; and at the opposite angle of the great temple is another, still smaller, dedicated to Krishna, under his title of Madhu Rae, or the "Prince the intoxicator." The Gumti, a small rivulet which flows by the group, is considered especially sacred, but it is so shallow that it does not reach the ancle. The site of the temple was once insulated ; but the sea having thrown up a sandbank across the channel, this saered spot is now connected with the mainland. About eighteen miles north of Dwarika is Amrara, supposed to be Muldwarka or ancient Dwarka, where Krishna met his death. Others, however, consider^ Mahadoopoor, ninety-five miles south-east- ward of Dwarka, to have been contiguous to Mool Dwarka, which, according to tradition, was swept away by the sea. At this spot, native report declares that a bird annually springs^ from the foam of the sea, and having perched and sported on the top of the temple, falls down and dies, and from its plumage the Brahmins prognosticate whether the year wiU be rainy or otherwise. Dwarka is distant from Ahmedabad, S.W., 235 miles ; Baroda, W., 270. Lat. 22° 16', long. 69° 1'. DWARKA. — A river rising in the British district of Beer- bhoom, presidency of Bengal, in lat. 23° 57', long. 87° 21'. Plowing through that district in an easterly direction nearly parallel with the Mor river, which it receives after a course of about sixty miles, the united stream, twenty miles below the confluence, falls into the Bhagruttee, in lat. 23° 43', long. 88° 10'. 218 DTA— ECH. DYAai7NJ.--See Deaoai? j. DYALOUNG.— A river rising in lat. 26° 4/, long. 98° 42', on the boaadary between Toolaram Senaputtee's country and the British district of Nowgong, in Lower Assam. Plowing in a westerly direction for ninety-fire miles, it falls into the Eullimg, a tributary of the Brahmapootra, in lat. 26° 12', long. 92° 31'. BYE,^ in the district of Bainswara, territory of Oude, a i b.i.c. Ms. Ooe. Tillage on the route from Cawnpore to Pertabgurh, 66 miles^ » Garden, T«bie« 8E. of the former. Lat. 26° 2', long. 81° 14/. **' ^"'^ ^*'' BYEHINDIA. — ^A village situate in one of the recently sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or the dominions of the Nizam, 36 miles S.W. of Ellichpoor. Lat. 20P 5(y, long. 77° 11'. BYHN WOLEE.— A town in the British district of Tannah, e.i.c. Mt.Doe. presidency of Bombay, 37 miles N.E. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 3', long. 73° 25'. E. ECHAGUE. — A town in the British district of Fachete, b.i.c. if a. Doe. presidency of Bengal, 163 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 6', long. 86° 69'. ECHAWTJE,^ in Malwa, a town in the territory of Bhopal, i B.i.c.ifi.no«. on the route from Hindya^ to Sehora, 46 miles N. of former, * uaicoim, index 12 S. of latter. It is the principal place of a pergunnali con- J^^^"** °' ^^"^ taining 122 khalsa villages, or such as belong to government, and forty granted as jagheers or fiefs. At the commencement of the present century, the district was wrested^ from Bhopal * Maicoim, c#n- by the Mahrattas ; but being ceded in 1818, with several other '"*"•»• possessions, by the Peishwa^ to the British government, it was * Trentin with with four other pergunnahs granted* to the nawaub of Bhopal ^^l]^^ po*®™. in reward of his zeal and fideUty. Lat. 23° 3', long. 77°. * "• <»«• EOHIBTJL,^ in Kashmir, a fine fountain, discharging a vast yig„e. Kathmir, quantity of the most beautifully limpid water. It is situate in *- '^^' the eastern part of the district of Bureng, and has four or five 219 EDa— EDTJ. orifices, from the principal of which the spring rises with suck force as to form what may be termed a mound of water, a foot and half high, and twelve feet in diameter. Yigne, with much probability, supposes it to be the efflux of that portion of the water of the river Bureng which sinks into the ground about ten miles to the south-east. If, however, this opinion be cor- rect, the sunken stream must receive large additions from springs in its subterraneous course, as the volume of water discharged at Echibul far exceeds that which disappears in the bed of the Bureng. According to Vigne, the water is « Vojogcf, ii. 8M. not very good for drinking. Bernier,^ on the contrary, who describes this vast fountain under the name of Achiaval, states the water to be excellent (admirahlement bonne) ; he adds, that it is so cold as to be almost insupportable to the touch. At the time of his visit (1665), it was surrounded by a superb pleasure-ground, belonging to Aurungzebe, having been made by order of his grandfather, Jehangir ; but all is now in utter ruin. Lat. 33° 39^, long. 75° 12'. EDGHEEB.--See Eidghkkb. EDMONSTONE ISLAND.— An island at the mouth of the Hoogly river. From a mere half-tide sandbank, it became an island two miles long, covered with shrubs, and affording a supply of fresh water. In 1820 it was adopted as a marine station for affording assistance to ships in distress ; but was subsequently abandoned, in consequence of the rapid demoli- tion of the island by the encroachment of the sea. Lat 21° 32', long. 88° 2(y. EDMY, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to the cantonment of Mynpooree, and 36 miles W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country cultivated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 27° 7', long. 78° 35'. EDUB. — The principal Bajpoot state of the Myhee Caunta, in the province of Quzerat, tributary to the Guicowar, but under the political superintendence of the government of Bombay.^ This petty state was founded by Anund Sing and Baee Sing, sons of the celebrated Ajeet Sing, rajah of Joud- pore. The districts were assigned to them by their elder brother, the viceroy of Guzerat, under the Moguls ; and the 220 Hortbargh, Directorjr, I. 610. Garden, Tablet of fiuutesi Ifi. ' Pol. DUp. to Bombaj, dated SI Jan. 1840. EDUtt brothers, accompanied by several chiefs and 6,000 followers, took possession of their territory about the year 1724. The revenues of the state, including those of the recently acquired possessions of Ahmednuggur, and of the feudato- ries of both districts, were estimated in 1847 ^ at 23,434^. ; of ' Foreign D:»p. which the rajah's share was 15,000?., subject to the deduction, e scpt. 1848. (m account of tribute to the Guicowar, of 3,295/. The political relations of the British government with this state originated in 1820, under an arrangement with the Guicowar, by which it was stipulated that his troops should eracuate the province ; and the British government thereupon guaranteed the payment of his dues iree of all expense. The districts of Ahmednuggur, already noticed, were for- merly comprised within the state of Edur, but were bestowed, about sixty years ago, by the ruling prince, upon his second son, 8agram Sing. The late rajah of Ahmednuggur, Tukht Sing, haying, however, been elected to the vacant throne of Joud- pore, his possessions in the Myhee Caunta reverted to the senior branch of the family, and are now reincorporated with the state of Edur.« * p«». d5»p. to In 1848,^* the military force at the disposal of the Edur state, le Aug.W. inclusive of the quotas of the feudal chiefs, consisted of 921 f^^^^l^^^i^^^' horse and foot. These troops are maintained almost entirely e Sept. i848. for purposes of police. EDUB, in the Myhee Caunta division of Guzerat, presi- dency of Bombay, the principal town of the district. It is a place of little importance, containing about 1,200 houses. Though encircled by hills on three sides, and defended on the fourth by a wall, the position would be one of no strength, even if the defences were completed, as it is commanded by a hill to the right, which forms part of the range. In the rear, and upon the hill, which there rises to the height of between 400 wid 500 feet, is a fort, now in ruins, which in former times afforded shelter to the rajahs of Edur when driven from the town below. The hill is ascended by a steep and stony zigzag pathway, having four gateways, in tolerable repair. The eminence on the right of the town is surmounted by several Jain temples, and also by the remains of a palace, built by the an^"!S^'^'soc**of* former rajahs of Edur. Population ^ 10,000. Lat. 23° 50', Bomboy/i. 68- kn.g.73»3'. Sr^'""^"' 921 EEB— EEK. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.IC. Ms. Doc. BoHeau, R^wara, 100. Garden, Toblet of Routes, 801. > fi.I.C. Ms. Doc * Buchanan, Journey from Madras, through Mjsore, Canara, and Malabar, ill. 256, S57. Buchanan, ilLSM. EEB.— A river rising in lat. 20^ SC, long. 78^ 4?, in tbe territory of the Daung rajahs, on the western dope of the Syadree range, and, flowing westerly for seventy miles through the native states of the Daung, Baunsda, and the British dis- trict of Surat, falls into the Arabian Sea, in lat. 20° 43^, long. 72° 54'. EECHOUEEEA, in the British district of Boreilly, lieu- tenant governorship of the North- West Provinces, a viUage situate on the left bank of the Bamgunga, six miles 8« of the town of Bareilly. Lafc. 28° 17', long. 79° 29'. EECTENA. — A town in the British district of Mymunsing, presidency of Bengal, 215 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° d&, long. 91° 7'. EEK AH, in the Rajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the route from Phulodee to Pokrun, and six miles N.E. of the latter place. It is situate in an elevated rocky tract, and has a small fort, on a craggy eminence. On the south there is an extensive depression, which after the rainy season becomes a great sheet of salt-water, but is at other times dry. The road in this part of the route is good, though in some places sandy. Lat. 26° 56', long. 72° 4'. EEKAIREE, or AKHEEI,i in the territory of Mysore, a decayed town, once the capital of a considerable and flourishing state, is situate amidst the headwaters of the Varada.^ • Its walls are of great extent, and form three concentric inclosures. There are besides a citadel, a great temple of Siva, and a mean building, which was the ancient palace of the extinct dynasty of Sedasiva, a personage whose wonderful adventures are pre- served in Hindoo fable. Historically, he appears to have been a gauda or chief of Kilidi, in the neighbourhood of Akheri, who received^ a grant of some districts from Krishna Bayara, of Yijayanagar, who also bestowed on him the name of Sedasivi Nayaka, he having previously borne that of Bhadraconda Kilidi continued the seat of his government for about twelve years afterwards, when he removed it to Akheri, which then attained the highest measure of prosperity which it eier reached, and of which most exaggerated reports are preserved by the natives. In 1645 or 1646, the government was removed • Wurda of the trigonometricfd survey. 233 EEN— EES. to the neighbounng town of Bednore, and subsequently Akberi became deserted. At this time, all the buildings except the temple above mentioned are desolate, and the town without inhabitants. In 1763, Hyder Ali, the usurper of Mysore, took^ * ^"k»» Hi«»ori- Bednore, then governed by the widow of tbe last actual chief, 1.447,451. a profligate and shameless woman, who had caused tbe adopted aon of her deceased husband to be murdered ; and who, in con- junction witb her paramour, had selected another successor' to the first place in the state. All the parties were righteously subjected by Hyder to imprisonment, intended to be perpetual, but from whicb the chances of war subsequently relieved them. Akheri is distant from Bednore, N., 20 miles ; from Seringa- patam, N.W., 162. Lat. 14° 7', long. 75° 5'. EENDPALSIB-KA-BAS, in the Rajpoot state of Bey- Boii«iu,Hn|tnifn, kaneer, on the route from Buttungurh to the town of Bey- kaneer, and 80 miles E. of the latter. It contains fifty houses, and has a supply of brackish water from a well 274 feet deep. It is the largest of seven contiguous villages, witb separate wells. Lat. 27° 56', long. 74° 15'. EESAEB, or HUESEYEE, in the British district of Myn- Garden. Tablet of pooree, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, ^^^^ ' a Tillage on the route from the cantonment of AUygurb to that of Mynpooree, and 16 miles N.W. of tbe latter. The road in thifl part of the route is good ; the country low, level, and but partiaUy cultivated. Lat. 27° 21', long. 78° 65'. EESAGXJEH, or ESAUaUEH,i in the territory of Gwalior, 1 e.i.c. MiDcc or possessions of the family of Scindia, a town, with a fort, in a hilly and difficult country. It was formerly called^ Oondee, « Maicoim, cen- and belonged to a chief of the Ahir Eajpoots, from whom, at J^ ° * ' * the close of the last century, it was taken by Doorjun Lai, a celebrated cbief of the Elaichi Bajpoots, and by him denominated Bahadurghur, or " Hero's Town." It became the capital of his new dominions. Subsequently, in 1803, it was wrested from him by Baptiste, one of Doulat Eao Scindia*s officers. It is styled in Malcolm's Index,' '' the fort of Besum or Esaugurh." Lat. * index of ifaiwa, 24° 50', long. 77° 55'. '*'• EESAH,^ in the Britisb district of Etawa, lieutenant- 1 £.i.c. Mi. doo. governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the roate from the cantonment of Agra to that of Etawa, and three miles 2 N.W. of tbe latter. The road in this part of the route ©f Routes, 7. ** 22s EES— EIL. is good ; the country cultivated, and thickly studded with small viUages. Lat. 26° 48', long. 79° 2'. E.I.C. M..DOC. EESOULEE.— A town in the native state of Oude, on the left bank of the Goomtee river, and 69 miles S.E. from Lucknow. Lat. 26° 24', long. 81° 68'. E.I.C. M,.Doc. EGUTPOOEA.— A town in the British district of Ahmed- nuggur, presidency of Bombay, 71 miles N.B. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 43', long. 73° 34'. E.I.C. Mi.Doc. EIDGHEEB, in Hydrabad, or territory of the Nizam, a town on the led or north-west bank of the Beema, a considerable tributary of the Krishna. Distance from Hydrabad S.W. 100 miles. Lat. 16° 45', long. 77° 11'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. EINWAH. — A town in the native state of Oude, on the left bank of the Gogra river, and 54 miles "W. from Gt>ruck-' poor. Lat. 26° 35', long. 82° 33'. « E.I.C. Mi. Doc EKDIL SEBAI,! in the British district of Etawah, Ueu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Calpee to the cantonment of Etawah, and six « Oardon, Table* miles^ S.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route o oute«, sa. .^ good, the country level and cultivated. Lat. 26° 45', long. 79° 8'. E.I.C. Mt.Doc. EKDULLA KHASS, in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Allahabad to Hummecrpoor, 52 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 25° 38', long. 81° 9'. E.I.C. M«. Doc. EKHUMBA. — A town in the British district of Pumeea, presidency of Bengal, 66 miles N.E. of Bhagulpoor. Lat. 25° 56', long. 87° 40'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc EKOU. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 48 miles S.W. from Khatmandoo, and 52 miles N. from Bettia. Lat. 27° ^tf, long. 84° 34'. E.I.C. M.. Doc. EKTALE.— A town in the British district of Midnapoor, presidency of Bengal, 88 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 20', long. 87° 4'. E.I.O. Ml. Doc EJASSON. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of Bur- wanee, on the left bank of the Nerbudda river, and 205 miles W. from Baitool. Lat. 22° 5', long. 74° 48'. E,i.c. Mi. Doc. EILGUNDELL. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 81 miles N.E. from Hyderabad, and 123 miles S.E. from Nandair. Lat. 18° 23', long. 79° 4'. 224 ELA— ELE. ELAMBAZAB,^ in the British district of Beerbhoom, pre- ' E.i.a Mf. Doc. eidencj of Bengal, a town on the route from Berhampore to Bancoorah, 63^ miles S.W. of former, 52 N.E. of latter. It is * Garden, Tablet situate on the left bank of the river Hadjee, here navigable, and ^ " •»» • is firom this circumstance a great mart for rice, extensively grown in the vicinity. The number of houses was estimated in 1814 at 544,^ the number of inhabitants at 2,950. Distance * At. Ret. zii.s^ from town of Burdwan, N.W., 35 miles ; from Calcutta, N.W., stotiluMi' Yi- 90. Lat. 23° 87', long. 87° 89'. count of Burdwan. ELBPHANTA,* in the presidency of Bombay, a small island * e.i c. Mt. doc. on the east side of the harbour of Bombay, and distant about i„d7n w?ecio"!" five miles from the mainland. It is something less than six *• **• miles' in circumference, and is "composed of two long hills, •Trantactt.of Lit. with a narrow valley between them. The usual landing-place is i. 2©?. " '* towards the south, where the valley is broadest." About 250 yards to the right of the landing-place is a large clumsy figure of an elephant, cut out of an insulated black rock ; and from this cir- cumstance the island (which by the natives is called Gara-pori) has derived the denomination by which it is known to Euro- peans. This huge figure, which is thirteen feet in length, is represented as much mutilated, and rapidly sinking into total decay, its head and neck having, in 1814, fallen from the rest of the body, which was also fast coming to the ground, an extensive fissure having taken place in the back. On advancing farther from the landing-place, the visitor comes suddenly in front of " the* grand entrance of a magnificent temple, whose * id. «». buge massy columns seem to give support to the whole mountain which rises above it," and out of which it is hewn. The geo- logical formation of the rock is probably basaltic* The entrance is by a spacious front, supported by two ponderous pillars and two pilasters, forming three openings, under a thick and steep rock, overhung by brushwood ; and the impression on reaching the interior is rendered very deep and solemn, by " the^ long ranges of columns, that appear closing in perspec- * Bombay Aima- tive on every side ; the flat roof of solid rock, that seems to be ^{^H^^* ^^^ '^ prevented from falling only by the massy pillars, whose capitals are pressed down and flattened, as if by the superincumbent weight ; the darkness that obscures the interior of the temple, * According to Erekino, " resembling porphyry." » rk 226 ELEPHANTA. which ia dimly lighted only from the entrances ; and the gloom j appearance of the gigantic stone figures, ranged along the wall, and hewn, like the whole temple, out of the living rock." There are three principal parts in this extraordinary work : the great temple, 133 feet broad and 130i long ; and two smaller temples, one on each side of the principal one. These two appendent temples do not range in a straight line with the front of the principal one, but recede considerably from it, being approached by two narrow passes in the hill, one on each side of the grand entrance, but at some distance therefrom. Each of these passes conducts also to a side-front of the grand excayation, exactly like the principal front, consisting of two huge pillars with two pilasters. These two side-fronts are precisely oppo- site to each other, on the east and west, the grand entrance facing the north ; and the plan is regular, there being eight pillars and pilasters in a line from the northern entrance to the southern extremity, and the same number from the eastern to the western entrances. The only striking deviation from this regularity in the chief temple, is afforded by the occurrence of a small square excavation, observable on the right in passing up the temple. At the further extremity of the temple are two small excavations, facing each other on the right and left. » Erekine. ot " The pillars,* which all appear to run in straight lines, parallel §apn, SI 2. j^Q Q^]^ other, and at equal distances, are crossed by other ranges running at right angles in the opposite direction ; they are strong and massy, of an order remarkably well adapted to their situation and the purpose, which they are to serve, and have an appearance of very considerable elegance. They are not all of the same form, but differ both in size and ornaments, though this difference also does not at first strike the eye. They rise to upwards of half their height from a square pedestal, generally about three feet ^ye inches each way, crowned on the top by a broad bandage of the same shape ; above this, but divided from it by a circular astragal and two polygenic fillets, rises a short round fluted shaft, forming about a fourth of the column, and diminishing with a curve towards the top, where a circular cincture of beads binds round it a fillet composed of an ornament resembling leaves, or rather cusps, the lower extremity of which appears below the cincture, while th^ superior extremity rises above, projecting and tenni- 29 BLEPHANTA. nating gracefuUj in a circle of oyerhanging leaves or cusps. A narrow band divides this ornament from the round fluted compressed cushion, which may be regarded as the capital of the column, and as giving it its character: its fluted form coalesces beautifully with the fluted shaft below. This cushion has its circumference bound by a thin flat band or fillet, as if to retain it ; and above supports a square plinth, on which rests the architrave, that slopes away on each side in scrolls, con- nected by a band or riband, till it meets the large transverse beam of rock, which connects the range of pillars.'* Fronting and within the principal entrance, is a " gigantic bust, representing some three-headed being, or three of the beads of some being to whom the temple may be supposed to be dedicated, ^ome writers have imagined that it is what they have called the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.'* Others consider it a triform representation of Siva alone. This bust, which represents the deity down to the breast, and is consequently a third-length, has been ascertained by measure- ment to the top of the cap of the middle head to be about eighteen feet high ; and a notion of its bulk may be formed from the measurement in an horizontal curved line, embracing the three heads at the height of the eyes, and touching them, which is nearly twenty-three feet. This, though the most remarkable, is but one specimen amidst a profusion of carved figures, representing various subjects of Brahminical mytho- logy, though it is puzzling to observe, that one at least appears to be a representative of Buddh, held in abomination by the Brahmins. The precise nature of the worship to which these temples were consecrated, seems, indeed, to be of very dis- putable character. There are, in difierent parts, three sanc- tuaries or shrines, which, in the opinion of a judicious writer* • Ertkine, Trtns. already quoted, were devoted to the adoration of certain em- blems, which, though occupying a distinguished place in Hindu mythology, are not fitted to be made the subject of popular dis- quisition. This opinion is deduced from the position of the emblem in question in various parts of these excavations. The ▼riter above referred to, in explaining the grounds of his belief, observes, that the " use made of temples by the ancient Greeks and Eomans, as well as by the modem Hindus, is con- Biderably different from that required of them by Christian q 2 537 i ELEPIIANTA. nations. A Hindu goes alone, as an ancient Eoman would have done, when he finds it convenient, offers his solitaiy prayers before his idol, prostrates himself in his presence, and leaves his offering : he attempts to bribe his god to prosper him in his trade, whether it be merchandise, or procuration, or theft. There is no stated regular time of teaching, no public prayers said by a priest in the name of a mixed congregation, no gathering of the people to go through a solemn service. Their great festivals are like our ideas of a fair ; each man goes in his own time to the temple, makes his offering at the feet of the idol, goes out, and purchases sweetmeats. All teaching or reading of the sacred books is in private houses ; or, if it is in the temple, it is in the courts of the temple ; never in the con- secrated edifice: the verandas or porticos near the temple are used just as any others equally convenient would be. This use, to which the courts of the temple are applied, will throw light on many passages of history and the sacred volumes of the Jews. It is evident that the temples of nations whose worship is so conducted, need not be large, like our churches, since it is not required that they should contain a multitude. In all very ancient temples, hoivever magnificent, the part of the temple in which the deity is supposed to reside is small, surrounded by numerous buildings, in which the priests and servants of the temple reside. This seems to have been the plan of the first temple of Jerusalem ; it was that of the older Grecian temples, as we may observe from the Ion of Euripides ; and it is at this day that presented by the temple of Mecca. In the temples of the Hindus the great object of worship is not constantly exposed to view, nor placed in the larger outer building ; it is always in an inner, small, dark apartment, usually having only one door, requiring to have lights burning before it in order to be seen, and facing the door, so as to be visible from the further side of an intervening saloon." The arrangements at Elephanta appear, as far as can be judged, to have corre- sponded precisely with this view, and to countenance the con- jecture of the writer quoted. All, however, is wrapped in mystery. Even the period and authors of these extraordinary works are totally unknown ; but there seem no good grounds for assigning them a very remote antiquity. The stone is of a mouldering nature, and many parts are far gone in decay. 228 HiTiH! — Elili, Elepbanta is seven miles E. of Bombay. Lat. 18^ 57', long. 73° ELEPHANT POINT, on the coast of Chittagong, presi- dency of Bengal, 85 miles S. of Chittagong, and 89 miles IS^W. of Akyab. Lat. 21° 9', long. 92° 8'. ELEPHANT POINT.—A headland on the southern coast of the British province of Pegue, situate on the west side of the mouth of the Bangoon river, 23 miles S. of Bangoon : it derives its name from a clump of cocoanut-trees, " which, with the help of the imagination, does somewhat resemble that animal." Lat. 16° 28', long. 96° 25'. i ELLICHPOOB,^ in the territory of Hyderabad, or the i e.i.c. Mi. doc. dominions of the Nizam, a town, the principal place of an JourniTofRoute extensive jaghire or feudal possession. The town is situate on '«>• the river Puma, a tributary of the Taptee, and is of consider- poi. and Miiitwy able size, but slenderly fortified, being only partially surrounded J][5I^*^^. by a stone wall, which, though sixty feet high, is but four feet n. u. in thickness. It is surmounted by battlements, and entrance Mahrattai, i. 4fl. is obtained by means of a highly-ornamented gateway, built, as '*J"5''«'» M«*no^r well as the wall, of sandstone. The palace of the nawaub has British Armr in no great splendour, but in its vicinity are some handsome gj^'** * houses and bazars built of brick. The nawaub holds his jag- hire from the Nizam, on condition of furnishing a contingent of " a brigade 2 of two battalions of infantry, 2,000 horse, and ' Pitzciarenca, four guns.*' Of late, the relation between the feudatory and his chief has . been disturbed. On the 30th May, 1860, an action took place between the troops of the nawaub of Ellich- poor and a body of those of the Nizam, sent to dispossess the fonner of his jaghire. Considerable loss was sustained on both sides, but the result seems to have been favourable, on the whole, to the dependent chief. Another action, fought on the 20th July, is reported to have terminated in his defeat. The nawaub, however, rallied, and on the 9th August gained a victory over the troops of his master, which was followed by another on the 28th September. The grounds of the quarrel are not very satisfactorily explained ; but the total disorganiza- tion of the Nizam's financial arrangements, and the character of the measures to which his ministers have too often resorted to repair their condition, give plausibility to the statement which ascribes the difference to the aggression of the superior 229 ELLOBA. fulet, Ellichpoor 'forms part of the Nizam'a territory wbich has been recently sequestrated to the British, as a proyision for the maintenance of his military contingent. Distance from Hydrabad, N., 275 miles; from Madras, N.W., 600 ; from Bangalore, N., 670 ; from JSTagpore, W., lOO ; from Bombay, N.E., 345 ; from Calcutta, "W., 700. Lat. 21° ICy, long. 77° 36'. ELLOBA. — A decayed town in the native state of Hyder- abad, or dominions of the Nizam, situate 13 miles N.W. from Aurungabad, and seven from liowlutabad. It was formerly a place of some note, deriving its celebrity chiefly from the remarkable excavations in the neighbouring mountain, known as the temples of Ellora. According to Hindoo legend, the date of these temples is > Ai. Rei. y\. 883. carried back for a period of 7,950 years,^ and their origin ascribed to Bajah Eeloo, the son of Peshfont, of Ellichpore, when 3,000 years of the Dwarpa Toag were yet unacoonx- plished. The more rational account of the Mahometans states that " the town of Ellora was built by Eajah Eel, who also excavated the temples. Eel Eajah was contemporary with Shah Momin Arif,'* who lived 950 years ago. According to Elphinstone, however, the first mention in history of these caves occurs in connection with the Princess Dewal Devi, daughter of the rajah of Gruzerat, who was captured by a party who had gone from the camp of Alp Khan to visit the « Hist, of India, excavations at Ellora.^ These wonderful productions of human a Ibid, industry and perseverance, " which," says Elphinstone,^ " have been compared, as works of labour, to the pyramids of Egypt, and which in reality far surpass them as specimens of art," have drawn forth expressions of admiration from all who have * Ai. Re^ vL 886. studied them. " Whether," says Sir Charles Malet,^ " we consider the design, or contemplate the execution of these extraordinary works, we are lost in wonder at the idea of forming a vast mountain into almost eternal mansions. The mythological symbob and figures throughout the whole leave no room to doubt their owing their existence to religious zeal, — the most powerful and most universal agitator of the human mind." » Trtni. Lit. Soc i i -i • /. Bombay— 8y ken, Erom the elaborate notice of a more recent observer,* moni^iL90s. Colonel Sykes, it appears that the hill containing the excava- 290 ELL— ELP. tions takes the fonn of a creBcent, presenting its concavitj to the west, and rising in its extremities to an elevatioQ consider- ably above the intermediate leveL The sculptures at the two extremities are those of Dehr Warra and Parusnath, the interral, somewhat exceeding a mile, being occupied bj other caves at irregular distances from each odier, and seldom on the same level. The very minute and complete account of t^ese celebrated caves which is contained in Colonel Bykes's paper, will furnish the inquirer with the fullest information, and leave him nothing to desire further. To this, therefore, the reader is referred. Ellora was ceded, in 1818,^ by Holcar, under the « Traatie* with treaty of Mondesoor, to the British, who transferred it to the ^Y!^* P''"«^ Nizam in 1822,^ by the treaty of Hyderabad. Ellora is in 7 id. sss. lat. 20° 2', long. 75° 13'. ELLOBE,^* in the British district of Hasulipatam, pre- » e i.e. Mi. doc. sidency of Madras, a town with a military station, situate on iiap"or Hindoo- the Jummalair, a torrent flowing in a direction south-east from •""' *'^*' •**• the Eastern Ghats, and which, about three miles below the town, falls into the Colair Lake. On the* right bank of the • Report on Med. river are the barracks and the cantonment hospital ; on the suuftic? of *" oth^r side, the officers' houses. Communication between all Northern Dirbion ' . . . of Madras Army, parts of the station is practicable throughout the year, as so. the torrent is never unfordable. The town is tolerably well built. The sides of the streets and roads in the town and its vicinity are planted with rows of trees, affording very grateful shade, in a place where the heat has been known to reach* 110° within-doors, and 120° in tents. The nights, « Report, ut e^t>^^*^^7 during the months of April and May, are very »*»p'*''^* oppressive; and it was in the latter month, when the land wind blows with much violence, that the great degree of heat above mentioned was observed. The official report styles Ellore a " populous town ;" bub the number of its inhabitants is not stated. Distance from Bombay, S.E., 665 miles ; Hyder- abad, E., 180; Mangalore, N.B., 600; Bellary, N.E., 300; Bangalore, N.E., 350; Madras, N., 255 ; Masulipatam, N., 39; Calcutta, S.W., 620. Lat. 16° 42', long, 81° lO'. ELPHINSTONE ISLAND.— An island on the coast of Tenasserim, thirteen miles long and four and a half broad, * Xlnr of Briggs'g Index ; Ellore of Kennell. 2S1 EMA— EMI. 65 miles N.W, from the town of Tenasserim. Lat. 12° 21', long. 98° IC. » E.I.O. M.. Doc. EMANGUNGE,!^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Futtehpoor, « Garden, Tablet and 20^ miles N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is heavy in the rainy season, and dusty in the dry ; the country v^rell cultivated. Lat. 25"* 31', long. 81*" 4(y. CorrefpoDdence EMAUM GHUE, in Sindc, was lately a strong fortress in 490, 4OT,*496,'49»! ^ho Thur Or Great Sandy Desert, separating that country from *^' *^ Jessulmere. As scarcely a drop of fresh water can be had on the route from Sinde after leaving Choonkee, distant about fifty miles from Emaum Ghur, this fortress was generally con- sidered by the ameers as an inexpugnable place of refuge. On this account, when the disputes between them and the British came to extremity. Sir Charles Napier determined at all risks to attempt its seizure. Setting out with fifty cavalry, two twenty-four-pound howitzers, drawn by camels, and three hundred and fifty European infantry, mounted on animals of the same description — two on each, he, aft^r a very trying march of three days, over a succession of steep sandhills, reached the fort, which was immediately surrend^ed. The captor describes it as "exceedingly strong against any force without artillery. The walls are forty feet high, one tower is fifty feet high, and built of burned bricks. It is square, with eight round towers, surrounded by an exterior wall of fifteen feet high, lately built. There are some bomb-proof chambers.'* Twenty thousand pounds of powder were found in various places built up for concealment. These were employed in springing thirty-four mines, which reduced the fort to a mass of ruins, shapeless and irretrievable. The grain found in store had been previously distributed in rations. The British force marched back to the interior of Sinde without any loss, Emaum Ghur is in lat. 26° 35', long. 69° 20'. E.I.C. Ma. Doc EMENAB AD, in the Eeechna Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on the road from Lahore to "Wazeerabad, 33 miles N. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 32° 4', long. 74° IC. i B.I.C. Ms. Doc EMILEE A,^ in the British district of Allahabad, Ueutenant- ♦ Priest-market ; from Imam, " priest," or religious iDstruetor, and Ganj, "market" 233 EME— ENN. govemoraliip of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route by the Kutra Pass from Allahabad to Eewa, and 24^ * Garden, Tablet miles S JB. of the former city. The road in this part of the **' "*»"^' **• route is cut up by ravines; the countly cultivated. Lat. 25° 16', long. 82° IQf. EMEOKEE,^ in the native state of Sumpter, in Bundle- * £J.c. m*. Doe. cand, a village on the route from Gwalior to Saugor, 60 miles S.E. of the former. Here, in the beginning of December, 1817, the British army, under command of marquis of Hastings, governor-general, was encamped in its advance towards Gwalior, to intimidate^ Scindia. Distance S.W. of * Piticiareo<», Calpee 54 miles.. Lat. 25° 47', long. 79° 2'. ''*'""*• **' ENAYUT-KA-SARAE,i* in the British district of Alia- « e.i.c. m.. doc habad, lieutenant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Allahabad to Benares, and eight^ miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of * Garden, Tablet the route is excellent* in dry weather, but cut up and heavy ? von o^ich, daring rains; the country level, and well cultivated. Lat. Tra^^i« in India, 26° 25', long. 82°. ENDBEESA, in the Punjab, a village situate in the bifur- Burnea, Bokh. cation where the Beas and Sutluj rivers unite. Bumes sought ^ ^' here in vain for the altars dedicated by Alexander to com- memorate his conquests. He found nothing but a brick ruin, unquestionably of Mahometan origin. Were this even the actual locality of those altars which have given rise to so much controversy, the probability of their still existing is perhaps not great ; it being \inlikely that the natives would allow the trophies of the invader's triumph to remain afber his dis- appearance. Endreesa is in lat. 31° 12', long. 75° 8'. ENGLISH BAZAE,! in the British district of Maldah, » e.i.c. m.. Doc. presidency of Bengal, a town, the seat of the civil establish- ment of the district, on the route from Berhampore to Pumea, 62 miles N. of former, 70 S.E. of latter. It is situate on the right or west bank of the Mahanunda. Distant "N, firom Calcutta 1882 ^iles. Lat. 24° 58', long. 88° IC. ^/'^S.'^*"' ENNOEE.--A town in the British district of Chingleput, k.i.c. Ma.Doo. presidency of Madras, nine miles N. of Madras. Lat. 13° 13', long. 80° 23'. * Caravanserai of Eoaynt. 233 1 E.I.O. Mi. Doe. EEICH, or IBEJ J * — ^A town of Bandelcund, in the Britiali district of Jaloiin, situate on the south or right bank of the river Betwa, on the route from Saugor to Gwalior, 65 milefl S.E. of the latter. It was formerly a place of importance, and had a considerable population, principally Mahomedau, as ii « piurUirence, indicated by the numerous^ mausoleums, surmounted by domes^ **"™' ' around it. Here, in the end of November, 1817, the Briti^ army, commanded by the marquis of Hastings, governor- » prinsep, Train, general, was encamped* in its advance on Gwalior, to intimidate in India. Ii. 118. g^^j^^i^^ j|. ^^g p^^ of the territory of Jhansi until 1843, «D*cruz, Political when it was ceded ^ by the rao of that place to the East-India Relations, 81. Company. At the time of cession, its annual revenue was returned at 7,148 rupees. Lat. 25° 47', long. 79° ff, E.I.C. M1.D0C EEINPOORA. — A town in the Rajpoot state of Serohee, 135 miles S.W. from Nusseerabad, and 78 miles S. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° IC, long. 73° ff, B.IC.M..D0C ERRIODE.— A town in the British district of Madura, presidency of Madras, 230 miles S.W. of Madras. Lat. 10° 37', long. 78° 8'. ERROAD.— See Tikodf. E.i.aM..Doc ERRUCKPOOR.— A town in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, 196 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 20° 40', long. 86° 11'. E.I.O. Ms. Doc. ERUNDOLE. — A town in the British district of Candeish, presidency of Bombay, 212 miles N.E. of Bombay. Lat. 20° 56', long. 75° 19'. E.I.C. Iff. Doc. ES ANUGGUR. — A town in the Boondela state of Chutter- poor, 84 miles N.E. from Saugur, and three miles E. from the right bank of the Deesaun river. Lat. 24° 52', long. 79° 2^. •S.I.C. Mt.Doo. ESEE,^ in the British district of Allygurh, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the road from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Muttra, and • Garden, Tablet eight ^ miles S. of the former. The road in this part of the ' ' route is good ; the country open, sandy, and partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 48', long. 78° T. » E.i.c. Mi. Doc. ESEEPOORA,! in the British district of Allahabad, subject to the lieutenant-governorship of the North- Western Provinces, a village on the route from Allahabad cantonment to Jaunpore, * Eerich of Briggs*8 Index ; Irej of the transktor of the Ayeen Akbery ; Erich of Prinsep. 234 ESB— ETA. and nine^ miles N.E. of tbe former. The road in this part of *Oard«n, TubiM the route is good ; the country fertile, well ctdtiyated, and ^ ®"'**' **' studded with small villages. Lat. 25"" 27', long. 82° 1'. ESEWUN,^ in the territory of Oude, a ruined town on the i e.i.c. ms. doc. route by Nanamow Ghat from Futtehgurh cantonment to Lucknow, 25 miles "W. of the latter. When Lord Valentia passed^ it in 1808, it was neariy in ruins, having been deserted * TrmT«ii, i. isa. for the neighbouring town of Meahganj, recently founded by the eunuch Almas Khan, minister of finance to the Nawaub Yazin of Oude. Its site is, however, pleasant, on a slight eminence, overlooking a small lake. It is mentioned in the Ayeen Akbery under the name of Aseyun. Lat. 26° 48', long. 80° 3tf . ESSAIJ KAYLE, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a e.i a m«. doc town situated on the right bank of the Indus, 177 miles N. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 82° 89', long. 71° 16'. ESUN, a small river of the Doab, rises in the British dis* trict of Allyghur, in the neighbourhood of Sikundrarow,^ in « cautiej. Pro- lat. 27° 41', long. 78° 27'. It takes a south-easterly course o"„^Ji''Sa^a,. towards the Ganges, into which it falls on the right side, in •*«• **• •• Itt. 26° 47', long. 80^ 11'. At the town of Mynpooree, it is crossed by a bridge^ of brick. About twenty miles lower down, * Qtrd«n. T«biM the route from Etawa to Futtehgurh crosses it by a ford. It °' »«"«-• J**- is throxighout a mere torrent, and in the dry season the cur* rent totally ceases in some parts of its channel.* * "• **• ESTTBDA, or ESUNDA,! in the territory of Jyepore, in » e.i.c. Ms. Doe. Bajpootana, a town 60 miles S. of the city of Jyepore, and near the left bank of the river Bunas. Broughton, who passed close to it, mentions,^ " It belongs to a takoor or lord of the • i^tten from • Jypoor fiimily ; is surrounded by a strong wall and ditch, and 77. ** ** ^' has a citadel in the centre of the place, and is apparently by much the handsomest and most commodious town that I have seen in this part of India." Lat. 26° 10', long. 76° 10'. ESWUNTGUEH.— A town in the British district of But- E.r.a m.. doc nageriah, presidency of Bombay, 164 miles S.E. of Bombay. Lat. 16° 3^, long. 73° 26'. ETA, in the Bajpoot state of Jessulmer, a village on the Boiiean, Tonr in route from the town of Beykaneer to that of Jessulmer, and "'^**'^** ^^' 65 miles N.E. of the latter. The road in this part of tbe route is heavy, lying among sandhills. Lat. 27° 10', long. 71° 42'. ETA. 1 E.I.C. Mi. Doc ETAEOLI,! in the British district of Etawa, under the lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Lucknow in Oude, bj Nanamow, to Etawa * Oarden, TaWei cantonmont, and 20^ miles E. of the latter place. Water is plentiful there, and supplies may be obtained in abundance after due notice. The road in this part of the route is good : the country is fertile and well cultivated. Lat. 26° 46', long. 79° 25'. » E.i.c. Mi. Doc. ETAWAH.^ — A British district named from its principal place, and subject to the lieutenant-governorship of the Uorth- Western Provinces. It is bounded on the north by the British districts Mynpooree and Eurruokabad; on the east by the British district of Cawnpore; on the south by Bundelkund; on the south-west by the Mahratta territories of ^walior ; and on the west by the British district of Agra. It lies between lat. 26° 21'— 27° 9', long. 78° 46'— 79° 49', and contains an area of 1,674 square miles. It was formerly part of Cawnpore, but was formed into a separate zillah under the sanction of the * E.I.C. Mi. Doc. home authorities in 1840.^ The greater part of Etawah lies in the Doab, a small strip only, forming the pergunnah of » Gubbini, stote- Burpoora or Janibrast,^ being separated from the rest by the 10. ' Jumna, and lying along the right or south-western bank of that river. The Jumna touches on the north-western extre- mity of the district in lat. 26° 65', long. 78° 47', and, flowing in a south-easterly direction, either bounds or traverses it for 115 miles, leaving it in lat. 26° 21', long. 79° 35'. It is during the rainy season navigable throughout this part of its course for barques of heavy burthen, though even then " the extreme * cautiej. Report tortuosity* of its channel renders it by no means either a con- SroMiw^il^u", venient or direct line for traffic. In the dry weather, boats 18, sec. iJ. can with difficulty get up higher than the junction of the Chumbul." This last river joins the Jumna on the right side, in lat. 26° SC, long. 79° 18', about 25 miles S.E. of the town of Etawah. So considerable is the accession of water from this source, that the Jumna below the confluence has been known to rise in twelve hours between six and seven feet, in conse- « jaoquemont, qucnce^ of a flood in the Chumbul. The obstacles which "*' *^^' formerly presented themselves to the safe navigation of the Jumna in this part of its course, were principally shifting shoals and sandbanks, tnmks of trees imbedded in the bottom, ETAWAH. and numerous boulders, as well as fixed rocks of kankar or calcareous conglomerate. The sunken trees were removed, after a careful search,^ in 1833, and during the last twenty * Joam. as. Soc years, the clearance of other impediments has been in progress,^ 87e*27r?i)«ui under the directions of various oflRcers of the engineer service. °" ^^^ state of tiie Doab Ailuvium. In the removal of the rocks, numerous fossil bones have been ' jacquemont, brought to light, some supposed® to be human ; others, those a j^n. as. soc of the camel, buffalo, elephant, hippopotamus, horse, and deer ; Beng. isas, pp. besides many of reptiles and fishes. The channel is most obstructed at Kuriaikhan, ten or twelve miles below the mouth of the Chumbul. Bacon ,• writing before the latest improve- » pint imprw- ments, mentions a long reef of limestone rock as very much **°"^ "' *^** impeding the navigation of the river, and rendering the pas- sage very dangerous even to small craffc ; the flood through it at the dry season of the year being only sixty feet in breadth. "Through this narrow channel," he observes, "the current rushes with great violence, boiling and foaming over the sub- merged shoals, with a roar like that of a cataract ; and here it is impossible to pass, if the wind be at all high." The course of the Chumbul through this district is brief. It enters at the south-western frontier, and bounds or traverses the per- gunnah of Janibrast for a distance of about forty -seven miles, . to the confluence with the Jumna. At the point of junction,^ ' Bacon, li. soi. the country on the right, or Chumbul side of the Jumna, is overspread with hills ; on the left, or Doab side, it is level and unvaried, except by the steep and narrow ravines^ which furrow * Jncquemont, its surface towards the river. The Seyngur or Kurun runs nearly parallel to the Jumna, but ten or twelve miles more to the eastward, and falls into that river on the left side, about twenty miles south of the southern frontier. The Bind flows across the north-eastern extremity of the district, in a direc- tion parallel to the Seyngur, but about fifteen miles more to the eastward. The Pandwa and some other streams of the district are mere torrents during the periodical rains, and cease to flow during the dry season. All the streams run towards the south-east, indicating the general slope of the country to be in that direction ; but there is also a slope from® the middle ' Cantiey, on part of the Doab towards the Jumna, all the streams of the cangftfcunair district being ultimately discharged into that river. The *» ■**'• "• levels taken in laying down the Etawah branch of the prolon- ETAWAH, * Cautlej, Report on Prolongation of Qancc* Canal, Append, vl. 17. » Oubbini, Settle- ment ol £Uiwa,82. • Act of Oovt. of India, viil. of 1846. 7 Roberts, Scenes in India, ii. 8. • Roberts, ti. 14. gation of tlie Gauges Canal, have shown the elevation of the countrj above the sea to diminish from about 676^ at the northern frontier, to 610 at the town of Etawah. The soil is in general better in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the district, than towards the Jumna ; imd the natural fertility of the former is also more favoured by irrigation, in con- sequence of water being obtainable^ from wells at a less depth. To the right or south-west of the Jumna, in the pergunnah of Janibrast, the country is very rugged, barren, and wild, and from the inequality of the surface, and the depth at which the water lies from it, irrigation is scarcely practicable. The prin- cipal rubbi or spring crops are wheat, barley, gram (Cicer arie- tinum), and other pulse of various kinds. The kurreef or autumnal crop consists of opium, sugarcane, cotton, indigo, rice, jowar (Sorghum vulgare), bajra (Holcus spicatus), moth (Fhaseolus aconitifolius). The government assesament upon the lands of this district has been fixed for a specified period, and is not liable to increase till the year 1871.^ In the vicinity of the cantonment of Etawah, the seeds of European vegetables are sown^ afber the rainy season, at the close of summer, and peas, cauliflowers, and lettuce are fit for use at Christmas, attaining a high degree of excellence ; carrots and other escu- lent roots are of inferior quality ; oranges, citrons, limes, and lemons, are very fine, and grapes succeed tolerably. Melons are abundant, luxuriant, and excellent. The apple, mango, plantain, guava, jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), succeed well; but pomegranates are scarcely worth gathering. The ravmea and wilder tracts are ornamented by oleanders, acacias, palms, the nim (Melia azaddiraht), pipal (Ficus religiosa). " Every ^ tree is tenanted by numerous birds ; superb falcons look out from their lofty eyries, and wild peacocks fling their magnificent trains over the lower boughs, ten or twelve being frequently perceived upon the same tree. The smaller birds, sparrow- hawks, green pigeons, blue jays, actually crowd the branches. The crow-pheasant whirrs as strange footsteps approach, and vrmgs his way to deeper solitudes ; while flocks of paroquets, upon the slightest disturbance, issue screaming from their woody coverts, and, spreading their emerald plumes, soar up until they melt into the golden sky above." Guinea-fowl, and the 938 ETAWAH. common gallinaceous pooltrj, run wild in the jungle. The Jumna and other streams are well stocked with excellent fish. The wild hog, antelope, porcupine, frequent the jungle and desert tracts. Jackals are numerous, and wolves are so bold and ferocious, as frequently at nightfall to rush into the villages and carrj off children. Hjsnas are not uncommon, and though generally rather shy, are, when driven to bay, ferocious and very destructive. The unsheltered situation of Etawah affords ample oppor- tunity for the contemplation of the changes of the atmosphere. In no part of India do the hot winds blow with greater fury. They commence in March, and continue during the whole of April and May. The wind usually rises about eight in the morning, and, continuing through the whole day, subsides at sunset, though it sometimes blows throughout the whole night. " Every ' article of furniture is burning to the touch ; the * Robert u. lo. hardest wood, if not well covered with blankets, will split with a report like that of a pistol ; and linen taken from the drawers is as if just removed from a kitchen fire. The nights are terrible, every apartment being heated to excess, each may be compared to a large oven." The human constitution suffers great exhaiistion from this state of temperature. The hot winds are succeeded by the monsoon or periodical rains, the transition being marked by a furious tornado. Even at midday, darkness as of night sets in, caused by the dense clouds and volumes of dust ; and so loud is the roar of the storm, that the incessant peals of thunder can be heard only at intervals, whilst the flashes of lightning seldom pierce through the gloom. The rain then descends in torrents, floods the country, and refreshes the animal and vegetable world. *' Before the watery^ pools have penetrated into the parched earth, so rapid < id. u. si. is the growth of vegetation, patches of green appear along the plain, and those who take up their posts in the veranda for an hour or two may literally see the grass grow. In the course of a single day the sandy hillocks will be covered with verdure, and in a very short time the grass becomes high and rank." The rains usually continue from the first or second week in June until the middle of October, and in some seasons are very violent^ causing extensive and destructive inundations. V9 ETAWAH. The final full is generally the heaviest, lasting three or four days, and ushering in cool weather. The climate is delightful from October to March ; exercise in the open air may be taken with satisfaction on foot until ten o'clock in the forenoon, and all day in carriages; fires are requisite to comfort in the evening, and warm bedding is requisite at night. The vigorous administration of the laws by the British authorities has of late years much checked the hand of crime in * A«. R«. xiii. this district, which was formerly infamous as one of the principal^ 891— suerwood, ' haunts and places of refuge of the Thugs and Phansigars,* and OD piuuitigare. -^vhose secret and systematic robberies and murders have been carried to an appalling extent all over Ilindostan. Some of these wretches were Mahomedans, but the majority were Hindoos ;t some gangs contained a mixture of all denomina- tions and castes. In some instances these assassins were under the protection of the zemindars or landed proprietors of the eastern part of the district, but the mixed gangs generally lurked in the ravines and jungles of the wild tract of Sindouse, on the right of the Jumna, and in the Doab between that river and the Chumbul. Some ostensibly followed agricultural avocations, or other pursuits equally unsuspected, though they were in reality supported by their nefarious practices ; others were mere vagrants, living, when urged by want, on the flesh of jackals and other unclean animals. To 80 great an extent did the crime of thuggee once prevail, that * Id. 888. in one year (1808) sixty-seven dead bodies were' taken out of wells in this district. The population in 1848 was ascertained by official return to amount to 481,224. Of this number, 284,838 are returned as Hindoos engaged in agriculture ; 170,524 Hindoos engaged in other pursuits ; 4,691 Mahomedans and others, not Hindoos, agricultural; and 21,171 of those classes, non-agricultural. Hence it is seen that the Hindoos constitute an overwhelming majority of the population. * Miscreants, whose oocupfttion was murder for the sake of plunder. Their victims were generally travellers, whom they seduced to bear them company, and on the occurrence of a convenient opportunity, strangled them. t These considered themselves under the especial patronage of the Hindoo goddess of destruction. 240 ETAWAH. The following is a elassification of the towns and villages of the district : — Number containing less than 1,000 inhabitants . . . 1,461 Ditto more than 1,000 and less than 5,000 60 Ditto more than 6,000 and less than 10,000 3* Ditto more than 10,000 and less than 50,000 If 1,515 The principal towns will be found noticed in the proper places. The principal routes through the district are — 1. From south- east to north-west, from Calpee to Muttra, by Etawah, running parallel to the lefb bank of the Jumna, and on an average ten or twelve milea from it ; 2. from south-east to north-west, from Cawnpore, joining the former route five miles from the canton- ment of Etawah ; 3. from Lucknow, in Oude, to the canton- ment of Etawah, and, subsequently crossing the Jumna, to Gwalior; 4. from north-east to south-west, from the canton- ment of Eutteghur to that of Etawah ; 5. from north to south, from the cantonment of Mjnpooree to that of Etawah. The right of the British government to this tract dates from 1801, when it was ceded by the Nawaub Vizier, forming a portion of the possessions alienated by that prince in com- mutation of subsidy. ETAWAH,^ X a town, the principal place of the per- » E.r.c. m». Doe. gunnah and also of the district of the same name, is situate about a mile^ § east of the left bank of the Jumna, here crossed » j«cn»e«ioi»t, by ferry,* or occasionally by a bridge of boats. Access to the Tour» In indtt, water is had by means of numerous ghats or flights of stairs, "• ^^- .^ ^, /. ^ ^^ A I. 11 * Garden, Tablef some in a state of great decay, others recently builf* by wealthy of Route*, ift?. Hindoos, to afford devotees easy approach for the purpose of j„,,,J^Ioni,"ii. ntual ablution. The sight of the town has a striking appear- ^so. ance, the houses being in many instances insulated on small summits, amongst which deep, narrow, steep-sided ravines * JaswuQtDUggnr, 5,033 inhabitaDts; Oreyah, 5^645 ditto; Phuppoond, 6,063 ditto. t Etawab, 17,788 inbabitants. X Tbe word is significant in Arabic, meaning' 'tribute." Etaja of ' Ricbardson, in t. Elphinstone ;' Etayah of RenneU ; Etawa of tbe translator of Baber; > Hist, of India, Btawah of the British authorities. "• ^^* § According to Mundy,» " a couple of miles." ' Slietches in m 241 India, 11.48. ETA— ETC. • llodffpn, TrnreU ill India, 108. Jacqiietount, iii. 4d6. • Brwhrelbunjf vun Hindustun, I. 141. 7 Mem. 871, 401, 421. * 424. 347. 841, 840, 3.*W, 3 15. * Jucqiieiiioiit, fii 4.''6. Bucun, ii. 380. 1 Oacon, ii. 31K>. ' Ortnleti, Tnllet of nouti**, 7. 3 Huberts, Scciut, ii. 1. * StntUtics of K.W. Prov. 115. * GMrdeii, Tables of Routes. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C Ms. Doc. wind. These indentations appear to have been formed by the violent torrents caused by the periodical rains washing away the softer parts of the elevated strata, leaving prominent the indurated kankar or calcareous conglomerate, in some instances sixty feet* above the river. Hodges, who visited the place in 1783, describes* it as then " large, but very wretched, haring but two tolerable houses.'* Tieffenthaler* spoke of it, about thirty years before, as " a very ancient and famous town, situate on the east side of the Jumna, and formerly well peopled. At present," he continues, " many old houses have fallen down, The fort, situate on a high sandhill, on the bank of the Jumna, which flows along its southern side, is of moderate size, and has a foundation of brick." In the time of Baber, in the early part of the sixteenth century, it was of much note, and was governed by the son-in-law^ of that sovereign, by whom it is repeatedly mentioned.^ At present its prosperity* appears somewhat on the increase, in consequence of its favoured com- mercial position at the junction of the road from Calpee to Agra with that from Cawnpore to the same place. The jail* is one of the largest and best secured of any in the North- Western Provinces. The cantonment is a mile north-west of the town.' It is little liked by Europeans, who consider it to be " pecu- liarly* desolate, and to exhibit in full perfection the dreary features of a jungle-station. Upon a wide sandy plain, nearly destitute of trees, half a dozen habitable bungalows lie scat- tered, intermixed with the ruins of others, built for the accom- modation of a larger garrison than is now considered necessary for the security of the place, a single wing of a regiment of sepoys being deemed suflScient for the performance of the duties of this melancholy out-station." The population consists of 17,783 persons.4 Distant* N. W. from Calcutta 710 miles, N.W. from Cawnpore 100, S.E. from Agra 73, S.E. from Delhi, vid Allyghur, 183. Lat. 26° 46', long. 79° 4'. ETAWEH, in the British district of Saugor, territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Saugor to Jeypoor, 40 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 24° lO', long. 78° 19'. ETCHAK. — A town in the British district of Eamgur, pre- sidency of Bengal, 218 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° 5', long. 85° 29'. U2 ETI—ETT. ETIMADPOOE, or ATAMADPOOE,i in the British » e.i.c. m.. doc district of Agra, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from the cantonment of Etawa to that of Muttra, and 39 miles^ S.B. of the latter. It is of * oardwi. TabT«t inconsiderable size, and surrounded by an indifferent mud wall.* » iacqu^ont, Here is a large tank, inclosed bj massive embankments of "'^^i. masonry,^ and having in the middle a polygonal building* two * HodR»,Tnireu stories high, surmounted by a dome. It is built of stone, and Archer, Vourt la communicates with the land by a bridge of several arches of '"***"* '• ^• the same material. Local tradition attributes its construction to a retainer of the imperial court of Delhi, but his name has not been preserved. The town haa a bazar, and water and supplies are abundant. The road in this part of the route is, on the whole, good. The country close to the town on one side is much cut up into deep and steep ravines, but the remainder is, for the most part, level and well cultivated. Lat. 27° 14', long. TS"* 16'. ETOXJNDA. — A town in the native state of Nepal, 24 miles e.i.c. Mi. doc. S.W. from Khatmandoo, and 54 miles N.E. from Bettiah. Lat. 27^ 26', long. 85° 3'. ETOWLEE,^ in the British district of Shahjehanpoor, lieu- » e.i c. m«. doo. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Bareilly to Lucknow, 56 miles^ S.E. of the « Garden, Tablet former, 100 N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the *»''*«"'"' ^• route is good ; the country open and highly cultivated. Lat. 28^ 2', long. 80° 12'. EYTUH, or ETA.^ — ^The principal place of the pergunnah of » e.i.c. mi. Doc. the same name, in the British district of Mynpoorie, under the lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. It has a bazaar,* and is surrounded by a mud wall. In consequence « Garden, TaWe* of the lowness of its site, it is nearly encompassed by a jhil or "^ '^"'^* *•" piece of water during the periodical rains in the latter part of summer. Supplies and water are abundant at all seasons. This place lips on the route from ADyghur to Mynpoorie, and is 34 miles N.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open and partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 34', long. 78° 43'. • A view of it is given by Hodge*.* ' Views in Indln, Tol. iJ. No. 12. E 2 • »43 TAG— FAB. F. ' Mundj, Sketches in India, i. 2d4. Archer, Tour* in Upper India, 1. 218. ' Joum. A«. Soc. Bcnff. 1887, p. 904 — Hutton, Joum. of a Trip to the Burenda Pom. ' Archer, ut supra, 1. 218. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Horsburgh, Directory, 1.682. ' Benenl Marine Disp. 16 May, 1839. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc * Garden, Tablet or Routes, 14. Jacquemont, Voyage. Hi. 480. ' Journ. In India, i.583. 1 Botany of the Himalaya, 369. ■ Mem. of War In India, 481. p. 250. FAGU, in the hill state of Keonthul, a halting-place on the route from Simla to Kotgurh, and 12 miles E. of the former. Here is a building of one apartment, erected by government for the accommodation of travellers. The adjacent country is picturesque, and in many places well wooded,^ and, though rough and mountainous, well suited for the culture of esculent vegetables, especially potatoes, and of the salep misri, a species of orchis, yielding in great abundance a mucilaginous food, both palatable and highly nutritious.* • Fagu is 8,030 feet' above the level of the sea. Lat. 31° 6', long. 77° 21'. FALSE ISLAND. — The most southern of a cluster of islands on the coast of Arracan, situate between the island of Cheduba and the mainland. Lat. 18° 39', long. 94°. FALSE POIXT.— A headland on the coast of Cuttack, at the mouth of the Mahanuddee river, and 30 miles S.W. from Point Palmyras. " It is low and woody." ^ A lighthouse* has been erected here, exhibiting its light 120 feet above high- water. Lat. 20° 20^, long. 86° 51'. FAEAH,^ in the British district of Agra, lieutenant-gover- norship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, lies on the route from the city of Agra to that of Muttra, 22 miles* N.W. of the former, 13 S.E. of the latter. It is situate a mile from the right bank of the Jumna.f Heber* describes it as " built in a great measure within the inclosure of what has evidently been a very extensive serai, whose walls seem t6 have been kept up as a defence to the village. They have, however, not been its only defence, since, on a little hill immediately above * Royle ' states it " to contain the largest quantity of nutritious matter in the smallest space, and that about two drachms are sufficient for an invalid's meaL" t Thorn* mentions that Amir Khan, making his predatory inroad into the Doab in February, 1805, crossed the Jumna at Famh. The biographer, however, of the amir states,' with more probability, that the passage was made at the much-frequented ghat of Muhabun, twelve miles higher up the stream. 244 TAT— FEE. it, is a square mud fort, with a round bastion at each flank, and a little outwork* before the gate.'* The town is well supplied with water, and has a small bazar. The surrounding country 18 well cultivated and open. The road in this part of the route is generally wide and good, though sandy and heavy in some places. Lat. 27° 19', long. 77° 6(y. TATIABAD, in the territory of Tijarra, under the political management of the Governor- General's agent in Eajpootana, a town on the route from Delhi to the town of Alwar, and 31 miles ^ N. of the latter. Supplies may be procured here, i Garden, TaWet and water is plentiful. The road northwards, or towards o'Ro»»*«^ 1*2. Delhi, is good in dry weather ; in the opposite direction it is indifferent. Lat. 27° 65', long. 76° 45'. FATTEHGAD, in the Peshawur division of the Punjab, a e.i.c. mh. doc town situated at the entrance of the Kyber Pass, 10 miles W. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 34°, long. 71° SC. FAZILPOOB. — A village in the district of Mooltan, one of the divisions of the Punjab, situate 91 miles S.W. of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 18', long. 70° 25'. FEELNTJGGUEjt in the British district of Shahjehanpoor, Garden, iMbiet of lieotenant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village ^" ^ on the route from Bareilly to the cantonment of Futtehgurh, and 28 miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open and cultivated. Lat. 28° 1', long. 79° 44/ , FEEEOZAPOOE,! in the British district of Furruckabad, ' e.i.c. Ms. Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Futtehgurh to Lucknow, and 28 miles ^ S.E. * Qftrden, Tablet of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad ; the Archer, Tours in country level and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 3', long. 79° 58'. ^"^^' *• ^ FENNY EIVER. — A stream rising in the mountains of independent Tipperah, and, flowing south-west, forms for several miles the boundary between Tipperah and the British district of Chittagong, and for thirty-two miles separates the district last named from that of Bulloah, and falls into the Bay of Bengal in lat. 22° 53', long. 91° 33'. FBBOZABAD,^ in the British district of Agra, lieutenant- • e.i.c. Ms. doc * Hamilton' states that this old fort has been converted into a salt- > Gazetteer, in v. petre manufactory. P"^*^' *• ^• t Elephant-town; from Fil, "elephant,*' and Nagar, "town." 245 FEE. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name, on the route • Garden, Tables from Muttra to Etawa,^ and 63 miles S.E. of the latter, 25 of Route.. 150. jj^.j^g -g Q^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^f j^^^ j^. jg ^^ considerable size, sur- » Archer. Toiirs in Foundcd by a Wall,' outside which are numerous mounds and «"m'\oi^ shapeless ruins. Jacquemont^ states that it "displays very / beautiful relics of ancient splendour. It must have been a wealthy town, but its fine edifices are in ruins and deserted ; and its present inhabitants dwell in good cottages thatched with straw. Still it may in India be considered a town." It has a bazar, and is supplied with water from wells. The popu- • stafijtioi of lation is returned at 11,792.* Its present name is of com- N.vv. prov. 101. paratively recent date, and has probably been given in honour of some chief of Afghan or Persian descent, Firoz being a usual appellative among those of that lineage. Under its • Tieffenthnier, former name, Chandwar,® it is frequently mentioned by Baber^* HinihjTrl'*"."?. T\9. ^^ ^ place of importance. The road in this part of the route '341. n-ii, S71, 18 good ; the country in some places much cut up by ravines, in others open, level, and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 9', long. 78° 28'. E I.e. Mb. Doc. FEEOZABAD. — A towu iu the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, on the left bank of the Beema river, and 114 miles S.W. from Hyderabad. Lat. 17** 4', long. 76° 5(y. Garden. Tablet of EEEOZEPOOll, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Allygurh to the town of Moradabad, and 19 miles S.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, level, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 87', long. 78° 40'. E.i.c. Ms. Doc. FEROZESHAH. — A village situate about twelve miles from the left bank of the Sutlej, within the country under the control of the commissioner and superintendent of the Cis- Sutlej states. This place has been rendered memorable by the attack made on the 21st December, 1845, by the British army, under Sir Hugh Grough and Sir Henry (now Lord) Hardinge, • Wem. 341, 857. * The translators of Baber* state, " Chandwar lies on the Jumna, below Agra and above Etawa ;" but, from deficient materials, they are often astray in the geography of the Doab. Chandwar, or Ferosabad, is about four miles from the Jumna. 216 FEE. on the formidably-intrenched Sikh camp here, which, after two days' hard fighting, was captured, and the enemy put to flight. The triumph was complete; but, as in most of the actions throughout the Sikh war, the loss of the victors was heavy, liat. 30P 62', long. 74° 50f, FEEOZE SHAH CANAL runs from the river Jumna, at lat. 30° 2(y, long. 77° 38'. One branch discharges itself in the desert, in lat. 29° 16', long. 75° 16', and the other rejoins the parent stream at Delhi. FEEOZPOOE,^ in the British district of Mozuffurnuggur, » e.i.c. Mf. Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village with a small fort, half a mile from the right bank of the 'o^JJon'oTiSe™" Ganges. Elevation^ above the sea 848 feet. Lat. 29° SC, onn«re« canm. Jong. 7o Z . No. H. p. 4. FEEOZPOOE, in the British district of Suharunpoor, e.i.c.m«.Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Meerut to Suharunpoor, 45 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 29° 37', long. 77° 31'. TEEOZPOEE, a British district in Sirhind, deriving its name from the town so called, formerly a place of some note, and now again rising into importance. It forms part of what are called the Cis-Sutlej territories of the East-India Company. The boundary is irregular, and not very well defined, but its centre may be stated to be in lat. 30° 45', long. 75°. Its area is returned at ninety-seven ^ square miles ; but this return, i pariiampnuiy it is explained by the deputy^ commissioner, refers only to the ?mp™^,J^,J' district of Ferozpore as it stood before the war with Lahore. SffttiRtic« of n.w. Subsequently, four pergunnahs, containing a very considerable tract of country, were added to it ; and at a still later period, the larger portion of one of them was severed from the dis- trict, and transferred to a native chief, the rajah of Furreed- kote. Part of the territory thus alienated was granted to the rajah, in consequence of his good behaviour during the war ; another part was subject to certain cash payments ; and a third portion was in exchange for other territory more con- veniently situate with reference to Ferozpore. This latter process gave additional complication to the circumstances of the district, which is again increased by the incorporation with it of certain pergunnahs from Wudnee, abolished as a separate district. The fact that the latest return was made immediately 247 FEROZPOEE. after these changea, and before any sufficient arrangement could be entered into for insuring accuracy, accounts for the presentation of a statement which does not even offer any pretensions to correctness- The circumstances which have rendered the return as to area unsatisfactory, are equally applicable to the return of population, under which the number is given at 16,890. The district, however, is said to be very thinly peopled, not a thirtieth part, it is alleged, being under cultivation. The remainder is either barren or covered with jungle ; but the former populousness and prosperity of the country are proved by the existence of several ruined villages and towns, as well as of fine brick-lined wells, now half-filled with rubbish. The wells at a distance from the river are deep, but much of the soil might be irrigated without recourse to them, as the dry bed of a nullah or watercourse, called the Sukri, traverses the country with a sinuous channel, and it would only require a canal a mile in length to admit the » joum. As. soc. water of the Sutlej or Gharrah.^ In the following extract, — MackeMn!* *^® cUmatc is represented as favourable to the European vofflgo of wode constitution : — " The climate^ of Ferozepore promises well : down the Sutlej. . ^ *^ « At. Journ. 18S9, it is pcculiar to this part of India, and unlike any other, Maj, u. 18. except Loodiana. Continual cloudy weather, occasionally rainy, and a climate particularly advantageous to Europeans, as well as natives. We can ride out all day without the slightest inconvenience, except that sometimes it is rather too cold than otherwise, to be comfortable without a great coat : scarcely any sick in hospital." The condition of the climate here described was in January. The territory of Ferozepore escheated to the British, upon the demise, in 1835, of Sirdarree » India Pol. Di»p. Luchmuu Kooar.* The claims of Lahore were subsequently *"' ' compromised by a division of the territory with £unjeet Id. 29 Jan. 1840. Siugh,^ the portiou then allotted to that potentate again changing masters, as above noticed, upon the conclusion of the Lahore war. • K.i.c.Trigon. FEEOZPOEE,^ in Sirhind, a town and fort so named 'pTrithia,!. i-w. because built by Feroze^ Toghluk, who sat on the throne' of Md.i.44a/4Ci.* Delhi from 1351 to 1388. It is the chief place of a portion of the British possessions in that qiiarter, and is situate three miles from the left bank of the Sutlej. It must have been formerly a large town, as the extensive ruins around it'indicate. 248 FEROZPOEE. The fort is an irregular building,^ incapable of defence against * Journ. As. Soc a regular attack. It is a hundred yards long, forty broad, ^m^^^^ "^ and has a dry ditch, ten feet wide and ten deep, with one voyage of wade . . * down the SutkJ. gateway, which is on the east face.* The interior is filled with * Garden, Tabiea earth to half the height of the walls, and the mound thus ""' ^"^^ ^' formed is crowded with mean brick houses and mud hovels, separated by alleys not exceeding six feet wide.* The town is • Mackewn, ut surrounded by a ditch and by a weak mud wall. It is well *"^™' supplied with water from a hundred and twenty-four brick- lined wells. Before the introduction of artillery, and when in good repair, the fort must have defied attempts to storm it ; and even now, according to the report of an eyewitness, when viewed at a distance, its appearance is very striking. " The large, heaped-together, and well-raised round towers of the forts about here," says a visitant, "give more an impression of England than any I have seen in India. At two or three miles distant, in looking on Ferozepore, you might fancy your- self gazing on Arundel, if not Windsor Castle."'' The town, f as. journ. laso, though originally very mean, has been improved^ since its »'"d.' 8l'pt^27^ occupation by the British ; bazars have been made, and several Reiw' <>' Com- good shops established. The population has also greatly increased. Its rapid improvement is thus described by a late^ » Atkinwn, ex- traveUer :»— *' When I was at Ferozepore in January, 1839, S^ghaLun, eo. the streets were narrow, and in the filthiest state imaginable ; the houses all huddled together. When I was there in February, 1841, on my return from Afghanistan, a totally new prospect presented itself. The fort and town had been new- modelled, indeed rebuilt of burned brick ; wide streets, with colonnaded rows of shops, had been constructed, and the whole eihibited the promise of an extensive mercantile city. For this improveraent, we are much indebted to the zeal and exer- tions of Captain H. Lawrence, assistant political agent. The native merchants of India and the Puniaub, seeing distinctly the dawn of commercial prosperity in that quarter, at once entered into the speculation of erecting long lines of shops and warehouses, and increasing the town ; and there can be no doubt that in a very short period Ferozepore will become one of the most important mercantile entrepots in the north- west part of India." For this purpose it is well adapted, by its situation near one of the great ferries over the Gharrah, 249 FEEOZPORE. and the means of easy communication with the lower part of the Punjaub, Bahawulpore, and Sinde, afforded by that great river, and its recipient the Indus. There is abo facility of communication by good roads with all parts of Sirhind. In November, 1838, an interview took place here between Bunjeet Singh, then maharaja of the Punjaub, and Lord Auckland, the Governor- General of British India, on which occasion 10,000* men, rendezvoused at Ferozpore previously to their advance to the invasion of Affghanistan, went through the evolutions of a « Hftveiook. Nnrr. bloodless' battle for the amusement of the Seik ruler, as well Aflviiani«i^,"i. «3 to produce on him an impression of the superiority of ®^'**'-- British discipline and tactics. In the subsequent operations of the AflTghan war, it was repeatedly visited by British armies, marching and countermarching. Within the monumental church erected in this town, the names of the gallant ofiScers and men who fell in the Sutlej and Punjaub campaigns will « nenpni Mil. be perpetuated on tablets sacred to their memory.* The isp. c . . . pQp^j^^jQjj Qf Ferozpore is about 6,000. It is distant W. of »G«rdPP,,.t Loodiana 79 miles, N.W. of Calcutta 1,181» miles. Lat. 30° 55', long. 75° 35'. » K.i.c. M*. Dor. FEROZPORE.^ t — The principal place of the'pergunnab of the same name, in the British district of Goorgaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, on the route from « onrdpn, TaMes Delhi to Alwar, and 74 miles* S. of the former. Jacquemont* » fi. 312.' describes it as suiTounded by a rather strong wall, flanked with small towers, and inhabited principally by Mussulmans. The fort had strong walls and towers, constructed of mud and mounted with cannon, and contained the nawaub^s palace, of no great size, but handsomely built, and furnished in the English style. According to the latest official return (1848), * Memoir on the number of inhabitants was 7,989 ;** but this statement was Stntistics of N.W. /» ^ ^ ii.ji T Ji«n Prov. 41. founded on a census made two three years earlier, and cbienyy if not entirely, through native agency. » Id. 39. The jaghire of Ferozpore, containing an area of about 138* » Nftrrnt. of Exp. * Hough states the number at between 14,000 and 15,000 men.* In Affjihaniston, a. ^ Jacquemont' States that it was built by Feroz Shah, no donbt sperWiu. I 444 nio'^n*"^ Fi:Toz Toghlak, who reigned in Delhi from 1.351' to 1388, and 4ai. ' was remarkable for the great number of his public works, amongst which, ^ Id. i. 465. 200 towns* are enumerated. Ferisbta' indeed mentions that he built a *• ^^- fort called Ferozpore ; but this was close to Sirhind, and a hundred miles north of the town which is the subject of the present notice. 250 FIL— FIV. square miles, with that of Loharoo, containing 350, were granted, in the beginning of the present century, the former by Lork Lake, the latter by the ruler of Alwur, to Ahmud Buksh Khan ; on whose death, in 1827, they descended to his son, Sbumsooddeen Khan. The two younger brothers of Shums- oodden, having well-founded claims on Loharoo, in yirtue of an arrangement made by their father Ahmud Buksh, Mr. William Eraser, the British political agent at Delhi, exerted himself to induce the British goyemment to make a partition in their favour. Sbumsooddeen, to avert the threatened loss, and in revenge for the proposed measure, as well as for some censure passed, and some coercion exercised, in regard to certain parts of his conduct, caused Mr. Fraser to be murdered, at Delhi, by a hired assassin, in October, 1835. A year afterwards, he was hrought to trial for the murder, and, being duly convicted, was hanged.* His jaghires being declared forfeited, Loharoo was • D»Cra«, pot granted to his brothers, and Ferozpore embodied with the as! Jouro.Tssa. British district of Goorgaon. Sept. pp. i8, os; Tliere are works in the town for smelting iron ore, raised at March, pp. i«, a mine three miles distant. The bazar is well supplied, and J^'jJ^"'* ^^' water is abundant. The road in this part of the route is good. Elevation above the sea about 840 feet. Distance N.W. from Calcutta, by Agra and Muttra, 895 miles.^ Lat. 27^ 47', long. ^ Garden, Tablet 7^1/ of Route.. 7. 14, '« A. 88,265. FILOE, dr FAIiOUE.— A town in the Julinder Dooab f. von H.iirei. division of the Punjab, on the route from Amritsir to Loodiana, * and about six miles N.W. of the latter place. It is situate on the right bank of the Sutluj, and is defended by a fort, built on the high steep rising from the river. The fort, which was con- structed by order of Bunjeet Singh in 1809, is small, affording accommodation for a garrison of only 150 men, but it is ren- dered conspicuous by its large barbican. Here is the ferry aver the Sutluj, for the communication of Loodiana and its neighbourhood with Amritsir and Lahore. The Sutluj, in inundation, forms extensive sheets of water round the town, and these remain after the river has shrunk to the confines of its usual channel. Lat. 31° 2', long. 75° 49'. FIVE SISTEES ISLANDS.— A group of islands on the coast of the Tenasserira province, in lat. 11° 25', long. 98° 9', and 82 miles S.W. from the town of Tenasserim. 351 FLA— FEA. FLAT ISLAND. — An island, called by the natives Nega- male, situate about five miles from the south-eastern shore of Cheduba (Arracan), which island in soil and productions it very much resembles. It is about four miles in length from » journ. A«. Soc. north to south, has a pool or -two of fresh water, and is high Holfburgh! Ti. 19. towards the centre.^ Lat. 18° 37', long. 93° SC. E.I.C. Ms. Doc FOET ST. DAVID.— A town and fort on the coast of Coromandel, in the British district of South Arcot, presidency of Madras. This place, formerly known as Tegnapatam, was purchased by the East-India Company from a native prince in 1691, and became a station of some importance. Upon the capitulation of Madras to the French in 1746, the Company's agent here assumed the general administration of British affairs in the south of India, and successfully resisted an attack made by Dupleii upon the settlement. In 1756, Clive was appointed governor of Fort St. David. It was attacked by the French in 1758, both by sea and land, and capitulated, when the fortifi- cations were demolished, and were never rebuilt. Distant N. from Cuddalore three miles ; from Madras, S., 100. Lat. 11° 45', long. 79° 50^. FOET ST. GEOEGE.— See Madbas. FOET WILLIAM.— See Calcutta. FOUL ISLAND, off the coast of Arracan, situate about six leagues from the mainland, is two miles in length, its shape conical, with a gradual declivity from the centre towards the » Horeburgh, Bca.^ The island is covered with a profusion of trees. Lat. Director,, U. 18. ^g, ^,^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^, « E.I.C. M.. Doc FEASEEPET,* or KOOSHALNUGGUE,! in the British district of Coorg, presidency of Madras, a town situate on the « Retort on Med. left bank of the river Cauvery, here 225 feet* wide, fordable in ISS of *""* t^e ^y season, but during the monsoon rising from twenty to Coorg, 5. thirty feet. It is situate close to the ruins of Jaafarabad, a fort built by Tippoo Sultan on the site of the ancient Koo- shalnagar, and is the head-quarters of the sappers and miners employed on the roads and other public works in Coorg. The soil is alluvial but well drained, and the air salubrious, though, in consequence of its comparatively depressed site, warmer than I Wilklnv, Olot- * Pet or Peta, in Tamul, means * a suburb or town. On the annexation •*'^' of Coorg to the territory of the East-India Company, Col. Fraser was appointed commissioner. 253 FEE— FUL. in most parts of Coorg. The nights, however, are cool and pleasant at all seasons, and during the monsoon little rain falls, and the temperature is moderate, the heat of the sun being mitigated by continual clouds and light fogs. Elevation above the sea 3,200 fe«t. Distance from Merkara, E., 14 miles; Mangalore, S.E., 81 ; Bangalore, S.W., 117 ; Madras, W., 290. Lat. 12° 28', long. 76° T. FRENCH EOCKS,* in Mysore, a British military station » e.i.c. Hf. Doc. for native troops, at a rocky hill,^ five miles N. of the river • Buchanan, Cauvery at Seringapatam, and 300 feet* above it. The canton- mwj'JJ]^ throngh ment is on a gently risin? irround, with a firavelly soil and well wjwre, canara* dramed. There are no jungles nor marshes m the vicmity, nor ' Report of Med. any stagnant water, except that contained in a fine deep tank stotutlcTtr '"* with a rocky bottom, which yields an abundant and excellent Mywre^ w. supply throughout the year. The atmosphere is rather moist ; fogs and heavy dews prevail at the close of the vrinter and the early part of spring. The heat is less than at Seringapatam, a few miles distant, and the thermometer is at no time much above 85^. The monsoon rains generally cease about the middle of September. Notwithstanding the many apparently favourable circumstances of its site, it has been from time to time subject to attacks of severe endemic fever, generally of intermittent type. They appear, however, to be in a great degree confined to the native population, the British generally enjoying good health. Elevation above the sea 2,300 feet. Lat. 12° 31', long. 76° 45'. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.— See Pondichebet. EULAILEE, in Sinde, is a branch of the Indus, leaving the Bumo*, Bokh. Ill AAI main channel about nine miles above Hyderabad, and in lat. p^]^^^ seiooch. 25° Sr, long. 68° 29'. It flows southward, after proceeding a ^ ^^ ^^ ^ short distance to the east of Hyderabad, which it insulates, by CarieM, 17. sending off to the westward a branch which rejoins the main river about fifteen miles below the town. Below this last divarication it bears the name of the Goonee, takes a south- easterly course, discharging its water eastward into the Furana or Phurraun, and ultimately into the sea by the Koree mouth. FUL JAE TAL, in the British district of Shahjehanpoor, e.i.c. Ur. Doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a small lake, the source of the river Goomtee. Lat. 28° 85', long. 80°10'. FUL— FUE. « E.i.c. Mn. Doc. FULTA,* in tlie British district known as the Twenty-four Pergunnahs, presidencj of Bengal, a town on the left bank of the river Hooghly, opposite the mouth of the DamoodaL « Garden, Tnbiet Distauco from Calcutta, S.W., by land, 22^ miles ; bv the course of Kouie*. 174. ^£ ^y^^ Hooghly, 29. Lat. 22° 18', long. 88° IC. » E.I.C. Ml. Doc. FUEEEDAB AD,^ a town in Bulubgurh or Fureedabad, a jaghire under the lieutenant-governorship of the North- Weat Provinces, is situate on the route from Delhi to Muttra, and « Garden, Table* 21* milcs S. of the formcr city. The country around is for * Utber, i. 571. the most part barren and disagreeable, but groves' of tamarindfl and other trees enliven the immediate neighbourhood of the town. Here is a bazaar, and also a large tank. The town ia * Tiiom. Mcmoirt surrouudcd by a wall. At the time of Thorn's visit, fifty* years iiidil^ 175.*^ " ®go> i* "^*8 noted for the manufacture of bows and arrows. Water is abundant. The road in this part of the route is good southwards, but northwards, towards Delhi, bad for wheeled carriages, being much intersected by rocky ravines. Lat. 28° 25', long. 77° 23'. • E.I.C. M.. Doc. FUEEEDGUNGE,^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the old route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Futteh- • Gtrtien, Tabi« poro, and 39 * miles N.W. of the former. The road in this of Rouu-s, 80. p^^ ^£. ^j^^ route is heavy, the country well cultivated. Lat. 25° 41', long. 81° 26'. E.I.C. Ml. Dec. FUEEED KOT, in the British district of Bhutteeana, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Patialah to Bhawulpoor, 116 miles S.W. of the former. Lat. 30° 1', long. 74° 47'. E.I.C M.. Doc. FUEEED KOTE, one of the protected Sikh states of Sirhind, is bounded on the north, south, and east by the British district of Ferozepore, and on the west by the native state of Mundote : it extends from lat. 30° 40^ to 30° 56^, and from long. 74° 22' to 75° 9' ; is forty miles in length from east to west, and nineteen in breadth. The area is 808 square miles, containing a population of 45,892. Fureedkote, the chief town, is 60 miles S.W. from Loodiana. Lat. 30° 40', long. 74° 59'. Garden, Tftbiei FUEEEDPOOE, in the British district of Moradabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from AUyghur to the town of Moradabad, and 254 FUR. four miles S.W. of the latter. It is situate near the right bank of the Gangun, in an open, level, cultivated country. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 28** 47', long. 78^49'. FUEEEDPOOR,! in the British district of Bareilly, the » e.i.c. m.. Doe. principal place of the pergunuah of the same name, on the route from the town of Bareillj to Shahjehanpoor, and 12 miles S.E. of the former. It is situate close to a grove of very fine mango-trees, in a flat fertile country, well cultivated, especially under cotton. Heber* describes his visit to this • Journ. in indii^ place on November 13th as delightful: — "The morning was positively cold, and the whole scene, with the exercise of the march, the picturesque groups of men and animals round me, the bracing air, the singing of birds, the light mist hang- ing on the trees, and the glistening dew, had something at once 80 oriental and so English, I iiave seldom found anything better adapted to raise a man's animal spirits and to put him in good temper with himself and all the world." There is a bazar here, and water and supplies are abundant. The road* ' oarden, ToWot in this part of the route is good. Lat. 28° 12', long. 79° 36'. ""^ '^''"''•' *""* FUEEEDPOEE.^* — ^A British district under the presidency > e.i.c. ii». Due. of Bengal, named from its principal place. It is bounded on the north by the British district Mymensing ; on the east by the British district Dacca ; on the south by the British district Backergunge ; and on the west by the British districts Jessore and Pubna : it lies between lat. 23° 3'— 24° 5', long. 89° 30'— 90° 15', and has an area of 2,052 ^ square miles. Fureedpore * PHrimmentary is altogether an alluvial tract, low and swampy in the southern ' and north-eastern parts, where it is much subject to inunda- tion; but in the north and north-western portions, rather more elevated, with a deep soil of fine quality. Few districts more abound in rivers : the Ganges, in this part of its course called the Podda, flowing from west to east, touches on the western frontier at Juffergunge, where that river receives an ofiset of the Konaie or Jabuna, by which its volume of water is more than doubled. Thence taking a south-easterly course for fifteen miles to Malapora, it enters the district, through which it flows for forty-five miles, to Kagauta, on the eastern frontier, at which place it sends off * It ifl ako called Dacca Jelalpoor. 255 FUEEEDPOEB. ' Heber, Narrot. of Journ. i. 101, 160. eastward a great branch, called the Kirtynassa ; and then taking a southerly course for fifteen miles, it at Hobigunje crosses the southern frontier into the British district of Backergunge. It on the left side receives numerous considerable watercourses, and on the right side sends off many others, especially during the rainy season, when it rolls along with a vast volume of water, four, five, or six* miles in width. The Konaie or Jabuna, from the north, touches on this district at its north- western comer, and flowing southerly for about five miles, forms its western boundary as far as Ameerabad, where it sends off to the left, or south-eastwards, a large stream, caUed the Dulasseree, and, turning south-westward, it receives, at a distance of five miles, the Oora Sagar, on the right side ; the united stream a few miles lower down falling into the Gunges. The Dulasseree holds a south-easterly course for thirty -five miles to Sabar, on the eastern frontier, towards the British district of Dacca, where it receives the Bunsi, flowing fix>m the north. From the confluence, the Dulasseree holds a course south-east, forming for twelve miles the eastern boundary of Fureedpore towards Dacca, when it passes into that district. The Barashee or Chundna, a large offset of the G-anges, flowing from north-west to south-east, touches this district on the western frontier, at Moodoocallee, and taking a course very sinuous, but generally southerly, for fifty-five miles, to Gopal- gimge, it for that distance forms the western boundary, towards the British district Fubna and Jessore. Eennell remarks^ that " the only subordinate branch of the Ganges that is at all times navigable, is the Chundnah river, which separates at Moddapore, and terminates in the Hooringotta ;" and Hors- burgh states that ships of 500 tons can^ enter and load in the Hooringotta estuary. The Barashee or Chundna is the only stream in this district navigable throughout the year ; all the others, including the main stream of the Ganges or Podda, • Bengal and during the dry season become in many parts so shallow,* that voi?ii. parri. 2W, ©vcn Small boats cannot traverse them. The climate during March, April, May, and the early part of June, is characterized by great heat, in consequence of the situation of the district with respect to the tropics, and its depressed level, scarcely raised above the sea. Towards the close of June, the south-west monsoon begins to set in, pro* 4 Mem. 33ft • East- India Directory, 1. OiO. FUEEEDPOEE. ducing heavy rains, wliich prevail throughout July, August, and September, when they cease, and the climate gradually "becomes comparatively cool, continuing so until the close of February. No information appears to have been collected respecting the . zoology of the district, though from the physical circum- stances of the country, it may be inferred that it would be interesting. ^ The soil is in general very rich, particularly in the nonLc^ part) producing fine crops of sugarcane, cotton, indigo, oil-seeds, and some others of less value ; while the swampy grounds are fruitful in rice. Sugar is probably the most important crop, being in brisk demand ; and it is stated that above 1,000,000 pounds^ were exported in 1840, for the British market. ^ bengal and The manufacturing iadustry of the district is chiefly em- vol. il parti. sst! ployed in the preparation of indigo and sugar, and in the dis- tdllation of rum. A considerable quantity of coarse cotton cloth is made for home use. Here are mahajans or merchants, reputed to be considerable capitalists, who drive an extensive and lucrative business, there being a brisk traffic in the import, export, and transit departments. The population is returned at 855,000,^ an amount which, • parliamentary compared with the area, indicates a relative density of 416 per '*®'"™' ^^^' mile. Mussulmans are more numerous in the southern part, and Brahminists in the remainder of the district. There are some thousands of native Christians of the Eomish persuasion, descended from the offspring of the union of Portuguese with native women. The district of Fureedpore passed to the East- India Company by the grant of Shah AJum, emperor of Delhi, in 1765. Fureedpore, the locality of the civil establishment, Hobi- gunge and Juffergunge, the principal places, are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. FTJEEEDPOKE.!— The principal place of the British district « e.i.c. mi. doc. of the same name, under the presidency of Bengal, situate on the right or south-west side of the Ganges, here called the Podda. According to Heber, " The huts* of the natives are « Heber, Nnrrat. in no compact village, but scattered thinly up and down a large o'**""™- '• ^^• and fertile extent of orchard-garden, and paddy (rice) ground." There seems to be little more to be said of Fureedpore, and 8 a 2^)7 FUE. * Hebcr, at fupra, 1. 1«7. E.I.C. Ml. Doc S.I.C. lis. Doc. I B J.C. Ms. Doc. • Cnutlej, Pro- lonzation of Oanipes C«ual, 2. ' Cautlcy, nt supra, App. ii. 4. D'Cmf, Pol. stipend ^ of 9,000 rupees, in addition to which, an annual sum of nearly 180,000 rupees was bestowed in pensions and charitable allowances to his dependants. In 1804, Holkar, at the head of a great body of cavalry, the number of which has been •Thorn Memoir estimated at 60,000,2 ravaged this tract, and, flying before the of War In India, -r> • • t » » .^ o 999. British army under Lord Lake, was surprised at the town of Furruckabad, and having lost 8,000 men, the remainder were so reduced by desertions and other causes, that not above half their number ever rejoined the standard of their leader : the loss of the British was only two dragoons killed, and about twenty wounded. In their march to overtake the enemy, and • Append. D. in the pursuit subsequent to the route, the British traversed a Oaxetiet, 7. distance of above seventy miles^ in twenty-four hours. > E.I.O. M,. Doc. FUERUCKABAD,!* the principal place of the district of the same name, in the North-West Provinces, is situate between two and three miles west of the right bank of the « Lord vaientia. Ganges ; its Patau 2 founders, from their exclusive addiction to • Cautiny, Pro- military pursuits, attaching no value to the facilities afforded olITill^ci^ai 16 ^y *^® ^^^^ nver, navigable upwards for nearly two hundred* J * Happy- town; from F»rrukh, "happy," and Abad, "town." It BeMiireibune von ''®^^*^®^ i'^ name from its founder,' Muhammed Khan Bangash, who Hinduitan, f. 139. bestowed it in honour of the ill-&ted Farrukhsir Padshah of Delhi. That MS^oMnT' P^°^ ascended* the throne 1718, and was murdered 1719 ; consequentiy ii. 634, A46. ^^® town was founded in the intervening period. 982 FUEETJCKABAD. miles, and downwards to the ocean. Furmckabad is rather a handsome town, and considered healthy,^ though many of the * Archer, Tourt streets are shaded hy trees, a circumstance usually considered i. oi^^' to have in India a tendency to produce malaria. Its population is returned al 66,800 persons * The healthiness of the place * statutic. of -,, _ •ii» • N.W. Prov. 106. may be owmg, in a great degree, to its cleanliness, a point more attended to here than in most Indian towns ; and the width of the streets and squares no doubt contributes towards this good end. The trade is considerable,* and the banking bosiness especially is extensive and important. The surround- ing country being fertile and well cultivated, provisions are abundant and excellent. In the town is a mud fort, built as a residence for the nawaub, on a considerable height, commanding extensive views of the G-anges and of the surrounding country. The commercial importance of this town was marked by its bavmg a mint, the coinage of which circulated extensively, especially throughout the North- Western Provinces. The * Tieffen thaler' describes the town as a large and important place in ' Be«chreibung TOO Hi 1. 199. the days of the power of the nawaubs of Furmckabad, about a century ago. ^®" " u»un. "It is surrounded/' he says, "by a lime-cemeoted wall, with battlements, and eDriched by a fosa, and has twelve gates ; three being directed towards each cardinal point. Four are main gates ; one towards the Ghinges, mother towards Mao, a third towards Kannauj, a fourth towards Agra. The houses are low and lime-cemented, except a few built of brick, at least outside. They are tolerably commodious internally, and neatly finished with tiles. The high street, which is inhabited by merchants and tradesmen, extends half a mile from the red gate to the fort ; and another street, from the red gate to that towards Mao, is a full mile long. The circuit of the town is, according to some, six miles ; according to others, nine. It is the emporium of all commodities for this part of India, from Delhi, Cashmere;, Bengal, and Surat. The fort» in which is the residence of the goTemor, is about a mile in circumference, and is situate to the north-west of the upper part of the high street, and is surrounded with a battlemented mud wall. The site is elevated, and the defences are ren- dered more effective by towers projecting above the rampart, and by a dry dStch of unequal breadth. The entrance to the place is through an outer and an inner gate." "The new palace, as well at the old, is of square out- line, and has' low hexagonal turrets along the sides. It has a lofty watch- tower.*' Hamilton^ states that " the town is surrounded by a wall, which * GaiettMr, l.fl51. has been kept in tolerable order by the magistrates ;" and adds, " by the police arrangements, the city is divided into seven wards, which are again partitioned into 194 mohuUahs, many of which are narrow, and appear at one period to have had barrier gates." 2C3 FUE— FUT. Prinsep, India Tablet, 9. T Act xvll. of 1835. * Garden, Tablet of Rouletyldl, 171. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. * Do Cnif, Pol. Kelalionii, 89. 1 E.I.C. Mt. Doc Bacon, Pint Im- preitioni, it. 807. < Garden, Tablet of Routet, 144. ■ E.I.C. MS. Doc. • Garden, Tablet of Roulet, 8G. ' Davidson, Travelt In Upper India, 1. S8 issue continued down to the year 1824,* the ralue of the Furruckabad rupee being to the Sicca rupee as fifteen to sixteen.^ The British military cantonment of Futtygurh is three miles east of the town, and on the right bank of the Ghmges. The eleyation of Furruckabad is probably about 670 feet above the sea. It lies twenty miles to the right of the great north-western route from Calcutta to Delhi, by the new line, and distant N.W. from the former 660® miles, S.E. from the latter 160, N.W. from Lucknow 95, E. fit)m Agra 90. Lat. 27° 24', long. 79° 40'. FUEEUCKABAD.— A town in the British district of Maldah, presidency of Bengal, 16 miles S.W. of Maldah. Lat. 24° 49', long. 88° 4'. FUBEUCKNUaaUE.— A petty Mahomedan chieftain, ship, comprising a few Tillages, situate on the south-east comer of the native state of Jhujhur. On acquiring supremacy^ in the Delhi territory, the British government found Mozuffer Khan in possession of the jaghire, and his rights were respected in the subsequent grant of Jhujhur to the Buraitch family. The chief bears the title of nawaub. The centre of the estate is in lat. 28° 24', long. 76° 52'. Its area is about twenty-two square miles. The population, assuming the average of the adjacent territories, may be estimated at 4,400. The nawaub maintains a small military force of twenty-five infantry. FUEUKNIiaUE,! in the British district of Meerut, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Delhi to the town of Meerut, and 14 miles N.£. of the former. It is situate on the right bank of the Hindun, here crossed by ford^ from two to two and a half feet deep, and in an open and partially-cultivated country. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 28^ 44', long. 77° 26'. FUTEHGUNQE (WESTEEN),i i^ the British district of BareiUy, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Bareilly to M oradabad, and 12 miles* N.W. of the former. It is a thriving* and populous village, and has a bazar and market, and is abundantly supplied with water from wells. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, level, and well cultivated. Here, in 1796, 264 FUTEHQTJNJB. the BohUla Patans were defeated* by a British force tinder * Tbomton. iiitt. Sir Bobert Abercrorabie. "Within view of the action were unndia, u.Slo'* about thirty thousand native troops, in the service of the nawaub of Oude, ostensibly an ally of the East-India Com- pany; but they kept aloof until the British, afler suffering very severely, totally routed their adversaries, when their treacherous auxiliaries rushed in and seized the greater part of the spoil * The cavalry of the British army fled on the * Mundy, nm charge of the Fatans, who, taking advantage of the 19. opening thus made, got into the rear, and cut to pieces six companies of infantry, but ultimately fell before the unshaken courage of the survivors. Bamsay, the commander of the cavalry, who showed the example of flight, saved himself from the punishment due to his delinquency by taking refuge in America, and ultimately was employed by Napoleon in his commissariat. The East-India Company raised a monument to those of their troops who fell in the action. "It is of obelisk^ form, and stands on a small mound, the only elevation * Mundjr.ut in this vast plain, on which point of vantage the enemies' guns *"^™' were ranged, and afterwards taken. The names of fourteen British officers are recorded on the ' storied stone ;' among whom were three commanding officers of regiments. Within a stone's throw of this plain and simple monument, rises the carred and minaretted tomb of two illustrious Eohilla chiefs, who feU in the action." A collection of dwellings, the exten- sion of the contiguous village of Betoura, and which were the immediate scene of the conflict, has received the appellation of Futehgunje, or " Victory Market." Lat. 28° 28', long. 79° 24'. FUTEHGUNJE (EASTEEN),i» in the British district of ' e.i.c. Mi. do«. Bareilly, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from the town of Bareilly to Shahjehan- poor, and 23^ miles S.E. of the former. It is situate near the • o»rden. Tablet right bank of the river Bhagul, and close to a noble grove* of J Heber, journ. mango-trees, covering between twenty and thirty acres, but is *° ^"**^ *• ***• a poor, insignificant place, surrounded by a ruined mud wall, in which, however, are two handsome brick gateways. It has a bazar, and is well supplied with water. The road in general is good, though heavy in a few places ; the country open, level, * " Tictory-market ;" from two words signifyiDg ** victory " and "market." 265 FTJTEHPOOB. and cultivated. The town was founded by Shujahuddawlat, the nawaub of Oude, in commemoration of a yictoiy which, • Thornton, Brit, gained by the British^ army in 1774, gare him possession of a ii^o."* " " ** large portion of Eohilcund. It is probable that the battle Portter, journ. ^^ j^q^^ howevcr, fought ou the site of the present Futehgunje, but at Tessunah, about four miles north-west of it, and marked •No. zi. as a battle-field, with crossed swords, in Bennell's Bengal^ Atlas. The engagement is sometimes called the battle of • Htmiiton, Cutterah,^ or Kuttra, from a town three miles to the sonth- Hindoitan" 1. 428. ©^st of Futehgunje. The successive conflicts in an action so obstinately contested, probably took place -in localities at a considerable distance from each other. Hafiz Bahmat Khao, f Journ. In India, the Eohilla commaudcr, was described to Heber^ " as a noble old warrior, with a long grey beard, who led his cavalry on in a brilliant style against the allied armies. When his noblea, at the head of their respective clans, either treacherous or timid, gave way, he remained almost alone on a rising ground in the heat of the fire, conspicuous by his splendid dress and beautiful horse, waving his hand, and vainly endeavouring to bring his army back to another charge, till, seeing that all was lost, he waved his hand once more, gave a shout, and galloped on the English b^onets. He fell, shot through and through." Colonel Champion, who commanded the British, had his body wrapped in shawls, and sent with due honour to his relatives. Futehgunje is in* lat. 28° 4', long.' 79° 42'. • E.LC. Ml. Doc. FUTEHPOOB^i in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Cawnpore to that of • GtrdM. TtWet Futchgurh, and 25^ miles S.E. of the latter. The road in this outM, part of the route is very indifierent ; the country level and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 6', long. 79° 63'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc FUTEHPOOR, in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on the right bank of the G-hara river, 50 miles S.E. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 41', long. 72° IQf. > EJ.C. Ml. Doc * Webb, in bis "Table of Heigbts/'i states the elevation of Futehgunje at 600 feet, but not giving lat. or long, it is impossible to detennine to what place the amount should be assigned. It appears too great for either Eastern or Western Futehgunje, and should be assigned probably to a village of the same name farther north, and near the base of the mountains. PUT. FUTHABAD, in the British district of Agra, lieutenant- e ic. m.. Doc gOTemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of Futhabad, is situate on the right bank of the Jumna. Lat. 27° 2', long. 78° 22'. ' e.i.c Mi. doc. PUTHEPOOE SIKEI,! • in the British district of Agra, a ofCTlj^:^''' town on the route from the city of Agra to Jeypore, and o/rJIJ^ ^!**^** 23 miles^ W. of the former. The place in its present state is * a» Re«. ti. 75— an expauBO of ruins, inclosed by a high stone wall,^ about five^ trom Agr» to miles in circuit, and having battlements and round towers. This rvoi"oriich ii64. BacoD, U. 961. * The oorreot name might be supposed to be ¥aihepoor Sikra, or " Little Futhepoor/' to distingaish it from Futtebpore, in the Doab. This last town, previously to Akbor's improvements at the other, was probably the more important of the two ; but Baber' mentions Sikri as the locality * Mem. 951. which, on account of the abundance of water, he chose as his place of encampment and battle-field, on which, in 1527, he overthrew* Rana * Tod, knnnU of Sanga, of Mewar, at the head of the confederate princes of Bajasthan, ^"»*»"» '• ^'^ and finally established Islam on the ruins of Brahminism, and secured the family of Timur in the sovereignty of Hindustan. On occasion of this ▼ictory, he assumed the title of Ghazi,' or '' victorious champion of the ' Mem. 967. fiuth,** and, it may well be supposed, gave the name of Futhepore, or "Town of Victory," to Sikri, contiguous to the scene of the great battle, the event of which had rescued him and his army from a state bordering on despair. The learned translators of the Memoirs,^ however, quote, ^ p- 961. though without affirming the dubious authority of Thevenot, that the name was given by Akbar, the descendant of Baber. "Sikri was a fsivourite place of Baber ; when his grandson Akber made his pilgrimage on foot from Agra to Ajmere, to the tomb of Kwajeh Mundi, and back, to procure the saint's intercession for having male children, he visited a dervish named Selim, at Sikri, and learned from him that God had heard his prayers, and that he would have three sons. This prophecy," says Thevenot, "was no pleasing to Akber, especially when it began to be accomplished, that he called his eldest son Selim, after the dervish, and gave the town, which had formerly been called Sikri, the name of Futhepore, which signifies * place of joy and pleasure,' and built there a very beautiful palace, with the intention of making it his capital." Ferishta^ states a different motive for the name assigned by Akbar. * II. 294. "The king considering the village of Seekry a particularly propitious spot, two of bis sons having been bom there, he ordered the foundation of a city to be laid there, which, after the conquest of Guzerat, he called Fut- iehpoor." And Hodges,* without assigning any authority, states : " The * In letter-preM town of Futtypoor was formerly known by the name of Sicri, and received ^. .^* ° 11* its present appellation from the Mogul emperor Akbar, who entitled it Futtypoor, i.e. 'place of victory,' from a decisive defeat which he gave near it to the Patans in the beginning of his reign." 267 rUTHEPOOE SIKRL space is divided by a hilly ridge of considerable* elevation, run- ning nearly from south-west to north-east, and extending beyond the inclosure five or six miles on each side. The scene of desola- » Periihti, ii. 284. tiou is the more awful, as Akbar commenced* those structures as late as 1571 ; and the fury of victorious enemies, principally Mahrattas, has in the comparatively brief interval reduced them to their present shattered or prostrate state. The most striking « Heber, 1. 595. object at prcseut is the great mosque, still in tolerable repair.* Von Orllch, 11. 66. _,•' « , - . i i t « • q ^i ' Hunter. 75. The aspcct 01 the great front is southwards,' " crownmg** the Bacon, Ii. 368. principal height, and overlooking the low country, the face of its walls terminating in a gigantic causeway, surmounted with domes and minarets. From a distant position, the effect of this enormous structure is to cause the hill on which it stands to dwindle into a mere hillock ; but when the traveller arrives at its base, and can estimate the magnitude of the building by that of the eminence on which it is exalted, his admiration ia raised to wonder and awe at the startling height to which it rises." The height of the gateway, from the pavement to the summit of the interior outline, is 72 feet, and to the exterior summit, 120. The gateway is reached by a flight of steps of almost unrivalled magnificence ; but these are becoming dilapi- dated, the periodical rains, which sweep down the slope of the hill, annually loosening some and dislodging others, so that, if requisite repairs be not attended to, in a few years the whole of this superb portal must become a heap of shapeless ruina. The interior, to which this noble entrance leads, is a quadrangle nearly 600 feetf square, and all around which runs a very lofty and majestic cloister, into which opens a range of cells, intended probably as lodges for dervishes, or for pilgrims. In this quadrangle, and to the left of the eutrance, is a large mosque, surmounted by three fine domes of white marble, and opposite the entrance, the tomb of Shekh Selim Cheestee, a Mussulman, ascetic, whose intercession by prayer to heaven Akbar had implored, that the imperial couch might be blessed by the birth of a son. The prayer was considered to be answered by the > Travels in India, * According to Von Orlich,* 160 feet. Von Orlich states these hills to **• ^' be " of red sandstone ;" Hunter, "of a greyish stone." I p\^ t According to Heber,« "about 600 ;" Hunter,' 440 ; Von OrUch,* 476 ; 4 iL 66. Sleeman,^ 676. Among these authorities, that of Hunter is unquestioQ- eol^tioos^ W *^^^ much the highest in point of accuracy. 268 FUTHEPOOE SIKEI. timelj birtb of a prince, named Selim, in hononr of the Shekb, and subsequently emperor of Hindostan, under the name of Jehangir. The outline of the tomb is a square of forty-six feet, the material white marble, elaborately carved with much taste, in a florid style. The sarcophagus containing the body is inclosed within a screen of marble, carved into lattice-work and inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Numbers of women* repair to • Hodgef, toI. l this place to pray at the tomb and implore the saint's inter- ' * cession in their favour. There is also within the inclosure another tomb of elaborate workmanship, represented to contain the remains of several members of Akbar's family. To the westward of the great inclosure are the massive ruins of the palace. The stables form a long and wide street, with a portico on each side fifleen feet deep, supported with carved stone pillars in front, and roofed with enormous slabs of stone, reaching from the colonnade to the wall. The whole hill on which the palace stands bears marks of terraces and gardens, to irrigate which an elaborate succession of wells, cisterns, and wheeb, appears to have been contrived adjoining the great mosque. Numerous other great and remarkable ruins are everywhere scattered over the extensive inclosure of the ancient ramparts of the town. A huge and massive gateway^ is parti- i Bacon, ii. 96s. cularly worth notice, on account of two figures of" astonishing^ * Ayeen Akbery, elephants," of the natural size, carved in stone with admirable *^ skill and truth. At no great distance is a tower, forty or fifky feet high, built, according to local report, of elephants** tusks, ' HuntM, 7e. but actually of composition, moulded and enamelled into a > - * resemblance of those natural substances. Outside the town, and to the north of the hills on which it is built, is the ruined embankment, extending a circuit of twenty^ miles, and formed < kjerm Akbery, by Akbar to dam up the torrent Khari. A lake was thus Hodgw, Traveii, made, and on its margin was built an amphitheatre with high i^- minarets. Abulfazl continues : " The amphithbatre is used for the game of chowgong ;• and here also are exhibited the elephant-fights." The wide extent inclosed by the ruined wall of this favourite city of the greatest of the monarchs of Hindostan * Cbawgan, according to Bichardson, ' ''a game like that in Scotland i in r. MS. called golf^ bat played on horseback." '' I have never seen a game more manlj or exciting," observes Vigne,* who gives an animated and excellent * TrareU in Ka»h. descnption of it. FUT. • Heber, i. 596. * Baeon, II. 904. ▼ Stat. N.W. Prov. 101. E.hC. Ms. Doc. Vigne, Kashmir, i. 208. B.I.O. Mi. Doc. Boraes, Pol. Pow. of Sikhs, 8. Hoogh, Narr. of Exp. In Afg. 229. Mil. Op. in Afg. 48. is now oyerspread with " ruined bouses* and mosques, inter- spersed with fields cultivated with rice and mustard, and a few tamarind-trees." The surrounding country is fine, and its character shows the good taste of Akbar, who chose it as the scene of his gorgeous seclusion. " The® scene [from the top of the great gateway] is indeed a lovely one, extending over an immense tract of country, the horizon of which is on all sides thirty miles distant from the beholder on a clear day, such as that which we enjoyed. The low line of hills upon which the place is built is seen creeping through the whole face of the level country from east to west, crowned every here and there with ruined buildings, or a hill fortress. Among these Bhur^ pore is just visible. On the opposite side is the Jumna, wind- ing through the distance, and leading the eye to the glittering, though far-off, towers and domes of Agra. The middle dis- tance is richly wooded, and thickly spotted with ruins of every age, and in every style of design." The town, though so ruinous, has at present a good bazar, and is at all times abun- dantly supplied with good water from wells and tanks. Popu- lation 5,949.7 Lat. 27° 6', long. IT 44'. FUTICKCHEEEY.— A town in the British district of Chittagong, presidency of Bengal, 23 miles N. of Chlttagong. Lat. 22° 4(y, long. 91° 64'. FUTI PANJAL, a mountain in Kashmir, is one of that range which bounds the valley to the southward. According to the estimate of Vigne, its height must exceed 12,000 feet, as its summit rises above the lake Kosah Nag, which has that elevation. Its name signifies the mountain of victory. Its culminating ridge in some measure resembles the arc of a cirde, the extremities of which are east and west, and the northern or concave part directed towards Elashmir. Its total length is about forty miles. Lat. 88° 84', long. 74° 40^. riJTTEABAD.— A town in the native state of Gwalior, or possessions of Scindia, 184 miles N.W. from Hoosungabad, and 12 miles S.W. from Oojein. Lat. 28°, long. 75° 40'. FUTTEGHUR.— A fort buUt by the Sikhs, during the pre- valence of their sway, to command the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. It is situate a mile N.E. frt>m Jamrood, and being close to the entrance of the pass, has great command over it. The defences consist of a square of 800 yards, pro- 3/0 FUT. tecting an octagonal fort, in the centre of which is a loftj mass of buildings commanding the surrounding oountrj. The supply of water from the mountain-streams is liable to be cut off by the hostile Khjberees of the adjacent hills. In the hope of providing a remedy for this inconTcnience, the Sikhs sunk a well 200 feet deep, but without reaching water. Lat. 34° 21 ^ long. 71° 25'. FUTTEGHRH. — A town in the Rajpoot natire state of B.i.c.Mt.Doe. Kishengurh, 72 miles S.W. from Jeypoor, and 85 miles S.E. from Ajmeer. Lat. 26° lO', long. 75° lO'. FUTTEBLA.B AD, in the British district of Hurreeana, lieu- e.i.c. lit. doc. tenant-goyemorship of the North-West Provinces, (m the route from Hansee to Bhutneer, and 40 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 29° SO', long. 75° 25'. FUTTEH AB AD, in the British district of Hurriana, lieu- e.i.c. Mi. Doe. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hansee to the Punjab, 41 miles N.E. of the former. Llat. 29° 29', long. 75° 33'. FUTTEH ALLY, in the Reechna Dooab division of the b.i.c. ms. Doe. Punjab, a town situated on the left bank of the Ohenaub river, 72 miles W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 31° 44', long. 72° 57'. FTJTTEHGTJRH, in the British district of Bhutteeana, e.i.c. m.. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bhawulpoor to Ferozpoor, 51 miles S.W. of the latter. Lat. 30° 27', long. 73° 59'. FUTTEH JUNG, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab division of the b.i.c. mi. doc. Punjab, a town situated 24 miles from the left bank of the Indus, and 29 miles S.E. of the town of Attock. Lat. 33° 35', long. 72° 39'. FUTTEHPOOE,! in the British district of Etawah, lieu- i e.i.c. m.. doc. tenimt-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Etawah to Calpee, and 33 miles^ S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the « Garden, Tabi» route is bad and heavy, the country level and cultivated. Lat. ^ **" 26° 30', long. 79° 28'. FUTTEHPOOK.— A town in the British district of My- e.i.c. mi. Doe. mousing, presidency of Bengal, 212 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° 36', long. 90° 58'. FUTTEHPOOE,^ in the Bajpoot territory of Shekawuttee, » e.i.c. ms. doc. a town held by a thakoor or baron of the country, whose ofOwrgrThoTi. 271 FUTTEHPOOE. * Annals of tUtia»- than, il. 439. 3 Boileau, Tour In * Elphinstone, Ace. of Caubul, 1. 5. Boileau, ut supra, 9. E*I.U. Ms* Doc* E.I.C. Ms. Doc 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc. « Butter. Topog. ofOudh, 11. « M. 10. < Allen's Indian Mall, Oct. A, 1845, p. 580, col. 11. 1 Steam Navi- gation in India,04. annual income, according to Tod,^ is 64,000 rupees. The town is surrounded^ by a low weak rampart of stone, but the fort is rather strong, and has a roomy interior, defended by lofty ram- parts, a fausse-braie, and a ditch of masonry. This was a prosperous and important^ place during the life of Bao Itaja Luchman Singh, who resided here ; but since his death it has been much deserted. Water is brackish and scarce, being drawn from wells ninety feet deep. Distance W. from Delbi 145 mijes, N.W. from Jeypoor 90, E. from Bikaner 105. Lat. 2r 58', long. 75° 5'. FUTTEHPOOE.— A town in the native state of Oude, 27 miles N.E. from Lucknow, and 96 miles S.E. firom Fur- ruckabad. Lat. 27° 8', long. 81° 18'. FUTTEHPOOE.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Kerowly, 84 miles S.E. from Jeypoor, and 69 miles S.W. from Agra. Lat. 26° 37', long. 77° 12'. FUTTEHPOOE,! under the lieutenant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a British district named from its principal place. It is bounded on the north-east by the Ganges, which divides it from the kingdom of Oude; on the east by the British district of Allahabad ; on the south-west by the Jumna, dividing it from the British districts Humeer- pore and Banda ; and on the north-west by the British district of Cawnpore. It lies between lat. 25° 25'— 26° 13', long. 80° 12'— 81° 23', and has an area of 1,583 square miles. The whole district is comprised within the tract called the Doab, and the two large rivers which bound it on two sides afford extensive means of inland navigation. The Ganges first touches on it at its north-eastern angle, and holding a south- easterly course of about sixty-two miles, " leaves the district at its south-eastern angle. It has in tliis part a bed of the average width ^ of four miles, " within the limits of which it changes its course annually ; in the lapse of four or five years shifting from the one to the other limit.'* The annual rise caused by the monsoon rains at the close of summer, is about thirty^ * feet, but the river is at all times navigable for boats, and is now navigated by steamers up to Gurmuktesar,^ nearly 300 miles above the northern frontier, and within 100 miles of the base of the Sub-Himalayas. The navigation is, however, * According to Prinsep,' upwards of "forty." 272 FUTTEHPOKE. diflSculfc, tedious, and often vexatious, from the occurrence* * Print^p, stMm of sboals and rapida. The earth and sand suspended in the india, 04. water cause quick wear and decay® of the cocks, valves, and other • w. 7o. parts of the engines; and so irregular is the depth of the stream, that it cannot be navigated with certaintj in every part and in all seasons, except by craft drawing not more than two feet of water. The Jumna, flowing nearly parallel with the Granges, and forming the boundary of the district on the opposite side, iirst touches on it at the north-western smgle, and holds a meandering course of about 100 miles, generally in a south-easterly direction, until it quits the district. " Its banks^ are lofty and precipitous, and ridges of rock in many ' PHngen. ut places advance into the stream, combining with its general *"^"*' shallowness and strong current, to render navigation extremely difficult and dangerous." Much has been done, under the orders of the British authorities, to improve the channel, by removing shoals and blasting and clearing away rocks, and with the most beneficial result, the navigation having ** been facilitated^ in a degree quite extraordinary," but still not being * id. ib. safe for craft drawing above two feet water. The river is, however, highly useful as affording means of transport, though thus limited ; large quantities of cotton,* one of the most valu- ' spry. Modem able products of the lower Doab, being sent down it, especially from Chillah Tara G-hat, a boating station about twenty miles south- west of the town of Futtehpore. Jacquemont^ describes > voyayw, m.ua. the Jumna at Humeerpore, just above its contact with this district, as remarkable in the Season of low water for its blue tint ; as running at the rate of three or four miles an hour, with a channel half a mile wide, and a stream of 300 yards ; the right bank as high, precipitous, and consisting of clay mixed with sand ; the left low and level, consisting of dark alluvial earth, retaining verdure at all seasons, but cheerless, and devoid of picturesque beauty. The Bind or Urrund,* a » e.i.c. Mt. doc. small river, passes into this district from that of Cawnpore, g^lj' iJ| "' *"^'*' over the north-western boundary, and, flowing by the town of B-»>^r. Mem. 424. Y-— m j% . • • ROS61 sJGiiicinciii Korah, holds a course nearly southerly for thirty miles, finally of cawnpore, a. falling into the Jumna on the left side. The Etawah branch of the Ganges Canal will also pass over the north-western boundary into this district, from that of Cawnpore, and, hold- ing a south-easterly course for about fifteen miles, will join a rp 37a FUTTEHPOEB. ' Heber, Journ. in India, 1. 8M. * Topography of Oudh, 16, S5. the Jumna about twenty miles below tbe town of Humee^ pore. The surface of the country is remarkably level,* but has a gentle declivity towards the south-east, in which direction the Jumna and G-anges flow. The elevation above the sea of the mean watermark of the Ganges, where it first touches on the dis- trict, is about 400* feet ; that of the Jumna, in the corresponding part of its course, is probably twenty feet higher, as the more marked declivity of its bed is indicated by the greater rapiditj of its current, and its more prolonged course to the confluence of the two rivers at Allahabad. From the level aspect of the country, it is probable that no spot within it has an elevation above the sea much exceeding 500 feet. The climate can differ little from that of southern Oude, situate on the other side of the Ganges, and at the same elevation. According to Butter/ the climate of that country is characterized by great dryness, and wide range of variation in the thermometer, which some- times rises to 112^, at others falls to 28^; the mean daily range being about 80*^, and the mean temperature 74°. • Vi rnipra, i. 854. Heber^ states, that in 1824, the year in which he passed through this district, no rain had fallen as late as the begin- ning of October. The statement is, however, made on report, and not on personal observation. As the physical circum- stances of the district are so nearly similar to those of southern Oude, the reader may refer to the article on that country for further information. The soil is fertile, and in seasons not afflicted by drought, well repays the tiller's care. Von 0^ •Travel! In India, lich,* whoso joumcy took placo in the beginning of March, observes, " Its peculiar freshness in this dry season was veiy remarkable. It is a boundless garden, in which sugarcane, indigo, cotton, poppy, wheat, barley, and many vegetables flourish. Beautiful groves of mangoes, tamarinds, and bananas overshadow the village pagodas, mosques, and tanks, and give an ever-varying beauty to the landscape, which is animated by It. lie. 1 At. Ret. XT. App. p. X, — Prinsep (Jnme*), Meteor Jouro. * The elevation * of Cawnpore above the sea is four hundred and ten feet, and it is twenty-five miles farther up the river than the frontier of the district. The fall of the bed of the river is about nine inches per mile, and which, in twenty-five miles, would amount to little more than eighteen feet ; consequently, the elevation of the average watermark, at the apper frontier, may be taken at four hundred feet, in round numbers. 274 FUTTEHPOEE. pilgrims, peasantry, trayellers on foot and horseback, heavily- laden carts, and camels. Altogether, this district presents one of the most original and picturesque scenes of Indian life." It may be inferred that this part of India has been much braefited by British rule, as Tennant,^ who travelled through i inAma R«cre- it m 1798, describes it as then a melancholy waste, though '"^"' ^ ^''' exhibiting in its ruined towns, tanks, seraes, and other scattered works of utility, memorials of former prosperity. Under the existing revenue settlement of the North- Western Provinces, the government demand on the lands of this district has been fixed for a term of years, and is not liable to be increased until the year 1870.® * • Act of oort. The population is officially returned at 611,132,' of which 1946^ ' Dumber the Hindoos form by far the larger proportion ; viz., !i?*''**°J!?{*^ 263,194 agricultural, and 197,267 non-agricultural ; while the Mussulmans amount only to 21,776 agricultural, and 28,895 non-agricultural. The number of towns containing less than 1,000 inhabitants, is 1,283 ; those containing more than 1,000 and less than 5,000, are 96; and there is one* containing upwards of 10,000 ; making a total of 1,380. The principal towns — ^Futtehpore, Korah, Kudjooa or Cujwa, Hatgang, and fiuswa — are noticed under their respective names in the alpha- betical arrangement. The great trunk road from Calcutta to Delhi and the northern Doab, by Allahabad, proceeds through this district, in a direction from south-east to north-west, passing through the town of Futtehpore. From this last town a route proceeds . south-westward by Chillatara G-haut to Banda ; another west- ward to Calpee. The route from Cawnpore to Banda by Chil- latara Ghat passes through the north-western part of the district in a direction from north to south. The tract in which this district is comprised, was conquered,^ * Perishu, 1. 17©. in 1194, by the Afghan Mussulmans, iinder Shahabuddin Hist, o/oiuarmt, Muhammad, ruler of Ghuznee. These invaders so well esta- tV ui ^ blished their power in this quarter, that they were able to offer of india, l eis. an obstinate resistance to Baber,' whose son Humayon they • Memoin, mt. expelled, xmder the conduct of Sher Shah. After Akbar re- moved the seat of government to Agra, the adjacent part of the Doab became of great political importance, and in 1659, * Fnttebpore, in pergunnah Futtehpore, hita 15,414 inbabitantR. T 2 27b ^ FUTTEHPORE. ' Elphlnstone, ut suprs, 11. 408. Aurangzebe and his brother Shuja met in conflict' for sove- reignty and life at Kudjooa or Cujwa, twenty miles north-west of the town of Futtehpore. After a sharp action, 8huja was routed, with the loss of 114 pieces of cannon, and the entire dispersion of his army.* By treaty dated 16th August, 1765, between the East-India Company and Shuja ud Dowlah, the nawaub of Oude, this part of the Doab was assigned to the emperor of Delhi, the fourth article providing, that " the king, Shah Allum, shall remain in full possession of Cora, and such part of the province of Allahabad as he now possesses, which are ceded to his majesty as a royal demesne for the support of his dignity and expenses." Shah Allum having in 1772 given up to the Mahrattas his claims on these provinces, that step was regarded by the British authorities as amounting to a forfeiture, and they agreed by treaty of the 1st May, 1776, that this tract should remain in the possession of the nawaub of Oude,^ in as full a manner as the rest of his dominions. Finally, by treaty of the 10th November, 1801, the Nawaub re-conveyed it to the Company, in commutation of the subsidy which he had stipulated to pay for the defence of his territory. FUTTEHPORE.^— The principal place of the district of the same name, a town on the route from Allahabad to Cawnpore, 70^ miles N.W. of the former, and 50 S.B. of the latter. It has a spacious serae or lodge for travellers, built of brick,' which Heber* describes as a " large court, with two gateways opposite to each other, surmounted by towers not unlike those of a college, with a cloister or veranda all round, raised about a foot from the ground, with a pucka (baked brick) floor, and having little fire-places contrived against the wall, just large enough to hold the earthen pitchers, in which all the cookery of the country is carried on ; and behind this a range of small and dark apartments, a step lower than the veranda." Con- tiguous to the serae is a well-supplied bazar. Futtehpore is a large and thriving town, with a population of 15,4il4i persons.^ It has some good houses, and a small but very elegant mosque, built by the nephew of Almas All Khan, a eunuch, the minister of the nawaub of Oude, farmer of the revenues of the Southern ' Jouro. in India, * Heber^ remarks that this part of the Doab seems "marked out by nature for the scene of a great battle, which should decide the fiite of the * Franklin, Hitt. of Shah Aulum. Scott, History of Aurungzebe't Sue- cestora, ap|i«nded to Hist.of DeccHn, ii. sac. I E.I.C. Ma. Doc. • Garden, Tablea of Route*, 89, 31. ' Tiefl«nthaler, Bt'schrelbung von Hindustan, I. 167. * Joum. in India, 1.967. * StatUties of fJ.W. ProT. 123. country." Z6 FUT. Doab, and '*of nearly* half of the province of Oude" at the • Lord vtiemh, €lo8e of the last century and commencement of the present. Tm^ ^"ise. The enyirons are crowded with burial-places. Tieffenthaler/ Fortter, Journ. from Beni(El to wniiag a centmy ago, describes it as having a long street, and EngUnd. i. os. formerly populous, but at that time much decayed. At its Rt^JTuoiZ^n. north-east side was a mud fort, of quadrangular outline, with ^' a round tower at each comer. In the Ayeen® Akbery, its tiipr»» i. le?. * revenue is stated to be 72,317 rupees. Here is the chief seat * "• app«kiix,». of the civil establishment of the district, consisting of a judge, collector, deputy-collector, and other functionaries. In the military distribution, Euttehpore is within the Benares division, and a detachment of infantry is usually stationed here. The Arabic word fath,* forming part of the name, shows that it must have been given subsequently to the overthrow^ » Peruiita, i. ns. of the Hindoos by the Affgan Mussulmans, under Shahabuddin, in the year 1194. The place was certainly in existence pre- vioosly to the invasion of this region by Baber, as it is men- ticmed by him.^ Supplies and water may be had here in great i Mem. 404. abundance, and the road in this part of the route is good. Distance N.'W. from Calcutta 571 miles, and from Allahabad 76; S.E. from Cawnpore 48, from Delhi 267. Lat. 25° 57', long. 80^ 54'. FUTTIHPOOE, in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, e.i.c. mi. doc a town situated on the left bank of the Bavee river, 92 miles S.W. of the town of Ferozepoor. Lat. 80° 50f, long. 78° 5'. PUTTOOHA, or FIJTWVt in the British district of ' e.i.c. Mt. Doe. Patna, presidency of Bengal, a town at the eonfluence of the Poonpoon "vrith the Ganges, and on the right bank of each river. The Poonpoon is here crossed by "a very^ long and « irebor, Narrnt. handsome bridge." It is on the route from Berhampoor to ** Dinapoor, 272* miles N.W. of former, 21 E. of latter. It has ^ oorden, Tables a large bazar, and contains 2,000 houses, with a population °' ^""'^ ^' estimated* at 12,000. The Ganges here is considered especially < Buchftnan. i. 44. sacred, and at certain times of the year vast multitudes assemble and bathe here. Eutooha is the principal place of a tbana or police division of the same name, comprising — 1. Some well-cultivated islands in the Gimges ; 2. a portion of the lofty, productive, and populous bank ; 8. a low tract, ♦ Victory. * Index to Mnp. t Fatuha of Taasin ; Futwa of Rennell ;' Phatuha of Buchanan,' indiTi "laf"'*'™ 277 ' Bochantn, U Append. 8. * Garden, «t •upr», 06. '£.I.C. MlDoc * Garden, Tablet of Boutce, «6. > B.I.C. Ms. Doc. ^ Garden. Tablet of Routes, 160. • Trareb, 1. 180. * Tennant, Indian RecreaUont, U. 409. > E.I.O. Ma. Doe. * Garden, Tablet of Route*, 177. ' Re»chn>ibuiig ▼on Hiodu«tan» i. 140. * Malcolm, Pol. Hltu I. 101. PUT. extending south of the city of Patna, and though subject to inundation, cultivated for the Singhara nut and some o^r aquatic crops ; 4. the tract most remote from the riyer, con- sisting of rich rice-land, well cultivated, and planted with palms and mango-trees^ The area is estimated at 145 square* miles ; the population at 1(X),700, of whom 25,175 are Mussul- mans, 75,525 Brahminists. Eutwa is 10 miles S.E. of Patna, 21 S.E. of Dinapore ; from Calcutta N.W., by Berhampore, 890.« Lat. 25° SQf, long. 85° 22'. FIJTTUNPOOR,! in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a viUage on the route from the cantonment of Alljghur to that of Futtehgurh, and 20^ miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is heavy, and bad for wheeled carriages ; the country level, and in some parts cultivated ; in othen, overrun with bush-jungle. Lat. 27° 26^, long. 79° 24'. FUTTYGUNGE,!* in the territory of Oude, a town on the route by Nanamow ghat or ferry from Etawah to Lucknow, eight^ miles "W. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is supplied with water from wells. The road in this part of the route is rather good. Lord Yaleutia, who passed through this place in 1803, describes^ it as tolerably populous, and consisting of a street, inclosed by a wall of trifling height, and having at eadi end a gateway, the gates of which were broken. It was built* by Shuja ud daulah, nawaub yizier of Oude, in commemoration of a victory gained over the Bohillas; and hence the name. Lat. 26° 48', long. 80° 49'. FUTTTGUEH,it in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a military cantonment on the left bank of the Ganges, crossed here by ferry ,2 and three miles E. of the city of Furruckabad. Tieflen- thaler^ describes it as consisting, in his time, about a centoiy ago, of two parts. It is now of somewhat less importance than during the period from the first establishment of the cantonment, in 1777,* to the beginning of the present century, when the dubious political relations of the East-India Company with the state of Oude, and the proximity of the Mi^iratU * Victor-market; from Fath, "victory," and Ganj, "market" f Properly Fathgar— Fort-victory ; from Fath, " victory," and Garh, fort. 278 FUT— FYZ. power nnder Perron, required condderabie military^ resources « Lord y«ientia, to be promptly available in tbis part of India. It is a favourite '"'"''*'•• *• '•'• station with the military, being healthful, and abundantly^ * Archer, Tnr«ii» BQpplied with a variety of excellent provisions at a cheap rate. Mundr. skrtchet, The consequence of this station is likely to be increased on the [:.^^' "* ?* * •' Skinner, F.xciir. completion of the projected branch of the Ganges Canal, in india, a 9:10. which, issuing from the main channel on the left side, a little fromVrrut*io* north of Meerut, is continued for the distance of 170 miles to Lon<*on» *• Futtyghur.^ There is a church at this place. Holcar, in the ^ sutwtirai course of his incursion into the Dooab in 1804, attacked® the i,X?84 ' "' town, burned the cavalry stables and the officers' buncnlows, * Th.im. M^m. of °, ' V ar In India, and was proceeding to attack the defences, when the arnval of sos. the British, and his consequent defeat, drove him into pre- cipitate flight. The cantonment is 25 miles to the E. of the great route from Calcutta to Delhi, and 703* miles N.W. of » o«rden. T«b!«i the former, 184 S.E. of the latter. Elevation above the sea ^^j^"^*** »*'» 560 feet. Lat. 27° 22', long. 79° 41'. FUTTTPOOR,^ in the British territory of Saugor and > e.i.c. m>. Doe. Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a town 20 miles S. of the south or left bank of the river Nerbudda, and on the Unjon,^ a small stream tributary to that * joum. At. soc river. Its site is picturesque, among the low hills forming the !!!splilS!^/** *** southern boundary of the valley of the Nerbudda, and it is a oeoi. shtl of the place of some importance, as three petty G-ond rajas or cbiets reside there. Distant from Saugor cantonment 80 miles. Lat. 22° 38', long. 78° 38'. FUTWA.— See Futtooha. FTZABAD, in the British district of Saharunpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- Western Provinces, a village in kt. 30° 19^, long. 77° 38'. I rilff;.. Jllie^ FYZABAD,! * caUed also BANGLV in the district of »««hreibunR von ' ' • 1 1. 1 i» 1 Hindustan, l. Iwi. Pachamrat, territory of Oude, a town on the right bank of the Butter. Tnpog. of Ghoghra, here a great and navigable^ river, expanding in some % printep, stwun places in the rainy season to the breadth^ of a milet and a N'«v.in Drit.ind.48. * •' * TiofTenthiiler, B«t(clirelbung von ♦ Town of plenty ; from Faiz, " plenty or prosperity," and Abad, Hindustan, I. !»«. "abode." t When smallest, according to Tieffen thaler, "resembling the Danube at Ingoldfltadt, but containing less water" — "ignota per ignotiora." Buchanan* is soarcely more satisfi&otory, stating that, in this place, "its ' Surv. of RMtem channel and stream seem fully larger than that of the Ganges at Chunar." '"•*'** "' ***' 279 FYZEBAD. * BuUCTp 133. ' Tiefll;nthnler, i. 188. 1 Rennell. Metn. of Mnp of Hindo- tUn, 05. ' Batter, ut •upra, 123. • Topography of Ottdh, 123. ' Bombay Rer. Coiis. April, 1846. half, and crossed at the Eai ghat by feny. Pjzabad, and the ruins of the ancient Ajodha or Oude, adjoining it on the south-east, extend ten^ miles along the right bank of the river, and for a distance of two miles from it. Saadat Ali Kbim, first nawaub vazir of Oude, and who may be considered the founder of this town, about the year 1730 built here a palace, and adjoining to it laid^ out a handsome garden, in the Persian style. It was further embellished by his successors Sefdar Jang and Shujah ud daulah with various buildings and pleasure- grounds. The latter enlarged the market-place, strengthened the fort with a wall, a ditch, and round towers, and collected so great a population, that it became a great city. Subse- quently, however, on his acquisition of a large part of Eohil- cund,^ he removed the seat of government to Lucknow. This took place in 1775, and since that time Fyzabad has much decayed, the present population consisting almost exclusively of the lower and more indigent classes, the leading men, mer- chants, bankers, and others, having transferred their resideDoe to Lucknow. The tide® of emigration, which is represented as constantly increasing, is accelerated by the exactions practised on the inhabitants. Everything brought into the town is lieavily taxed. The chief manufactures at present are cloth, metal vessels, and arms. The population is estimated bj Butter^ at 1(X),000, but is fast diminishing, from the numbers of those who seek an asylum from oppression in the Company's territories, or wherever else peace and security may be enjoyed. The military route from Goruckpore cantonment to that of Lucknow passes through this place, crossing the river Gogra by ferry at the I^ai ghat, where are usually many boats. To the west of the town is an encamping-ground. Distant E. from Lucknow 89 miles, N. from Allahabad 95. Lat. 26° 47', long. 82° l(y. FTZEPOOE.— A town in the British district of Candeish, presidency of Bombay. Some very elegant and expensive houses, belonging to native bankers and cotton-merchants, have of late years been built in this town.^ Lat. 21° 11', long. 75° 63'. 280 GAD— GAN. G. GADHW ALA, in the Bojpoot state of Bikaner, a village Boiieau, RiOwan, on the route from Batungurh to the town of Bikaner, and nine mil^ E. of the latter. It is situate close to the north'^eastem extremitj of Johur, a tract of jungle twelve cos (twenty-four miles) in circuit, which belongs to the rajah of Bikaner, and is famous for the superior quality of camels and horses bred in it. The village contains forty houses, supplied with very good water from a well 270 feet deep. Lat. 27° 57', long. 73'' SC. GAIGHAT,^ * in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieu- • e.i.c. m« Doe, tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a petty ^ « Buchanan, sur- market-town on the small river Manaura, on the route from ]n\i^li^^7^ the cantonment of Goruckpoor to that of Sultanpoor, in Oude, •»<* Append. i7. 49 miles' S.W. of the former, 61 N.E. of the latter. The » o«rd«i, TaWi^ number of its houses is stated by Buchanan at 115, which, ^ ««»i»>. allowing six persons to each house, would give a population of 690. There is good encamping-ground a mile east of the ford, and supplies are abundant from the surrounding country, which, though of a light sandy soil, is well cultivated. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 26° 35', long. 82° 47'. GALAOTI, or GOLATJTTT, in the British district of rlc Trigon. Boolundshubur, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West orrden.TaWetof Provinces, a town on the route from Allyghur to the town of »<>"»«»» *7. Meerut, and 29 miles S. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is abundantly supplied with water from wells. The road in this part of the route is good, the country open and partially cul- tivated. Lat. 28° 86', long. 77° 51'. GALKOT. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the e.i.c. Ms.doc. left bank of a branch of the Gunduck river, and 142 miles N.W. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 18', long. 83° 7'. GALNA. — See Jalna. GANDAEACOTTAH.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. m.. Doc Tangore, presidency of Madras, 196 miles S.W. of Madras. Lat. 10° 36', long. 79° 5'. • Ox-ford; from Gai, "kine/' and Ghat, "ford," or passage over a riTor. 301 GAN. B.I.C. Mi. Doc G AND AREE. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam, 78 miles N.W. from Hyderabad, and 180 miles S.E. from Jaulnah. Lat. 18"^ 24', long. 78° ICy. » E.I.C. Mi. Doc GANEROW.i— A town in the Eajpoot state of Gk)dwar,» Iodic *'' "^ ** 108 miles S. W. from Nusserabad, and 78 miles S.E. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° 16', long. 73° 36'. > B.I.C. Mi. Doc GANESPOOR,^ in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town on the river Kovane. According to Buchanan, it con- s Buchanan, Surr. tains 200 houses,^ and consequently, allowing six persons to u. 377. ™ " each, a population of 1,200. Part is surrounded by a rampart of earth, and at the period of Buchanan's visit was occupied by several branches of a native fiimily of rank. Distant W. from Goruckpoor cantonment 38 miles. Lat. 26° 48', long. 82° 48'. B.I.C.MC Doc GANGAMEIK. — A village in Arracan, situate on the left bank of the Arracan river. JLat. 20° 21', long. 93° 6'. B.I.C. Mi.Doc GANGAROWL, in the British district of AUygurh, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town 20 miles S.E. of the cantonment of ADygurh. Lat. 27° 41', long. 78° 18'. « EJ.C. Mi. Doc GANGES.* — A celebrated river of India, and of which the Bhageerettee is generally and popularly regarded as the remote feeder. The distinction of originating the great mass of waters subsequently termed the Ganges was some years since pro- « Ai. Rei. xir.9i, posed to be accorded to the Jahnuvi,^ a stream which joins the S^fyrS^h; Bhageerettee in lat. 31° 2', long. 78° 65'. It was then believed Riven Jumna and that the Jahnuvi took its rise from the north of the culmi- nating range of the Himalayas, within the limits of Chinese » Joorn. Ai. Soc authority.^ This supposition turns out, however, to be erro- xxxL^Horbert, ucous. It has been since ascertained^ that the remotest source m^u^^^^^^ of the Jahnuvi is situate in British territory, on the southern * journ. Royal baso of the bcfore-mentioned range ; and in reference to this p. 64_str«chey, discovcry. Captain Strachey, to whom its merit is due, contends on phyticai Geog. ^hat the Ganges should be considered to oritnnate in the most of Kumaon and . . ^ ° OurwbaL distant tributary of the Aluknunda (a feeder of the Gtmges having a larger volume of water than the Bhageerettee). But as the distance between the ascertained source of the most remote tributary of the Bhageerettee and the point of con- fluence of the latter river with the Aluknunda is still believed to be fully equal to the distance between the source of the 263 GANGES. Doulee, to which the Alaknunda owes its commencement, and the same point of confluence, there seems no reason for de- priving the sacred stream of the Hindoos of its ancient title ; and it is therefore proposed in this article to regard the Bha- geerettee as the true Gtmges. The Bhageerettee first comes to light near G^ngotri, in the territory of Gurwhal, in lat. 80° 54/, long. 79° 7', issuing from under a very low arch, at the base of a great snow-bed, estimated to be 300 feet thick, which lies between the lofty mountains termed St. Patrick,* » a«. Rm. xIt. St. George, and the Pyramid, the two higher having elevations J^ Hert«rVMf. above the sea, respectively, of 22,798 and 22,664 feet, and the "»<* Auronomkai other, on the opposite side, having an elevation of 21,379. " From the brow* of this curious wall of snow, and immediately • a». R«f . ut above the outlet of the stream, large and hoary icicles depend. They are formed by the freezing of the melted snow-water at the top of the bed ; for in the middle of the day the sun is powerful, and the water produced by its action falls over this place in cascade, but is frozen at night." As in Brahminical mythology, the (Ganges is said to flow from the head of Maha- deva or Siva, a Hindoo who attended the English party by whom this place was explored, expressed his belief that these icicles must be the hair of the deity. On the 31st May the mean breadth of the stream was found to be twenty-seven^ f w. iis. feet ; the mean depth was estimated at fifteen inches. From this spot, which has an elevation of 13,800 feet, the stream holds a direction north-west for ten miles to Gangotri, where the mean breadth,® on the 26th May, was found to be forty- • w. los. three feet, the depth eighteen inches, and the current very rapid. On the 2nd June the stream was ascertained to be two feet deep, and wider than previously observed. The elevation of Gangotri is 10,300 feet,* and the average descent of the » w. 102. river thereto, from the place where it emerges from the snow- bed, is 350 feet per mile. From Gangotri the Bhageerettee holds a course nearly north-west to Bhairogati, in lat. 31° 2', long. 78° 64', the point ^ of confluence with the Jahnuvi, hold- » w. aae*. ing its steep and foaming course from the north-east. The latter is considerably the larger river. The distance is seven miles from Gangotri to Bhairogati ; and as this latter place has an elevation of 8,611 feet,^ the average descent of the river in » w. ut supra, this part of its course is 266 per mile. The united stream holds 263 GANGES. a course first westerly, and then south-westerly, for thirteen miles, as far as Sookhee, in lat. 80° 59', long. 78° 45', where it » At. Re«. ut may be said* to " break through the Himalaya Proper." The *"^'*' elevation of the waterway is here 7,608 feet,* and consequently, the descent of the stream from the confluence is on an aTerage seventy feet per mile. From Sookhee the river holds a very sinuous but generally a south-westerly course, for about thirty- six miles, to Utal, in lat. 30° 4f3', long. 78° 25', where it turns nearly southward for about fifteen miles more to Surota, in lat. 30° 33', long. 78° 24'. It thence takes a direction south- * east, and, at a distance of nine miles, in lat. 30° 28', long. 78° 29', receives, on the left side, the Julkar, a considerable torrent flowing from the north-east; and eight miles lower down, on the same side, at Teeree, in lat. 80° 23', long. 78° 31', • Id. x\. 487— the Bhillung,* another tributary of considerable size, also flow- Rap*r, Survey of |jjg f'j.Qjj^ ^^ie uorth-cast. The elevation of the waterway at this the Gansret. *=> ^ • Id. xir. 8«7*. confluence is 2,278 feet,* and the average descent of the ri\'er from Sookhee thereto is seventy-eight feet per mile. Con- tinuing to flow south-east for twenty-two miles, it is, at Deo- prag, in lat. 30° 8', long. 78° 39', joined on the left side by the Aluknunda, a large stream formed by the union of the Vishnoo « Id xi. 489— and the Doulee. The Aluknunda^ is a larger river than that ^•oiaM^ **' whose volume it contributes to swell, bearing to it the propor- tion of three to two. The elevation at the point of this con- f Id. xir. 3-27*. flucnce is 1,953 feet f and consequently the average descent of the river from Teeree to it is fifteen feet in the mile. From Deoprag, the united stream, now called the Ganges, flows southwards eight miles, to Nougaon, in lat. 30° 3', long. 78° 38', where, on the left side, it receives the Nyar, a considerable stream flowing from the south-east. From this confluence the river holds a course very sinuous, but generally westerly, for twenty-four miles, to Eikkee Kasee, in lat. 30° 6', long. 78° 2*, where it touches upon the Dehra Dhoon. Itikkee Kasee having • Ho.tg»on and an elevation of 1,377 feet,^ the fall of the river to that place gjri. '' ' " *"^'^' from Deoprag is on an average eighteen feet per mile. In ita passage between the Dehra Dhoon and the province of Kumaon, * The height of Sookhee is given in Walker's Map at 8,869 feet; but the river bed was foand by barometer 1,261 feet below Sookhee, or above the sea 7,608. 284 GANGES. it receives, opposite the village of Kanknr, in lat. 30° 2', long. 78® 19', on the right bank, the Sooswa, a considerable stream, draining the valley, down which it flows in a south-easterly direction. This is the only stream of importance which falls into the Ganges on the right side, from the confluence of the Jahnuvi to this part of its course, though it receives numerous small torrents on that side. Its descent by the Dehra Dhoon is rather rapid to Hurdwar, in lat. 29° 57', long. 78° 14', a distance from Bikkee Ejisee of fifteen miles, in a south-westerly direction. The elevation of Hurdwar is 1,024 feet f consequently, the » Hodgson and average descent of the river in passing the Dehra Dhoon is J,' p'j^'^gri. twenty-three feet per mile. The volume of water discharged at Hurdwar when the river is lowest is estimated at 7,000^ ' Journ. ap. soc. cubic feet per second ; being equal to only a small part of the ^wmelx^t^lm. alleged volume of the Dihong or Sanpoo, the principal feeder of the Brahmapootra.* * At. Ret. xvii. sis From Hurdwar, the general course of the Ganges is nearly vey of Attum. south for about 130 miles, as far as Anopshuhur, in the British district of Bolundshuhur, in lat. 28° 31', long. 78° 20', where it turns to the south-east, and 160 miles lower down, in lat. 27° 7', long. 80^ 3', receives on the left side the Bamgunga, a con- siderable river flowing from the north-west. Eight miles lower down, it on the right side receives the Kallee Nuddee, flowing likewise from the north-west ; and twenty miles beyond, the Eesun Nuddee. One hundred and seventy miles lower down, . ^ ... ' Id. xIt. 827* — at Allahabad, in lat. 25° 26', long. 81° 45', it is joined, also on Hodgson and the right Bide, by the Jumna, from the north-west. From "n^'^i^^aia^M. Hurdwar to Cawnpore, the distance is about 348 miles : as the w- «>^- app. no. i, descent* of the river from the former to the latter place is Meteoi. jouTn*!' about 645 feet, the average fall of the river in this part of its NfJif^^^^^j^"" course is about one foot ten inches per mile ; and as there Hritub India, m. does not appear to be any marked difference in the declivity of Hi«t!*onnd"a! ii. its channel between Cawnpore and Allahabad, the same averaefe ?*• ^.. „. ° Franklin, Hitt. of descent of the waterway may, with probability, be assumed for sbah Aiium, 4o. the whole distance fix)m Hurdwar to Allahabad. Throughout ? uiwiwi^^j^' the whole of its course above Allahabad, the Ganges is " a ''®"*" <*' Mohum- ". mud Ameer Khan, stream of shoals and rapids. ** There are fords across it ; as at tramiated bj Sakertal,* in lat. 29° 29^, long. 78° 4' ; at Ahar,« seven miles ^Z^^'^'J^i' above Anopshuhur ; at Kumurooddeennuggur,^ in lat. 28° 55', war \n india, GANGES. long. 78^ 11' ; in the vicinity of Hurdwar ; and without doubt in other places at times, when the water is very low. It is, however, navigable for river craft as far as Hurdwar ; steamers conveying passengers and treasure, ply as far as Ghurmuk- teesur, 393 miles above Allahabad ; and as far as Cawnpore, 140 miles above Allahabad, the navigation is plied with much activity, the reach of the river at that military station having the appearance of a port on a small scale. From Allahabad, the stream meanders in a direction generally easterly for 270 miles, to Manjhee, near which, in lat. 25° 46', long. 84° 40^, it is joined on the lefl side by the Gt)gra. Between Allahabad and Manjhee, it on the left side receives the Goomtee, and on the right, the Tons and Kurumnassa ; besides many smaller streams right and left. The average breadth in this part during the dry season is from 1,200 to 1,500 feet. At Benares, • Prinwp, Stoam at that scasou, a section^ of the river is set down as having a •upVlrApp* K. breadth of 1,400 feet, and an average depth of thirty-five feet, '*'"• and the discharge was estimated at 19,000 cubic feet per second. During the periodical rains, the breadth of the river at the same spot is 3,000 feet, and, rising forty-three feet^ its average depth is about fifby-eight feet. The mean discharge at Benares throughout the year is estimated at 250,000 cubic feet per second. The depth of the channel is, however, subject to great inequality, in many places exceeding fifty feet during the periodical rains ; while, in the dry season, it was found • PriiMep. at that near Kutchwa, thirty-five miles above Benares, a shoal^ supra, 08. extends completely across the river, having only two feet six inches water on its lowest part ; so that all craft having a draught exceeding two feet, grounded in attempting to pass ; and it is obvious, that at this spot the river must be then fordable. Eighteen miles below the junction of the GogrS) opposite to the town of Cherand, in lat. 25° 39', long. 84° 53', it on the right side receives the Sone, a large river flowing > Bacbwan. 8ur- from the south-west ; and after this addition, '' its channel,* India, L 7. when clear of islands, is generally about a mile wide ; but in spring by far the greater part is a mere dry sand, covered with clouds of dust, which render all objects at any distance invisi- ble ; so that, travelling on its channel, one might imagine him- self in the midst of a frightful desert." At Hajeepoor, (m the 286 GANGES. left side, twenty miles below the conflaence of the Sone, the GtiQges receives the Gunduck, a large river from the north- west, and continues to flow eastward for 160 miles, to Kuttree, in lat. 25° 2(y, long. 87° 17', where, on the left side, it receives the Coosj, also a large river flowing from the north, having in its course between the junctions of these two great rivers received right and left several streams of less importance. Below the confluence, for thirty-five miles, to Sikreegali, situate in laL 25° IC, long. 87° 43', numerous tributaries from the north pour their waters into the Gtinges ; jet such is the enormous loss by evaporation, that, two miles below the above-mentioned place, the river, though a mile^ wide, has only five feet of water • prinnep, «t where deepest, with a current of only a mile and a quarter per *"'*'*' hour ; and so shallow in several places is the stream, that craft should have a " draught^ little exceeding eighteen inches, to ' id. 7i. navigate safely and beneficially between Calcutta and Allaha- bad." At Sikreegali the river turns south-east, a direction which the main stream continues to hold for the remainder of its course ; but sixty miles below Sikreegali, and opposite the town of Seebgunge, in lat. 24° 44', long. 87° 59', the Bhagarathi, a great watercourse, parts on the right side from the main stream ; and seventy miles lower down, the Jellinghee, another watercourse, also of considerable dimensions, diverges on the same side, at the town of Jellinghee, in lat. 24° 9', long. 88° 40'. The Bhagarathi proceeding southward for 120 miles, is then rejoined by the Jellinghee, after a course of about the like dis- tance, and the united stream, called the Hoogly, continuing to hold the same direction for forty-eight miles, becomes navi- gable for vessels of considerable burthen at Chandernagore, in lat. 22° dC, long. 88° 21', at the distance of 115 miles from the sea, into which it fEills about lat. 21° 40', long. 88° ; its estuary being considered by the Brahminists the termination of the sacred stream, which, rising near G^ngotri, and issuing from the mountains at Hurdwar, flows by the holy city of Benares. Its total length of course, from the source of the Jahnuvi to its fall into the Bay of Bengal at Saugor, is about 1,514 miles,* viz. : — * The distance, reckoned from the snow-bed of Gangotri, would reduce the length of the river by about thirteen miles. 287 GANGES. From the source of the Jahnuvi to the junction of the Mil««. Aluknunda and Bhagerettee rivers 1S3 Thence to Hurdwar 47 Allahabad 488 Seebgunge (origin of the Bhagirathi) 568 Junction of Bhagirathi with Jellinghee 120 Chandemagore 48 The Sea 115 1^14 Below the divergence of the Bhagirathi and the Jellinghee, the main stream is called the Podda or G^ges ; and from that point the joint delta of the Gunges and Brahmapootra may be considered to commence. The Podda or Ganges, flowing south- east, receives some considerable streams on the left side ; and on the right, besides the Jellinghee, it throws off, five miles lower down, the Martabhanga ; forty miles below this latter divergence, the Gorae; and forty miles still further, the Chundni. At the distance of thirty miles lower down, it is joined on the lefl side, at Juffergunge, in lat. 23^ 52^, long. 89° 45\ by an offset of the Konaie or Jabona, a vast river, the principal channel of the Brahmapootra, and here much larger than the Podda or Gtmges. The united stream takes a coarse south-east for sixty miles, when it throws off the Kirtynassa, and sixty-five miles below that divergence, it joins the Meghna, after which, flowing southwards for thirty-five miles, it is finally discharged into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 22° 15', long. 90^43'; its total length of course, from the issue beneath the snow at Gangotri, being 1,557 miles, or from the source of the Jahnuvi, 1,570 miles. In continuation of what has been already stated as to the slope of the river down to Allahabad, it may be men- 4 steun Nariga- tioucd that Prinscp estimated^ the fall, in a distance of 189* tion, at iupra, 98. j^^^g (measured along the continuous course of the stream), from that city to Benares, at six inches per mile ; from Benares to Colgong, being 826 miles, at five inches ; from Colgong to * In Priosep's volume, the distanoe from Allahabad to Benares ia aaid to be only tkenty-nine miles, and that between Jellinghee and Calcatta ninety-seven miles ; statements so greatly at variance with iact^ that tbey must be presumed to be errors of the press. GANGES. Jellingbee, being 167 miles, at four inches ; from Jellinghee to Calcutta, being 170 miles, also at four inches ; from Calcutta to the sea, about 100 miles, at one or two inches, according as the water may be at its highest or lowest state. Access at all seasons for any considerable crafl from the sea to that part of the Ghtnges above the Delta can be attained only through the continuous channel of the Meghna and Podda, or through the Chundna, which, diverging from the Podda or Ganges on the right side, in lat. 23° 55', long. 89° 6', takes a direction southwards, and falls into the Bay of Bengal by the Hooringottah estuary. During the dry season, neither the Bhagirathi nor the Jellinghee, forming by their junction the Hoogly, is navigable for craft drawing above eighteen* inches * Prin»ep, at water ; and at that period the communication by water between *"**"** the Hoogly below Calcutta and the Ganges above the Delta, is maintained by a circuitous course called the Soonderbund Passage, opening into the Chundna. In the Podda or Ganges the tide is felt as far as Juffergunge,* 160* miles from the sea, • crtcrofi, in and in the Hoogly to a distance of about 150 miles from the NaviffHUnn m sea. Besides the principal channels, — the Hoogly, the Podda, ""^''"q '"*"^^ and the Chundna, numerous streams of less importance, part- ing from the main ones, find their way to the Bay of Bengal through the Soonderbunds, a wonderful maze of sea-islands, separated by numerous channels holding every direction, but principally from north to south. There are upwards of twenty of the estuaries of those channels opening into the head of the bay. The water of the Ganges begins to rise^ towards the ' id. w. end of May, and is usually at its maximum in September. The following table, drawn up by Captain Thomas Prinsep, illus- trates the rise of the water in the river at various places : — Greatest known Bise in low Annual Bise. Seasons. Ft. In. Ft. In. At Allahabad 45 6 29 Benarea 46 84 Colgong 29 6 28 8 Jellinghee 26 25 6 Do. by obsen^ation s quoted by Eennell 82 * BenneH* observes that the tides in the Granges are perceptible at the i Mom. of Usp, distance of 240 miles from the sea. ''''^■ « U 28J) GAISGES. Greatest known Rite in low Annual Bise. Seasoiu. At Commercollj and Cuetee (not quite Ft. In. Ft. In. certain) 22 6 22 Agurdeep 23 9 23 Calcutta (independent of tide) 7 6 7 Dacca, according to Renn ell 14 Sennell is of opinion that the rising of the water of tbe • Mem. of Map of Q-auges is not in any considerable degree® caused by the ' ' melting of the snows of the Himalayas, but results principallj from the fall of rain in the less-elevated mountains and over • Id, 849,851. the plain. " By the latter end of July* all the lower parte of Bengal contiguous to the Ganges and Burhampooter are over- flowed, and form an inundation of more than 100 miles in width, nothing appearing but villages and trees." " Embarka- tions of every kind traverse the inundation; those bound upwards availing themselves of a direct course and still water, at a season when every stream rushes like a torrent. Hus- bandry and grazing are both suspended, and tbe peasant traverses in his boat those fields which in another season he was wont to plough, happy that the elevated site of the river- banks places the herbage they contain within his reach, other- wise his cattle must perish." Many extensive tracts are guarded from being inundated by the river by means of dams, made at an enormous expense, and having collectively a length of above 1,000 miles. With respect to the general breadth of 1 stmm NaTiga- the Ganges, Prinscp^ states it to be 'Wery unequal, but may be reckoned to average a mile in the dry season on its whole course through the plains, and two miles in the freshes." • joarn A«. Soc. Accorduig to Biimes,* the average discharge of the Indus is c iipiiitii oiMn- four times that of the Ganges during the dry season. Like !"*■'" ^'*"**» other rivers subject to periodical inundations, the water of the 111. lOw. Ganges carries down earth in a state of suspension. The amount of solid matter in bulk in proportion to the quantitj of water, is, according to laborious observations and calcula- » Id. i8««, p. 841 ^{qjjq jjjade by the Rev. E. Everest,* as follows :— During the vu Earthy Matter rainy scasou -g-g^th part,* or about two cubic inches in a brought down by Uie Oangec. • Rennell*8 statement on this point is quite astonishing : *' A glaw ot % *M ^w . water taken out of the Ganges, when at its height, yielda about one part Bindoauii, M7. m four of mud. GANGES. cubic foot ; during the winter five months, xsSr*^ P^ 5 ^^^ during the rest of the jear, r^*^^ P*^ » ^^^ following out his data, this writer concludes the total annual discharge of earthy matter to be 6,368,077,440 cubic feet in bulk. The total extent of inland navigation connected with the Ganges is not ascertainable with any degree of accuracy, but is unquestionably very large, and will be considerably increased on the completion of the works now in progress for facilitating the irrigation of the Doab by means of the Ganges Canal, and at the same time adding to the means of water-transit. The first idea of a plan of irrigation for the Doab originated as long since as the time of Lord William Bentinck,** by whose orders * cauti«7. Report some steps were taken for ascertaining its practicability ; but, c«n»i, i. upon inquiry, the project did not appear capable of being successfully carried out. Under Lord Auckland the inquiries were resumed, the importance of the subject having been painfully pressed upon the notice of government by the occurrence of severe famine in the districts which the proposed works were designed to benefit. A magnificent plan for irriga- tion and navigation was laid down by Captain Cautley, com- prising a main trunk line, running from the town of Hurdwar, through the centre of the Doab, with a connecting . line to Cawnpore, as the inlet and outlet for navigation ; the tracts of country lying between the different rivers which run into the Jumna and Ganges being irrigated by branches, extending the benefits of this fertilizing process to every village in the Doab.* • Cauiiej, at This project was subsequently referred to a committee of *"'*'** engineer and artillery officers^ for examination and report. < Report of Special Their testimony was highly favourable. The only serious ^^<>°»"*''^ ^ws. difficulty to the execution of the project was presented by the tract of low land through which the drainage of the Solani river runs before its junction with the Eutmoo. Two methods of surmounting this were suggested : one by an aqueduct ; the other by diverting the line so as to cross the Solani and its tributaries by means of dams. The latter was recommended by its being presumed to be less costly ; but the former plan, deemed far better in every other point of view, was finally adopted. An account of this magnificent aqueduct will be found under the article " Solani Eiver." The Ganges Canal is now rapidly advancing to completion. The main line has been u 2 291 GAN. constructed from Hurdwar to the vicinity of AUvgbur, whence it diverges in two channela, one to Cawnpore, and the other to Hiimeerpoor, via Etawa, with three offsets, designated the Futtehghur, Bolundshuhur, and Coel branches. The total 7cn«itiey. Report, length ^ of the canal with all its branches will measure about IboO, p. 1. ^ ., 810 miles. Miles. Hurdwar to AUyghur 180 Allyghur to Cawnpore 170 Allyghur to Humeerpoor 180 Branch to Futtehghur 170 Ditto to Bolundshuhur 60 Ditto to Coel 60 810 The total cost is estimated at a million and a half sterling. No inconvenient diminution of the navigable facilities of the Gauges is anticipated from the abstraction of the larger portion of its waters at Hurdwar for the purposes of ti>e canal, inasmuch as no such result has taken place on the Jumna, where the w hole apparent stream has been diverted to feed the two canals diverging from that river. Notwith- standing this, the under-current which percolates the gravelly or sandy bed, together with the drainage of the inter- mediate country, furnishes a navigable stream of water at Agra, a distance of 290 miles by the river's course; and it is thence inferred that the navigation of the Ganges below Cawnpore will not be injuriously affected ; while the navigation above will be carried on by means of the canal. It maybe observed, that the discharge of the Ganges at Hurdwar, the place at which it emerges from the hills, is in the djC^ season in proportion to that of the Jumna as seven to three, the discharge of the Ganges being estimated at 7,000 cubic feet per second, and that of the Jumna at the canal heads at about 3,000. GANGLUNG.— See Gantuno. E.I.C. Ms. Dor. GANGOONDOUM.— A town in the British district of Madura, presidency of Madras, 274 miles S.W. of Madras. Lat. 9° 28', long. 78° 47'. E.I.C. M».Doc GANGOOEOO. — A town in the native state of Gnrbwal, GANGOTEI. nsidered to cleanse *^^"^ from all offences, the number of pilgrims is not considerable,^ t Hnd,n^n nnd ia consequence of the great length and ruggedness of the Jl^Y**^'^'' "' *"^'*' journey, and the difficulty of obtaining subsistence by the way. Flasks and similar vessels are filled at G^igotri with the sacred water of the stream, and being sealed® by the officiating • skinner, ut Brahmin, are conveyed to the plains, where they are highly *"*'"• prized by the superstitious. Gangotri is below the upper limit of forests ; cedars^ growing here, though to no great size, » HcKijjwn, ut and Wrch-trees thriving remarkably. The mean breadth of the *"''"» *^- Bhageerettee or Ganges here was ascertained by Hodgson,^ i w. loa. on the 26th of May, to be forty-three feet, the depth eighteen inches, the current very swift, and over rounded stones. On the 2nd of June following, he conjectured its volume to be doubled, in consequence of the rapid melting of the snow. Eennell's^ account of Gangotri would scarcely have been «Mm. rfavap expected from one who usually displays so much information 3,3 '" *"'" " ' tod judgment. " This great body of water [the Ganges] now GAN. forces a passage through the ridge of Mount Himmaleh, at the distance possibly of 100 miles below the place of its first approach to it, and, sapping its very foundations, rushes through a cavern, and precipitates itself into a vast basin, which it has worn in the rock at the hither foot of the moun- tains. The Ghmges thus appears to incurious spectators to derive its original springs irom this chain of mountains, and the inind of superstition has given to the mouth of the cavern the form of the head of a cow." The Brahmin who showed » Frawr.vtfopra, the holy places to Fraser,* ridiculed the fancy that the stream « joarn. Af, Soc. issucd from a rock like a cow's mouth. Herbert* estimates — Soirt** ***** *^® length of course of the Bhageerettee or Ganges, from its If ineniiog. Sunr. sourco near Gungotri to its entrance on the plains of Hin- • HodKwm^iInd dostau, at about 203 miles. The elevation of the temple ^rbert, ut tupr*, ^^^^3 the sca is 10,319 feet.* Lat. 30° 59', long. 78° 6^. G-ANGPOEE. — A petty raj, within the territory super- intended by the political agent for the south-west frontier of Bengal. It is bounded on the north by the British district of Chota Nagpoor ; on the east by the native state of Bonei ; on the south by that of Samba and the British district of Sum- bulpore ; and on the west by the native states of Eyghur and Jushpoor. It extends from lat. 21° 60'— 22° 37', and from long. 83° 31' — 84° 57', and is ninety miles in length from east * PnriiamentaiT to west, and thirty-fivo in breadth, with an area of 2,493^ i8«K™' ^ * square miles. The latest available reports give a very un- favourable account of the state of the country, which is little better than a great jungle, giving shelter to vast numbers of wild animals, and affording admirable sport to the hunter. The soil is naturally rich, but there is little cultivation, and not even the semblance of any administration of justice. The annual revenue was supposed to be about a lac of rupees (10,000/.), and the British tribute, which is only 500 rupees, was regularly paid. The prince, at the date of the report, though a young man, was sunk into that condition of sloth and imbecility which almost invariably results from indulgence >id.iS5i. in opium. The population is believed to be about 112,000.' Gtingpore, the principal place, is in lat. 22° 3', long. 84° 43'. E.I.C. !!•. Doc GANISCOTTEE.— A town in the native state of Hyder- abad, or territory of the Nizam, 85 miles N.E. from Hyderabad, and 204 miles S.E. from EUichpoor. Lat. 18° 82', long. 78° 53'. 2»4 GANJAM. GANJAM.' — A British district under tlie presidency of ' b.i.c. mi. Doe. Madras, named from the town formerly its principal place. It is bounded on the north-west, north, and north-east, by the territory of Orissa ; on the south-east by the Bay of Bengal ; on the west by the British district of Yizagapatam ; and lies between lat. 18° 13'— 19*^ 52', long. 83° SC— 85° 15'. The area is stated oflBcially* to be 6,400 square miles. The sea- ' Paniamentoiy coast, commencing at the estuary of the Naglaudi Nadi, or i^k™* ** ' Chicacole river, is bold and rocky,* and is marked by a range » Hortbufsh, of rugged* hills, running in some parts close to the shore ; in tor/, i. eue. others, nearly parallel to it, but a few miles inland. Those about lat. 19° 25', long. 85° 8', near the northern extremity of the coast, recede gradually from it, and leave space for an extensive sandy plain, partly occupied by the jhil or lake of Chilka,^ lying between this district and that of Cuttack, and * At. r«. xt. is? separated from the sea for many miles by a long narrow strip ^uiii'o"ori«i of sand, seldom more than three hundred yards in breadth. P'^'p*'- Though coasting vessels may enter the river Easikoila,* in * i*- »▼• !«•• lat. 19° 22', long. 85° 8', there is throughout the whole extent of coast no haven for ships of any considerable burthen, which, if trading to places on any part of it, must anchor abreast of them in the open sea. Landwards of the rocky hills extending along the coast, the country for a few miles expands into a plain, beyond which, in the north-west of the district, are numerous intricate rocky groups and ranges, which ultimately, beyond the western boundary, become con- nected with the great range of the Eastern Ghauts. Their geological formation is generally primitive, principally gneiss* • M^drw jnnmat and granite. The streams of the district flow from those science, t. 62, to hiUs, and hold a course south-eastward, falling into the Bay of ^^"'J^JJhiU Bengal. The principal are, the Naglaudi or Chicacole river, cirran. debouching in lat. 18° 18', long. 84° ; the Callingapatam river, indto.*28a. ^ debouching about twelve miles farther to the north-east ; and the Easikoila ; but all, without exception, are mere torrents, which are dry for a part of the year. The jhil or lake of • It ifl proper, however, to observe, that the description given by Hora- ^ burgh is not quite consonant with that contained in an official report/ Top«»«niphy ind * where it is stated that *^ throughout the entire line of coast an extensive Stntlstict of fcrtUe alluvial plain, free from hiUs of any considerable height, extends ^,"2^^*^^^^'^ from it to the Ghauts.'* 70. 296 GANJAM. ' Surrey Map of District PiHtree. * At. Res. IV. 187 ->Stirllug, ut Mjpra. • Report, nt fupra, 7d, 81,85. > Id. 71. • Id. 91. • Rpport on Cot- ton Wool In India, 8»0. ^Madras Cen&iu, July, 1858. Cliilka, the greater part of which lies within the limits of l^e British district of Cuttack, touches part of the northern frontier of this district. It is about fortj-two^ miles in length from north to south, and fifleen in breadth ; of small dept^,^ its greatest not exceeding six feet, while in most parts it has not more than four. It abounds in fish and aquatic birds, and is valuable from the great quantity of culinary salt obtained from its water through evaporation in shallow tanks, by means of the heat of the sun. The hot season comprises the latter end of March, and tlie months of April and May, during which the temperature is very high, and the air oppressive. The south-west monsoon sets in about the middle of June, and continues until October, when it is succeeded by a variable* season, ushering in the north-east monsoon, which brings cod weather, that continues through the winter months, and renders them bracing and salubrious. During the hot season, and the close of the rainy one, agues and fevers of very bad type are common ; and in 1815 these diseases carried off such great numbers, both of the European and native population, at the town of Ganjam, that the civil and military^ establishments were removed to Chicacole; and the former place has since been nearly deserted. There is very scanty information respecting the zoology of the district, which, however, is represented as comprehending the bear,2 ^\^q chita or hunting-leopard, the hyaena, the jackal, the tiger-cat, and the hare. The level country is in general extremely fertile, producing abundant crops of rice, sugarcane, maize, millet, pulse of various kinds, oil-seeds, and raji (Eleusine coroeana) ; while the hilly country yields wax, lac, gums, dye-stuffs, arrowroot^ and great variety of timber and ornamental woods. Cotton is produced* annually to a considerable extent ; and the local demand is such as to leave scarcely any for exportation. The only manufactures of importance are coarse cotton cloths and muslins, which last were formerly in high esteem and extensively manufactured, but are not now produced to the same extent, on account of the diminished demand consequent on the irre- sistible competition of British fabrics. The population has been stated officially^ to be 926,930, an amount which, com- pared with the area, indicates a relative density of 146 to the 2:< GAN. sqnare mile. By &r the greater part are Brahminista, there being few Mussulmans, and prohahlj no Christians, except those in the service of government. The former prevalence, and recent suppression of human sacrifices in a part of Ganjam, are briefly noticed in the article Goomsoor. Ganjam occupies the northern portion of the territory known as the Five Gircars, the possession of which was an object of fierce contention between the French and English about the middle of the last century. They were obtained by the former in 1753, and continued under their dominion for six years, when Clive transferred them to the East-India Company, to whom they were formally ceded in 1765, by the emperor of Delhi.* * Treaties with Chicacole, the principal place of the district, Ganjam and London, *i8i9,' Basselkondab, the towns of note within the district, are p-^^^* described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. The great route &om north-east to south-west, from Calcutta to Madras, runs through the whole length of the district parallel to the seacoast, and generally at a short distance from it. The construction of a macadamized road from Berhampore to Eusselkondah has been authorized, at the estimated cost of « India Financial 14,224Z.« fe'JS; ^* ^P'* GANJA.M,* in the British district of the same name, pre- » ei.c. M*.Doe. sidency of Madras, a town on the left side of the Eosikoila Niiddee, immediately above its fall into the Bay of Bengal.^ • At. rp«. xr, las This town, formerly remarkable for its fine buildings, is now count'of orii«! much decayed, the fort and cantonments being in ruins, and the place nearly deserted, in consequence of a deadly epidemic fever, which, in 1815, carried^ oflf great numbers of the ' Report on Med. inhabitants, both Europeans and natives. The civil and sSthltiL^ of *"^ military stations were then removed to the town of Chicacole. ^o"'**'®™ uivuion , . , , of Madras Armj, The insalubrity of the situation has, it is said, passed away ; 7i. but the establishments which formerly caused its prosperity, have not been restored. It has still, however, some coasting trade* by means of the river. Distance direct from Chicacole, * Hor»hur?h, N.E., 110 miles; Vizagapatam, N.B., 165; Madras, N.E., 536; fo;/;r2ie.''''''" Cuttack, S.W., 90; Calcutta, S.W., 315. Lat. 19° 23', long. 85^7'. GAN JBUE, in the British district of Paneeput, lieutenant- ^^ i.e. mh. i>o«% governorship of the North- West Provinces, presidency of Route*, i4«. GAN— GAO. Bengal, a village on the route from the city of Delhi to Kurnal, and 16 miles S.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 29° 29^, long. IT 2'. GANTUNG PASS, in Bussahir, oyer a range of mountains on the north-eastern boundary, between Koonawur and Chinese » vojige, ir.aoa. Tartary. Jacquemont^ describes it as a vast opening between summibs which overtop it about a thousand feet. The highest part of the pass is covered with perpetual snow. To the west, a declivity extends towards the distant Sutluj, with a surfooe sloping gradually, but inexpressibly rugged. Nature in few places assumes a form more frightful than that here deecribed • Lloyd and ^y Gerard '? — " We now hurried down to a milder climate, for Gerard, Tourt In . Himalaya, u. 18S. a short way upou contiuuous snow, and afWrwards on loose rock and snow for a mile, where the head of the dell is formed on each side of us. In this plain of wrecks and horrid scenery, tlie detached summits of the chain rose in various misshapen forms, dark and naked on their sides, but terminating in spires and domes of perpetual whiteness. Around their baaes, which here rest at an elevation of 17,000 feet, are enormous accumu* lations of snow, containing basins of still water, the dread of travellers who approach them : the scene surpasses description. The dell, nearly half a mile wide, is covered by layers of broken stones, exhibiting extraordinary variety, beautiful to the eye, but severe to the feet." The space to be traversed devoid of wood for fuel is eight- miles, and, in consequence of this, the pass is little frequented. Gerard crossed it, at the end of July, amidst falls of snow and sleet, which lasted all day, yet so mild was the temperature, comparatively with the enormous s Gerard, Koona- elevatiou, that the thermometer did not sink below 33^.^ wur, 51. Gantung, geologically, has some interest, as there the slate 4 jacquemont, formation,^ reaching westward towards the Sutluj, crops oat ^^' from beneath the calcareous and fossiliferous strata extending eastward. The Bishi Gbntung, a snowy peak rising above the - Her^rt,*LTeii P^s, has been ascertained trigonometrically* to have an ale* of the setiej. yation of 21,229 feet above the sea ; that of the pass itself • Of rard, Koona- - — ^ . *^ wur, 61. is 18,295« feet. Lat. 81° 38', long. 78° 47'. » E I.e. M». Doc GAOMUTEE,^ in Kumaon, a river rising on the eastern Burr.* * declivity of the peak of Budhan Garh, and in lat. 30°, long. 79° 36'. It holds a course, generally south-easterly, through an extensive valley or elevated plam, remarkably level, and GAP— GAE. above ten mSes in diameter. This expanse is fertile, wooded, though not densely, and well watered bj the nomeroos feeders of the Gaomutee ; but tbongh having an average elevation of above four thousand feet above the sea, it is extremely un- healthy,^ from some cause as yet unascertained. The Ghuimutee, ]^g ^^^i. after a course of about twenty miles, joins the Suijoo, a feeder —Herbert. Mine- of the Kalee, at Bagesur, in lat. 29° 49^, long. 79° 49'. mt^^2 **" GAPELONG-. — A village in Arracan, situate on the left bank of the river distinguished by the same name. Lat. 20^ 48', long. 93° 7'. GAEL — A town in the Bajpoot state of Boondee, 73 miles b.i.o. mi. Doe. S.E. from Nusseerabad, and 74 miles S. from Jeypoor. Lat. 25° 62', long. 76° 62'. GARARUNG. — A town in the native state of Nepal, near e.i.c. ms. doc tiie left bank of the Gunduck river, and 102 miles N.W. from Kbatmandoo. Lat. 27° 67', long. 83° 41'. GAEAKOTA,!* in the British territory of Saugor and » b.i.c.m..doc Nurbudda, a town, situate in the angle^ formed by the confluence * Mem. of Or-em- of the rivers Sonar and Guddari. The fort is at the apex of in**iidi«,4oe. ^™^ the angle, and is of irregular ground-plan, being washed on two sides by the confluent streams. The interior wall of the fort is thirty feet high, and of thickness varying from six to twenty feet ; an outer wall, twenty feet high, surrounds the place, the interval between the two defences being very irre- gular. A ditch thirty feet deep communicates with both rivers, and, extending between them, strengthens the defences towards the country. The town, which extends from river to river, is separated from the fort by a considerable space of waste ground. In October, 1818, it was held by a garrison for the raja of Nagpoor or Berar, and being invested by a British force under General Watson, in a few days a prac- ticable breach was made, and the place surrendered. Distant 25 miles E. of Saugor, 206 S.W. of Allahabad. Elevation above the sea 1^45 feet. Lat. 28° 47', long. 79° 12'. GABASPOOB,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions « e.i.c. ifi. Doc of Scindia's family, a town on the route from Hosungabad to Saugor, by Bhilsa, 88' miles N.E. of former, 49 S.W. of latter. • Garden, TMt§ The town has a small fort of masonry on its south-east side, o'***"'*^*^- 1 Mem. of Opera- * Gsrhakoto of Tagsin ; GurrakoU of Bkcker.* """• f ^Jji^^^ ' In India, 406. 2W GAB. • Malcolm, Index and a tank' east. Supplies and water are abundant. l%ere • Benuai and are Bome* antique buildings, having elaborate sculptures, in toM.^^illrri.^^S: t^^ fin® sandstone of the neighbouring hills. Lat. 23*^ 40*, * long. 78° m. E.i.c. M» Dor. GAR GUNSA.— -A town in the native state of Cashmeer, or territory of Gholab Singh, 177 miles N.B. from Dehra, and 185 miles N.E. from Simla. Lat. 32° KT, long. 80° 4/. » E.I.C. Ms. Doc. GARH A,i in the district of SulUnpoor, territory of Oade, a fort on the right bank of the Goomtee, 14 miles S.E. of Sultan- 'Garden, Routes, poor cantonmcnt, 106 ^ S.E. of Lucknow. It was, in a remote » u.itter, Topog. period, built by a sovereign' of Oude, of the Bhar race, a low ofoudu,i24. caste of Hindoos, and the stone used in its construction was, according to tradition, brought by water from Nepal. It early fell into the hands of the Patau invaders of Hindostan, who destroyed the upper part of the walls, leaving them standing to the height of eight or ten feet. The ruined portion has been restored, partly in brick, partly in mud. Part of the stone waU rises from the bed of the Goomtee, and exhibits many scnlp- tures, as well as inscriptions, some in the Nagari, some in the Persian character, relating the history of the place. Lat. 26° Itf, long. 82° 19'. > E.I.C. Ms. Dor. GAlilADH AR,^ in the peninsula of Kattywar, or territory of the Guicowar, a town in the district of Gohilwar, in a futile • Tod, Travels in tract, wcU Watered, but indifferently cultivated.^ Distance from w..torn India, ^i^^ejabad, S.W., 125 miles ; Baroda, S.W., 120 ; Sorat, N.W., 00 ; Bombay, N.W., 195. Lat. 21° 31', long. 71° 81'. E.I.C. Ms Doc. GARI SADA KHAN, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated near the left bank of the Kisliengunga river, 74 miles N.E. of the town of Attock. Lat. 34° 20', long. 73° 28'. E.I.C. Ms. Dec GAROBIR. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the left bank of the Jimru river, and 200 miles N.W. ftom Khat- mandoo. Lat. 28° 5', long. 82° 5'. « F.T.c. Mr. Dor. GAROTHA, Or GUROTA,* in Bundlecund, a small town « oiirdvn. THbies* ou the Toute from Banda to Gwalior, 78 miles^ W. of the of Kuuten, 74. f^^pj^gr, 126 S.E. of the latter. It has a barar, and water is plentiful. Lat. 25° 35', long. 79° 22'. GAROWKE, or KARO WKE.— A halting.place on the great Aeng route (Arracan), and situate at the foot ofNatyagain. The ascent is very steep, but the path being, carried in azig- ;.oo GAR— GAS. tag manner, the labour is thereby lessened.^ The encamping- ' ppmberton,Rep. ground is good, and well supplied with water. Elevation Frontier. io4. 8A65 feet. Lat. 20° 2f, long. 94° 6'. ^''IT'^ f^''''^' GAEEEE. — A town in the British district of Hydrabad, in e.i.c. ms.ooc. the province of Sinde, presidency of Bombay, 63 miles S.E. of Tafcta. Lat. 24° 18', long. 68° 51'. GAEBOW and COSSYAH HILLS.— This group, situate on the north-eastern frontier of the Bengal territory, extends orer a tract of country bounded on the north by Goalpara and Camroop ; on the east by Jyntea ; on the south by Sylhet and Mymensing ; and on the west by the last- mentioned district. These territories extend from lat. 25° to 26° 6', and from long. 90° 7' to 92° 11'. The whole tract contains an area of 4,347 square miles. The chief divisions, with the statistical par- ticulars of each, as far as they can be ascertained, are as follows.^ The Garrows contain by estimation an area of 2,268 " siatisricni square miles ; Earn Eye, 328 ; Nurtung, 360 ; Muriow, 283 ; u^a-^i^^!^"^ *'' Molyong, 110 ; Mahram, 162 ; Osimla, 350 ; Kyrim and the domains of various petty chiefs, 486. The population of the whole is given at 65,205. The various chiefs who exercise dominion throughout this district are under the protection of the British government, though not tributary thereto. "With many of them there are agreements defining ^ the relative posi- • Benpai and tions of the protecting state and the protected dependency; voi.a. pari'n..*ii4. and with regard to all, this relation is understood and acted upon.^ The character of the country is wild, as is also that of ' TreutiM wuh the people ; but for some years past the just and liberal policy 277. ^ *'^*' of the British government has secured the general prevalence of tranquillity ; but in 1852, it was deemed necessary to depute Lieutenant Agnew into the Garrow Hills to inquire into a local disturbance.** The portion of tbis district which is * India Poi. Di$p. dh^ctly British has been noticed under the head " Cossyah '^^" ' * ' Hills." GAB TAESA. — A town in the native state of Cashmeer, e.i.c.m«.do«. or dominions of Gholab Sing, 202 miles N.E. from Simla, and 177 miles N.E. from Dehra. Lat. 31° 49', long. 80° 29'. GASULPOOE, in the British district of Saugor and Ner- E.i.c.Mt.Doc. budda^ lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town t)n the route from Jubbulpoor to Eewah, 16 miles N.E. of the former. Lat. 23° 20', long. 80° 10'. aoi GAUR. 1 E.I.C. Mf. Doc GAUE,i • or LUCKNOUTl.^— A ruined citj in the Britisb ifap"of HiudcH district of Maldah, presidency of Bengal. It is situate on a •taa, AA. range of inconsiderable eminences, extending along the east or left bank of the Bbagruttee, a watercourse formerly the main channel of the Ganges, but now containing a small portion only of its stream. The best description of this vast monument of the industry and resources of India at a remote period, is that » Mem. of Mnp of criven by RennelL' who visited the place. " Taking the extent Hiiidostan AS. o j ' r o M. ' of the ruins of Gour at the most reasonable calculation, it is not less than fifteen miles in length (extending along the old bank of the Ganges), and from two to three in breadth. Several villages stand on part of its site; the remainder is * Tennant, inditn either covcrod with thick forests,^ the habitations of tigers and 128. other beasts of prey, or become arable land, whose soil is chiefly composed of brick-dust. The principal ruins are a mosque, lined with black marble elaborately wrought, and two gates of the citadel, which are strikingly grand and lofty. These &bric8, and some few others, appear to owe their duration to the nature of their materials, which are less marketable, and more difficult to separate, than those of the ordinary brick buildings, which have been, and continue to be, an article of merchandise, and are transported to Moorshedabad, Mauldah, and other places, for the purposes of building. These bricks are of remarkably solid texture, and have preserved the sharpness <^ their edges and smoothn^s of their surfaces through a series of ages. The situation of Gour was highly convenient for the capital of Bengal and Bahar as united under one government, being nearly centrical with respect to the populous parts (^ those provinces, and near the junction of the principal rivers that compose that extraordinary inland navigation for which those provinces are famed; and, moreover, secured by the G-anges and other rivers on the only quarter from which • RoiMrtt, soraet Bengal has any cause of apprehension.*' A beautiful minaret,' ifties of Hindo- nmety feet high and twenty-one m diameter, yet remains, sur- ■ten, u. 274. mounted by an open cupola, accessible by internal stairs, and aflfording a fine view of the surrounding country. There are also some mosques in a state of decay, but still retaining traces > Col. 1470. * Ganr of Shakespear ;^ Gaar of Wilson;' Gowr of Briggs'i Index; • Sanskrit Diet. q^^^ ^f RenneU ; » Gonr of Elliot.* 809. * Hem. on Map of HindosUn, 55. * Supplament to Glouarjr, 855, 803 GAUR of their original architectural excellence. Of these the most worth notice are the Sonahla Masjit, or golden mosque ; the Chhota Sonahla Masjit, or small golden mosque ; and the Kadam Sosul, to which votaries throng in the belief that it contains the impression on stone of the footstep of Mahomet, the founder of Islam. Of the numerous bridges formerly traversing the watercourses in and about this wonderful collection of dwellings, one only remains. So vast has been the quantity of building materials drawn from those ruins, as to give rise to a specific phrase* in the fiscal language of India. Their further abstrac- tion has been prohibited, and measures have been taken for arresting^ the destruction of the interesting antiquities in the « Bengal Pubiic licinity of the ancient capital of Bengal. Splendid views of ^^*^' * '***^* ^^*- the most striking of those objects have been given by Daniel.^ ' Antiqnitiet or Among the ruins are several neglected tanks swarming with n„*!'xi.'^"" alligators ; and the dense damp jungles, overgrowing the more o^*n««^ Scenery, depressed parts, are infested with various kinds of snakes, amongst which the boa-constrictor has been killed above twenty feet in length. In the time of Abulfazl, in the latter part of the sixteenth century, there was here a great^ fort, to the east • Ayeen AVberj, of which was a lake of considerable extent; and Tiefienthaler ^' ^'* states^ that it was surrounded by an earthen rampart twenty ^ BeachrpibunK ells high, and so broad at top, that horses, elephants, and J^**^^ '"**"•*""» waggons, could move along it without difficulty. Oaur is pro- bably a placet of great antiquity ; the researches of Wilford,^ { > ai. Ret.iji. iia. however, do not appear to establish it as of any great impor- tance until A.n. 648, when its chief became independent, on the iaU of the previously paramount sway of Magadha. The chiefs of Ghiur from that time were powerful, until the reign of Lakshmana, from whom it probably received the name of • Bird, preiiiee to Lucknouti, by which it is frequently mentioned in history. In nut of ouinnt, 1202 the city was taken, and Lakshmana driven into flight, »>y aii Moham- by Bakhtiar Khilji,^ a commander subordinate to Kutbuddiu Eiphinstone, Htot. •jf IndJi. I. 614. • Kimut Khest-Ghonr, "price of bricks of Gaur," "a soubahdarry* * Olowary, ut impost, established by AH Verdi Cawn, to defray the expense of conveyiDg •"?'•» ***• away bricks from the raiDS of the ancient city of Ganr.** t Dow, as quoted by Kennell,' states that it was the capital of Bengal > Mem. of Map of 730 years before the birth of Christ ; but his accuracy is to be little HIndoofctan, 56. depended on. X See also Elliot, Supplement to Glossary, pp. 853, 854. SOS GArR. » Stewart, HIit. of Bengal, M. * Id. 86. ' Buchanan, Survey, II. (M7. Stewart, M. * Id. 120. 1 Stewnrt. HULof Bengal, 150. • Garden, Tablet of Routes, lOS, 96,158. Eibak, viceroy of Delhi, for Shahabuddiii, monarch of Qhor, in Afghanistan. It in a.d. 1212 was made the capital* of the kingdom of Bengal, by Ghiyasuddin, who built there a fine mosque, a college, a caravanserai, and made numerous embank- ments to protect the city against inundations. About a century and a half later, the^ seat of government was transferred to Pundua or Peruya,* but restored to Gaur in 1409, by Jalaluddin. NasirShah, in 1450, surrounded it with the vast rampart of which the extent may still be traced. In a.d. 1536, Shir Shah, the Patan rival of Humayun, having overrun* Bengal, took Gaur, and drove its king, Mahmood, into flight, but was himself, the year after, dispossessed by Humayun, who resided for some months in the city, and changed* its inauspicious name of Gaur to Jennetabad. He, however, found it necessary to retreat to the western part of his dominions, and his rival, Sher Shah, took possession of the city. After the death of Sher Shah, the governors of Bengal assumed the style of inde- pendent rulers of that country, until 1574, when M onaim Khan, in command of the troops of Akbar, subjugated^ it, and made it the seat of local government, but in a few months perished, with nearly all his troops, by the effects of the pestilential climate. From that period commenced the ruin of the city, and on the acquisition of the country by the British, soon after the middle of the eighteenth century, Maldah, and subsequently English Bazar, became the seats of government of the province. Gaur is distant from Burhampoor, N., 61 miles f from Calcutta, by Burhampoor, 179 ; Rajmahal, S.E., 25. Lat. 24° 55', long. 88° 8'. * FerUhta,iL84. ' Mem- of Map of Hindo. mihi. Rep. alluvial earth, overflowed to the extent of several miles on Eiph.». occasion of the slightest swell. The confluence with the Chenaub takes place without any turbulence, in a low marshy tract, in which the channels of the rivers are continually changing.' Each river is about 500 yards wide, and the united * Burno, iii. os, stream about 800 yards. The water of the Chenaub is reddish, ^^* that of the Ghara pale ; and for several miles downwards, the difference of hue may be observed, the right side of the stream being of a red, and the left of a pale hue. GHATAMPOOR,^ in the district of Bainswara, territory » e.lc. ms. ixm. of Oude, a town three miles from the left bank of the Ganges, 45 miles S. of Lucknow, 22 S.E. of Cawnpore. Butter* »Topo«rr«phy of estimates the population at 4,000, including fifty Mussulmans. Lat. 26° Itf, long. 80° 40'. GH ATPILLY. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.o. mi. doo. or territory of the Nizam, 97 miles N.E. from Hyderabad, and 100 miles S. from Chanda. Lat. 18° SO', long. 79° 22'. GHATTA. — ^A town in the Eajpoot state of Jeypoor, 45 e.i.c. mi. Doe. miles S.E. from Jeypoor, and 104 miles S.W. from Agra. Lat. 26° 38', long. 76° 85'. GHATHMPOOR,^ in the British district of Cawnpore, the « e.i.c. m*. do«, principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, a town on the route from Calpee to Pertabgurh, and 28 miles* E. of the » oardi>n,Taw*« former. There is a small bazar, and supplies and water may ° "*^ be had in abundance. The road in this part of the route is generally good. Lat. 26° 9', long. 80° 18'. 311 GHAUTS. * E.I.C. Ml. Doc. • RIphfiiftone, Hist, of India, 1.418. Id. Report on Cuuntrj con- quered from th« Peishwa. 141. • Tranimcts. of 0«H>I. 8oc. 2nd wr. vol. I. — Fraser, Joum. from Delhi to Bombay. ^ Jacquemont, Voyaif»'«, vl. 470, 094,600. * Id. fllO. Trans, of Med. and Plijft. Soc. of Bombay, 1.89 — Murray, on the Mahabuleshwar llills. 7 Elphinstone, Report on the T«rrhorl*»« con- quered from the Peishwa. 140. Madra* Juurn. of Lit. and i^ience, July, 18S6, p. 185 — Cbrisiie,on Southern Mah- ratta Country. • Joum. of Roy. A». Soc. No. iii. 73 —Bird, on the Country from Pooua to Kittor. " Trans, of Geol. Soc. 2nd ser.41I — Sykcs,onQeol. of Dukhun. * Hist, of India, 1.800. GHAUTS (WESTEK^).^— An exteusive range of mottn- tains of Southern India. Their northern limit is the valley of the Taptee, of which a branch from the Syadree Mountains^ (as the upper part of the Western Ghats is called by the natives) forms the southern inclosing range about lat. 21° — 21° 15', long. 73° 45' — 74° 40', and is connected with groups which diminish in height towards the east until they sink into the table-land of Berar. The northern side of the valley of the Taptee is inclosed by the Satpura range, having an elevation of about 2,000 feet ^ * above the sea. The Syadree range in this part consists of trappean formations,^ which extend to the seacoast, forming the rocks* of Bombay and Salsette, and others in that vicinity. In lat. 21° 10', long. 74°, this great range (the Western Ghauts) turns south nearly at right angles to that which forms the south inclosing range of the valley of the Taptee. Its elevation increases as it proceeds southwards, and at Mahabulishwar,« in lat. 18°, long. 73° 40', is 4,700 feet above the sea. In this part, as elsewhere, the western de- clivity is abrupt, and its base depressed nearly to the level of the sea : on the eastern side, though generally undulating, or even rugged, it slopes^ gradually eastward towards the plains of Hyderabad. In respect to geological structure, it may be observed generally, that the great core of the Western Ghauts is of primary formation, inclosed by alternating strata of more recent origin. These strata, however, have been broken up by prodigious outbursts of volcMiic rocks, and from MahabuHsh- war to their northern limit, the overlying rock of the Western Ghauts is stated to be exclusively of the trap formation,® The face towards the Concan is not uniformly precipitous, but consists of vast terraces^ with abrupt fronts, such a conforma- tion being characteristic of this kind of rock. The scenery is delightful and grand, '' displaying stupendous scarps, fearful chasms, numerous waterfalls, dense forests, and perennial verdure." "The Western Ghauts," says Elphinstone,^ "pre* sent the charms of mountain scenery on a smaller scale" than the Himalayas ; " but it is no exaggeration of their merits to say, that they strongly resemble the valleys of the Neda and • A contributor to the Asiatic Eesearches says, "The elevation of thia pari of the rang^ seldom exceeds 8,000 feet." — Calder, General Observa- tions on the Geology of India, vol. zviii. p. 4. 312 GHAUTS. the Ladon, wbi^b have long been tbe boast of Arcadia and of Europe." Chasms and breaks in the brows or tbe culminating ridges of the range, give access to the highlands, and are denominated ghauts or passes, a name which has become gene- rally applied to the range itself. The principal elevations between the eighteenth and nineteenth degrees of latitude, are Poorundhur,' 4,472 feet ; Singhmr, 4,162 ; Hurreechundurghur, < s^ket, at tupn, 3,894. In consequence of the boldness of the declivities and ^*** tbe precipitous character of the faces of the trap rocks, tbe summits in many parts of the range are nearly inaccessible. The Datund strength of these portions has in many instances been increased by art, and the hill forts in all ages of Indian hbtory have been regu^ed as the bulwarks of the Deccan. Tbe trap formation terminates southward on the seacoast, in about kt. 18^, and is succeeded by laterite, a ferruginous clay, easily cut when first raised, but by continued exposure to the atmosphere becoming hard as brick. This last-mentioned of joume^from ' formation extends southwards as the overlying rock, almost ^■^' cal^** without interruption, to Cape Comorin, covering the base of and Maiab«r, tbe mountains and the narrow slip of land that separates them 4 Mndns journ of from the sea. South of Mahabuleshwar, and in latitude J;'L""**f^ ''",'^' ' 1836, p. 102; alto about 15% the elevation^ diminishes, so as not to be more than oct. of Mme year, 1,000 feet above the sea ; the slopes are gradual, and the « p^p^rt on Med. outlines rounded. Still farther to the south, however, the topok. and stau ... ofCoorff, 4. elevation increases, and attains its maximum towards Coorg, • Madras joum. where Bonasson HUl< is said to be 7,000 feet above the sea ; * Nn."i'vnf c^tl' Tandianmole, 6,781 ; Pupagiri, 6,682. South of those eleva- ^^^-^^^ " tioDs, the Ghauts join the Neilgherry^ group by means of tbe Neiigherry and Nedimula range, which forms the western buttress of the uJ^^.'^Baiweron Neilgherry table-land to lat. 11° 15', long. 76° 26', where it the Ndigherry rises into the lofty Kunda Mountains, and about twenty-five second Report on miles farther south^ terminates abruptly in high and nearly g^^; lf^'^^^f, perpendicular precipices, forming the northern side of that j?herryHiiii,9, lo. great valley or depression, which, affording an uninterrupted of lu. and sci. communication in this latitude between the eastern and No. iiii. oci. isae — Benia, on Geol. western sides of the peninsula, is bounded on the south by of Neiigherry the extensive range of mountains of which Cape Comonn is e Buchanan. Narr. the extremity. South of this valley, the mountains are wi"""* tJ '"^"^ described as lofty, and pouring down cascades of pro- Mysore, canarm, digious height.® Tbe width of this extensive gap, called tbe ^ 3^7, ' 313 GHAUTS. Palghat Yallej, from the town of that name, is about twenty * Report OB Med. miles.' Topofcraphj and stHtittictof The length of the Western Ghauts, from the northern o^MadrL'Armr," extremity of the Syadree Mountains, forming the southern side «*• of the valley of the Taptee, to the southern brow, joining the Kunda Mountains on the north side of the Palghat Valley, is about 800 miles. The mountains rising on the south side oi Palghat Valley, and which may, with some latitude of expres- sion, be called a continuation of the Western Ghauts, hsTe > Report, ut Considerable elevation, a spacious table-land, being 4,740 feet' above the sea, a peaked summit 6,000, another 7,000 ; and there are several peaks not measured, but judged by sight to have elevations not inferior. The length of the chain of mountains extending from Cape Comorin to the yalley of Palghat is 200 miles. The western brow of the range is, with little exception, abrupt ; on the eastern side of the culminating range, the declivity is in general gradual, the sur&ce in many places being extensive table-land, sloping gently, and nearly imperceptibly, eastward. Such a conformation would seem to indicate a volcanic disturbance of the surface, the disruption taking place along the western precipitous face.* It has been supposed that the steep declivity of the Western Ghauts on the seaward side, by presenting a vast front to the violence of the south-west monsoon, is instrumental in arresting and condensing the abundant moisture borne along by that formidable aerial current from the Indian Ocean, and that the excessive rains which fall in the Concan and in Malabar result from this cause. Such a conclusion, however, is at variance with the fact that Chili and Peru, similarly circumstanced with respect to the Pacific Ocean and the Cordilleras, are amongst the driest countries in the world, — a discrepancy the cause of which does not appear to have been explained. But it is not only the countries intervening between the mountains and the sea that are visited with so great a superabundance of rain : the fall on the west brow of the Western Ghauts is enormous, and perhaps unparalleled. At Mahabulishwar, in lat. 18°, long. 78° 40', the mean annual fisdl of rain is 239 * A similar instance, on a scale of less magnitude, oocurred in tbe con- vulsion which, a few years ago, upheayed the west coast of Chili to a considerable extent. 3U GHAUTS. inches. There, howeyer, during a considerable portion of the jear, the weather is drj. Not so at Bednore, in hit. 18° 49^, long. 75° 6', situate on the western verge of the table-land of Mysore, and near the w.estem brow of the verge. There " nine rainy nM)nth8^ in the year are usually calculated on, and for • wiiki, Hittorf- six of that number it is the practice in most families to make i, 449. ihe same preparatory arrangements for provision (water only excepted) as are adopted for a ship proceeding on a six months' Toyage." In consequence of this excessive moisture, the low tract between the Qhauts and the sea is traversed by innu- merable torrents, which, stagnating as they approach the coast, % BiphiBttoiM, overspread the depressed levels, and form that extraordinary "'•»• »' in<**^ **• series of shallow lakes called by the British Backwaters. Tnnt. of oeoi. The word Ghauts, as already mentioned, is an appellation ^.1^41'J!!!*' given by the British to the range which in its northern part is ^7^^ <>" » ^^^ by the natives called Syadree,' in its southern Snkhien.^ 4 ^g. ji^ y. 5J. GHAUTS (EASTERN).— A chain of mountains of Southern ^""f^ "J^'** \ '^^ eal Remarki on India, rising in the vicinity of Balasore, in about the same coMt or Maiatar. latitude as the Western Ghauts on the opposite side of the peninsula. This chain may be traced in a south-westerly direc- tion, a little to the west of Ganjam, and thence to Naggery Nose, about 56 miles N.W. of Madras, where it forms a junction with the range, "which* sweeping irregularly inland, * Joum. roj.ai. crosses the peninsula in a south-west direction by Chittore, Newboid, oeoT or Sautghur, and Salem, and joins the Western Ghauts north of southwn imua. the Chip of Paulghautcherry." The direction of the Eastern Ghauts, south of the point of junction with the transverse range, is marked at intervals along the coast of Coromandel, by outliers and detached hills to a point within about twenty miles of Cape Comorin, where the Eastern and Western Ghauts appear united.^ It is to be observed, however, that the point • ai. pw. rriii, 5 of junction between the two great ranges of Malabar and ^^^^'^^^^^ Coromandel is not unusually regarded as taking place at the Neilgherries, " which, rising into the loftiest summits of the peninsula, form the southern boundary of the great table- land " of the Deccan. The average elevation of the Eastern Ghauts is stated to be about 1,500 feet. With regard to geolo- gical structure, granite is said to constitute the basis of the whole range, and overlying the granite, gneiss and mica-slate that form the sides of the mountains, are occasionally found 315 GHA. 1 E.I.C. Ml. Doc • Cfiut1«7, on Prolonpition of O&nfTM Canal, Snd tectfon, 18. Heb«r, Jonm. In India, I. 547. E.I.G. Mb. Doc Rennell, Map of Doottb. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc clay-slate, homblende-slate, flinty slate, and primiti^ or ciys- talline limestone. The surface of the level country appears to consist of the debris of granitic rocks, as far north as the Pennar, in approaching which, the laterite or iron-clay format tion expands over a large surface. From the Krishna north- ward, the granite is often penetrated by injected veins of trap and dykes of greenstone. Passing on to Yizagapatam and Ganjam, syenite and gneiss predominate, occasionally covered by laterite. GHAZEEOODDEENINUGGUR,!* in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a small town on the route from Delhi to Moradabad, and 18 miles E. of the former. It is surrounded by a weak wall, and situate on the left bank of the river Hindun, naviga- ble^ for rails and small boats from this place to the Jumna, a distance of thirty miles, but, notwithstanding this advantage, is much decayed. Lat. 28° 4(y, long. IT 29'. GHAZEEPOOR. — The principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, a town 10 miles N.E. of the left bank of the Jumna; 10 miles 8.W. of the to\vn of Euttehpoor. laX. 25° 49', long. 80° 48'. GHAZEEPORE.'— A British district under the lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, and named from its principal place. It is bounded on the north-west and north by the British district Azimgurh ; on the north-east by tb« great river Ghagra, separating it from the British district Sarun; on the south-east by the British district Shahabad; on the south partly by the British district Shahabad, partly by the British district Benares ; and on the west by the British districts Benares and Jaunpore. It lies between lat. 25*^ IT* —26°, long. 83° 8'— 84° 40^ ; is ninety-six miles in length from east to west, and forty in breadth. It embraces an area of 2,187 square miles. The Ganges traverses it with a sinuous course, but generally in a direction from west to east, for about fifty-six miles, first entering the district in lat. 25° 80', long. 83° 22', having previously formed its south-western boundary towards Benares for about ten miles. Its course within the district is terminated by its reaching the south-eastern frontier in lat. 25° 80', long. 83° 58' ; but it continues to form tb& • " Town of Ghaziddin/' or " Town of the ChiunpioD of Oie Fwth." GHAZEPOEB. Bouthem boundary towards Shahabad for seventy miles more, to the point where it receives the Ghagra. The course of the Ghagra along the north-eastern frontier is thirty-six miles, first touching on the district in lat. 26^, long. 84° 12^, and leaving it in lat. 26° 48', long. 84° 46'. The Karamnasa forms the south-eastern boundary for about forty-five miles ; the Tons, called in some places the Sarju, flows for about fifty miles between the G-haghra and the Ganges, falling into the latter. The Bisu, the Manghi, and the Gangi, flow in some measure parallel to the Tons, and like it, fall into the Ganges. There are, besides, numerous smaller streams, most of which become diy in the hot season. The country on both sides of the Ganges slopes gently, probably in the degree of seven or eight ioches in a mile, from north-west to south-east. In the eastern part of the district is one large piece of water, called Surhah Talao ; and many jhils or shallow lakes are dispersed over the country. The elevation of the waterway of the Ganges where it is greatest, that is, at the western extremity of the district, is about* 260 feet; and as there are no eminences of any importance, probably no point in the district is much more than 350 feet above the sea. Water in some places is to be had by digg^g to the depth of ten or twelve feet, in others it is not to be obtained at less depth than fifty or sixty feet. from the resources afforded by weUs, tanks, jhils, and rivers, the means of irrigation are derived ; and the practice is universally pursued, it being indispensable for the success of the rubbee or crop grown in the cool or dry season, commencing in October and ending in the following March. The climate is in general healthy, except at the close of autumn, when fevers are common, but not remarkably malignant in character. The thermometer 2 ranges in the coldest months from 68° to 71° ; « Bengal and m April, 86° to 96° ; May, 86° to 98° ; June, 85° to 98° ; ^oui^'pirt 'i. w' July, 86° to 96°. There are two regular crops off" the soil every year: the kurreef, sown at the end of June, being the period when the • According to Prinnep (James), the elevation* of Benares above the » Ai. Ret. xv. sea is 270 feet ; the fall of the waterway of the Ganges in this part of its Append, p. x, course is estimated* at five inches per mile, and as the place where the < Printep, Steam nver first toaehes on the district is twenty miles lower down the stream Navigation in *i. T> ... 1 X- 1- X 1 /ft^/v 1. X BriUsh India, 8S. taan Benares, its elevation may be taken at 260 feet, 317 GHAZEBPOBE. * Report, 8eleminit. of Houm of CHmmoni on EiuModU Pro- duce, 6A. * Bengal and Af r« Guide, ut lupra, 838. * Sliakes|ietr« Mem. Sut. N.W Prov. 160. rainy seaBon commences, and gathered at the beginning of winter, consists principally of maize, rice, indigo, pulse of various sorts, and oil-seeds. The rubbee, or crop sown in the cool season and gathered in summer, consists of wheat, barley, oats, gram, oil-seeds, safflower, opium, cotton, tobacco, and sugar. The sugarcane' of this district is greatly esteemed, and fetches a high price. According to a statement published in the year 1841, the export of sugar^ in one year amounted to 3,689,528 rupees in value. The other principal exports in the same year were cotton, 1,829,522 rupees; opium, 1,463,692 rupees; indigo, 577,660 rupees; nitre, 245,954 rupees; mo- lasses, 218,081 rupees; titnber, 19,577 rupees. The imports are comparatively scanty and unimportant ; the principal being piece-goods, 36,610 rupees; timber, 12,741 rupees; tobacco, 3,285 rupees. The number of the entire population is returned at 1,059,287,^ and thus subdivided: — Hindoos, agricultural, 678,743; non- agricultural, 271,676; Mahomedans, and others not Hindoo, agricultural, 31,548 ; non-agricultural, 82,320. It thus appears that the numbers of the agricultural classes nearly douUe those of the non-agricultural, and that the Hindoos are mors than seven times as many as the followers of all other systems. The number of inhabitants to the square mile is about 484. The chief places stand in the foUowing order as to popula- tion : — Number containing less than 1,000 inhabitants .... 1,833 Ditto more than 1,000 and less than 5,000 ditto 200 Ditto „ 5,000 „ 10,000 „ 28* Ditto „ 10,000 „ 50,000 „ 6 •Total inhabited 2,070 InfaabitenU. 'I' Chaonee Ghazeepore in Pei^imah Ghaseepore, 5,076 Ghaseepore Dhanapore Gubmur Mudden BenaruB Mobomedpore Bareh Riyyeepore Nurhee ditto 7,022 Muhaitch 5,712 Zumania 7,421 ditto 5,126 ditto 5,598 ditto 7,042 Mahomedabad 7,S56 Gurba 5,894 318 GHAZEEPOEE. The language spoken^ by the common people, is Hindee of ^ H«ber, i. 270. a very corrupt kind. The principal routes are, — 1. From Benares^ through Ghazee- "* Garden* Tfebi« pore to Buzar, crossing this district from west to east ; 2. from ^ ^^^^ "•• the cantonment of Goruckpore to that of Ghazeepore, north to south ; 3. from Asimgurh to Ghazeepore,^ north-west to south- * id. 6«. east ; 4. from Chupra' through Ghazeepore town to Jaunpore, * id. 170. east to west ; 5. from Ghazeepore, crossing the Ganges at the eastern extremity of the town, pursuing a direction north to south, and joining at Sawunt the great route from Calcutta to Benares. The tract comprised within this district probably formed in remote antiquity part of the "territory which in ancient legend is called^ Maha Kosala,*' first subject to the sovereigns 1 Buchmnun, sur- of Ayodhya, subsequently to those of Kanouj. On the over- H^^^^ throw of the Elanouj dynasty, by the victory gained in 1194, o?er Jaya Chandra, by Mohammad of Ghor, this tract fell ^ * Ferisht«, 1. los. under Patau sway, from which it was wrested by the conquer- ^^ TfoISIi^ ing Baber.' On the dissolution of the empire of Delhi, con- J^* ' Mem . 8S7 840 sequent on the invasion of Ahmed Shah Durani in 1761, it 490. formed part of the portion seized by Shujah-ood-dowlah, 4Treatiet«nd nawaub-vizier of Oude. In 1764, the emperor of Delhi, Shah Enga»«nenu be- *^ tween the E I.Co. Allum, granted^ the territory of Ghazeepore to the East-India and the Native Power* In Aula (Calcutta, 1845), Inhabitants. L M. Syudpore in Perg^nah Syndpore 8,200 Omapore „ Khurreed 5,820 Utter Dundea „ ditto 8,212 Onndee „ ditto 9,037 Usegah „ ditto 7,807 Upail „ ditto 5,946 Ikouna „ Bollia 7,005 Uhimcliiick „ ditto 6,878 Sheoporedeer „ ditto 6,382 Oodyeepore „ ditto 6,865 Bunkntta „ ditto 5,026 Xknlwar „ Kopacheet 9,814 Ai«epore „ ditto 6,382 ITbdoolporo >, Zuhoorabad 6,684 Beoteepore „ Zumania 17,365 XJkberpora „ Khurreed 13,918 Ujnera „ ditto 10,658 Eiura „ Lukhnesur 10,683 Ibnheempore » Boaba 26,582 819 GHAZEEFORE. » TrwiHet, ut Company, by whom, in the subsequent year, it was relinquislied* *"**"*• ■ to the nawaub-vizier of Oude. Finally, in 1775, the nawaub- « Id. 76. vizier by treaty ceded* it, with other districts, to the East- f ii. A pp. 38. India Company. In the Ayeen'' Akbery it is styled Sircar Ghazipoor, in soobah of Allahabad. Its military contingent is there stated at 310 cavalry, 16,650 infiemtry ; and its revenue at 335,782 rupees. » E.I.C. Ml. Doc. GHAZEEPORE,^* the principal place of the district of the same name, is situate on the left bank of the Ganges, » Garden, Tabioi which is crossed by ferry 2 at the north-eastern extremity of » NarratiTe/i.aoo. the town. Bishop Heber states* the river to be here as wide as the Hooghly at Cossipore. Ghazeepore is surrounded br luxuriant groves of the banyan (Ficus indica) and pipal (Ficus < Roberu, Scene* roligiosa), enlivened^ by flocks of nightingales, jays, crested ij.ua. ' sparrows, and many other birds; and by crowds of monkeys, unmolested, and familiar as domestic animals. Ghazeepore •satistictof contains a population of 7,022* persons. Viewed from tbe N.W. Prov. 160. ... . j^ •! • 1 . 1 • !• nver, its appearance is very stnking ; but, on closer inspection, the buildings are found to be mostly in ruins. At the eastern extremity of the town is a palace,t which, though somewhat disfigured by time and neglect, still retains abundant xnsaks of former beauty. It is said to have been built by Meer Cossim Bw^Bi^iflw?**' '^^^ *^® nawaub of Bengal, infamous for the massacre^ in cold 7 Hodgei, Traveii blood of his British prisoners. " It is raised on a high bank,' I f II AM AT O ' ' ' ' and on a point commanding two great reaches of the river, up and down. From the bank, which is full thirty feet from the water, is raised another basement of brick and masonry, fifteen feet high, in which are some apartments ; on this is the building, which is an oblong square (rectangle), with great pavilions at the angles, and in the centre of each side ; the whole is an open space, supported 'by colonnades surrounding it. "Within, on the floor of the building, is a channel for water, about four feet wide, which encircles the floor ; and at equal spaces there were formerly fountains. In the centre of the building is a space sufficient to contain twenty people. Nearly adjoining to this palace is a building for the purpose of raising water for the fountains, and supplying them by means of pipes, which com- * Champion's Town ; from Ghazi, "a champion or hero, disiinguidKd in war against infidels," and Pur, " town." + A view of it is given in Hodges' Select Views in India, vol. i. view 7. 320 GHAZEEPOEE. municate with each other.*' Heber characterizes® the palace • ut tupn, i. 300. as the best and most airj of any eastern building which he had seen, with magnificent verandas, and capable of being made, at no great expense, one of the handsomest and best-situated houses in India. It is at present a custom-house,^ the » Roberti, ii. 134. numerous apartments being converted into store-rooms and habitations for the guards and officials. There is a jail^ here, reported to be large, strong, and airy. The bazars are well constructed, and well supplied, the skill of the tailors especially being noted. A few Europeans keep shops, duly furnished with wares in demand with the population from home.^ * Davidson, Ghazeepore is celebrated for its rose-water, and the rose- india.n. is. '^'^ fields^ in the vicinity of the town occupy several hundred acres. • Heber, 1. aes. Some attar, or essential oil, is also made, and is sold, even after ' some adulteration as is believed, at the rate of 101. for one rupee-weight. There is a church,* represented as a very «D»vMioii, attractive object, and an hospital.'* At the south-west end of i,Idia, u^is.^"**' the town, and separated from it by gardens and scattered * '**• ^•^ cottages, are the bungalows or lodges of the servants of the Company, here employed on civil duties. These consist gene- rally of spacious^ and handsome apartments, mostly on ground- < Heber, i. soo. floors. Beyond these are the military cantonments, the buildings in which are low and unsightly, with sloping roofs of red tiles. Contiguous is a cenotaph monument to Lord Com- wallis, who died here in 1805, while in progress up the country. It is constructed of excellent stone, but, according to Heber,® • iJ. «6i. the style and execution are utterly at variance with good taste. It has been suggested, however, that it might be turned to account by being converted into a belfry, in the event of a church being built in contiguity to it. Two miles inland from the river are the remains^ of a serai, or lodge for travellers, ' Hodget, Traveif and nearly adjoining, several tombs, in a handsome style of ' architecture, and good preservation. Eaces, held close to the town, are some of the best and most frequented in India. A Btud,^ which government maintains in the vicinity, supplies the » Bacon, Fir»t cavalry and horse artillery with many good horses. il^^'^*'^^"** *' From observations* on the thermometer, made in the town » Joum. As. soc. of Ghazeepore, in the years 1831 and 1832, May appears to !!EveJ^t!'on °^ have been the hottest month (mean temperature 97°), and Temperaturrof T 1 1 -I • r*a\ T»« 1 rT i^ 1 Ghazeepore. January the coldest (mean temperature 56 ). Bishop lieber* ' Narratirci 20s. a ^ 321 GHA— GHB. • ORrden, T»blc« of Route*, 161, 169. E.I.C. Ml. Doc E.l.G. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. * K.I C. Ms. Doc. ForlM>c, Oriental Memoirs, i. 186. ' Horsbunrb, East- India Direr- tory. i. 509. S Duff. 1. 188. < Id. I. 621. • Id. li. 88. says, '* Ghazeepore is celebrated throughout India for the wholesomeness of its air." He ascribes this to the advantages of its locality, ** the elevated level on which it stands, and the dryness of its soil, which never retains the moisture, and after the heaviest showers, is, in a very few hours, fit to walk on with comfort." Another favourable circumstance he oonBidere to be, ** that it has a noble reach of the river to the south-east, from which quarter the hot winds generally blow." Ghaieepore is distant N.W. from Calcutta, by water 598* miles, by land 431 ; N.E. from Benares, by water 71, by land 46 ; E. from Allahabad, by water 210, by land 120. Lat. 26° 82', long. 83° 39'. GHAZIKA THANNA.— A town in the Kajpoot state of Uhvar, 47 miles N.E. from Jeypoor, and 110 N.W. from Agra. Lat. 27° 27', long. 76° 21'. GHENDY. — A town in the native state of Nepal, situate three miles from one of the branches of the Gunduck river, and 122 miles N.W. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 21', long. 83° 29'. GHEEGONG.— Atown in the British district of Seebpoor, Upper Assam, presidency of Bengal, eight miles S.E. of Seeb- poor. Lat. 26° 57', long. 94° 46'. GHEEIAH, or VIZIADKOOG,i in the collectorate of Rutnagherry (Southern Concan), presidency of Bombay, a town and fort at the mouth of the river Kunvee, which flows west from the Ghauts. This place " has^ an excellent harbour, the anchorage being landlocked and sheltered from all winds. There is no bar at the entrance, the depths being firom five to seven fathoms, and from three to four fathoms inside at low water. The rise of the tide is about six or seven feet" Gheriah was fortified,* in 1662, by Sevajee, the Mahratta chief It subsequently passed into the possession of the Asgria branch of the Bosla family, from whom the Portuguese and English in 1722, and the Dutch two years later, in vain attempted to wrest ^ it. In 1755, it was attacked by a Britiah* force, consisting of three ships of the line, one ship of ^J guns, and one of forty-four, with some armed vessels belonging to the Bombay marine, amounting altogether to fourteen sail, commanded by Admiral Watson, and having ou board 800 GHI— GHO. Europeans and 1,000 native soldiers, under Colonel Clive. A bombardment was immediatelj commenced ; Angria's fleet was totally destroyed, and, in the course of a few hours, the place Burrendered.* It was a few months afterwards given up to the 6 Thornton, m%u Peishwa, under the treaty concluded with the Mahrattas in "' ^""■'' ^^p'"* ^ • J 1^ t In India, I. 18«. 1756/ and nnally acquired hy the British government on the ^ Trcaiks with overthrow of that potentate in 1818. ^"'* ^*'*''^ The name Q-heriah is that hy which the fort was denominated by the Mussulmans, Yiziadroog heing the name more familiar to the Mahrattas. The place is distant S. from Bombay 170 miles. Lat. 16° 32', long. 73° 22'. GHIDDOBE,^ in the British district of Monghyr, pre- « e.i.c. ms. doc sidency of Bengal, an ancient fort of great extent. Its walls are from twenty-three^ to twenty-four feet in thickness, and > Buchanan, sur- thirty feet high. According to Buchanan, it was built at a indil'iiL*M'64. very remote period by a Hindoo raja, but repaired by Sher 8hah, the Patau chief, in his war with Humaion, about 1539. Distant S. from Monghyr city 35 miles. Lat. 24° 53', long. 86° 15'. G-HIBDEE. — A town in the British province of Sattara, e.i.c.m».doc presidency of Bombay, 89 miles S.E. of Sattara. Lat. 17° 17', long. 75° 21'. GHIBGAON, in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- £.i.c. Ma. doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route up the course of the Eamgunga (Eastern), and subsequently of the Goree, from Petoragurh to the Oonta Dhoora Pass, 82 miles N. of Petoragurh. It is situate seven miles west of the right bank of the Goree, on a ridge proceeding southwards from the main range of the Himalaya, and consists of cottages scattered over the steep declivity and summit of the ridge. Lat. 30° 2', long. 80° 13'. GHIS WA, or GHISSOO A.-— The chief town of a pergunnah of the same name, in the British district of Joimpore, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. Distant 17 miles W. from Jounpore, 39 miles N. from Mirzapoor. Ghiswa has a population of 8,868 ^ persons. Lat. 25° 41', long. 82° 28'. n^w' p^v.''f46. GB.OGHEEA. — A town in the British district of Sarun, k.i.c. m». doc presidency of Bengal, 93 miles N.W. of Dinapoor. Lat. 2^ 64', long. 84° 38'. Y2 323 GHOGEA. » E,i.c. Ms. Doe. GHOGBA.^ • — A large river, and a considerable feeder of the Ganges. Its remotest bead-water, as far as has been hitherto ascertained, is the source of the Kalee (Eastern), on the south-western declivity of the range forming the nortbem boundary of the British district of Kumaon, towards South- western Tibet. This spot, situate in lat. 30'' 28', long. 80^40', » Field Book, was visitcd by Webb,^ and is thus described by him : " The •uccctdi'ng Win- Kalce Hvcr, two furlongs distant, its breadth reduced to four ter, Spring, and q^ gy^ y^rds. At two and a quarter miles, in a north-west Summer, lufiiro.,''.. . ^ July. direction, it is covered with snow, and no longer to be traced; neither is the road passable beyond this point at the present season. After the middle of July, when the thaw is perfected, it may be traced as a small stream for about four miles more, in the direction last mentioned, and from thence to its head in the snow, north-west two miles farther. The stream scarcely flows in winter, being derived almost exclusively from the thawing snow." The elevation above the sea of the source is probably between 17,000 and 18,000 feet. The river takes a south-easterly direction down the valley of Beeans, receiving numerous snow-fed torrents right and left ; and at thirty miles from its source, the Kalipani, a considerable stream, flows into it on the left side. Two or three miles below that point, the river turns to the south-west, in which direction it continues to flow twenty-three miles farther, to the confluence of the Dhouli, a large river, which falls into it on the right side, in lat. 29° 57', long. 80° 38'. The Kalee, which at the confluence appears to be twice the size of the Dhouli, is previously a vtst torrent, and in many places a huge cataract tumbling over vast rocks, which in some spots form natural bridges, being wedged together by their pressure against each other, and against the sides of the precipices inclosing the deep gorges down which the stream rushes. In many places the stream for considerable distances is totally hidden under glaciers. Below the con- fluence the stream is thirty yards wide; but, swelled by numerous mountain-streams received right and left, it soon attains a width of eighty yards. It continues to flow in a » In y. col. 1478. * Ghaghra of Shakespear ;* Gogra or Ghogra of Wilson ,** Gharghara »^aittcrit Diet. ^^^ Ghaghra of Wilford f Ghaghra of Buchanan;* Gogrm of RcnneD,-* ' A*. Ret. xIt. 411 Gogar or Goger of the translators of Baber.* —On the Ancient 4 g j Eastern India, ii. 300. * Jlein. of Map of Ulndoatan, 220. « Mm. SM, 4ia Qeog. of India. ' 324 GHOGEA. south-westerly direction, and twenty-two miles lower down, or seventy-five from its source, it on the right side receives the Gori or Qt)rigunga, a river equal in size to the Kalee. This confluence is in lat. 29° 46', long. 80° 25', and is 1,972 feet above the sea ; so that the river has a descent, so far, of ahout 15,500 feet in seventy-five miles, or 207 feet per mile. Below this place twelve miles, and eighty-seven from its source, the river is represented in the surveyor-general's map as receiving on the left side, from Nepaul, the Chumulea ; and three miles lower down, at the Jhula ghat, a ferry from Kumaon to Nepaul, the elevation of the water's edge is 1,789 feet ; so that the declivity of the waterway now diminishes to twelve feet per mile. Sixteen miles below this, at Puchesur, lat. 29° 27', long. 80° 18', it on the right side receives the Surjoo (Western), the greatest of its feeders. Thenceforward the united stream is no longer called the Kalee, but, variously, the Sarda,* the »ai«. Ret tvi.i4o Surjoo, and the Q-hogra. At Puchesur it turns a little to the '^^^^su^l^ot' south-east, and ten miles lower down, on the right, receives the Kamaon. Lohoghat river, two miles below the confluence of which a large tributary from Nepaul flows in on the left. Turning southwards at that point, it, at a distance of eighteen miles hejond, receives on the right the Ludheea, a considerable stream. By all these accessions it becomes a great river, and at Birimdeo, tw'elve miles lower down, in lat. 29° 6', long. 80° 13', and 148 miles* from its source, it enters the plain of Hindoostan, 798 feet above the sea. Webb found it " about 150 yards broad on an average, bed stony, very deep, and moderately rapid." Herbert estimates'* the discharge of water * Jonrn. a». soc. here during the dry season at 4,800 cubic feet per second ; that ^"ni/"*** **' of the Ganges at 7,000, at Hurdwar. From within a few miles of its source to this place, according to Art. V.* of the treaty * TrpatiM and of Seegowlee, it forms the boundary between the British dis- NnUveTrin«Z trict of Kumaon and Nepaul, holding generally in this part of *^' its course a direction nearly from north-east to south-west. Prom Birimdeo guardhouse, the river, sweeping first for about twenty-three miles in a southerly direction, forms for that dis- tance the boundary between the British district of Pillebheet and the territory of Oude, and subsequently, flowing south-east for forty-five more, forms the boundary between the British ♦ Herbert,' however, makes its length of course 180 miles. ' "? •"P**' P- 825 '"*• GHOGRA. district of Shabjehanpore and the territory of Oade. In that • Surrey of interval, according toBuchanan ,• it becomes navigable for craft of Ka.^rn India. considerable burthen from Mundeya, in lat. 28° 4^, long. 8(f 1?, but probably those of lighter description can be brought up as for as the vicinity of the egress from the mountains, or about forty miles higher. One hundred and ten miles below Birimdeo, it on the left side receives the Kumalli, flowing from the mountains of 7 ut supra, u. 990. Nepaul, whence much timber is sent by the stream. Buchanan' regards this river merely as a different channel by which the great river Setiganga, descending from the Himalaya of Nepaul, • As. R^.i{r.4u discharges itself. Wilford considers® the Setiganga or Sweta- owKraphy of g^Dga as identical with the Gunduck.* According to the '"**'•• surveyor-general's map, at ninetj-four miles below the last- mentioned confluence, and in lat. 21^ K/, long. 81° 26', the Ghogra receives on the right side a considerable tributary in the united streams of the Cbouka and Woel ; twenty-two miles farther down, it on the left side receives the Eastern Surjoo, and » Buttor, Topog. thenceforward is known in Oude by the names Deoha,* Surioo, ofOudh» 10. . . I or Sarayu, as well as Ghogra. Butter describes it as navigable for the largest class of boats in all seasons, and as having an annual rise and fall of thirty feet. Forty-two miles below the confluence of the Surjoo (Eastern), it touches on the Britiah district of Goruckpore, having passed in its course the city of Oude. Thence pursuing a south-easterly direction, it forms for seventy-five miles the boundary between the British district and the territory of Oude. In this part of its course it is con- > ut wpra. 11. «90. sidered by Buchanan * larger than the Ganges at Chunar, and is from one to three miles in breadth. Like other great riven traversing low alluvial tracts, it sends off lateral watercourses, communicating in the rainy season by numerous offsets with the parent flood, and with each other. Of these the principal, called the Tons (North-eastern), leaves the Ghogra on the right side, ten miles above the city of Oude, and, taking a south- easterly course, falls into the Ganges near Bhullea. The Ghogra enters the British territory in lat. 26° 15', long. 88° 11', and, still pursuing a south-easterly direction for sixty-five miles, forms the boundary between the British districts of Goruckpore * This evidently is erroneous. In Walker's new map of India the Kurnalli river is represented as forming a junction with the Ghogra in the locality assigned hj Buchanan as that of the mouths of the Setiganga. sm GHO. and Azirogurb. In this part of its course, it on the lefb side, and in lat, 26° 12*, long. 83° 46', receives the large river Eaptee, and at other points a few streams of less importance. Flowing still south-east, it for eight miles forms the boundary between the districts of Azimgurh and Sarun, and for thirty-six miles the boundary between the districts Ghazeepore and Sarun, joining the Ganges, on the left side of the latter river, in lat. 25° 46', long. 84° 40'. The total length of course of the Ghogra may be estimated at 606 miles. According to Buchanan, an eye-witness^ of the confluence, the Ghogra certainly exceeds ^ Surrey of the Granges in breadth and rapidity, and equally in depth. ,^^™ '"****' Though throughout the year navigable nearly to the moun- tains,^ the Ghogra is turned to little account in this respect. * Prinsep» steam The navigation is indeed in some places rendered hazardous and BruiS India" 48. intricate by the occurrence of shoals of kunkur or calcareous"* * Buchanan, ut conglomerate ; but engineering skill, with adequate means, could *"*^**' * *^* easily remove such obstructions, and render free the naviga- tiom of the Ghogra, as well as throw open that of its tributaries the Eaptee and the Chouka. GHOLAB SINGH'S DOMINIONS.— See Ci^SHMEBE. GHO ON GEE. ^ * — A river which has its source beyond^ the « e.i.c. Ma. doc. northern frontier of British India, in the Nepaul territory, and *ey '^'e" st^m"" in about lat. 27° 50', long. 83° 20'. It holds a course generally !»<«•»» ». «07. southerly, and at Lotan, about seventy miles from its source, and in lat. 27° 15', long. 83° 19', Buchanan^ found it in »utaupra,sw. January to have a deep channel, along which rolled a wide, rapid, fordable stream. It receives many streams right and left, and by lateral channels communicates with numerous pieces of water, stagnant or running ; drains or fertilizes, by means of its many branches, a great extent of country, and, running still in a direction generally south-easterly, joins the Dhumela in lat. 27° 5', long. 83° 12', and ultimately falls into the Eaptee on the left side, in lat. 27° 3', long. 83° 12', having altogether flowed about 100 miles. * According io Bachanan, it is in the upper part of its course called the Ghaghar, and after running southwards about seventeen miles, joins a branch of the river called the l^nay ; whenceforward the united, volume of water is called the Ghoongee. But from a map on a very large scale, recently constructed under government authority, there does not appear to be any connection between the Ghoongee and the Tinay. .M27 GHO. B.I.C. Mi Doc. GHOOEOUTFH, or QAEOTAH, in the Britiah district of G-oorgaon, lieutenant-go vernorehip of the North- West Pro- vinces, a village on the route from Muttra to Delhi, by the right bank of the Jumna, and 55 miles S.E. of the latter city. Lat. 27° 56', long. 77° 28'. < E.I.C. iif. Doc. GHOEA TEUP.^ — An inconsiderable village situate on the right bank of the river Indus, 11 miles S.W. of Attock, and 34 S.E. of Peshawur. The river here has a very dangerous rapid, with a sudden fall of a foot and a half, resulting ^m the lateral contraction of the high and rocky banks inclosing • oxus. 185. it, as the depth is no less than 186 feet. Wood ^ describes the passage as very dangerous. " Though the fall was shot with startling rapidity, the boat, when over, seemed spell-bound to the spot, and hung for some time under the watery wall in spite of the most strenuous efforts of her crew. At last she moved, the men cheered, and out she darted into the fair channel" The breadth of the Indus here is only 250 feet, and through this narrow gut the whole of its immense volume of water rushes at the rate of from nine to ten miles an hour, and with the noise of thunder. Ghora Trup is about six miles below Nilab, and for the whole of this distance the river may be described as one immense and irresistible rapid. Lat. dS° 46', long. 72° 9'. E.I.C. M». Doc. GHOEA WTJL, in the British district of Mirzapoor, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Sasseram to Eewah, 78 miles S.W. of the former. Lat. 24° 46', long. 82° 51'. » B.I.C. Mi. Doc GHOSEA.^ — The principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, a town in the district of Azimgurh, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, on the route from • Garden, Tablet Ghazcopoor to Goruckpoor, and 47 miles^ N. of the latter. ou eg, » . -yyater is obtained from wells, and supplies may be had from the surrounding country, which is low, level, and partially cultivated, but during the periodical rains much cut up by watercourses, and overspread by jhils or shallow pieces of water. The road in this part of the route is rather good. Distance N.E. from Benares 64 miles. Lat. 26° 6', long. 83° 36'. » B.I.C. Ml. Doc. GHOSEE A, or GTJSIA,i in the British district of Benares, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village 938 GIIO— GHTJ. situate four miles north of the left bank of the Oanges, and where the route from the city of Benares to that of Allahabad is intersected by that from Jounpoor to Mirzapoor. Distant W. of the city of Benares 29^ miles ; from Allahabad, E., 45. • o«rden, Tabi« Water is plentiful, and supplies may be had in abundance from 900. the neighbouring country. The road in this part of the route , is excellent ;^ the country level, wooded, and cultivated. Lat. TniTeis in india, 25» 16', long. 82° 36'. i;.!^;, „. „,„. GHOSGUEH. — ^A town in the native state of Bhawulpoor, e.i.c. m$, doc. 73 miles S.E. from Bhawulpoor, and 127 miles N.E. from Jessulmeer. Lat. 28° 24', long. 72° 6'. GHOSNA, or GUSTJNA,! in the British district of Muttra, « e.i.c. Us. Doe. Heutenant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Aligurh to that of Muttra, and five miles N.E. of the latter.^ The road in this - oarden, Tablet part of the route is heavy and bad for wheeled carriages ; the °' '*"'**' ^***. country open, with a sandy soil partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 32', long. 77° 48'. GHOSPOOB,^ in the British district of Ghazeepoor, Heute- ' eic. Ma. doc. nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the left bank of the Ghmges, 10 miles^ E. of Ghazeepoor • Garden. TaWca cantonment, 590 miles N.W. of Calcutta by water, or 767 if o'«o»^ »«• the Sunderbund passage be taken ; by land, by the new line of road, 420. Lat. 25° 37', long. 83° 47'. GHOTAL, in the British district of Hooghly, presidency of e.i.c. ms. doc. Bengal, a town on the river Eoopnarain, on the route from onWe, iwi, to?. Burdwan to Midnapore, 40 mUes S. of former, 80 N.E. of »p»rt»-3i»- latter. Distance from Calcutta, W., 40 miles. Lat. 22° 38', kng. 87° 48'. GHOTE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or rajah e.i.c. Ma. doc. of Berar's dominions, 110 miles S.E. from Nagpoor, and 131 miles N.W. from Jugdulapoor. Lat. 19° 50^, long. 80° 8'. GHOTIPUETI. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.c. Ma. doc. or dominions of the Nizam, 73 miles N.E. from Hyderabad, and 140 miles N.W. from Masulipatam. Lat. 17° 30', long. 79° 39'. GHOXJBIPOOE.— See Chobipoob. GHUGA, or GTJGYA,^ in the British district of Goruck- i e.i.c. Mi. Doc poor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Ghazeepoor to 329 GHU. * OArden, Tablet of Routes, 178. X.I.C. Mt. Doe. B.I.C. Ms. Doc 0«rd«n, Tablet of Routes, 68. B.I.C. Ms. Doe. E.I.C. Ms. Doc Onrden, Tables of Routes, 148. B.I.C Ms. Doe. Boilenu, Tour In Rigwarm, 81, 187. that of Goruckpoor, 22 miles^ S. of the latter. Water is plentiful, but supplies are scarce, and only to be had by preTiooi notice. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat 26° 20',. long. 83° SC. GHTJLLA. — A town in the native state of Wusravee, 163 miles N.E. from Bombay, and 32 miles S. firom Broach. Lat. 21° 15', long. 73° 5'. GHUNDAWUL.— See Chundawul. GHUNNAPOOEA, in Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam, a town, the principal place of a district of the same name. It is situate on an eminence, is surrounded by a ram- part, and contains some good buildings, of which that most worthy of notice is a mosque. Distance from the city of Hyderabad, S.W., 60 miles. Lat. 16° 34', long. 78°. GHUNSAMPOOE, in the British district of Shahjehan- poor, lieutenant-goTcmorship of the North- West Provinces, a viUage on the route from Bareilly to Setapoor, and 48 miles S.£. of the former. The road in this part of the route ii good ; the country level, and in some parts cultivated, in othen overrun with jungle. Lat. 28° 6', long. 80° 6'. GHUNTAL. — A village in the British district of Goorgaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. Lat 28° 14', long. 76° 63'. GHURAUNDA, or GUEOTJNDA, in the British district of Paneeput, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a village on the route from the city of Delhi to Kumal, and 12 miles S.E. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is plen- tifully supplied with water from wells. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 29° 32', long. 77° 2'. GHURCHOOEOOLEE.— A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, on the left bank of the Wein Gunga river, and 87 miles S.E. from Nagpoor. Lat. 20° 12', long. 80° 1'. GKUEIALA, in the Bajpoot state of Bickaneer, a sma^ town on the route from the town of Bickaneer to that of Jes- sulmere, and 60 miles S.W. of the former. It is situate two or three miles from the frontier towards Jessulmere, and con- tains a small fort, 180 houses, a few shops, and two wells 210 feet deep, yielding brackish water. On the frontier, close to this place, an interview took place in 1836, between the GHTT. rulers of Bickaneer and of Jessulmere, and by the arrangement made bj a British mission under Lieut. Treveljan, an amicable adjustment of the common boundary was made. Ghuriala is in lat. 27^ 44', long. 72^ 86'. GHUEMUKTEESUE.— See Guemitktxistje. Q-HUEOTJT, in the British district of Gk)orgaon, lieutenant- b.i.c. ii». doc gOFcmorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Hansee, by Gh)orgaon, to Muttra, and 54 miles N.W. of the latter. Lat. 28° 5', long. 77° lef. G-HTJBPAEEAH, in the Britbh district of Saugur, lieute- B.i.c.Mf.Doe. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Saugur to Tehree, seven miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 28° 56', long. 78° 47'. GHtrSIPUBA, in the British district Bijnour, lieutenant- Garden, Tabi«» of governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the **** route from Moradabad to Hurdwar, and 83 miles S.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good, and passes through an open, cultivated country. Lat. 29° 85', long. 78° 25'. GHUSPTJR,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Loo- » B.i.o.Mf.Do^ diana to Ferozpore, and 10 miles W. of the former town. It is situate close to the watercourse of Loodiana, an ofiset of the Sutlej, four miles from the left bank ^f the main channel, and in an open, level country, scantily cultivated. The road in • this part of the route is practicable for carriages, and in general good. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,112 miles.* Lat. 80° 57', * o««»«>. t»w«« f ATco AAf of Routes, 178. long. 75° 44'. ssa. GhHUSUL PASS, in Bussahir, across the range of the LioydandGoinni, Himalaya^ forming the southern boundary of Koonawur. It uyli^u "44. "* is a quarter of a mile S.B. of the Gunas Pass, and less than oertrd, Koona- * wur. Table lit. al half a mile S.E. of that of Nibrung. " These three passes," end of roi. observes Gerard, "lead from Sungla to Chooara, and although ^!tw^-c^it- they are so near to each other, they can only be crossed at Brooke, on the different times: Neebrung is first open, and it had become practicable only a few days before we arrived (June 21) ; the other two passes were shut, and had not been attempted this year." Elevation of Ghusul above tlie sea 15,851 feet. Lat. 81° 21', long. 78° 18'. GHUTASUN DEBT PASS,^ in Sirmor, lies through a low ' eic. Mt. doo. ridge, traversing the Kyarda Doon, in a direction from north '* "'^' 831 GnT— GIX. * JoDrn. As. Soc. BenR. 1842, xxxvi. — Herbert, Report on Mineral. Sunr. of HiouiUya. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doe. Tbom, Mem. ol War in India. Mil. * Garden, Tablet of Routes, IS. * Caullej, Pro- longntion of Oani;es Canal, sect. 2, App. ii. 5. Vlf^ne, Kashmir, )i. 204-910. Jour. As. Soe. 1S30, p. 919— Court, Hxp of jUexander. Bumes, Bokh. if. 910. Garden, Tftbles of Routes, 54. to south, and running from the Sub-Himalaja to the Sewalik range. Ita crest forms the division between the waters of the Bhuta, flowing eastward to the Jumna, and those of the Mar- kanda, flowing to the south-west towards the Sutluj. A route from Dehra to Nahun lies through the pass. Eleyation aboie the sea 2,500^ feet. Lat. 30° 31', long. 77° 28'. GlIYBEEPOOE.— A village in the British district of Huriana, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. Lat. 29° 25', long. 76°. GIDDALOOE.— A town in the British district of Cuddj^h, presidency of Madras, 158 miles S.W. of Masulipatam. Lat. 15° 23', long. 79°. GIHEOR,* in the British district of Mynpoorie, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name, a small town on the route from Agra to Mynpoorie, and 17* miles W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is under water in many places during the periodical rains after midsummer; for the rest of the year it is tolerable. The country is in general low, level, and partially cultivated. Elevation above the sea 648^ feet. Lat. 27° 11', long. 78° 51'. GILGIT, in the dominions of Gholab Singh, a small unex- plored country on the southern declivity of Hindoo Koosh, lying between Bultistan or Little Tibet on the east, and Chitral on the west. It consists principally of one large valley, down which the stream called the river of Gilgit flows, and falls into the Indus on the right or north-western bank, in lat. 35° 47', long. 74° 31'. The inhabitants of this country appear to be Mahometans of the Shia persuasion, recently converted from idolatry of the same kind as that followed by their neighbours of Kafiristan, whom they still resemble in their social habits, and more especially in their great fondness for potent home-made wine. Their country is very rugged: the mountainous parts are barren; the lower, though sandy, are rendered productive by irrigation and industrious culture. There is also a village of the same name on the right bank of the stream, in lat. 36°, long. 74° IC. GIKEEKHEEA, in the British district of Moradabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a rillage on the route from the town of Moradabad to Almora, and 28 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is 852 GIN— GIK. bad for wheel-carriages, and passes through an open, level, low countiy, partiaUy cultivated. Lat. 29° 11', long. 79°. GUN GEE.' — A town in the British district of South Arcot, < e.i.c. mlDoc presidency of Madras, 82 miles S.W. of Madras. Its fortress, though originally of some strength, which was extravagantly magnified in the estimation of native opinion, was taken by the French in 1750, with extraordinary facility ,2 but subsequently « Thornton, Hist, yielded to a British force under Captain Smith. Lat. 12° 16', Tn indiM.''w.^^. long. 79° 27'. GIEAEE. — ^A village in the British district of Hurriaua, b.i.c. ms. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces. Lat. *29° 14', long. 75° 58'. GIEAJSIB, in the Sajpoot state of Jessulmere, a small Boiioau, Tour in town on the route from the town of Bikaneer to that of «°J'''^ »*' "^• Jessulmere, and 50 miles S.W. of the former. It is situate two or three miles from the eastern frontier, towards Bikaneer, and contains a small fort, 300 houses, several shops, and two wells, one 186, the other 202 feet deep, both yielding brackish water. Close to this place, under the management of the British mission, in 1885, a conference was held between the ruler of Jessulmere and that of Bikaneer, and an amicable adjustment made of the common boundary, which had been previously disputed. Girajsir is in lat. 27° 42', long. 72° 36'. 6IRAEEE, in the British district of Sohagpoor, one of the e.i c. ms. Doe. divisions of the Saugor and Nerbudda territory, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bamgurh to Palamow, 39 miles N.E. of the former. Lat. 22° 53', long. 81° 37'. GIEAUB. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore, e.i.c. Mi. Doe. 62 miles S.W. from Jessulmeer, and 157 miles S.W. from Joudpore. Lat. 26° 5', long. 70° 40'. GIBDHEEAE, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- ei c. Ms. doo. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on ©f Route*, m. the route from the town of Moradabad to Almora, and 26 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad for wheeled carriages, and passes through a low, level, open country, partially cultivated. Lat. 29° 10', long. 79°. GrBHUB. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or the e.i.c. ms. doc rajah of Berar's dominions, 37 miles S. from Nagpoor, and no miles S.E. from Ellichpoor. Lat. 20° 39', long. 79° 10'. SS3 GIB. I E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Joum. At. Soc Beng. 1838. p. 877 — PocUnt, NoiM on a Journey to Qirnar. * Id. 870. * Timrcit in WMtern India, 881. GIENA.— A river rising in lat. 20° 87', long. 78° 46', cm the eastern slope of the Sjadree range of mountains, and, flowing through the British district of Candeish, in the pre- sidency of Bombay, first in an easterly direction for 120 miles, and subsequently north for fifty miles, fiedls into the Taptee on the left side, in lat. 21° 9', long. 75° 17'. GIRNAE,^ in the peninsuU of Kattywar, proyince rf Guzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, a remarkable mountain of granite, in the north of the district of Sorath, the summit being, according to native account, about ten miles east' of tbe town of Janagurh. Around its base is a maze of gorges, valleys, and hills of moderate height, richly clothed with a luxuriant and dense jungle, diversified only with black rocks, which occasionally appear through the trees and vegetation. After this belt of vegetation terminates, the sacred mount for the^ rest of the ascent rises as an immense bare and isolated granite rock, presenting all the gigantic masses peculiar to that formation. The whole face of the rock is quite black, with occasional white streaks, probably of felspar. The sides to the north and south are nearly perpendicular scarps; on the extreme point of the northern side is an immense pillar or boulder, which seems as it were poised on its pinnacle, requiring only a slight force to dislodge it. This pillar is sometimes the scene of self-destruction, and is hence called the Beiru Jhap, or leap of death. The number of peaks which crown this mountain is variously stated. According to Tod,^ there are six, the most elevated of which is that of Goruknath, having on its summit an area of only ten feet in diameter, surmounted by a small shrine, cut out of a single stone, and dedicated to Goruknath ; each of the other peaks has its shrine, dedicated to some imaginary sacred personage. On a small table-land or platform on the side of the mountain, and about six hundred feet below the summit, is the ancient palace of Khengar, and contiguous to it numerous Jain temples, readied by a pathway generaUy about five feet wide, with steps of masonry. They are situate within an inclosure, which com- prises eight temples, a dharamsala or eleemosynary establish- ment, and two tanks. The original material of those buildings was granite, but the numerous repairs of the injuries caused by time, or the devastating zeal of the Mussulmans, have been 884 GIBJJAR. made in a softer stone, brought from the base of the mountain. The temples are dedicated each respectively to some deceased leader, or spiritual pastor of the Jains, considered to have been deified. The largest and most gorgeous, though by no means the most ancient, is- dedicated to Nimnath ; another is dedi- cated to the favourite object of reverence, Parisnath. There are many images of those personages, generally of small size ; but that of Bikhabdeo is a colossal figure of granite, in a sitting posture, thirteen feet in height from the top of the head to the seat. Besides these, there are three antique temples, apparently of Buddhist origin. The southern "bnd of the in- closore, containing those temples, is flanked by the palace^ of * Tod, TrtTeit la Khengar, an ancient monarch of Saurashtra, the present ^*J5«!'"^**' Ouzerat. This memorial of ancient greatness has battlemented walls, defended by massive square towers, built of blocks of granite, and commands the sole entrance to the sacred pre- cincts. " The whole* of this extraordinary mount," says a • pmum, nt recent writer, " is invested with peculiar sanctity, the origin of *"'*'*' ^^ which would seem to be of high antiquity. That the present system of worship would seem to be a graft of the ancient Buddhist faith which obtained here, there can be no doubt. The edicts of Pyadasi testify abundantly that the hill of Girinagar and its neighbourhood was originally a stronghold of the Monotheists, whose form of worship has now degenerated mto the modem system of Jainism." A mile eastward of the town of Junagarh, and four miles westward of the base of Gimar, is a rock,^ on which are engraved three inscriptions. ^ Journ. as soe. That on the east side of the rock is in the antique Pali ?!wiiwn^vrii?to character, and sets forth a series of edicts of Pyadasi or ©»"»*'•• Asoka, king of Pataliputra^ or Palibothra, and Nagadha, who ' id. i8S8,pp. 910, began his reign B.C. 247.* Those edicts, fourteen in number, on inscription at Tary in lenei^h from four or five to fourteen or fifteen lines, of ?'"*■/ » **** p* •^ ° t 1 • n 1 i. 166 of SMne to!.— about twenty-five letters each, laying down and enforcing the DiscoTeryofnama principal points of Buddhist faith and practice. According to orer^hT^wo^* Prinsep,^ " Beverence to parents, love to neighbours, charity ^<*'**^ **' ^*^^ to the poor, and humanity to animal beings, were set forth as * id. las. the sure and sufficient methods of gaining happiness in this '^ ^^' world, and of propitiating heaven." Besides the Jainist edifices, there are a few Brahminical and Mussulmanic, and the whole mountain has no other inhabitants than the ministers 886 GIEr-GNE. and ascetics of those persuasions. The elevation of the highest • Jacob, Report peak has been variously conjectured at 8,500^ and 2,500 feet* • PMUin*, uc above the sea. Distance from Baroda, 8.W., 175 miles ; Surat, wpr.,879. ^^ 145 . Bombay, N.W., 230. Lat. 21° SO', long. 70° 4?. « E.i.c.Trig surr. GIEEEE,^ a rivcr of the hill state of Kothkaee, and a consider- -Ho^^'i^nT* able feeder of the Jumna. It rises in lat. 31° 4', long. 77° 4?, Herbert. Trijic.n. aud at an elcvation of 7,400 feet above the sea, on the concave uya. side of a ridge of a horse-shoe shape, which connects Wartu journ A., soc. eummit with that of the Chur, and which, on the convex or Beng. 1843, p. 804 ' ' —oemrd, Journ. eastcm sido, throws off numerous feeders to the Pabar. jturn'^Koy. As. Holding a south-westerly course for about thirty-five miles, Soc. 1.63-- Biane, during which it rcceivcs numerous insisiiificant feeders, it is Mem. on Slrmor. o o ' Eraser. Journ. to joiucd by the TJshun, in lat. 30° 54', long. 77° 16'. It thence "" *'■' takes a south-easterly course for fifty miles, and falls into the Jumna in lat. 30° 27', long. 77° 44'. At the confluence, this • HodgMH and nvor discharges on an average 100^ cubic feet of water per Herbert, ut cupra, -, S30«^ second. E.i.c.Mi.Doc. GIEWAR. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Seerooee, 67 miles "W. from Oodeypoor, and 51 miles N.E. from Deesa. Lat. 24° 36', long. 72° 45'. E.I.C. Ma. Doc. GIRWABEE. — A town in the native state of Gwalior, or territory of Sciiidia's family, 50 miles S.W. from Gwalior, and 69 miles N.W. from Jhansee. Lat. 25° 48', long. 77° ST, Burnet, Bokb. iii. GISEEE, in Siudo, one of the mouths of the river Indus, **®' receiving a small torrent flowing from the southern part of the mountain-range called, farther north, the Keertar and Lukkee hills. Lat. 24° 45', long. 67° 8'. E.i.c. Ma.Doc. GIVAEOL — ^A towu in the native state of Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam, eight miles from the right bank of the Godavery river, and 51 miles S.E. from Aurungabad. Lat. 19° 17', long. 75° 49'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc. GNASANQUA. — ^A town in the native state of Bhotan, 76 miles N.W. from Durrung, and 83 miles N.E. from Goal- para. Lat. 27° 12', long. 91° 15'. GNA YOKHYOUNG.— A pass over the Youmadoung range of mountains, from the coast of Arracan to the town o{ Bassein, in Pegu, 27 miles S.W. from the latter. Lat. IS^Stf, long. 94° 35'. GNETZAZAKAN. — A small village, with an encamping- ground, on the Aeng pass (Arracan), about five miles from SUB GXO—GOA. Sarowah, and situate on the edge of a precipitous descent. There 1 is a spring at the bottom of the hiU. I^^''""fi''""^ G^NOPAEAWA. — A village of Arracan, situate on one of the connecting creeks between tho Arracan and Kuladyne rirers. Lat. 20° 31', long. 93° 2(y. GOA. — The former capital of the Portuguese possessions in India, once an opulent and powerful city, but now fallen into an apparently irremediable and hopeless state of decay. It is situate in lat. 15° SC, long. 74°. The territory of the same name lies on the western coast of the Indian peninsula, and is bounded on the north by the native state of Sawunt Warree ; on the east by the British districts of Belgaum and North Canara; and on the south-west by the Indian Ocean. It extends from lat. 14° 54' to 15° 45', and from long. 73° 45' to 74° 26' ; is sixty-two miles in length from north to south, and forty in breadth, and contains an area of 1,066^ square miles. * Bombnj net. The population has been returned at 313,262. Of this number Iwl* ^ **"'*'*' two-thirds are stated to be Christians, of the Boman Catholic persuasion ; but these are not under the direct jurisdiction of the Church of Eome, the throne of Portugal claiming the right of appointing its own bishop, and assuming the control and direction of the Catholic Church in its Indian possessions. The settlement of Goa is divided into districts, which are again subdivided into parishes, the largest of which is Pan- gaum, containing the present seat of government, and about 10,000 souls. The harbour, which is a fine one, is formed by an arm of the sea, into which flows a small river, and is distant about five miles from the old city of Goa. The appearance of the harbour is of imposing beauty ; but on reaching Pangaum, which is the new town and nearest to the harbour, all agreeable impressions vanish, the situation being low and sandy, and the houses wretched.^ Goa is connected with this place by a stone « woWi, mmarj causeway about 300 yards long : though containing many fine J^*Jjj^»»«»»»«»» . buildings, churches, and monasteries, it is fast becoming a mass of deserted ruins — miserable and squalid indications that there has been here a great city. Its inhabitants are almost entirely ecclesiastics. The military force of the state of Goa consists of 3,300 fighting men, of whom about 400 are Europeans. The revenues are estimated at 719,200 rupees, an amount stated to be annually exceeded by the expenditure. The chief products a 2 ^^ GO A. are rice, but not in sufficient quantity for the consumption of the inhabitants ; pepper, cocoanuts, betelnut, and salt ; which latter article is manufactured to a very large extent. The brilliant career of the Portuguese in regard to IndiS) and their achievements in navigation and conquest during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are thus noticed in a modem * Thornion, Hitt. historical work.' in indK i. s5-a7. *^ The Portuguese, indeed, have made no durable impression on the country, in which they appeared like a brilliant but destructive meteor ; but their unwearied exertions to push the arts and discoveries of navigation beyond the limits within which they had been previously restricted, were too beneficial to the world at large to be passed over without notice. Their discoveries received the first impulse from Henry, the fiflh son of John, the first king. of Portugal of that name. Under hk auspices, several expeditions were fitted out for exploring the coast of Africa and the adjacent seas. The first discovery was not very important, but was sufficient to aflford encouragement, and stimulate to perseverance. It consisted of the little island of Puerto Santo, so named from its having been discovered on the festival of All Saints. This was in the year 1418. In the following year the adventurers were further rewarded by the discovery of Madeira. For more than half a century, the voyages of the Portuguese were continued in the same direc- tion, but in general without more important results than occa- sional additions to the small stock of geographical knowledge then existing. Little progress seemed to have been made towards the attainment of the grand object of these enter- prises, viz. the discovery of a new route to India, till the latter end of the fifbeentb century, when Bartholomew Diss eclipsed the fame of all preceding navigators, by his success in reaching the southernmost point of Africa, and in doubling the famous promontory called by himself Cabo Tormontoso, the Cape of Storms, but more happily and permanently designated by his sovereign, Cabo de Bona Esperanza, the Cape of Good Hope. Emanuel, the successor of John of Portugal, proceeded in the steps of his predecessor. An expedition was fitted out in furtherance of the object in view, and committed to the care of Yasco de Q-ama. It sailed from Lisbon on the 9th of July, 1497, doubled the Cape on the 20th of November GOA. following, and finally reached Calicut; thus achieving the triumph so long and so anxiously sought. The admiral was forthwith introduced to the native prince, a Hindoo, called by the Portuguese historians Zamorin, by native authoritien, Samiri; and after a short stay, marked by alternations of friendliness and hostility, set sail on his return to Portugal, where he was received with the honours which he had so well earned. " The Portuguese returned, and received permission to carry on the operations of commerce. But disputes soon arose, and acts of violence were committed on both sides. The power and influence of the Portuguese, however, continued to extend, and the assistance afforded by them to the neighbouring king of Cochin, in his quarrel with the Zamorin, was rewarded by pei-mission to erect a fort for their protection within the territories of the former prince. Thus was laid the foundation of the Portuguese dominion in the East. An attempt to obtain possession of Calicut failed. Against Goa the invaders were more successful. That city was taken by storm; and although subsequently retaken by a native force, was again captured by the Portuguese, and became«the seat of their gOTemment, the capital of their Indian dominions, and the see of an archbishop, the primate of the Indies." The Dutch supplanted the Portuguese as traders, and with their commerce the latter nation lost their power and grandeur. Thus did Goa become the melancholy spectacle which it is now, and which it will continue to present until some further step in downward progress shall sink it still lower into wretchedness and degradation, or unless by some happy incident it should become absorbed into the British territories. GOA, or GWA. — A populous village in the district of Sandoway, in the province of Arracan. It was formerly a town of considerable importance, but has for some time been on the decline. It possesses a harbour for vessels of 200 tons burden ^ > e.i c. m s. doc. but there is an awkward obstruction at its entrance, occasioned ^^^""00^^"*" by a bar of sand, which renders it highly dangerous. A route wiimd, Bunne«e from this place to Henzadah, on the Irawaddy river, is called ooTt. oaxette, the Goa route. Lat. 17^ 83', long. 94° 41'. ^p'"' »«^- GOA IwSLAND, or GWA ISLAND.— A small island situate near the mouth of the river in Arracan bearing the z 2 ^ GOA— GOB. 1 Horsburgh, 11. 14. Pemberton, Rep. on the Kiislcm Fronlier, 8. * E.I.C. Ms. Doe. ' Garden, Tables of Kuutet, 81. * PnrllainentDrj Return, April. 1831. ' Benfral Rer. Disp. 8-J March, 18S7. * Bengral and Afrra Guide, 1841, vol. it part i 88. * Bengal Judicial Diiip. 12 March, 1840. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C Mt. Doc. E.I.C. Mt. Doc Bame name, and about a mile and a half &om the shore. There ^ is a large coral bank three miles to the westward. Lat. 17'' 34', long. 93° 38'. GOA KIVER. — A small river which empties itself in the sea near the village of the same name in Arracan. Its entrance is broad and deep, sufficiently so for ships of 500 tons burden. Its mouth is about lat. 17° 34', long. 93° 40'. GOALGUNGE,^ in the territory of Bijawur, in Bundelcund, a town on the route from Banda to Saugor, 93 miles^ S."W. of the former, 79 N.E. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is sup- plied with water from wells. Lat. 24° 42', long. 79° 26'. GOA LP AR A. — A British district of the Bengal presidency, bounded on the north by the native state of Bhotan ; on the east by the British district of Camroop, in Lower Assam ; on the south by the native territory of the Garrow tribes and the British district of Mymensing ; and on the west by that of Rungpore and the native state of Coosh Behar. It extends from lat. 25° 40^ to 26° 31', and from long. 89° 42' to 91° 8' ; is 100 miles in length from north-west to south-east, and seventy miles in breadth, and contains an area of 3,506 square miles, with a populatioi»of 400,000.^ The principal crops* of the district are cotton, tobacco, and sugar : mustard, also, is said to be extensively grown. Goalpara, or North-Eaatem Rung- pore, in a geographical point of view, belongs to Bengal proper, having constituted an integral part of that province in 1705, when the British government obtained the grant of the Dewanny from the emperor of Delhi ; but from the circum- stance of its being placed under the superintendence of the commissioner of Assam, and from its general resemblance in respect of climate and other circumstances to that province, it has sometimes been regarded as one of the districts of Assam.* Goalpara, the principal town of the district, suffered severely by fire in 1838.^ Lat. 26° 8', long. 90° 40^. GOAS. — A town in the British district of Moorshedabad, presidency of Bengal, 114 miles N. of Calcutta. Lat 24° 13', long. 88° 29^. GOBEENUGUR.— A town in the Bntish district of Dinajepoor, presidency of Bengal, 32 miles N.W. of Dinaje- poor. Lat. 25° 59', long. 88° 27'. GOBINDGUNJ.—A town in the British district of Sarua, GOB— GOD. presidency of Bengal, situate on the left bank of the Gunduck river, 52 miles N.W. of Chupra. Lat. 26° 29', long. 84° 41'. GOBINGUNJE, in the British district of Bogra, presidency e.i.c. Mi. doc. of Bengal, a town 22 miles N. of the town of Bogra. It is a of"Eiu?ern indin^ place of considerable trade, and contains about 1,000 houses, *"• *^* a number which, according to the usually-received average of inmates to dwellings, would assign it a population of about 6,000. Lat. 25° lO', long. 89° 22'. GOBEIA. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of b.i.c.M8,doc Bhopal, two miles from the left bank of the Betwa river, and • 18 miles S.E. from Bhopal. Lat. 23° 9', long. 77° 37'. GOCUENUM,^ in the British district of North Canara, > e.i.c. m>. doc presidency of Madras, a town^ on the coast of the Arabian Sea 3 Buchanan, or North Indian Ocean. It is built in a straggling manner ^^^ [~™^^^ among cocoanut-palms, but has some commerce, and is held in Mywre, canara. high repute among the Brahminists, on account of an image of {n. le?. ' Mahabalishwar or Siva, said to have been brought to this place hy Bavana, the giant tyrant of Lanka. Distance &om Man- « galore, N., 120 miles. Lat. 14° 32', long. 74° 22'. GODAGAEI,^ in British district of Eajeshaye, presi- i e.i.c. m«. Doc. dency of Bengal, a small town on the left bank of the Podda, or great eastern branch of the Ganges. It is situate on a ridge^ of stiff clay, mixed with kunkur or calcareous con- « as. rm.vH. 7— glomerate, and derives its importance from the stability of its fht co™ of th« site, many of the places in this district being subject to inun- Ganges, dation by the swollen rivers during the periodical rains of autumn. The Podda is here crossed by means of a ferry on the route from Berhampoor to Jumalpoor, 32 miles* N.E. of « Garden, TaWea former, 151 S.W. of latter, 160 N. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° 30', ^' '^^"^^ ^• long. 88° 20'. GOD AlEY. — A town in the Koond state of Purlahkemedy, e.i.c. mi. doc 118 miles N. from Vizagapatam, and 83 miles W. from Ganjam. Lat. 19° 20', long. 83° 51'. GODAE DEOTA, in the British district of Eaeen, near e.i.c. m«. doc. Bossahir, a peak surmounted by a curious temple of a tutelary ^H^wi^^d^ deity of that locality. It is situate near the left bank of the Herbert, TH^on. Pabur. Elevation above the sea 8,605 feet. Lat. 31° 10', surv.of Himalaya. hng. 77° 60'. GODAVEET.i— A river rising in the Deccan, in the British ' e.i.c. mb. doc. district of Ahmednuggur, on the eastern declivity of the Beng. ism, p. »m 341 GODAVERT. ~voy«7. on Western Ghats, near Nassick, in lat. 19° 5g, long. 73° 30^ ,• and Geol. of Hyder- . ' ' . ■bHd. 50 miles E. from the shore of the Arabian Sea. Taking a ?r™4i*2~Xktr direction south-east for 100 miles, it reaches the western oeoi. of Deccaa. frontier of the territory of the Nizam at Fhooltamba, in lat. 19° 48', long. 74® 40^, and continuing to hold the same direction for ninety miles further, forms the boundary between the col- lectorate of Ahmednuggur and the territory of the Nizam, to a point ten miles beyond Mongee, in lat. 19° 23', long. 76° 37*, having previously, at Toka, in lat. 19° 37*, long. 75° 2', received on the right side the river Paira, flowing from the west. Below Mongee the Godavery enters the Nizam's territory, after * which it proceeds in a sinuous, but generally easterly course, for 160 miles, to the vicinity of Lasona, and receives on the left side, in lat. 19° 6', long. 77° 5', the Doodna, a considerable stream flowing from the north-west. From that confluence, taking a course south-east for eighty-five miles, in lat. 18° 48*, • joiim. A«. soc. long. 77° 55', it receives on the right side the Manjara,^ a large —Yoynt-r, on Hvcr flowiug from the south. The course of the Q^Kiavery ftimd. °' "^***'' *^®^ *^^® confluence is still sinuous, but generally eastward, for about 170 miles, to the town of Veel Saugor, in lat. 18° 48*, long. 79° 49', near which the Manair river falls into it ; thence flowing for about twenty miles to Kulaisur, in lat. 18° 62', » Jenkins, Report long. 79° 65', it reccivcs on the left side the Wain Gunga' on NagiiOre, 8. ° (there termed the Prauheeta), a large river from the north, which discharges the great drainage of the southern declivity of the Vindhya range. Thence the Gk)davery takes a direction south-east for 170 miles, to Kottoor, in lat. 17° 29', long. 81° 34', where it crosses the frontier into the British district of ILajahmundry, finding its way through a deep chasm in the Eastern Ghats, with a very slight declivity. About twenty- five miles below Kottoor, it issues from the mountains at Pola- veram, in lat. 17° 15', long. 81° 42'. In passing through the great barrier of hills, it is stated by the boatmen who navigate the river, that there are no falls throughout the length of its channel, nor indeed any obstructions of importance ; and the testimony of these persons would appear to be confirmed bj the fact, that large timber-rafts from the Nizam's territory are floated down when the river is almost at its lowest, and has * The elevation of the source does not appear to have been registered, but may with probability be conjectured at 8,000 feet. 343 GODAYERY. not more than two or three feet water at the fords in the low eountiy. From Polayeram the river continues to hold a direc<> tion south-east for twentj-three miles, to Fechakalunka, in lat. 16® 57', long. 81° 49', where, entering the alluvial country which it has itself formed, it diverges into two great branches, the left flowing to the south-east for fifty-five miles, and falling into the Bay of Bengal at Point Gordeware,* in lat. 16° 48', * Horrfmrs*. long. 82° 23'; the right taking a southern direction for fifty- tory, I'.'aw. ^ye miles, and falling into the bay at Narsipur, lat. 16° 18', loDg. 81° 46'. The alluvial country traversed by the two streams spreads out on both sides, extending on the west till it meets the delta of the Kistnah, at the Colair Lake, a distance of about forty miles; and on the east side spreading for about thirty-two miles, to the shore of Coringa Bay, where the coast runs for some distance nearly north and south. Prom the hills the river has a very moderate fall. At Pola- veram, where, as already stated, it issues from the mountains, the alluvial land forming its banks is eighty feet above the level of the sea at high water. This land has a very regular sbpe, commencing with a foot and a half per mile, and gra^- dually diminishing to one foot as it approaches the sea. But as the rise and fall of the river at Polaveram amounts to thirty-eight feet, its summer surface at that place cannot exceed forty-two feet above the sea-level, which gives an average fall of seven inches and a half per mile. At the head of the delta, the bed of the ford is twenty-two feet above the sea, and the actual distance being about fifty miles, the fall is little more than five inches per mile. Besides the slope of the land towards the sea in the delta, it has another and much more abrupt slope in a direction lateral to the course of the river. The banks of the river on both sides form ridges, rising several feet above the level of the land bejond. This ridge-like character is common to rivers which overflow their banks without restraint, as for instance the Nile, and is well known to arise from the deposit of the heavier matter near to the margin of the river, while the finer and lighter is carried to the limits of the inundation. The delta inclosed between these two great arms is traversed by many smaller branches diverging from them. An offset from the S4S GODAVEEY. • Hmbur^, great north-eastern branch flows by the town of Coringa,* and admits vessels of ten or twelve feet draught. The branch which disembogues at Narsipur is less suited for the purposes of navigation, admitting only vessels drawing eight or nine feet water. In December, 1846, the sanction of the Court of Directors was given to the construction, at an expense of 47,500Z., of a dam or annicut of sufficient height to command the delta of the river, and to supply to the rich alluvial soil of which that tract is composed, the means of constant irrigation. In 1848 the amount had been expended, but the works woe far from completion, and a further sum, equal to 13,900/., was assigned for that object. The annicut, 4,200 yards long, has been throT\n across the river near the village of Dowlasweram on the east bank, and Wadapillay on the west. For boats and timber that may be required to pass down or up the river when there is neither so much water as to allow of their passing over the annicut, nor so little as to prevent their navigating the river, locks are constructed at the heads of the irrigating channels, by means of which a communication between the upper and lower stream is maintained round the annicut. At the town of Bajahmundry, a few miles above the point where the river divaricates, the channel is of great width, and during the periodical inundations in the close of summer, is filled from bank to bank with a vast and rapid body of water, bearing down great quantities of timber, wrecks of wooden houses, and carcases of animals ; but during the dry season the current • Report on M<>d. shrinks SO much, that it might in most places be forded.^ The suukii^of"" construction of the annicut already noticed has, however. Northern Divition changed this, by retaining, for the benefit both of agriculture 41,42. ' and navigation, a never-failing supply of water,^ previously 1^^**1^2*1 J[L*^'o^^ suffered to flow in useless abundance to the sea. The long gorge by which the river finds it« way through the Eastern Ghats, though having so slight a declivity as to admit of navigation, allows the channel a space of not more than a quarter of a mile, with banks rising on each side into moun- tains BO steep and high, that travelling along the stream by land is altogether impracticable, and communication can be maintained by navigation only. Above the gorge, the volume of water in the upper or more level country expands during inundations to a width of from three to six miles on each side 341 Disp.2dl>ec.l84«. GOD-GOG. of the river, and on the retiring of the stream, the soil remains coyered with a black alluvial mud, which imparts to it great fertility. The total length of the Godavery from its source to Naraipur is 898 miles. The value of this river as an instrument of communication for commercial and military purposes is perhaps not yet fully appreciated. It appears, that from Mahadepoor to SAJah- mundry^ the voyage in boats properly adapted to the purpose * India Marine has been performed in fifty-two hours ; and it is inferred, with **"»-^ •''"'• '*^*' great appearance of probability, that steamers similar to those used on the Ghmges might ascend the Qt)davery to a consider- able distance, affording great facility for conveying troops and stores to Nagpore and Jubbulpore, as well as a mode of trans- mitting to the eastern coast the produce of Berar and the Nagpore territories, far more advantageous than the land route by carts and bullocks. The passage from Chanda, on one of the feeders of the Gk)davery, to Mahadepoor, has been per- formed in eighteen hours ; and it has been suggested, that by means of this great river and its tributaries an uninterrupted water-communication might be obtained from the coast into the heart of the Deccan. The experiment of navigating the Gh)davery by means of steam has been entertained by the government of Madras,^ and measures for carrying it into > India Marine effect are under consideration. ^^^' * ^'' '^' GODHUL. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or e.i.c. Ma. doc territory of the Nizam, 69 miles S. from Hyderabad, and 34 miles 8.E. from Ghunnapoora. Lat. 16° 21', long. 78° 37'. QODBA,^ * in the territory of Guzerat, presidency of Bom- ' e.i.c. ms. doc. bay, a town on the route fit>m Neemuch to Baroda, 187^ miles 104. ' **"™* S.W. of former, 52 N.E. of latter. It was formerly a very '/l"'^f"' T!i'« ' , , , •' "^ of Routes, 278. important place, the head of a large district of the kingdom of Guzerat, yielding annually^ 2,000,000 rupees, and is still a ' ah Mohammed considerable town. "Water and supplies are abundant. Lat. ^^^' ^^* '**' 22° 45', long. 73° 36'. GOGAON,! in the British district of Mirzapoor, lieutenant- • e.i.c. Mt.Doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the right bank of the Ganges, 36 miles W. of the city of Mirza- poor, 757* N.W. of Calcutta by water, or 934 if the Sunder- « Garden, tmm bund passage be taken. Lat. 25° 13', long. 82° 20'. 1 H^uofViolnit, • Godrah of Ali Mohammed Khan.» trnoslaied bj Bird, 345 P- lil* GOG. > B.I.C. Ml. Doe. ' Map annexed to Account of Nci>al. ' Id. Sunrpy of Eastern India, in. 14. * E.I.C. Mi. Doc. • Garden, TabU of Ruutea, »4. ' E.I.C. Trigon. Surr. K.I.C. Mi. Doc. Llojd, Journ to Himalaya. * Garden, Tablet of Uoutet, 172. £ I.e. Ma Doc. > E.I.C. Ms. Doc. GOGABEE.* — A river traversing the British district of Tirhoot, presidency of Bengal. In the upper part of its oourse it is denominated Kamala or Kumla, and, according to Bucha- nan,^ rises in Nepal, in the Sub-Himalaja, about lat. 2T 29, long. 85^ 4(y. Taking a course south-east for about seventy miles, it passes through the Terai or marshy forest in the southern part of Nepaul, and iu lat. 26° 86', long. 86° 15', crosses the British frontier into the district Tirhoot, through which it flows in a southerly and south-westerly direction Ibr about thirty-five miles, and subsequently for fifty miles in a south-easterly direction, when, passing from Tirhoot, it flows for forty miles through the district of Monghyr, and for twenty- five miles through Bhaugulpore ; then, forming for fifteen miles the boundary between the districts of Pumeah and Bhaugulpore, it falls^ into the Coosy, on the right side, in lit. 25° 21', long. 87° 16' ; its total length of course being about 235 miles. GOGGOT EIVEE.— An offaet of the Attree, quitting it a few miles after its divergence from the Teesta, and in lat. 26° 19', long. 88° 45'. It maintains a south-east direction, and, flowing through Coosh Behar, Bungpore, and Bograh, falls into the Konaie, a main branch of the Brahmapootra^ afber a total course of 145 mUes, in lat. 24° 55', long. 89° 41'. GOGH A,' in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village dose to the route by the Kutra Pass from Allahabad to B>ewa^ and 29^ miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country level, weU cultivated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 26° 13', long. 82° 13'. GOGHPOOB^i in Sirhind, a village on the route horn Kumal to Loodianah, and 32 miles N.W. of the former town. It is situated in a level tract, insulated by two branches of the river or torrent Markunda. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 997^ miles. Lat. 30° 5', long. 76° 49'. GOGI. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or domi- nions of the Nizam, 126 miles S.W. from Hyderabad, and 68 miles S.E. from Beejapoor. Lat. 16° 43', long. 76° 49'. GOGO,^ in the British district of Ahmedabad, presidency of Bombay, a town situate in the peninsula of Katty war, on the western shore of the Gulf of Cambay. About three GOG— GOH. quarters of a mile east of the town, is an excellent anchorage, • in some measure sheltered by the island of Perim, which lies still further east. " The^ best Lascars* in India are natives of • Etst-indit this place, and ships touching here may procure water and 3 R^.^si^'. com!* refreshments, or repair damages. It is a safe place for vessels "**"** ^^ ^'***» dming the south-west monsoon, or to run for if they part from their anchors in Surat Eoad, being an entire bed of mud, three quarters of a mile from the shore, and the water always smooth. The land about Otogq being generally low, is inundated at high spring-tides, which renders it necessary to bring fresh water from a distance of four or five miles : firewood is scarce." Distance from Bombay 190 miles. Lat. 21° 39', long. 72° 15'. GOGOOLPULLT.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. miu Doc. Nellore, presidency of Madras, 138 miles S.W. of Masulipatam. Lat. 15° 17', long. 79° 21'. GOGEA RIVER.— See Ghooba. GOGRI,^ in the British district of Mongheer, presidency of * e.i.c. mi. doc. Bengal, a town a mile north-east of the left bank of the Ganges.' It is the principal place of a pergunnah of the same ' Buchanan, sur- name, but is of small' size, the population not exceeding 700 or i^i^'u^'*™ 800. Distant N.E. from Mongheer 10 miles, N. W. from Bhau- gulpore 27 miles. Lat. 25° 25', long. 86° 37'. GOH. — A town in the British district of Behar, presidency e.i.c. mi. doc of Bengal, 80 miles N.W. of Shergotty. Lat. 24° 68', long. 84° 41'. GOH, in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant-gover- e.i.c. ms. doc. norship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Dhouli river, and 69 miles N.E. of Almora. Lat. 80° 15', long. 80° 35'. GOHADEB, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- Garden, TaWw gOTemorsbip of the North-West Provinces, a village on the ""' "*'"•**' ^• route fit)m the town of Bareilly to Almora, and 43 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is indiffer- ent; the country open and cultivated. Lat. 28° 52', long. 79° 27'. GOHALA,^ in the Rajpoot territory of Shekhawutee, a ' e.i.c. mh. doc. town on the route from Hansee to Nusserabad, 127* miles S. « Garden, Tablet of former, 116 N.E. of latter. It has a large bazar, and water ** *^*»"^ ^•^• is abundant. Lat. 27° 39', long. 75° 43'. GOHANTJH,* in the British district of Rohtuk, lieutenant- 1 e.i.c. Mt.Doe. 347 GOH. • governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name. It is situate on the Bohtuk branch of the Delhi Canal, and near the • journ A«. Sor. northern extremity of a great depression^ of the soil, extend- — coivin, on the ing about fifty miles southwards. In the course of the original ^J'^^l^^u?!!"*'! *° formation of the canal by Ali Mardan Khan, the water being the Delhi Terri- , / » o tory. introduced as far as Gohanuh, could proceed no farther along the channel, in consequence of an error in the level, and, accu- mulating at this spot, overflowed and swept away the embank- ment intended to form the waterway. The great body of water which tlius escaped, extensively inundathud, and a treaty was concluded,* by which certain territorial * TrMtiM with possessions were guaranteed to that chief. The right of the 5^"^* '^****' British thus to deal with the territory in question was, how- ever, impugned by Scindia, and, in consequence, a new arrange- ment was effected. Gk)hud was transferred to Scindia, and the rana received from the British government the territory of Dbolpoor,^ which his descendant still enjoys. Distance S.£. 1 id. asi. of Agra 60 miles ; N.W. of Calcutta, by Etawah, 700. Lat. 26° 25', long. 78° 26'. GOHIJN, in the British district of Jaloun, lieutenant- e.i.c.ms.doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Jaloun to Etawah, 13 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 26° 19', long. 79° 20'. (iOHUBEE,! ii^ the British district of Allahabad, lieu- 1 e.i.c. m>. Doe. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Allahabad cantonment to that of Pertabgurh, in the Oude territory, seven* miles N. of the former, 24 S. of » o«rd«i. TaWet the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the ""^ ^^^"'"^ ^' • country level, and partially cultivated. Lat. 25° 84/, long. 81° 51'. GOKAK. — A town in the British district of Belgaum, e.i.c. Mg.Doc presidency of Bombay, 82 miles N.E. of Belgaum. Lat. 16° 10', long. 74° 63'. GOKUL,^ in the British district of Muttra, lieutenant- ' e.i.c. Mg. doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town on ^l^ ^'^'' the left or eastern bank of the Jumna. Here is a ferry across that river to Mohunpur, on the right bank, six miles S.E. of Muttra cantonment. It is a place of some note among the Hindoos, from its association with the memory of one of their revered sages. Wilson^ observes : ^' Yallabhi Swami, the son « ReiiRioas sects of Lakshmana Batt. a TaDinga Brahman-This SaByasi taught t"^«j:':,r«, early in the sixteenth century ; he resided originally at Gokul, a village on the left bank of the Jumna, about three cos to the east of Mathura." It is also regarded by some as the place^ ^ simkegpcar, where Yishnu first appeared on earth, in the form of Krishna. Lat. 27° 26', long. 77° 48'. GOKUL, a village of Bussahir, on the frontier of Gurwhal, is situate at the south-eastern extremity of a high and massive d5i GOL. ridge rising between the valleys of the rivers Tons and Pabur. vo,"^^T^h. Elevation above the sea 7,079 ^ feet. Lat. 31° 4', long. 77° 67'. BoiieBB, K^jwara, GOL, in the Rajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the ' * route from Balmeer to the town of Joudpore, and 46 miles R of the former. It is situate in a low swampy country, on the right bank of the Lonee, at the confluence of the torrent called Leek. The surrounding country is extensively over- flowed by the inundations of those streams during the rainy season. Gol contains fifty houses. Lat. 25° 52', long. 72° 9'. E I.e. M«. Doc. GOL. — A town in the Rajpoot state of Joudpore, on the right bank of the river Sookree, and 76 miles S.W. from Joudpore. Lat. 25° 25', long. 72° 29^. E.I.C. M» Doc. .GOLA. — A town in the British district of Eamgur, pre- sidency of Bengal, 38 miles N.E. of Hazareebagb. Lat. 23° 34', long. 85° 44'. GOLAH GHAT.— A village situate on the right bank of the Dhunseree river, in the British district of Seebpoor, Upper Assam, 72 miles E. from Nowgong. Lat. 26° 33', long. 93° 58'. • E.I.C. Ms. Doc. GOLCONDA,^ in the territory of the Nizam, a fortreas and ruined city, seven miles W. of the city of Hyderabad. The fortress, situate on a rocky ridge of granite, is extensive, > At. journ. ixri. and Contains many inclosures. It is altogether very strong,' New seruw, part i. ^^^ -^^ ^^^^ repair ; but is commanded within breaching dis- tance by the summits of several of the enormous and massive mausolea of the ancient kings of the place. Being the de- pository of the treasures of the Nizam, and also used as a state prison, it is very strictly guarded, and entrance cannot be obtained by any but official persons in confidential capacitj. The ancient mausolea form a vast group, about 600 yards from the fort, in an arid, desert, rocky ground, the stern features of which heighten the impressiveness and grandeur of those * Id. SOS. astonishing buildings. '* Desolate,^ and abandoned to the ravages of time, they rear their stately domes and pinnacles on the bare plain, no outward defences now existing to ward off the approaches of any assailant, who, through ignorance or wantonness, may hasten the progress of decay. The most ancient of these tombs is not more than 300 years old ; but they have been subjected to so many and such barbarous attacks, that nothing save the great solidity of their walls haa preserved them from utter ruin. Each mausoleum stands in 352 GOLCONDA. the centre of a spacious quadrangular platform or terrace, approached on all sides by flights of steps, entering upon a rieh arcade, formed of an equal number of pointed arches on each front, and finished with a lofty balustrade, and a minaret at each angle. The body of the building, also quadrangular, rises about thirty feet above the upper terrace of this arcade, and is also surrounded by a balustrade, flanked with minarets of smaller dimensions than those below. From the centre of this portion of the building springs the dome, forming by its magnitude a distinguished feature in a structure equally remarkable for the splbndour and symmetry of its proportions. The principal material employed is grey granite, ornamented in some parts with stucco, and in others with the porcelaiji tiles for which India was at one time so famous. The colours retain their brilliancy to the present day, and the extracts from the Koran, formed of white characters on a polished blue ground, have all the richness of enamel. There is a iDOsque attached to each of these tombs, which formerly possessed the privileges of sanctuary; and those religious edifices not only supported a considerable number of priests, but also afforded a daily meal to the neighbouring poor." ^ These tombs were erected at a great expense, some of them being said to have cost 160,000Z. The enamelled-work with which they are ornamented is reported to have been the pro- duction of artists brought from China for the purpose; but there is every reason to believe that these decorations are of native workmanship, similar ornaments being to be found at Beejapore, Agra, Behar, Bengal, and other, places." The diamonds of Gt)lconda have obtained great celebrity throughout the world ; but they were merely cut and polished here, having been generally found at Parteall, in a detached portion of the Nizam's dominions, near the southern frontier, in lat. 16° 4ff, long. 80° 28', a place which affords no favourable indication of the wealth to be derived from the avocation of seeking diamonds, as it is in ruins,^ and the inhabitants ill- * Joam. As. soe. clothed, and half-starved in appearance. S4>^nd jup^non Golconda, in former times, was a large and powerful king- oe''|«>ffyofHyder- dom of the Deccan, which arose on the dissolution of the Bahmani empire, but being subdued by Aurungzebe, was iucorporated with the empire under his rule. Even in its » 2 a ^ GOL-^GON. e3[ tin ctiOD, however, it was able to maintain some straggle, and even to venture on an attack upon the imperial army, and to plunder its baggage. The confusion consequent upon the breaking up of the empire almost obliterated the recollection of the once flourishing kingdom of Golconda. The fort is in lat. 17° 22', long. 78° 29'. E.i.c. M».Doc. GOLUGONDA.— A town in the British district of Vi»- gapatam, presidency of Madras, 66 miles "W. of Yizagapatam. Lat. 17° 40', long. 82° 31'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc GOLYGAIRA. — A town in the native state of Myswe, 67 miles N.E. from Seringapatam, and 118 miles W. from Arcot. Lat. 12° 51', long. 77° 38'. GOMATI. — A river of the hill state of Kooloo, rising in lat. 32° 2', long. 77° 34', and, flowing in a south-westerly direfr tion for fifty-five miles, falls in the Beas river near the village of Hurla, in lat. 31° 49', long. 77° 12'. GOMBELA, or TOCHEE, a river of Bunnoo, rising in lat 32° 63', long. 70° 1', on the eastern slope of the Suliman range of mountains, and, flowing easterly for about 100 miles, falls into the Indus near the village of Kafer Kote, in lat. 32° 3(/, long. 71° 20'. i^K App. 42. GOMUL. — A river, or rather a prolonged torrent, rising in 88 " * ' the eastern part of Afghanistan, and making its way through K ph. Arc. of ^i^g Suliman ran£:e of mountains towards the Indus. After a C.nubul, 115. .... Ben^ii Mil. Diip. courso of about 160 miles, it is lost in the sands to the east of *°* the Suliman range. Its bed for a great distance forms the Goolairee Pass, or great middle route from Hindostan to Khorasan, by Dera Ismael Khan and Ghuznee, the northern being through the Khyber Pass, and the southern through the Bolan. It crosses the Suliman range about lat. 32° &. E.I.C. M«. Doc GOMUL. — A village in the Daman division of the Punjaub, on the road from Ghuznee to Dera Ismael Khan, and 40 miles W. of the latter place. It is situate near the eastern entrance of the pass of Gt)mul, and on the river or torrent of the same name. Lat. 31° 58', long. 70° 8'. B.I.C.MS. Doc GONDA, in the British district of Sohagpoor, Saugorand Nerbudda territory, lieutenant-governorship of the Nortb- West Provinces, a town on the route from Jubbulpoor to Sirgoojah, 100 miles E, of the former. Lat. 23° 2', long. 81° 35'. »4 GON. GONDA,* in the territory of Oude, a village six miles N.E. * e.i^. Ms. Doc of the town of Pertaubghur. According to Butter,^ the » Topogmpiij of " population is 2,000, all of the military tribe of Hindoos, except about fifty Mussulman weavers." Lat. 25° 59', long. 82° 3'. GONDAaHAON, in the British province of Saugor and e.i.c. Ut. Doc. Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Pro- vinces, a town on the route from Bhopal to Aurungabad, 52 miles S. W. of the former. Lat. 22° 31', long. 77° lO'. GONDWANA,! • or the land of the Gond race, an ex- ' e.i.c. ms. doc tensive imperfectly- defined tract of Southern India. It may, Mah'r«itM,Li,«. however, be considered as lying between lat. 19° 50' and 24° 30', long. 77° 38' and 87° 20', and as comprising part of the British districts of Saugor and Nerbudda, and also those of Singrowli, Chota Nagpore, and Sirgooja, with the petty native states on the south-west frontier of Bengal, the Cuttaek Mehals, and the greater portion of the northern part of the dominions of the rajah of Berar or Nagpore. It is throughout a hilly tract, comprising within its limits the eastern portion of the Vindhya and Mahadeo Mountains, and having in some places a considerable elevation, stated, though perhaps without sufficient grounds,^ to be at Amarkantak 5,000 feet above the ' Bengni and Ti. i. r X* • i. • I- J u ^S^ Guide, 1940. sea. Its great elevation m some parts is, however, proved by vol. ii. part i. •«, the fact that rivers take their course northward, as the Betwa ^^* and others of less importance, which flow into the Jumna or Ganges ; eastward, as the Mahanuddy, to the Bay of Bengal ; and westward, as the Nerbudda and Taptee, with their tribu- taries, to the Indian Ocean. Many extensive tracts, especially the eastern, are pathless* » a pp. to 5th Rep. jungly wilds, regarded * by the more civilized borderers on House of com. on them as " the abode only of wild beasts, demons, and savage f„^a"com^y Goonds." So difficult, indeed, is the eastern part of the (^'o"® 1812)— country, that perhaps no instance occurs of a large body of of Northern *"^^ troops marching through it between the Deccan and Hin- f 'J^'J ^J, «- dostan ; and so little known is the route which Garden* lays — Biuni, Route down through it from Hazareebagh to Nagpore, that merely to^YennaKoSum. the distances of the halting-places are given, unaccompanied by ^aWetofRouiw, * Gondwana of Tassin ; Gondwarra aocording to Malcolm, who states' 1 Central India, that it "means literally the country of the Gonds ;*' Gondwana of Briggs's *•''- Index. 2 A 2 '^ GONDWANA. • Denprai nnd descHptions. It is observed^ in a late publication, that " tbis vui.ii.'pari i.34i! ^^^^ [Gondwana], which haa in all ages formed a marked barrier between the great and fluctuating empires prevailing in the northern and southern portions of Hindostan, and which further west forms but a narrow strip between the two great arenas, here [eastward] commences expanding into much more formidable dimensions. We find that verj rarely was any portion of it chosen as the route by which armies passed to and fro, and as rarely was the eye of the foreign despot or adventurer directed towards its then uninviting wilds as an object of conquest." The western part, however, bordering on Malwa, Bhopal, and Berar, is in many places fertile and well watered; and the vicinity of Nagpoor, Hoshungabad, and 8augor, is the seat of considerable civilization, and has been the scene of many important political and military event*. The Goonds, who form the greater portion of the population of Gond- f Oriental Mag. waua, havo been conjectured^ to be the aborigines of Hindostan, liurhannn, Survey and speak a language radically diiferent from Sanscrit and J'/I'"''^'^ '"**'"' '^^^ dialects, introduced from regions west of the Indus. Many Ji« 0"-rt'» » A». Re». vii. 07. of the Goouds seen by Blunt® in his passage through the country were so devoid of any approach to civilization as to live in a state of entire nudity. They appeared, however, to » Id. 88. be an athletic,® well-looking race.* The soil and climate, though not remarkable for salubrity, » journ. As. soc. are in many places very favourable* to productiveness, while —Miles Rerunrks t^o rocks abouud in irou and the forests contain fine timber. ^^•^^^"Hwhun - l^^r^^psj however, the savage, neglected aspect of a large part abud and Mukrai. of the couutry, and the barbarism of its population, may be attributed rather to the insalubrious air brooding in the jungly valleys, and to obstacles to communication caused by the > Oazettcer, i.0i8. * HaiDilton BtateB :' ** They have usually broad and rather fiat noses, and thick lips, with not unfrequently curly hair when young.** Ho makes a * }i. Old. farther statement,^ which is, however, of little value, firom the want of definite localities and authorities : — "The old designations of the principal tracts, up to 1817, were the following, commencing at the northern ex- tremity: — 1. Chandail; 2. Boghela; 8. BiUounja; 4. Singro\da; 5. Ra}a Chohans ; 6. Manwas ; 7. CSanroody ; 8. Sohagepoor ; 9. Sirgooja ; 10. Odeypoor; 11. Koorba; 12. Jushpur ; 13. Gangpoor; 14. Sumbhulpoor; 15. Sohnpoor ; 16. Choteesghur ; 17. Mundlah ; 18. Gurra ; 19. Mehkoor ; 20. Kheirlah ; 21. Gundwana Proper ; 22. Nagpore ; 23. Chanda ; 24. Bustar.** 356 aOXDWAXA. numerous ridges, ravines, and torrents, rather than to any- inherent inaptitude of the Goonds for civilization.^ Where • Malcolm, Cen- encouraged, they readilj and eflficientljr toil at timber-cutting, *"* '"**'** "* **** mining,^ and other laborious tasks. Their present state is * Tramacu. of described by a recent traveller in their wilds, who, however, vn- Frinkiin, does not agree on all points with a traveller already quoted. Mem- on Bundei- " This caste* of Hindoos are almost jet black, and dirty and * Jo"™ a». snc. forbidding in their appearance, while they are short in stature J-MUrt.RemJriw, and thickset in point of make: their dialect is peculiar to "'*"!'™' themselves. The whole race appears wretched and poor; a small dhotee (breech-cloth), and a coarse chadar (sheet), to wrap over their bodies, form their outward garments. Their tenements consist of huts, whose walls are built of stakes cut from the neighbouring forests, entwined with rude wickerwork, and plastered and besmeared over with mud ; while the roofs consist of a thin layer or coating of dried grass, over which are spread some leaves, and a few battens made of bamboo fastened over all, to prevent it from beiug acted upon by the wind. The Goonds are remarkably fond of swine and buffa- loes ; they are fond also of rearing fowls. When leaving the road and penetrating the forest depths, an occasional hut is met with completely isolated ; and from such I have seen a Goond issue forth, its only human tenant, while a favourite pig has met my eye not far from the threshold. This race of human beings are little better in the human scale than demi- savages ; they are very superstitious, and, like all dark minds, place great confidence and belief in the charms and quackery of their gooroos or priests. They have rites peculiar to themselves, and tread the jungle-depths at dead of night without the slightest feeling of dread or fear from tigers or other wild beasts. It has often been a matter of surprise to me that these men should dare, both by day and night, to traverse and thread these deep forests unapprehensive of danger from wild beasts, especially tigers, which in these parts are fearfully abundant.*' Among the more secluded tribes, human sacrifices are frequent ; and a late writer charges* them * spry, Modern with the incredible atrocity of cutting the throats of sick " "' * persons, and devouring their carcases. Whether or not the latter abomination was at any time customary, it is certain that the former prevailed until a very late period. The meri- S57 GO]ST)WANA. torious, and it is believed successful, efforts of the Brittsb govemment to put an end to human sacrifices are adverted to • Elliot. Supple- in the article " Qoomsoor." A learned writer* sententiously, nwn o owary, ^^^ ^ gome respects more favourably, describes these people as " the aboriginal inhabitants of the Saugor territory, a simple primitive race, now chiefly confined to the hilly tracts, though some have been tempted to settle in the plains. Their great characteristics are the love of truth, drunkenness, and super- stition." ' Ai. R«i. XV. 808. Stirling^ says : " The Khoouds are found in great numberB in all the hill estates south of the Mahanadi. They form the principal part of the population of Killah Banpur, which has thence been called Kandreh Daudpat. The natives also hare the idea of a district situated between Duspalla, Boad, and Goomsoor, inhabited entirely by this tribe of hill people, which they call Khondra. I believe that the vast unexplored tracts of mountain and forest lying at the back of the Ganjam and Yizagapatam hill estates, down as far as the Godaveri, are peopled chiefly by Khoonds in a very savage state, who differ probably very little from their neighbours the G^uds, though Captain Blunt observes, on the authority of the jaghiredar of Malwa and Manikpatam, that the Coands (Khoonds) and Goands (Gonds) are to be considered quite distinct races.*' • Bengal and In Bundlecund,^ to the north of Saugor, the chief of the ^T^i^^'^^rJali' ^m-^^^Ji^j claiming royal lineage, is regarded with great deference by the Goonds of that quarter. The representative of the Goond family, formerly sovereign of Deogarh, receives a pension from the Nagpore govemment : the Goond family of Garha Mandla has a similar provision from the British. The history of a race so rude must obviously be scanty and • Periihu, II. 878. obscure. The Goond rajah Narsing Bae is represented' in 1399 to have been powerful and wealthy ; but his greatness was » Id. 415, and ir. Overthrown^ in 1433, by Hooshung, the Mussulman monarch ^^' of Malwa, who, having slain him in battle, reduced Kehrlo, his capital. Subsequently, in 1513, the Gx>ond chiefs are found • Id. It. 851. forming^ a powerful confederacy against the king of Malwa. • Id. 11.878. The western part was subjugated^ by Akbar, and included within the fiscal organization of his empire; Kehrla, the capital of the principal Goond rajah, being mentioned in the « u. Appendix, 63. Ayecu Akbery^ as chief place of a circar of the soubah of GON. Berar. The eaatem part, as remarked by Bennell,* ''was Mem. of a Map neither reduced by Akbar, nor even known in particulars to *>' ***"<*«*'»«»• the author of the Ajeen Akbery." ♦ The rajah of Deogarh, in this part of Gondwana, was, in the latter part of the seven- teenth century,^ induced to profess Mahomedanism by the ' ouff. HUt of influence of Aurungzebe ; and in 1744, his sons having em- ^*'*"*''*^ "• ^' broiled themselves with Bagoghee Bhonsla, were by him deprived of their possessions, which he incorporated with his own/ Bagoghee in the previous year had overrun and par- ' Duff, ut tupn, tially subjugated Western Gondwana. There is henceforward "* *** little to relate until the operations of the British forces in the Nagpore dominions in 1818-19. Appa Sahib Bhonsla, the rajah of Berar, having fled from Kagpore, his capital, took refuge^ * Blacker, Mem. among the Mahadeo Mountains, in Western Gondwana. The p^nJ^j Tran>*ci. British forces tracked him with unwearied perseverance *" '"<**»» "• *^' through those intricate wilds, and, successively gaining his fastnesses and lurking-places, obliged him to fly in disguise. Another British armament overrunning Southern Gondwana, stormed the fortified town of Chanda;^ a third marching into » Blacker, 851,864. South-eastern Gondwana, stormed the town of Kompta,^ and i id. 889. took military occupation of the neighbouring country. By ^^^' "' *"'*'*• the treaty of Nagpore, in 1818, the British government acquired the extensive tract now denominated the Saugor and Nerbudda territory, with other considerable tracts in the northern portion of Gondwana. It may, however, be observed in conclusion, that the name Gondwana must be regarded as obsolete. GOND WABA.* — ^A town in the British district of Pur- > e.i.c. Ms. doc neah, presidency of Bengal. It is the principal place of an extensive pergunnah or subdivision, yet consists of only three straggling market-places,* having a population of about 1,600. «Bu<*anan.8ur. Lat. 25^ SO', long. 87° 22'. iX^^iT GONKOE. — A river of Nepal, formed by the junction of the Ponna and the Mui. The united stream flows in a direction south for twenty-five miles, through the Tend of Nepal ; for 100 miles through the British district of Purneah ; and for ten * Hamilton states,* " During the reign of Aurungzebe, the northern part ' Dewrlptlon of of this province, named Baundhoo or Bhatta, was partially conquered bj HlmlosUn, U. 6» fl. fais generals, and annexed to the soubah of Allahabad." On what authority this is grounded, is not ascertainable. S59 GON— GOO. miles, during wbicb it forms the boundary between Purneali and Malda, when it falls into the Ganges, near the town of Deatpore, in lat. 25° IC, long. 87° 51'. E I.e. Mi. Doc GON MYOO. — A town in the British district of Amherst, one of the Tenasserim provinces, presidency of Bengal, 65 miles S.E. of Moulmein. Lat. 16° 2', long. 98° 23'. GONSAIXTHAN.— A peak of the Himalaya Mountains, between Nepal and Tibet. Altitude 24,700 feet above the sea. Lat. 28° 20^, long. 86°. B.I.C. Mi. Doc. GOODALOOE. — A town in the British district of Coim- batoor, presidency of Madras, 11 miles N. of Coimbatoor. Lat. 11° 9', long. 77° 1'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc. GOOD ALUS. — A town in the British district of Malabar, presidency of Madras, 81 miles S.E. of Cannanore. Lat. 11° 30*, long. 76° 35'. Ki.c. Mi. Doc GOODAREE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, 186 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 81 miles S. from Euttunpoor. Lat. 21° 8', long. 81° 59'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc GOODHA, in the Eajpoot native state of Jeypoor, a town vo7J^Ta48. ^^ *^® ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ *^® ^^^y ^^ Jeypoor, 39 miles N.E. of latter. It is situate among isolated rocky hills, rising abruptly from a barren sandy plain. Lat. 27° 4', long. 76° 31'. E.I.C. Mi Doc. GOODHA. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Boondee, 97 miles S.E. from Ajmeer, and 10 miles S.W. from Boondee. Lat. 25° 20', long. 75° 39'. E.i.c. M?. Due. GOODHA. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Shekawutee, 66 miles N.W. from Jeypoor, and 19 miles S.E. firom Jhoou- jhnoo. Lat. 27° 60', long. 75° 40'. Ei.c. M.. D.K.. GOODH ANUH.— A village in the British district Goorgaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. Dis- tance S. from Delhi 45 mUes. Lat. 28°, long. 77° 25'. » E.I.C. Mi. Doc. GOODICOTTA,* in the British district of Bellary, pre- » TriRonomeiricai sidcucy of Madras, a town,^ the principal place of a subdivision, by" wIC"""** distant from Chittel Droog, N.E., 44 mUes ; from Bellary, S. W., 30. Lat. 14° 50', long. 76° 42'. B.I.C. Mi. Doc GOODOOE.— A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or territory of the Nizam, 30 miles N. from Hyderabad, and 165 miles E. from Sholapoor. Lat. 17° 46', long. 78° 25'. « E.IC. Mi. Doc. GOODEOWLEE, or CHUK BHAN,i in the British dis- trict of Futtehpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West 3S0 GOO. Provinces, a village ou the route from Cawnpore to the town of Fattehpoor, and 23 miles* N.W. of the latter. The road in • o»^«». Tablet this part of the route is bad, and the countrj level and par- tially cultivated. Lat. 26° 8', long. 80° 38'. GOODUH, in the British district of Bhutteeana, lieutenant- e.t.c. Mi. doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route fipom Hansee to Furreed Kot, 72 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 29° 42', long. 76° 6'. GOODTWADA. — A town in the British district of Masuli- e.i.c. mi.doc petam, presidency of Madras, 22 miles N.W. of Masulipatani. Lat. 16° 27', long. 81° 3'. GOOGUL. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of Tonk, f..i.c. mi doc. on the left bank of the Parbuttee river, and 137 miles N.W. from Saugur. Lat. 24° 43', long. 76° 61'. GOOJAH,^ in Sinde, a town on the route from Eurrachee • Poit. 348. to Tatta, and 10 miles W. of the latter town. Masson^ de- « uni. Atg. Panj. Bcribes it as '^ a small bazaar town, with pools or deposits of ^f^* j,^ ,^ ,^ rain-water." Situate only 12 miles E. of Gttrrah, and on a J«»««''. a». soc navigable creek debouching into the Indian Ocean close to Kurra- chee, it is believed that an inland navigation might easily and advantageously be effected here between that seaport and the main channel of the Indus, the intervening ground being low and level. Lat. 24° 44', long. 67° 48'. GOOJEBANWALA.— See Gujuettwalljl. GOOJERAT.— See Gujebat. GOOJERBAS, in the native territory of Alwur or Machery, Garden, T«Me» of under the political management of the Governor- General's agent **" **** in Bajpootana, a village on the route from Mhow cantonment to Delhi, and 88 miles S.W. of the latter. There are a few shops here, but supplies must be collected from the neighbouring country. Water is obtainable from wells. The road in this part of the route is generally good. Lat. 27° SC, long. 76° 22'. GOOJBAT, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab division of the ri.c. m*. doc Punjab, a town situated on the left bank of the Indus, and 31 miles W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 30° 8', long. 71°. GOOJUNGGUR.— A town in the British district of Cut- k.i.c. mi. doc. tack, presidency of Bengal, 65 miles N.E. of Juggurnaut. Lat. 20° 14', lofig. 86° 36'. GOOJTJROO, in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- ei.c.ms.doc tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a fort on 361 GOO, S.I.G. Ms. Doc. I Burnet, Tr«d« of the ])«r^nt, 06. l.«ech, A pp. 48. Viifoe, Qhuxnee, 88. ' Jouiti. As. Soc. 1884, pp. I7A-178 — Honlbereer, Jour, of Route from Dera Ohnzi Khan to Kaboul. B.I.C. Ms. Doc. a ridge of the Sub-Himalaya, bounding the Patlee Doon to the north-east. It is situate three miles to the right of the route, bj the course of the Eamgunga (Western), from Moradabad cantonment to Fort Almorah, 80 miles by route N.E. of the former, 26 W. of the latter. Lat. 29^^ 36', long. 79"* Itf. GOOLAH. — A river rising in the southern or outer group of the Himalaya, in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces. Lat. 29° 23', long. 79° 44!. It leaves the mountains close to Khera, in lat. 29° 15', long. 79° 37', after a tortuous course, generally in » south-westerly direction, for a distance of thirty miles, in which it receives the drainage of Nyni Tal, Bhim Tal, and some smaller lakes. From its entrance on the plain, it takes a further course a little west of south for eighty miles, to its junction, under the name of Sunka, with the Bamgunga, on the left side of that stream, in lat. 28° 17', long. 79° 27'. GOOLAIEEE.^ — An important pass across the Suliman range, from the Derajat into Kabool. It holds its course along the channel of the Gomul river, or (in the words of Bumes) " leads by broken rugged roads, or rather the watercourses of the Gomul, through the wild and mountainous country of the Muzarees." It is a pass of great importance, being the middle route from Hindostan to Afghanistan, as the Ehyber ia the northern, and the Bolan the southern. Immense caravans, consisting principally of Lohani Afghans,^ every spring traverse it westward from the Indus and the adjacent countries, and, returning in autumn, winter in the Derajat. The GtM>lairee Pass enters the Suliman Mountains at their eastern base, in lat. 32° 6', long. 70°. Its course is very winding : for about twenty miles from its entrance into the mountains, the direction of the road is north-west ; then for about forty miles it pro- ceeds in a westerly direction, though with numerous deviations at short intervals : it then turns to the north-west, in which direction generally it holds a sinuous course to Ghuznee. It is much infested by freebooters of the Vaziri Afghan tribe, and the caravans have often to fight their way with much loss of life and property. GOOLAM ALIKA TANDA.— A town in the British district of Hydrabad, province of Scinde, presidency of Bombaj, 36 miles S.E. of Hydrabad. Lat. 25° 9', long. 68° 59'. 982 GOO. QOOLEUM. — A town in the British district of Bellary, e.lc. ms. doc presidency of Madras, on the right bank of the Hugry, and 19 miles N.B. of Bellary. Lat. 15° 20', long. IT 9'. GOOLUREA,^ in the territory of Oude, a village on the t e.i.c. u%. doc route from Bareilly to Lucknow, 58 miles^ S.E. of the former, « Garden, tiWm 98 N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is «>'««"»«•. 8«,2S4. good, but little frequented ; the country open and highly cultivated. Lat. 28° 1', long. 80° 14/. GOOLUREEA, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- Garden. Tables or tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on ^®"^ *^- the route from the town of Moradabad to Meerut, and 22 miles "W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is indifferent; the country open, flat, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 54/, long. 78° 31'. GOOMA. — A town in the British district of Bamgur, b.i.c. Ms. Doe. presidency of Bengal, 83 miles N. of Hazareebagh. Lat. 24° 25', long. 85° 35'. GOOMA. — ^A river of the peninsula Kattywar, presidency of Bombay, rising in lat. 22° 18', long. 71° 30', and, flowing in an easterly direction for seventeen miles through the terri- tories of native chieftains, and fifby-three miles througb the British district of Ahmedabad, it turns south-east, and after a further course of eighteen miles, falls into the Gulf of Cambay, in lat. 22° 3', long. 72° 17'. GOOMANOOE. — ^A town in the British district of Bellary, ei.c. m». doc presidency of Madras, 23 miles E. of Bellary. Lat. 15° 10', long. 77° 19'. GOOMGAWN. — ^A town in the native state of Bhotan, e.i.g. MlDoc. 67 miles N.W. from Nowgong, and 48 miles N.N.E. from Gowhatty. Lat. 26° 47', long. 92° 3'. GOOMGONG, in the British province of Saugur and Ner- e.i,c, mlDoc budda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hoosungabad to Boorhaunpoor, 59 miles S. W. of the former. Lat. 22° 5', long. 77° 9'. GOOMLA. — ^A town in the district of Singboom, on the e.i.c. Ms. Doe. south-west frontier of Bengal, 106 miles S. from Hazareebagh, and 111 miles W. from Midnapoor. Lat. 22° 30', long. 85° 41'. GOOMSOOB, in the British district of Ganjam, presidency of Madras, a town situate 43 miles N.W. of Ganjam. It was formerly the principal place of a feudal possession of the same 868 GOOMTEE. name, tributary to the British, but the native chief failing in his feudatory oblif];ations, and subsequently rising in rebellion, the zemindary, in 1835, was declared forfeited to the paramount « Mndrns Rer. powcr.^ A poriod of disordor ensued, diuing which atrocious cau Her. v!^ii. ^^ts of violenco and outrage were perpetrated, and at length it was found necessary to appoint a special commission, ^ith « Act sxiii of a view to the restoration of order and tranquillity.* Among the beneficial measures arising from these proceedings, is the suppression in this part of India of human sacrifices. A dis- covery had been made that this horrible practice prevailed to a considerable extent among the Khoonds, a barbarous people iuliabiting the adjacent frontier tracts. Eecourse was had in the first instance to conciliatory means, by which it was hoped the civilization of the Khoonds might be effected ; bnt 3 Binjfai and the experiment, though continued through a series of years,^ Ap-ra Guide, 1942, f^jied i^ presenting any prospect of ultimate success ; and in 1845, a commission for the suppression of Meriah sacrifices was * Act xx\. of 1W5. appointed by the Indian government.'* Disturbances again broke out, attended with great destruction of life and property, and * India Rer. DUp. it became necessary to call in military aid.* The insurgents ""*' ' were defeated, and peace restored. Several chiefs have been induced to enter into formal engagements to abandon the « Bfadms Rev. practico^ of humau sacrifices and female infanticide, on con- DUp. «9 Nov. isia. dition Qf British protection ; and these barbarous riites are now ' India Rev. Di*p. Considered as effectually suppressed.^ The tovm of Gt)om30or 85 Sept. 1850. -^ j^^ |^^ ^go ^ff^ j^^^ g^o ^f GOOMTEE.— A river rising in lat. 23° 43', long. 92° 24', in the native territory known as Independent Tipperah, and flowing through that state in a westerly direction for eighty miles, ai:d for sixty miles through British Tipperah, falls into the Megna or Brahmapootra river, in lat. 23° 32', long. 90° 42'. «E.i.aM».noc. GOOMTEE.^* — ^A river rising in the British district of » Id v. 1247. * Gumti of Tassin ; Gumte of Richardson ;* Gomati and Gumti of Wil- « At. Reg. vlll. ford,* and also Vasishti of the same author ; the river of Jftnpur, and also 886 ; xi v. 4 n . the Gfti of Baber or hie translators. Hamilton styles* it " Gomati ; " and ' Gazetteer, 1.587, , , „ .. . -, .t ^ « . ; . ,. » in V. Goomty. adds, " it is named the Goomty, from its extremely winding courae ; pro- * Trarel*, I. 128. bably following the authority of Lord Valentia, who states,^ *' the Goomty river, so named, like the ancient Meander, from its winding coarse.** * Erdkunde, vl. Ritter,* too, adopts this view : "The Gumty (Gomati, that is, winding, in 1*^- Sanskrit), which is denominated from its sdrpentine coarse, like tiie Meander." 364 GOOMTEE. Shahjehanpore, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, in an alluvial tract between the rivers Deohah or Gurrab, and Ghogra. According to the surveyor-general's map, Faljur Tal, the source of the Goomtee river, is a small* lake or morass, in lat. 28° 35', long. 80° 10', and nineteen miles east of the town of PUleebheet. As the elevation of Pilleebheet above the sea is estimated at 517 feet, and the intervening country is remarkably level,t the source of the Goomtee may be assumed as about 520 feet above the sea. It takes a course sinuous, but generally to the [south-east, for the distance of forty-two miles, when it crosses into the territory of Oude, and accord- ing to the surveyor-general's map, it, at the distance of about ninety-four miles from its source, in lat. 27° 28', long. 80° 27', receives on the left side a stream flowing from the north, and having a course of about forty miles. Erom this confluence the Goomtee continues its progress in its previous direction for about eighty miles, to Lucknow, receiving during its course the Suraru. It is at that city navigable, and crossed by a bridge either of brick J or of stone. Bennell describes^ it to « Memoir of Map be at that place " a small river," and Lumsden,» " a paltry and J VJu^^'^fmn?* narrow stream ;" but according to Von Orlich,^ a bridge of '"'"* ^ Britain, boats traversing the stream, below that of masonry, is 240 * Travels in India, pnces in length ; and the same traveller states than an iron "* ^' bridge of three arches, sent out in pieces from England, to traverse the river, was calculated for a width of 200 paces. The river certainly admits of navigation to an important extent ; a small § steamer belonging to the king of Oude having * Hamilton 9tat68, * '' This river has its source in northern Hindostan, ' Gazetteer, i. 587, among the hills of Kumaon, from whence it flows in a south-easterly dlrec- *" *' O®""**^' tion nearly parallel with the Goggra." Butter' correctly states that it has » Topography of its origin in the Terrai of Rohilcund. ^"<"»' ^^' f According to Butter/ the general surfiu» of the adjoining Oude terri- i id. s. tory " is a plain declining to the east-south-east, at the rate of about seven inches in the mile." » li. 05. t Of stone, according to Von Orlich ;* of brick, according to Grarden.' 2 Table* of Routet, 158 § It was launched in 1820 ; the dimensions were as follows : — Length * between perpendiculars . . ., 50 ft. in. * Priniep, steam Breadth, moulded 8 10 S'sl''" *" Ditto^ extreme . . . . . . . . 9 10 Depth .. .. .* .. .. .. 40 Engine 8-horae power. Speed 7 to 8 miles per hour. S65 GOOMTEE. • Spry, Modern Indiai I. 833. * Beschreibung ▼on HindutUn, t 183. ^ Toposrrephjr of Oudb, 12. •Ibid. » Id. 11. 1 Id. ib. • BuUir, 178. tested^ its capability in this respect. Tieffenthaler^ observes that the breadth of the river is more remarkable than its depth. Though its value for the purposes of navigation and irrigation is great, the water, according to Butter,^ is oflen contaminated by gross impurities, and occasionally becomes the source of disease. " During the rainy season, the water of the Qx)omtee is loaded with an immense quantity of yellow clay, and becomes unfit for drinking ; and when any great mortality prevails at Lucknow, or along the banks of the river, a putrid scum forms on its surface, occasioned by the number of dead bodies thrown into it." Fish, however, so abound in it, that Butter® esti- mates that a fifbh of the population draws its subsistence from that source. It is greatly affected by the periodical rains, rising and falling annually from that cause about fifteen feet f and according to tradition, the variation formerly was much greater. At all times " it is excellently adapted^ for navigation, its waters never dispersing themselves over a greater breadth than 140 yards, and having generally a depth of four feet in the driest season ; while its excessive windings, which lengthen its course seventy-five per cent., answer the purpose of canal locks in diminishing slope and rapidity. It is, however, intersected at every four or six miles by kankar (calcareous conglomerate) ridges of two or three yards in width, which in the dry season sometimes diminish the depth to two feet. These ridges might be removed at no great expense, were the political condition of the country such as to give its natural importance to the trade between central Oude and the British provinces. At present, the few boats which convey supplies to Lucknow return empty. During the rainy season, boats of 1,000 or 1,200 maunds (forty tons) are sometimes seen proceeding to Lucknow." The river continues its course in a south-easterly direction from Lucknow, and about seventy miles below, it, according to the surveyor- general's map, receives on the left side, in lat« 26° 43!, long. 81° 40^, the Kuliani, a stream flowing from the north-west, and having a course of about eighty miles. Below this confluence, the river's right bank is in general high, and consists of solid kankar ; the left, low and sandy. At the station of Sultanpoor, about 170 miles south-east of Lucknow by the river's course, eighty in direct line, the stream is in the dry season 100 yards 2 wide, with a mean depth of four feet, and a current of »» GOO. two miles an boup. About fiffcy-two miles lower down, and in the same direction, it passes over tbe frontier into the British district of Jounpoor, and flows through it thirty miles, to the town of the same name, where its breadth is such as to require a bridge* of sixteen fine arches. About eighteen miles below ' HoUget, Trareii that town, on the right side, it receives the river Sai ; thirty- ^^d vaJcmtii, ihiee miles lower down, in its course by the district of Benares, Traveu, 1. 1«. on the same side, the Nind ; and five miles below the last con- fluence, and in lat. 26° 2ff, long. 83° 16', it falls into the Ganges on the left side, afber a total course of 482* miles. Close above its mouth, it is crossed by means of a bridge^ of * Garden, TaWet boats from the middle of October to the middle of June, and ^ "'^ during the rains by ferry. GOOMT. — ^A town in the native mehal of Purlahkemedy, E.i.c.Mi.Doc on the S.W. frontier of Bengal, 64 miles N. from Ganjam, and 66 miles N.W. from Juggernaut. Lat. 20° Itf, long. 84° 68'. GOONAHj^t in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions of * b.i.c. Ms. ooe. the Scindia family, a British cantonment, on the route from Gwalior fort to Mow, 1352 miles S.W. of former, 185 N.W. »0ardpn, Tabw of the latter. The village in which it is situate is large,* and in s Furiher'p»per«' 1843 was inhabited by plunderers, who, notwithstanding the [^^'^*^""*„?^I presence of eighty or 100 men of the Gwalior contingent, parliament. April, connived at and aided the freebooters, who swarmed in the ' *'^* ' neighbourhood during the disturbances consequent on the disputes at the court of Gwalior. Lat. 24° 40', long. 77° 20'. GOONASS PASS,^ in Bussahir, across the southern range ' E.i.c.Trigon. of the Himalaya, which hold a direction from east-south-east to west-north-west. In approaching this pass from the south side, the road first proceeds upwards by the course of the Bupin, a feeder of the river Tons. The valley through which this river flows is terminated abruptly by a steep ridge, down which the stream pours in a cascade above 100 feet high. The ascent is by a path winding up by this stream, and pro- qctIU, joum. to ceeding over an expanse of snow to the crest of the pass, "''"■'■J^ "•**• 16,026^ feet above the sea. The inclination of the mountain- soc. f. 840-coie- slope on the northern side is more gradual, but still very diffi- oiTscnefriTer.^* cult, being, as far as the eye can liach,* a dreary expanse of * At Res. xr, 848 snow. The Goonass Pass lies in lat. 31° 21', long. 78° 13'. u^eil of the" * The direct distance from the source to the mouth is 290 miles. f Gunaof Tassio. £67 D'Criii, Political Relations I IS. E.I.O. Ms. Doc. Garden, Tables of Ruutet, 4. E.I.C. Mff. Doe. B.I.C. Ml. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc £.1 C. Ml. Doe. B.I.C. Ml. Doc GOO. GOOND. — One of the native hill states on the left bank of the Sutlej river, tributary to the chief of Keyonthul. It ia bounded on the north by a detached portion of Kooloo and the native hill state of Komharsiii, which also bounds it on the east ; on the south by those of Bulsun and Mudhan ; and on the west by those of Bhugee and Theog. It lies between lat. 31° 4'— 31° 15', long. 77° 22'— 77° 32' ; is twelve miles in length from north to south, and six miles in breadth. GOONDAGOLE.— A town in the British district of Masu- lipatam, presidency of Madras, 46 miles N.E. of Masulipatam. Lat. 16° 49', long. 81° 20'. GOONDAO W, in the British district of Muttra, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to Bareilly, and 26 miles N.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country well wooded and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 26', long. 78° 20'. GOONDAK. — A river in the Madras collectorate of Madura, rising in lat. 9° 67', long. 77° 45', and, flowing in a south-east direction for ninety-five miles, falls into the Gulf of Manaar, in lat. 9° 8', long. 78° 33'. GOONDEE. — A town in the native state of Cashmeer, or territory of Gholab Singh, on the right bank of a branch of the river Pir Panjal, and 89 miles N.E. from Wazeerabad. Lat. 33° 43', long. 74° 24'. GOONDLOOE.— A town in the British district of Cudda- pah, presidency of Madras, 47 miles S. of Cuddapah. Lat. 13° 50', long. 78° 62'. GOONDOOMEEE.— A town in the native state of Nag- poor, or rajah of Berar's dominions, 68 miles E. from Nagpoor, and 67 miles S.E. from Seuni. Lat. 21° 11', long. 80° 12'. GOONDBEE. — ^A town in the native state of Guzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, three miles from the right bank of the Bunnass river, and 26 miles N.E. from Deesa. Lat. 24° 32', long. 72° 17'. GOONEEK, in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of Ihe North-West Provinces, a town which, with that of Kooteea, gives name to the pergunnah or subdivision of Kooteea- Gooneer. Gt)oneer is situate a mile 9m GOO. from the rigbt bank of the Jumna, 16 miles direct N.W. of the town of Futtehpoop. Lat. 26° 5', long. 80° 44'. GOONJE. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or e.i/x m». doc. territory of the Nizam, on the right bank of the Godavery river, and 200 miles N.W. from Hyderabad. Lat. 19° 15', long. 76° 17'. GOONJEE. — A town in the British district of Belgaum, e.i.c. ms. Dd«. presidency of Bombay, 22 miles S. of Belgaum. Lat. 15° 81', long. 74° 34'. GOONNOUE, in the British district of Budaon, lieutenant- e.i.c us. do«. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Boolundshuhur to Budaon, 44 miles N.W. of the latter. Lat. 28° 15', long. 78° SO'. GOONRA. — A town in the native state of Oude, 64 miles rixj iit.Doe. N.E. from Lucknow, and 113 miles N. from Allahabad. Lat. 27° 5', long. 82°. GOON WABO,^ in the territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, » e.i.c. Mt. Doe. in ihe jaghire of Myhir, a village on the route from Mirzapoor to Jubulpoor, 87^ miles N.E. of the latter, 158 S.W. of former. » oarde». Table* It has water from wells, and supplies may be obtained from **"***' the neighbourhood. Lat. 24° 8', long. 80° 40^. GOOE.— A river rising in lat. 19° 8', long. 73° 36', on the eastern slope of the Western Ghauts, and, flowing in a south- easterly direction for fifty miles through the British district of Poona, and for fifty through that of Ahmednugur, falls into the Beema river, in lat. 18° SO', long. 74° 36'. GOOBAH. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or E.i.a m». doc territory of the Nizam, on the left bank of the Payne Gunga river, and 179 miles N. from Hyderabad. Lat. 19° 55', long. 78° 11'. GOOBBAN, in Sinde, a village on the route from Sehwan e.i.c. mcDoc to Kurrachee, and 30 miles N.E. of the latter place. It is situate on the river of the same name, where it receives a small torrent called the Kuttagee. "Water consequently may readily be obtained, and even when the rivers have ceased to run, it may be had from pools or wells dug in their beds. The country hereabouts is very rocky and barren, and supplies are scanty. Lat. 25° 4', long. 67° 28'. GOOBBAN. — A river in Sinde, so called from a village of e.i.c. mi. doc. that name on its bank. It rises in the mountainous tract i^'p^i^De 3 2 b 369 ' * la tIo«t«, Rep. on the Country be- tween Kurracbee And Sehwan. > E I.e. Ms. Doc • Garden, Tablet ol Houlea, I. I B.I.C. M«. Doe. E.I.C. liig.Surr. * A*. Ret. sir. 888*— HodKnon and HerbfrtfTng. Sunr.of Himalaya. B.I.C. Ma. Doe. 1 E.LC. Ma. Doe. * Shakespear, Mem. on Stai. of N.W. PfOT. GOO. between Kurracbee and Sebwan, about lat. 25° 14/» long. 67^ 36', and, after a south-westerlj course of about sixty miles, falls into the Bay of Kurracbee by tbe Gisree creek, in lat. 24° 47', long. 67° 6'. Like most of the streams in this part of Sinde, it is known by different names in different parts of its course ; being called Vuddia near its source, Gx>orban in tbe middle, and Mulleeree lower down. Tbougb occasionally flooded, and haying then a considerable body of water, it is dry for the greater part of the year ; but water, as stated in the preceding article, may at all times be obtained by digging in its bed. It is crossed by tbe route from Kurracbee to Sebwan, at tbe village of Goorban. GOOEDAH,^ in tbe territory of Bhurtpore, a village on the route from Agra to Ajmeer, 48^ miles W. of former, 180 E. of latter. It is situate on the Baun or Ootunghun, " where* tbe bed is about three-quarters of a mile wide, and of heavy sand. From November to July there is little water in tbe river, and from being so much spread out at the Obat, it is but seldom unfordable any length of time in the rains." Lat. 27° 3', long. 77° 2Qf. GOOEEA-TEEKA, or GUEIALI,! in Gurwhal, a paw over a ridge having a south-easterly direction from Surkanda summit to the right bank of the Bhageerettee, aa the Gkmges is called in the upper part of its course. It was a secondary station in the trigonometrical survey of tbe Himalayas. Ele- vation above tbe sea 7,041 * feet. Lat. 80° 19^, long. 78° 27'. GOOEETHUH, in the British district of Budaon, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on tbe route from Bareilly to Bolundshubur, 38 miles E. of the latter. Lat. 28° 24', long. 78° 32'. GOOEGAON,^ a British district under the lieutenant- governorship of the North- Western Provinces, is bounded on tbe north by the jaghire of Jujbur and the British district of Delhi ; on tbe east by the jaghire of Bullubgurb and the river Jumna, separating it from tbe British districts of Boolund- shubur and Allygurh ; on the south by the British district of Muttra, and by Tijarra and the territory of Bhurtpoor; and on the west by Tijarra and Jujbur. It lies between lat 27° 40'— 28° 30', long. 76° 21'— 77° 36', and contains an area* of 1,942 square miles. Tbe population amounts to 460,326, 87t GOORGAON. of whom 176,328 are returned as Hindoo and agricultural; 106,180 Hindoo non-agricultural ; 109,792 as Mahomedans, and others not being Hindoos, agricultural; and 69,026 of the like classes non-agricultural. There are four towns,* con- taining each between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and twof containing upwards of 10,000. The climate is for the greater part of the year dryland hot. The general elevation of the »J«cq«emont, country is about 820 feet above Calcutta, or 840 above the sea ; that of the town of Goorgaon being fixed by a scientific observer at 817.* Some parts are, however, considerably 4 joum. a«. soc. higher. Jacquemont* estimates the height of the hills about ^"f; ^^, p- ^® o , , /» * — Oliver, Met«or. Soonah at more than 400 feet above the general level of the observ. in the country ; and Fraser* mentions some which rise 600 feet above 7 vi "15^7.**' ^***** it. The part extending along: the riffbt bank of the Jumna^ is * Tran»cu. owi. , , / - . , , ^ ., , 1 ^ /. Soc 2nds«r.T0l.l. low, level, and m many places rather fertile, though, long after im— joum. from the cause bad ceased to operate, it continued to be overrun f^nl^wmmt!^^' with jungle, the consequence of the neglect of cultivation, pro- "'• *^ *«®» dueed by the incessant devastation by the Mahrattas and other freebooters, previously to the conquest of the country by the British. Heber,^ who passed in 1825, observes, it " is •i.sts, still but badly cultivated ; but fifteen years ago it was as wild, I am assured, as the Terrai, as full of tigers, and with no human inhabitants but banditti." The progress of improve- ment, however, seems to have been rapid, as Jacquemont,* five » ul 4m. years later, describes the country as rather well cultivated ; and more recently a further stimulus has been given to agri- cultural industry by the revenue settlement of the district, under which tbe rate of the government assessment on the luid has been fixed for a series of years, and is not liable to be increased until tbe year 1872.^ Six or eight miles west of the > Act of the ocvu Jumna, the country rises into a sort of table-land of rocky and If j^"* ^ ^ quartzose formation^ containing oxydes of iron^ and manganese, * jacquenumt, and bearing scanty and stunted jungle of acacias, of zizyphus, ^^' and Butea fix)ndosa. This wild growth, dry and withered during the greater part of the year, shoots out with consider- able luxuriance during the rainy season, and afibrds excellent browsing to goats, the principal stock of the natives. In a few places, gneiss and mica schist crop out. In the vicinity of * Soonah, Noh, Hodnl, and Ferozepore. f Rewaree and Palwul. 2 B 2 ^1 GOOEGAON. * Jncqiieinont, * Id. vl. HX *»1. • Jacquemunt, vi. 940. the town of Ferozepore, iron-ore is extracted and smelted;* but the quantity diminishes annually, in consequence of the great difficulty of obtaining charcoal, the country being very scantily wooded ; and the miners and iron-workers earn but a very wretched subsistence. The surface of the country is furrowed by numerous deep chasms and ravines, usually indi- cating the course of a torrent. The air in many of those ravines is, in autumn, deadly in the extreme, especially where the course of the torrent is marked by the growth of bamboos,** which are invariably signs of the insalubrity of the situation. Yet each generally contains a hamlet of goatherds, now of necessity peacefully dwelling under the powerful but mild restraint of British rule, but until lately the pests of tbe surrounding districts, which they incessantly harassed with their incursions, sweeping away all moveable property, and seizing the inhabitants, with the view of extorting ransom. This rude people are of the Meo or Mewatti race, for the most part nominally professing Mahomedanism, but intermingling it with innumerable Hindoo superstitions. They are very fond of animal food, especially goat's flesh, and also of spirits, but are not addicted to opium. Jacquemont,* who considers them the aborigines of thia part of India, describes them as very black, with the lower extremities long, the features in general not strongly marked, but the nose approaching to the aquiline form, lips rather prominent, moderately-sized mouths, and othI eyes, the cast of their countenances altogether resembling that of the North- American Indians. Westward of the first rocky table-land, rising from the valley of the Jumna, and inclosed between it and the rocky range still farther west, is a vallej or depressed sandy plain, stretching from north to south, about twenty miles in length and six or eight in breadth. In many places, the ground is so saturated with salt, that in the hot dry weather the surface is covered with an efflorescence* of it ; the soil is barren, or produces merely a scanty growth of mimosa, and a few other products, common under such circom- stances. These tracts are so abruptly defined, that, in the immediate neighbourhood of them the soil will be found free from saline impregnation, and fertile, the wells also yielding fresh water. In many places, by digging to the depth of twenty or thirty feet, fresh water is found ; but if the well be sunk ton 372 GOOEOAON. or twelve feet lower, salt springs are reached, tbe water of whicb is less saline than that of the sea, but more bitter, in consequence ci containing a large quantity of sulphate of loda and muriate of magnesia. The salt water of each well being raised in a large leathern bucket, worked by rope and pulley, and set in motion by the labour of oxen and buffaloes, is conreyed through a small channel into a reservoir two or three feet deep, and lined with clay or mortar ; and the moisture exhaling by the heat of the sun, the crystals are collected for sale. The quantity of salt produced in this way was fotmerly very considerable, but the article is now almost excluded from the market by the cheaper produce of the Sambhar Lake. In this sandy tract is a jhil or lake, about eight miles in length from north to south, and four in breadth. It is shallow, and its water, though without outlet, is fresh.* It is frequented by great numbers of water-fowl, especially pelicans. The greater part of the district of Goorgaon passed to the British by the treaty of Serjee Anjengum, dated 30th Decem- ber, 1803, by which Doulut Eao Scindia ceded^ to the East- "^ Trehtic* md India Company his territories "northward of those of the N^eTorem"' rajahs of Jeypore and Joudpore, and of the ranah of Gohud." Part of it, containing about a hundred and eighty square miles, was held in jaghire by the Kashmirian adventurer Zebal Nisaa, more generally known under the name of the Beegura Sumroo, and lapsed® to tbe British on her death in 1836. Another » a^ jonm jniy, portion of about 200 square miles, termed the jaghire of J^/'pi'i^i i„,. Ferozepore, from its principal place, was held with Loharoo by pn»»k>iif, ii. w. Shamsuddin Khan, who took it by descent from Ahmad Buksh Khan, to whom it had been granted^ by the British govern- • D'Cru*. poi. ment early in the present century, on account of services *'''**""•• ®*- rendered against the Mahrattas. Shamsuddin Khan having, with the view of defeating some contemplated measures which would affect his iaghire, caused the murder of Mr. "William * '*•• ^®"''"- ^p'* Jjraaer, the British political agent at Delhi, was hanged^ at issa, p. loe; Apr. 1836, p. 883. It has been somewhat hastily taken for granted, that extensive pieces of presHions, Ii. S7&. water without outlet are always salt ; but in addition to tbe fact instanced in the text, and vouched for by Jacquemont, Humboldt mentions an exten- sive fresh- water lake in South America without outlet, and Burnes states the water of tbe Sea of Aral to be drinkable. 873 GOO. • IVCnii, «t •upra. 1 E.I.C. Mt. Doc * Jaoquemont, vi. S91. • Jonm At. Soc. Benjr. 1839. p. fiue — Oliver, Meteur. Obt^nr. in the Vicioitj of Delhi. * Garden, Tablon of Routot, 100. B.I.C. Mt. Doc > EJ.C. Ml. Doc * Garden, Tablet of Routee, bO. B.I.C. Mt. Doc > E.I.C. Mt. Doc * At Ret. zviti. 48 — Franklin, Baro- metrical Obterva- tioDt in Bundel- kband. that citjf in October, 1835, and his jagbire forfeited.^ Lobaroo was by the British government generously bestowed on the offender's half-brothers; but the territory of Ferozepore vai embodied with the district of Goorgaon. The principal places are Goorgaon, Ferozepore, Faridabad, Sewarree, Pulwul, and Hodul, which will be found noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement GK)OEGAON,^ a town giving name to the British distiii^ so called, 4s situated near the western base of a range of biUa' of quartzose formation. Here was formerly a considerable military cantonment, the buildings erected for whicb are now occupied by the civil establishment. G^)orgaon was foraierlj one of the principal places in the territory of the Begum Sumroo, which, lapsing on her death in 1836, was embo- died with that of the British. The elevation of Gt>orgaon above the sea is 817 feet.' Its mean temperature has been ascertained* for various months as follows: — May, 104°; June, 98°; July, 85''; August, 84°; Septemba-, 89°; Octo- ber, 87°; November, 75°; December, 66°; January, 70°; February, 72°; March, 80°. Distant S.W. from Delhi 18 miles ; N. W. from Calcutta, by the grand trunk road, 918.^ Lat. 28° 28', long. 77° 5'. GOOKGAUT. — A town in the native state of Guzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, three miles S. of the Gulf of Cutch, and 100 miles W. from Eajkote. Lat. 22° 12', long. 69° 19'. GOOBHA,^ in the British district of Banda, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Banda to Bewa, 24 miles^ S. of tiie former. It is situate on the right bank of the river Baghin ; and as the surrounding country is fertile and well cultivated, supplies and water may be had in abundance. Lat. 2o° Q', long. 80° 33'. GOOEHA. — A town of Baghelcund, in the native state of Sewah, 13 miles from the left bank of the river Sone, and 13 miles E. from Eewah. Lat. 24° 30', long. 81° 35'. GOOBMA,^ a river in Baghelcund, or territory of Bewah, rises on a plateau in lat. 24° 40', long. 82° 16'. The elevation of its source above the sea exceeds 1,100 feet, since, at the cascade of Bilotri, about ten miles lower down, the elevation of the stream is 1,128 feet.^ It is at that cascade precipitated X4 GOO. 398 feet orer the brow of the Kutra ridge, ind, continamg in a north-westerlj direction for a farther distance of fifteen miles, falls, on the right side, and in lat. 24^ 56', long. 81^ 56', into the Chutenea riyer, the united stream flowing a few miles further down into the Bilund, a tributary of the Tons. GOOBOO. — A town in the British district of Kurrachee, b.i.c. mi. Dot. province of Scinde, presidency of Bombay, 39 miles S.W. of Tatta. Lat. 24° 18', long. 67° 39'. GOOBOTJBUH, in the British district of Goorgaon, lieute- b.i.c. m§. Doe. nant-goremorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bewaree to Bohtuk, 38 miles S. of the latter. Lat. 28° 21', long. 76° 42'. GOOBSEBAIE, in the British district of Jaloun, lieute- E.i.c.Mt.Dot. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hummeerpoor to Jhansee, 38 miles N.£. of the latter. Lat. 25° 36', long. 79° 14'. CMDOESOUTTEE, or GUBSOUTI,i in the British district » b.i.c. mi. doc of Muttra, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to Aligurh, and 18 miles^ N. of the former. The road in this part of the * oirden, T^biM route is good ; the country well cxdtivated. Lat. 27° 23', long. ^ " • • 78° 7'. GOORSUHAGUNJE,! in the British district of Furruk- i b.i c. ub, doc habad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Cawnpore to Euttehgurh, and 19 miles' S.B. of the latter. The road in this part of the route • Garden, Tibitt is good ; the country level and highly cultivated.* Lat. 27° 7', « AiXr^ tou™, long. 79° 47'. »• «• GOORUM CONDA.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. mi. doo. Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 127 miles N.W. of Madras. Lat. 13° 46', long. 78° 38'. GOOBWALLUH, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a b.i.c. ms doo. town situated thirty-five miles from the right bank of the river Indus, and 105 miles N.W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 81° 11', long. 7(f 12'. GOOSUB. — ^A town in the Bajpoot state of Oodeypoor, E.i.c.Mft Doe. 74 miles N.W. from Neemuch, and 58 miles S.E. from Seerooee. Lat. 24° 42', long. 73° 47'. GOOTHNEE. — ^A town in the British district of Sarun, e.i.c. Ut.Doe. GOO. B.I.C. Mt Doc E I.e. Mt. Doe. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Report on Med. Toiioxraphj and 0taU«tict of Ceded Dittrlcta, m. < WilU, HistoH- cal Skei£hf«, ii. 107. * Id. lb. •Report, «t mpra. presidency of Bengal, 51 miles N.W. of Cliupra. Lat. 26° 8', long. 84° &. GOOTOOHATOO.— A town in the British district of Chota Nagpoor, presidency of Bengal, 74k miles S.S.E. of Hazareebagh. Lat 22^ 59', long. 85° 46'. GOOTUL. — A town in the British district of Dhar»ar, presidency of Bombay, 88 miles £.N.£. of Honahwar. Lat. 14° 5(y, long. 75° 42'. GOOTY,^ in the British district of Bellary, presidencj of Madras, a town and military station. The place consists of a cluster of fortified hills,^ nearly surrounding a lower fort and native town ; and outside the chain of fortified summits are the military cantonment and another pettah or town. The sum- mits of the inclosing rocks are connected by a rampart, and the access to the town within is through two openings,' secured by fortified gateways, one on the south-east, the other on the south-west; and there are besides two footpaths, afibrding a communication through sallyports. In the northern part of the circuit of inclosing rocks is an immense smooth rock, which, " fortified ** by gradations surmounted, through fourteen gateways, overlooks and commands the whole of the other works, and forms a citadel which famine or treacberj can alone reduce." On the summit^ of this fortified hill are several tanks and reservoirs for water, and various buildings, in which are detained some state prisoners. About half-waj down the northern side of this huge rock ia a projecting shoulder of considerable extent, called Maha Gooty, on which are barracks, formerly occupied by part of a European regi- ment, but now fast falling to decay. External to this circular inclosure of rocky hills, and on the west side, are the present cantonments, with a contiguous pettah, consisting of one prin- cipal street, well drained, and having tolerably good houses. The cantonment, once of considerable size, is now in ruins, with the exception of two or three houses. There is a good parade-ground, on the north of which are a place of arms, store-rooms, and huts contiguous, for accommodating native infantry. On the west of the cantonment is a large tank, which is devoid of water during part of the year. This place, formerly the head-quarters of a brigade, including one Euro- pean regiment, is now garrisoned by two companies of native Madru Journ.of Lit. and Science, GOP. infantiy, who enjoy excellent health, the air being in general salubrious. The population of the town is stated to be 4,886, of whom one-fourth are Mussulmans, the rest Brahminists of Tarioos castes, with the exception of about forty Christians. ^ Hevation of highest summit above the plain 989 feet,* aboTe tupn, 68. the sea 2,171. Distance from cantonment of Bellary 48 miles ; from Bangalore, N., 146; Madras, N.W., 215. Lat. 16° 7', x. iis-Newboid. 1^ /T*»o ^cht ActMiunt of C«ied long. ir 42'. Dtotrlcu. GK)PALGHJNJE. — A town in the British district of Jes- e.i.c. ms. doc sore, presidency of Bengal, 92 miles E.N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 1', long. 89° 48'. GOPALGTJRH, in the territory of Bhurtpore, a town on E.i.c.Mf.Doc the route from Muttra to Ferozpoor, 40 miles N.W. of the former, 12 S.E. of latter. Lat. 27°4(y, long. 77° 7'. (K)PALPOOE,* in the British district of Muttra, lieute- e.i.c. Ms. doc nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village near the southern frontier, towards the district of Agra, and close to the left side of the route from Muttra cantonment to Bhurt- poor, 18 miles N.E. of the latter. Lat. 27° 21', long. 77° 39'. OOPALPOOE,^ in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieu- » b.i.c. ms. Doc. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Ganges, 898 miles^ from Calcutta by the • Oarden. Tahi«i river, 88 miles above Allahabad, and 12 miles N.E. of the town ** ^®"***' * of Futtehpoor. Lat. 26° 2', long. 81° 1'. GOPALPOOE,! in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieu- » e.i.c. Mt. Doc. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Azimgurh to Goruckpoor cantonment, 28 miles^ * Garden, Tablet N. of the former, 38 S. of the latter. It has a bazar and water, and supplies are abundant. The road to the south, or towards Azimgurh, is good ; the countTy level, with patches of stunted jungle and partial cultivation. To the north, or towards Gk)ruckpoor, the road is bad, and the country much covered with thick jungle. This town, though within the limits of Goruckpoor district, gives name to a pergunnah in that of Azimgurh. Lat. 26° 20', long. 83° 20'. GOPALPOOR,' in the British district of Benares, lieu- « e.i.c. Ma. Doc tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the left bank of the Ganges, 16 miles N.W. of Mirzapoor, or higher up the stream; 737 * N.W. of Calcutta by the river • Garden, TaWaa o if f •'of Routes, lai, ♦ Cowherds-town ; from Gopal, " a cowherd," and Pur, " town." 168. 377 GOP. > B.I.C. Ms. Doc * TIeillrathaleri Beschrvibunir von HindutUn, i. 900. B J.O. Mt. Doc ■ K.I.C. Ms. Doc * Oftrden. Tablet of Routes, I5S. > £.1.0. MS. Doc. * Otrden, TabW of Routes, 40. B.I.C. Ms. Doc. 1 E.I.C. Ms. Diie. * Garden, Tables of Routes, 167. B.I.C. Ms. Doc route, or 914 if the Soonderbund passage be taken. Lai 25° 16', long. 82° 26'. GOFAMAU,^ in the district of Sandi, kingdom of Oode, a town situate two miles^ S.W. of the left bank of the Ooomtee, in a plain on the northern verge of a thick forest. It was built bj Patans, and contained many houses of brick, surrounded by handsome gardens. Even in the time of Tieffenthaler, a cen- tury ago, it was much ruined, having been nearly depopalaled in the wars which afflicted the country. Distant 60 miltis N. W. of Lucknow. Lat. 27° 82', long. 80° 21'. GOPAULPOOR, in the territory of Gwalior, or possesaionB of the Scindia family, a town 4i6 miles S. W. of Gwalior fort. Lat. 25° 43', long. 77° 37'. GOPEAGUNJ,!* in the British district of Etawah, Heu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town on the route from the cantonment of Etawah to Lucknow, in Oude, and 11 miles' E. of Etawah. Supplies and water are abundant. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country fertile and well cidtivated. Lat. 26° 47', long. 79° Iff. GOPEE,^ in the British district of Allygurh, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Mynpooree, and 20 miles' S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open and partially cultivated. Lat 27° 45', long. 78° 23'. GOPEEBULLUBPOOE.— A town in the British distriei of Midnapoor, presidency of Bengal, 29 miles 8. W. of Midna- poor. Lat. 22° 11', long. 87°. GOPIGANJ,^ in the British district of Benares, lien- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town with bazar, on the route from the city of Benares to that of Allaha- bad, 35 miles' W. of the former, 39 S.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is excellent ; the country low, level, and partially cultivated. Lat. 25° 16', long. 82° 30'. GOPUT. — A river rising in Korea, a native state on the south-west frontier of Bengal, and about lat. 23° 40', long. 82° 27'. It flows circuitously, but generally in a north-westerly direction, for seventy miles, and in lat. 24° 12', long. 81° ^T", * Milkmaidi-mart ; from Gopi, ** milkmaid,** and Gaoj, '' mart or market.** S7d GOE. takes B north-easterly coarse for fiftj-fiye miles, to its &11 into the Sone, on the right or southern side, at the small town of Bordhee, and in lat. 24"" 33', long. 82° 26'. 60EA. — A town in the British district of Tannah, presi- b-lc. ms. doc dency of Bombay, 50 miles N. by B. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 39', long. 73° 6'. GOEA,^ in ihe British district of Mirzapoor, lieutenant- ' e.i.c. Mi.Do«. governorship of the North-West ProTinoes, a Tillage on the right bank of the Ganges, 21 miles N."W. of the city of Mir- Mipoor, or higher up the stream; 743 ^ N.W. of Calcutta, or • otnien, Tabiw 9^ if the Soonderbund passage be taken. Lat. 25° 12', long. ^ ^ 82° 24.'. GOEABI EIVEE, one of the mouths of the Indus, dis- charging its waters, about 50 miles S.W. of Tatta, in lat. 24° 20', long. 67° 21'. GOEAE EIVEE. — ^A considerable watercourse diverging from the 1^ bank of the Ganges, in lat. 23° 55', long. 89° &, and, flowing south-east through the British district of Jessore for forty-flre miles, falls into the ILoomar river, in lat. 23° 33', long. 89° 32'. GOEAGOT, or GHOEAGHAT,i» in the British district «EJ.c.Mi.Doc. of Bograh, presidency of Bengal, a town on the northern boundary, towards the British district of Dinagepore. It is situate on the river Kurateea, an offset of the Teesta, and hence the name, signifying horse-ferry or horse-pass,^ as Virat, • Buchanan, Sor- an ancient Hindoo rajah, kept his horses here. The city,^ at the [q^ia. ii. eso. time of its greatness, extended eight or ten miles in length ' '^- "* ""p"** **• and about two in width, but appears to have been at all times built in a straggling manner. There are the remains of several small mosques, but no traces of any great public building, except the rampart of a fort, inclosing a space on the bank of the river about a mile in length and half a mile in width. Goragot at present has about 3,000 inhabitants, which con- tinue to carry on some trade ; but such altogether is the deso- lation of the place, that tigers prowl nightly in the streets. Distant S.E. &om the town of Dinagepoor 48 miles. Lat. 25° 12', long. 89° 17'. GOEAOW,^ in the British district ofEtawah, lieutenant- »E.i.c.Mi.Doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the * Ghomghat, Horse- pass ; from Ghora^ " a horee/' and Gbat, '* a pass.*' 379 ' GOE. route from tbe cantonment of Agra to that of Etawah, and « oardem TnMet 20 milcs^ N.W. of the latter. Water is plentiful in this part of tbe route, and tbe road is in general good, tbougb in some places sandy; tbe country is cultivated, and studded with small villages. Lat. 26° 59', long. 78° 51'. E.I.G. Mi. Doc. GORBOON JEE. — A town in tbe native state of Calabandy, 153 miles N. by W. from Yizagapatam, and 153 miles W. by N. from Ganjam. Lat. 19° Stf, long. 82° 51'. E.I.C. M«. Doc. GOREYEE, in tbe Britisb district of AUygurb, lieutenant- go vemorsbip of tbe Nortb-West Provinces, a town, tbe prin- cipal place of tbe pergunnab of tbe same name. Lat. 27° 42', long. 77° 54'. « E.I.C.MII. Doc. GORI, or GORIGUNGA,! • one of tbe most considerable feeders of tbe great river Gbogra, rises witbin and near the nortbem boundary of tbe Britisb district of Kumaon, lieu- tenant-governorsbip of tbe Nortb-West Provinces, about twelve miles from tbe soutbem base of tbe Unta Dbura Pass into Hiundes or Cbinese Tartary, and in lat. 30° 34', long. 80° l&. It flows from a vast glacier, apparently of very remote forma- • In noie to Man- tiou. Tbis is tbus described by Weller :^ — " The river comes •on,uitupni,ii66. ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ impctuous strcam, at tbe foot of apparently a mass of dirt and gravel, some 300 feet bigb, sbaped like a balf- moon. Tbis is in reality a mass of dark-coloured ice (bottle- green colour), extending westward to a great distance, and covered witb stones and fragments of rock, which in fact form a succession of small bills. I went along tbis scene of desola- tion for a long space, but could not nearly reach the end. Here and there were circular and irregularly-shaped craters (as it were), from 50 to 500 feet diameter at top, and some of them 150 feet deep. The ice was frequently visible on the sides ; and at the bottom was a dirty sea-green-coloured pool of water, apparently very deep. Into one of these craters I rolled down numerous large stones from off the edge, and in a few seconds huge masses of ice rose from below, seemingly detached by the lupli** ^''^' "' agitation of the water." Webb^ found the stream at its eiit » Stntittlcal Ace. * Gauri of Traill ;' Goree of Webb,' of the surveyor-general's map ; • Field Book * Goreegunga of Garden ;' Goree of Manson,* and of Weller ;* Gaura, Gauri, No. Iv. or Gaurani, of Wilford,^ who considers it identical witb the Agorania rf 3Ta. of Route*, 55. Megasthenes. • Journ. A». Soc. •* Beng. 1842, p. 6 ggnae work, 1843, p. 87. • At. Res. xlr. 410— On the ADcieat Geography of lodli. 1106. 3^ GOR. from the glacier twenty -^ight feet wide and four deep, and from its coldness and great rapidity altogether unfordable. There is no passage up the gorge beyond the glacier. The elevation above the sea of the point of emergence from the glacier is, by barometer, 11,543 feet."* The great accumulation of snow in the * Wobb, uttupn. gorge results from the fall of avalanches, which Webb observed to cause in a few days an increase in the thickness of the stratum of upwards of forty feet. Hence, notwithstanding the extraordinary rapidity of the stream, resulting from a fall^ in some parts of its * Batten, tn note bed of 800 feet per mile, the river is overlaid with deep snow for grpnC"iT7ei."* a considerable distance below its source. It first takes a south- easterly direction for four miles, to its confluence with the Ghmika, which, rising* on the southern declivity of the Unta • joum. .a». soc DhuraPass, has a course nearly south, and in lat. 30° 24', long. ^weii!?fur** 80° 12', joins the Gori on the left side of the latter. Though »"Pf«- the Ghunka has a greater length of course by about twelve or fourteen miles, and a greater'' volume of water than the Gori, ^ Manton, ot the latter gives its name to the united stream. For some miles *"**"* below the confluence, the stream varies in width from twelve to twenty yards, and runs with such extraordinary violence and rapidity, as in many places to resemble a cascade tumbling down a rugged face of rocks; in others it is hid below a continuous mass of ice and snow. In forty miles, the declivity of the waterway is 6,599 feet, or upwards of 160 in a mile. It receives on the right and left many torrents, none very considerable ; and, continuing its course in a southerly direction, so as totally to run about sixty miles, falls into the Kalee on the right side. Webb, who crossed it at this place by a sangha or spar bridge, found it unfordable, 102 feet wide, very violent and rapid. A short distance lower down, it is, however, fordable in three and a half feet water. The confluence is 1,972 feet above the sea. Lat. 29° 45', long. 80° 25'. QOEIHAIt, or GOTJEIAR,^ in Bundelcund, the prin- » e.i.c. u: dpc cipal place of the jaghire or feudal grant of the same name, a small town or village 16 miles S.W. of Banda, 66 S.E. of Calpee. Lat. 25° 16', long. 80° 15'. The jaghire^ is stated to » Parliamentary comprise an area of seventy-six square miles, and to contain im".™' ^^ ' nineteen villages, with a population of 7,500 souls, and yielding a revenue of 65,000 rupees (6,500Z.). It is held of the East- India Company, under grant dated November, 1807, and the <81 B.I.a Ms. Doe. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. E.I.C. M«. Doe. E.I.C. Trigon. 8iirf. Moorcroft. Pu^j. Bokh. 1. W. > E.I.C. Mt. Doc • P«r1iain«nUr7 Retarn, 1851. * Buchumn, Euteni India, U.886. ^ Bklnner, Exeur- •font In India, IL900. GOR. jaghiredar maintains a force of thirtj horse and one hundred foot. GORKHA, in the native state of Nepaul, a town 68 miles W. hj N. from Khatmandoo, and 104 miles K.E. from GoTuckpoor, and formerly the principal place of the coantry of the reigning dynasty of Nepaul. Lat. 27^ 62', long. 84° 28'. GORPOORE.— A town of Assam, in the British district of Luckimpoor, presidency of Bengal, 40 miles S.W. of Lnckim- poor. Lat. 26° 53', long. 93° 39'. GORUCKNATH, in Sirhind, a village on the route from Finjor to Malown, and 12 miles N.W. of the former place. It is situate at the hase of the Suh-Himalaya, near the right bank of the river Sursa, and on the north-eastern border of the Pinjor Doon. Lat. 30° 54', long. 76° 64'. GORUCKPORE,' a district under the lieutenant-gover- norship of the North- West Provinces, is named from its prin- cipal place. It is bounded on the north by the territory of Nepaul ; on the east and south-east by the district Sarun ; on the south by the British district of Azimgurh ; on the south- west and west by the territory of Oude. It lies between bt. 26° 7'— 27° 30', long. 82° 12'— 84° 30', and includes an area of 7,346 square miles.^* The district is in general remarkablj^t level, but at a few spots in the east and south-east, there are some ridges of slight elevation, seldom exceeding sixty feet in perpendicular height above the plain, with a breadth of from 100 to 300 yards. They consist of a light soil, well suited for the growth of trees, but are not cultivable, the steepness of their slopes precluding irrigation. The more southern are visible to those passing up and down the Gtmges.^ Their crest has an uneven outline, and they are rendered the more remarkable by the fact that no similar elevations are visible in navigating the river from the vicinity of the Himalayas. From calculations founded on the slope of river-beds, the average * The extent of this district was fonnerlj Luger. In 1832 a portion of it, and a portion detached from Ghazeepore, were formed into a aepanits collectorate, called Azimgbur. t Buchanan mentions an exception to the generally level character of the oouutiy, — the monntain of Maddar, in the north of the district ; but that tract was ceded to the Goorkahs in 1810. GOEUCKPORE. eleration of the central part of the district of G-oruckpore above the sea is estimated at about 340 feet.* The surface slopes with a general and very gentle declivitj from north-west to south-east, as is indicated by the courses of the Ghaghra, Baptee, Gunduck, and divers other streams. The general descent probably does not on an average exceed eight inches per mile ; and in consequence of the comparative flatness, many parts are laid under water during the rainy season. From many hollows the abundant rains never entirely evaporate, and hence the country abounds in jhils or shallow lakes. " In the rainy^ season these are of great extent and pretty deep, but • Biiehanan. «t even then they are in many parts hid by reeds, some aquatic *"'"*• "* ***' trees, and many aquatic herbs. As the long dry season advances, their size contracts greatly, and, except in a few parts, they become very shallow, and in many dry ; while every day they are more and more obscured by vegetation." ^ They differ much," adds Buchanan, '* from bogs or marshes, in having nothing offensive or putrid on their sides or bottoms, which, notwithstanding the immense quantity of vegetables and animab that they contain, consist of fine clay, which, imme- diately on being exposed to the air, becomes firm ; nor does it even emit any offensive vapour. The vicinity of these pieces of water is therefore perfectly healthy." The most important are the Moti Jhil (Pearl of Lakes) or jhil of Bakhira, twelve miles west of the town of Goruckpore ; in the dry season seven miles^ long and three broad ; the Kamgarhtal,^ close to the east * id. ii. sos, sm. of the same town, six long and three broad ; and Bherital, Trenu^. ot mmI. in the south-east of the district, and near the left bank of the ""f ^*''^?^? ' Calcutta, HI. 908. Gbaghra. The climate of Goruckpore is sultry in the southern parts, but is considered as healthy^ as any in India of the same * Buchanan, average temperature. In the north, or towards the base of the Himalaya, the heat is not so great, but the air is less salu- brious f fever, intermittents, and other complaints generated ' id. it. sss. by malaria, being much more common. The easterly and westerly winds are the more prevalent ; and the change to the opposite directions generally takes place after a short inter- vening calm, without veering through the intermediate points. * Brando's Journal, vol ii. first series, p. 242. Colebrooke estimates' the * At. Res. zli.see. elevation above the sea at 400 feet ; but this very probably errs in excess. 888 GOEUCKPOEE. The west winds prevail from the middle of February to the middle of June, when they are succeeded by those from the east. These continue until the middle of October, and during the remainder of the year the east and west winds blow for nearly equal periods, the north and south winds blowing only occasionally. In the immediate vicinity of the mountains, a current of air rushing down each considerable gorge, produces nearly every forenoon a wind from north to south. The westerly winds are not attended by that searing and pernicious sultriness which causes them in tracts lying more to the west- ward and south-westward to be emphatically denominated " the hot winds." In winter, indeed, they are accompanied by such a degree of cold as produces thin ice. The periodical rains continue from the middle of June to the middle of October : they are less liable to failure than in places farther south or west, and are more abundant and certain in propor- tion to proximity to the mountains. Groves and jungles abounding in Gt>ruckpore, there is ample cover for wild animals. Tigers infest many parts, but less than formerly, in consequence of the havoc made amongst them by the keenness of British sportsmen. A sentinel was ouce ■ Bucharan, carried^ off by a tiger from the midst of the large town of Goruckpore, and in 1769, a famine having destroyed most of the herbivorous animals, the tigers became desperate from hunger, and, entering the town of Bhewopar, destroyed about 400 of the inhabitants ; the remainder of whom seeking safety in flight, the place was for some time desolate. So lately as 1807, it was stated that about seven or eight human beings, and between 200 and 300 head of cattle, annually fell a prey to tigers. They are most dangerous during the periodical rains, when driven from the reedy jungles, in which at other seasons they harbour. The natives enumerate four species of the large feline tribes ^—1. The Nongiyachor or royal tiger; 2. the Babbra, which is white, has very long hair about the head, and exceeds the former in size; 3. the Cheeta or hunting leopard ; 4. the Tenduya, a small spotted feline oreature, living in trees. The black Indian bear is common, as is the wolf; jackals are numerous, and many being seized with hydrophobia^ the destruction of life from this cause is not uncommon. Foxes are rare, and the existence of hyaenas in the district tt. 600. GOEUCKPORE. appears doubtful. Wild elephants are very destructive, and have been often seen witbin a mile or two of the large town of Gh)ruckpope. They do much injury to the grain, and some- times kill persons in the less-frequented parts. The rhinoceros is not so common as the elephant ;* but wild buffaloes are frequently seen in herds of several hundreds. Wild swine, deer, and antelopes are abundant. Monkeys are common in the woods, and porcupines are met with in all parts. The goshawk or baz is tamed for falconry. The parrot, paroquet, peafowl, bustard, partridge, quail, lovebird, jackdaw, and lark, aboond. The number and variety of waterfowl is astonishing ; and they are used as food to a great extent. Among them are cranes, ducks, coots, and grebes. Porpoises are found in the large rivers, and tortoises in both running and standing water. The ghariyar or Gangetic crocodile, and the nak or alligator, are very numerous and dangerous, penetrating into every stream and piece of water during the rains. Serpents exist in great numbers ; and it is reported that between 200 and 800 persons die every year of their bites. Scorpions swarm in n^any places, but their bite is never fatal. Fish are abundant, but usually small, the ravages of the crocodiles preventing any considerable supply of those of large size. According to Buchanan,^ 1,625 families, employing 395 small boats, are *». sio. engaged in fishing. Honey is produced in considerable quantities, and the lac insect abounds ; but little care is taken to collect its produce. Buchauan estimates the extent of woodland at 1,450' square * ut lupra, sis. miles. The trees comprise the sal (Shorea robusta), the pipal (Picus religiosa), the harra, prized both for its fruit and timber, mahua (Bassia latifolia), the esculent flowers of which yield a spirit in much request; various species of mimosa, tamarind, and many others. The Bauhinia scandens, a climb- ing shrub, attains the size of a man's waist in girth, is some- times trained across a stream or a chasm, thus forming a swinging bridge that lasts for years. Bamboos are used inter- mixed with other plants, to form fences round plantations. Of fruit-trees, the mango is everywhere cultivated, though its produce is of poor quality ; there are also species of citrons, * The Terai, or marshy forest stretchiog along the southern base of the Sub-Himalaya, is probably the principal habitat of the rhinoceros. . » 2 ^ GOEUCKPOBE. peach, and pomegranate: long pepper grows apontaaecMuly. The lands liable to inundation are cultivated with rice, which is the staple crop of most parts of this district, though in some * jouro. Af ricui- wheat* is more extensively grown. A few years since, inquiries tliui^s^? of" ^®^ °**^® ^y *^® ^^^^ government as to the probabihty of India, No. II. Aug. the latter becoming a profitable article of export to the United *** Kingdom, but the results were not such as to afford enoounge- • Report or Select ment to the trial of the experiment.^ Other crops are barlej, Com! on EuT-^ millet, maize, the opium poppy, arhar (Cytisus cajanus), gram India Produce, 68. (Cicer arietiuum), peas, and various other kinds of pube ; some species of amaranthus, mustard, and other oil-plants ; gingoTi • Buchanan, turmeric, and betel. Cotton* is grown, though not to a suffi* cient* extent for the home demand. In the expenmentsl farms of the government, native sorts were found to succeed well, but the American kinds failed. Indigo is cultivated hj 7 Report of Select grautecs^ of the East-India Company. Tobacco is extensively Sm.oi'LT"' grown, principally for home consumption. The sugarcane ii J"5*J"***"**' ^** well® suited to the soil and climate, though more remote from pra, 64, 96, 57. the oquator than the g^ierality of tracts in which sugar is suc- cessfully cultivated. The attention of British capitalists hss * Report, ut latterly been directed to the planting of mulberry-trees.' •upra,67. rpj^^ domcstic auimals of Qoruckpore are camels, horses, asses, kine,t sheep, goats, and swine. The population being very indigent, and in a low state of civilization, the manu£Eu:tures are few and simple, being nesrlj restricted to coarse cottons,^ woollens, tanning, dyeing, rude workings in metals, sugar-boiling, and extraction of soda snd nitre from soils impregnated with those substances. The I Buchanan, li. exports are represented^ to be grain, pulse, oil-seeds, oil, sugsr, ^ melasses, ginger, turmeric, tobacco, lac, honey, wax, indigo, cotton cloth, nitre, ghee or clarified butter, elephants, kine, > Report of Select * A proprietor and oultivator to great extent states* that the cotton of Com. of House of Gomckpore is not fit to be sent down to Calcutta, and is only ad^ited for Com. on East* . • .. IndU Produce, ee. looal oontumption. t Buchanan gives the numbers of the live stock in great detail; huttht statements, if liable to no other objection, are now obsolete. t A proprietor and oultivator (Mr. Sym), who gave evidence before ft select committee of the House of Commons on East-India produce, be- ■ Report, ttt lieved ' that most of the cloth worn by ryots was woven in the ▼i]lsgruckpore, * id. iso. and thence continued in the same direction to Sekrora, in Oude ; 3. in a direction nearly from north^ to south, from the * i^ m* town of Ooruckpore to Azimgurh ; 4. in a direction nearly frx)m north to south, from the town^ of Gt>ruckpore to Qhazeepore ; • id. its. 5. from north-east to south-west,^ from the town of Gx>ruckpore • id. iso. to Sultanpoor, in Oude. Great improvements, calculated to develop the resources of the country, have been effected in the district within the last few years, by the Boad Fund Com- mittee, resulting in an increase of the government rental, the amount of which was subsequently fixed for a series of years, and is not liable to a further increase until 1859.^ A plan ' Act of G«>rt. adopted by the local government for bringing the waste lands i84o! ^ into cultivation, which first came under the notice of the home authorities in 1836, did not, when the details came to be understood, secure their approbation. Vast grants of waste land at a progressive rental, increasing from the fourth to the twenty-fifth year, were made to various individuals, four-fifths of whom were Europeans, and the remainder Anglo-Indians. These grants were stated to have amounted to nearly 418,000 British statute acres, or 653 square miles; and it appeared that three individuals were concerned, either directly or indi- rectly, in no less than 208,480 acres, or 345 square miles ; an area exceeding that of the county of Middlesex. These enor- mous allotments were judged by the home authorities to have been made without due regard either to the circumstances of the country transferred, or to the means possessed by the * From fbrmor notes, it will be seen that the cotton of Gomckpore is vnfit for the Galontta market, but that it was believed that the oloth used bj the villagers was mostfy of home fiibrication. Notwithstanding the hidn esi of the quality, cotton doth is mentioned as an article of export ; bet some descriptions of cotton manufactured goods appear also to be imported. Either the export is of coarse goods, and the import of fine, or the representatk>n that (Goruckpore exports cotton oloth must apply to a state of things that no longer exists. 2 c 2 ^ GOEUCKPOEB. grantees for effecting the required improvement; and orders were given to cancel the grants as far as might be practicable. For the guidance of the local government in future, certain rules were enjoined, and others recommended, for the purpose of avoiding on future occasions the errors committed in regard to these grants. Among the objects proposed bj these rules, were the prohibition of any grant of land without previous survey ; the prohibition of any grant to a European, unless be engaged to reside on the land himself, and to bring it into cultivation within a specified period ; the prohibition of sale or transfer until the land had been brought into cultivation; the limitation of the extent of grants made under general con- ditions, and the annexation of special conditions to additional grants ; the resort to public competition, by inviting tenders for the purchase of waste land ; the admission of natives to a share in the distribution ; the preservation of all ancient rights; the maintenance of roads and drains, and the due apportionment of water for irrigation. Some of these points were enforced in orders issued in 1836, and final and peremptory orders on the subject were sent out in 1842. The population, according to a census taken in 1848, • shakespeur, amounts to 2,376,633.8 Of these, 1,779,678 are returned as N.w. Prov. 197, Hiudoos engaged in agriculture; 331,247 Hindoos employed *^^' in other occupations; 198,765 Mahomedans and others, not being Hindoos, agricultural ; 66,843 non-agricultural. It will thus be seen that the great majority of the inhabitants of Goruckpore are Hindoos. The Mahomedans of course form the next largest number. There are, it is said, a few Sikhs; and a small number of the rich merchants and tradesmen pro- fess the doctrine of the Jains. Men of all classes and descrip- tions formerly went armed for the purpose either of outrage or defence ; but since the country passed into the hands of the British government, all the strongholds of freebooters hare been demolished, and no open resistance is now shown to the ruling authority. The tract constituting this district was formerly part of the possessions of Oude, and was comprised within the transfer of • oude Papers, xz. territory made under the treaty of the 10th November, 1801,' by the nawaub vizier, to the East-India Company, in commu- tation of their claims for subsidy and other charges. MO GOEUCKPOEE. The district contains three towns having more than 5,000 inhabitants but less than 10,000, and two (Qoruckpore and Jangul Purowna) having more than 10,000. Some notice of them will be found in the proper places under the alphabetical arrangement. GOEUCKPOEE.^ *— The principal place of the British » f.t.c. mi. doc. district of the same name, within the limits of the lieutenant- governorship of the North- Western Provinces. It is situate on the left bank of the Eaptee, which is here a fine navigable river, with a channel about 200 yards^ wide, at all seasons con- * Buchanui, taioing deep water, and consequently passable only by ferry,* t » OHrden, Tablet there being no bridge. " Only a comer of the town* is adjacent ©'Routes, 57. to the bank, the extent of high ground being there small, and h. 340. widening farther back from the river. The situation, however, is good and healthy, and would be more agreeable were the forests and plantations cleared away, as they exclude ventila- tioD, occasion many musquitoes, and harbour great numbers of monkeys, which are exceedingly troublesome. But the natives object strongly to any such measure." This favourable report of the place must, however, be received with some qualification, as there is much marsh in the vicinity of the town, and in the rainy season the whole country southwards for six miles, as far as the river Ami, is often laid under water.* Tieffenthaler* « Garden, m. estimates its circuit at three miles, but mentions that the natives reported it to be seven. A few of the houses are of bnck, and tiled ; the larger portion of the remainder have mud * From Gonikh, the proper name of a Hindu teacher, and Pur, "town." Buchanan says * the name *' is no doubt derived from the personage named > Surr. of Eattern Gorakhnath in the vulgar language, and Gorakshanath in the Sanskrita, who '"•*'•» "• **8. n said to have resided some time at the place, performing penance. The fikbles which his followers relate concerning this person, are so extravagant, from their supposing that he is the only true Qod, who has always existed, thai nothing satisfactory can be derived from this source concerning the dura- tion of the town of Goruckpoor." Buchanan appears to deem this personage purely imaginary. It is said, however, that a person' named Gorakh * At. Re«. xrll. flourished in the beginning of the fifteenth century : that he was a man of ^*® «*7r)^"" * * , "^ * . . son, Relklou* ■ome acquirements, and has left specimens of his scholarship in two San- s^ts of Hindoot. Bkrit compositions. According to the authorities' of the sect, " Gorakh is 3 id. 101. bat one of nine eminent teachers or naths." Tieffentbaler* also mentions ^ Bftchreibung Gorenath, " a hermit held in very great esteem among the heathen." ton mudust-n, t In the tune of 'neJQTenthaler, a century ago, it was crossed by a bridge of boats 100 paces in length. 109 GOEUCKPOEE. waDs, but are tiled ; but a small number are mere hotels of L ^"i"^^* hurdle, and thatched. " When new/ like others in this dis- U« 947* trict, the tiled roofs are uncommonly neat, but they are reiy soon spoiled by the monkeys, who, from their insatiable curiosity and restless mischief, turn over the tiles, and rente the roofs the most unseemly and useless in the world." There are two mosques ; one completely ruinous ; the other, which is in better preservation, and is still frequented, is built of • "• *<>• brick, in a remarkably heavy, tasteless style.® Both buildings • ut supra, iM. are mentioned by Tieffenthaler,* who describes the former as ancient a century ago. The Imam-barah,* built by Shoqjah- oo-Dowlah, nawaub of Oude, is handsome and spacious, and is kept in etcellent repair by a person who has a large endow- ment. It would have a striking and fine effect, were it not surrounded by a chaos of filth and misery. The fort bears the name of Basantpoor, and is situate close to the left bank of « ut fupra, Toi. L the Eaptee. The ground-plan given by Tieffenthaler^ is a ^^ '^ ' regular square, with a bastion at each comer, and two inter- mediate, at regular intervals on each face ; and consequendj twelve altogether. When the English took possession, ia 1802, the fortifications had become ruinous, and part of the fort was then demolished, and some rooms built in the Euro- •p.8«7. pean style. Buchanan ^ adds — "But still it is a very sorry place, although it serves the collector as an office and treasury. Bound the town the magistrates have made some good roads, and the houses of Europeans are scattered on the east, south, and west sides of the town, especially on the last, where the military cantonments and jail are situated. I have seen no station where the houses of the Europeans have so poor an appearance, or where the grounds about them are so destitute ' Surreyor-gene- of omament." The cantonment is at present on the east side' ral'i Map* . ^ TaMin'sOreatMap of the towu, ou the highest grouud that could be appropriated •ndudjoini^**"' ^^^ ^^® purpose ; and from the sandiness of tiie soil, water* Territories. seldom lodffcs OU it for more than a day or two. But this * Traniactfl of Med. and phju high grouud immediately rises from the Bamgartal, a jhil or hTi^!^*^*^"''*' shallow lake situate on its south-east side, which is six miles » Buchanan, long* and three broad, and from the channels by which this il. 851. I p. 108. * Acoording to Richardson,* "a place illaminated at the fertiTal d Mohurmm, where the shrines of the imams Hasan and Hnsayn are Tiiuted with great veneration/' GOEUCKPOEE. expanse of stagnant water receives the drainage of a great jungle Ijing on the north, and stretching eastward of the cantonment. When this jhil and the river Baptee rise to a certain height, a communication is formed between them, and the level of the stagnant water is regulated bj that of the river. If, however, the communication be long interrupted during hot weather, the whole surface of the jhil becomes a mass of decayed vegetable matter. The cantonment^ affords • Benirfti and Agn accommodation for a detail of native artillery, a detachment of ii."part ul i«L light cavalry, and a regiment of native infantry. The civil establishment consists of the usual European officers and native functionaries. The population of the town of Goruck- pore, according to a census taken in 1848, amounted to 45,265.^ 7 Mem. Stat, of A short distance from the town is the sthan or place of ' * '^^' Qorackhnath,* near which is a tank intended for ritual ablu- tions, and said to have been miraculously formed. This town is mentioned in the Ayeen Akbery® as having a • "• ^pp. as. biick fort. Elevation f above the sea between 380 and 340 feet. Distance direct from Calcutta, N.W., 430 miles ; from Hazareebagh 230; from Dinapore 180. Lat. 26"^ 42', long. 83° 23'. GOEUCKPORE, in the British district of Purruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a vil- lage on the route from the cantonment of Bareilly ^ to that of * o*"**"* T«wet ^ •'of RoulflS, 84. * According to Wilson,' "tbe present temple is situate to the west of i At. Ret. xrll. ihe city of Gomckpore, and attached to it on the south side are three ^^^* temples, consecrated to Mahadeva, Pasupatinath, and Hannnian.*' t Colebrooke estimates' th,e elevation of Goruckpore above the sea at > At. Ret. xil. 280. 400 feet. Prinsep,* from barometrical observation, estimates the elevation B"»nde« ^®"'^^ of Benares above the sea at 270 feet. Revelgnnge is 165* miles lower t ^t. Rpt^ xr. down the Ganges than Benares, and, assuming with Prinsep the slope of Append x. the water-line of the Ganges* in that part of its course to be five inches - RoifteL I6l. per mile, the elevation of Bevelgunge may be estimated at 270 — 69 feet, * steam Naviga- or, in round numbers, at 200 feet, and that of the mouth of the Ghagbra, }'**?J"J^"'''** ten miles nearer Benares, at 204 feet. Now, from the mouth of the Ohaghra to Goruckpore, by the continuous course of part of that river and of the Baptee, is about 130 miles ; and allowing a foot per mile for the slope of the water-line, which is perhaps as much as is admissible for Btreams thoroughly navigable either way, it will be found that the eleva- tion of Goruckpore cannot exceed 204 + 180^834 feet; and consequently, the estimate made by Colebrooke must be regarded as erring in excess. 891 GOR— GOT. • Mundf , Skctchcf, ii. 24. Archer, Tuura, Ii. 18. B.I.C. 1ft. Diic. R.I.C. If*. Doc Garden, Tiiblet of RouUm. > E.I.C. M t. Doc • Garden, Tablet of Routet, 293. E.I.C. Mt. Doe. Garden. Tablet of Routet, 40. E.I.C. Mt. Doe. Atkinton, Exp. into Af^ 87-00. Futtehgurh, and eight miles N.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country level, fertile,^ and highly cultivated. Lat. 27° 28', long. 79° 41'. GORUH, in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- Western Provinces, a town the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name. Lai 28° 49', long. 77° 56'. GOEUH, in the British district of Budaoon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Agra to Bareilly, and 66 miles N.E. of the former. In this part of the route the road is in many places heavy and sandy, the country partially cultivated. Lat. 27° Stf, long. 78° 45'. GOSAINGANJ,^ • in the territory of Oude, a village on the route from Lucknow cantonment to Purt^bgurh, 20 miles^ S.E. of the former, 90 N.W. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is well supplied ; the road north-west, or towards Lucknow, is rather good ; south-east, towards Purtabgurh, a mere cart- track, winding over a waste plain. Lat. 26° 42', long. 81° &. GOTEH. — A town in the Southern Mahratta jaghire of Jumkundee, 86 miles N.E. from Belgaum, and 163 miles S.E. by S. from Poonah. Lat. 16° 41', long. 75° 30'. GOTELAEE, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Aligurh to that of Myn- pooree, and 29 miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, flat, and but par- tially cultivated. Lat. 27° 30^, long. 78° 46'. GOTXEE, in Sinde, a small town on the route from Subzul- cote to Shikarpoor, and 34 miles W. of the former place. It is situate six miles from the left bank of the Indus, in a bw, level, alluvial country, much overspread with jungle. Though the houses are meanly built of mud, there is a showy baiar, with numerous verandas, decorated with various fantastic devices. The town also possesses a moeque of considerable size, surmounted by a cupola covered with glazed tiles. The vicinity is infamous on account of the predatory and san- guinary character of its inhabitants. Lat. 28° 2', long. 69° 20'. * Gosainganj, Saints-town; from GosaiD, ''a repated Hindoo saint,'* and Ganj, ''a mart, or market-town." 892 GOT— GOU. GK)TIfcA. — A town in the native state of Gwalior, or ter- e.i.c. ms. doc ritory of Scindia's family, 83 miles S.W. bj W. from Gwalior, and 99 miles W. by N. from Jhansee. Lat. 26° 39^, long. 77° 5'. GOTTARAO, or STJEDHAE GHUE, in Sinde, a fort on ^^ ' c m«. doc the route from Eoree to Jessulmair, and 50 miles N.W. of the latter place. It is situate near the eastern frontier, in the Thur or Sandy Desert, the surface of which undulates in a snccession of sandhills, not totally barren, as they produce a spare vegetation of stunted bushes and tufted grass. Water in this district is scarcely to be had except during rains, and even then in small pools barely capable of supplying 100 men. The fort of Gottarao is built of brick, and forms a square of about 200 yards. The wall is from twenty to twenty-five feet high, and a keep in the interior is about ten feet higher. On the east and the greater part of the north side is an outer wall of about ten feet high. There are about a dozen round bas- tions in various parts of the walls. The fort is supplied with water from a depth of 160 feet by five wells. Two of these are within the walls ; the remaining three without, but close to tbem. During the sway of the Talpoor dynasty, this place belonged to the ameers of Khyerpoor, and was defended by two guns and a garrison of 150 matchlock-men. An incon- siderable village is attached to the fort. It is frequently called Sirdar Ghur (the Sudur Ghur of Walker's map). Lat. 27° 16', long. 70° 4'. GOUHANEE,^ in the British district of Banda, lieutenant- • e.i.c. ms Doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town three miles^ * Garden, Tubiei left or S.E. of the route from Allahabad to Kallinger, 65 miles W. of the former, 67 N.E. of the latter. Supplies are abun- dant, the neighbouring country being level and well cultivated. Lat. 25° 18', long. 81° 9'. GOULLT, in the British district of Bijnour, lieutenant- Garden, Tabid governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Moradabad to Mozufiemuggur, and 37 miles N.W. of the former place. It is situate in an open and par- tially-cultivated country, in which water and abundant supplies can be obtained. The road in this part of the route is sandy and heavy for wheeled carriages. Distant N.W. from Cal- cutta, by Moradabad, 925 miles. Lat. 29° 7', long. 78° 23'. a9» GOU— GOV. I E.I.C. Ms. Doe. s Onrdon, Tablet of Routen, 177. • Mundy, 8ket*hrt. ii 24. A rclier, Tour*, li. 18. > E.I.C. Ms. Doo. * Gnrden, Tablet of Routet, 82. E.I.C.M11. Doe. E.I.C. Mt. Doc < K.I.C. Mt. Doe. • Oarden, TtWet of Routet, 965. * Thorn, Mem. of War in India, 894. * Ward, Hist. Lit. and ReMg. of tlie Hiudooi, I. 194. GOUNTIA,! in the British diBtrict of Farmckahad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Shahjehanpoor to that of Futtehghur, and five^ miles N.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, f(^ile, and highly cultivated." Lat. 27° 24', long. 79° 41'. GOUR.— See Gaue. GOURANGHEE.— A river rising in lat. 26° 43', long. 90° 7', on the southern slope of the Sub-Himalaya range of mountains, and in the native state of Bhotan, and, flowing south for thirty miles through Bhotan, and eighteen miles through the British district of Gt)alpara, falls into the Brahmapootra on the right side, in lat. 26° IC, long. 90° 13'. GOUREA,^ in the British district of Cawnpore, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route &om Allahabad to Etawah, and 70 miles^ S.E. of the latttf . The road in this part of the route is bad, running generally through narrow deep ravines. Lat. 26° 12', long. 79° 66'. GOURIAR.— See G^eihab. GOURJE ANUH.— A town in the native state of Bhawul- poor, near the lefl bank of the river Ghara, and 130 miles E.N.E. from Bhawulpoor. Lat. 30° 14', long. 73° 39'. GO VARDANGERRY.— A town in the British district of North Canara, presidency of Madras, 93 miles N. by W. of Mangalore. Lat. 14° 11', long. 74° 42'. GOVERDHUN,! in the British district of Muttra, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from the cantonment of Muttra to Deeg, and 16 miles' W. of the former. Here,' on the night previous to the battle of Deeg, were the head-quarters of General Eraser. It has a bazar and water, and supplies for troops are abundant. The road eastward, or towards the cantonment of Muttra, is gene- rally indifferent, and heavy in parts ; westward, towards Deeg, it is good. This vicinity is in the Hindoo mythological legends marked by the fabled miracles and exploits of the divinity Elrishna, who at the age of eight years ^'took^ up Mount G^x)vurdhunu in his arms, and held it as an umbrella over the heads of the villagers and their cattle, during a dreadful storm, with which the angry king of heaven was overwhelming 384 GOVEHDHUN. them."* In the Great Indian Atlas,^ published by authority, * No. so, the site of the town is represented in an opening in a range of mountains running north-east and south-west, on the western boundary of the district of Muttra ; but Garden,* in his remarks • ut tapn, aw. on the surrounding country, states it to be " flat and culti- vated." That this, however, is a mistake, appears from the account of Sleeman,^ who lately visited this place, and states ' R«mbi»i and that ** the town stands upon a narrow ridge of sandstone hills, n. q^ **"* about ten miles long, rising suddenly out of the alluvial plain, and running north-east and south-west." The extremities of this ridget slope gradually to the plain, from which the sides * Hamilion relates the foUowiDg legend :' — " Near to Bindrabond there ■ D<^ription of IB a moantaiD nuned Goverdbana, bent on one side, owing to the follow- Hindotmn, i. 800. ing cause. Daring a great drought, when the people were worshipping lodra, the god of the heavens, Krishna recommended them to propitiate the deity of the mountain, which they accordingly did. Krishna then assmning the Ibrm of a god, sat on its top, from whence he stretched out bis hand and devoured the food offered ; but the weight of his body was such, that the mountain bent under it ; in which shape it still continues. In tbe months of August and October, great multitudes of his votaries, haying illuminated the mountain, ascend to its summit, and then perform certain solemnities." t Sleeman^ recounts the legend respecting those hills : — "This range of * ii. 08. hills is beUeved by Hindoos to be part of a fbtgment of the Himalah Mountains, which Hunnooman, the monkey general of Ram, the sixth incarnation of Yishnoo, was taking down to ud his master in the formation of his bridge from the continent to the island of Ceylon, when engaged in the war with the demon king of that island, for the recovery of his wife Seeta. He made a lalse step by some accident. In passing Goverdhun, and this small bit of his load fell off. The rocks begged to be either taken on the god Bam, or back to their old place ; but Hunnooman was hard pressed for time, and told them not to be uneasy, as they would have a comfortable resting-place, and be worshipped by millions in future ages ; thus, aocording to popular belief foretelling that it would become the residence of a fiiture incarnation, and the scene of Krishna's miracles. The range was then about twenty miles long, ten having since disappeared under the ground. It was of full length during Krishna's days, and on one occasion he took up the whole upon his little finger, to defend his favourite town and its milkmaids from the wrath of Judar, who got angry with the people, and poured down upon them a shower of burning ashes." " It was* night when Hunnooman passed this place, and the lamps were > j ^^ n (^ seen burning in a hundred towns upon the mountain he had upon his back." Sleeman' states that it was the birth-place of Krishna, but Shakespear 3 u. 02. Ufa GOV— aow. rise abruptly. The population is at present scanty, consisting in a great measure of Brahmins, supported on the endowments annexed to the tombs of the Jat rajahs of Bhurtpore and of Deeg, whose bodies are burned and their ashes inhumated at this town. The tomb of Suraj Mul, the eminent Jat ruler of Bhurtpore, is on the north-eastern extremity of the rock ridge, ■ skeman, 1. 102. about two milcs from the town, and is a handsome® building, tastefully designed, and elaborately executed in fine white sandstone, little inferior to marble. Connected with this prin- cipal building are various subordinate temples, and the whole group extending along one side of a fine tank, full of clear water, and on the other side overlooking a large and beautiful garden. In the middle of the town is the handsome tomb of Banjit Singh, the rajah who successfully defended Bhurtpoor against Bntish assaults in 1805. On e^ch side of the tomb is a tank, one being full ; the other, though deeper, is dry, the contents having been drunk off by Krishna, when heated and thirsty, after dancing with his milkmaids ; and never since baa » Id. li. 101. it had any water.' Lat. 27° 30', long. 77° 32'. E.I.C. M.. Doc. GOVINDAPOORAM.— A town in the British district of Rajahmundry, presidency of Madras, 82 miles S.W. of Vizaga- patam. Lat. 17° 14', long. 82° 14'. ' E.I.C. M». Doc. GOVINDGUEH,! in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, a fortress, built in 1809, by Runjeet Singh, avowedly for the purpose of protecting the pilgrims resorting to Amritsir, but in reality to overawe the dangerous assemblage. Since its i)i^*^"frA*!"i84o occupation by the British, measures have been taken for adding and 25 Aprn.1831.' to its sccurity.^ Lat. 31° 40', long. 74° 45'. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. GO VINDPOOR, in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on the right bank of the river Beas, 85 miles E. by N. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 31° 44', long. 75° SS*. E.I.C. M,. Doc. GOW GHAT,* in the British district of Allahabad, Ueu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a ferry across the Jumna, near the city of Allahabad, and on the south and some others well versed in the mythological lore of the Hindoos, men' tion that Muttra is the place regarded by them as the scene of this events * Tours In Upper or rather of the appearance of Vishnu in theform of Krishna. Archer* India, K 84. mentions Goverdun as "the birth-place of Christnuh." * Cow-ford ; from Gaw, "cow," and Ghat, "ford." GOW. side of it. The bed of the river is here three-quarters of a mile wide, and the stream in the dry season occupies nearly the whole space. The left bank is rather steep, the right sloping. Lat. 25° 26', long. 81° 65'. GO WHA. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, three e.i.c. Mt. ooc miles from the left bank of the Wein Gunga, and 38 miles E. from Nagpoor. Lat. 21° 6', long. 79° 43'. GOWH ATTT.^ — A town in the British district of Camroop, » e.i c. Mi. doc presidency of Bengal, 69 miles E. of Goalpara. Its insalubrity has been brought to the notice of the government, and improve- ments have in consequence been carried on from time to time, with the view of remedying the unhealthiness of the station. Though much yet remains to be done in this respect, great benefit is stated to have resulted from the measures already * Denirai Judicial adopted.2 Lat. 26° 9', long. 91° 45'. f^ * **"'"*•• GOWNDUL,^ in the peninsula of Kattywar, province of ' e.i.c. m*. doc. Guzerat, a town in the district of Hallar. The talook attached to it contains 166 villages and towns, and has a population^ 'Jacob, Report estimated at 84,700 persons. A tribute of 63,006 rupees is paid *"* ''•^^•*»^» ^8. to the British government, and 74,400 rupees to the Guicowar. Distance from Ahmedabad, S.W., 135 miles ; Baroda, W., 160. Lat. 21° 57', long. 70° 50'. GOWRA,^ in the British district of Goruckpoor, lieutenant- i E.i.a wt. doc governorship of Agra, a small town on the right bank of the Chota Gunduk river, close to the south-east frontier, towards British district of Sarun. According to Buchanan,^ it contains * Enstern India, 250 houses, which amount would assign it a population of "* ^^ 1,500 persons. Distant S.E. from Goruckpoor cantonment 36 miles. Lat. 26° 43', long. 83° 20'. GO WBA,^ in Bussahir, a village on the route from Hampoor t e.i.c. Trigon. to Seran, and six miles N.E. of the former town. It is a neatly- ^"J'^j j^^^ built cleanly village, on the flank of a spur of the Himalaya, Himalaya, l loo. jutting into the Sutluj. The country in the vicinity is well tilled, and the views are fine. The rajah of Bussahir has here a neat residence ; dose to which is a handsome Hindoo temple, surrounded with an open trellis of wood, and ornamented with ^ a profusion of carving, executed with much skill and taste. —Herbert, oii Elevation above the sea 6,042 feet.a Lat. 31° 28', long. 77° 45'. ^,7^' ^^'*** * GOWRA, in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieutenant- £.i.c. Ms. doo. 807 GRA-GUD. governorship of tbe North- West Provinces, a town seven nules from the left bank of the Jumna, 26 miles W. of the town of Futtehpoor. Lat. 25° 5&, long. 80° 29'. B.I.C. Ml. Doc. GRAM. — A town in the native state of Mysore, 50 milea N.W. from Seringapatam, and 94 miles E. from Mangslore. Lat. 12° 59', long. 76° 17'. • GEAMUNG, in Bussahir, a village of Koonawur, in tbe valley of Tidung, and near the right bank of the river of that name, here a violent torrent, rushing down a channel having in some places a descent of 300 feet, in others of douUe that quantity, in a mile. The village of Gramung is pleasantly situate on a slope towards the south, the houses rising above each other, in consequence of the inclination of the ground. There is a small extent of cultivated ground, producing thriving crops of wheat, buckwheat, barley, turnips, and pulse. The whole is neatly laid out, and intersected by watercourses, the banks of which are adorned with walnut, apricot, apple, and poplar trees. The houses are well built, and roofed with birch bark overlaid with clay, and supported by timbers. Each has a pole, bearing a white flag or pennon, inscribed with the sacred sentence, " IJm Mane pal me Um," and surmounted by the chouri or tail of a black yak ; and the vicinity contains thousands of little temples, shrines, and other structures, devoted to the ritual observances of the Lamaic monks and nuns, who inhabit the village. » Gerard, Koont- Elcvatiou abovo the sca 9,174 feet.^ Lat. 31° 33*, long. ""' *"»*• 78° 88'. E.I.C. M..DOC. GEINGAVAEPUKOTA.— A town in the British district of Yizagapatam, presidency of Madras, 18 miles W. of Yisiana- gram. Lat. 18° 6', long. 88° 13'. GUASUBA. — The name of one of the channela by which the waters of the Ganges flow into the sea. Though of con- siderable size, it is '' the most difficult to enter of any on the « Honburgh. coast.'* ^ Its mouth is in lat. 21° 85', long. 88° 55'. GUDDADA.— A river rising in lat. 27° 52', long. 89° fif, on the Bouthem slope of the great Snowy Bange of the Himalaya Mountains, and, flowing in a southerly direction for 120 miles through Bhbtan, and forty miles through the British district of Goalpara, falls into the Brahmapootra on the right side, in lat 27° 3', long. 89° 57'. 308 L08d. GUD— GUG. GUDDEA. — A town in the British diatrict of Hydrabad, ei.c. Ms. Doe. province of Scinde, presidency of Bombay, 139 miles E. by N. of Hydrabad. Lat. 25° 4ff, long. 70° 37'. GUDHEYBEE, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieu- Gani«n. Tablet of tenant-governorship of the North- Western Provinces, a village ^''"^'*^' on the route from the cantonment of Allyg^h to that of Myn- pooree, and six miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, level, and but partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 15', long. 79° 2'. GUD JUNTUEGUB-H.—One of the Southern Mahratta e.i c. Mt. doc jaghires. The town of the same name, and ita principal place, is situate 98 miles E. of Belgaum, and 74 miles N.W. from Bellary. Lat. 15° 48', long. 76° 2'. GUDKA. — A town in the province of Guzerat, or territory b.i.c. m«. doc of the Guicowar, 11 miles S. from the Gulf of Cutch, and 84 miles W. by S. from Bajkote. Lat. 22° 9*, long. 69° 83'. GUDUK. — A town in the British district of Dharwar, pre- b.i.c. Mt. Doe. sidency of Bombay, 48 miles E. of Dharwar. Lat. 15° 26^, long. 75° 43'. GUDUBrPOOE, in the British district of Bareilly, division e.i.c. mi. doo. of Pilleebheet, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, on the route by Nanahmath and Eooderpoor from the town of Pilleebheet to Kashipore, 21 miles S.E. of the latter. Lat. 29° 2', long. 79° 17'. GUEBMANDA, in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- Garden, Tabi« of tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a halting- ground on the route from Almora to Sireenuggur, and 48 miles N.W. of the former. It is situate on a considerable stream, crossed here by a sangho or wooden bridge. Supplies are abundant, and the road well made. Lat. 29° 58', long. 79° y. GUGGUE.^ — A river or great torrent of Sirhind, a^d » k-ic Trigon. the principal stream of that territory. It rises beyond the journ. ai. soc north-east frontier, in Pateeala, about lat. 30° 52', long. 77° 7'. ^^J: i8«. pJm ' ' . — EdgiiorUi, Bo- In consequence of the extent of the hiUy country which it unie AgHcuitand 1. .. y m 1 •a* !•* ji.* * Account of Pro- drains, its volume of water in time oi inundation is very con- tectedsiuisuuat. siderable. Ai%er forming the boundary for a short distance between some of the hill districts and Sirhind, it finally enters GUHMUE. the latter, in lat. 30° 43', long. 76° 57', whence its course is mainly in a south-west direction through a shallow, level valler, « jonm u soc. about twcuty-ninc^ miles wide. The Markunda and Suraooty, — n'^.klr^onuv^ farther east, flow down the same valley, which, in time of between Jumna inundation, is dclugcd with water, forming a close network of streams, and sometimes causing the three rivers to coalesce into one great stream. In the season when lowest, it becomes » Baker, ut inpra. a " Small thread of water." '^ Jacquemont,^ who crossed it at ojBge, V. ^1^^^ time, describes the channel as narrow, but very deep, being, in fact, a ravine scooped by the torrent out of the alluvial soil. The water was then about two feet deep, but appearances indicated that in time of inundation it might be eiglit or nine. Having received the Sursooty, and some streams of less importance, it, after a course of about 140 miles, generally in a south-w^est direction, passes into the British district of Hurreeanah, and subsequently into that of Butteeanah ; its course through these two provinces measuring about 110 miles. It then crosses the Beekaneer frontier, close to which, near Badhopal, and twenty-two miles south-east of Bhatnir, in lat. 29° 24', long. 74° 14', it is joined by a water- * Joum. As. Soc. course, the continuation of the celebrated canal of Feroz Shah.* —Coivin. on iiie Hcrcabouts it becomes totally exhausted by evaporation, ab- i!f"thrDdiIri>rri- sorption, and diversion for the purposes of irrigation, but tory. formerly reached the Sutlej, about twenty miles north-east of the town of Bahawulpoor, by a channel which, though now devoid of w^ater, can be traced to that extent. In the dry season, however, the water does not flow beyond Dundhid. The country about the lower part of its course, though now quite barren and depopulated, abounds in ruins, the evidence of * coivjn, ut tupra, former prosperity.* The river is mentioned by Baber,^ under 7 .vj'emoim.noi. the name of Kagar, and by Bennell,^ under that of Caggur or •Mem, of Map, Kcuker. 71. GUHMUR. — A town on the right bank of the river Ganges, in the British district of Ghazeepoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, containing a population of 7,420 * statistics of inhabitants.^ The place is of comparative importance, there being only ten towns in the whole district of Ghazeepoor con- taining a population exceeding that of Guhmur. Distant S.E. from Ghazeepoor 14 miles. Lat. 25° 28', long. 83° 51'. 400 GUJ. GUJELHATTI, or GAJELHATTI,i in the British district ' eic M..Doe. of Coimbatoor, a fort in a pass between the territory of Mysore and the district of Coimbatoor. This fort, formerly looked upon as of great importance, has of late years been much dis- regarded, and the pass is scarcely frequented,^ those farther • B«ikie, on tba north being preferred, as more convenient* for the lines of communication with Madras and Tanjore. The valley through vhich the pass lies, is the great gorge down the bottom of which flows the Moyaar, a large torrent, and the sides of which are formed towards the south-west by the precipitous brow of the Neilgherries, having an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the torrent, and towards the north-east by the steep declivities of the mountains rising towards Mysore. The fort of Gujelhatti, situate on the left bank of the torrent Moyaar, was,* in 1768, taken from Hyder Ali by a British force com- swiiki.Hittorieu manded by Colonel Wood, but was retaken^ in the same year, f ^Sl^^j^ioli.* *** It is distant from Seringapatam, S.E., 63 miles ; Coimbatoor, N., 38 miles ; Madras, S.W., 240. Lat. 11° 33', long. 77° 4'. GUJEEAT. — A considerable walled town of the Punjab, F.von Hagei, about eight miles from the right bank of the Chenaub, and on "*" ^*^' the great route from Attock to Lahore. It was invested by Maha Singh, who sickened and died in the course of the siege. It subsequently fell into the hands of his more fortunate son, EoDJeet Singh, early in the course of his career. Near this place, on the 2l8t February, 1849, a battle was fought between a British force, under the command of Lord Gough, and a Seikh army, under two chieftains, described as Sirdar Chuttur Singh and Bajah Shore Singh, combined with some troops belotfging to the ruler of Cabool, the entire number being estimated at 60,000. This apparently overwhelming force was vigorously attacked by the British, greatly inferior in point of numbers, and driven in succession from point to point, until, utterly defeated, the enemy took to disorderly flight, abandoning their camp, artillery, baggage, and magazines. In addition to * Hamilton, however, stateg/ that about twelve years before the appear- i Gatetteer, l.aso. Anoe of his work (1828)i the passage had been improved by the formation of a broad practicable carriage-way, winding along the &ce of the moun- tain ; and refers to a handsome bridge of three arches at the foot of the declivity. But the authority on which his statement rests, is not ascer- tainable. < B ' GUJ. E.I.C. Mt. I>oe. BoilMu, Tour io R^wftra, 105. B.I.C. Ms. Doc Oftrden, Tftble* of Routes 88. B.I.C. Mt. Doc. B.I.C. Mt. Ih>c, K.I.C. THgon. 8urr. Garden, Tablet of Route*, 895. F. Von Hugel, Kaeebmir, ill. 164. their numerical Btrength, tbe Seikhs brought into the MA a larger number of pieces of artillery, fifty-three of which became prize to the victors. Lat. 32° 85', long. 74° 8'. GUJNAIE, in the British district of Cawnpore, lieutensnt- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on tiie route from Humeerpoor to Kussoolabad, and 25 miles N. of the former. Lat. 26° 17', long. 80° 7'. GUJNEB, in the Bajpoot state of Bikaneer, a village on the route from the town of Bikaneer to that of Jessulmere, and 19 miles S.W. of the former. Here is a hunting-palaoe of tlie rajah of Bikaneer. The village contains, besides seTentj- five houses, two large tanks, and six wells twenty feet deep. The road in this part of the route is firm. Lat. 27° 57', long. 73° icy. GUJNEBA, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Bareilly to Setapoor, and 14 mfles S.£. of the former. It is situate on the banks of the Ponaili, a small stream passable by a good ford. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, fertile, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 2(y, long. 79° 41'. GUJOWLEE, in the British district of Agra, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a viUage on the left bank of the Jumna, seven miles N. of the city of Agra. Lat. 27° 15', long. 78° 8'. GUJPOOE, in the British district of Gk>ruckpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a BinJl town on the right bank of the river Baptee. It contains the brick-built residence of a native rajah, now quite in hiins. There are besides about 225 mud-built buildings. Distance from Goruckpoor cantonments, S.E., 18 miles. Lat. 26° 2ffi long. 83° 28'. GUJEOWLA, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a rillage on the route from the town of Meerut to Moradabad, and 40 miles S.E. of the former place. There is a small bazar, and the surrounding country is flat, open, and partially cultivated. The road in this part of the route is generally bad. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 923 miles. Lat. 28° 51', long. 78° 19'. GUJUEU-WALL A, or GOOJEEAWALA, in the Punjab, GUJ— GUL. 8 town on the route from Amritedr to Yaseerabad, and 20 miles viciM, KMhmir, 8. of the latter place. Here is a large square fort with mud i,^,oii, Exp. walla, surrounded hj a ditch. It was the original residence of *«*« ^*- *<*• the family of Bunjeet Singh, whose grandfather, bom at this place, was a common soldier. The ashes of Eunjeet Singh's &ther and mother are deposited here in tombs of plain appear^ SDce. It a few years ago was the residence of the celebrated Hari Singh, the most dauntless of all the Sikh chieftains. The interior of the fort is very highly decorated, and the garden is described by Baron Yon Hiigel as one of the finest he saw in India. It abounds in fine fruit-trees, especially orange-trees, covered with fruit superior to that of China. The fragrance from the superb collection of trees, shrubs, and flowers, is described as almost overpowering. Numerous ornamental buildings, appropriately embellished, and a fountain always plajrmg, so as to send forth a broad sheet of limpid water, complete the attractions of the scene. Gujuru- Walla is in lat. 82^ icy, long. 74° 13'. GUJYNLEE, in Bussahir, a village on the route from Eothkae to the Bnrinda Pass, and eight miles E. of the former. It is inhabited by miners,^ who extract and smelt the iron-ore ^^ng^llta! pW4 of the neighbouring hills. The elevation probably exceeds —Gerard (Air.), 6,000 feet. Lat. 81° 8', long. 77° 42'. JaThu'toTip^kV. 6ULEE BUSSUR, in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- Garden, T»wei of tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village-on "'**' the route from Almora to Sireenuggur, and 12 miles N.W. of the former. There is encam ping-ground near a stream half a mile from the village. Lat. 29° 42^, long. 79° 36'. GULEBr, in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, a town e.i.c. Ms. Doc situated on the right bank of the river Beas, 126 miles E. by N. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 31° 57', long. 76° 12'. GULGAOM PIMPEALLA, in the British district of Bombay r*t. Candeish, presidency of Bombay, a town in which some very **** ^ ' elegant and expensive houses have of late years been built by Dative bankers and the great exporters of cotton. Lat. 21°, long. 75° 87'. GULLOO RIVEE, in Scinde, one of the numerous chanAels by which the waters of the Indus disembogue into the sea. It leaves the parent stream in lat. 24° 28', long. 67° 64', and, pursuing a south-westerly direction for fifty miles, reaches the B 2 » GUL— GUM. * B.I.a Ms. Doc. s Garden, Tables of Routes, 88. Moorer. i« 158. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. B.I.C. Ml. Doc * E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Malcolm, Index to Map of Malwa, 180. Garden, Tablet of Routes, 14, 357. * Id. «7. sea, u^^der the name of the Hujamri, in lat. 24P %', long. 67° 26^. GULZAEGANJ,i» in the British district of Jounpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Allahahad to Jounpoor cantonment, 53' miles N.E. of the former, 13 W. of the latter. It has a baaar, and supplies may be obtained. The road in this part of the route is heavy ; the country partially cultivated. Lat. 26° 44', long. 82° 34'. GUMAR. — A small town in the north-east of the Punjab, and on the southern slope of the Himalaya. The hoasea are built of stones, cemented with mud, and strengthened with timbers of fir laid horizontally. The roofs are of fir span, covered with slates ; but as these are laid loose, they form a very imperfect protection against the weather. There is here a mine of rock.salt, which is worked to considerable extent, but in a very rude manner. The salt is of a reddish colour, and is very compact and heavy. The rajah of Mundi derives a considerable revenue by its sale. Lat. 31° 57', long. 76° 24'. GUMBADEE.— A town in the British district of Kurrachee, province of Scinde, presidency of Bombay, 14t miles S. of Tatta. Lat. 24° 83', long. 67° 57'. GUMBHERA, in the British district of Allahabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Allahabad to Goruckpoor, 15 miles N.N.E. of the former. Lat. 25° 89', long. 82° 4'. GUMBHIE (EASTERN),! a stream of Malwa, rises' on the north side of the Yindhya range, seven miles S.E. of the British cantonment of Mow, and in lat. 22° 80', long. 75° 54'. It holds a course generally northerly for about seventy-fite miles, and falls into the Seepra on the right side, in lat. 23° 26*, long. 75° 42'. It is crossed about ten miles j&om its source, bj the route from Mow to Indore, " by a good* ford ; bed forty yards wide, banks steep, and bottom gravelly ; water through- out the year." About sixty-five miles from its source, and in lat. 23° 18', long. 75° 42', it is crossed,^ by means of a ford, by the route from Baitool to Neemuch. " The bed is fifty yards wide, stream fifteen, and one foot deep in fair season ; bottom * Kosegarden-market ; from Golsar, " roae-gardeii,** and Ganj, *'iii»rt or market." 4 GIJM— GUN. sand and rock ; banks steep, and cut into ravines, through which the road passes for some distance." GUMBHIE (WESTERN),! or WAG, a river of Malwa, « e.i.o. ub. doc. rifles^ 22 miles S.W. of the town of Nimbera, in lat. 24° 2(y, « Maicoim, index long. 74° 40', and, holding a course of forty-five miles, in a J^ II o.^iheer? direction generally north-westerly, falls into the river Beris on '^^« the right side, about half a mile west of Chittorgurh, and in lat. 24° 53', long. 74° 44'. It is crossed,' on the route from • otrden, Tablet Neemuch to Nusserabad, by means of a stone bridge, close to <>' ^"*«*' **•• Chittorgurh, and described by Heber^ as " the ruins of a long, * joum. throagh bfty, and handsome bridge, of eight arches, and one semi- '"**^"-*7« circular one in the centre, with a ruined tower and gateway at each end." GUMHEEEPOOE,! in the British district of Azimgurh, « e.i.c. Mi. Doe. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town, with bazar, on the route from the town of Azimgurh to that of Jounpoor, and 16^ miles S.W. of the former, 26 N.B. • otrden. ivibiei of the latter. The road in this part of the route is very heavy, **' ^""^ "' over a low, level country, only partially cultivated. Distant N. from Benares 46 miles. Lat. 26° 64', long. 83° 8'. GFMNAIGPOLIAM. — ^A town in the native state of E.i.a mi. doc Mysore, 128 miles N.E. from Seringapatam, and 117 miles N.W. by W. from Arcot. Lat. 13° eC, long. 77° 69'. GUMPAPOOL. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, e.i.c. mi. Doe. two miles from the left bank of the Monas, and 96 miles N. by W. from Gowhatty. Lat. 27° 30', long. 91° 34'. GUMS ALEE,^ in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- > b.t.c. mi. doo. governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the ^•'*^- '^'^' ^^' route from Joshimath to the Niti Pass, and 16 miles S. of the latter. It is situate on the right bank of the Doulee, where the river, flowing southwards, passes from a deep ravine,^ • a«. soc. ueng. hounded on each side by enormous precipices of gneiss and B«uen%irii>«. from trigonometrical operations in lat. 29° 11', long. 82° 69', ** ^' *"' *®**' or about half a degree farther south. After a long and winding course through the immense chasms of the Himalaya and the hills of inferior height south of them, and during which it receives numerous tributary streams, it is joined, at Nayakot, in lat. 27° 81', long. 84° 5', by the Trisoolgunga,t * Gainda, in Sanscrit, means "rhinoceros ;"^ and Ritter' supposes that > Sliakwpenr, hence is the name of the river, but gives no reasons in support of his ^'^'- opinion. Hamilton says, " In northern Hindostan, the term Gunduck is 50^, t general appellation for river."' He quotes Bennell ; but though search 3 Gazetteer, i.61ff. hfts been made, no mention of this river has been discovered in Rennell ; and the passage quoted by Hamilton, is erroneously given from Wilford, who observes,* "The Gandaci or Gandacavati is called Gandac in the spoken * A: Ke«. xU. 419 dialects, and is the Condochates of Megasthenes :" and adds, "The* river T^" **** Ancient n J . 11 • 1^ t /. . i. 1 OotHrrsphy of Uanoaoa is so called, because it proceeds- fi-om a mountain of that name, india. The people of Naypala call it Cundaci, because it proceeds from the Cunda- * ab. Res ut Sihala, or the two cavities or depressions of the temples of Vishnu, in the '"f"^ shape of a mountain. It is also called Salagrama, because of the stone of that name found in its bed. Another name for it is Narayani, because ViBhnu or Narayana abides in its waters, in the shape of the above stone." Bochanan observes," that " all the upper part of the river is usually named « surr. East. Asia, Narayani, after the Supreme Being, or Salagrami, after stones which the >< 3i0. Hindoos worship, and which are found in its channel ;" and adds, that the name Gandak is given to it in the plains ; " nor is it ever used among the mouDtaineers, except by such as are acquainted with the continuity of the stream, and adapt their conversation to the understanding of the people in the low country.** + The Buri Gandak of Walker's map : Trisulguoga, from Trisul, " a trident or three-pointed' spear," the emblem of Si va> and Ganga, "river;" > Shakesprar, ut ud no doubt the name b connected with some legend respecting that ^^'P*^ mythological personage. 7 GUNDUCK. ^ Buchantn, IL SIS. Printep, Steam Mavigmtlon In India, 48. *U.9M. * il. S18. * At. Bet. xiT. 414 — On the Ancient Geology of India. vrhicb comes from the higher parts of the Himalaya north of Kathmandoo, and is considered bj Buchanan to have the greater volume of water, though its course is the shorter of thetwo.* From this point downwards it is navigable* for canoes ; and at Bhelaunji, ten miles below the confluence last named, becomes so for boats of considerable burthen. The length of course from its remotest source down to this point will be 200 miles. A short distance below this, it sweeps round the base of Maddar Mountain, in the Sub-Himalayan range. Buchanan^ describes the scenery there, as not to be surpassed. "The utmost magnificence, however, of rude nature that I have ever seen, is the view from the Ghmdaki, in passing up that river by the foot of Maddar. The river is larger, I think, than the Thames at Chelsea, and much finer, being perfectly clear. Its banks are partly abrupt rocks, partly levels covered with very stately forests, while every turn opens a new view of the snowy peaks seen over an endless variety of dark, shaggy mountains, which in most countries would be considered as stupendous." He adds, that upon reaching the plains, it appears in the dry season to have quite as much water^ as the Ganges after the junction of tiie Jumna at Allahabad. In consequence of the height of the banks, the breadth does not much increase in the rainy season, but the current becomes so rapid as to give rise to danger. In the dry season the water is ten or twelve feet deep, and the current, although equable, is very strong, approaching nesr, but not reaching that degree of rapidity which occasions a rippling noise ; the water is perfectly clear, and the bottom consists chiefly of large water-worn pebbles. Though navi- gable continuously through its whole course downwards from Bhelaunji, there are in the part of its channel nearer that place many rapids and passes, where, the course being obstructed by * Wilford* relates a legend respecting the origin of those two head- waters of the Gunduck. Vishnu dreading the power of the planet Saturn, had recourse to Maya or illusion, and assumed the form of a rocky moon- tain, but still did not deceive his enemy, who, in the shape ofawonii pierced and gnawed every part of this illusive body. Vishnu was thna tormented for one revolution of Saturn, and through pain and rezatioo, sweated most profusely, especially about the temples, from each of idiich issued a stream, — the Crishna or Black, and the Sweta or White Gunduk ; the one to the east, the other to the west. 8 GUNDUCK. rocks, naTigaiion becomes difficult and dangerous. Near Bhelaunji it first touches the British territory, which for fifteen miles it dindes from Nepaul ; thence taking a south-easterlj direction, forms for twenty miles the boundary between the dklaicts of Goruckpore and Sarun ; then for forty miles flows through Sarun, and again for seventeen miles forms the boun- dary between the two before-mentioned districts, when it again enters Sarun, through which it holds a circuitous course, but generally in a south-easterly direction, for forty-five miles, to lat. 26° 13', long. 84° 68', where it touches on the British district of Tirhoot, and continuing its circuitous but gene- rally south-easterly course for sixty miles, during which it forms the boundary between the districts of Sarun and Tir- hoot, it falls into the Ganges^ * on the left side, in lat. 25° SO', ? Heiwr, Joom. bng. 85° 16', at the town of Hajeepore, situate on the left ^^^^ '"^ bank, and opposite the city of Patna. According to the view of Buchanan, its length of course t should be estimated at 407 miles. At its confluence vnth the Ganges, the latter is a wide expanse of water, probably not less than four miles ^ in • Renneii, Bengal breadth, from Hajeepore on the north bank to Patna on the ^*^ "*** '** south, and having two large shifting banks^ or islands, which * Bacon, vim im- much perplex the navigation. It does not appear that the ^ **"*' Gunduck, after leaving the mountains, receives any feeder of importance ; but during the rainy season it inosculates right and left with many watercourses then traversing that alluvial country, Buchanan,^ in his report, drawn up above forty years * Eattem iiidi«» ago, adverts to the great changes which the river-channel had undergone in the thirty years which had then elapsed since Bennell laid down the survey of that part of the Ganges. " The island, when Major Bennell made his survey, which was opposite to the cantonment of Danapur, seems to have been carried away ; and that which was then situate east from it, in the middle of the river, now, in a great measure,, adheres to the southern bank. In the rainy season, a passage still con- tinues open ; but in the fair season, its upper end becomes perfectly dry, and boats can no longer reach the Company's cloth-factory, situated on the former bank of the river. This island is now about six miles long, and where largest, about n * Heber styles it *'the Ganduck from Nepaal.' t Hamilton ' estimates its length of course at 450 miles. > Oasettoer, 1.614. 9 GUNDUCK CHOTA. ' Prlntep, Tndian Tablet, U. 18. one broad. The main channel, passing round the north side of the above-mentioned island, does not now receive the Ghmdaki at Hajipur ; a long, wide, and cultivated tongue of land pro- jects from the west side of the Gktndaki, and passbg east about six miles from Hajipur, separates the stream of the Gandaki from the Ganges ; but as in the rainj season a small channel separates this tongue from the northern shore, the union of the two rivers is still supposed to take place where it did formerly, and on the full moon of Kartik (seventh lunar' month), the holy spot is frequented by immense multitudei; and at Hariharchhatra, on the west bank of the Gandaki, opposite to Hajipur, there is then held a very great fiur, especially for horses." In Tassin's great map of Bengal and Behar (Calcutta, 1841), the tongue of land mentioned above is represented as severed from the northern bank by the main stream of the Gtinges restored to its former channeL In lat 27° 9*, long. 84° 9', 160 miles above its mouth, the Gundock ii crossed, at the village of Butsura, by the route from Goruek- pore to Mullye, the passage being made by ferry.* The Gun- duck is mentioned by Baber^ as a line of defence taken up bj the Bengalees to resist his invasion. GUNDUCK CHOTA,* or LESSER GUNDUCK,»io called in distinction from the greater Gunduck, flowing a little farther to the east. It is called Burhaf Gunduck, or Old Gunduck, from a notion of the natives that it at onetime formed part of the course of the Great Gunduck, though, as Buchanan^ observes, it is impossible, in consequence of inte^ vening mountains, that there could have been any communica- tion between the streams. The Chota Gunduck rises from a fine perennial fountain at the base of a mountain,- near the northern boundary of the district of Goruckpore, and about kt. 27° 20^, long. 83° SO'. It holds a sinuous course, but generally in a southerly direction, and, fifty-two miles^ from 'utiupfv, 11.917. its source, according to Buchanan,' is "little sunk below the surface, and towards the end of February (dry season) • Chota, " UtUe." f Burba, " old." t These distances from the river's source do not correspond with the statements of Buchanan ; the reason being, that they are ascertained bj measurement along the course of the river, while those of Badianan ire measured directly across the country. 10 * Gardra, Tablet of RouU>t, 188. * Memoir*, 411. * E.I.C. Ms. Doc. ■ Surrey of Eastern India, 11.810. GUN. eontained a prettj^ clear stream, about forty feet wide, and more than knee-deep ;" and fifty-six miles lower down, or 108 from its source, '* the Lesser^ Qunduck in some parts is a * id. ib. channel 100 yards wide, which in March contains a clear, gentle stream, thirty yards wide and two feet deep, running on pure sand ; in other parts it is much narrower, the channel being elay ; and there the water is deep, but even in November (close of the nuny season) nearly stagnant, and rather dirty." At about 150 miles from its source, and seventeen from its mouth, according to the same author,^ ^* this river may be 150 or 200 * ». si a. yards wide. At all seasons it may be navigated by canoes, although it has little current and is full of weeds ; and in the rainy season boats of 1,000 maunds (thirty-six tons) burden could frequent it." It receives numerous small streams right and left, and communicates by lateral channels with several of the watercourses which aboimd in this level and alluvial tract, and, having flowed altogether about 170 miles, falls into the Qogra on the left side, in lat. 26° 1', long. 84^ 12'. GUNDTJK (THE LITTLE).— A river rising on the northern boundary of the British district of Sarun, presidency of Bengal, near Fort Soomeysur, in lat. 27° 22^, long. 84° 22'. Plowing in a south-easterly direction for about 120 miles, it, in lat. 2ff 1&, long. 85° 18', leaves the district of Sarun and enters that of Tirhoot, which it traverses in the same direction for about seventy miles, to its junction with the Bagmuttee, in lat. 25° 46', long. 86° 2'. GTJNGA. — ^A considerable watercourse of the Ganges, leaving that river in lat. 28° 6', long. 78° 84', and flowing in a south-easterly course for fifty miles, during which it divides the Budaon collectorate from those of Allygurh and Mynpooree, enters the district of Furruckabad, which it traverses for forty- five miles, and then rejoins the parent stream, in lat. 27° 26', Umg. 79° 39'. GUNGA BAL. — A small lake in Cashmere, on the Haramuk vigno, ». iM. Mountain, on the north-eastern boundary of the valley. It is a mile and a half long, and two or three -hundred yards wide. Its-appearance presents nothing remarkable, and its dimensions, it has been seen, are inconsiderable ; but it is regarded with a superstitious veneration of the deepest kind by the Hiudoos. Pilgrims flock to its banks, and into its waters are thrown such 11 GUN. fragments of bone as remain undestrojed hj the fires lighted bj Hindoo feeling Jx) consume the fleshlj habitation from which the spirit has departed. Lat. 34° 27', long. 74P 68'. S.I.O. Ml. Doe. GUNGAPERSAD. — A town in the British district of Pumeah, presidency of Bengal, 48 miles S. of Pumeah. Lat. 25° icy, long. 87° 38'. K.I.C. M«.Doc. GUNGAPOORA. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Oodey- poor, 92 miles S.S.W. from Ajmeer, and 106 miles S.E. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° 13', long. 74° 21'. GUNGAVULLT.— A river of Bombay, rising in lat 15° 45', long. 75° ICV, a few miles south-east from Dharwar, aod, flowing in a south-westerly direction for thirty-fire miles through Dharwar, and sixty-five miles through North CanarSi falls into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 14° 36', long. 74° 23'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc GUNGAWUTTEE.— A town in one of the recently sequestrated districts of Hyderabad, or the dominions of the Nizam, situate on the left bank of the Toongabudra river, and 30 miles N.W. from Bellary. Lat. 15° 26',. long. 76° 38'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc GUNGE. — A town in the British district of Cuttack, presi- dency of Bengal, 58 miles E.N.E. of Cuttack. Lat. 2(f 45', long. 86° 46'. GUNGEEEEE, in the British district of Allyghur, Keu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a smalltown on the route, by Khasganj, from Bareilly to Allyghur canton- 1 Garden, Tablet mcut, and 26 miles^ S.E. of the latter, 54 miles N.E. of Agra. It has a bazar and a market, and is abundantly supplied with water from wells. The road to the north-west, or towards AUygurh, is good ; to the east, or towards Khasganj, in some places good, in others very heavy ; the country open and pa^ tially cultivated. Lat. 27° 51', long. 78° 31'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. GUNGEEOO, in the British district of Muzufumngur, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village in the narrow tract between the Doab Canal on the east and the river Jumna on the west, and four miles W. of the former, three E. of the latter. Lat. 29° 18', long. 77° 17'. E.i.c. Ma. Doc GUNGHUN. — A river rising in the British district of Gr?S!iMlro'l!?i. Bijnour, in lat. 29° 39', long. 78° 31', and, after a direct south- part 1. 464. wcsterlv course of about seventy miles, falls into the Uril on Garden, Tablet of "^ j ^ Routes, 280. the left side, in lat. 28° 25', long. 79° 1'. It has a consider able stream, running between steep banks, and is nnfordaUe 12 GUN. in the rams, but fordable in many places during the drj season. GUNGOH,^ in the British district of Suharunpoor, lieu- « b.t.c. m». not. tenant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the ^eniTse^n- principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, containing p^^ ^o- a population of 6,260 inhabitants,^ and situate in lat. 29^ 46', ' staUatiet of long. 77° 2(y. '*-'^- ^~^- "^ GUNGOLEE HATH,i in the British district of Kumaon, > e.i.c. ms. doc. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a small market-town, or rather village, on the route from Almorah can- tonment to Petoragurh, 34 miles ^ N.E. of the former. Water • oardpn, Tabi« is obtained from a baoli or great well, and supplies may be ^ ^^^^^^^ **• had. Near the village is encamping-ground. Lat. 29° 4^, long. 80P 5'. GUNGPOOE,^ in the British district of Cawnpore, lieu- » e.ixj. Ht. Doe. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Cawnpore to Eutehgurh, and 39 miles^ S.E. of * Garden, Tabia the latter. The road in this part of the route is bad ; the ^' "*"?*' *^** country level and highly cultivated.* Lat. 26° 67', long, sketchef, i. 44. B.I.C. M». Doc B.I.C. Trigon. Surr, • Prater, Journ. to Himalaya, 19. Viane, Caalimoer, l.fiO. * E.I.C. M». Doc. * Pari. Return, April. IMl. I Report on Med. Topof and Stat of Centre Division of Madras, 17. of Oriflsa, situate 65 miles W. from Cuttack, on the right bank of the Mahanuddee river. Lat. 20° 24', long. 85° 6'. GUNNUPWAEEUM.— A town in the British district of Bajahmundry, presidency of Madras, 40 miles W.N.W. of Bajahraundry. Lat. 17° 11', long. 81° 20'. GU:^OOK GUEH.— A town in the native state of Bhopsl, 14 miles N.W. from Hoosungabad, and 30 miles S.S.E. from Bhopal. Lat. 22° 60', long. 77° 82'. GUNOUE,^ in the British district of Paneeput, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village or smsll town on the route from Delhi to Kumoul, and 86' miles N. of the former. It is surrounded by a ruined^ wall, but otherwise has, according to Barr,^ a pleasing appearance : ** The approach to Gunnour, where we halted, is extremely picturesque ; a few huts on a rising ground, overhung by some large and drooping trees, bounding one side of the prospect, the other being formed by a large and handsome caravanserai, with its em- battled wall and towers reflected on the surface of a beaotifullj clear tank.'* The road in this part of the route is generalij good, though in a few places heavy. Lat. 29° T, long. 77° J. GXJNEOEA.^ — A small river, rising in the hill state (rf H indoor, amidst the lower range of the Himalaya^' about lat. 31° 9', long. 76° 54'. It takes a north-westerly direction, along the north-eastern base of the high steep ridge of Malown,' which separates it from the Gunbhur, holding t parallel course at a distance of about three miles. The Guurort, after a course of about fifteen miles, falls into the Sutlej, in lat. 31° 17', long. 76° 48'. GUNTOOE,^ a collectorate under the presidency of Madras, is bounded on the north by the Kistna river, which separates it from the Ni2am*s dominions and the British dis- trict of ^iasulipatam ; on the south by Nellore and the Bay of Bengal ; on the east by Masulipatam ; and on the west hj the Cuddapah collectorate and the territory of the Ninrn* It lies between lat. 16° 87' and 16° 50', and long. 79° 15'- 80° 59', and the area, according to official return, is 4,960* square miles.' The seacoast of this district extends from GoUapalem, in a direction from south-west to north-east, for * According to another' retain, however, only 8,500 sqaare miles; bot HhiB is obviously below ^e aotaal extent. U GUNTOOR thirty miles, and subsequently in a direction, first eastward, and afterwards south-eastward, for about twenty-fire miles more, to the principal mouth of the Kistna. This coast is generally called the Golconda' coast, which is understood to ' Honburgh, commence at about lat. 16° 2(y, and to proceed northwards, in toljtUm. ***" contradistinction to the coast of Coromandel, which extends from the limit just named to the vicinity of Adam*s Bridge. The coast is so low as not to be easily distinguished at a safe distance, and is, moreover, beset by an extensive and dangerous bauk, called the Shoal of Motapilly. In consequence of these dangers and impediments to navigation, this coast, for an extent of fifty-four miles, is scarcely frequented by shipping, especially during the north-east monsoon, which prevails throughout October, November, and December. In the ex- tensive division of Palnad, forming the western part of the district, the country is very hilly, the geological formation being generally basaltic, and earthquakes,-^ and other volcanic ^ Heyne, Tmcu phenomena, have occasionally occurred. Farther eastward pi^rt oii^Jd. are extensive deposits of limestone, interspersed with syenite. Topography, ut The limestone in some places has a foliated texture, like slate, and is wrought by the native population for roofing their houses. In many places are extensive mines of rich iron-ore : malachite, and other indications of copper-ore, are of frequent occurrence. The soil in Palnad, or the western part, being atony, and of a rugged nature, is rather unproductive, and in most places overrun with jungle ; in the vicinity of the sea, it is sterile and sandy ; but the intervening portion, in the middle of the district, is dark-coloured loamy ; and in the vicinity of the river Kistna, it is deep, alluvial, and very fertile. The principal river is the Kistna, which, coming from the territory of the Nizam, flows, on its entrance into this district, first in a northerly direction for twenty-three miles, then has an easterly course for fifty-seven miles, to Govindpur, and subsequently proceeds in a north-easterly direction for twenty-one miles, to Kantamuddi, separating for the whole of that distance the territory of the Nizam from the district of Guntoor. At the last-named point, it takes a direction south-east, and for 110 miles, to its mouth, forms the dividing line between this district and the British district of Masulipatam. This river, formerly little available for irrigation, has recently, through la GUNTOOE. • Hejme, ut •upra, 207. ' Rpport on Med. Topography, ut Mipra, 18. ' H«7iM, ut •upra, S9S. * Report, at •upn,90. ' Parltftmentarjr Returoy April, 1651. the liberal efforts of the government, become an important and valuable instrument for diffusing fertility over the adjacent country. To navigation,* the violence of its current, and the varying, uncertain depth of its stream, are great impedinienls. The other rivers are the Gundama,* the Nullamuda, which rises in the Innacoondah hills, in Palmaud, and traverses i course of 100 miles before it reaches the sea, filling several tanks in its way; and also the Nagoler and the Pillaor; but these are merely torrents, nearly or entirely dry during the hot season. Tanks, or artificial lakes, are not numerous, though of importance for irrigation. This district lies within the influence of the south-west and north-east monsoons. The former commences in May, and occasional rains continue till the month of August, moderating the heat of the land winds, which blow sometimes with great force across this part of the country. A great quantity of rain also falls in the months of September, October, and November. The heat at Guntoor ii greatest from the middle of March to the middle of June. The zoology^ of Guntoor is meagre, there being fewer wild animals in this part of India than in almost any other. Cholum (Holcus sorghum) is the staple alimentary crop of the district, and rice in considerable quantity is grown in the low tracts along the seashore and the courses of the river ; ht^n (Holcus spicatus) is also grown in considerable quantities; besides oil-seeds, turmeric, onions, capsicum, and various escu- lent vegetables. The principal commercial crops are betel, tobacco, and cotton. Cotton cloths are manufactured to a considerable extent, and exported to the territory of the Nizim, as well as to the British districts. The cattle^ of Guntoor are in great repute, and bullocks are exported in great numbers. The price of a pair of the best breed varies from 71, to 141. Of the population, various estimates, widely distant from each other, have been at different times put forth. The sevov famines which have repeatedly visited the country, and the consequent diminution of numbers by mortality and emigri- tion, may account for part of the discrepancy. Little advan- tage, however, would result from any attempt to reconcile the conflicting statements on the subject. It may suffice to sttiei that in a recent official document,^ the population of Guntoor is given at 570,089. Of the inhabitants, about one*eighteentk If GUNTOOB. are Mossulmans, the rest Hindoos ; and of these last ahout a seventh are of the Brahmin caste. The circar of Guntoor proper is composed of five large Kemindaries, which were permanently assessed, in 1801,^ at * MadrM Rer. 122,545/. This assessment was light almost beyond eiample : is42, it was below the estimates^ founded on the collections of the * w. si Jan. i840. seren preceding years, and even to the extent of 2,450Z. below the offers made by the zemindars themselves ; the revenue authorities of the day being determined that, whatever error was committed in fixing the future peshcush, should be on the side of extreme moderation. The result was, that for many yetn some of the zamindars realized from sixty to sixty-five, and others from seventy to ninety per cent, above the peshcush. Waiving all reference to the irregular profits derived from the extortionate cesses and compulsory contributions which the zemindars appear to have systematically levied from the ryots, fte difference between the rental received by the former, and the demand of the state, was, on an average of years, so con- nderable as to admit of their sustaining, without difficulty, any loss which an unfavourable season, or even a succession of such seasons, might occasion to them. The principle of compensa- tion is indeed the very basis of the permanent settlement, and the zemindar has no more right to claim a relaxation in the terms of his contract, on the ground of iinfavourable seasons, than the government has to enhance its demand when cultiva- tion is extended, crops are abundant, or prices high. The assessment under the permanent settlement was paid in full, and with great regularity, until 1880. In that year, the zemindars began to fall into arrear, and thenceforward their embarrassments continued to increase. The impression upon the minds of the home authorities was, that these zemindaries had been depopulated and impoverished by the famine and pestilence which raged throughout the Northern Circars, and especially Guntoor, in the years 1832, 1833, and 1834; and their zemindars were consequently regarded as the victims of misfortune, deserving of indulgent consideration. In 1836, the experiment was tried of employing the zemindars as managers of their estates (then under attachment) on behalf of the government. The results disappointed the expectations which had been formed of this plan, the balances having 4 C 17 GUNTOOB. increased under it from 164,7182. to 842,3702. This con- tinuing, the zemindars were called upon, in 1842, to surraider their zemindarry rights into the hands of gOTemment, oq con- dition of receiving a sufficient maintenance, the estates to be managed by the collector till brought into a state of prosperity, and, this result attained, to be restored to the zemindars. But the manifold abuses prevailing under the management of the zemindars, and which had led to the ruin of their estates, were not at that time detected. More recent investigations Mj established the facts, that the zemindars had acted frt>m first to last with systematic dishonesty and breach of trust ; that of their avowed collections during the period of their manage- ment, a portion only reached the public treasury ; that the sam sanctioned for the maintenance of the zemindars, and for charges, was considerably exceeded, and the annual accounU were so framed as to make the results tally with their rqwe- sentations ; that they let villages at ostensiUy reduced reuta, with secret conditions for the payment of an additional Bum, which was often secured by a bond executed as if for a debt ; that they granted away the revenue lands as rent free to their servants or dependants, to dancing-girls, to Brahmins, or to bankers who had lent them money ; and some of the zemindars went even a step &rther, and executed ante-dated leases, with the reservation of a beneficial interest to themselves. These various instances of bad faith naturally raised the question how far the parties guilty of them were entitled to daim the restoration of powers, the conditions of which they bad so grossly violated. It was shown upon iindoubted authority, that these zemindars wasted, in a long-continued course of extravagance, excess, and litigation, not only those legitimate resources of their estates, which were amply sufficient to zoeet the occasional occurrence of calamitous seasons, but the ad- ditional sums which they extorted from the ryots under various pretences. Looking, therefore, at all the circumstances, which became fully known in 1849, at the faithless and fraudulent conduct of the zemindars as managers of ^^ estates on account of the government ', at the direct and posidre loss therefrom, amounting to not less than 800,000Z., which their vices and mismanagement had entailed upon the finances of India -, at the disastrous consequences spread thereby orer GUNTOOR. succeeding years in the exhaustion of the resources of the district, which, under the careful management of able and experienced revenue officers, for a considerable period had not revired sufficiently to afford the fixed amount of the peshcush, the home authorities resolved that the zemindarry rights should not be restored, but an annual allowance of 3,480/. be granted for the maintenance of the several zemindars* families, to be distributed as follows: — To Vasseyreddy, 1,200/.; Mubauze, 1,200/. ; Chickaloorpaud, 360/. ; Sultanapillay, 360/. ; Eaypillay, 860/. G-untoor constitutes the southern portion of the maritime tract known as the Five Northern Circars, which were ceded to the East-India Company, in 1766, by the emperor of Delhi.' * Tro»ii« wuh The grant, however, was not rendered available in respect to i8ia,*p. iT!"* Ghmtoor until 1788, when the Nizam snrrendered the circar, and the British thus became possessed of the whole line of coast from Juggernaut to Comorin.^ * ute of sir t. The great northern route from Madras to Masulipataro and **"""*» ** '**• the Northern Circars passes through this district, and sends a branch to the left, or north-west, to Hyderabad. Quntoor, the principal place, Nizampatam, and Yinukonda, are described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. GXJNTOOE,^* the principal place of the British district of i e.i.c. Ms. doc. the same name, in the territory subject to the presidency of Madras, is situate about 18 miles^ S.W. of the right bank of * Triitonometrieai the great river Eistna, and 30 from the Coromandel coast, or brwaUe^Nolw* western shore of the Bay of Bengal. The surrounding country is open and flat, but free from swamps or stagnant water ; and to these circumstances is owing the salubrity by which it is characterized. The soil of the country around is black, and produces luxuriant crops of gram (Cicer arietinum), cholam (Holcus sorghum), and cotton. The place is divided into what are called the Old Town and New Town, both very irregu- larly built, and in general much overcrowded, especially in those parts inhabited by the poorer classes. The population is ^^^ rt on mm estimated at 20,000.* Distance from Bangalore, N.B., 800 toior. wid sut. miles ; Maeulipatam, W., 47 ; Ongole, N., 63 ; Nellore, N., ;;J M^Iilli''^''''* 133 J Madras, N., 226. Lat. 10^ 18', long. 80° Stf. . ^..^mu., of ♦ €kiiitoorofRennelL> ' Hlndoftan, 810, • C 2 ^ **"'** GUN—GUB. Kashmir, ii. e. E.I.C. Us. Doc Garden, Tables GUNWAN, in the British district of Bodaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Allygurh to Moradahad, and 40 miles S.W. of the latter. It has a few shops and a weekly market. The road in this part of the route is bad; the country low, level, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 25', long. 78° 25'. GUNYSH BUL, in Cashmere, a place of Hindoo devotion, at the eastern extremity of the valley, on the route to the celebrated cave of Amur Nath. According to Vigne, the name signifies " the place of Gunysh," or Ganesa, the only son of Siva. The object of superstition is a large fragment of rock lying in the Lidur river, and worn by the current into what the Hindoos fancy a representation of an elephant's head, to which a trunk, ears, and eyes have been added bj human art. The superstitious feeling caused by this object results from the belief that Gunesa has the head of an elephant. Here, the pilgrims proceeding to Amur Nath make their preparatory ablutions and prostrations. Gunysh Bui ia in lat. 33° 58', long. 75° 31'. GUOCHNAUT. — A town in the native state of Guzerat, or territory of the Guicowar, on the left bank of the river Bunnass, and 50 miles S.W. from Deesa. Lat. 23° 45', long. 71° 31'. GUEANG, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town situated on the right bank of the Indus, 74 miles N.W. by N. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 81° 11', long. 70° 4^. GUBDANGEBBY.— A town in the native state of Mvsore. 80 miles N.N.W. from Seringapatam, and 104 miles E.N.E, from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 29', long. 76° 18'. GUBDEGA. — A town in the native state of Bamra, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, 52 miles N.N.E. from Sumbul- poor, and 95 miles S.S.W. from Lohadugga. Lat. 22° 7', long. 84° 25'. GUBGUBBEE.— A town in the British district of Bhagul- poor, presidency of Bengal, 72 miles S.W. of Bujmahal. Lat. 24° 23', long. 86° 55'. GUBGUZGUB. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or the dominions of the rajah of Berar, 64 miles N.W. by N. from Nagpoor, and 48 miles E. by N. from Baitool. Liat, 21° 59', long. 78° 40'. > E.L0. Mf . Do*. GUBHy^ in the province of Boghelcund, district of Bewa, E.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.C. lis. Doe. £.1.0. Ms. Doc £.1.0. Ms. Doc E.I.C. M*. Doc GUE. a viUage on the direct route from Mirzapoor to the diamond- * a%, rm. ivhi. n mines of Punna, and 65 miles S.W. of the former. Elevation ZeiH^^oi^y^^ above the sea 1,036 feet.^ Lat. 24° SC, long. 81° 42'. "<>"• '» B"ndd. GURHEA. — A town in the British district of Beerbhoom, e.i.c. u «. doc. presidency of Bengal, 138 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 24°, long. 86° 69'. GUEHEE DOODHLER— See Dooduili. GUEHOEEE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i.c. Ui. Doc dominions of the rajah of Berar, 67 miles S.E. by S. from Nagpoor, and 149 miles E.S.E. from Ellichpoor. Lat. 20° 19', long. 79° 39'. GUEKHOOEEA. — A town in the native state of Oude, on e.i.c. if s. Doe. the left bank of the river Qogra, and 44 miles E. from Luck- now. Lat. 27°, long. 81° 41'. GUEMUKTESAE, or GUEMUKTESWAE,i in the » e.i.c. m.. doc British district of Meerut, the principal place of the pergunnah ^*^^wii(;7ii of the same name, on the route from the town of Meerut to o^nsniphj of Moradabad, and 31 miles S.E. of the former. The population is returned at 7,168 persons.^ It is situate on the right bank *stiti«ticsof of the Ganges, four miles below the reunion of the Burha Ganga, or old course of the Ganges, with the present main chaniftl, which, a mile and half above the town, is crossed by a much-frequented ferry, on which fifteen boats* constantly ply. s oarden. Tablet It may be regarded as the port of Meerut and the adjoining °' ^^^^^ part of the Doab, as the Ganges is the channel of considerable inland navigation^ from the sea to this ferry, and in a less « caiiti<>j, on the degree to Sukurtal, fifty miles higher up. Both banks of the rh7GaSlrca"n«i. river are for several miles in width overgrown with ^ thick i** grassy jungle,* infested in the dry season with tigers and other » Mundr, wild beasts, and in the rainy season laid extensively under Jy^,**^**** *" '"***** water by the swollen stream. Even in the dry season, when the larger craft cannot proceed higher than Furruckabad,* about • skinner. Excur- 150 miles lower down, Gurmuktesar can be reached by boats IJ^JJJ" '"*'*• admitting of some comfortable accommodation to the traveller. That in which Lumsden^ proceeded in the dry seasoji from this ^ Jonrney from place to Calcutta, was of about twenty tons burthen, forty feet " ***** "**"' in length, ten in breadth, and navigated by a master and eigl)t rowers. The road from Gurmuktesar westward towards Meerut is good. Distance N.W. from Calcutta 887 miles. Lat. 28^ 47', long. 78° 10'. ai GUB. B.I.& Mt.Doe. GTJENADDEE. — A town in tbe British district of Bak^- gunje, presidency of Bengal, 120 miles E. by N. <^ Calcutte. Lat. 22° 59', long. 90° 15'. GUBOWLEE.— See Gbboli. E.I.C. u%. Doc. GUEB A. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jodhpoor, on tbe right bank of the Loonee river, and 120 miles S.W. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° 11', long. 71° 42'. « B.I.C. M.. Doc. GUEEAH, or DEOHA.* — A river rising at the northern base of the Sub-Himalaya, in lat. 29° 9', long. 79° 49', in the British district of Kumaon, under the lieutenant-goTemorship of the North-Western Provinces. It takes a southerly course of 240 miles, passing by the towns of Filleebheet and Shah- jehanpoor, and through the British districts of Bareillyand Shahjehanpoor, into the Oude territory, in which it falls into the Western Eamgunga on the left side, in lat. 27° 12', long. 79° 58'. At Paiibheet, in lat. 28° 88', long. 79° 51', and sixty miles &om the source, its bed^ is 250 yards wide, with a sandj bottom, and the depth so inconsiderable, that it is fordable from December to June ; but for the rest of the year it can be crossed only by ferry. Forty-five miles lower down, in lat. 28° 13', long. 79° 47', where crossed by the route from Bareilly to Mahomdy, its dimensions are the same as above mentioned. At Shahjehanpoor, forty-five miles feurther, and in lat. 27° 53', long. 79° 58', it is fordable at some seasons, but generally crossed by ferry. Fifty miles still lower down, where crossed by the route from Futtehghur to Seetapore, in lat. 27° 32', long. 79° 55', it is sometimes forde-d, sometimes crossed bj ferry. . GUEEAH,^ in the British territory of Saugor and Ner- budda, a town situate on the right bank of the Nerbudda, near the town of Jubbulpoor. Fitzclarenoe^ states that it ''is built in a most singular pass, and extends through and along the face of a mountainous ridge about two miles." With tbe town of Mandla, farther to the south-east, it gave name* to * Gmrd«B, T«blM of Routes, 87, S8. I B.I.C. Ml. Doe. * Journal of Route, 90. * Joura. 01. * Fitzclarenoe, without quoting any authority, states* that ''it fell under the power of the Mahometans in the reign of Akber, not without a aerere contest, the troops of the emperor being opposed by the reigning queen Durgetti at the head of her army. The war was concluded by the &II of the strongest fort and the annihilation of the whole of the garrison, tfter they had performed the horrid and despairing ritcts of the joar, by the GUE. that portion of Gondwana onoe known by the name of Gurha Mandla. AbulfazH mentions, that in bis time, about tbe 'AyMnAkbeiy, middle of tbe sixteenth century, the adjacent country was under forest, harbouring great numbers of wild elephants, thoagh at present in that region those creatures are not known in a state of nature. EleTation above the sea about 1,400 feet * Distant S.E. from Saugor 90 miles ; S.W. from AUaha- « a*. Rm. »tiii. bad 200 ; S. from Agra 308 ; N.B. from Nagpoor 145 ; W. oeTi.^rB^uilllei. from Mow 273. Lat. 23° 7', long. 79° 68'. ^^' GUBEAWAERA.— See Bubea Guebawaba. GXJBREE, in Sinde, a village on the route from Eoree to b.i.c. Ui. doc Jessulmair, and 14 miles S.E. of the former place. It is situate on the northern boundary of the Thurr or Great Sandy Desert, and about three miles east of the left bank of the Eastern Narra, a great offset of the Indus. This stream in time of inundation is here fifty yards wide and twenty feet deep, but it becomes nearly dry at other times. Gurree has about a dozen shops, and is capable of furnishing supplies in moderate quantity. Lat. 27° 31', long. 69° 4'. GUEREHOO,^ in the Saugor and Nerbudda territory, lieu- i e.i.c. Ms. doc tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on tbe route from Mirzapoor to Saugor, 211 miles^ S.W. of '/'^t^I.J^^. former, 76 N.B. of latter. Elevation® above the sea 1,131 feet. » ai. bw-xtih. 4« Lat. 24° 14', long. 79° 61'. i^ Bu„"dJlku?d"'* GUKR KOHOOEEE.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. m.. doc Ganjam, presidency of Madras, 38 mUes N.E. by N. of €fan- jam. Lat. 19° 62', long. 86° 25'. GUEE KOOSPIJLLA.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. ms doc Pooree, presidency of Bengal, 36 miles W.S.W. of Cuttack. Lat. 20° 13', long. 86° 28'. GUEE TAPPING.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. ut. doc Pooree, presidency of Bengal, 32 miles S.W. of Outtack. Lat. 20P5',long. 85°40'. GUEEXJMAEEA. — A town in the British district of e.i.c. Mi. doc. Maldah, presidency of Bengal, 14 miles S.E. of Maldah. Lat. 24° 52', long. 88° 18'. GUEEUSGOAN. — ^A town in one of the recently seques- e.i.c. Mi.Doc. trated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or territory of ^^Mtrnetion of their wires and children. The plunder waA immense, and If 000 elephants are stated to have been taken." 28 GTJR. As. Ret. si. 4(M— Raper, Su rvej of the OangM. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. B.I.C. Ms. Doc 1 B.I.O. Ms. Doe. £.1.0. Trigon. Burr. ' De Cms, PoL BeUtloDS, 87. ' As. Res. sir. 824* 3W*— Hodgson and Her- bort, Tour in Ulinalaya. the Nizam, 30 miles E. bj S. from Ellicbpoor, and 74 miles W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 21° 4', long. 78°. GUEUDWAEA, ia the British district of Debra Doon, a large village, agreeably situate, and having a pleafiing appear- ance. Here is a handsome temple, founded bj a Sikh devotee. During the festival of the Iloli, an annual fair held ha^ia numerously attended bj pilgrims from the Punjaub and other Sikh countries. About half a mile north of the village, was fought, in 1803, the battle which decided the war between tbe Gk>orkha invaders and the rajah of Gurhwal, who waa slain on the field, and whose death was immediately followed bj the submission of the country. Lat. 30° 20', long. 78° 7'. GTJEWAH. — A town in the British district of Palamow, presidency of Bengal, 28 miles N.W. of Palamow. Lat. 24°l(y, long. 83° 46'. GUEWAE, in the British district of Ghazepoor, lieutenants governorship of the North- West Provinces, a tovni on the route from Azimgurh to Dinapoor, 57 miles E.S.E. of the former. Lat. 25° 46', long. 84° 5'. GUEWHAL (BEITISH).— See Kumaon. GUEWHAL,* • a hill state under British protection, ia bounded on the north by Bussahir and Hiundes or South- western Thibet ; on the east by British Gurwhal ; on the south by British Gurwhal and the Dehra Doon ; and on the west by the Dehra Doon, the pergunnah of Jaunsar, and Bussahir. It is about ninety-five miles in length from north to south, and seventy in breadth from east to west ; contains about 4,500' square miles, and lies between lat. 30° 2'— 81° 20', long. 77° 55 — 79° 20'. It extends over the south-western declivity of the Himalaya, and is throughout a vast range of mountains of enormous height, intermingled with several valleys, the drainage of the whole ultimately finding its way to the Giinges. The principal channels are those of the Tonse, of the Jumna, and of the Bhageerettee, one of the remote sources of the Ganges. The most elevated part of the country is the north and north- east, where the peaks about the Tonse, the Jumnotri peaks, and several others, are more than 20,000 feet' above the sea. * The appellation is said to be derived from Ghers (fort), and to baft been bestowed on aocoant of the number of such edifices formerly exisUqg in the ooontry. $4 GUEWHAL. The highest summit is probably the peak of Kedarnath, having an elevation of 23,062 feet> Bikkee-Kasee, nearly parallel * At. rm. xir. with the southern boundary, is the lowest spot in the territory, and Heri^rvTour being only 1,877 feet* above the sea. It is the point where l","'^!?*^** the Ganges touches upon the Dehra Boon. The confluence of the Tonse and Jumna, which is the lowest point of the aggre- gate of valleys drained by those rivers, is rather higher than Bikkee-Kasee, being 1,686 feet* above the sea. A few small •id.sss*. tracts, extending along the lower courses of the Bhageerettee and Aluknunda, and the Jumna previously to its confluence with the Tonse, have elevations less than 5,000 feet ; but by moch the greater part of the country lies considerably above that height. The only alluvial tract of any considerable eitent is that stretching southwards from Teeree to the southern frontier, in length about twenty-five miles, and in breadth about twelve, having an elevation above the sea of from 2,500 to 1)400 feet. The lower and more south-westerly mountains, rising over the Dehra Doon, are of the formations called by geologists transition^ or secondary ; such as compact limestone, ^ joorn. as. soe. alternating with soft earthy slate, and in some places with ^'^i^p.i'elUf roofing slate. Trap* rocks occur in great abundance, cutting oeo» obMrvtUoof the other strata in dykes. The limestone is overlaid extensively by a stratum of quartzose sandstone, which is continued to a considerable distance eastward, where it forms the elevated summit of Soorkunda.® The slate in some places becomes a * as. rm. sir. 32s distinct greywacke. Great beds of gypsum are sometimes Hort^t*TriROT. observable in the limestone. A little farther north are enor- sune/ of uima- mous strata of quartz.' Twelve or fifteen miles north of » jacquemont, Mussoorie, or about lat. 80^ 40^, the mountains assume a pri- *^' ''^' mitive^ character, passing into talcose schist, talcose gneiss, and ' id. ir.47. mica-slate ; and still farther north, or in about lat. 30° 50', t^l^^T *"**"* becoming a real gneiss. Northward of this, and about the sources of the Bhageerettee, the nature of the formation seems to be a point greatly contested. Hodgson^ pronounces it • ai. rc*. xIv. e9, granite. Everest* also states '',hat, " from Gungotree to Dilaree onn^tn"^? (a distance of above twelve miles), the river runs throuffu a J""*"*- _^ ^ '' o a Uisupnit 804. * On this point Jacqnemont' obserres : "Elle [la roche] me paralt nne > Voyage, Ir.ss. de celles que, fiinte de lea oonnaltre, on a appel^s autrefois dn omn de Trapp. La difB^nce de certaines grauwackes quartzeuses k oette est leg^re." 2ft GIJRWHAL. gloomy cbasm in the granite ;*' and enumerates, as follows, the succession of formations, from Gangotri downwards: '' l.Qramte; 2. gneiss and mica-slate ; 3. talcose gneiss and talc-slate ; 4. claj- slate ; 5. Mussooree limestone ; 6. quartz rock, or rather quartsr ^journ. At. Soc. sandstoue, and «rreywacke slate." Herbert,* however, maintaiiM Bfnjr. 1842, clll. .1 .V , —Report of Mine- most peremptorily, that the formation which has usually beea ^'mm'li^'* *^^ considered granite, is gneiss, and that granite is only found in MouDtftins. fragments. As this difference has been more largely adverted to in another* place, it will be less necessary to dwell upon it here. In the north-east of the district, south of the upper part of the Bhageerettee, and between the river and the frontier of British Gurwhal, a great number of summits of enormom - elevation, and covered with perennial snow, will probably for ever exclude human footsteps. On the eastern frontier, how* » As. Ret. xTi. 168 ever, along the course of the Mandakini,^ t or Mundagnee,^ the surv/of KuiM..n. formation is generally gneiss, which Herbert, from the follow- su'tt ^ ^'^^" ^^^ passage, appears to regard as also forming the summit of the great mountain Kedamath. '* The correspondence <^ appearance between the near^ ridges, which have evidentlj furnished these fragments [of gneiss] and the great Soommeroo or Kedamath peak, attests the &ct that here also, as at the head of the Ganges, this ro(^ attains an elevation of nearlj ^ Herbert, ut 23,0007 feet." J The metallic deposits of Gurwhal are either scanty or have been little explored, as scarcely any mineral wealth is obtained • Af. Rei. xviii. from its territory. Herbert^ states that he found at Kedaroath Mine* and Mine- ^ spccimeu of granite in which occurred specks of native gold; ml productiona of and adds, " Considering, indeed, all the circumstances of tte the Himalaja. ..«« . 1111 i-i-ii «/• i** case, it IS far from improbable that gold will yet be found m its native matrix within our mountains.*' The sands of the Aluknunda, flowing along the eastern frontier, contain gold; » Travels, Punjab, and whou Moorcroft* passed, in 1819, about fifteen persons "** ' were employed in searching for the grains. He states tbtt, under proper encouragement, it might afford profitable eroploj- » Ai. Re«. ut roent for hundreds; and in this view he is supported by Herbert* * See article Kumaon. • Herbert, ut t Called the Kalee by Herbert : * — " We have now reached the K»Iee tupra, xlviH. (branch of the Alaknunda), and here the recent exammation of this tract equally established the prevalence of gneiss, from Okee Muth looU (rope bridge) to Kednr-nath, the source of the river.*' X This is stated by the author to be merely conjectural. . 2 ut tupra, 9S4. polyandry is not known ; and Skinner,^ on the contrary, tbst it is universal, each woman having four husbands. The popu- lation generally claims Eajpoot descent, and Brahmins are numerous, but ofben so poor as to be obliged to share the labours of the ordinary peasantry. The religion is Brahminism, Gurwhal containing sereral places of pilgrimages for the Hindoos ; such as Jomnotri, Dera- prayaga, Kedamath, and Gangotri, probably the most distm- guished of any. Shrines of minor sanctity are very numerous, every mountain or remarkable spot having its local divinitj. But, however intense and enthusiastic the devotion to Brah- minism, little regard is shown to the maintenance of the purity of its dogmas and practices ; all (Brahmins not excepted) eat every sort of flesh except that of kine. The manner in which they celebrate their most sacred festivals is not unworthy of < Pnitrr, Tour in the purpose of their assemblage. '* They dance^ to the sound HknmUy*, 483, ^^ etrangc music, and intoxicate themselves with a sort of rile spirit, brewed here from grain and particular roots, sometimes, it is said, sharpened by pepper. The dance is most grotesque and savage ; a multitude of men taking hands, sometimes in a circle, sometimes in line, beating time with their feet, bend with one accord, first nearly to the earth with their fiices, then backwards, and then sidewise, with various wild contortaons. These and their uncouth dress of black and grey blankets, give a peculiar air of brutal ferocity to the assemblage ; the men dance all day, and in the evening they are joined by the women, who mix indiscriminately with them, and keep up the dancing and intoxication till the night is far advanced. They continue this frantic kind of worship for several days ; and in truth it is much in unison with their general manners and habits." Of their ridiculous superstitions, one of the most extraordinaiy is the rite or exploit of barat, performed in honour of Mahadera. A cable of grass, about two inches in diameter, is stretched from the edge of a lofty clifi* to the valley below, where it is securely fastened by mecms of posts driven into the ground. GUEWHAL. A wooden saddle^ constructed with a deep grooye below, which fits on the cable and slides along it, serves as a seat for a man called the badi, who, after the sacrifice of a kid, is started from the upper extremity, wjth stones or sandbags fastened to his feet, and descends along the inclined rope with such velocity that the friction produces a volume of smoke, through the greater part of his course. Persons are stationed at the lower extremity to receive the badi, and moderate the shock which he must otherwise experience. He receives a rupee for every hundred cubits of rope, which is sometimes 2,000 cubits long. Formerly, if the badi were thrown to the ground by the breaking of the rope, or any other cause, and he retained life after the shock, the spectators immediately despatched him with a sword ; but this is now prohibited by the British autho- rities. The bast or cable is cut into pieces, and distributed amongst the villagers, to be hung as charms from the eaves of their houses ; and the ceremony is expected to confer fertility on the crops of those thus provided. The language is a patois of Hindostanee,' and is readily 3 jaequemont ai understood by the natives of the plains. '"p™* it. 111. AecGtding to the traditional account given to Prazer,^ Gur- * Tour in Hima* whal was originally divided into above twenty petty states, '•y"**^- whidi, about 500 years ago, were consolidated into one by a bold and rapacious adventurer from the plains. Previously to the Goorkha invasion in 1808, the dominions of the rajah of Gur* whal comprised, in addition to his present territory, the fertile district of Pehra Doon,^ and the western portion (being about ^ Pnuer, Tour in one-half) of the present British province of Kumaon. The SImIS.****'*^^' Gkiorkha force which invaded the country, conducted by several Batten, Report on , , '111 1 « -r» *^® Seltleraent of veteran commanders, was very madeqtiately opposed by Pur- ourhwai, 37. domim Sah, the rajah, an indolent and unwarlike prince, who, at the head of 12,000 men, was defeated and slain at Gurud- wara,^ in the Dehra Doon. On the occurrence of this event, • a«. ne§. x\. 464 the inhabitants of Gurwhal discontinued all resistance to the ^u^^oin^gcr*^ Goorkhasy who made ruthless use of their victory. According p™««''» «* «"?•*» to Frazer, they in the course of about twelve years sold 200,000 of the people into slavery ; but this is palpably an exaggeration, as a population not exceeding 300,000 could scarcely have been capable of supplying two-thirds of that number of saleable slaves in twelve years. The number, hpw? 31 GUEWHAL V Ut lupra, I. IS. • R.I.C. Trigon. 8unr. A: Rw. zri. IS7 —Traill, Siatb- tieal Survey of Kumnon. Batten, Settlement orOurhwsI, H7. Po Crux, Political ReUtlons, 88. • De Cru«, PoU Relations, 88. > At. Ret. il. 460 — Surrej of tbe Canget. eyer, of tbe unhappj victims of tbe cupidity of tbe conqneron was no doubt very great, as Moorcroft^ found tbe fertile tract about tbe Terrai quite depopulated, in consequence of tiie deportation* and sale of tbe natives as slaves bj tbe GkMrkhts. Sheeo Dursun Sbab, tbe son of tbe slain rajab, bad fled tbe country after tbe fatal battle wbicb bad given it to tbe 6oo^ kbas. In 1815, wben tbe success of tbe East-India Gompmy's army bad put an end to tbe GK>orkba dominion, tbis prince was restored to tbe western portion of tbe territory formeriy enjoyed by bis family. Tbe Debra Poon, on tbe soutb, was reserved to tbe East*India Company, as was also Eastern Gurwbal. Tbe portion of Gurwbal restored to tbe rajah ia divided from tbe remainder, on tbe east, by a line wbich, com- mencing in lat. 31° 6', long. 79° 2Qf, witb a soutb- westeriy direction, skirts tbe great glacier, giving rise to tbe Bhagee- rettee, and tbence continued soutbward to tbe source of tbe Mandakini,^ follows tbe course of tbat river to its confloence witb tbe Aluknunda, along tbe line of wbicb it proceeds to its junction witb tbe Bbageerettee, and in a westerly direction down tbe last-mentioned river to Bikkee^Kasee, where it touches upon tbe Debra Doon. Tbe rajab holds his territoiy subordinate to tbe East-India Company, and the following conditions were attached to tbe grant: — 1. Tbe abolition of tbe slave-trade. 2. The furnishing of labourers and suppliei for Britisb troops wben required, to tbe extent of tbe rajab's ability. 8. Tbe extension of every facility to Britisb subjects and others trading in tbe Gurwbal territory, or in tbe coun- tries beyond it, aod a general conformation on the part of tbe rajab to tbe directions of tbe Britisb government. 4. Tbe obligation not to alienate or mortgage any part of tbe territory without tbe consent of the Britisb government. Tbe grant,* subject to tbe above conditions, was made in perpetuity, and * Raper' gives a description of the practical working of thiscrvdsystsB of oppression, as he witnessed it at the fair of Hnrdwar about tbe yesr 1808. " At the foot of the pass leading from Haroa-Pteiri, is a GordisG Cboki, or post, to wbicb slaves are brought down from the hiUs aa^ exposed for sale. Many hundreds of poor wretches of both sezM^ froB three to thirty years of age, are annually disposed of in the way of tniBe. Those slaves are brought down from aU parts of the interior of the failhi and sold at Hand war at from ten to 150 rupees (from 11 to sbost i5/.r GXJR— GUT. k dated March 4tb, 1820. The rajah^s dominions are under the inspection of the political agent in the Dehra Doon. The amount of the population of native states can rarely be ascertained with any approach to precision : that of the rajah's portion of Gurwhal probably does not much exceed 100,000. This, however, is an estimate based on grounds purely conjec- tural ; but, if near the truth, it will give a proportion of about twenty-two* to the square mile. The annual income is stated by Prinsep^ at 40,000 rupees (4,000^.); by Moorcroffc,^ at ' ut supra, 1. 1 78. 60,000 (6,000Z.) ; by De Cruz,^ at a lac (10,000/.). * m !up^' is'*' GUEYS, in Bultistan or Little Thibet, is situate close to vune, Kuhmir, the northern boundary of Kashmir : it is an elevated valley, "" ^^^' &ve miles long and one mile wide. The upper part of the Eishengunga flows in a direction from east to west along the bottom of the valley, which, though 7,200 feet above the sea, is Borrounded by lofty and very abrupt peaks, chiefly of lime- Btone. Lat. 34° 33', long. 74° SO'. GUTNI,^ in the territory of Oude, a town on the left bank of i e.i.o. m«.doc. the Ganges, here crossed by ferry, on route from Banda^ to Per- ' Garden, T«bie« taubgurh, 92 miles N.E. of the former, 44 "W. of the latter. ^^^ ^^^' It is perhaps the Gotini of Butter.* Lat. 25° 42', long. 81° 27'. » Topof mphy of GUTPURBA.— A river, rising in lat. 15° 60', long. 74° 3', ^"***'' *^- on the eastern slope of the "Western Ghats, and, flowing in a north-easterly direction for 160 miles through the British district of Belgaum, and intersecting the Southern Mahratta jaghire of Moodhul, falls into the Kistnah, in lat. 16° 20', long. 75° 52'. The material for a wire-rope bridge, proposed to be thrown across this river, at Sootguttee, by a native * BriiiBh Gurwhal, according to a census made in 1840, appears to have a population of about twenty-six ^ to the square mile ; but the results of i Batt(»n, ut thia census are believed to be greatly below the feet. Traill estimates the "up™, 87, 60. population of the entire of Kumaon at between twenty-seven and twenty- eight' to the square mile. In a recent official publication, the population^ ' In At. Res. xvU of Kumaon, exclusive of British Gurwhal, is estimated at something more J* *"^"'' ^''** than twenty-three to the square mile. As Kumaon much excels the terri- Mem. Stat. N.W. tory of the rajah in fertility and other natural resources, and more abounds ^^^' ^79. in towns and villages, there can be no reasonable doubt that it has also a greater relative population. The natural resources of Koonawur are pro- bably as well suited for maintaining population as those of the greater part of Gurwhal; yet Gerard ^ estimates the relative density at less than five ^ Account of persons to the square mile. Koonawur, 5. 4 r. 88 GUZERAT. gentleman, named Sirdar Sukum G-ourah Wunkmoonka, wai Di«p.90Peb.iM6. shipped from England in 1850.^ » E.I.C. Mt. Doc GUZERAT.i*— This large province, inclusive of the peninsula of Kattywar, and comprehending within its limits, together ¥;4th several petty independent states, the whole dominions of the Guicowar, and those of his tributaries, is bounded on the north bj the Gulf of Cutch and Bajpootaoa ; on the south by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Cambay, and the British collectorates of Broach,t Surat, Tannah, and Candeish ; on the east by Candeish and Malwa ; and on the west by Cutch, the collectorates of Surat and Broach, and the s g , c Ms. Doc. 8^*- ^^ extends from lat. 20° to 24° 45', and from long. 69° to statistics of 740 20' and contains an area of 41,536 1 square miles.* Of Nalive Slate*. ' » f i I BuMwun Lai, * Gujarat of Tassin ; Gujrat of the Persian writers ;* Gosarat sod Life of Amir Guzerat of English writers. The name has been given from the Gajsr ?r''I'"rin«p"."'"*' tribe.* very numerous in it. ' Elliot, Suppiem. f Broach and Surat are, strictly speaking, portions of Gozerat; but as to GlotMrj, 345. i\^qj qq longer belong to the Guicowar or his tributaries, and are not inter- koed with his possessions, it has been thought desirable to treat them dis- tinctly in this article. Sq. Miles. X Guicowar's territory, and Kattywar 24,249 Myhee Caunta 8,400 Rewa CaunU 4,879 Pahlunpore 1,850 Hadhunpore 850 Balasinore 258 Cambay 500 The Daung 950 Chourar 225 Bansda 325 Peint and Hursool 750 Dhurrunpore 225 Thurraud and other petty states, N.W. frontier 2,825 Sucheen 800 Wuarayee, and adjacent territory 450 41,580 The British g^yemment, on the conquest and dethronement of the Peishwa, acquired the rights of tribute which that potentate had eojojed in parts of Guzerat. For the sake of convenience, the right of coUecting the tributes due to the Guicowar was, by mutual agreement^ transferred to the British goyemment ; bot the pecuniary claims of tiie Guicowar art untouched by the arrangement, the Bri^h government merely perfoimio^ the functions of receiving the tributes and paying them over. The general GTJZEEAT. the extensive region marked out by those boundaries, a con- siderable portion is occupied by the Gulf of Cambay, and by the British district of Ahmedabad, which, extending about the gulf, is on all sides, except seaward, inclosed by the territory of the Guicowar. Of the whole territory, 19,850 square miles are stated to be comprised within the peninsula,* or that part » e.i.c. u%. Doe. which may be marked off from the continent by a line drawn Ktuve staiei, from the head of the Gulf of Cutch to the head of the Gulf of Cambay. The peninsula, with a small portion adjoining to it on the north-east, along the head of the Gulf of Cambay, are the only parts of the territory which have the advantage of sea- coast. The Gulf of Cutch, which bounds the peninsula on the north and north-west, joins the Eunn, or Salt Marsh, at Maliya, and from this point, which may be considered its head, its south-eastern shore, forming the north-western coast of the peninsula, is indented with numerous creeks, but so shoaly as not to admit the approach to land of ships of burthen above Nowanuggur, distant from Maliya about thirty miles. There ships may anchor in five or six^ fathoms, sheltered in some * nonbui^h, measure by a reef off shore ; and, from possessing this advan- ^Ir, i.^Jba-^''**'' tage, the town is a place of considerable commerce.* From » j^cob. Report Nowanuggur, the coast extends south-west twenty-eight miles, ®" Kauyw»r, si. to Serryah, situate on the estuary of a small river, not admitting large vessels, which must anchor three^ miles at sea. From « Houburgh, Serryah, the coast extends still in a direction south-west thirty ton!^, I."48«.^"^*" miles, to lat. 22® 16', long. 69° 2(y, where a small runn or salt marsh joins the sea ; and from the junction takes a southerly direction, nearly insulating the district of Okaraandal, lying west of it. From the place where this small runn joins the Gulf of Cutch, the coast takes a direction north for ten miles, after which it suddenly turns south-west, and thus continues for twelve miles, and then bearing northward for eight more, it forms a bay, in the mouth of which, towards the north, is situate the island of Beyt, with its fort, once of considerable muuigenieat of the estates of the tributaries remains with themselves ; but the British government has been enabled to effect much good bj procuring the abolition of in&nticide, suttee, slave-trading, and other enormities, and by the establishment of a court of criminal justice, under the resident, asQsted by the ohiafe of the several states within the jurisdiction of the oonrt^ aeting as asseeson. d2 » GUZERAT. f Horsburgh, strength. " Abreast 7 the castle, about midchannel between lory, i"48i. ^' ^^^® islands, there are six and seven fathoms in one place, and three, four, and five fathoms around ; the bottom being mostly rocky and uneven throughout the harbour." This harbour has the disadvantage of a shallow entrance, there being only about nine feet water on the bar at low water spring tides, but the rise of the tide is about fourteen feet. The headland forming the bay to the north-west, is called Soomia or Sonia, and is, in fact, an island separated from the mainland of Guzerat by a narrow navigable channel. The whole of the southern part of the Gulf of Cutch, along the north-west coast of Kattywar, is difficult and perilous for navigation by large vessels, being shallow, and having many islets, reefs, and rocks. From the headland opposite the island of Soomia, and forming the north-western angle of Guzerat, the coast turns first south-westward, subsequently southward, and lastly south-eastward, for a total distance of twenty-five miles, to Dwarka, called also Jigat, the shore being safe to approach, and of moderate height, with regular soundings from thirty- four to thirty-six fathoms, at the distance of seven or eight leagues, to ten or twelve fathoms near the coast. The shoal of Kulcheegud, seven or eight miles north of Jigat or Dwarka, interferes with the coasting navigation, and much vigilance is required to ascertain its limits, and to work round it. From Dwarka, the coast holds a direction south-east for 175 miles, to Diu Head, and is generally bold and safe to approach, though • Id, 1 480. there are no good® harbours for large ships. There are, how- ever, several towns on the coast firequented by small trading vessels, and formerly some of them were places of resort for pirates infesting the Arabian Sea. Proceeding in a south- easterly direction from Dwarka, the towns occur in the follow- ing order : — First, Meeanee, at the distance of forty-two miles, on the estuary of the river Boortoo ; second, twenty miles beyond Meeanee, in the same direction, Foorbunder; third, twenty miles distant, Nuvveebunder ; fourth, thirty miles distant, Mangroal; fifth, ten miles farther, Chorwaur; sixth, fifteen miles farther, Somnath Puttun ; seventh, eighteen miles farther, Korynaur ; twenty miles beyond which is Diu Head, the most southern point of the peninsula, in lat. 2(f 42', long. 70° 61' ; and close to it, eastward, the island and harbour of 96 GUZEBAT. Dill. Thence the coast takes a north-easterly direction for eighty miles, to Gopnath, and in this interval, at the distance of thirty miles, is the port of Jafferabad, on the estuar}'^ of a • Horeburgh, email river, which, though shoal, affords shelter to ships, as, *' *'^' when the tide is out, they lie without injury on a bottom of soft mud. Mowah, a town about thirty miles farther to the north-east, is on the inmost or most northerly shore of a small bay, where ships may anchor in from seven to ten fathoms, but have no shelter from south-westerly or westerly winds. North- east from this port twenty miles, is Gopnath Point, the south-western headland of the Gulf of Cambay, in lat. 21° 12', long. 72° 6', marked by a dangerous shoal, projecting four miles eastward and nine miles northward. Between Jafferabad and Mowah are numerous small islets and rocks, from half to three-quarters of a mile from shore, the principal being Searbett, between which and the mainland vessels may lie sheltered from the south-west monsoon. For the remaincfer of the distance to Gopnath, the coast is clear, the water deepening rapidly. At Gopnath, the coast turns northward for ten miles, then for a similar distance north-eastward to AUung, on the southern limit of a portion of the British district of Ahmedabad (of which it forms part), for thirty-five miles, to the estuary of the river Gey la, where the territory of the Guicowar again closes down on the sea, the coast holding a northerly direction for twelve miles, to Gondalla. This place is situate at the southern limit of another portion of the British district of Ahmedabad, the coast of which extends northward thirty miles, to the head of the Gulf of Cambay, at the estuary of the river Saburmuttee. In the vicinity of this point, the sea is joined by the south-eastern extremity of the Eunn,^ a salt marsh i Transact*. Lit. which, extending in a north-westerly direction about seventy- |^*JS™^u^* five miles, with a breadth varying from five to twelve miles, R^markton joins the Northern Eunn, communicating with the Gulf of jacobraeport on Cutch, about lat. 23° 6', long. 71° 46'. Erom the estuary of ^a"^''"' ^^ the Saburmuttee, the coast, holding a direction generally east- ward for about fourteen miles, along the head of the Gulf of Cambay and the mouth of the estuary of the river Myhee, as far as Kurode, belongs to the territory of the rajah of Cambay. Thus the seacoast, extending from the head or inmost extremity of the Gulf of Cutch round the peninsula, and across the head S7 GUZEEAT. • Journ. Af. Soc. Benf?. 1836, p. 298 — Hugel.on Po«sU Bones in Perriin Inland ; and p. 200 — Fulljanioi, on Perrim Island ; also p. 707 — Liixb, Oeolofiical Notes on Northern Kon- kan; and 18S7, p. 78. Homburffb. East* India Directory, L 473. 477. of the Gulf of Cambay to Kurode, is 531 miks in totfJ length; and if sixty-five miles (the length of the British portion of tiie coast) be deducted, the remainder^ or 466 miles, will be found to be the length of coast belonging to the subordinate chief- tains of Kattywar and the nawaub of Cambay. In that length, it has been stated that there are numerous small har^iB and creeks, admitting coasting craft and other Teasels of moderate size, and many roadsteads, where ships of consider- able burthen may lie at anchor in fine weather ; but with the excepti(m of the harbours Diu and Beyt, there are none which afford shelter for large ships. The Gkdf of Cambay especially is very shoaly, and of difficult navigation ; and ^xmt fifty or sixty square miles of its northern part is left dry by the tide at low water. About two miles off the eastern shore of the peninsula, and midway between the head of the gulf and the mouth of it, are the island^ and reef of Ferim, useful to navigators, as affording shelter to shipping anchored in the road of Gogo. It is not improbable that at some remote period, beyond record, the peninsula may have been an island separated from continental India by a narrow and shallow channel, which, in a long succession of ages, has been silted up by deposits from the sea, and thus converted into the present Bunn. In the vicinity of the Bunn, and all round the eoaat, the country is but slightly elevated ; and of the numerous hills and mountains in the interior, none appear to stretch down in bold headlands to the sea. Though there are many groups <^ mountains or hills variously arranged, the general elevation of the surface is toward the middle of the peninsula, whence streama flow in every direction — north-eastward to the Bunn ; eastwud to the Gulf of Cambay ; south-eastward, southward, and south- westward to the Arabian Sea ; north-westward and northward to the Gulf of Cutch. In this internal elevation, there is, how- ever, a sensible depression, constituting the extensive valley of the river Bhader, which rises at Kirkoou, about lat. 22° IQf, long. 71° 17', and sixty miles from the Bunn, at the north- eastern limit of the peninsula, the source being dose to the position of the water-heads, throwing the streams north-east- ward to the Bunn and south-westward down the valley of the Bhader to the Afabian Sea. Northrwest of this valley is an elevated rugged country, consisting of irregular ranges of hills, 38 GUZERAT. of no great elevation, but in the aggregate forming a group, the greatest length of which, being from west to east, is about 120 miles, with an average breadth of about fortj miles. At its eastern extremity, it joins, near Choteela, a low range, in few pfflrts reaching an elevation* of 400 feet, and running from • J^cob, Report that place in a direction slightly inclined eastward of due ^ * ^''"* south. The southern extremity of this low group expands into the Geer, a rugged, rocky, undulating tract, covered with woods and stunted jungle, and of surface so exceedingly diffiicult and uneven, that for perhaps twenty miles a space cannot be found large enough to pitch a tent. The innumerable gorges and ravines of this rugged tract afford beds to a great number of streams or torrents, having considerable volumes of water in the rains, but becoming either greatly shrunken or quite devoid of currents during the dry season. The numerous fastnesses furnish lurking-places for banditti, who are the more secure in them, from the fact of the atmosphere a great part of the year being almost inevitably fatal to strangers attempting to penetrate into the Geer. Eastward of the Geer, and iso- lated from it, is the mountain of Falithana, 1,500 feet high, and noted for the great number of Jain temples and monastic establishments by which it is surmounted. But the most elevated and important among the mountains of the peninsula n the steep gramtic clump of peaks called the G^emar, near the ancient city of Joonagurh, in the prant or district of Soruth, fisimed for the vast number, magnitude, and costliness of the shrines, places of pHgrimage, and monastic retreats which it possesses, of the Jains, Bcahminists, and Mussulmans. Besides these, the only noticeable mountains in the peninsula are those of the Burda group, near Poorbunder, on the western coast — a circular cluster, about thirty miles in circuit, and at the loflriest part, near Goomlee, having an elevation of nearly 2,000 feet. The mainland of Guzerat, as contradistinguished from the peninsula, has some considerable rivers. The Saburmuttee, rising at Meerpoor, in the Bajpoot state of Odeypore, holds a genially southerly course of about thirty miles, crosses the frontier into Guzerat about lat. 24° 19', long. 73° 11', and flowing generally southward through this territory for about 180 miles, passes in its course by the city of Ahmedabad, and falls S9 GUZERAT. * Tram, of Med. into the Gulf of Cambav'. It is described* as a broad rapidly- B^mL^*i.^7— **' flowing river. About forty miles farther west, the Bunass, Gib,on, Sketch of rising in Mount Aboo, crosses the northern frontier into Guzerat, through which it holds a south-westerly course of ninety miles, falling into the Great Eunn or Salt Marsh. To the eastward of the Saburmuttee, and between it and the Myhee or Muhi, which flows in some degree parallel and at the distance of about forty-five miles from it, are several inter- vening streams, the most important of which are the Seri, the Meshwa, the "Watruk, the Karree, and the Hautmuttee, all falling into the Saburmuttee. The Myhee or Muhi, rising near Amjherra, takes a circuitous course, first northward, in whidi direction it flows through the dominions of Holkar, and then forms the boundary between the native states of Banswam and Pertaubghur. Subsequently turning south-westward, it divides the petty state of Dongurpore from that of Banswarra. After a course of about 200 miles, it crosses into Guzerat, through which it holds the same direction for about seventy miles, to lat. 22° 53', long. 73° 22', where, touching on tho British district of Kaira, it flows along its south-eastern boun- dary for eighty miles, dividing it from the territory of the Guicowar, as far as its fall into the Gulf of Cambay, in lat. 22° lO', long. 72° 30'. It is a considerable river, running generally between high banks much indented by ravines. The tides are felt for a distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and during' spring tides and in the rainy season, it for ten miles above that outlet forms a magnificent body of water six miles in breadth. About forty miles south of its mouth, is the estuary of the great river Nerbudda, which, rising in Amanh kanta, in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, about lat. 22° 40', long. 81° 44', takes a westerly course of about 5^ miles, to lat. 22° 3', long. 74° 20', where, crossing the eastern frontier of this territory (Guzerat), and continuing to hold a course nearly due west for about 146 miles, it passes into the British district of Broach, which it divides into two neariy equal portions, and about thirty-five miles farther westward, falls into the Gulf of Cambay. The Taptee, rising in Gk)nd- wan a, within the British Saugor and Nerbudda territory, takes a westerly course, in a great measure parallel to the Nerbudda, for about 321 miles, to the eastern frontier of this territory, 40 aUZEEAT. which it enters near Kookurmoonda, and continuing to hold a westerly course for about ninety-three miles, passes into the British district of Surat, through which it flows for about twenty-two miles, to its fall into the Gulf of Cambay. Besides those large rivers, a great number of torrents pour down from the mountains, and, holding a course due west, fall into the Arabian Sea. Of the mountains, the most important are the Western Ghauts, which, running in a direction from south to north, constitute the eastern boundary of the territory from its southern limitf, in lat. 20°, to lat. 21° 28', where, turning east- ward, they form the lofty brow inclosing the valley of the Taptee on the south. The average elevation of these moun- tains is about 1,200 feet, though the height of some summits is probably not less than 2,000 feet. From the western face of the Ghauts proceed numerous spurs or ridges of inferior elevation, a few of them reaching to the sea; and in some parts they are replaced by isolated hills or rocks, such as those of Pamera, Bola, and several others, the elevation of which seldom exceeds 300 or 400 feet. North of the Taptee, the Satpoora range, dividing the valley of that river from the valley of the Nerbudda, extends for some distance into this territory, terminating to the westward near Eajpeepla. North of the valley of the Nerbudda, is the western extremity of the Vind- hja Mountains, expanding into the Barreea Hills, low and irregolarly grouped; and still farther north, into those of Loonawara. Beyond these, in the same direction, are those of Dongurpore, becoming ultimately united to Mount Aboo. The overlying formation of the northern section of the Ghauts is volcanic, as is also that of the Satpoora range, and consists for the most part of trap. The trappean formation extends into the peninsula of Kattywar, where it forms the bold mountain of Palithana, celebrated for its numerous Jain temples. Farther westward, granite is met with, rising to an elevation of 2,600 s jo„m, a«. Soc. feet, in the celebrated Gimar Mountain, " an immense^ bare ®®"ff- ^^p- 8^ . , ... ~ Klttoe, Notot and isolated granite rock, presenting all the gigantic masses of a journey to peculiar to that formation." The lower parts of the mountain, « idl*[^, pp. as well as the vicinity, are overlaid with soft limestone. The sss-'WI-fuii- isluid of Perim, in the Gulf of Cambay, formed of sandstone, boiim in wwtem is remarkable for containing numerous organic^ remains. ,^ ^q^^ *** * 41 GUZEEAT. ' Joum. Roy. As. Soc. xlll. — Jacob, Report on the Iron of Katiywnr. ■ Gihsnn. ul Wiprn, 38. • Trantncts. of IJt. Soc. of Bombay, i. 294— Copland. Account of Cor« nelian Mines in (he NeiKhbour- bood of Baruach. * Jneob, Report on Kattymir, 9. ^ Trans, of Ued. and Phys. 8oc. of Bombay, I. 191 — Gilder, on a Disf>ase in Zillah of Ahinedabad. The mineral wealth of this exteasiTe tract is but scanty, and calls for little notice ; the most importuit production is iron- ore, raised in the peninsula/ The mouth of the Taptee, aad probably the whole bed of the Gulf of Cambaj, abounds in a black sand, yery rich in iron,^ and containing some plstini. At Eajpeepla, the finest cornelians* are obtained in great abundance. In the southern districts, the proximity of the sea, and the mountains covered with jungle or forests, moderate aod equalize the temperature. The most disagreeable season is during the south-west monsoon, when the atmosphere, loaded with moisture, causes very distressing sensations and maladies, the effects being most severely felt during the night. In the inland districts, in the north of the territory, between the riven Nerbudda and Saburmuttee, the average temperature is greater than in the southern districts. In this sultry taiot, l^e hot \iinds blow from about the 20th of March to the 20th of May, and at this time the thermometer in a double-waUed tent rises often to 115°, and in the house to 103°. Many, as well natives as Europeans, suffer from coup de soleil, and in parts where the soil is loose, the heat is rendered more annoy- ing by the profusion of fine sand borne along by the wind. Throughout the district, the weather becomes cooler towards the end of October, and in the cold season hoar frosts are not uncommon. The climate of the peninsula, particularly in the Geer, is marked by insalubrity to such an extent as ahnoat inevitably to cause death ^ to those who are so rash as to expose themselves to it in the season following the automnal monsoon. The shores of the G-ulf of Gunbay are also gene- rally malarious. " The constant exhalation^ of noxious efflofia throughout the year, from the extensive tracts of salt murdi, which, covered with profuse and rank vegetation within the limit of the tides, surround the head of the Gulf of Cambay, and project for many miles inland, must doubtless exert a pe^ nicious influence on the atmosphere in its vicinity." The zoology of Guzerat is varied and interesting. The b'on is not uncommon, and equals in size and strength the same description of animal in Africa. It is observed to have a less mane ; but this circumstance is considered to result from its frequenting the thick jungles instead of the open desert, the 43 GUZEBAT. uaoal resort of his A&ioaii fellow. Tigers and leopards are reiy numerous, and destructive of both men and cattle. There are abo the wolf, hy»na, antelope, and deer in great number and Ytaiety. The nylgan (Antilope picta) is common in the northern parts, where tiiere are large herds of them. Of birds, there are the flamingo, argala or adjutant-bird, sarus or gigantic crane, and a great variety of aquatic birds. Of domestic animals, the principal are the camel, most common north of the Sabunuuttee and in the plains in the vicinity of the deserts of Eajpootana. It is also met with in the western part of the peninsula. .The buffalo is everywhere to be mel^ but in greater abundance and excellence in the south. Kin^ are munerous, but in the southern part are of inferior quality, while in the northern the breed is very fine, not being excelled by any in Britain ; and the bullocks are so much esteemed for draught or burthen, that prices equal to 501, or 601, are not unfrequently given for a pair. The ass is small and weak ; but in the wilds of the north-west, the wild ass is a creature of great speed, as well as of considerable beauty, and is some- times tamed for purposes of show and pomp. The horse of Kattywar was formerly highly prized; but the breed has degenerated, and the Guzerat horse at present bred by the natives, is in no esteem, being small, weak, and ugly. In some of the jungly valleys and wilds, there is a breed of wild cattle, different from the bison, and far less fierce. The soil of this extensive district is very varied: in the Bouth there is much reddish and yellowish soil, formed from the disintegrated rocks, and in general fertile, being extremely favourable for the growth of both herbs and trees ; but towards the mountains, there is a considerable extent of rocky ground, producing only grass or jungle. On the banks of the rivers, more particularly about their estuaries, the soil is generally deep, black, and very productive, especially of cotton. . In the middle part of the country, between Baroda and Ohampaneer, is. an uncommonly rich district, having in some places a deep, black, tenacious soil, in others a reddish brown, both very fertile. Forbes^ considers the fine tract in the vicinity of > oriental Mem. Baroda as far surpassing in beauty, fertility, and luxuriant • > * * vegetation, all the countries which he had ever seen. In the level but rather elevated tract about the upper part of the 48 GUZERAT. Saburmuttee, the soil is of a deep-brown hue, in some places verging to a greyish tinge, very favourable for the growth of all sorts of produce, especially tobacco, castor-oil plants, maize, carrots, and opium-poppies. Towards the northern boundarj, in the vicinity of the Hunn or Great Salt Marsh, the soil is so light and sandy as to be not worth cultivation, and affords no return, except in the profits of grazing. The crops, alimen- tary as well as commercial, grown in this territory, are Tery important. Of the alimentary, rice is more or less common in all districts under the hills, and in the alluvial soil along the seacoast throughout the whole extent of the province. It is also much cultivated about the river Saburmuttee. Wheat is very extensively grown, especially in the northern part, and in the country between the Taptee and the Nerbudda. Bariej thrives in many parts, jowar (Holcus sorghum), in the lighl lands in the north; bajra (Holcus spicatus) is cultivated on inferior lands throughout the whole territory, and is the staple article of food for the poorer classes of the people. In the peninsula of Katty war, jowar and bajra are the chief alimen- tary crops, but wheat is also cultivated to considerable extent; as are kodra (Paspalum scorbiculatum) and gram (Cicer aiie- tinum). Sugarcane flourishes in every part of the territory: it is one of the principal products in the south, and the quali^ is considered fine ; but cotton may be regarded as the staple commercial crop. The date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis) are extensively planted in the vicinity of the sea, on account of the sap, from which, when fermented, the ardent spirit toddy is drawn by distiUa- tion. The mhowa (Bassia latifolia) grows in great abundance, and its flowers are in great request, as the petals when dried afford a pleasant food, resembling raisins, and by distillation yield an ardent spirit, which, though nauseous to Europeana, is consumed largely by the lower classes of the native popula- tion. Mango-trees are in great abundance, and produce fine fruit. Towards the coast are many fine specimens of Adan- sonia, with its grotesque and huge stem, large white flower, enormous fruit, valuable to fishermen, for whom it serrea as floats for their nets ; while the wood is so light that a man often carries on his shoulder a large log of it, to be used as a raft in fishing, or in taking water-fowl. The pulp of the fruit 44 GUZEEAT. also yields a pleasant acid, which is used in medicine and in making sherbet. The jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), with its huge fruit, the tamarind, and the Buchanania latifolia, yielding iruit resembling an almond in taste, abound in this well- wooded country. The great wonder, however, of the vegetable creation is the cubbeer-bur,* or great banian-tree (Ficus * Forbes, Oriental indica), situate on an island in the Nerbudda, covering an area n. loi, 209/271. ' estimated at from three to four acres. So ereat is its height, TraiiMct. of Lit. , , ° , 80c of Bombaf, that at a distance it resembles a hill, and so numerous, large, 1 2»9— Copland, and close its branches, that in the season of inundation, the n^n"iln^°" population dwell amidst them, until the subsidence of the river leaves their usual homes free from water. Esculent products are numerous and excellent, especially the water-melon, con- sidered the best in India ; but the plantain is not abundant, and the produce is of no great excellence. The manufacturing industry for which this territory was formerly noted, has much decayed, and in general has nearly disappeared, from the greater cheapness of the wares thrown into the market by British competition. Of the population inhabiting these extensive dominions, there are no means of ascertaining the precise numbers. Nothing exists beyond mere estimates, and those estimates probably rest but on vague grounds. According to the best information available, the population may be considered as something less than 3,000,000. They are of various lineage and characters, hut no census having been made, the comparative numbers of the respective castes, classes, and tribes, could be assigned only conjecturally. Though the Mahrattas are the ruling race, they appear to be surpassed in number by other tribes, espe- cially in the peninsula. The Eajpoots are very numerous ; Brahmins abound, and are mostly landed proprietors or village officers. Mussulmans are to be found principally in the towns, and the Bora sectarians of that faith are in general industrious, wealthy, and influential members of society. The Parsees, though a few are engaged in agriculture, in general resort to the larger towns, where they are distinguished by their industry, quiet demeanor, and commercial sagacity. Coolies, a race settled here from remote antiquity, are especially nume- rous in the districts north of the river Myhee, and of the tracts about the upper parts of the various rivers in the north. Along 46 GUZEBAT. the north-west frontier of the territorj, they constitute the bulk of the population. They are in general a robust race, and, though professing the Brahminical faith, eat flesh, particu* larly that of the buffalo, and are much addicted to intoxication, as well by opium and bang, as by ardent spirits. Many of them are depredators of various classes, some secret plunderers, others highway robbers ; yet they are said to be trustworthy whea expressly hired, either as guards of property, or to couTey money to some destined place. The Koonbies are an agricul- tural tribe, who exist in great numbers in the south and midland parts of the territory, but to a less extent in the north. Besides those just enumerated, are some anomalous tribes of less importance ; such as Dunjas, a small, well-knit, aetiye raee, engaged to some extent in cultivation, but by choice deriving their subsistence as far as practicable from the chase, fishing, or the collecting of wild fruits and the marketable produce of the jungles for sale. Their peculiar pursuits, little relished or shared in by the rest of the community, cause them to be viewed with dislike and dread ; and the reputation of possessing great power in sorcery subjects them to much cruel treatment Sometimes, in the true spirit of native barbarity, they are punished for such imputed delinquency by having their noses cut off, or by other mutilations. The Katties, who at a rathor remote period emigrated from the baikks of the Indus to ^ peninsula, form a majority of the inhabitants in a considerable prant or district to which they have given their name. They are considered to have been originally from Central Asia, and *TranBnct«.orLU. their northom origin is believed to be evidenced by their fair* i^T-M^n™-*^' ^^ ^^^ complexions, blue eyes, tall stature, and athletic firame. murdo. Remarks Qvcr the population in general, but especially over the Baj- Katiiwar. poots, two classos^ of men, Bhats and Gharuns, exercise won- tr!a*iSj™'ihT8S, derful influence. The Charuns, who, as well as the Bhats, boast ISO. of celestial origin, are divided into two tribes, — ^the Madiilee being merchants, and the Maroo bards ; and these two have in the aggregate 120 subdivisions. The men of those numeroos subdivisions profess to understand the rites and observances which propitiate Siva and his consort Farvati, the favourite deities of the Bajpoots ; and as few of the population exc^ these pretenders to sanctity can read or write, they add to their other means of influence acquaintanoe with the genealogies of GUZEEAT. chiefe and tribes, and with laudatory legends, which they chant in their honour. It is represented, that amongst the Bajpoots there is a deep impression that certain destrnction results from being instrumental in shedding the blood of a Charun, or of any member of his family. In reference to this impression, one of the class intent on attaining an object which he cannot otherwise bring about, will not scruple to murder a relative ; and instances have not been wanting in which, in extreme cases, a Chanm has destroyed himself. The aged' and the young ? luieoim, lu i87. among the Charuns are taught, not merely to be ready to part with life whenever the honour of their family or the class to which they belong calls for the sacrifice, but it is said that, " from the feeble female of four-score, to the child of five years of age, they are eager to be the first to die ;*' and this, it is added, '' is no rare feeling, but one which appears to belong to every individual of this singular community." Under influence, acquired from the dread of the consequences of urging the Chanm to such irightful extremities, the members of this com- mmiity guarantee the performance® of contracts entered into * Tn«n«icti. ©r by the most faithless freebooters, and also become security for [iy^^is'^"^ the payment of sums sometimes of very large amount. They mordo, on k»ui- also attend travellers as safeguards, and hesitate not to inflict on themsdves wounds, or even death, should they fail in insur- ing protection to those whom they escort. Their influence, however, on such points has latterly been on the wane ; pro- bably because it has become less requisite since the establish- ment of greater security* to life and property, by the advance » Jacob, Report of British power and influence in the dominions of the Guicowar. ®° Kattiwar, 20. The Bhats, according to the imperfect information which we have concerning them, appear to differ Kttle fix>m the Charuns, except that they have less influence and fame. The portion of either which they possess results from their officiating as chroniclers, bards, flatterers, or lampooners. "They give^ » Maicoim, u. isr, praise and fame in their songs to those who are liberal to them, while they visit those who neglect or injure them, with satires, in which they usually reproach them with spurious birth and inherent meanness. Sometimes the Bhat, if very seriously offended, fixes the figure of the person he desires to degrade on a long pole, and appends to it a slipper, as a mark of disgrace. In such case the song of the Bhat records the infamy of the 47 aUZERAT. object of hie revenge. This image usually travels the eountrr, till the party or his friends purchase the cessation of the ridicule and curses thus entailed." Those singular religionists, the Jains, are rather numerous, especially in the peninsula, • Jacob, ut »upr«, where there is scarcely a village* of any size which has not several of their families; and their innumerable beautiful temples, shrines, and monastic establishments on the moantains of Geemar and Palithana, are amongst the most interesting architectural works in India. The Bheel tribe exist in con- siderable numbers in the wilder tracts of the eastern and north- eastern part of the territory, especially about the river Myhec » oraitam. Sketch They are considered a people® of remote origin, and formerly TribM, iL possessed of power, and of a considerable degree of civilization, until subjugated and oppressed by both Kajpoots and Mussul- mans. At present some of them have settled into habits of fixed residence, and are engaged in agriculture; thus being raised above the savage state of the majority of their fellows. Throughout the more civilized parts of Guzerat, the popu- lation is rather comfortably lodged, in earthen or brick houses, with tiled roofs ; but in the jungly tracts the houses are made of mud, with grass roofs. The food of the population is also in general plentiful, consisting of rice, wheat, and other grains, pulse and cucurbitaceous products, fruits, and milk ; to which such of the upper classes as are not restricted by any scruples^ add flesh, especially that of sheep and buffaloes, as well as fish, which may be obtained in abundance from the numerous streams and tanks. Hereditary slavery is not uncommon in parts of Guzerat ; and those claiming ownership over the unfortunate beings reduced to this state, not only avail themselves of the advantage of their services, but hire them out to others. In deference to the philanthropic views of the British government, the Guicowar has lately, indeed, issued a proclamation, prohibiting, under penalties, the future sale or purchase of children within his domiuions, except under express permission of the durbar. This, however, is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory measurei perhaps a merely colourable one; and the home authorities have justly expressed regret that the prohibition was not nuwfe absolute. The vernacular language, denominated Guzeraltee, is an AS GUZEEAT. offset from the great Sanskritic stock, and closely resembles the Hindee. The principal towns — Baroda the capital, Pahlunpore, Cam- bay, Eadhunpore, Chowrar, Baunsda, Peint, Hursool, Dhur- rumpore, Thurraud, Sucheen, Wusravee, Deesa, Rajkote, Poor- bunder, Dwarka, Loonawarra, Barreah, Daunta, Dongurpore, Banswarra, Jabbooa, Oodepore, Bajpeepla, Saunte, and Beyt — are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. There are scarcely any made roads in this territory ; but most parts of the country are very level, so that communica- tion for half the year is easy, and M'heeled carriages traverse it in all directions. The principal lines of route are — 1. From south-east to north-west, from Mhow, through Deesa, to Jes- sulmere. 2. From east to west, from Mhow, through Baroda, and thence through Limree, across the peninsula, to the south coast of the Gulf of Cutch, at Jooria. 3. From south-east to north-west, from Baroda to Ahmedabad, and thence across the Runn to Hyderabad, in Scinde. 4. From south to north, from Surat, through Baroda, to Beerpoor, where the route is joined with that already noticed, running from Mhow to Deesa. 5. From the north-east to the south-west of the peninsula, from Bojana, through Rajkot, to Poorbunder. A railway is projected from Baroda to Tunkaria: the line has been sur- veyed, and a favourable report as to its practicability been given. Such a work would be a source of great benefit to the country ; and there can be little doubt that it will be eflfected at no distant period. The early history of Guzerat presents no features of greater interest than those which usually occur in the records of the eastern nations of the like periods. It formed part of the Mahomedan empire of Delhi ;^ but in the reign of Mahmood * Kipiiin»tone. Toghluk, was separated from it by Mozuffer Khan, previously ^'"j^o.^Jp.*^, governor, bu^ thenceforward king. About the year 1572 it ***. ♦^ eTS-oss. was the seat of great confusion, and was re-annexed to the empire by Akbar. When the Mahratta fortune prevailed, the chief officer of the confederacy, the Peishwa, secured a large amount of tribute from it; while another chief, called the Guicowar, became the ruler of the principal state in Guzerat, 4 B 4« GWALIOE. called Baroda, to the article on which the reader is referred for information on its history. GUZZLEHUTTY.— See Gfjelhatti. « E.i.a Mi. Doc GWALIOR TERRITOEIES,^ the possessions of the family of Scindia, have a singularly irregular outline, and consist of several detached districts, the principal of which is bounded on the north-east by the Chumbul, dividing it from the British districts of Agra and Etawah ; on the east, in a very tortuotu direction, by Bundelcund and the British districts of Saugor and Nerbudda ; on the south by the native states of Bhopal and Dhar ; on the west by those of Bajgurh, Jhalawur, and Kotah ; and on the north-west by the Chumbul, separating it from Dholpore and Bajpootana. The extreme points of the Gwalior territory are in lat. 21° 8'— 26° SC, long. 74° 45'- 79° 21'. The length of the principal portion above described ia 24:6 miles from north to south, and 170 in breadth. The area « TrjRon. Surrey of the wholc compHses 33,119 square miles,^ and comprehends *^^ part of the ancient province of Agra, most of Malwa, and part of the Deccan. The extreme north-eastern part adjoining Agrt » At. Ret Ti. 17— is generally level, bare, of no great fertility,® and much cut up hj ofTouni.^from ^^®P prccipitous ravines in the vicinity of the streams. A ARrm lo oujeiM. little further south, in the vicinity of the town of Gwalior, Sle^nmn, Rnniblot 0*1 i» •• 1 ^t^ i»i i. and Recollections, and about lat. 26 2(y, the surface rises mto hills, which on the M«ndy%ketch«s ^^* approach those of Bundelcund ;^ on the south the great "• M- Vindhya range, and on the west the hilly country* of Kaj- Af.'sw'*!. 276^ pootana. The " country ,• as far as the eye can range, is dotted BmKieicllnd*™ **' ^^®^ ^^^^ Small hiUs, which, unconnected by any chain of • BaiMr, Mem. heights. Start abruptly and independently out of the lerd • Mundy, ii. 54. plain." On one of these is the celebrated fortress of Gwalior. The geological formation of those rocky eminences is a rerj fine-grained sandstone, disposed in horizontal strata, and f siaeman, it 8. yielding an excellent building-stone,^ for which purpose it maj be had in slabs of great length and breadth. The middle part, comprising a considerable portion of Malwa, is a plateau, having probably an average elevation of about 1,500 fee^ though there are some points rising greatly above that amount, as in the instance of Shaizgurh, in the Mandoo range, which is • DanRerfleid, in 2,628 fect^ abovo the sea. The general slope of the plateau is Mairaini! Mtm. "^^^ gentle from the Mandoo range towards the north or on Central India, north-east, as indicated by the course of a number of streams SO GWALIOB. flowing in those directions, to the Chumbul, bj the channel of which the water flowing through them is discharged into the Jumna, and ultimately into the Bay of Bengal. The Mandoo range, which, running east and west, forms the southern boun- dary of the plateau, and slopes very gently northwards towards it, dips precipitously southwards towards the Nerbudda, and a narrow strip of Scindia's territory stretches across the valley of that river, and even to the south of the river Taptee.* The > Further paper* rock underlying the diluvial or vegetable strata in Malwa, i^JJ^"^i*IIi! accordinfi: to Danirerfield,^ " appears to constitute the northern 1'0'"« London.i844, termination of a very extensive secondary trap formation, which extends from the extremity of the Deccan, and probably even Mysore." The upper or northern part of Malwa is chiefly occupied by sandstone and sandstone-slates, on which in some places repose low ranges of hills, con- sisting generally of hornstone. Iron-ore abounds, especially in the hills on the frontiers ; and east of the river Chumbul is a narrow bed* of cellular clay iron-ore, extending from south- east to north-west about eighty miles. Dang'erfield' states *ii. S30. that "the ore is poor in metal, and is not worked." No deci- sive indications either of other metal or of coal appear to have been foimd in the territory. The diluvial or vegetable soil in the Malwa portion of the coyntry varies^ from three to ten * Dnnseri). id, feet in depth, and in a few places is as much as twelve "•••^' or fifteen feet. " It is* either a red ferruginous, or a rich black loam ; the former compact, the latter light, with deep cracks or Assures in every direction." Having great natural fertihty,^ and ample and ready means of artificial irrigation, < uaiooim, i. s. few parts of India enjoy greater natural advantages than this part of Scindia's territory. The rivers of the Gwalior country are numerous. The Taptee, flowing west, traverses the most southern part of the territory ; and parallel to this, but about forty miles farther north, the Nerbudda flows in a similar direction : but by far the greater portion of the drainage of the territory is dis- charged into the river Chumbul, which, receiving the waters of the Chumbla, Seepra, Chota Kallee Sind, Newuj, Par- butty, and some others of less importance, flows along the north-west frontier of the country, separating it from the Jeypoor, Kerowly, and Dholpore territories; subsequently E 2 " GWALIOE. * Slraman, Ram- blM and R«ool* lectioni, il. 8ft. tuTDing Bouth-easty it forms the north-eastern houndaiy, towards the British districts of Agra and Etawa, and joins the Jumna in the latter district, twenty miles distant from tho north-eastern course of the Gwalior territory. The Sinde, a considerahle river, but less than the Chumbul, flows in some measure parallel to it, but farther to the east, and after forming for a considerable extent the south-eastern boundary towards Bundelcund, intersects for thirty miles the north-eastern comer of Gwalior, and finally falls into the Jumna a short distance below the confluence of the Chumbul with that river. In the northern part of the territory, forming a tract extending between the Chumbul and the Sinde, rise the Kooaree, Asun, Sank, and some other torrents of less im'portance, whicb, flowing east or north-east, fall into the Sinde on the left side. This northern part, though not remarkable for natural fertility, is probably not infenor in this respect to the contiguous parts of Dholpore and of the British district of Agra, which, by means of artificial irrigation and other skilful 'processes of culture, are rendered very productive.* In the Gwalior terri- tory, on the contrary, the soil has been everywhere stripped of Mund7,sketchea, trees for the purposes of the ordnance. In consequence of the oppression exercised by the ruling powers, and the licentious- • sieeman, Ram- ness and rapacity of the soldiery, " there is nothing^ left upon tioDs, ii. 8, 0. ^ the land of animal or vegetable life to animate or enrich it ; nothing of stock but what ia necessary to draw from the soil an annual crop, and which looks to one harvest for its entire return. The sovereign proprietor of the soil lets it out by the year in farms or villages, to men who depend entirely upon the year's return for the means of payment. He in his tnm lets the lands in detail to those who till them, and who depend for their subsistence and for the means of paying their rents upon the returns of the single harvest. There is no manufac- ture anywhere to be seen, save of brass pots and rude cooking- utensils ; no trade or commerce, save in the transport of the rude produce of the land to the great camp at Gwalior, upon the backs of bullocks, for want of roads fit for wheeled car- riages. No one resides in the villages save those whose labour is indispensably necessary to the rudest tillage, and those who collect the dues of government, and are paid upon the lowest possible scale." The writer here quoted, and who was British 62 GWALIOB. political resident at the court of Scindia, adds — " Such is the state of the Gwalior territories in every part of India where I ha?e seen them." Perhaps, however, the situation of affairs is somewhat better in the south-western' portion of the terri- tory, or that comprising part of Malwa, as there is produced ^ » MaicoTm, Cen- a great quantity of the fine opium for which the country is *™* *"*^*"' *' ®* celebrated, besides wheat, gram (Cicer arietinum), pulse of various kinds, jowar (Holcus sorghum), bajra (Holcus spicatus), mung (Fhaseolus mungo), maize, rice, linseed, and other oil- seeds, garlic, turmeric, ginger, sugar-cane, indigo, aal (Morinda multiflora), yielding a fine red dye. The vicinity of Bhilsa is famed for producing the finest tobacco,^ though in no great • Proc©eding« of quantity. There is much cotton grown ;^ but Chandhairee, oMndiorsept. noted for fine fabrics of this article, is stated to have been l^^]* p- ^A* ^^^' 1848, p. 270. supplied^ with the raw material from Berar. » Maicoim, 1.8. Arts and manufactures are few and depressed. The cotton Hunt^, NarratT fabrics of Chandhairee, which were very considerable before of joum. from ... Agra to Oii^ein. those of Britain were brought into competition with them, are 1 proceedings of now, from this cause,- in little demand.^ At Boorhaunpoor are f^^ ^42,^0.277. manufactures of fine cottons, silks, and kamkhab or brocade, ' Bengal and very rich and beautiful. The raising and reducing of iron-ore roi. 11. part i.887. is practised in many places. Brass guns are cast in the maha- rajah's arsenal at the fort of Gwalior ; but neither the material nor workmanship is good. Petty handicrafts, necessary for supplying the simple wants of the population, are everywhere practised in the towns and villages. The imports are of scanty amount, and consist principally of British woollens, cottons, silks, cutlery, Cashmere shawls, pearls from the Persian Gulf, Ceylon diamonds, and agates from Bundelcund ; gold, silver, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc. The muskets used by the army are of French make, and a con- siderable quantity of Prench bijouterie finds a sale among the higher orders. Opium is the principal export, and is sent abroad by way of Bombay. Cotton is also largely exported to Bombay, and to the towns on the Jumna and Ganges. The tobacco of Bhilsa has been mentioned as of fine quality : a portion of this, though the entire production is small, is exported. The other exports of any moment are dye-stufis and iron. The northern part of the country, of moderate elevation, and 68 GWALIOB. * B«n|ra1 and 4 Malcolm, I. 8. in most places either rockj or sandy, has a climate partaking of the torrid character of the neighbouring tracts of Agra or Eajpootana. In these parts the climate, during the rainy sea^ son, and for a short time aiterwards, is exceedingly nnhealthj, fevers being then very rife, in consequence, according to an intelligent writer,' of the moisture imbibed by the superficial Agra Guide, 1849, j., • i •! i_ • j. j i» • in i_ vol. 11. part 1. 381. oiluYial SOU being prevented from passmg on by an unpei^ meable substratum of sandstone. Hence results great damp, indicated by mouldiness on all substances susceptible of ii During the dry and hot seasons, the cUmate is not unhealthy. The middle, the southern, and the western parts, or those com- prised within Malwa, with little exception, have a mild and rather equable climate, resulting from the elevation of the surface. The range^ of the thermometer is unusui^y small, except during the latter part of the year, when great and sudden changes ofl^eu take place. The cool season oompnsea the period between the beginning of November and the end of February ; the hot season succeeds, and continues to the middle of June, when the periodical rains set in, and last to the dose of September, the average fall being about fifty inches. Dnriiig this season the thermometer has a very moderate range, rardy more than &om 72° to 78°. The clLmate becomes cooler alter the rains, and in proportion to the approach towards the wint^ solstice, when the coldest weather commences, and cofntinues through January and the early part of February, the th^mo- meter sometimes falling three or four degrees below the Reel- ing point. During the sultry season the hot winds are com- paratively mild and of short duration, though the thermometer sometimes rises to nearly 100° during the day ; but the nights are invariably cool and refreshing. According to Malcolm,' ''though during the two months immediately succeeding the rainy season (when the hilly and woody parts should be shunned) fevers prevail here, as in other parts of India, yet ^ climate must on the whole be considered as salubrious, and to those enervated by a long residence in the lower and wanner plains of India, pleasant and invigorating." He adds, ho?rever, that cholera always is endemic in this province. A medical authority,^ already quoted, gives a less favourable desmption of the climate of the southern division ; stating that the rains are sometimes so redundant about the time of the winter »4 * Ut lupra, i. e. ' Bengal and Agra Guide, 1842, vol. ILpart i. 381. GWALIOB. BolBtice as to rot the crops ; that malaria prevails in a greater or less degree, according to situation ; and that from October to December the junglj tracts cannot be traversed without peril to life. *' Both the hot season and the cold are often liable to very fatal epidemics. As a general rule, it may be remarked, tiiat the nearer we approach the southern border and the Ner- bodda, the greater is the fatality of epidemics when they appear." The most prevalent diseases are fevers, constant and intermittent ; and those contracted in the jungles at the close of the year* are almost universally fatal. The virulent cholera sets in annually with dreadful intensity, causing death in less than an hour after the commencement of the attack. The sTerage duration of human life is extraordinarily short, so that it is quite rare to meet a person of very advanced age ; and so gr^ it is stated, is the mortality among children, that not mote than one out of five is reared. Hence, as well as from other causes, the population is very disproportionate to the productive capability of the country. The wild animals enumerated are, the tiger, leopard, bear, wolf, hysana, wild dog, jackal, fox, ounce, lynx, badger, ichneu- mon, civet, otter, rat, bat, mouse, wild bog, nylgau or white- footed antelope, a^d various other kinds ; deer of several species, the wild buffalo, the ape^ and the monkey, the squirrel, the ' Bemnii and porcupine, and the hare. Of birds, there are the vulture, eagle, toi?u. part l^SJ hawks of various kinds, the kite, the buzzard, the owl, the hombill (Buceros), the raven, the crow, daws and pies, the parrot, the jay, the cuckoo, humming-birds, the wild goose, the wild duck, the pelican, the cormorant, the spoonbill, the stork, the crane, the heron, the adjutant, the curlew, the snipe, the bustard, the fioriken, the peafowl, the pheasant, the partridge, the quail, the pigeon, the dove, and the sparrow. The rivers aboond in fish,® especially of the carp kind. The most remark- * Bengal and able of the snake race are the boa, water-snake, cobra, black ,„?!», sm? " spotted snake, spectacled snake, yellow clouded snake, whip- snake, and leaping snake. The magar or round blunt-snouted crocodile infests some of the rivers.* The population of the north-eastern part of this territory is * In tiie Bengal and Agra Guide, 1842,* a scientific lish of above ISO * Ut supra, 807- botanical prodnctions of this tract is famished ; bctt the necessary limite of ^^* this work preclude ftirther notice of it. 05 GWALIOB. of a mixed kind, comprising, besides Mahrattas (the ruling order), Boondelas, Jauts, Eajpoots, with some less distinctly defined divisions of Hindoos, and Mussulmans. Until the Mahratta inroads in the last century, the country was from an early period a possession of the Mahomedan rulers of Delhi ; and in no part of the territory, except the small tract south lr*"o ' d"** ^^ *'^® Nerbudda, do the Mahrattas form" any large proportion Mipni, 400. of the people. In the greater part of the southern and south- western parts, comprising a portion of Malwa, a veiy con- siderable section of the population is Brahminical; and Malcolm « II. 194. remarks :* " There is perhaps no part of India where the tribes of Brahmins are so various, and their numbers so great." He, however, adds, " but there is certainly none where there are so few of them either wealthy, learned, or where there is less attention paid to the religious rites of the Hindoo ^Euth, or to its priests, by the rest of the population." Sajpoots exist in ' Malcolm, 11. 181, large* numbers, and pay little regard to the Brahmins, whose place as to moral and religious influence is supplied by the cognate tribes of Bhats and Charuns. There are many petty Eajpoot rajahs, who yield ostensibly fealty and tribute to the family of Scindia, but display from time to time evidence of a refractory disposition, which would render them perilous sub- ordinates in case of any reverse happening to the paramount » cjt iupra, II. i43. p* 28o. Mahrattas received from Sir Arthur Wellesley at Argaum,^ in warinindia,874. Berar, on the 28th of November following. Pjjf;^- JJJ;^ The destruction of the Mahratta power in Hindoostan north 2»4, «»• of the Nerbudda had, in the mean time, been not less signally 847*-»49. ' effected by (General, afterwards Lord Lake, the British com- JJ^u^,^ 61 GWALIOB. * Bengal Pn^rti vi tuprn, 247. Tlinrn, 00. * Mundy, Sketeheg, I. 74. • Thorn, 188. f Id. ai-s. ' Treaties and EngOKemenu with Native Princes, 608. • Thorn, 246. ' Treaties with the Natire Powers, 647. Sutherland, Sketches of Pol. Kel. 160. ' Bengal and Ai^ra Guide, 1843, Tol. ii. part i. 872. Uundy, Sketches, ii. 01. * Prinsep, Tmns. In India, it. SO. Duff, iil. 802. * Blacker, Mem. of Mabraita War, 62. Fitzclarence, Joiim. 43. * Treaties, ut supra, 661. mander-in-chief, wbo baying, in the beginning of September, 1803, stormed^ Allygurb, a few days afterwards, at Patper- ganj,* on the left bank of the Jumna, nearly opposite Delhi, totally defeated Scindia's disciplined army, commanded bj the Frenchman Bourquien, and effectually cleared the Doab of the Mahrattas. Delhi was immediately occupied by the victorious army, to which, before the close of the «ame year, Agra yielded, after a brief attempt® at defence. General Lake, indefatigably following up his advantages, destroyed at Laswaree,^ a few weeks afterwards, the remnant of Scindia's disciplined force. To avert impending ruin, Doulut Eao, at the close of the year 1803, acceded to the tteaty of Seiji Anjengaum, dictated by the British government, ceding on the left bank of the Jumna " all his forts,^ territories, and rights in the Doab ;" and on the right bank of the river, " all his forts, territories, rights, and interests in the countries which are to the northward of those of the rajahs of Jeypore and Jodepore ;'* or, substantially, all tracts which, eastward of long. 7G°, are situate north of the ChumbuL Ambajee, a feudatory of Doulut Bao, had at his ostensible instance^ engaged to yield to the British the fort of Gwalior; but it was found necessary to commence military operations against the place, and the Mahratta garrison, rendered tract- able by this measure, consented to receive a bribe, and depart. The fort was by the British government transferred to the rana of Gohud ; but some difficulties arising, the grant was revoked, and the place, " from considerations^ of friendship*' — such was the phrase — was in 1805 ceded to Doulut Bao Scindia by the second article of the treaty of Mustafapore. The Mahratta prince so highly appreciated the advantages resulting from the strength of the place, that he regarded it as his capital, and fixed his residence in a permanent camp^ at the base of the rock. In 1817, when the Peishwa^ confederated with Appa Sahib Bhonsla of Nagpore, and Holkar, for the overthrow of the British power, the marquis of Hastings, governor-general, took the command of a formidable army, and advancing^ to the river Chumbul, so far overawed Scindia that on November 5th, 1817, a treaty* was executed, binding this chief, among other conditions, to concur with the British in effectually quelling the Pindarriea and other freebooters, and for this purpose to furnish a body of 5,000 horse, to act 63 GWALIOB. under the control of British officers. Doulut £ao Scindia died in 1S27, and as he had no male issue, Mugut Bao, a boy eleyen years old, and nearest relation of the late maha-rajah who could from his age be adopted, was declared sovereign by . the name of Ali Jah Junkojee Scindia. This youth displayed a trait of character of no common atrocity on occasion of his marriage, when he discharged arrows among the assembled people, one of whom was killed.* He died childless in 1843,'^ * Sutherland. i6i. when Bhagerut Bao, his nearest male relative, eight years of mpecung owa- age, was declared successor, and proclaimed under the title of "**'' ** Ali Jah Jyajee Scindia. The maternal uncle® of the deceased • owaiior papcn, maha-rajah became regent, under the title of the Mama Sahib,* but was quickly displaced by court intrigue and military violence, and the reins of government were thrown ostensibly into the hands of the maha-ranee, widow of the late maha- rajah, "a passionate girl* of twelve years of age." Her 'oot. oen. of ignorance, caprice, and froward petulance accelerated the pro- committM— Fur- gress of anarchy inevitable in such a juncture, and the more ^*' ^"j^J**' alarming, as the most active promoters of the turmoil were numerous and determined, well trained to arms, amply equipped with theo», and actuated by a Mahratta love of violence and spoil. This state of things naturally and justly excited the apprehension of the government of British India, Scindia's dominions being extensively conterminous with those of the Eaat-India Company, and likely, in case of outbreak, to share in the calamities and suffer from the deeds of rapine and blood sure to be perpetrated by a lawless soldiery, associated with freebooters more lawless than themselves. The actual minister was the Dada Khasji Walajf who was seized by the soldiery, probably less from any hostile feeling than a desire to employ him as the tool of their rapacity. Hence ensued a military conflict between those who seized the minister and those supporting the maha-ranee and her party ; but after a brief and feeble engagement, the soldiers agreed to make * Mama, "maternal' uncle;** Sahib, "lord, air."' A somewhat corre- * Shak«p«ir, sponding title of honour may be found in the monsieur of the elder branch ^ ' ???• of the French royal fiunily. f Dada means "paternal grandfEbther/* and also "elder brother;** but to whom the chief in question stood in either of these relations, is not any- where stated. " Khasji " ia^ " steward of the household.*' 63 GWALIOR. common cause, intelligence baying arrived that a large Britisli force had been concentrated at Agra. Eeinforcementa were thereupon called in from everj side, ammunition in large > Gwftiior p»peri, quantity was served ^ to the troops of all arms, and extensive "^ preparations of every kind made for war. The Dada Khasji WaJa was given up to the British authorities ; but all order bad now ceased in Scindia's territories ; the zemindars refused to pay in the rents, and any semblance of rule that remained, depended altogether upon the will of the soldiery. The Britirfi « Id. lao. government then resolved * upon advancing, for the purpose of obtaining full security for the future tranquillity of the common fipontier, for the maintenance of order within the territories of Scindia, and for the conducting of the govern- ment of those territories in accordance with the established relations of amity towards the British government. It was • Id. \H, required • that the army of Gwalior should be reduced within reasonable limits. These objects were avowed in the pro- • p»pert mpect- clamatious^ issued by the Q-overnor- General on the entrance of dered'by HoutTof t^© British forccs luto the Gwalior territory, towards the close commoof to be of the mouth of December, 1843. On the 21st December, printed, 12 March, . , . ' 1844. pp. 15, 16, the British army, led by Sir Hugh Gough, command^r-in-cbief, ^^'^®* accompanied by Lord Ellenborough, governor-general, com- » Additiooti owa- menccd * crossing the Chumbul near the town of Dholpore, '^"' and by the 26th of the same month the whole had passed to • Garden, Tablet the right sidc, and cncampcd at Hingona, twenty-three* miles "*^ north-west of the fort of Gwalior. This force advancing on the 29th, came in front of the Mahratta army about fifteen miles north-east of Gwalior, and in a position supported by the neighbouring villages of Maharajpore and Chonda. After an obstinate engagement, in which the British suffered very severe loss from the well-served artillery directed against them, the Mahrattas were dislodged from all points of their position, and the survivors of the carnage retreated to Gwalior, baring f Id. ias-166. lost fifly-six pieces of artillery^ and all their ammunition- waggons. The total loss on the side of the British was 106 killed, 684 wounded, and seven missing. The numbers en- gaged were probably nearly equal, — about 14,000 on each side. Simultaneous with the march of the commander-in-chief from Dholpore was that of Major- General Grey, with an array probably of about 8,000 or 9,000 men, from Bundelcund. GWALIOK. Crossing the rirer Sinde at Chandpore, this force marched to Paniaur, twelve miles® south-west of Gwalior, and there, on « Further owa- the 29th December, encountered a Mahratta army, despatched "*"' *'*^"' ^^' from the capital, and estimated at 12,000 strong,* with twenty- • id. los. four guns. The Mahrattas, after a severe struggle, were defeated, with the loss of all their artillery and a great number of men. The loss on the part of the British was twenty-five killed,* and 189 wounded. On the 4th of January, 1844, the > w. le?. forfc of Gwalior was occupied by the contingent force, com- manded by British officers ; and thus passed into the power of the East-India Company this celebrated stronghold, which effectually commanded the Lashkar,* or stationary camp, at its base, where 6,000 refractory troops, amply supplied with artillery, still held out ; but all hope of successful resistance having ceased, they accepted the offer made to them of full h'quidation of all arrears, with the addition of a gratuity of three months' ^ay, and, surrendering their artillery and small- arms, they quietly dispersed.^ It has been recently deter- « id. i4o. mined that no further repairs shall be made to the fort.^ On » india poi. DUp. the 18th January, 1844, was concluded^ a treaty, by which J owlliif pkp^n, Tarious previously existing treaties were confirmed, except so !»• far as they might be affected by the stipulations of the new one. The contingent force for the protection of Scindia's territory, originally provided for in the treaty of Seijee Angen- ganm (1808), by the assignment of certain districts for its maintenance, was to be increased,t and the revenues of other districts, in addition to the former, were, by a schedule to the new treaty, appropriated to that purpose, as well as, it would appear, to defray the charges of the civil administration of such districts, which was to be conducted by the British government for Scindia. To meet sundry debts due to the British government, and to cover various charges incurred by * Lashkar, "army," Id Persian. + The accounts between the British government and Scindia had long before this period become much complicated and very intricate. Certain arrangements were made in 181 7 for defraying Scindia's share of the expenses of the Pindarry war ; but the payments fell short of the charges, and it was consequently agreed (1820) to reduce the contingent, and to make an assign- ment of territory in liquidation of the debt. Subsequently (1836) a part of the assigned territory was restored, in consideration of an annual payment. 4 3p 65 GWALIOE. the misconduct of that of Scindia, a sum of twentj-six liC8 was to b6 paid within fourteen days from the date of the treaty; in default of which, territory described in another schedule was to be assigned as provision for the payment of the principal debt, and the interest accruing thereon, together with the charges of the civil administration. The military force maintained by Scindia beyond the contingent was not to exceed 9,000 men, of whom not more than one-third irere to be infantry. During the minority of the maharajab, all acts of government were to be under the control of the British resident, the administration being vested in a council of regency. Three lacs of rupees were set apart as a provisioa for the maharanee. Such was the position of the relatiom under the treaty between Gwalior and the British govemnieiit The exemplary character, however, of the young mahan^h, and his high promise of qualifications for government, led to his being intrusted with the administration o£ hia dominions i/'NoI.^iSlia.^***'* before the expiration of his minority.* The formal act of coronation was postponed until the attainment of his mi^tj in 1853, when, by its performance, the young rajah wu solemnly confirmed in the authority which he bad prerioudy exercised. His conduct subsequent to his assumption of power i^*i?7*A** ^** fuUy justified the high opinion previously entertained of isw. this prince.* ' B.I.C.M..DOC GWALIOR.»»— A celebrated hill-fort, the capital of the possessions of Scindia's family. The rock oa which it is situate, is completely isolated, though 700 yards to the north • At. rm. ri. 18 ig n conical^ hill, surmounted by a remarkable building of stone; —Hunter, Nurrat. _ . ' , . "^ , _ , , ^ oTa journ. from and ou the south-east, the south, and the south-west, tre Agf» to o^^eln. ^[^^^^ \^)^^ ^\^^^ fo^n ^ sort of amphitheatre, at the distance of from one to four miles. Near the place, and on the east • Garden, Tablet of it, runs the Small river Soowunreeka,' nearly dry, except during the rains. The rock of Gwalior, and the ranges in its vicinity, are of ochreous sandstone, capped in some pkces with basalt, which appears to have formeriy universally ofer- • sieeman. Ram- Spread them, and the fragments of which lying at their bases,^ uomTi. sttr"**" ^*^"* slopes for a considerable distance up their sides. The * Gruwaler of Tassin ; GoaliAr of Brifg8*8 Index, and of th« Aytm Akbery ; Gualior of the translators of Baber ; Gwalior of Elphinttoi^ and generaUy of the British writers. GWALIOB. Modstone of the hill-fort is arranged in horizontal strata, and its face presents so steep a fracture, as to form a perpendicular precipice, rising above the upper limit of the slope. Where the rock was naturally less precipitous, it has been so scarped as to be rendered^ perpendicular ; and in some places the upper * Hodg^Trmveif part considerably overhangs the lower. The greatest length ld/s^i^t"Iewt of the rock, which is from north-east to south-west, is a mile* *" '"**'•» *»^- *• and a half, the greatest breadth 300 yards. The height at the HOTth end, where it is greatest, is 342 feet. On the eastern iaee of the rock, several f colossal^ figiures are sculptured in " siefmtn, i. 847. bold relief. A rampart runs round the edge of the rock, con- forming to the outline of its summit; and as its height is uniform above the vergBy its top has an irregular appearance. The entrance within the inclosure of the rampart is towards the north end of the east side ; first, by means of a steep road, and higher up by steps^ cut in the face of the rock, of such a ' Hunter, is. size and of so moderate a degree of acclivity, that elephants n."?©/* * **' easily make their way up. This huge staircase is protected on the outer side by a high and massive stone wall, and is swept by several traversing-guns pointing down it ; the passage up to the interior being through a succession of seven gates. The principal gate is called Hatipul, or the elephant's gate, s paber Mem. from the ficnire of that animal sculptured^ over it. The ^9- citadel is at the north-eastern extremity of the inclosure, and » neflfenthaier, has a very striking* appearance. The outline of the great ^^^l^^f^^^, ♦ According to Hunter* and Sleeman ;• but, according to Scott,' " four i ut »upr«, 17. nJHm," Sleeman ffives the breadth at a quarter of a mile, which somewhat * Ut supra, I. 340. J .1. ^ . u XT * » In HodRW Select exeeeda that given by Hunter. y^^^ j j,„ 5 p 3, + They are described by Baber, who mentions* one forty feet high, i ^ein. 886, 424. which he ordered to be destroyed ; but, losing the place soon after, his power of enforcing his mandate ceased, and the image remains. A writer in a recent publication,* states it to be an image of Parswanath, the twenty- « ueninil and third Jaina. He adds, "One object of curiosity is a massive Jain temple, Agra (luide, 1848, Imilt 700 years since, now in ruins ;** and proceeds : " The only other object wertfay of attention, is the Thai lee ka kth (Teli ka lath), a lofty temple BOW in runs, built with a part of the accumulated wealth of an oilman in Acber Shah's time." The temple and lath are perhaps the structures described by Hunter :* — ** About the middle of the fort are two remarkable s p. 17. pyramidal buildings of red stone : they are in the most ancient style of Hindoo architecture, and are said to have been bailt for the residence of the mother-in-law and sister-in-law of a rajah who reigned in a very remote period, when this fortress was the capital of an extensive empire." r 2 ^ GWALIOE. I TMItothaler, i. 188. * Mandjr, 8ketche«. ii. TV. * Hunter, 18. Tiefltinthaler, 1. 133. * Sleeman, i. 847. * TlffTenthaler, i. 182. Hunter, 18. S Iceman, i. 847. 7 B«DKii1 and Agra Guid«, 1S49. rol. ii. part i. 407. • At. Ret.iz. 153 — EsMyon Vicra- maditjra. » Vol. I. Introd. Ixv. 1 FerUhta, 1. 60. * Id. i. 180. Blphinatone, Hist, of India, i. 012. I Trareb, 188. masses of the antique palace surmouuted by kiosks, is strmiglj marked against the sky, and adjoining is a series of six lofty round towers or bastions, connected by curtains of great height and thickness. Along the eastern side of those build- ings extends horizontally,^ in the upper part, a course of bricks or tiles of brilliant blue colour, like coarse porcelain ; and the effect produced by this great vivid streak is singular, but not unpleasing. There are within the inclosure of the rampart several spacious tanks, capable of supplying an adequate garri- son, though, according to a military author,* 15,000 men would be required fully to man the defences. The old town of Q-walior is situate along the eastern'* base of the rock. It is of considerable size, having'* a street a mile long, imd has many good houses of stone ; but is very irregularly built, and extremely filthy. It contains a very beautiful building^ of white sandstone, with a cupola covered with blue porcelain tiles, beneath which lie the remains of Muhammad G-hoos, a famous sage, celebrated for his sanctity in the time of Akbar. The Lashkar, or stationary camp of the maharajah, is represented as extending several miles^ from the south-west end of the rock, and as being a place of considerable traffic and wealth ; but the great reduction of the military force of the state must cause a diminution of the prosperity of this establish- ment. It has been described as a very filthy collection of rude buildings, even the residence of the maharajah being of mean^ exterior, and those of the rest, in appearance little better than hovels, though much wealth, the proceeds of a long course of rapine, was stored within them. There are scarcely any manufactures in Gwalior, except artillery-founding, and the making of gunpowder and fireworks for the prince and court. According to the researches® of Wilford, the fort of Gwalior was built in 773, by Surya-Sena, rajah of a small territory lying about the rock. Ferishta, however, assigns* it a date ante- cedent to the commencement of the Christian era. In 1023,^ it was besieged by the celebrated Mahmood of Qhuznee, who found the attempt to capture it hopeless, and marched awaj, taking a present. After a long siege in 1196, it was taken' * Scott, quoted in Hodges,* appears to be in error in stating "at tbe north-west foot of the mountain is the town." 6S GWALIOE. by BahauddiD, or Kutbuddin Eibak, lieutenants of Shaha- buddin, or Muhammad, of G-hor. In 1211, it was lost' bj the * Perisbui, i. sii. Mussulmans, but recovered in 1231, after a blockade for a year, by Shamsuddin Altamsh, the slave king of Delhi.* Nai'singh Bae, a Hindoo chief, taking advantage of the troubles produced by the invasion of Tamerlane in 1398, took Gwalior,^ * w. i. eoo. which was not recovered by the Mussulmans until 1519, when it was retaken'^ by Ibrahim Lodi, the Patau sovereign of « id. i. 5io. Delhi ; after whose defeat and death in battle against Baber, it was seized by a Patau adventurer. In 1526, Baber • gained • Mem S40. it by stratagem, and in 1543, after the expulsion of his son {^^^ R'^on*. Humayon, it fell into the hands^ of his successful rival Sher Pf'<^«' ciirono- '' , logical Rctro- Sbah ; but, after the return and re-establishment of Humayon, tpect. hi. eoi. it was, in 1556,® recovered by his successor Akbar, who made , {2"i'!l"J*7j[''iMr it the state prison for captives of importance. Here he con- Ei|.hinrtoDc, ii. fined, and subsequently put to death, his first cousin, Abul- kasim, son of the ill-fated Kamran. Here also Aurungzebe confined* his brother Morad, and shortly after put him to » w. ii. »s. death. The same suspicious and cruel sovereign consigned to this prison the son of Morad, and his nephews Soliman and Sepehr Sheko, the sons of Dara, who here quickly found a grave. In the dismemberment of the empire of Delhi, Gwalior wast seized^ by the Jat rana of Gohud. It subsequently » Hodges, Tmteii, changed hands, and in 1779 ^ was garrisoned by Scindia, from « liotiget, iwd. whom it was taken by the forces of the East-India Company, on the 3rd August, with little trouble and small loss. At midnight, ladders and all other auxiliaries for scaling having been prepared, the party for the attack was formed. Two' ' id. las. companies of grenadiers and light infantry led the van, under Captain Bruce ;J Major Popham followed with twenty Euro- peans and two battalions of sepoys. A battalion, two guns, and a small body of cavalry, were ordered to march at two o'clock, to cover the retreat of the English party, in case of * Bespecting this erent, Ferishta adds, that an officer, ** who was present at the captare, has commemorated the date of the transaction by foar lines, carved on a stone, over one of the gateways ;*' on which, Briggs observes, " the stone and the lines are still to be seen." t I^ however, the account of Busawnn Lai' be correct, the fort had > Mem. Ameer been garrisoned by the Mahrattas in 1737. '^'""» *^- J Brother of the celebrated Abyssinian traveller. « ' SIcemiui. I. 549. GYA— aTN. premature discovery, or, in the event of success, to prevent the garrison from escaping. At break of day, the van ^rrived at the foot of the scarped rock, the spies ascended bj wooden ladders, and having made fast ladders of ropeB, the troops followed. Some resistance was offered, but the garrisoD wai intimidated by the unexpected attack, and the assailants weie soon masters of the place. Transferred by the British govenh < HodgM. 140. ment to the rana of Gk)hud, it was in 1784 recovered^ by Mahniius. li. 470. Madfaajec Scindia, from whom it was again taken in 1803,' but *^^rriodrti4^7' restored ^ 1805, " from considerations,^ [it was said,] of •Trwuy. friendship." Finally, in January, 1844, subsequently to the battle of Maharajpoor, it was occupied by the G-walior contio- » Further Papers gent. Commanded by British officers ; and thus has virtually' jIolTprMeniJd^to t)een placcd within the power of the British government. It Pariiaroent, April, ]^f^ j^ggu determined that no further repairs shall be made to ^ India Pol. Diflp. the fort.^ Distant S. from Agra 65 miles, S. frt)m Delhi ?^*eiri.bie. 1'75, W. of Calpee 100, N.W. of Allahabad 277, N.W. of of Routed Calcutta, by Allahabad, 772.» Lat. 26° 13', long. 78° 15'. E.I.O. Ht. Doe. Q-TA — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or domi- nions of Gholab Siugh, 128 miles N.E. frt>m Chamha, and 144 miles N.E. from Kangra. Lat. 33° 39', long. IT SC. A«. Ret. xir. S28* GYCHAN, in native Gurhwal, a hamlet at the confluence Herbert, THirof,. of the two great torreuts Eoopin and Soopin, the united sunr.of Himalaya, gtream of which from this point bears the name of Tons. It is elevated 456 feet above the bed of the Tons, and 5,756 above the level of the sea. Lat. 31° 4', long. 78° 10'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc GTDER KH AIL, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town situated 32 miles from the right bank of the Indus, 24 miles S.S.W. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 33° 40^, long. 71° 32'. E.rc M.. Doc. GYNDAJOOE, in the British district of Bijnour, lieote- Garden, Tables \ » n t -^ J » of Routes, la?. nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Moradabad to Hurdwar, and 25 miles N.V. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good, and passes through a country in some places cultivated, but gene- rally overrun with thin jungle. Lat. 29° 10', long. 78° 4ff. 79 HAC— HAJ. H. HACKNITWAEEA.— A town in one of tbe recently rlc. m •. doc sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or terri* toiy of the Nizam, 47 miles S. from EUichpoor, and 111 miles W.S.W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 20° 3(y, long. 77° 88'. HABJEE.— See Aji. HAFIZGANJ, in the British district of BareiUj, lientenant- e.i.c. mi. doc. goTemorship of the North-West Provinces, a small town on otnmte^ ea.** the route from the town of Bareillj to Pillebheet, 16 miles N.E. of the former. There is a bazar, and also a weekly market. The road in this part of the route is laid under water during the rains, in consequence of the river Bhagul being dammed up for the purposes of irrigation. The country is low, level, and fertUe. Lat. 28° 3(y, long. 79° 87'. HAG-LEW ADD Y. — A town in the native state of Mysore, e,i.c. u».doc 75 miles N. from Seringapatam, and 137 miles E.N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 13° SOf, long. 76° 49'. HAJEEGUNJE.— A town in the British district of Tip- e.i.c. Mf.Doc. perah, presidency of Bengal, 24 miles S.W. of Tipperah. Lat. 23° 16', long. 90° 62'. HAJEEPOOE, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town k.i.c. Mt. doc. situated 27 miles from the right bank of the Indus, 98 miles S.W. by W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 2(y, long. 70° 13'. HAJEEPOOE. — A town in the British district of Mymun- e.i.c. Ms. doc. fling, presidency of Bengal, 36 miles W. by N. of Nusseerabad. Lat. 24° 50', long. 89° 51'. HAJEEPOOE,* in the British district of AUyghur, lieu- e.ic.m..doc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of AUygurh to that of Etawa, and 22 miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, with a soil in general sandy, yet well cultivated. Lat. 27° 37', long. 78° 14'. HAJEEPOOE,* in the British district of Tirhoot, presidency i e.i.c. m». doc of Bengal, a town at the confluence of the Gunduck with the Gbnges, and on the left bank of both rivers. It is on the • "FilgrimVtown;" from Haji, "pUgrim," and Par, "town." 71 HAJ— HAL. • Onrden, Tablet of Routet. I'M). ' Buchanan, 8ur« Tej of Katiem India, i. 8. Bacon, Pint Im- prettlons, I. 300. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Hi. Doc R.I.C. Mfl. Doe. I Calcutta Rer. Ti. 400. E.I C. Hi. Doe. > Wood, Oiut, 80-88. route from Dinapore to Khatmandoo, 15 miles ^ N.E. of former, 182 S. of latter. The Ganges is here crossed by ferry from Patna, which is immediately opposite. It is the station oft police division of the same name, llere is annually held a large fair^ for the sale of horses and country cattle. The place is also much frequented by pilgrims, and from that circumstance has doubtless received the name, signifying pilgrim's town. Lat. 25° 4(y, long. 85° 17'. HAJIGUNJE, in the British district of Fureedpore, presi- dency of Bengal, a town on the right or south-west bank of the Ganges, described by Heber as here six miles wide during the rainy season. Distance from the town of Fureedpore E. fire miles. Lat. 23° 3&, long. 89° 66'. HALABAK. — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or dominions of Gholab Singh, 163 miles E. from Sirinagor, and 158 miles N.E. by N. from Kangra. Lat. 33° 55', long. 77° 40. II ALAN SYUDS, in Sinde, a village on the route from Hyderabad to Sehwan, by way of Kotree, and 32 miles N. of the last-mentioned place. It is situate about a mile and a half from the right bank of the Indus, and close to a shikargah or hunting preserve, formerly belonging to one of the ameers of Hyderabad. Lat. 25° 54', long. 68° 18'. HALEESHUB, in the British district of Baraset, presi- dency of Bengal, a populous town situate on the left bank of the Hooghly river, and Celebrated for the number of Sanscrit^ colleges, founded by a former rajah of Nuddea. Lat. 22° 55', long. 88° 23'. HALIPOOTEA, in Sinde, a village on the route from Sehwan to Larkhana, and four miles N. of the former place. It is embosomed in high trees, and is situate two miles from the right bank of the Indus, in a tract overrun with jungle, and interspersed with pools and watercourses supplied from the river. Lat. 26° 27', long. 67° 54'. HALLA,^ in Sinde, near the lefl or eastern bank of the Indus, is situate in a tract of no great fertility, the soil being impregnated with salt. The new town is larger and more wealthy than the old one, which is contiguous to it. There is here a much-frequented shrine of a reputed Mahometan saint. The bazar, which is partially roofed over, is well supplied, and considerable business is transacted there. Sindian caps, the 7i HALLAE. general head-dress of all in the country except the Hindoos^ are made here in great numbers, and of excellent quality. Halla new town is celebrated for its earthenware, the coarser kinds of which are manufactured from claj taken from the bed of the Indus. In the ^er kinds, this material is mixed in a large proportion with ground flints : the decorations are very showy, and sometimes tasteful ; the colours, which are obtained &om the oxydes of copper, lead, or iron, being remarkable for brilliancy and richness. A sort of unctuous earth, called "cbunniah," is obtained from lakes near the town, and is eaten in considerable quantities, especially by the women. Estimates of the population differ widely, and Bumes^ upon this point • 3okha«. is not consistent with himself. In one place (vol. iii. 264), he states it at 2,000, and in the same volume (p. 227) at 10,000. The latter seems the more probable amount. Lat. 25° 89', long. 68° 24'. HALLAB, or HALLA WAE,^ in the peninsula of Katty- » e.i.c. Mt. ooe. war, province of Guzerat, a district named irom the Halla tribe of Eajpoots. It is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Cutch ; on the north-east by the districts Muchoo-Kanta and JhaU Iswar ; on the east by the district of Kattywar ; on the south by the districts of Kattywar and Soruth ; on the south-west by the district of Burda and the Arabian Sea ; and on the west by the district of Okamundal, from which it is divided by a small num or salt-marsh. It lies between lat. 21° 39'— 22° 50', long. 69^ 9' — 71° 3' ; is about 130 miles in length from east to west, and 75 in extreme breadth. Its area may be stated at about 4,960 square miles. !N'early equidistant from the northern and southern boundaries, the ground rises into rocky hills, along which lies the line of waterheads ; the streams flowing from it northwards into the Gulf of Cutch, and southwards into the Arabian Sea. Of the streams which flow northward, the prin- cipal are the Ajee and its tributary the Mari, the And, the ^agne, and the Ghi ; of those flowing in the other direction, the principal are the Phohun and the Mun, tributaries of the Bhadur, a large river flowing south-westward into the Arabian Sea. The smaller streams being very numerous, the district is remarkably well watered. The eastern part is hilly and rocky, yet nearly devoid of wood, which is but scanty throughout the district. The soil is in general light, and well suited for the 73 HAL— HAN. • Tmnweti. of Liteniry Society of Bomboy. i. S61 — Mncmiirdu, on KatUwar. ■ Jacob. Rpporl CD KattMwnr, 00. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Ml. Doc I E.I.C. Ml. Doc. growth of wheat, millet, and maize. A considerable qimatitj of cotton is also grown in the north-western part, towards the seashore, and exported principally to Cutch. At Naunagir, t seaport, and the principal town of the district, are considersUe manufactories^ of cloths of various kinds ; and the djes giren to fabrics there are considered of a very superior kind, their excellence being attributed to the quality of the water of the river Nagne, which flows by the town. Piece-goods are also manufactured there, for the Arabian and African markets. The only other seaports of any importance are Juriya and Serria. Those, as well as the other towns, — ^Balumba, Bajkol, Lalpoor, Gondul, Draupa, Dhurol, — ^are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. The greater part of this district belongs to the thakoors or chiefs of Nao- nagar, Gondul, B^kot, Dhurol, and Kotra Sangani. The total population is estimated at 358,560 ;' an amount whid), com- pared with the area, indicates a relative density of seventy-two to the square mile. The annual tribute by the various chi^ and landholders is stated to be 345,778 rupees ; of which the sum of 161,598 rupees is paid to the British government^ 167,495 to the Guicowar, and 16,686 to the nawaub of Joonaghur. HALLOWAL, in the Eeechna Dooab division of tiie Punjab, a town situated nine miles &om the right bank <^ the Bavee, 53 miles N.E. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 32° lO*) long. 74° 46'. HALLWY. — A town in the British district of Bellary, pre- sidency of Madras, 53 miles N. by B. of Bellary. Lat. 15° 52*, long. 77° icy. HAMEEDNUGGUR.— A town in the Bntish district of Behar, presidency of Bengal, 34 miles N. by W. of Sherghotty. Lat. 25° 2', long. 84° 43'. HAMEERGUEH.— A town in the Rajpoot state of Oodey- poor, 91 miles S. from Ajmeer, and 73 miles W. from Kotah. Lat. 25° icy, long. 74° 43'. HANAGHAT.— A town in the British district of Nuddea, presidency of Bengal, 44 miles N. by E. of Calcutta. Lat 23° 11', long. 88° 33'. HANGO, or HUNG,i in Bussahir, a village of Koonawar, in the Tartar division called Hungrung, is situate near the 74 HANLE. north-eastern base of the Hungrang^ Mountains. It consists *Ai.RM.xT.aoi of three or foiir hamlets or small subdivisions, and is situate "^^ uveiloTuit at the head of a fertile and cultivated deD, a roOe long, and ^^^' about half that breadth, bearing luxuriant crops of com and pulse, and watered bj three never-&iling streams, which fldw down it to the river Li. The fertility of this spot appears to result from irrigation acting upon debris of limestone, and fbnns a striking and delightful contrast with the surrounding country, which, according to the description of Gerard, is dreary in the extreme. " To the south-west, the faces of the mountains assume a less savage character, but they are arid SDd stripped of soil. No grass covers them, but a few tufts of aromatic plants and broom is all the vegetation they present. The want of moisture in the bowels of the mountains, the gravelly nature of their surface, which reverberates the fierce rajs of the sun, and the dry state of the air, give a parched feature to the country, whicb is more bleak and desolate than the regions of perpetual snow."* Hango is noted for a temple,* » Lioyd and of high repute among the natives, and apparently devoted to a Hlmain'varii^w. mongrel superstition, half Brahminical and half Lamaic. It * m*'^'^^, ut is a large building, crowded inside with grotesque idols, the principal of which is a large earthenware figure of a hideous man, wearing^ a diadem of human skulls, and an enormous •jocqaemont, necklace of the same, reaching down to the ground, and in his **' ^^' right hand the hilt of a sword, in his left a human skull, cut down to the form of a drinking-cup. An enormous serpent, with protruded tongue, is tvrined round his neck, and is of Buch a length as to reach the ground with its head. The idol holds in its arms a woman, whose head is also crowned with a chaplet of skulls, and who bears in her hand a skull, formed into a drinking-cup, the group being apparently intended to represent incarnations of the deities in a state of wrath. The village contains thirty families of Tartars and a few nuns, and, according to Herbert, gives names to the surrounding district of Hungrung. Elevation above the sea 11,400* feet. Lat. « uoyd and 3r 49', long. 78^ 34'. f,!^ "' •"'^'^ HANLE. — A town in the native state of Cashmere, or B.i.c.Mt,Doc dominions of Gholab Singh, 154 miles N.E. from Simla, and 166 miles B. by N. from Chamba. Lat. 32° 43', long. 78° 66'. 7ft HANSBB. « B.i.a M*. Doc. HANSEE.** — A town in the British district of Hurreeanah, lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces. It is situate on the watercourse made, in 1356, by Feroz « Perifthta, 1. 4Jia Toghluk,^ king of Delhi, who, in some places clearing and » Journ. As. Soc. deepening^ the bed of the Chitang torrent, and in others — coMn, on cxcavating a channel, conducted a branch from the Delhi fh^'^ibf rlrrV" ^^^ westward beyond Hissar, until it either disembogued toiy* into the Ghigur, or was lost by evaporation or absorption in t-ha arid waste. Hansee appears to have been an important place as early as 1036, when Massaoud, the son of the renowned Mahmud of Ghuznee, invaded India; as, according to 1. 106. Ferishta,* " the Hindoos reckoned it impregnable, and were taught to believe that it could never fall into the hands of the Mahomedans. On this occasion, the India soothsayers, like those of other nations, deceived their followers, for, in the space of six days, the king escaladed the place, and took it by * Betchreibunf storm. Herein he found immense treasure." Tieffen thaler,* 1. 05. writing about the middle of the last century, describes it aa having a ruinous brick-built fort, situate on a hill. The canal must also, at that time, have been in a ruinous state, as the place suffered from want of water insomuch that there was only one crop in the year, and that dependent on the periodical rains. In 1798, when for a short period it was the capital of the adventurer George Thomas, it was supplied with water from wells, none other being procurable for above a dozen • Fninkiiii, Mm. milcs.* " Hcrc," says Thomas, " I established my capital, **' ' rebuilt the walls of the city, which had long since &llen to decay, and repaired the fortification. As it has been long deserted, at first I found difficulty in procuring inhabitants, but by degrees, and gentle treatment, I selected between five and six thousand persons, to whom I allowed every lawful indulgence. I established a mint, and coined my own rupees, which I made current in my army and country ; cast my own artillery, commenced making muskets, matchlocks, and powder." In 1801, Thomas, being besieged here by a vastly superior force of Mahrattaa, under the French adventurer Perron, evacuated the place, and took refuge in the territory of the East-India Company. The population has been recentlj I Ajr^en Akbciy, * DeDominated by Abul FazP Hansj. It is also spelt Hansi in the t *. ^®Li Index to Briggs's Ferishta.* HAN— HAR. returned at 9,1127 The road to the south-east of the town, or ? gurtitUct of in the direction of Delhi, is good ; to the west, it is also good, ^'^- ^"*''^' running the whole way to Hissar along the bank of the canal. Hansee is distant N.W. from Delhi 89® miles, N.W. from « Gtrdeo, T.biM Calcutta 989 miles. Lat. 29° 6', long. 76° 3'. iJo""*""*^ "*' HANSOUTEE.— A river, rising in lat. 27° 68', long. 76° 7', in the native state of Jhujhur, a few miles south of the town of Narnol, and flowing in a north-easterlj direction for seventy- fire miles, alternately through Jhujhur and the British territory of Gt)orgaon, and for twenty- two miles through that of Delhi, falls into the Delhi Canal, a few miles north of the town of Delhi, in lat. 28° 4ff, long. 77° 15'. HANSOTE,^ in the British district of Broach, presidency * e-i c. ui. Doe. of Bombay, a town near the south-eastern bank of the estuary of the river Nerbudda. Population 6,000.3 Distance from MeHIJifphTs. Surat, K, 28 miles. Lat. 21° 32', long. 72° 50'. socof Bombay- HAPOOR.— See Haupue. owerai, -is!^ HARAMUK. — A lofly summit in the rane:e boundinc: ^'Jf"*. Kashmir, II 151 Cashmere on the north. Vigne states, that "Haramuk sig- nifies aU mouths or faces, and that the application of the word in this case ia either derived from the square-sided, rick-shaped figure of its summit, or from its being visible from all sides, by reason of its isolated situation and superior height." Its mass appears to consist principally of basaltic amygdaloid, though granite has been observed on it, but not in situ. In a depres- sion on the northern declivity is a small lake, called Gunga Bui, — "the place of the Ganges," which, like many other reservoirs of water, is held in high veneration by the Hindoos. The elevation of Haramuk above the level of the sea is estimated by Vigne at 13,000 feet. Lat. 34° 26', long. 75°. HAEAPA.^ — A village of the Punjab, close to the left bank • MaKon, b«i. of tfee Eavee, and seated amid very extensive ruins, the most butow! Boku. striking being the relics of a large brick fortress. This is con- *"• ^''* sidered by Masson to be the site of the Sangala of Arrian, where the Indians made such an obstinate defence against Alexander ; but this opinion is regarded by eminent authority as open to question. Professor AVilson observes,^ " Whether ' Ariana Aniiq. they (the Macedonians) followed the course of the Iravati (Bavee) to Harapa, may be reasonably doubted." Harapa is in lat. 30^ iff, long. 72° 63'. 77 HAB. Yiffn^ Ktshmir, HAEAWUQ'. — A castle in the north of the Fanjab, on tlie 1. 2io. route from Lahore to Cashmere by the Banihal Pass, and 28 miles S. of the last-mentioned place. It is built of wood, in a ravine on the right bank of a stream which, at a short dis- tance below, falls into the Chenaub. From the hill abo?e is a noble view up that river, which here flows for fifteen or twenty miles in a straight line. The coldness of the water of the Chenaub causes its course in hot weather to be marked hj dense vapour, which floats over it. Harawug is in lat. 33^ 12', long. 75° 3'. 1 B.I.C. Ms. Doc. HARIHABPOOE,^ in the British district of Gk)ruckpQre, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a petty * BorhuHin, Sunr. markot-towu^ ou the Jamura, a small river, a feeder of tbe m! 8U -^TikT*"' ^P^'- According to Buchanan's report, thirtj years ago, it App«Ddii, 17. contained 160 houses ; and allowing six persons to each, con- sequently a population of 900. Dbtant S.W. from Groruck- pore cantonment 22 miles. Lat. 26° 45', long. 83° 2'. « B.IX3. Mi.Doc. HAEIKE,^ in the Punjab, a village situate on the right bank of the Ghara river, three miles below the oonfluenoe of the Sutluj and Beas. The name Ghara ia in this instance given to the river with some latitude, as it is not usually so « joum. At soc. called above a spot twelve miles below Harike.* The site of 1 Hf)7 n 1 70 — Wade, voyaire the village is on the high bank of the river, and, when tbe b***M«ckeron '"^* Water is low, distant a mile and a half from the ferry. Though Atkinion, Kzp. a Small place, the trade is important, and twenty years ago, ^' nearly the whole traffic with Hindostan, from Afghanistan, • Wade, ut wprt. Kashmir, and the Punjab, passed through it.' There is besidei great local traffic between the districts in its immediate vicinity on both sides of the river. During some days that Wade remained there, thirty-two boats, with three men to each, were incessantly employed, from morning till night, in transporting loaded carriages and beasts of burthen from one side to the other. No diminution of activity was observal^ during tbe period, but there was throughout a unif(»rm scene of bustle and business. Harike is in lat. 31° 10', long. 74° 59'. p. Von iiugei» HABIPOOE^ in the Punjab, a town on the great route bj *"* ^' the Dub Pass into Cashmere, is a populous and thriving |J*ce, with a handsome and well-supplied bazar. Yon Hiigel considers it one of the wealthiest places in the Punjab, the streets being thronged with a busy and cheerfu} crowd, exhibiting evident 78 HAE. indieations of prosperity, and the shops supplied with all that can contribute to the gratification of Indian taste. It is situate on the river Dor, which, about ten miles westward, falls into the Indus near Torbela. Lat. 34° 14', long. 72° 57'. HABIPOOE, in the north-east of the Punjab, among the p von Hogei, lower mountains of the Himalaya, is a fort, surrounded by a ' small town, which contains a good and well-supplied bazar. The name signifies the town of Hari, one of the incarnations of Vishnu, and Hindoo superstition here flourished in the highest degree of vigour. The town and its vicinity are crowded with apes and peafowl, considered to be under the protection of the deity, and enjoying in consequence such a measure of respect as secures them from all molestation. Haripoor is in lat. 31° 56', long. 76° 11'. KAEIPOOB,^ in the British district of Jaunsar, at the < e.i.o. Ms. Doe. Bouthern frontier, where it joins the Dehra Doon, a village in ^'^^' ^^' ®"'^' the bifurcation at the confluence of the Tons and Jumna. Though the Tons loses its name, and the united stream con- tinues to be called the Jumna, the former is the larger, its discharge per second, when surveyed by Hodgson, being 2,827 —nS^n'L^i cnbic feet, and that of the latter 1,045. Elevation above the Herbert. TiiRrm. sea 1,686 feet.2 Lat. 30° 30', long. 77° 54'. fay";^' "*' "*"*' HAEIPOOE, in Cashmere, a small town situate in the f. von huv«i. Punch Pass &om the Punjab into that valley, and near the Bpot where the pass opens into the low ground of Caehmere. It is close to the right bank of the Eembeara, a considerable feeder of the Yeyut or Jhelum. Hence the Eembeara is sometimes called the Eiver of Haripoor. The town is small and mean, remarkable only for its picturesque site beneath the Pir Panjal mountain, which on the south rears its towering summit, covered with snow during the greater part of the year. Lat. 33° 40', long. 74° 51'. HAENHXJLLY. — A town in the native state of Mysore, e.i.c. Mi. doc 64 miles N.W. by N. from Seringapatam, and 96 miles E.N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 14', long. 76° 16'. HAEOWTEE.— See Kotah. HAEEBEPOOE.--See Aeeepoob. HABEIOEPOOE.— A town in the Cuttack Mehal of e.i.c. Ms. doc. Mohurbunge, 30 miles N. W. from Balasore, and 56 miles S.W. from Midnapoor. Lat. 21° 51', long. 86° 46'. 79 HAK— HAS. E.I.C. Mi Doc. IIAERISON'S ISLAND.— A small island lying off the coast of Arracan, situate about ten miles from the shore, and among the cluster of islands to the south of Eamree. Lat. 18° 4(y, long. 94'' 2'. Moorer. Puio. HARU, a small river of the Punjab, rises at the base of HouKh,N»rr.Eip. *^® Himalaya, and receiving the Nilab from the north-east, In Afg. 887. HQ^ scvcral smaller streams, flows in the Indus on the eastern Wood, Oiut, 188. , , side, a few miles below Attock, after a course of about sixty miles. This confluence is in lat. 33° 49^, long. 72° 16'. E.i.c.M».Doc HASHTNUGGUE, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town situated on the left bank of the Lundye, 20 miles N. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 34° 16', long. 71° 45'. » E.i.c. Mi. Doc. HASSAN,* in the territory of Mysore, a town on the route' TolSTfiphy ^' ^^^ Bangalore to Mangalore. In 1690 it was conquered by Statistics of Chikka Deo,* rajah of Mysore, and incorporated with his •wiikt.Hiftoricai domiuions. Distant from Bangalore, W., 102 miles; from sketchc. i 212. Mangalore, E., 88. Lat. 13°, long. 76° 9'. » Moorcroft.Punj. HASSAN ABDAL,^ in the Punjab, so called from con- Buro» kJkh. 1.78. Gaining the tomb of a reputed Mahometan saint of that name. * Kiph. Ace. of It is situate in a delightful valley,* watered by numerous springs, which gush from among the rocks.* Here are the ruins of a pleasure-ground and small palace, tastefully formed by the Mogul emperor Akbar, and though much decayed, displaying yet an exquisite combination of elegance and refined luxury. Lat. 33° 48', long. 72° 45'. B.I.C. Ml. Doc HASSAN KE GHURREE.—A town in the British district of Shikarpoor, province of Sinde, presidency of Bombay, 47 miles N. of Sukkur. Lat. 28° 20', long. 68° 44'. E.I.C.MI..DOC HASTINGS (FORT), in the British district of Kumaon, Bo\u^rI^MeA\ai l^^^^Dant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces. It is • Topogrtphj of small w^ell-built fort, on the summit of a conical hill, three miles and a half W. of Lohughat or Rikhesur. Water can be * Bumes states, " some hundred springs ;*' Yon Hiigel, three (iil 97^ This last writer (iii. 71) denies that the place is a vallej ; he also reprovet Moore and Hamilton for giving too flattering a description of it ; bat it is not to be forgotten that the gorgeous Akbar expressed the feelings exdted in his mind on the view of the spot, by exclaiming Wok/ the usual inter jection of admiration ; and hence the ruined garden is still so named. Elphin* stone styles it a valley ; and the authorities to which we have referred, aa^ even the baron himself subsequently (98, 99), are warm in their praise ol the beauties of the place. KaJt Ken}aoon,4. HAT. obtained only from the bottom of the biU, at a distance of hfdf a mDe of steep descent, so that the post, if regularly inyested, must speedily fall. The artillery attached to Fort Hastings consists of two field howitzers, two brass siz-pounders, four iron twelve-pounders, with an ample supply of ammunition. Elevation above the sea 6,2 iO feet. Lat. 29° 25', long. 80° 6'. HATEE, in Baghelcund, a town in the native state of b.i.c. m». dw, Bewah, on the route from Mirzapoor to Lohogaon, 110 miles — prankHn, o©oi. direct S. W. of Mirzapoor, 68 S.E. of Banda. Elevation above «' Bundeikbwid. the sea 1,070 feet. Lat. 24° 42', long. 80° 63'. HATEE OOSTEE.— A town in the British district of e,i.c. mi. doc Bhagulpoor, presidency of Bengal, 63 miles N.N.W. of Bha« gulpoor. Lat. 26°, long. 86° 31'. HATH KA PEEPLEA.— -A town of Malwa, in the native bj.c, Mt.Doe. state of Dewas, 28 miles E. from Indoor, and 96 miles W. from Hoosungabad. Lat. 22° 45', long. 76° 17'. HATIMABAD, in the British district of Bolundshuhur, Keutenant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Muttra to Meerut, and 48 miles ^ S. of the > Otrden, Tablet latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country **' ^^^^ *^ open, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 21', long. 77° 66'. HATIYA. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the b.i.c. Mi. do«. right bank of the river Arun, and 97 miles E. by N. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 27° 68', long. 86° 60'. HATBAS,^ the principal place of a pergunnah of the same » e.i.c. mi. do«. name, in the district of Allygurh, within the limits of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, lies on the route from the cantonment of Agra to that of Allygurh, 83 miles^ N. of the former. It is built in the form of a square • Garden, Tablet of about 600 yards, and is surrounded by a mud wall and a ** **"'**' very deep dry ditch. The old fort is situate half a mile due east of the town, and though now a heap of ruins, was once regarded as formidable.' When approached by the British • Fitxciarwice, troops in 1804, while in pursuit of Holkar's army in the Doab, i„dia, is. Thom^ describes it as built* on a small hill, with a gradual < Mem. war in ftscent ; and he continues : '* In the centre of it stands a very * Hamilton* saya, "The fort is an oblong, its long diameter ranning > neflcrlptkm of nearly from west to east, measnring 1,600 yards round the glacis. The Hlndortan, 1. 408. ditch is 120 feet wide and 85 deep, and the body of the place 400 or 500 yuds in compass." 4 ^81 HAT. * Printep, Trans. In India, 1. 410. * Thorn, Mem. 401. 7 Satlftin of N.W. Prov. 64. * Gard«n, Tablet of Routes, 8, 7, SS,)70. B.LC. Ms. Doe. high brick building, considerably overtopping the surrounding bastions. The glacis is about 100 yards wide ; and a renn j- wall (fausse-braie), with a deep, dry, and broad ditch behind it, surrounds the fort.*' The owner, a talookdar or renter of the surrounding district, on the occasion of Holkar's invasion, as well as at other times, acted with hostility towards the British ; and at length his assumption of independence was found so mischievous and alarming, especially in th^ threat- ening state of affairs at the commencement of the Mahratta war in 1817, that it was found necessary to dislodge him. Dya Earn, who held the place at that time, was accordingly sum- moned to surrender the fort, and allow measures to be taken for its being dismantled. Trusting in the defences, which liad been strengthened in imitation of those of the neighbouring British fort of Allygurh, by preparing a covered way, raising a glacis, and diminishing the height of the ramparts, the occu- pant refused compliance ; whereupon, on the 2drd Febniary, 1817, the town was breached^ and evacuated ; and on the lat of March fire was opened on the fort from forty-five mortars and three breaching-batteries of heavy guns. At the close of the same day, a magazine in the fort exploded, and caused such destruction of the garrison and buildings, that Dya Ram, terror-struck, abandoned the place in the course of the night, and it was forthwith dismantled, as well as the neighbouring fortress of Mursan, and some others. The population of this town, always considerable,^ has much increased since its direct subjection to British sway, the niunber of its inhabitants in 1848 being returned at 22,903.^ It is the chief mart for the cotton of the neighbouring tracts, which is forwarded by easy land-carriage to Furruckabad on the Ganges, and conveyed by that riv^ to the lower provinces. Distance S.E. from Delhi, by Allyghur, 106 miles; N.W. from Calcutta 816,8 j^^ 27'=' 86', long. 78° 9'. HATTIA EIVER.— One of the principal mouths of the river Megna. — See Gai^ges Eiteb. HATTIA. — ^An island lying at the mouth of the Megna river, and comprised within the jurisdiction of the British district of Bulloah, presidency of Bengal. Its centre is in lat. 22° 36', long. 91° 8'. HATTOD. — A town in the native state of Indore, or ter- ra IIAT—HAW. ritory of Holkar, 10 miles N.W. from Indore, and 129 miles W. from Hoosungabad. Lat. 22^ 47', long. 75° 44'. HATTUH. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or E.i.a mi. doc dominions of the rajah of Berar, 88 miles N.E. from Nagpoor, and 49 miles E.S.E. from Seuni. Lat. 21° 46', long. 80° 20'. HATJLKOOEKY. — A town in the native state of Mysore, e.i.c. m: doc. 65 miles N. by W. from Seringapatam, and 109 miles E.N.E. ftom Mangalope. Lat. 13° 19^, long. 76° 26'. HATJMP, in the Eewa Caunta division of Q-uzerat, presi- e.i,c. mi. doc dency of Bombay, a town situate on the left bank of the Ner- budda river, and 73 miles E. by N. from Broach. Lat. 22°, long. 74° 6'. HAUNSEE, in the Beechna Dooab division of the Punjab, a e.i.c. mldoc. town situated on the left bank of the Chenaub, 70 miles W.N.W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 32° 3', long. 73° 6'. HAXJPUB, in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name, situate on the route from the town of Meerut to Muttra, and 20 miles S. of the former. It is of considerable size, and has a population of 13,598.^ The place has been selected as the locality of one ' Statutics of of the government studs, which has obtained celebrity for the ^'^' ^"*^ ^ character of the horses passed into the different branches of , ., . o T . ^r^n A Ai 1 *«»*n ---1/ Bengal Milftarj the service.^ Lat. 28 44 , long. 77^ 51. Disp. s Sept. iwi. HAVALEE, in the Baree Dooab division of the Punjab, a e.i.c. Ut. doc. town situated 10 miles from the right bank of the Sutlej, 90 miles S.W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 30° 26', long. 73° 34'. HAVEYLEE, in the Jetch Dooab division of the Punjab, e.i.c. m». doc a town situated on the left bank of the Jhelum, 107 miles W. by N. of the tovm of Lahore. Lat. 31° 48', long. 72° 23'. HAWTJLBAGH,^ in the British district of Kumaon, lieu- i e.i.c. Mt. doc. tenant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces. It is r*;;^^' '^'** **' situate five miles north of Almora, and on the left bank of the Kosilla, running at a considerable depth below, with a deep,2 black, and violent current. The site is picturesque and » Heber, joum. fine, and as the climate is warmer than that of Almora, in con- I|*JJS*** '""^'^ sequence of an elevation less by 1,900 feet, it is generally the ' a». Re^ xti. ht residence of the civil officers in charge of that town, and of the ticai sarvey of district of Kumaon. There is also here a cantonment for the I^J""^,"; ,q7_ provincial^ battalion. Elevation above the sea 3,889^ feet, webb, Surrey of G 2 ^ IIAT-HAZ. 1 B.I.C. Mt. Dm. • Topojf nipliy of Oudh, 137. B.I.C. Mf. Doc E.I.C Mt. Doe. * E.I.C. Mt.Doe. • Qardra, T«bl«fl of Roiilec, lOS, 100. * B«*npr al «nd Agra (Juidp. 1841. TOl. iL p irt U. 223. < Id. 1841. Tol. U. part i 827. • Eccle*. DItp. to India, dnled 20 Jan. 1847. ^ Mililarx DUp. to Bengal, dated 11 Auff. 1847. Distance N.W. from Calcutta 963 miles. Lat. 20° Z9, long. HAYATNUGAK,^ in the district of Sultanpoor, territory of Oude, 80 miles S.E. of Lucknow. Here is a small fort held by an oflScer of police and fifty soldiers. Butter estimates' the population at 100, half of whom are Mussulmans. Lat. 26° 15', long. 82° 13'. HAYCOCK ROCK, situate off the shore of Arracan, in lat. 17° lO', long. 94° 31'. HATES ISLAND, off the coast of Tenasserim, 93 mfles from Tenasserim : length four, and breadth two miles. Lat. 11° 62', long. 97° 45'. HAZAEEEBAaH.— A British district subject to the poli- tical agent for the south-west frontier, called also Bamguili, which see. HAZAREEBAaH,^* the principal place of the district of Hazareebagh or Ramgurh, a town on the route from Calcutta to Benares, 239^1 miles N.W. of the former, 189 S.E. of the latter. Jacquemont, who visited it in 1829, styles it a large village. Its principal^ bazar is regularly built, and some of the shops and houses, which are all of mud, are two stories high. It was formerly a place of more importance than at present, having been for some time the head-quarters^ for a regiment of the Queen's infantry, when a church* was built, on the supposition of the permanent cantonment at that place, of an European regiment. In 1845,* the station ceased to be a cantonment for European troops, and now is occupied bj a detachment of the Ramgurh native battalion. It is also the station of a principal assistant to the Governor-General's agent for the south-west frontier, and contains a jail for civil and criminal prisoners. Hazareebagh is situate in an eztensiTe and elevated plateau, overspread with forest and jungle, and having in many places the remains of mango-groves and other regular plantations, indicating the country to have been * Hftzaribag of Tassio ; Hazarbg of Jacqoemont ; properly HazMibagh* GommandantVgarden ; ff^m Hazari, "commander," and Bagb, "gardao." f Hazareebagh is situate about twenty miles south of the grand trunk road from Calcutta to Benares, via Burdwan ; but upon the compIetioD of • Jodldal Ditp. to thjg portion of the road, ordon were issued for connecting Hazare^Mgli BrnK^lf dated ai July, 1840. with the new line.' 84 HAZ— HBE. formerlj much better peopled and cultivated. Its present desolate state is probably attributable to the devastations of the Mahrattas in the middle of the eighteenth centurj. Haza- reebafifh was selected' as the residence of the ex-ameers of ' ^"***» ^**^- ^^•p* «• 1 « 1 ,,.,!» March, 1851. Smde. Subsequent arrangements were made, under which s 14. 17 March, two of the four brothers were permitted to remove to Lahore.® 1®*^ Elevation above the sea 1,750» feet. Lat. 24"*, long. 85° 24'. hi. ass. HAZOO. — A town in the British district of Camroop, pro- e.i.c. uu doc vince of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 15 miles W.N.W. of Gowhatty. Lat. 26° 16', long. 91° 81'. HAZRUTGUN J,* in the British district of Furruckabad, bj.c. ms. Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town near the northern frontier, towards Mynpooree, and 80 miles N.W. of the city of Furruckabad. Lat. 27° 89^, long. 79° 10'. HEEAT. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Jodhpoor, on the B.i.c.Mt. i>oe. left bank of one of the branches of the Bairee river, and 52 miles S.E, from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° 58', long. 73° 50'. HEEPUEGEH. — A town in the British district of Shola- e.i.c. us. Doe. poor, presidency of Bombay, 28 miles E. of Beejapoor. Lat. 16° 48', long. 76° 8'. KEEEAPOOE, in the British territory of Saugur and B.ic.Mt.Doe. Nerbudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, a town on the route from Eamgurh to Baitool, 47 miles 8.W. of the former. Lat. 22° 80*, long. 80° 21'. HEEEAPOOE,^ in the British district of Mynpooree, > e.i.c. u*. doc lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village between the cantonment of Allygurh and that of Mynpooree, and 82 2 miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the ' Gordon, TaWea route is rather good ; the country open, level, and but partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 88', long. 78° 44'. HEEEAPOEE,^ in Bundelcund, a small town in a district * e.i.o. mi. doo. of the native state of Churkharee, on the route from Banda to Saugor, 120^ miles S.W. of the former, 52 N.E. of the latter. * Garden, TaUet It has a bazar, and water from wells and a tank, but supplies *' ^<>"*«^ ®** are scarce. By the Hirapur Pass, half a mile S.W. of the town, the route from Banda to Snugor ascends from the plains of * a%. rm. xriii.— Bundelcund to the plateau on the range styled by Franklin » ^.f anr^'^'to the Panna Hills. The pass " is about a mile in length,^ and «'"•«''»"'• >«»•«". easy." Lat. 24° 28', long. 79° 16'. deiSmnd!' """" * Lordtfhip-mart ; from Hazrat, "lordship," and Gaij, " mart." ' HEE— HEM. > E.I.C. Mt. Doe. ' Buchanan, Journey from lladraa, through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, lU. Mi, Mft. E.I.C. Mf. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Dor. Wood, Oxu*. M. Bumee, Per*. Narr. 10. Lord, Med. Mem. on the Plain of Indoa. 69. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ml. Doa 1 E.I.C. Ms. Doc ' Buchanan, 9ur« ▼ej of Eastern India, it. 6S9-086. HEEBIOOE,** in the native territoiy of Mysore, a town eituate on the right bank of the small^ river Yedavati, a perm* nial current of fine water. It once possessed 2,000 houBes, an outer and inner fort, and several temples ; bat the place was ruined by the Mahrattas, and the calamities inflicted bj them were completed by a dreadful famine which succeeded, and which swept away nearly all the inhabitants, the small remaindar flying, and leaving the town in desolate waste. It reoovefed very slowly, and has never attained a degree of prosperity at all to be compared with its former state. Distance from Seringapatam, N., 100 miles; Bangalore, N.W., 94. Lat 13° 67', long. 76° 41'. HEGaADVENCOTTA.— A town in the native state of Mysore, 33 miles S. W. from Seringapatam, and 56 miles £. bj N. from Cannanore. Lat. 12° 7', long. 76° 23'. HELUJA-KA-GOTE, in Sinde, a small town on the route from Tatta to Hyderabad, by Kotree, and 32 miles S. of the last-mentioned place. It is situate near the eastern extremitj of the Kunjur Dund, a considerable expanse of brackish water, abounding in flsh, and surrounded by low sandstone hilk Close Shikarghas, or " hunting-preserves," intervene between the town and the right bank of the Indus, distant about a mile and a half to the east. Plenty of forage may be obtained, and water is supplied from a small pond near the town. Lat 24° 64', long. 68° 8'. HELWANK.— A town in the British territory of Sattan, presidency of Bombay, 30 miles S.W. of Sattara. Lat. 17° 20*, long. 73° 47'. HEMMAXJDY.— A town in the British district of South Canara, presidency of Madras, 56 miles N. by W. of Maur galore. Lat. 13° 41', long. 74° 46'. HEMTABAD,^ in the British district of Dinajpore, preei- dency of Bengal, a town on the left bank of the river Ooohck, 26 miles W. of the town of Dinajpore. That it was formeriy a place of importance, appears as well from tradition as from numerous ruins^ existing in its vicinity. Those of more remote date are considered to be of an era anterior to Mussulman swvf- One of the most entire architectural relics of the latter period is a mosque, surmounted by seven small cupolas ; the whole * Hiriyuru of Taodn ; Heriuru of Baduuum. 8S HEN— HER. baildmg, though of ungraceful constaructioni manifestmg elaborate and costly workmanship. Contiguous is another huHding, denominated Takhti Husayn Padshah, or " Throne of Emg Hoseyn/' formerly monarch of Bengal. It consists of a truncated pyramid, twenty feet high, having on its summit a eonsiderable area, in the centre of which is a square, on which Husayn sat to witness public spectacles. Sereral tombs and shrines of deceased persons, regarded by Mussulmans as saints, are dispersed over the area. Hemtabad is in lat. 25^ 88', long. 88^12'. HENEET ISLAND.— See Otoabeb. HENNAYUTTY, in the territory of Mysore, a river rising neu* the western frontier, on the eastern declivity of the Western Ghhats, and in lat. 13° 12^, long. 7&' 4A'. It flows for thirty-five miles south-eastward, to Santapoora, where it turns eastward, and thence hold a tortuous course, but generally in the direction last mentioned, for fifty miles, to Sagra. At that place it turns south-eastward, and continues to flow in that direction for thirty-five miles, to its fall into the Cauvery, on the left side of the latter river, near Eastnaraajpoor ; its total 'Report on m^. length of course being 120 miles. It is officially described^ as staiistin of a Taluable stream, nerer quite dry. ^,l^Z a'C*" HENZADA. — ^A town of Eastern India, in the British pro- e i.e. us. ooc vince of Pegu, on the right bank of the Irawady, and 65 miles W. from Pegu. Lat. 17° 4(y, long. 96° 18'. HEOONLA, a river in the British district of Kumaon, E.i.c.Mi.i>oc lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, rises in the most southerly range of mountains of the Himalaya system, and in lat. 29° 55', long. 78° 4/&. Its direction is generally nort^-westerly, and after a course of about twenty-five miles it falls into the Ghinges, on the left side, in lat. 30° 6', long. 78° 26'. Webb forded it in April, five miles above its mouth, and found it forty yards wide and sixteen inches deep, with a moderately rapid current. HERDOSE. — A town in the Southern Mahratta jaghire of e.i.c. mi. doc. Bore, situate on the right bank of one of the branches of the Neera river, and 26 miles S. from Poonah. Lat. 18° 4/, long. 78° 42'. HEEEINKAIBO, in the British territory of Saugur and e.i.c. mi. noe. Nerbudda, lieutenant-govemorshipof the North- West Provinces, 87 HEE— HID. > E.I.aM«.Doe. * Malcolm, Index to Map of Malwa, 149. *Id.«n. B.I.a Ms. Doe. E.I.a Mt. Doe. ' Bombay Her, Ditp. 18P«b.lS46. Id. 10 July, 1840. Id. 14 D«c 1868. E.I.C. Ma. Doc > E.I.C. Ma. Doc * ParllamenUiy Return, April, 18A1. Revenue Burvej Mapa. a town on the route from Hoosongabad to Ellichpoor, 17 Duke 8.8. W. of the former. Lat. 22° Bff, long. 77° 40^. HEERUN,^ a small river, rises in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, and in lat. 23° SC, long. 80° 26'. It holds a sinuous course, but generally south-west, of abont ninety miles,^ and falls into the Nerbudda, on the right side, at Sacar, in lat. 23° 4', long. 79° 26'. At the confluence, the Ner^ budda has already attained such magnitude as to be 600 yards' in width. HETTOURA.— See Etotoda. HEWEEKEIE.— A town in one of the recently sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 42 miles W. from Ellichpoor, and 164 miles R by N. from Malligaum. Lat. 21° 7', long. 76° 67'. HEWEKKAIR, in the British territory of Saugur and Ner- budda, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a to^n on the route from G^wilgurh to Nagpoor, 70 miles W. by N. of the latter. Lat. 21° 22', long. 78° (f. HEWEA, or UHEEEA, in the British district of Poena, presidency of Bombay, a village the vicinity of which has been selected for the site of one of the government botanical gardens.^ Distant 27 miles N. from Poena. Lat. 1B°52', long. 73° 45'. HIDDAGOTB.— A village of Sinde, on the route fit)m Sehwan to Larkhana, and nine miles N. of the former place. The road north and south is rendered inconvenient by numeroos watercourses, which aid the cultivation of this fertile and popa- lous tract. The village is situate about a mile fix>m the right bank of the Indus. Lat. 26° 32', long. 67° 53'. HIDGELLEE.1— A British district situate within the juris- diction of the presidency of Bengal. It is bounded on the north-east by the Hoogly river, separating it from the British districts of Hoogly and the Twenty-four Pergunnahs ; on the south-east by the river Hoogly and the Bay of Bengal ; on the west by the Balasore division of Cuttack, and by the British district of Midnapore. It lies between lat. 21° 86'--22° 22', long. 87° 22'— 88° 12', and has an area of 1,014 square miles.* It has a considerable length of coast, commencing at its south- western extremity, in lat. 21° 86', long. 87° 26', and washed by the Bay of Bengal for twenty miles, as far as the mouth of the HIDGELLEE. small river Mahona, where the estuary of the Hooglj may be considered to commence, in lat. 21° 42', long. 87° 48'. The shore of this estuary continues to form the boundary of the district for eleven miles in a direction north-east, to the mouth of the Bussoolpoor river, in lat. 21° 48', long. 87° 66' ; and, in the same direction, for seventeen miles, to the mouth of the Haldee ; thence, still north-east, for twelve miles, to Diamond Point, in lat. 22° 7', long. 88° 12', where it turns north-west- ward for eighteen miles, to Tumlook, in lat. 22° 18', long. 88° 2'. The inside channel, giving access from the Bay of Bengal to the Hoogly, extends along the whole of this coast as far as the mouth of the Eoopnarain. This was formerly the deepest and most-frequented channel; and Kedgeree, about eight miles above, or north-east of the Bussoolpoor river, was much used as an anchorage for the largest ships ; but of late years the channel^ has become silted up, so as to have not more than two * Horrimrfb, or three fathoms water, and is now frequented only by country ^.'i^au.^^"*" vessels. The Boopnarain does not appear to be navigable for large ships, and the flood-tide setting strongly up into it, many vessels making for the Hoogly, on their way to Calcutta, have been swept up the shallow estuary and lost.^ Besides the ^vaitntte, Hoogly, the Boopnarain, and the Bussoolpoor river, the only ^'•'•'^ ** *•• stream of importance belonging to the district is the Huldee, which, rising in Midnapore, crosses the north-western frontier of this district in lat. 22° 8', long. 88° 46', and, holding a course easterly for about thirty-five miles, falls into the estuary of the Hoogly, in lat. 22°, long. 88° 8'. The streams above mentioned, though nearly dry during the greater part of the year, con- tribute largely to swell^ the Hoogly during the periodical 'At. rm ztiii. . . parti, aw- Kyd, '*"»• on Tide* of the Perhaps the topography of no part of India has received less ^'•^ Hoogi/. attention than that of this district, of which scarcely anything is known, except that it resembles the adjacent British district of Cuttack in being level and low ; having^ many swamps and shallow < id. xt. los — pieces of water, and numerous small winding streams, which are oJ'ortwa^Piwper! subject to great inundations^ during the periodical rains, and are i india iut. oitp. infested with large and very dangerous alligators. Many parts ^ •'"*^* ^^^' are overgrown with jungle, or covered with a coarse reedy grass. The jungle affords brushwood, valuable as fuel to the salt manufacturers, but harbours tigers, leopards, wild buffaloes, 80 HID— HIG. and other dangerous beasts*. A considerable quantitj of ^ salt is manufactured by a rude but effective process. The set along the coast is remarkably productive, and the fisheries are pursued with eagerness and success. Turtle, oysters, crabi, and prawns, are among the delicacies which reward the industry thus employed. The climate, especially in the more depressed and moist parts, is very unhealthy even to the natives, who are greatly affiscted by elephantiasis, dysentery, agues, and fevers. Bice is the principal crop, and is produced of a large sise, and in greaifc luxuriance and abundance, but is considered inferior to the average produce of Bengal and Behor. The other crops sze sugarcane, tobacco, pulse, cucurbitaceous plants, millet, mus- tard, castor-oil plant, and other oil-yielding productions, hemp, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sweet potatoes, capsicum, and various potherbs. The cocoanut-palm and the toddy-pahn (Borassus flabelliformis), from the fermented juice of which an ardent spirit is distilled, grow in the maritime tracts. Thoe are no manufactures of any importance, unless t^at of salt be considered as such. The population^ is estimated at about 133,265. The only routes are — 1. From north-east to south-west, from Calcutta to the town of Contai or Hidgellee ; 2. from soutih east to north-west, from the town of Hidgellee to that of Mid- napore. This district was included in the grant of the dewaimy of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, made to the East-India Companj by the emperor of Delhi, in August, 1765.* HIDaELLEE.*— A town in the British district of the same name, under the presidency of Bengal. It is situate on the right or western shore of one of the entrances of the Hoogly, called the Inner Channel, and at the mouth of a small river falling into it. The civil establishment of the distnet appears to have been removed to the town of Contai. Distaooe from Calcutta, S.W., 48 miles; from Midnapore, 8.E., 83. Lat. 21° 49^, long. 87° M. HIGH ISLAND. — ^A small island about five miles from ^ mainland of Arracan, in lat. 17°, long. 94° SQf. Tb^re is another of the same name in lat. 16° 38', long. 94° 2ff. HindSLtoi"'**' **' * Injellee of Rennell ; » HidgeUee genendlj e.i.c. ms. doc of small sovereignties or chieftainships in the Cis-Sutlej ter- ritoiy, all of which appear to have possessed some degree at least of independence, till overrun and subjugated by the encroaching power of the Gt>orkha8. On^ the breaking out of * lycnu, los, the war with Nepaul in 1814, Sir David Ochterlony issued a ^^' proclamation inviting the various chiefs to co-operate with the British, and promising to such as should satisfactorily comply with the cfdl, confirmation in their hereditary possessions, and protection from future attempts at aggression. A few only entitled themselves to the benefits held out : some had fled from the oppression of their invaders, some kept back from fear, and probably some distrusted the promises of the British government, and were apprehensive that by compliance with the required conditions, they should but exchange cme tyranny for another. The success of the British army removed all ground for hesitation, and put an end to the opportunity of cboosing between the Goorkhas and their conquerors. All the chieftains now became candidates for the exercise of either the justice or the clemency of the triumphant power, and the liberality of the British government was manifested in admit- ting claims which had been justly forfeited, and restoring pos- Besfiicms which the fortune of war had placed at its disposal. A part of Gurwhal was restored to its fugitive rajah; the remainder, consisting of the districts situate to the eastward, above the con- fluence of the Mandakini and the Aluknunda, together with the Dehra Dhoon, the pergunnah of Baeengurh, Subathoo, and Sewah, were retained by the victors, as was also the pergunnah of Sundock, in which is a cantonment for British troops. Burrowlee passed to the rajah of Naiagurh or Hindoor, in exchange for Malown, occupied as a British post. Bughat was dismembered, and a portion disposed of to the rajah of Patteeala ; the remainder has since lapsed to the paramount power, from failure of heirs. A claim, however, to the succes- sion has been recently preferred by a first cousin of the last two chiefs. The claim was not allowed, but a discretionary authority was given to the local government either to retain 91 HIMALAYA. the estate, or, if more expedient, to bestow it on the daimant » indift Pol. DUp. by a new sunnud : this was in 1849. The former* altema1i?e was adopted, and Bughat is now a British possession. Keyon- thul, like Bughat, was subjected to the process of dismembe^ ment, and the excised part was transferred to the rajah of Patteeala. In consideration of this alienation, the remainder of the Keonthul state is excused the payment of tribute. At a later period, Baeen Gurh, which had been reserved by tbe British government as a military post, was made over to the * TnmUet with ruler of Keonthul, in exchange for Simla.* Kothkai, in eonae- 780. quence of long and irreclaimable misgovemment, was in 1828 • D*crux, Pou annexed to the British dominions.^ The ruler of Ootrach or Bel. no, 122. Turoch, from the like cause, but more than ten years later, incurred the penalty of confiscation, and the territory was • Id. 129. incorporated with Joobul.* The states now recognised as having a distinct existence, are the following : — ^Bhagul, Beejah, Beejee, Bulsun, Bussahir, Dhamie, Dhorcatee, Q-hurwal, Hindoor or Nalagurh, Joobul, Keyonthul,* Koomharsin, Koo- nyhar, Kothar, Kuhloor or Belaspore, Manee-Majra, Mangul, Muhlog, and Sirmoor Nahun. The area of the whole ia 10,054 square miles ; the entire population about 531,020. Each will be found noticed in its respective place under tbe alphabetical arrangement, as will also the portions of territory in these districts originally retained, or subsequently acquired by the British government. >'E.i.c. Mt. Doc HIMALAYA.* — A vast assemblage of mountains, stretching * Fnwer, Toar In in an irregularly curved line from the defile above Cashmere,^ " *'*** * on the north-west, through which the Indus penetrates into the plains of the Punjab, and separates the range from the moun- tains of Hindoo Koo8h,t to the southern bend of the Sanpo or Dihong on the east previous to its junction with the Brahma- pootra. This stupendous mass extends over 22° of longitude, its western extremity lying in long. 73° 23', and its eastern in long. 95° 23'. In so brief a sketch as necessity compels, it is impracticable * The following thakoraees or petty cbieftftinsbips are tribntary to Keyonthul ; viz., Poonder, Rain, Kootee, Groond, Madban. and Tlieog. > Aai« C«ntnil«. f Humboldt* regards the Hindoo Koosh as altogether distinct from tlM Himalaya, and considers the distinction as not merely verbal but sab- stantial, having reference to tbe origin of the two ranges. 92 HIMALAYA. to go beyond an outline of the more noticeable facts of this remarkable region ; and it is necessary to premise, that the view must be restricted in a great degree to the southern Blope of the mountains, as that which constitutes the limit of India on the north. To extend inquiry to the Tibetan side, would exceed the proper bounds of the work ; while, to carry research into the wide variety of subjects which might be introduced, as into the various branches of natural history, or into the habits, langpiages, history, and present circumstances of the inhabitants, would swell the article to a length dispro- portioned to the place which it should occupy in a book embracing so wide a field. Some information on these points will, moreover, be found under other heads ; among which, the reader may be referred to the articles Kumaon, Gurwhal, and Bussahir. It would, however, be unjust to refrain in this place from noticing a very admirable, though short tract, by Dr. Hooker, ^ On the Climate and Vegetation of the temperate and cold regions of East Nepal, and the Sikkim and Himmalaya Mountains ;" in regard to meteorology and plants of the parts proposed to be illustrated, it is most valuable, and the more so, as it is the result of the personal observations of the learned author. About midway between the limits above defined, and in the vicinity of Lake Manasarowar, is the southern extremity of the mountain-range, which, extending from the north-west into Thibet, separates the drainage system of the Indus from that of the Sanpoo (afterwards the Brahmapootra), and is by some regarded as the grand central axis of Asia." From this centre « ThomMm, the chain of the Himalayas stretches to nearly an equal dis- ll^l^y^^l^^T^ tance in a north-westerly direction on the one hand, and a HimaUyi, i. south-easterly on the other, throwing off at right angles lateral ranges sloping southward to the plains of India. Deep narrow valleys, separated from each other by these meridional ranges, contain the sources of the numerous rivers which constitute the drainage system of the Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahma- pootra. Among the tributaries of the Indus, may be enumerated the Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, Eavee, and Sutlej ; the principal feeders of the Gunges are the Jumna, Gogra, Gunduck, and Cosy : the Teesta and some others fall into the Brahma- pootra. The elevation* of the culminating range of the Hima- < w. s. 98 HIMALAYA. laja, observes Dr. Thomson, ** is probably at a mean about 18,000 or 20,000 feet; it is nearly uniform at about these elevations throughout a great part of the chain, but graduallj diminishes toward both ends. Like all mountain-chains, it presents alternations of high and low portions, the lower parts or passes, as they are called, from their affording tiie means of passage to travellers from one side to the other, being at the upper extremities of the river basins. These passes are, with a few exceptions, rarely under 17,000 or 18,000 feet. The lateral chains, starting frx>m the more elevated portions of the central axis between the passes, gradually diminish in eleva- tion as they approach the plains of India, not, however, with any exact uniformity of progression ; for it is not unfrequent to find them rise into lofty peaks, considerably more elevated than any known part of the central axis. The greater part of the giant peaks, which rise to an elevation of 26,000 or 28,000 feet, are situated in this manner, not on the central axis, but to the south of it." The distribution of the Himalayas, by the authority just quoted, into two grand sections (the eastern and western), is calculated to exhibit with greater perspicuity the leading cha- racteristics of each, and is obviously preferable to the distri- l'*^""?:,!** ^ bution of Herbert,* under which the chun is divided into Beof . 164S, part I. ', Append. zTi.— three separate portions ; the section designated the ** Indo- HimaUiyM!*'* G^angetic range," and stretching from the source of the Sutlej, in Lake Manasarowar, to the vicinity of Bopur, on that river, in long. 76^ 4ff, occupying the central position. A more recent • M^ior cunninf- trav^er,* whose researches extended to those regions, adopts and Htet. Account the Icss Complicated* of the two arrangements, and in so of LMiak, 41. doing advances additional arguments in its favour. The two sections, he contends, furnish points of resemblance, in pre- senting almost insurmountable obstacles to communication between the countries which they divide, and both marking I Cannlogham, at * "The great' Himalaya, which bounds India to the north in one coa- •upra, 41. tinuous chain of gigantic peaks from the southward bend of the Brafama- pootra to the holy lake of Manasoravara, is extended to the westward from the sources of the Sutlnj to the magnificent peaks of Dayamur, and theeoe to the sources of the Gilgit and Kunar rivers, where it joins the mountuai of Pamur and Hindu Kush. The highest peaks in the Western Himslsya are Nanda Devi, 25,749 feet ; Gyu peak, 24,764 feet ; Monoman^ 23,900 feet; and Porgyal, 22,700 feet." 94 HIMALAYA. tbe boundaries of nations, bj separating the Botis of Thibet from the Hindoo family of India. The distinction of climate he considers not less positively marked than that of nations ; both ranges forming the " lines of demarcation between the cold and dry climate of Thibet, with its dearth of trees, and the warm and humid climate of India, with its luxuriance of Tcgetable productions."^ Some analogy, moreover, may be ^ Cunningham, ot traced between the drainage systems of the two sections ; the '"^"' one separating the waters of the Sanpo from those of the Ganges and its affluents, and the other intervening between tbe Indus, flowing at its northern base, and the subsequent tributaries of that river rising on its southern slope. Major Cunningham, however, appears to be in error in sup- posing that the two divisions present points of contrast as well as of resemblance. '' There is," he observes, " one marked difference between the eastern and western ranges, which can scarcely fail in striking the most casual observer. The inferior mountains of the eastern chain generally run at right angles to its axis ; whereas those of the western chain are mostly disposed in subordinate parallel ranges." This marked differ- ence, however, is not between the eastern and western divisions, but between two separate portions of the latter. The ramifi- cations running "at right angles" to the axis, and the " parallel ranges," are both comprised within the limits assigned by Major Cunningham to his western division ; viz. from the sources of the Sutlej to the banks of the Indus. In allusion to a portion of this division, Captain Strachey® observes : "If * O" '*>• S"*^ we examine the structure of the mountams more closely, we laya, 2. shall find that from the sources of the Tonse to those of the Kali, a space which includes the provinces of Gurwhal and Kumaon, all the great rivers, the Bhagerati, Yishnugunga, Douli of Kiti, Gk>ri, Douli of Darma, and Kali, run in directions not &r from perpendicular to the general direction of the Hima- laya. Further, that they are separated one from another by great transverse ranges, on which all the highest of the mea- sured peaks of this region are to be found." From these, moreover, proceeds an intricate ramification of subordinate ^^8^» giving to the whole area a most irregular and confused appearance.^ " Even the Snowy chain," says Herbert,^ speaking » Herbert, ut of the Indo-Ghmgetic chain, "though defined to a certain i"uriapriC »▼• 9ft HIMALAYA. deg^ree bj a phenomenon so singalar on a first Tiew to ^ inhabitant of the plain country, loses on a nearer approach all character of continuity and regularity, and appears under the same confused and irregular aspect which the lower ele?ationi are observ'ed to bear." The length of the western division of the culminating range of the Himalayas, from the source of the Sutlej to the peab of Dayamur on the Indus (within which limits are compriaed the Indo-Ghtngetic and the Bara Lacha ranges), is nearly 700 miles. The elevations of its summits are as under : — PeakB. Height 1. Monomangli or Gurla 23,900 2. KunlasPeak 22,518 8. GulaGhalPeak 21,258 4. XX 20,479 6. XIX 22,707 6. XVin 22,511 7. XV 22,491 8. NandaDevi 25,749 9. XIII 22,385 10. XII 22,385 11. A. No. 1 23,531 12. XI 20,758 13. A. No. 8 23,317 14. N 23,482 16. L 22,266 16. K 22,570 17. 1 23,300 18. Kamefc 25,550 19. VIII 23,236 20. Badrinath Peak 22,954 21. VII 28,441 22 22,754 23. H 21,894 24. a 22,566 26. U 21,612 26. Kedamath 23,062 27. M 22,792 28. St. Patrick 22,798 29. St. Gteorge 22,654 HIMALAYA. PealLB. Hdglit. 30. Eudru Himilla 22,890 81. Swarga 22,906 82. The Pyramid 21,679 83. Jaonli Peak 21,940 34. RC 21,772 85. F 21,964 86. a. Srikanta 20,296 87. Eock Peak 21,076 88. Windy Peak (Kyobrang) 20,169 89. aiacierPeak 20,544 40. Baldang or W. Kailas 21,108 41. Pyramidal Peak 20,106 42. Porgyal 22,700 48. Chang-Eazing Peak 20,500 44. GyuPeak 24,764 45. Parang Peaks 19,500 46. ZanakarBidge 20,000 47. SerandMer 20,000 48. BalTalPeak 19,650 49. Dayamur 20,000 50. Peak N. of Peshawup 20,498 The mean elevation, as abeady observed, is about 20,000 feet, the limits of the snow-Hne on the southern slope having a height of about 18,500 feet.* According to Herbert,' the t ^i ,,p^ ^^ geological structure of these mountains comosts of gneiss and ^^'^ a schistose formation, comprising mioaceous, ohloritic, and talcose schists. Captain Strachey,^ describing the character of 'QuarWrirJoum. the Indo-Gkmgetic chain, observes 2 " Along the lines on which o'Gjj>V8oc ^sw, the points of greatest elevation are found in this part of the range, we invariably see, for a breadth of several miles, veins of granite in great abundance penetrating the schists, often cutting through them, but perhaps most frequently following the bedding of the strata, between which they seem to have been forced. The great peaks are, I think, in almost every case, composed of schistose rock, but the granite veins may be most clearly seen on the faces of the mountains to very great elevations. Kamet, one of the highest of the peaks in this * Hie line of perpetual congelation is placed by Herbert at a consider- ably lower aHitnde.* ' U* «>P»» »«»W. 4 H 07 HIMALAYA, region, seems, however, to be amoDg the exceptions to this rule; its summit, which is upwards of 25,500 feet above the sea, appearing to consist of granite alone. This line of granite seems to be subdivided into several branches, dis- tributed generally along the strike, but otherwise not verv regularly." '*In immediate succession to the crystalline schists pene- trated by granite veins, we here come at once upon slaty beds overlying them, along the bottom of which, near the mica schists and gneiss, is a line of granite veins, differing some- what in appearance from those of the larger eruption, and not producing any great alteration in the slaty beds themselves, as is shown by the occurrence of a coarse conglomerate, the com- ponent parts of which are perfectly distinct only a few feet above the granite." " Above these are slaty beds, in all perhaps 9,000 feet hi thickness, consisting of coarse slates, grits, and limestones, all more or less affected by slaty cleavage, and all devoid of fossil remains. It is after reaching the top of these strata, which is rarely done at a less elevation than 14,000 feet above the sea, that we at length enter again a region of fossiliferous rocke, which extends as far as my examinations have been carried And it is not a little wonderful to find at this immense eleva- tion a regular succession of most of the more important formations, from the silurian to the tertiary periods." The length of the eastern section of the culminating range of the Himalayas, firom the confluence of the Dibong with the Brahmapootra in the east, to the river Kalee, forming the boundary of Nepaul on the west, is about 800 miles. This por- tion supports the lofly peaks of Kinchinjunga and Dhwalagiri ^BotanTofHinui- Seen from Fatna, observes Dr. Royle,* " at a distance of about *** ' 150 miles, these stupendous mountains present a long line of snow-white pinnacles, which, on a nearer approach, are seea towering above the dark line of lower but still lofty mountains." •CanninfiMim67. Dhwalagiri,^ having an elevation of 28,000 feet, is in lat Herbert, ut tupra, 29^ lO', long. 83^. Two hundred miles eastward of this, and »*"• in lat. 28° 20', long. 86°, is situate the mountain of Gbssainthan, • Royie, ut snpn, attaining the height of 24,740 feet.* After another interral* . * It is generally believed that in this iaterval there are peaks more lo^ : ■ thau that of Gossainthan ; one near Tingri Madan, about eightj vaSk^ 9i HIMALAYA. of 140 miles in the same direction, the loftj peak of Kinohin- juDga, probably the highest mountain in the world,* rises to the height of 28,176 feet7 This last-named mountain is in ^ waiiur't Map. the north-east angle of Nepaul. Contiguous to Nepaul on the east, is the petty territory of Sikkira, speaking of which Dr. Hooker^ says : — " Viewed from a distance on the plains of ' cnm«t» and India, Sikkim presents the appearance — common to all moun- Himaiayaa, 17. tainous countries — of consecutive parallel (wooded) ridges, running east and west, backed by a beautiful line of snowy peaks, with occasional breaks in the foremost ranges, through which the rivers debouch. Any view of the Himalaya, especially at a sufficient distance for the distant snowy peaks to be seen overtopping the outer ridges, is very rare, from the constant deposition of vapours over the forest-clad ranges during the greater part of the year, and the haziness of the dry atmosphere of the plains in the winter months. At the end of the rains, when the south-east monsoon has ceased to blow with constancy, views are obtained, sometimes from a distance of nearly 200 miles. The angle subtended by tha giant peaks is so low (not a degree), that they appear like white Bpecks very low on the horizon, tipping the black lower and outer wooded ranges, which always rest on a belt of haze, and from the density, probably, of the lower strata of atmosphere, are never seen to rest on the visible horizon. The remarkable lowness on the horizon of the whole stupendous mass is always a disappointing feature to the new comer, who expects to see dazzling peaks towering in the air. Approaching nearer, the snowy mountains sink behind the wooded ones long before the latter have assumed gigantic proportions, and when they increase in size, they appear a sombre, lurid grey-green mass of vegetation, vrith no brightness or variation of colour. There is no break in this forest caused by rock, precipice, or cultiva- tion ; some spurs project nearer, and some valleys appear to weet of KinohinjODga, in rumoured to rival the Utter mountain in elev»- taon. * The bigheat suminita of the Andes* are — > Cunnlnfham, at Sorata, 25,267 ft. lUimani, 28,952 ft. Chimboraxo, 21,440 ft. •"'''^ **• It will be thus seen that tbe principal peak of the Himalayas overtops the priocipal summit of the Andes bj above half a mile of perpendicular altitude. H 2 » HIMALAYA. • P«mberton, Bbotan, 91. * Thompsmii ut tupra, S. 'Hiftlorj of India, i. 890. retire further into the heart of the first great chain that sbats out all the country bejond. No pines whatever are seen on the outer range of Sikkim, both soil and climate being far too damp iQ the rainy season ; nor are the colours of the foliage so varied and bright as the more perennially humid forests of tropical shores, from the want of any abundance of such palms as caryota, tall arecsB, and of artocarpi, or of orange-groves." Beyond this, extensive tracts of the Himalayas remain unex- plored, though it is known that a considerable portion of the Bootan territory, extending to long. 95°, presents a succession of lofby and rugged mountains, frequently rising to an altitude of 20,000 feet above the level of the sea, and covered with snow throughout the year.' Thus it will be seen that the great Himalaya range, from its north-western extremity, where its continuity with the Hindoo Koosh is broken by the Indus, takes a south-easterly direction, giving rise in its course to the Jhelum, Chenaub, Bavee^ and Beas rivers, after whieh it is penetrated* by the Sutlej, previous to its debouch into the plains near Boopur. Further east, it continues its original direction, throwing off in its progress the feeders of the Oanges, and also of the Braham- pootra subsequently to its confluence with the Sanpoo ot Dihong. The entire chain may be said to have an average breadth^ of 150 miles; its length is computed at about 1,500. "The noblest scenery in India,'* says Hphinstone,^ "is under the Himalaya, where the ridges are broken into every form of the picturesque, with abrupt rocks, and ^opes covered with gigantic pines and other trees, on the same vast scale, mixed with the most beautiful of our flowering shrubsi, and the best of our fruits in a state of nature. Over the whole towers the majestic chain of the Himalayas, x»vered wiiJi etenud snow, a sight which the soberest traveller has never described without kindh'ng into enthusiasm, and which, if once seen, leaves ^u impression that can ji^jer be ^nalW or effaced." ' V^ lupra, 3. * Dr. Thompson* says, ''Tho most marked of these peculiarities maj be observed in the course of ^e Sutlej, which mns, for a very ooandoable part of its course, nearly parallel to the Indus, before it turns towardg the plains ; thus separating the western division of the Himalaya chain, almotl from its veiy origin, into two branches." 100 HIM— HIN. ' HIMMUTOUNGE,! in the British district of AlUhabad, >E.i.o.Mi.Doe. Heutenant-goyemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Jubbulpore, and four 2 miles S. of the former. It is situate on the left* •G»rd«i,Tkbi«ii bank of the Jumna, at the Gawghat ferry, and has a small ^ ^^^^ space suited for encamping. Lat. 25^ 26', long. 81° 55'. HIMUTGABH,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions »e.i.c. if«.i>oo. of Scindia, a small town 10 miles S.W. of the fort of Gwalior. It is situate at the north extremity of a narrow' pass, extending * Further Papers from north to south, through a range of rocky sandstone hills, JSTJl^^^Jo to the town of Puniar. Close to it was fought, on 29th De- Paritament. April, cember, 1843, an engagement, styled the battle of Puniar, between the British detachment led from Bundelcund by (General Grey and the Mahrattas. The British lost thirty-six men killed, and 180 wounded; the Mahrattas lost all their artillery, amounting to twenty-four pieces, all their ammunition, some treasure, and a great number of men. Lat. 26° 6', long. 78° 3'. HINDIA, or HANDIYA,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or i b.i.o.mi. Doc possessions of Scindia*s family, a town on the route from Baitool^ to Mow, 90 miles N. W. of former, 96 S.E. of latter. » crden. Table. It is situate on the left or south bank of the Nerbudda, here a ^ "^ great river, 1,000* yards wide. It is of considerable size, and * Maiooim. index has a large bazar, and a fort commanding^ several ghats or 144.*^ ^^ passes over the river. This place was, in 1820, occupied by a |^^^'|f^ British force, and by the treaty of 1844, was, with its per- gunnah, and that of Hurda, yielding together an annual revenue of 140,000 rupees, placed under British management, the revenue being appropriated to the maintenance* of the ^J^*J*' ^JJ7 augmented Gwalior contingent. Distant S. from Gwalior fort uor, presented to 280 miles, S.E. from Oojein 90. Lat. 22° 26', long. 76° 59'. SHJ^'^ mV^'*'*'* HINDOLEE. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Boondee, B.i.aMs. uoc three miles from the left bank of the Nej Nuddee, and 13 miles N.W. from Boondee. Lat. 26° 35', long. 75° 84'. HINDON,^ a river of Hindustan, rises at the south-west > b.i c. h*. Doe. base of the Sewalik range, in lat. 80° 15', long. 77° 53'. Its fj'o^'J,"fi^^: course is southerly, and divided from that of the Jumna by a ^^Slri^n'^ii' slight elevation^ of the surface, along which the Doab Canal Andent caoaii extends. In the rainy season it communicates by cross chan- ^^ * ♦ Garden' states, erroneously, " on the right bank." * p. «a. 101 HINDOOE. Routt^, 188, 819, 918, 287. > E.I.C. Mt. Doe. E.I.C. Trifion. Surv. nels and bnncfaee with yarious torrents, which tfam travene the country. After a course generally southerly of about 160 miles, it falls into the Jumna on the led side, in lat. 28° 2f, long. 77° 3(y. It is crossed by the route from Dehra to Sahi- »oiirten.T*bU|i^of runpooT, in lat. 29° 68', long. 77° 43', and is there fopdable« during the dry season. It is also crossed by the route from Kurnoul to Mozuffemuggur, in lat. 29° 22*, long. 77° 33', and is there fordable, except when swollen during the rains ; by the route from Kumoid to Meerut, in lat. 29° 12^, long. 77° 84', and is there fordable, with a depth of from two to two and a half feet ; and by the route from Meerut to Saharon- poor, in lat. 29° 63', long. 77° 40', and is there crossed by a bridge and long causeway. HINDOOR, or NALAGmaH.i— A hill state at the south- western declivity of the Himalaya Mountains. It is bounded on the north by Kuhloor ; on the east by Bhagul and Muhlog; on the south and west by Sirhind. It contains an area of 233 square miles, the centre being in lat. 31° 7', long. 76° Stf. It is traversed throughout its whole extent by a steep range of hills, which, rising oyer the left bank of the Sutlej, con- tinues in a south-easterly direction untQ joining the Sub- Himalaya near Subathoo. Parts of this ridge attain a con- siderable height^ Chumbagarh being 4,400,^ and Bamgarfa 4,054 feet aboye the sea. The drainage is either by the rivers Gumbur and Gunrora, which flow in a north- westerly direction to the Sutlej, or by the Sarsa, which, rising in the Pinjor Doon, takes also a north-westerly directiou, and falls into the Sutlej near Kanoli, ailer a course of about thirty miles. Moorcroft^ speaks of part of the country thus traversed in favourable terms : — " The valley of the Gamrora is populous and well cultivated. Along the courses of the different small streams by which it is intersected are rows <^ pear-trees, which, at the time we passed them, were in faB blossom. Villages occurred repeatedly on either side of the road.*' The Sursa receives several small streams from the north and north-east : of these the most worth notice are the « iioorer«ft, lUd. Baladh^ and the Buta. The Lohund and the Kalakund, two small rivers, flow down the mountain-tract sloping to the north-west, and fall into the Sutlej. The low grounds on the banks of the Sursa and Sutlej are alluvial, fertile, and, being • B.I.O. TrifOB. > TrftT«1t, I. 87. HIN. little Riore than 1,000 feet above tbe sea, have a climate and produce resembling tbose of intertropical regions. The crops are generally maize, rice, wheat, barley, Tarions kinds of millet, cotton, opium, ginger, turmeric, hemp, tobacco, oil-seeds, and esculent vegetables. The fruits are pomegranates, peaches, apricots, plums, apples, pears, walnuts, raspberries, straw- berries, and melons. The pulp of the pomegranates is eaten ; the husks are dried, and exported for the purposes of dyeing* * ai. Am. «▼. 47$ and tanning. The acacia, Indian fig, pine, elm, willow, gentian, ciinulte of 8ui»- geranium, rose, tod other shrubs familiar in Europe, adorn the *'**' •"* Kotgicii, biih. The country is altogether picturesque, beautiful, fertile, well watered, and highly cultivated. The only places of importance are Nalagarh, Itamgarh, and Flassi or Palasi. Nalagarh is at present the residence of the rajah, in place of Phissi, at which he formerly dwelt. The population of the raj is estimated by Mooreroft* at 20,000. It is represented to • tn luprt, 1. S7. contain 186 villages, and to yield an annual revenue of Agra Ouide, i84i, 10,000/.^ but according to official report* of a recent date "g'J*^ Mt Doc (1848), the revenue does not exceed 8,000^. The thakooree of sutiitict of Burrowlee, with the exception of a small part, was conferred* •n^rui, Poiiticmi on the rajah of Hindoor, in November, 1815, in lieu of the fort ^^■•'•"^ **•• of Malown, with six villages, retained as a post for British troops. The rajah holds under the East-India Company, from whom he received his raj on th*e expulsion of the Goorkhas in 1815; and in troublous times his conduct has been charac- terized by his devotion to British interests. HINDOSTAN.— See Itoia. HINDOUL,* in the British district of Muttra, lieutenant^ 1 e.i.c. Mt. Doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Meerut to that of Muttra, and 17 miles^ N.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the * Garden, Tabias route is indifferent, being narrow and sandy in some places; <>'*****«^'*^- the country open, and but partially cultivated. Lat. 27^ 42^, long. 77° 49'. HINDOWN,^ in the Bajpoot state of Jeypore, a town on » e.i.c. Mt.Doe. the route from Agra to Mow, 71 miles S.W. of former, 844* ofR^mtli™** N.IE. of latter. It was formerly a large city, with several* * a«. r«.ti.78— extensive buildings, but suffered so much from the devastations from Agr* to of the Mahrattas, that it is much decayed, though still popu* ^Slro, Mem.of lous.* The rampart which once surrounded it is now quite w«r in India, 103 •*• HIN. I X.I.C. Iff. Doc 8«riM of CftlouUa Ou. publlthtd . ftl Port William, rtlatlve to th« Militarj Op«ni- tlont tgalntt !«•• wunt Rao Holkar, App. U. 178-178. ' Tborn, Men. of War in India, U7. Bwawnn Lai, Mem. of Mobnm- Biud Ameer Khan, Sli. * MaleoIro^Oentral India, 11. 406. * Treailet with Native Powen, 010. B.I.O. Ml. Doo. E.I.O.Ma Doe. I B.I.O. Mt. Doe. *MedkalTopo- fraphy and Stat. ofH7dmdNMl,no. I E.IJO, M8. Doe. * Garden, Tablet of Boute%99. in ruins, but it has a good basar. Lat. 26° 41', long. HINGLAJGAEH, op HINGLAISGAEH,! in Malwa, a hill fort in the possession of Holkar's fiunilj, long deemed impregnable bj the natives. It is surrounded by a de^ ravine 200 feet deep, 250 wide, and with perpendicular sides, from the edge of which the walls rise, and is accessible onlj bj three causeways, made to form communications across the chasm, with three gates respectiyely. It was, however, stemmed Julj 8rd, 1804, hy a British detachment sent by Colonel Monson, stationed at Sunara, ten miles fiurther east. The detachment, commanded bj Major Sinclair, consisted of a battalion of a native regiment, with six six-pounders and a party of irregular horse. After battering for an hour, the British escaladed the walls, and took^ the place with little losa^ not a British officer being either killed or wounded. It was subsequently restored to Holkar,' apparently in conformity to the declaratory article annexed to the treaty^ of Bajpurg^uit, 1805. Distant from Indor, N., 130 miles ; from Oojein, N., 100. Lat. 24P 4fff, long. 75° 50^. HINGMEE.— A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, on the right bank of the Payne Ghmga river, and 168 miles N. by W. from Hyderabad. Lat. W 4S, long. 7r 57'. HINGNAH. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, ot dominions of the rajah of Berar, 12 miles S.W. from Nagpoor, and 96 miles E. by S. from EUichpoor. Lat. 2^ 2^, long. 70° 2'. HINGOLEE,^ in Hydhibad, or territory of the Nizam, a town on the route from the city of Hydrabad to Akda, 185 miles N.W. of former, 72 S. of latter. It is one of tiie stations^ of the force denominated the Nizam's contingent, but actually a British force, officered by British, and under tiie direction and control of the British government. Distance from Madras, N. W., 500 miles ; Bangaloor, N., 465 ; Secun- derabad, N.W., 190 ; Bombay, E., 290 j Kampti, S.W., 167. Lat. 19° 42', long. 77° 11'. HINGONA,^ in the territory of Gwalior, a village on tiie route from Agra to the fort of Gwalior, 47 miles ^ S. of former, 23 N.W. of latter. It is situate on the left bank of the smaO 104 HIN~H1E. lifer EJohari, and has a bazar. Here, in the end of December, 1843, the Britbh army under Sir Hugh Gough, commander- in-chief, accompanied by Lord EUenborough, remained en- camped some days during the abortive negotiation previous to the battle of Maharajpoor and Chonda. Lat. 26° 84', long. 77° 67'. HINGUNQ-HAT,^ in the territory of Nagpore, or domi- • e.i.c. m», doc nions of the rajah of Berar, a town on the river Wunna, a tributary of the Wurda. It is a place of considerable trade, and is interesting to the geologist, from containing nume- rous specimens of organized^ substances in the Yulcanian * Joom. ai. soe. formation, general in this part of India. They are principally ^oJilSmi^/^ portions of fossilized palm-trees. During the Mahratta war o«>>o^ 8p«c»- in 1818, it was occupied by a British force,' to cut off the pur. communication of the flying Peishwa firom the city of Nagpore. in^jjJS^uySJJJ* Distance from Nagpore, S., 45 miles. Lat. 20° 84', long. 78° 53'. HINWA, a river of Nepal, rising in lat. 27° 20', long. 88° 4', on the western slope of a spur of the Himalayas which connects the main or Snowy range with that known as the Sub- Himalaya, and, flowing through the district of Chyanpoor in a westerly direction for forty-five miles, falls into the Tambur on the left side, in lat. 27° 9', long. 87° 24'. HINWA, or EINWAH,^ in the district of Aldemau, ter- i b j.o. Ms. Doe. ritory of Oude, a village two miles from the right bank of the river Ghaghra, 28 miles S.£. of Fyzabad, 100 £. of Lucknow. Butter^ estimates its population at 600, all Hindoos. Lat. * Topogrtpii j of 26° 37', long. 82° 25'. Oudn. m. HINWA.— A river of Nepal, rising in lat. 27° 20', long. 88° 8', on the western face of an extensive spur of the Hima- layas, separating Sikhim from Nepal. It flows in a direction westeriy for fifty miles, to its junction with the Tambur, in lat. 27° 8', long. 87° 27'. HIRDOEE,' in Bundelcund, a town in the British district ■ E.i.a Mt. Doc of Jaloun, on the route by Koonch from Gwalior to Calpee, 82 miles^ W. of the latter. It has a bazar, and is well sup- ' OMdm, tm»i« plied with water. Lat. 26° 5ff, long. 79° 20'. "* R«mt-. iw. HIBNEE. — A town in the British district of Tirhoot, pre- bj.o. ict. do<^ sidency of Bengal, 81 miles E. by N. of Dinapoor. Lat. 35° 47', long. 86° 24'. m HIS. B.I.C. Ml. Doe. HISSAMPOOB. — A town in the native 'stste of Oude, fite miles from the left hank of the Gbgra river, and 48 miles N.E. hy E. from Lucknow. Lat. 27° 13', long. 81° 89'. « B.i.a Mi. Doc HISS AE.^ • — The principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, in the British district of Harreeanah, Iteutenant- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from the city of Delhi to Bhutneer. It is situate on the hraneh made hy Feroz Shah from the Delhi Canal te supply water for irrigation, as well as for the use of the nume- rous host of followera hrought hy him into this arid tract, • jottrn. At. Soe. which was his favourite hunting-ground,^ the neigh houring ^lcowin,*on** wastcs hari)onring lions and tigers,* besides other wiW beasts theCmnaiiinDeiM j^ss formidable. This watercourse appears to have been psrtiy TerrHorT • Royie, Botany made by excavation, partly by clearing the channel of the Chi- BrlilTij^raT* **"g» ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ branches. In 1826 it was, by order of the vii. xM. British government, cleared out as far as Darbah, twenty-five < coiTio, ui tupni, miles north-west of Hissar, to which last place it is navigaUe^ for timber-rafts. Previonsly to this renovation, the town and its vicinity suffered much from want of water, being supplied merely from tanks or from wells, of which last it had 800 in • pranckiin, Mem. the time of G^orge Thomas.^ There is a well-supplied bazar, • conMy^orn- "^^ formerly the East-India Company had here a stud,* to fur- iMd journ. lu jijgii a supply of horscs for the army ; but in 1844 the esta- 7R«fiffiriMn.Dtop. blishment ceased.^ The place was likewise selected as the site 7 March, 1846. ^^ ^ ftiTm foT rearing cattle for the ordnance department ; but • Id. 19 Oct. 1853. this establishment also has been recently abolished.* In the » Ajmtk Akkwy, time of Akhar, Hissar* had two forts, one of stone, the other li. 88. of brick.f The sircar, of which it was the principal place, was 1 1. 4fi0. * Properly Hisar, "the ciUdel ;'* called ia tiie inradaiioB of Feriihte* "Hissar Feroza;" in the Ajeen Akbery, "Hissar Feeroaeh^" in cooie- qnence of having been built (1356) by Feros Shah of Delhi. • DMcrlptlonof f Hamilton* says, "The palace of Sultan Ferose stands in whatvM EMt^IndiaOwf^ the centre of the city, and has very extensive subterranean apartments. I. oet. Close to the palace Is an iron pillar, rather leas than thiit at Joobnt, near Delhi, called Ferose Shah's Lath." A more detuled deeoriptiett ef tUi • ionm. M. Soe. pillar is given by Brown,* who ooniidcn it a Buddhist r^c, on which Feroa fr**' '®*^ JJ* *** Shah made some alterations and inscriptions ; whence it is trMiitiooaliy Ancient Temple called ^^^ l&th, club, or obelisk of that monarch : — " The aneient stone St HlMsr. forming the base of Feroz*s pillar at Hissar, is of one piece, and is ten ftet ten inches high. How much of it is sunk in the ground below, I caonoi tell ; but probably there is as much of it below m above, and some of Ihv 106 HIS— HOC. rated to furnish 6,875 cavalrj, 55,700 infantry, and an annual rerenue of 18,75,022 rupees. The road to the east is good *, to the west it is in manj places good, but occasionallj heavj. Distant N.W. from Delhi 104 miles; N.W. from Calcutta » oanrten. tiMw 991 miles.» Lat. 29*^ 8', long. 75^ 60^. "fgt"^ ""^ HISSULOOE. — A town in the British district of North £.ix;. Ms. Do«. Caoara, presidency of Madras, 126 miles N. by £. of Manga* lore. Lat. 14P 42', long. 74° 59'. HOBIGTJN JB. — ^A town in the British district of Dacca b.i.c. ms. do«. Jelalpore, presidency of Bengal, 40 miles 8. by W. of Dacca. Lat. 23** 11', long. 90° 11'. HOBRA^* in the British district ofBaraset, presidency of ' e.i.c. m». Doe. Bengal, a town' lyi^g on the route from Calcutta to Dacca. * oanien, Table* It has a small bazar : the road in this part of the route is in ^ general good, though in some places not free from swamps, the conntry being low and marshy. Distance from Calcutta, N.E., 28 miles ; from Dacca, S. W., 158. Lat. 22° 62', long. 88° 41'. HOCHO,^ or HOPCHO, in Bussahir, a stream of Koona^ LiojdwidOertid, wur, rises near the north-eastern frontier, in lat. 81° 88', long, ^y|^ u. iw. 78® 48', on the western declivity of the Ghmtung Pass, from the melted snows of which it is supplied. Eren near the source, it ancient rascripiions may stiU be preserved on the lower parte. The greatest circnmferenoe of the stone above ground is eight and a half feet. The rest of tbe pillar is of the red sandstone common at Agra, and there is part of tbe eolunn, near the second cornice, made of coarse white marble. There ii a massive iron rod on tbe top, whi^ formerly served to sopport a onpola. Sereral attempts have been made to extraet this rod by the natives, but they have always fiiiled. From the base of the column to the top of this rod, the height is aboat forty-five feet. The column is solid, and there is no way of easily getting to the top." The pillar is situate in the middle of a square of old buildings, at present used as a magazine. In one of them it the entrance to a subterraneous passage, stated by the natives to extend to Hansee, a distance of fifteen miles, and which was explored by Brown, nntil the lights that be used went out. The inscriptions do not appear as yet to have been deciphered; the character is considered to resemble English capitals rather than any Indian letters. There is another building, which, according to tradition, Was intended to represent the model of a ship, and made by order of Feroz Shah, who having never seen one, and being unable to understand the acoount given by an officer who attempted a description, caused him to raise this singular structure to aid the explana- tion. It is, however, aa might be expected, very unlike any ship at present known. * The Yurpo of Jacquemont.» ' ^«y«««' *^- *^ HOD— HOL. > E.I.C. Mt. Doe. * (Hrden, Tkblet of Route*, 148. ^^Statiftic* of N.W. ProT. 41. * Hebert Journ. In India, i. 577. Jacqaemont, UU 488. B.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.C. Ms. Doc * B.I.O. Ms. Doc • Moor, Nar. of Operallont, 908. * lUd. 147. in some places spreads to a width of 100 jards, and in one part to 200, in another to 300 ; but is so shallow as scarcely to cover the pebbles in its bed. In other places it is arched o?er with snow, or buried under the ruins of clifis, from which it again bursts out and expands over the plain. The fall, which in the upper part of its course is very gentle, lower down is very rapid, as from its source to the confluence with the SuUoj, a distance of less than twelve miles, in a westerly direction, it descends 10,000 feet, and is in general one broken sheet of foam. The mountains bounding its course on each side are precipitous, lofly, and covered with perpetual snow, avalanches of which frequently descend, and, damming the stream, form deep lakes, over the icy embankments of which the river ia precipitated with a loud noise. HODUL,^ in the British district of Gt>orgaon, lieutenaDt- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Delhi to Muttra^ and 60 miles^ S. of the former. Though now a small decayed town, containing a population' of only 5,840 persons, the ruins observable prove it to have been onoe extensive and important. It has a bazar, and there is a large and very fine tank,^ with water between twenty and thirty hei deep, and accessible by means of a range of stone steps extend- ing all round it. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 27° 53', long. 77° 26'. HOJEENO, in the jaghire of Jujhur, lieutenant-governor- ship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route firom Bohtuk to Namol, and six miles N. of the latter. Lat. 28° 8', long. 76° 12'. HOKTE.— A town in the British district of Northern Cachar, presidency of Bengal, 110 mUes S.E. of Gbwhattj. Lat. 25° 6', long. 92° 57'. HOLCAB'S DOMINIONS.— See Itooeb. HOLLA HONOOR,! • in the territory of Mysore, a town situate on the right bank of the river Bhadra, which, a few miles below, uniting with the Tunga, forms the Tungabhadn or Tumbudra. The Bhadra is 250 yards wide,^ yet fordable except during the monsoon rains. The fort is described,^ in 1790, as " large, of a square form, with towers at the angles, and two in each face, between the angular ones f the town as * Holebonomru of Taadn ; Hooly Honore of Moor. 106 HOL— HON'. " extensive,^ tolerably well built, and inclosed by a bad wall *Moor. nm. of and ditch." The fort, in 1791, yielded* to a British detach- »id™i«!!*' ment, acting in junction with the Mahrattas against Tippoo 2!lJLut!i Si. os. Saltan. Distance from Seringapatam, N.W., 127 miles. Lat. IdT 58', long. 76° 44'. I HOLLAL. — A town in the British district of Dharwar, pre- B.i.c. Um, Doc sidency of Bombay, 150 miles N.N.E. of Mangalore. Lat. 14° 51', long. 76° 47'. HOLLAL&OONDT. — A town in the British district of £.i.c. MlDoc. Bellary, presidency of Madras, 27 miles N.N.E. of Bellary. Lat. 15° SC, long. 77° 9'. HOLALKAIRA. — A town in the native state of Mysore, b,i.c. ut. Doc 116 miles N, by W. from Seringapatam, and 122 miles N.E. from Mangalore. Lat. 14° 8', long. 76° 14'. HONAHWAE,^* in the British district of North Canara, i E.i.aii».Doc presidency of Madras, a seaport and town, the principal place of a talook or subdivision of the same name. It is situate on the north side of an extensive estuary, or rather inlet, of the pea, forming an expanse of salt-water, which at its south-eastern extremity receives the Gairsoppa or Sheravutty, a considerable river flowing from the Western Ghats, farther eastward. This salt-water lake is about seven miles in length from south-east to north-west, and three in its greatest breadth ; has an area of about fifteen square miles, and contains several islands. Though not a good haven, it can receive large ships ; and Hyder Ali, sultan of Mysore, here established a dock for building ships of ^ar, some of which were sunk by the British when they took the place, and their wrecks^ were for a long time visible. The ' BuoiMumii. best station for shipping is, however, the road outside the 1^^^11.137. mouth of the haven, and sheltered' by two small islands, called * Honburgh, Baswaraje Droog and Fortified Island. The depth of water is f"2S.'^^"^''' five or six fathoms, and the ground is soft ; but as a station for shipping, it is disadvantageous for the greater part of the year, as firesh water is very scarce, the lake or haven being salt, except during the monsoon, when the quantity of water dis- charged into it by the Sheravutty and many other streams makes it quite fresh. It abounds in fish, great quantities of which i ybt. sketches are taken, and make an article of commerce. In particular of Southern India, ' '^ I. 10, 04. * Honaver of Wilks ;» Onor or Onore generally of the British writers ; * Mysore, Canara, TT « -r. «^ « o J ^jjj Malabar, iloDawera of Baohanan.' m, 17^ 109 HON— HOO. * Porbet, OripnUl Memoin, 1. 198. * Faria j Soasa, U. 873. •id. U. 977,878. "> Wilkt, Histori- cal Sketchet, I 458. * Id. ii. 448. ' Buchanan, III. 137. * Porbet. Oriental Memoirs, ii. 406. * Treaties with Native Powers, 871. • Butterworih. Tables of Roads In Pres. of Port St. George, ISO. B.I.C. lia.Doe. B.I.C. Ms. Doc I E.LO. Ms. Doe. states of the wind and tide, the surf on the bar is tremendmis, and the attempt^ to pass it attended with great danger. Thti port was formerly a place of great oommerce, and still has i trade in pepper, cocoanuts, betelnut, fish, and some other articles, especially the fragrant sondal-wood, which grows in great abundance and perfection on the rocky hills of the country, and is in great demand, more particularly in China, where it is burned, to produce a perfume, before renented images and shnnes. Of this place there is but little notice before 1509,* when it was a rich and beautiful city, with a fort, belonging to the queen of Gairsoppa, a city now in ruins, about fifleen miles fiuiher east, on the river SheraTutty, and was plundered and burned by the Portuguese, who shortly after fortified and garrisoned* it. On the decay of the Portuguese power in India, it wis acquired by the sovereigns of Bednore, on the conquest of which place by Hyder Ali, this town also submitted^ to bim. In 1783^ it was taken by assault by a British force, despatched from Bombay under the command of General Matthews f and, in 1784, obstinately and successfully defended^ by Captain Torriano, against Tippoo Sultan ; to whom, however, in the same year, it was ceded by the treaty of Mangalore.' On the overthrow of that prince in 1798, it again came into the possession of the East-India Company. Distance direct (rem Bombay, S.E., 340 miles; from Mangalore, N.W^ 110 ,** from Seringapatam, N.W., 200 > from Madras, N.W., 410. Lit 14° 17', long. 74° 30'. HONHULLY. — A town in the native state of Mysore, on the right bank of the Tongabudra river, and 144 miles N.W. by N. from Seringapatam. Lat. 14° 16', long. 75° 43'. HONWAB.— A town in the British district of Bdganis, presidency of Bombay, 20 miles W. of Beejapore. Lat 16° 4S^, long. 76° 80'. HOOBL:^,^ in the British collectorate of Dharwar, presi- dency of Bombay, a town situate about 12 miles B.E. of tlie town of Dharwar. Though ill-built, it is a thriving place, and has some considerable trade, being one of the principal cotton marts of the Southern Mahratta country. In this reelect its importance will probably increase, from the improved means of communication with the coast. A cart-road from Dharwv to lie HOO. Hooblee was completed some yean ago. In 1847 a furtihei continuation of this road was authorized to Wuddeguttee, on the Canara frontier, there to meet the road constructed bj the liadras government for facilitating the inland trade between Dharwar and the port of Coompta. The average^ load of cotton « sombty statk- for a bullock is 280 pounds. The average hire of a bullock ^'^ ^^ from Hooblee to the port of Coompta, a distance of 120 miles^ is three rupees ; making the cost of conveyance six rupees per candy of 560 pounds. The average load for a cart drawn by two bullocks is 1,120 pounds. The same number of animals, therefore, employed in draught will draw twice the amount of goods by weight which they would carry in the way of burden. Two of the government vernacular schools are established in this town ; one Mahratta, one Canarese. HooUee was formerly the seat of an English factory, which, in 1673,' was, with the rest of the town, plundered by Seviyee, « dqit. hi^. of the Mahratta leader, to the amount of 7,894. pagodas. Moazzim, ^^^^^ son of Aurungzebe, sent^ by his father into this country at uieEwt-com- the head of an army, took Hooblee. During the decline of «1gi'^hinitoiM, the kingdom of Delhi, the town fell into the hands of the "/^gif '"**^ Mahrattasy and on the overthrow of the Peishwa, in 1818, was, with the rest of that prince's dominions, taken possession of by the government of the East-India Company. Its population^ ' Eiphinitone, is estimated at 15,000. Distance from Bombay, S.E., 290 miles ; conqu«nd tr^^ from Poena, S.E., 230 miles. Lat. 16° 20^, long. 75° 13'. "»• ^^"^ '**• HOODESABA. — ^A town in the British district of Camroop, b.i.c. u§» doc province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 47 miles N.W. of Gowhatty. Lat. 26° 34', long. 91° lO'. HOOGHLY.i— A British district subject to the presidency » B.i.aM.. doc of Bengal, and named ^fter its principal place. It is bounded on the north by the British district of Burdwan ; on the east by the river Hooghly, separating it from the British districts of Nttddea^ Baraset, and the Twenty-four Pergunnahs ; on the south by the river Boopnarain, separating it from the British districts of Midnapore and Hidjelee ; and on the west by the British districts Midnapore and Burdwan. It lies between lat. 22° 13'— 23° 13', bng. 87° 34'— 88° 30' ; is ^venty-two miles in length from north to south, and fifby-two in breadth. The area, according to official return,' is 2,089 square miles. * stoURticg of In its general aspect^ the district is low and level in the .i^ 111 HOOGHLT. eastern part, but more hillj in the western and north-wesi^rn, where it runs towards the high lands of Burdwan. The riT^ Hooghlj touches on the district at its north-east comer, in lat. 23"^ 12', long. 88"" 22', and, flowing southward, forms its eastern boundary towards the British districts Nuddea, Baraset, and the Twentj-four Pergunnahs, for forty miles, as far as Balee, in lat. 22^ 4(y, long. 88'' 25', where it passes into the Twenty-four Pergunnahs, on issuing from which, it again, at Fort Gloster, in lat. 22^ 28', long. 88^ 12', touches on the Hooghly district, and flows along its eastern frontier, diTiding it from the Twenty-four Pergunnahs for twenty-five mOes, to the confluence of the Boopnarain, at the southern extremitj of the district, in lat. 22^ 12', long. 88^ 5'. About ten milei aboye this confluence, it on the right or west side receires tiie Damoodah, which, proceeding frt>m the high lands of Burdwan in a direction south-east, enters the district at tbe north-west corner, in lat. 22^ 56', long. 87^ 57', and flows throughout it in a direction nearly south for fifty*fi7e miles, to its junction with the Hooghly. In the dry season, the Damoodah is fordable in many places, but when inundated by the periodical rains, at the close of summer and the commencement of autumn, s Bengmi and bocomcs a vast torrout, ninety' feet in depth and 1,000 feet in T01.U. p«rtL>9i! width, sometimes bursting the bunds or embankments with which it is inclosed, rushing with prodigious noise over tiie country, and sweeping away, in indiscriminate ruin, houses and their inmates, the crops and cattle. The Dalkissore toudiei on the ncnrthem boundary of the district, in lat. 28^ 2', long. 87^ 57', and, traversing it in a southerly direction for tfaiHy miles, becomes at the end of that distance its boundary towards Midnapore for fourteen miles. Subsequently re-entering the district, it forms its boundary towards Hijellee, and fidls into the Ganges in lat. 22^ 12', long. 88° 7'. GThere are many other watercourses and torrents of lem note, but of considerable size during tiie periodical rains, when the country is overflowed to a great extent. The diy, hot season lasts from the beginning of March to the end of June, during which interval the thermometer ranges from 75° to 110°. The periodical rains set in at the end of June, and last until the end of September or the early part of Octobo*. During this period the country is very unhealthy, fevers and 113 HOOaHLT. agues being especiallj rife. The cool season lasts from the beginning of November to the end of January, and in the nights ice^ is sometimes formed to such an extent, that masses * ^oum. a«. sno. may, with due precautions, be preserved to be used during the 74, 204^ hot season. February is cool and very pleasant, and is hailed with as high feelings of gratification by the natives, as the finest part of spring is welcomed in Europe. According to a recent publication,* there are a few deer and * Bentmi ind wild hogs; but '' elephants, tigers, wolves, and buffidoes, are toi™i. ptnLaaa! not indigenous* to this district, though now and then met with." The soil in the south, in some places, is much impregnated with common culinary salt, which was formerly extracted on account of government. Along the courses of the rivers, and generally in the low grounds, it is very fertile, and as irrigation is easily practised, it produces abund&nt crops of fine rice. The trees most generally to be met with, are the mango, jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), cocoanut-palm and date-palm, tamarind, guava, lime-tree, orange-tree, and betel-palm. Lately, considerable efibrts have been successfully made to introduce various new kinds of trees and plants from the botanic garden at Calcutta. Besides rice, the principal objects of cultivation are the sugarcane, indigo, the mulberry-tree (for the sake of its leaves to feed silkworms), cotton, tobacco, mustard and other oil- seeds, ginger, hemp, potatoes, cucurbitaceous plants of various kinds, peas, onions, cabbages, and various other esculent vege- tables. The principal exports are raw silk, indigo, and sugar. A large quantity of plantains is also sent to the Calcutta market, and distillation of rum is greatly increasing, in conse- quence of the brisk demand for it in the British market. Spirits are distilled in considerable quantities from the sap of the date-palm, and palmyra or toddy-palm. Large quantities of bamboos find a ready sale in the Calcutta market. Hemp is made into ropes, sacking, and coarse canvas. Formerly there was a considerable manufacture of cotton cloths, but the greater cheapness of the fabrics brought from Great Britain * Hamilton, however, remarks,* " It is sorprismg how large a proportion > Guett«er, LOOa.. of its Burfaoe [that of Hooghl j] still remains in a state of nature, the asylum of tigers." T 113 H(JOGHLY. • Statintict of Britiuli Po wrt - fttont. Y Benfal end Agn Guide, ut •ttpra, SSI. • 1 March, ims. of Haji Muhammad Mohsin.* Instruction is given both in ouid«.i84«,Toi.i. English and Oriental literature. Connected with this institu- ^*^ *"• ^' 1 Betchrelb. ton HlnducUn, 1.920. ♦ Hngli of TMsin ; Hugli of Tiefifenthaler ;' Hooglj of BenoelL* • Mem. of Map of 115 HindoortM, ». HOO&HLT. tion are several branch schools. The civil establishment, of which Hooghly is the chief station, comprises the followiDg European officers : — A civil and sessions judge, a collector, a magistrate, a joint magistrate, and deputy collector ; t^o assistants to the above, an assistant-surgeon, a superintendent of abkarree, an assistant to that officer. Besides these, there is a considerable number of native functionaries, of various * Stewart. Hist, of gradcs and denominations. This town is conjectured^ to have Bengal. 243. ^^^^ founded by the Portuguese in 1537. In 1632, it was, after an obstinate defence of three months, stormed bj the troops of Shahjehan, 1,000 Portuguese being slaughtered, and 4,400 taken prisoners. Siztj-four large vessels, and 254 of smaller dimensions, were burned, three only escaping to Ooa. The place, thus possessed by the Moguls, became the royal 1 stewnrt. ut port of Bengal. In 1676,^ the English established a factory •v'oyigrM". ii«. ^®^®» *^^ about the same time Tavemier® mentions a similar establishment belonging to the Dutch. In 1681, the English * Stewart, 900. factory was fortified,^ and provided with a small guard, con- sisting of twenty Europeans, which was the first mihtarj establishment of the Company in Bengal. SubsequenUj wrested firom the Company by^ Sooraj-oo-dowlah, it was, in 1757, retaken by Clive, and has from that time been retained. IJm.TmI/"'*"** The population of the town is estimated at about 12,000.' « Garden, THbiet Distancc N. from Calcutta 27' miles ; from Benares, S.E.,394u' of^Ho«t«, 160. ^^^ 22^ 64', long. 88° 22'. « E.I.C 1ft Doc HOOGHLY.' — A large river of Bengal, formed by the * Renneii. Mem. juuctiou' of two great branchcs of the Ganges, the Bhagruttee ofMap^f Hindoo- ^^ ^^^ Jellinghce, the confluence of which is in lat. 23^25', long. 88° 22', and 125 miles from the sea, reckoned by tbe windings of the stream to Diamond Point, or, if the estuaiy be * Ai. R<^ vii. S8 included, as far as Saugor Beads, 160 miles. Its* mean breaddi thectou^of'ihe <^hove Calcutta is three-quarters of a mile, and it was formerly oanget through navigable for ships of the line^ as high as Chandemagore, * Tiiornton, Hitt 115 milcs from Saugor Beads, and seventeen above Calcutta or India, I 2«i. There is indeed a rumour, pretty generally credited, that the river is gradually silting up, and will at some future time cetM to afford adequate accommodation to the trade of the capital of British India. This would be a fearful blow to the prosperity of the '' City of palaces," unless a suitable remedy shoidd be \^^^ ^' '"^*"' provided. Towards this end, it has been suggested* that eithff 116 HOOQHLT. a ship canal or a railway might be constructed from Calcutta to the Mutwal, a river some distance to the eastward, not unfitted to become the successor of the Hooghly, should it be necessary to abandon that channel ; and thus the commerce of the maritime emporium of Bengal be retained. However, '' the draught^ of water for ships departing from Calcutta to ' Honburgh, proceed down the river, is usually limited to seventeen feet, but Stj, '" «7.^*'^" the pilots will, for a gratuity presented to them, sometimes take charge of vessels drawing seventeen and a half or eighteen feet ; and if a powerful steam-tug be employed, they may be taken from Calcutta drawing nineteen or even twenty feet, when the tides and weather are favourable." When the river is not affected by the annual periodical inundations, which take place at the close of summer, the water is slightly salt at Calcutta, but " in September^ the freshes are at their height ; t At. rm. iviil there is then no visible tide off Calcutta, the ships do not ^^^*Ji^, swing up, and the ri?er-water is perfectly sweet, far beyond Hoogiy. Sanger, in the open sea." The following general summary of the variations of the tides of the Hooghly is given by the writer just quoted : — " From® the point of lowest low water in • w. 804. the dry season, to that of the highest high water in the freshes, is twenty feet ten inches. The greatest mean rise of tide from low to high water-mark takes place in March, April, and May, and is fifteen feet ten inches. The greatest mean rise of tide from low to high water-mark in the freshes is ten feet. The smallest mean rise of tide takes place in the freshes, and is at neap tides only three feet six inches. The smallest mean rise of the tide in the dry season, neap tides, is four feet. From the lowest fall of the river to high water-mark, neap tides, in February, is eight feet. From the lowest fall of the river to low water in the freshes, neap tides, is twelve feet.* The river is at its lowest in the beginning of March. The river is swollen by the freshes in July, August, and September, and part of October. The freshes take off about the middle of September, and are generally out of the river by the end of October. At the beginning of November, although the freshes * Daring the ioundatioD in September, 1823, the low water stood at eighteen feet six inches, the tide having ebbed only fifteen inches on that day. The difference between this low water and the high water (neap tides in Febmary, viz. eight feet) is ten feet six inches. 117 HOOGHLT. Are out of the riyer, it is upwardfl of three feet higlier at low water than in March. The riyer is in the most quieeoent state during the months of November, December^ January, and February. During these months, the night tides are higher and more rapid than the day tides ; and there are, on some occasicHU^ bores at night. The slax>ngest flood tides, and the greatest mean rise of the tides, are in March, April, May, and June. The day tides in these months are higher than the night tidesL The strongest freshes are in September. In July, the strength of the flood tides is counteracted by the fireahee, anfl thii^ therefore, is a moderate month as regards tides. The horet also are moderated, as a e(msequence. In August, the flood tides are oyercome by the freshes, and the bores are mod^ate: should there be a high parallax of the moon, however, the great height of the sea in this month will cause a considerablt bore." Though not a mile* wide at Calcutta, the river doei not at all times aflbrd perfect security to shipa^ as th^e hafs * Horabarrh, bccu iustauces of their being blown ashore' there in viol^ iorj, i. oso. storms. The river has little incsrease of breadth until after it has received the waters of the I>amHK>odah and Bupnandn, and passed Diamond Point, fifty miles &om Calcutta. Below that point, it rapidly expands, and at Saugor Beads, where the estuary terminatea in the open sea, it is about fifteen milei wide. The tides, under circumstances calculated to favour their action, are violent and rapid, running sometimes at ths ■ Id. lb. rate of seven ^ miles an hour near Calcutta ; and in the south- west monsoon, when ^ g^at current is driven into the river from the Bay of Bengal, the extraordinary phenomenon de* nominated the Bore, which sometimes rises on the sands con- tiguous to the banks in waves twelve or fifteen £^t p^p^a^ * Id. L 036. dicular, rushes on at the rate of twenty^ miles an hour, canying every floating body along with it. The Hooghly, though Uie only channel of the Ganges frequented by large ships, is at its mouth much encumbered by shoals, amidst which ships can be steered safely only by much skill and attention. Of the * Id. 1.017, ttfeq. channels between those shoals, the principal' are— 1. The Inside Channel, farthest west, stretching &om Balasor close along the shore inside, or to the north-westward of aO the ■ Namt. of Joiini. * AocordiDg to Heber/ ''at least twioa aa wide as the TSumaa below *• ^ London Bridge." 118 HOO. shoals, with depths generally of from two to three fathoms at low water. This is used onlj by the small coasting yessels narigated by the natives. 2. Fairway, or the Western Channel, suitable only for ships drawing not more than fourteen or ifteen feet of water. 8. Middle Channel, which is narrow, has not more than three fathoms of water, and is little used. 4. Sagar Channel, or Eastern Channel : this is represented as at present the channel in general use by ships entering or departing from the Hooghly. 5. Thomhill Channel, which has two fathoms and three-quarters at low tide, but commonly three, three and a quarter, or three and a half. 6. The Old Channel, haying from three to four fathoms at low water. 7. Lacam Channel, or Channels Creek, called by the natives Baratulla, separates Saugor island and CliVe's Island from the lowland of the Sunderbunds. It has a good depth of water, but is rendered somewhat intricate by sands projecting from the land. If these, however, were marked by buoys or beacons, the navigation would not be difficult.^ Several ships at different * iionbuif b, u times have entered it by mistake, and passed in safety. The Hooghly is considered by the Brahminists as the real and much-yenerated G-anges, having its source at G-angoutri ; and the Podda, which takes its course farther east, though having a much larger volume of water, is regarded as a mere branch. The banks of the Hooghly are studded with numerous towns and villages, many of which possess an interest, " from* • cai. Rer. iit. old associations, or have been rendered memorable by historical ' recollections." HODKEO.^ — A pass over a lofty range of mountains on the > Lioyd una north-eastem frontier of Koonawur, and bounding the table- ^mauiyaji.''i«i. land of Chinese Tartary westward, and which here has a surface J^cquemont, of reddish gravel, swelling into gentle slopes. The rock is cal- careous, with occasional quartzose veins, and abounds in shells. Here is a Chinese watch-tower, to exclude obnoxious intruders on the Celestial empire. Elevation above the sea 15,786 feet.^ * oemrd, Koon»- Lat. 81° 36', long. 79°. TnTof^^otp! xvuu HOOKEEEE. — A town in the British district of Belgaum, e.i.c. m«. Doe. presidency of Bombay, 28 miles N. by E. of Belgaum. Lat. 16° 12', long. 74° 40'. HOOLEH, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town e.i.o. hi. Doo. situated 10 miles from the right bank of the Indus, 46 miles 119 HOO. B.I.C. Ut, Doc. I E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Wilkt. HUtorirtl SketchM, iU. 150, lao. * Id. i. 30. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. E.I.G. Ml. Doc. B.I.C Mt. Doc. > B.I.C. Ml. Doc. ' Oardon, Tablet of Route*. 80. * Von Orllch, Trareh in India, U. 125. > B.I.O. Mf. Doc W. by S. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 5^, long, 70° 49^. HOOLIQ-EYRI. — A town in one of the recently seques- trated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 28 miles W. by S. from Moodgul, and 78 miles E.N.E. from Dharwar. Lat. 16° 67', long. 76° 8'. HOOLIOEDROOG,* in the native state of My sore, a town, with the ruins of a fort, situate on a rock deemed impregnable' except by blockade, and hence formerly regarded as a place of importance. In 1659 it was acquired^ by Dud Deo Baj, rul^ of Mysore : it subsequently passed into the power of Hyder Ali, and in 1791 was surrendered to the British army under Lord Comwallis, by whom it was dismantled and relinquished. It was subsequently repaired and reoccupied by Tippoo Sultan, but was retaken by the British before the termination of the war. Distant from Seringapatam, K.E., 48 miles. Lat. 12° 6(/, long. 77° 6'. HOOLOOGOEEB NUGIJE.— A town in the British dis- trict of Seebpoor, province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 80 miles N.E. of Seebpoor. Lat. 27° 16', long. 95° 3'. HOOLSOOB. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, presidency of Bengal, 106 miles N. W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 18°, long. 77° 6'. HOOLY ONOBJS.— See Holla Hoitoob, HOOMNABAD. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 92 miles W.N. W. from Hyderabad, and 109 miles N. from Eaichoor. Lat. 17° 45', long. 77° 13'. HOONOOMANGUNGE,! • in the British district of Allah- abad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Benares, and 12 miles^ S.E. of the former. The load in this part of the route is excellent^ in dry weather, but cut up and heavy during rains; the country level and well cultivated. Lat. 25° 25', long. 82° 5'. HOONSOOB.^ — A town in the native state of Mysore, 13 miles S.W. from Seringapatam, and 114 miles E.S.E. from Mangalore. The ^lace is noted for its manufactures of * Haniiinaii*8 market ; from Hanuman, the monkey leader of Rama's forcet, and Gaoj, "market." 129 HOO. flannel, blankets,' and buff accoutrements.' Lat. 12° 15', '*^"'^^- the route irom the town of Bareillj to. Moradabad, and 19 miles N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, level, and cultivated. Lat. 28° dC/, k)Dg. 79°16'. HOOEINGOTTAH BIVEE.— One of the principal mouths by which the G^ges discharges its waters into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 21° 51', long. 90^. The entrance is spacious, beiug about three leagues wide, between the two great banks or shoals which form it, and the depth of water in the great channel is sufficient for. the passage of large ships.^ ' Hor»barKh. HOOSAINPOOE. — A town situate on the right bank of tory,i. «•. the river Granges, in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, conti- guous to the military station of Fnttygurh. Distant three miles £. from Furruckabad. The population is stated to be 11,698.1 Lat. 27° 22', long. 79° 42'. • sutMiet of HOOSHUNGABAD.—See Hoshtogabad. ''•^- ^~'- '^ • HOOSSEIN BELA, in Sinde, a village on the route from e i.e. Mt. Doe. Sabxulcote to Shikarpoor, and 15 miles E. of the latter place. It is situate on the left bank of the Indus, here crossed by a much-frequented ferry, generally called the ferry of Azeezpoor, which place, however, is above a mile north-east. The Indus is here divided into two branches : the eastern, called the Dund, is about 150 feet broad and twenty-four feet deep ; the western branch is very wide, between thirty and forty feet deep, and is separated from the eastern by an island a mile and a half in breadth. At a short distance higher up, there is a good ferry over the undivided stream of the river ; and that would be a preferable place for the passage of any considerable number of persons, but the boatmen prefer the lower ferry, as nearer their village. This latter ferry is cometimes called Amil Qot, from the village of Amil, on the western side. (See Amil Got.) Hoossein Bela is in lat. 27° 52', long. 69°. 121 HOO— HOS. B.I.O. M t. Doo. BJ.C. Mt. Doo. E.I.O. Mt. Doe. B.I.C. Mt. Doo. B.I.C. Mi. Doe. Moorer. L 110. > B.I.O. Mt. Doe. • Mem. Statlftici N.W. ProT. 178. * SUtUtict, nt Mpra. * Bensftl and Aim Guide, 184i. Tol. il. pert 1. 8S0. Indie Pol. Diip. 10 Aug. 1685. Bengal Marine DItp.lO May. 1880. Bombej Marine DIap. 19Aug.l840. HOOSTJNAB AD.— A town in the nftti^e state of Ejidow abad, or dominions of tbe Nizam, 60 miles WikW. from Hyderabad, and 62 miles N. bj E. firom Baicboor. Itf 1 17^ 21, long. 7r 42'. HOOTEECHENER— A town in tbe native state of CaA- mere, or dominions of Gholab Smgb, 55 miles S.W. bj 8. from Sirinagor, and 72 miles N.N.E. from Wazeerabad. Lit 33° 2(y, long. 74° 40'. HOOVIN HUDDAQULLT.— A town in tbe Britisk dit- triet of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 165 miles NJI^JS. of Mangalore. Lat. 15°, long. 75° 59'. HOETEE.— A town in tbe British territory of SattvS) presidency of Bombay, 20 miles N. by E. of Beejapoor. Lsk 17° 6', long. 75° 51'. HOSANa HAJOO.— A town of Eastern India, in tbe British district of Cacbar, presidency of Bengal, 116 miles S.S. of Glowbatty. Lat 25° 7', long. d8° 6'. HOSHIABFXJB, in tbe Ponjab, a small town near tiie southern base of the Himalaya Mountains, and on tbe route from Lahore to Nadann. Lat. 31° 33', long. 75° 57'. HOSHUNQAB AD,i a district or subdivision of that portion of the British possessions known as tbe Saagor and Nerbuddi territory, and now placed under tbe jurisdiction of the lieute- nant-governor of tbe Nortb-West Ptovinces. No regokr survey has been made, but its area is estimated at 1,^16^ square miles. The total amount of the population, acooi&g to a recent census, is 242,641 ; but no distinctions of creed, caste, or occupation, were noticed. An attempt was made ti supply this deficiency by conjectural means, under wkiek operation the people were thus distributed : — ^Hindoos,' agri- cultural, 108,468 ; non-agricultural, 122,685 ; Mahomedua and others, not Hindoos, agricultural, 654 ; non-ogricultQiii, 10,834. Tbese proportions derive plausibility from the resolti of a former census, which probably furnished the chief gromid for their assumption, but the total only can be eatirdy relied on. Tbis district is so remarkable for fertility, as to be commoDlj styled'* the garden of Central India. It possesses also one of tbe elements of mineral wealth, in coal of excellent quality, and it is believed in abundant quantity. On a comparison with sose IS HOS. of the ooal imported from the northern part of Gh^eat Britain^ that of Hoehttngabad was found to merit a pre^srence. The great distance of the bedtf from the coast is, however, at present a serious impediment to its being brought extensivelj into use. HOSHUNQABAD.!*— The principal place of the British ' B.ixj.Mf.Doe. district of the same name. It is situate on the left or south bank of the river Nerbudda, stated^ to be here 900 yards wide, • Malcolm, index and subject, during the periodical rains, to rise to such an aos. *^ ^^ extent as to cause very considerable inundations. Here is a fort, of quadrangular ground-plan, and haying high walls. The town is irregularly built, and the houses being much dispersed, the population is not dense. The river is not fordable opposite the town, the water at the shallowest purt, even in the season when lowest, being between five* and six feet deep, and flowing * v aieoim, at over an irregular rocky bottom. It is infested with alligators, ""^"^ '*** both of the long-snouted and bull-mouthed^ kinds. There are * joam. ai. soe. thirteen ghats or fbrdfl over the river, within twelve or fourteen ^'Sun^YMn miles of Hoshungabad, becoming passable in the beginning of <>' Nerbudda. winter, and continuing so until spring advances. That nearest the town was found, when the water was lowest, to be covered three feet deep.* £ast of the town is a small cantonment of * Joora- ot March British troops belonging to the Saugor division, and the town fichinnit^tn 1779^ itself is the seat of a political agency subsidiary to that of ^' ^ Saugor. Hoshimgabad was founded about the year 1433,^ by Hoshung > Maicoim, cm- Shah, sovereign of Malwa, whose remains were deposited^ there, 7™!.^^!!! iV? licr. but subsequently removed to Mandoo. In 1562 it was, with Brigg«, note, the rest of Malwa, conquered by Akbar. On the dismember- ment of the empire of Delhi, Hoshungabad was appropriated^ Maicoim. nt by the nawaub of Bhopal, from whom it was taken by storm "^'*' ** ^^ by the r^ah of Nagpore or Berar, in 1796.' It was, however, * JenkiM. Bepori soon after retaken* by the ruler of Bhopal, and again, in 1807, Tii.'fST' "** taken by the rajah of Kagpore,^ by whom it was ceded,^ in • id. i84. 1818, to the British government. Distant S.W. from Saugor, 'Jt';;'^";^^* by Searmow,^ 114 miles ; S. fix)m Agra, by Saugor, 888 j S.W. wwcii. from Allahabad 428 ; N.W. from Calcutta, by Allahabad, 924 ; of Rout«J,908-94. E. fbm Mhow 144. Lat. 22° 44', long. 77° 44'. «»' «»• HOSKOTE,t or OOSCOTTA,* in the territory of Mysore, 1 b.i.c.Mi.do«. * Huaanabad ofTassin ; Hoshnngabad of Briggs's Index. t Hoflkote of Taatin ; OoBcotta of the official report, and of Wilkfl. 138 HOS. * Report on Med. a town. It is a Considerable^ place, and has a mad fort, whicb, sutiTi^^lrf *" in 1761, was besieged by Basalut Jong, of Hyderabad, who, «'^'iii^'Hi«toricai ^^^ ineffectually attempting to reduce, received the surrender Sketches, i. 4SS, of it from Hydcr Ali, together^ with three lacs of rupees, in consideration of his investing that adventurer with the title and office of nawaub of Sera, a dignity and country which Basalut Jung had no claim either de jure or de facto to dis- pose of. Dbtant from Bangalore, N.E., 16 miles. Lat. 13° 5', long. 77° 62'. B.1.C.K1.D0C HOSPETT.— A town in the British district of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 85 miles W.N.W. of Bellary. Lat. 15° 16', long. 76° 29'. EJ.C. Mi. Doc. HOSSANTOOE. — A town in the native state of Mysore, on the right bank of one of the branches of the Cauvery river, and 18 miles W. from Seringapatam. Lat. 12° 24', long. 76° 29'. E.I.C. Mf. Doc. HOSS DEOOG. — A town in the native state of Mysore, 100 miles N. by W. from Seringapatam, and 117 miles NA from Mangalore. Lat. 13° 4^, long. 76° 20'. 1 E.I.C. M.. Doc HOSSDTIEG,!* in the British district of South Canara, within the territory subject to the presidency of Madras, a * town on the route from Cananore to Mangalore. It has a * Buchanan. Narr. large fort,^ well built of latorite, which material abounds Madra»!™^bro'i^gh throughout the country.. It is on a fine rising ground, and, Mjioro, Gftnara, vicwed from afar, looks well. Here is a temple, established br and Malabar, . ^ ^ ui. 10. the rajah of Ikeri, who built the fort. Lat. 1^ 18', long. 75° 10'. B.I.C. Ml. Doc HOSUNPOOE.— A town in the British district of Mj- munsing, presidency of Bengal, 31 miles S.E. of Nusseerabad. Lat. 24° 23', long. 90° 40'. » B.I.C. Ma. Doc. HOSUEU.^— A fortified town, formerly within the territory of Mysore, now within the British dominions. Its position has often rendered it the object of obstinate contention between * WiikR, Historical the powcrs of Mysore and the Camatic. In 1654, it was taken' Sketche., 1. 66. ^^ ^y^^ ^^^^ ^^ Mysore ; in 1768, it fell into the hands of tiie British : after various vicissitudes, it returned to the possession * id. III. 187. of Mysore, but was occupied* by the British in 1791, on the advance of Lord Comwallis against Seringapatam. In the arrangements consequent on the wars with Tippoo Sultan, it * Hosdnrg of Tassin ; Hotsdarga of Buchanan. 194 HOW— HUB. was finally annexed to the British possessions, being included in. North Arcot. Distance ^m Senngapatam, E., 80 miles ; Bangalore, S.K, 23 ; Madras, W., 200. Lat. 12° 45', long. 78° 54'. HOWKA,^ in the British district of the Twenty-four Per- > e.i.c. art doc gunnahs, forming part of the lower provinces of Bengal, a town quiJ^ Jmi^toL on the right bank of the river Hooghlj, opposite Calcutta, of wp*rti.«ii. which place, indeed, it may be considered a suburb, though within the limits of the district above mentioned. It ia described by Heber^ as a considerable place, chiefly inhabited ' N«r. of joom. by ship-builders, but containing some pretty villas. The Hooghly, nearly a mile wide, is covered with large ships and craft of all kinds. The town has been selected as the site for the terminus of the railroad firom Calcutta to the North-West Provinces. Lat. 22° 36', long. 88° 23'. HUBB.^ — A river forming for a considerable distance the » e.i.c. mi. doc western frontier of Sinde, and dividing it from Beloochistan. It has been traced downwards from Hoja Jamote,^ on the * Jour. At. soc northern boundary of Lus, in lat. 26° 1^, long. 66° 61', and is {^La^koltoT supposed to rise near that place. For about twenty-five miles country between in the upper part of its course, it flows south-easterly, and then sebwan. turning due south, holds its way for about fifty miles in that direction. It then turns to the south-west, and, after a total length of 100 miles, falls into the Arabian Sea, on the north side of Cape Monze, in lat. 24° 54', long. 66° 43'. De la Hoste» « m. ib. states, that for a distance of fourteen miles from the mouth, water was in the end of summer found to the depth of eight inches, and that in some places deep pools exist, abounding in fish and alligators. He adds, that the river is said never to fail in the driest seasons. Masson,^ however, states, that it is * Kaiat, »o. only on extraordinary occasions that the water of the Hubb reaches the sea ; and in this he is supported by ELart,^ who * Jour. At. soc crossed it about fifteen miles above the mouth, where the jour! from Kurrm- channel was 100 yards wide. Though, in consequence of chee to Hingi^. heavy rains, there was then a large body of running water, he found but a small stream on his return a short time after, and was informed it would soon cease to flow, and that water would then be found only in detached pools. The whole course is described as a succession of rocky or gravelly gorges in the rugged and barren Pubb Mountains. 135 HUB— HUJ. BJ.O. Ms. Doe. HUBBEEQU JE.— A town in the Bntish district of SQhet, presidency of Bengal, 60 miles S.W. of Silhet. Lat. 24^ IS') loDg. 91° 23', Bj.aMa.Doo. HUBEA. — A town in the British district of Din^qK)or, presidency of Bengal, 20 miles E. d DinajepoOT. Lti 25° 31', long. 88° 58'. HUBSHEE.— See Jinjeeka. ■ B.i.c.Ma.Doc HUBUNNAGAB^^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant-goTemorship of the North-West Provinces, a Til- lage on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to * G«r4«n, Tftbiet Euttehpoor, and 37 miles^ N.W. of the former. The road in of Routw, so. |.|^£g p^j^ ^£ ^jj^ route is heavy, the country well cultivated. Lat. 25° 40', long. 81° 26'. " E.I.C. M«. Doc HUDEEALEE,! in Gurwhal, a village on the left hank of rig. rv. ^Y^^ Bhageerettee, as the Ganges is called in the upper part of * At. bm. xi. 470 its course. Baper* describes it as "a very pretty Tillage, with GftDses^ fine cultivation.*' It is situate opposite the montii of tlie Nagur, a torrent which falls into the Bhageerettee on the right side. Hudeealee is in lat. 80° 33', long. 78° 24'. HUGRY. — A river rising in the Mysore dominions, in lai 13° 28', long. 75° 55', and, flowing first in a north-easteriy, and subsequently in a northerly direction for 125 miles, it passes into the British coUectorate of Bellary, through which, main- taining its northerly course, it flows for 100 miles, to its junction with the Toongabudra, on. the right side, in lai 15° 44', long. 76° 58'. 1 carieti. offlcw HUJAMREE,^ in Sinde, is an offset of the Sata> or great Indus! 4. eastern channel of the Indus, and is called in the upper part BuriMs, m, S6, S7, q£ ^^ courss the Seeahn. The Hujamree mouth is wide, but Id. Pen. Nut. 7. rapidly narrows inland to about 500 yards : at Yikkur, twenty miles from the sea, it is only about 170 yards wide ; and still higher up, near its junction with th^ Sata, its breadth is faoni not to exceed fifty yards. In 1831 it was navigable for boats from the sea to the entrance into the Sata, as the small flotilla which conveyed Captain Bumes and his party in that year * iiL sso. passed this way. According to the statement of that officer,' there were then fifteen feet of water on the bar at Wgh iade, and a depth of four fathoms all the way to Yikkur. He observes, however, adverting to the changing character of the river, " The next season perhaps Yikkur will be deserted." IS HUK-^HUL. The anticipated change occurred, though not bo early as aug- geflted. In 1839, the British troops marching from Bombay to Afghanistan, ascended the Hujamree and landed at Yikkur ; and in the course of the same year this branch^ was closed by * Kenned/, ilssi. a change in its channel, caused by ihe violence of the current. The Hujamree mouth is in lat. 24° 16', long. 67° 18'. HUKUMTJTWAL A,i in Sirhind, a village on the route ' b-ixl m.. Doe. from Eerospur to Simla, and 12 miles S.E. of the former town. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,159 miles.^ Lat. 80° 52', long. * oardm, T»Mm 74° 85' ^ Routes, ITS. HULDI,^ in the British district of Ghazeepore, lieutenant- > exo. mi. ikw. gOYemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Ghazeepore cantonment to Chupra, 52 miles^ E. of * Giirden,Tsbiet the former. It has water sufficient for a considerable body of °' ^^^^ ^^ troops, but supplies are scarce, and must be collected from some distance. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 25° 4i5', long. 84° 15'. HULDOOG GHAT. — ^A ferry near the viUage of Surian, BJ.c.Mt.Doo. in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, and forming a communication between the East-India Company's territories and Nepal : S.K of Petoragarh cantonment 11 miles. Lat. 29° 28', long. 80P 21'. HULDOUB, in the British district of Bijnour, lieutenant- b.i.c. m*. doo. gOTemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bijnour to Moradabad, 10 miles S.E. of the former. Lat. 29° 17', long. 78° 21'. HULDYPOOKEE.— A town in the British district of E.i.c.iii.Doc Pooralia, presidency of Bengal, 148 miles W. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 37', long. 86° 8'. HULH ALLI. — A town in th% native state of Mysore, on e.i.c. ut. Doe. the right bank of one of the branches of the Cauvery river, and 25 miles S.S.W. from Seringapatam. Lat. 12° 6', long. 76° 37'. HULEAlNT, in the British district of Agra, lieutenant- e.i.c. Ma.Doe. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the south-eastern frontier towards Gwalior, and 50 miles S.E. of the city of Agra. Lat. 26° 47', long. 78° 46'. HULLAGOOB. — A town in the native state of Mysore, b.i.c. Ms. doo. on the left bank of one of the branches of the Cauvery, 127 HUL— HUM. and 83 miles E. firom Seringapatam. Lat. 12^ 27', bng. 77° 14'. B.I.C. Mi. Doc HULLEE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, 133 miles S.E. from Nagpoor, and 135 miles E. bj S. from Chanda. Lat. 19^ 38', long. 81° 25'. B.I.C. Mt. Doc. HULLEEA, in the British district of Mirzapoor, lieutenant- goyernorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Bewah to Benares, 53 miles S.W. of the latter. Lat. 24° 50', long. 82° 24'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. HULLEEJEH, in Sinde, a village on the route from Kur- rachee to Jurruk, and 50 miles E. of the former place. It is situate among the low hills north-west of Tatta, and near the western shore of a considerable dund or piece of water com- municating with the Lidus bj the G-hara watercourse. I^^t. 24° 47', long. 67° 46'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc HULLEHNOH. — A town in the native state of Bhurtpoor, 51 miles W. from Agra, and 86 miles E. from Jejpoor. Lsi 27° 7', loDg. 77° 17'. E.I.C. McDoc. HULLIAL. — A town in the British district of North Canara, presidency of Madras, 19 miles W.S.W. of Dhawar. Lat. 15° 21', long. 74° 50'. E.I.C. Mb. Doc HULLOLE, in Guzcrat, or territory of the Guicowar, a town at the north-western base of the mountain of Pawangaih. Distance from Ahmedabad, S.E., 65 miles. Lat. 22^ 82', long. 73° 28'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc HULSUNGEE, — A town in the British territory of Sattara, presidency of Bombay, 36 miles N. by E. of Beejapoor. Lat. 17° 19^, long. 75° 56'. 1 B.I.C. Mt. Doc HULWUD,^ in the peninsula of Katty war, province of Guzerat, a town in the pran^ or district of Jhalawar, near ^e northern frontier, towards the Bunn or Salt-miu^ It was • TnuoMcti. of formerly of much importance,^ but is now rather decayed, ye* bay, I. £50 -Mao- ^^s eight^ villages dependent on it. In its relations witii the mardo, on Katti- Bntish government, it is considered united with the tallook of * ciaiMs, Supple- Draugdra, and they are officially returned as conjointly having S*w«tem"ndiZ * population of 51,709, and paying an annual tribute of ^ 43,909 rupees. Distance from Ahmedabad, W., 85 miles. Lat. 23°, long. 71° 10'. B.I.C. Mt. Doc HUMAPUKHXJB. — A town in the native state of Nepal, lis HUM. 71 miles N.W. &)m Khatmandoo, and 135 miles N.E. by N. from Groruckpoor. Lat. 28° 24/, long. 84° 28'. HUM BEE, in Sirhiud, a village on the route from Lodiana e.i.c. mp. do«. to Ferozepoor, and lOJ miles W. of the former town. It con- Routes,' 2;i4. taina a few shops, and is supplied with water from two wells. The road in this part of the route b good, passing through an open and partiallj-cultivated country. Population about 600. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,099 miles. Lat. 80° 57', long. 76° 46'. HUMERRPOOB.^ — A British district under the lieutenant- ' e.i.c. ms. doc. governorship of the North- Western Provinces, deriving its name from its principal town, and forming, with Calpee, a collec- torate. The united territory is bounded on the north-east by the river Jumna, dividing it from the British districts Etawa, Cawnpore, and Futtehpore ; on the east and south-east by the British district of Banda ; on the south by the native states of Churkaree and Chutterpore ; and on the west by the territories of Jhansi and the British district of Jaloun. It lies between lat. 25° 7'— 26° 26', long. 79° 20'— 80° 25', and has an area of about 2,240 square miles. The district is generally a plain,^ ' jacquemont, rising imperceptibly' as it recedes southwards fi^m the Jumna 8 Tmnwcu. R„y. to the Bindachal and Punna ranges of mountains. Hence the t*' ^^' ''J!'*"" o ^ ^ Franklin, Mvin. streams hold generally a north-easterly or easterly direction, on Bundeikund. and discharge themselves into the Jumna, which touches on the district in lat. 26° 23', long. 79° 28', and, pursuing a course for the most part south-easteriy, forms for fifteen miles the diriding line between this and the British district Etawa ; for eighty-four miles farther, that between this and the British dis- trict Cawnpore ; and for eight miles more, it divides this dis- trict from the British district of Futtehpore. In lat. 25° 54', long. 80° 25', the river ceases to be connected with the district. Eor the 107 miles that it forms the boundary, it is navigable'* * cauticy. Report during the rainy season for boats of considerable size. The J^^""*^ Jg*""*'' Betwa, touching on this district in lat. 25° 48', long. 79° 28', b«^"» ''»«» i™- and flowing generally eastward, forms, with slight exceptions, for seventy miles, the boundary between it and the territory of Jaloun, of Bownee, and of Behree ; then, entering Humeer- pore, in lat. 25° 54', long. 80° 3', it flows through it for twenty miles, to its junction with the Jumna. The Deesaun, coming from the Yindhya Mountains, lying to the southward, touches 4 «- 129 HUMEEEPOOE. • Joarn. At S« c. Beng. 1H44, pji. 401.402 All •Til, GpoI. of BunUel- cund. • Franklin, ut •upra, 278. 7 Jncqui'roont. ill 442. " Franklin, nt tupra, 2<8. • Rorle. Produc- tive nt^oiirci'f of India. 931. Spry, Miwi«*m India, i. 139; il. 9^, T 1. 1 im« • Bir.1, Pr^ftoHiiU viceroy of Muhammed of Ghhor. It submitted to the Timunan of oujarat, ss. Ferithla, I. 180. * In accordaooe with the proverb — " One native of Bundelkhund* com- > Elliott, Suppie- mits as much fraud as one hundred weighmen." '"^"' ^ Glowary, t These are — Calpee, 18,714 inhabitants; Khureela, 12,005 ditto; Koonch, 12,885 ditto. K 2 13» HUM— HTTN. « Mpm. 849, 37.% 979, 483. Price, Chronolojr. Kclro^|it'ct,iii.6Ul. »Duff, liUt of Uahraitiu, ii. 383. Idem, 449. * Garden, Tahlea of RuuU'S, 73. E.I.G. M«. Doc 1 E.I.C. Ms Doc TieflenthulcT, Beschreibung von HindusUn, i. 171. * Garden, Tables of Routes, 80. » Von Orllch, Travels In India, U. 195. 1 Beschreibung von Hindustan, I. 110. invader Baber,^ in 1527, and was frequently the scene of bia military operations. A British force invaded it in 1778, cross- ing over the Jumna from the Doab,' and taking the fort of Calpee. In the same year, General Gk)ddard led his army firoin that place on the celebrated march"* which he performed across India to Surat. Towards the close of the last century, it was overrun by the Mahrattas, and subsequently transferred bj Ilummat Bahadur, one of their chiefs, to the East-India Com- pany,^ to whom it was guaranteed by the Peishwa, in 1802, bj Art. lY . of the treaty of Bassein ; and in the following year the British troops took* Calpee and occupied the country. HUMEEEPOEB,!* the principal place of the British dis- trict, and also of the pergunnah of the same name, a town situate on the tongue of land or doab at the confluence of the Betwa and Jumna, on the right bank of the latter. The Jumna, according to Jacquemont,^ in February, has a stream of 1,000 feet wide, running in a channel half a mile in breadth, with a rapidity of three or four miles an hour. The town b considerable,' consisting originally of several villages grouped together. It is a civil station; the European establishment consists of one magistrate and collector, one joint magistrate and deputy collector, and one assistant to the magistrate and collector. It is on the route from Banda to Cawnpore, 36* miles N. of the former, 39 S. of the latter, 28 S.E. of Calpee, 165 S.E. of Agra, 110 N.W. of Allahabad, 675 N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 25° 58', long. 80° 14'. HUMPASAGEA.— A town in the British district of Bd- lary, presidency of Madras, 69 miles W. of Bellary. Lat 15° 9', long. 76° 8'. HUNDIA, HINDIA, or HUNDEBAH,i in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town on the route from the city of Allahabad to that of Benares, and 28^ miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is exceUenf in the dry season, but heavy and cut up during rains, when the country, which lies rather low, is swampy, though in many places partially cultivated. Lat. 25° 22', long. 82° 16'. * Its foundation is probably of recent date, as it does not appear to be noticed by any ancient writer. 'Heffen thaler,* who described it aUoi 1765, is probably the first who makes mention of it. U3 HUN. HUNDOUR,^ ia the district of Pertabgurh, territory of i k.i.c. Ms. doc. Oude, a town two miles from the right bank of the river Sai, 85 S.E. of Lucknow. Butter estimates^ the population at • Topojtrwphy of 3,000, all Hindoos, except about twenty Mussulman agricul- ^^^^' ^^^' turists. Lat. 25° 65', long. 81° 52'. HUNDBT.— A river rising in lat. 15° 16', long. 77° 25', in the British coUectorate of Bellary, and, flowing in a circuitous but generally north-easterly direction for fifty miles through that district, and for twenty-eight miles through Kumool, it falls into the Toongabudra on the right side, near the town of Kumool, in lat. 15° 49', long. 78° 6'. HUND Y ANNANTPOOB.— A town in the British dis- e.i.c. m •. doc. trict of Bellary, presidency of Madras, 59 miles N.W. of Bellary. Lat. 14° 41', long. 77° 41'. HXJNQ-OO, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town k.i.c. Us doc. situated 80 miles from the right bank of the Indus, 36 miles S.S.W. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 33° 31', long. 71° 25'. HTJNGBrUNQ-, in Bussahir, a subdivision of the district of Koonawur, is a very elevated region, bounded on the south and west by the loify limestone range of Hungrung, on the north by Ladakh, and on the east by Chinese Tartary. It lies between lat. 31° 48'— 32° 8', long. 78° 25'— 78° 45'. It is nearly co-extensive with the valley of the river Spiti, in the lower part of its course, which enters this district on the western frontier, near Shealkur, at an elevation of 10,400^ ' Gerard, kooda- feet above the sea, and leaves it at the point of confluence loti.'at end of with the Sutluj, at an elevation of 8,494* feet. It results from J**** ^^ ^^^ the cold attendant on this great elevation, and the aridity of Kunawur; aim the air at such a distance from the ocean, combined with the ^o. Js." *"*""*' natural sterility of the mountains, that the country presents an almost inconceivable scene of desolation. At the same time, there is no stupendous scenery to interest the traveller, as the mountains are of very tame outline, being generally formed of gravel, from the disintegration of rocks of granite, clay-slate, or loose limestone; while undulating heights, or elevated plains, stretch as far as the eye can reach, presenting, though a varying, yet always a dreary expanse, through which a traveller may hold his way for days without meeting with a human habitation. The exceptions, which occur at long 133 IIUNGEUXG. iutenrals, are afforded by small villages or hamlets of a few huts, situate amidst scanty fields of wheat, buckwheat, or pulse, fenced with gooseberry-bushes, or surrounded with stunted poplars, planted for the sake of their leaves, which are used as fodder. Sometimes an encampment of Tartars, with their flocks and black tents, may be seen amidst a dismal waste, * jarqueraont, uubrokeu by a single* tree, or any vegetation rising above a few inches in height. Here and there the surface is scantOy clad with prickly shrubs resembling furze, giving the country the appearance of a wild of Northern Europe. In summer, the yellow blossoms of these plants give a transient gleam of cheerfulness to the scene ; but towards the close of the year, furious blasts, utterly destitute of moisture^ and dreadfully chilling, sweep over the face of the country, and suspend all vegetation ; reducing the leaves and more succulent stalks of the plants and diminutive shrubs to powder, and turning their stems black, as if scorched by fire. Exposure to those winds * joum. A«. soc. destroys animal life, except in the yak, goat, sheep, dog,* and other creatures protected by a dense under-coat of fiae down ; or in the human inhabitant of these deserts, who loads himself with such a quantity of woollen garments, that a « Oeimrd. Koona- stranger is led to deem him scarcely able to move.* Notwitii- standing the scanty and stunted character of the vegetation, « A«. Hen. XV. S91 there is a considerable number, as well as variety, of quadrupeds,' of uwsetiej. ^* yaks, mouutaiu ponies, mules, goats, and asses, besides sheep of large size, which are much used for burthen, as they carry twenty pounds weight over rough roads, and generally reach their evening ground before loaded porters. Their services in this way are found very valuable for the carriage of grain in forced expeditions ; and, after the consumption of their burdens, the animals themselves are killed, and used as food. Vegeta- tion proceeds at heights inexplicable on preconceived notions : 7 o«r«r»i. Koont- a specics of buckwheat ripens at an elevation of 16,000^ feet; *"'* ^' a shrub like furze produces blossoms and seeds, and attains a size sufficient for firewood, at 17,000 feet ; and Q-erard gathered vegetable specimens close upon the limit of 18,000. " Rfleen •Koonawur.w. thousand feet," Gerard* observes, "in lat. 32^, according to the generally received theory, should be veiled in impenetrable snow ; but here it is very different ; and numerous droves oi cattle feed upon the thinly-scattered herbage at least 2,000 U4 HUNGBUXa. feet higher, wliere the sunrise temperature must always be several degrees below the freezing point." Hungrung is inhabited by Tartars, or that variety of man- kind styled by physiologists Mongolian. They are of good stature, athletic, and of ruddy complexions ; hare small oblong eyes and high cheekbones ; their eyebrows are thin, and very few have either moustaches or beards, which, however, they hold in great honour. Gerard states them to be invariably hospitable, friendly, peaceable, and even amiable in their dispositions. " Cheating,* lying, and thieving are unknown ; and they may » oerard, Koona- be trusted with anything. They have the nicest notions of ""'"' *^* honesty of any people on the face of the earth, and pay an inviolable regard to property." They dress in a warm woollen cloth, called sooklat, which resembles blanketing, and almost all, both men and women, go bareheaded, even in the coldest weather. The women load themselves with a number of uncouth trinkets. " I saw," says Gerard,^ ** upwards of 100 at ' Account of Shipke, and nearly as many at Speetee, who came in crowds to "°"" " ' see me ; the whole of them were literally almost weighed and groaning under a load of ornaments ; such as immense anklets and bracelets of silver or pewter, heavy earrings, metal chains of various kinds, beads of silver, precious stones, coloured glass, and cowrie-shells strung round the neck, ankles, and arms, and attached to different parts of their dress." The men too have their share of those incumbrances. Their food consists almost exclusively of flesh, as the little grain produced in the country is generally fermented, to yield a spirit called chong, to the use of which they are much addicted.^ Yaks and other « as. rm. xviii. animals are killed for winter store, in September; and such is obwrvaiionron the dryness of the air, that their carcases are cured by hanging ihe Spui vaiicj. them up, though the temperature at midday generally exceeds that of England at the same season. Tea boiled with butter is very generally drunk, and tobacco universally used where within reach. Polyandry is common, and female chastity* »a« R^f. xr.wi; unknown. Lamaism, the religion of this race, is as singular as the physical circumstances under which they are placed. The lamas in Koonawur, according to Gerard,^ are of three * Koonawur. us. sects, — Geloopa, Dookpa, and Neengma ; a fourth, called Shain- mar, mentioned by another writer, Gerard could not trace. The grand lama of Lahassa, called Geabong Bimboche, who 18ft HUNGEUNG. resides in Fotala, is the chief pontiff of all the lamas. Tbe next in dignity is the Funchin Bimhoche, who resides it Teeshoo Loomboo; and the third, the Lochawa Eimbocbe, resident in the same place. These three personages are never supposed to die ; but on the dissolution of the body, the spirit is thought to take possession of another tenement. Tbe sac- cession to the last-named inheritor of divine authority, Lochawa Bimboche, seems on the latest occasion of his transmigration to have been embarrassed hj the appeu'ance of two children, both possessing the marks bj which the true claimant was to be recognised. After a degree of consideration, and an eit&at of correspondence proportioned to the grave importance of tbe question at issue, it was decided that the pretensions of both were genuine, and that there were two lochawas ; but, lest tbe two divine personages might not be actuated by unity of will, it was very judiciously provided, that one had precedence of the other. There are monks called (belongs, and nuns, Anis, who live in secluded buildings, where they employ themselves in chanting hymns, and writing and printing sacred sentences from blocks of wood, having nothing to do with worldly con- cerns, or at least, having the reputation of renouncing tbem. Music enters largely into their ritual observances, in which they use cymbals, tambourines, immense brass trumpets, large drums fixed on wooden frames, and an instrument of singular construction, being a human thigh-bone, pierced with holes, "which sounds like the sea-conch, or sacred shell of the » ut rapra, lao. Hindoos." " You scarcely ever see a Gelong," observes (Jerard,* " but he is singing. If you ask a question, he answers it, but immediately resumes his song, which is genendly the favourite invocation, *Oom* mane paeemee oom,' as Captain Turner spells it ; but the last word is here pronounced * hoong.' " ' Kooniiwur,i90. * Gerard* observes, that he was as unsuccessful as Turner in hi* attempts to ascertain the meaning of this mysterious exclamation. Jacque- mont, however, on the authority of Csoma de Koroa^ the weU-knovn student of the Tibetan language, states it to be " the Pater, the Oedo, tbe Confiteor of the bunas, who, many thousand times a day, repeat this short sentence, counting by means of their rosaries how often they have doafi so. They certainly do not understand it. At Kanum, where it is the exclusive text of the prayers of the lamas, M. Csoma explained it to me. It is Tibetan ; Oum is an interjection; Mani means 'woman,' 'gem/ Ptieemee, the nenuphar or ' water-lily ;* the conduding Oom if » HUNGKUNG. HuDgnuig, according to Herbert, pays only 900 rupees (90/.) a year to the rajah of Bussahir ; and its chief value seems to consist in its serving as a channel of communication both with Ladak and Chinese Tartary ; the route to the former lying up the valley of the Li, or river of Spiti ; that of the latter, up the valley of the Sutli^. The population of Hungrung proper probably does not exceed 2,000. HUNGHUNG-, in Bussahir, a pass in the district of Eoonawur, over a range of limestone^ mountains, bounding ' J«oni. a«. soc. • B^nff 1880 p B!t7 the district of Hungrung on the south-west. The route from — Hutton, joum. the south-west proceeds up a dell to the crest, which commands ^^ "^^Jj* through an extensive view in both directions ; the southern, or Koonawur a» rm. it. tm side, and the northern, or Tartarian. Hutton,^ who crossed J7tb*e8eti^. *** the pass in June, found furze and junipers growing on the Bouth-westem side as far as the summit ; but on the northern side, the snow reached continuously several hundred yards from the crest. Several travellers* have mentioned the strongly- marked change which takes place in the aspect of the country in proceeding northward across this range. " The change in the nature of the country is most sudden : looking from the summit of the range in a northerly direction over Hungrung, the country is seen to wear a sad and sombre air of cheerless desolation ; not a tree is to be seen, and the black and crumbling hills are either wholly barren, or clothed with nothing of larger growth than the dwarf willow and the dog-rose. The hills are chiefly of the secondary class, and being more rounded in their outline, want the grand and almost terrific beauty of the inteijectton, as the firsfc. However we may^ twist these words, it is evi- | dently impossible to find any meaniDg in them. M. Gsoma oould not show me that the beet-inf(»ined lamas attributed any to them. I suppose this mystic exclamation to have been translated from Sanscrit, because I do not think that the nenuphar is found in Lake Mansarower, nor in any IHbetan Iftke, though those plants are common in all the pieces of water in India, and celebrated there for their beautiful blossoms."*' Yigne g^ves a similar * jncquemnnt. account of the exclamation, in his Traveh» in Northern Punjab. The vene- yoy«Ke. '» ^ej. ,^ , . . , . , , ,. - -.T. . ' An. Re«.ill. 810; ration of the lotus (Padma) is connected with the worship of Vishnu, ^.m j^^ from whose navel it issued, as he slept on the bottom of the ocean. See «Kasriiinir,i.i]8; WUford » and HUgel.* "• >^- * Jacquemonty' always fond of expressing his dissent from the English > iv. 268. who have preceded him in exploring, denies that there is any such decided difference in the physical character of the two regions ; but Qerard,' Her- Q^mrd, ii. sos. bert,' and Hottoo, are unanimous on the point. * Ut lupra, 394. HUN— HUE. * Hnttnn. ut siijtra, 040. 3 Ut fupra, il 204. * Id lb. > E.I C. M». Doc • Onrden, Tnbles of Ruuict, 34. * JacqtiPtnont, Vf)>a}t«'«, I. 3S0. * Ai. Res. xviii. 42— Frnnklin, Biirometrienl Tahles fur Uun- delklmiid. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. * E.I.C. Ms. Doc. • Garden, Tables of Routes, 40. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I G. Ms. Doc. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc towering granitic peaks which so strongly characterize the scenery of Koonawur." " On the southern side of this range lies the thickly-wooded district of Koonawur, where cultivation is often carried in steps nearlj to the summits of the moun- tains, and presenting a rich and cheerful picture, which ddigbta the eje, and imparts a feeling of joyoumess and security to the traveller as he wanders on through forests^ of majestic pines." The adventurous and hardy Gerard,* who ascended the pass in August, found it then free from snow, but the cold so intense, that he became quite benumbed ; the blood forsook the surfaee of his body, and he travelled three miles, half-torpid and con- gealed. The elevation of the crest above the sea ia 14,800^ feet. Lat. 31° 48', long. 78° 35'. HUNNOOMANA,! in Baghelcund, or the territory rf Rewa, a village on the route by the Kutra Pass, from the cantonment of Allahabad to the town of Bewa, and 74^ mil^ S.W. of the former. It is situate on an elevated table-land, where the prevailing formation of red sandstone is continuallj exposed* to view. Cultivation is consequently scanty, and supplies are scarce at the village. Water is obtained from tanks. Elevation above the sea 1,219^ feet. Lat. 24° 4f, long. 82° 9'. HUNSASIR. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jodhpoor, 80 miles N. by E. from Jodhpoor, and 42 miles S. from Beekaneer. Lat. 27° 26', long. 73° 2(y. HUNSaUNJ,i» in the British district of Muttra, Ueute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the lefl bank of the Jumna, opposite the city of Muttra. Here, on the route from Allygurh to Muttra, is a ferry^ over the river during the rainy season, and for the rest of the year a bridge of boats. Lat. 27° 31', long. 77° 45'. HUNTER'S ISLAND.— A smaU island, near the coast of Arracan, and situate just outside of Andrew's Bay. Lat. 18° 16', long. 94° 23'. HURAGtAON. — A towTi in the native state of Gwalior, or dominions of Scindia, 52 miles W. from Hoosungabad, and 70 miles E. from Indore. Lat. 22° 43', long. 76° 58*. HURAII,^ in the territory of Oude, a small town on the route from the cantonment of Cawnpore to that of Pertaub- * Goose-market ; from Ham, " goose," and Gfuij, " market" 13d HUE. gurh, 10^ miles S.E. of the former, and situate close to the left ' o«n>en. Table* bank of the Ganges. It is styled Harha by Butter,* who 3 Top4>grn'phy of estimates the population at 6,000, and states that, adjoining ^"^''' *^' the place on the south-west, is a fort, the residence of the ehakledar or governor of the pergunnah or subdivision of Hurah. He has under his command three companies of infantry, of from forty to 100 men each, and 100 sawars or borsemen, with twelve cannon. The inhabitants, according to the same authority, are money-changers, dealers in cloth, in grain, and fermented Kquors, weavers, pandits or professors of learning, medical men, servants, bird-catchers, raiyats or cul- tivators, and labourers. Garden, however, merely styles it a small village, affording no supplies. The road is bad to the north-west, or towards Cawnpore ; better to the south-east, or towards Pertaubgurh. Lat. 26'' 22', long. 80° 32'. HUEAWXJL,' in Sirhind, a town fifty miles from the left ' e.i.c. ms. doc bank of the Sutluj. It is comprised within the possessions of a Sikh chief, under the protection and control of the British. Distant N.W. from Calcutta, by way of Delhi and Munuk, _ ^ , „ ^. ^ ^ ^ "^ ' Garden, Tablet 1,0432 miles. Lat. 30° 17', long. 75° 20^. of Uoute., \n, HUEDA,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions of * k.i.c. Mg. doc. Scindia's family, a town on the route from Baitool to Mow, 76^ miles N.W. of former, 109 E. of latter. It is the principal * Garden, Tablet place^ of a pergunnah of the same name, has a bazar, and is a MaitMim, ind« x well supplied with water from a stream. Its pergunnah, united 5°?*"** "^^ Maiwa, with that of Handya, adjacent, yields an annual revenue of 140,000 rupees, and, by the peace of 1844, was with it ^^I^'^; oTa'' placed'* under British management for the maintenance of the "<"■. presemed to 1 y^ I- • •¥- nr^n 1 r-w» 1 *w>»o f9i Pairllaniont, April, augmented Gwalior contmgent. Lat. 22 18 , long. 77 7 . 1844, p. 04. HUEDAGXJE. — A town in the native state of Nagpore, or e.i.c. Mt. doc dominions of the rajah of Berar, 23 miles N.W. from Deogur, and 42 miles E.N.E. from Baitool. Lat. 22° 7', long. 78° 31'. HUEDANHALLI,! in the native territory of Mysore, a ' e.i.c. mi. noe. small fortified town, the principal place of a tallook or sub- division of the same name.^ It is situate in the immediate * Trisonomeiricoi Vicinity of three considerable tanks. Distant from Seringa- patam, S.E., 50 mUes. Lat. 11° 52', long. 77° 1'. HURDOEE. — A town in the native state of Oude, 38 miles e.i.c Mi.Duc. S.S.E. from Lucknow, and 54 miles E. from Cawnpoor. Lat. 2G° 23', long. 81° 17'. 1S9 HUB. « SUtltitlcs N.W. Province*, 04. > B.I.C. Ms. Doc. K.I.C. Trlgon. Surr. ' Colebrooke, In nole on lUper, ut supra, 4d0. * At. Rm. vI.811 — Hardwicke, Journey to Siri« nagur. * DtivldRon, Travel* in Upper India, I. 85. * At. Det. ut •upra, li. 449. * Rrdktinde ron Aoimi, Bd. il. S. 407. ' Shak(>«pear, PicU 1856. 'At. Rm.xI.440, 450 —Survey of ' rr gjong In India, at midnight. Since the occurrence of the accident above men- 1. 188. tioned, the East-India Company's government has caused the old ghat to be replaced by one of sixty ^ steps, and 100 feet * Mundy. wide. The rigidly pious, and those who dread to enter the i. fse.** water unassisted, are supported by a Brahmin on each side. Asy however, the depth close to the ghat is not above four feet, the majority plunge in unassisted, men and women bathing together indiscriminately. The assemblage of pilgrims, which is annual, is attended by people from all parts of India, and from many places far beyond its bounds. " The bathing* commences in the mouth of • R*per, ut supra, Chaitra, when the sun is in Mina or Pisces, and concludes on the day he enters Mesha or Aries, agreeably to the solar com- putation of the Hindoos, and corresponding with the 10th April, on which day the sun has actually advanced 20^^ in that sign. Every twelfth year is celebrated with greater rejoicing, and is called the Gumba Mela,t so denoted from the planet Jupiter * Raper calls this gliat Hara-oa-Pairi, which name he translates " foot of Hara/' but no doubt erroneonslj, the proper denomination being Hari- ka-Pairi, or " the Stairs of Hari ;** the word signifying ** stiurs."' ' Shakwpear, t From Kumbh, " the sign Aquarius," and Mela, " a fair." ^^^ ***• 141 HURDWAB. being then in the sign of Aquftriut. Whether this sign be symbolical of the purpose for which they meet, or whether tbe conjunction be arbitrary or accidental, is not ascertained ; but t pilgrimage at those duodecennial periods is considered the most fortunate and efficacious.'* The 10th of April is the Purbi or last day of bathing. The Mela or fair, held on this occasion for commercial purposes, is the means of very eztensiye traffic From the Punjab, and from the countries west of the lodas, are brought camels, horses, mules, salt, antimony, fine woollens and piece-goods, tobacco, assafoetida, dried fruits (such ai apricots, figs, prunes, raisins), almonds, pistachio-nuts, and pomegranates ; from Cashmere, shawls and other fine woollea fabrics ; from Bajpootana, various fancy-goods, such as cbiru or spotted turbans, toys, and other wares in metals and ivofj, besides inferior woollens, and a great number of camels ; from 1 Rnper, ut supra, the British provinces, cotton and silk fabrics, and European^ **^*' goods. There are besides less-important articles of commerce in great quantity and variety ; and the food required for tiie vast assembled multitude constitutes an extensive and lucrative subject of traffic. The number of those who on these occasions resort to Hurdwar from various motives is enormous. Hard- wicke, who visited tbe Cumbh-mela in 1796, and paid much attention to the subject, estimated the number at two millions * ut supra, 453. and a half; and Baper,^ at the following Cumbh-mela, in 1808, says, " If we estimate the number at two millions of souls, we shall probably fall short rather than exceed the reality." No such number* is, however, at any one time assembled ; as thoae who visit the place for the purpose of bathing, arrive in the morning and depart in the evening, or on the next day ; so tbit there is a constant succession of strangers. Such a collection of people, under the influences which bring them together, tnd rule them, may readily be imagined ripe for any acts whieh their spiritual leaders may suggest ; and the rivalry of conflict- ing parties has often led to sanguinary conflicts. In 1760, on the Purbi, two rival sects, — the Gosains and the Bairagis, met in battle, which terminated in the defeat of the latter, of wboffl, * First Imprw- •loDS, li. 170. * BaooD,* writing at a macb later date says, ** The ntimbeT of pUgrimt u generally in exoess of 300,000, though this year it did not amoanC \» 200,000." The period of his visit, however, was not that of the doods* cennial festival. 142 HUE. according to report, 18,000* were slain. At the time of » Rap^r, 455. Hardwicke's yisit, in 1796, the Gosains, venturing to resist the As.Re*. xvii.200. • 1 «i 1 -1 • ; .• Wilton, Sketch of better-organized Sikh pilgrims, were defeated with the loss of the ReUtdnits about 600* men. The latest of the great duodecennial gather- ^ *"' '^^ "'"" ings took place in 1844,* and passed off without disturbance. * ^* ^^ *'• *'^ Hurdwar formerly bore the name of Koupela or Goupela. Journey to According to Wilford,* it was so named from an ancient ascetic. fjIid'claVnisp. to ** Capila, a most religious man, performed for a long time reli- '"<^'"» <*«*«* ^^ gious austerities near Hurdwar, where they show to this day • a«. rc*. vi. 473, the place where he lived, under the name of Capila-Sthan ; c«u7mu".^*'""' hence the pass of Hurdwar is sometimes called the pass of 'Prirp. MHhom- Capila or Kupeleh." Tamerlane,^ marching to this place after m. 27s, * ^^* taking Delhi, massacred a multitude of Hindoos here assem- CVl' P® 1^ 2r"'*» ^ , , HIstolrede Timor bled, and carried off a rich booty. The elevation of Hurdwar b*h:, tra"»«- 924 miles.» Lat. 29° 57', long. 78° 14'. J^"'?^' ^''"*'^ HUBEAWALA,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from 1 e.i.c. mi. doc. Perozepore to Simla, and 24 miles S.E. of the former town. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,100 miles.^ Lat. 30° 42', long. • O""*""' Tabiei ^ ^ . ' o of R«mte», 171. 74° 4^. HUBEEBAMPOOB.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. m«. doc. Dacca Jelalpoor, presidency of Bengal, 121 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 39^, long. 89° 58'. HUBNAL, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab division of the e.i.c. us. doc Punjab, a town situated 26 miles from the right bank of the Jhelum, 96 miles S.E. by E. of the town of Peshawur. Lat. 83° 19', long. 73° 8'. HUBOOKBE THAN, in the British district of Kumaoii, e.i.c. m».doc * Bennell, so justly celebrated for the ligbt which he has thrown on the g^gniphy of India, has fallen into an error respecting the average descent of the Ganges from Hnrdwar to the sea. He states that the declivity on which the water ran, was, in a distance of sixty miles, which he measured* "leas than four inches per mile ;** and adds, " I have no reason to suppose that its general descent exceeds' it." The elevation of Hurdwar being i Mmti. of Mapof 1,024 feet, if the distance from that place be assumed with Rennell at Hindoosun. 8io. 1.350 miles, the descent will turn out to be above nine inches. This over^ mght has not escaped the noUoe of Pnnsep.* „„„ ,„ J^^^^^^^^ 14S India, 08. HUB. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. Oardpn, Tablet of Route*, 88. B.IX3. If t. Doo. I E.I.C. Trigon. Sunr. Garden, Tablet of Routes 188. • Garden, ut lupra, 331. I E.I.C. Mt. Doc • Moor, Narratire of Operationt of Capt. Little's Detacbmeat, 107. E.I.C. Ml. Doc £.I.a Mt. Doc > E.I.C. Mt. Doc lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town situate 31 miles N.E. of Almora. Lat. 29° 54', long. 8(f 41, HUEOONUGLA, in the British district of Bareilly, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Bareilij to Seetapoor, and four miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, fertile, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 22', long. 79° 31'. HIJEOOB. — A town in the British district of Salem, pre- sidency of Madras, 34: miles N.E. of Salem. Lat. 12° 4', bog. 78° 30'. HUEOWEAH,! in the British district of Suhanmpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Suharunpoor to Dehra, and eight miles E. of the former place. It is situate in a productive and well-cultivated country, on the river Hindon, so that water and other supplies are abundant. The road in this part of the route is excellent. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,015 miles.' Lat. 30°, long. 77° 45'. HUEPUNHULLT,! in the British district of Bellary, pi^ sidency of Madras, a considerable town,^ situate amidst tanks discharging their redundant water into a tributary of the Tumbudra. The surrounding country is fertile and highijr cultivated, being in the proper season covered with luxuriant crops of jowar (Sorghum vulgare). Distance from Bangalore, N.W., 165 miles ; Bellary, S.W., 65 ; Madras, N.W., 880. Lat. 14° 48', long. 76° 2'. HUEEAH.— A town in the British district of Nuddea, presidency of Bengal, 72 miles N. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 36', long. 88° 31'. HUEEEAH, in the Punjab, a village on the route from Eamnuggur to Pind Dadun Khan, and 14 miles E. of the latter place. It is situate near the left bank of the river Jhelum, in a country described by Burnes as a sterile waste of underwood. Lat. 82° 37', long. 78° 20'. HUEEEEANAH,! ♦ a British district under the Ueute- * Some have stippoBed the name io be deriyed from Hara, " verdant Being irrigated by tiie rivers Gagor and Chitang, and bj canals, it wO deserves to be described as verdant and prodnctive, in oomparison wiU the neighbooriog arid and desolate tracts of Bhutteeana and Bikaoeer. 144 HUEEEEANAH. nant-govemorship of the North-Western Provinces, is bounded on the north-west, north, and north-east by Sirhind ; on the east by the Eritish district of Eohtuk and by Dadree ; on the south by Dadree and Loharoo ; and on the west by the state of Eikaneer and the Eritish district of Ehutteana. It lies between lat. 28° 33'--29° 49', long. 76° 20'— 76° 22', and com- prehends an area of 3,300 square miles. Its soil appears to be for the most part formed of alluvial matter swept down by the Qagur, the Cbitang, and other streams flowing from the Sub- Himalaya, and is, as might be expected, very fertile, producing, where duly watered, large crops of rice, wheat, barley, millet, pulse, and various other productions.* The grass, of superior * Pnuikiin, Mem. quality and uncommonly luxuriant, affords pasturage not sur- ** "*** passed in any part of India. Its luxuriance, however, depends on the periodical rains falling at the close of summer and early part of autumn, when the inhabitants partially provide for tbeir future wants by preserving the water in numerous tanks lined with masonry. These supplies fail, however, as the hot season advances, and then recourse must be had to wells, of which some are 100 feet in depth, some 120, and some even more.* The necessity for this is imposed by the fact of the * Joum. a». soc land-springs lying very far beneath the surface, and the moun- ^cowin. on lUe tain-torrents beinff lost by absorption or evaporation farther Ancient cannu in ° *' .* * the Delhi Terri- north, in Sirhind. The country is consequently for great part tory. of the year excessively arid ; the few springs to be met with are for the most part brackish ; and the want of water is a source of distress. This tract was a favourite hunting-ground of Feroz Toghluk, the renowned king of Delhi, the ruins of whose buildings stUl occupy several square miles, and who,^ in * Ferithu, i. 450. the year 1356, to obtain a supply of water, as well for his numerous followers as for the purposes of irrigation, made a canal from the Jumna, which, passing by Hansi and Hissar, proceeded westward until it joined the river Gagur. This canal, which had been nearly obliterated, was cleared out in 1825 ;* and by this process, the extension of the main line, and * cowin, ut unpra, the construction of additional branches, was made largely ' available for the purposes of irrigation, as well as for rafting timber and navigating small barges. ^ The jungles and wastes of Hurreeanah still harbour many th. seo 27*2. wild beasts. Tigers are common, and lions* are sometimes met ^^iaJ^^Vifv!^ 4 L 145 ' BXTEL \rith, though generallj thought to infest no part of Hindostan except Guzerat and its immediate yieinitj. The population is scanty in comparison with the extent of 7 If era. siatutict the distHct, amounting only to 225,086 f of whom 154,674 are ofN.w.PraY.ifl©. Hindoos engaged in agricultuTC, 21,346 Hindoos non-agricul- tural, 37,434 Mahomedans and others agricultural, and 11,632 of the like description non-agrioultural. The excess ia Ihe number of Hindoos over the Mahomedans is, as thus appears, very much greater than in some other districts of this part of India. Hansee is the only town in the district which contains more than 5,000 inhabitants. Hurreeanah was, at the dose of the eighteenth century, Ha scene of a bold but abortive attempt by Gkorge Thomas, an Irish adventurer, to found an independent state under his own rule. He fortified Hurreeanah, and collected there aboi^ 6,000 persons, cast cannon, made muskets and other anns, and « Franklin. Mem. coiuod ® Tupees in his own name. He was, however, attaeked by a vastly superior force of Mahrattas, commanded bytbe French adventurer Perron, and being overpowered after a gallant resistance, took refuge in Bengal, where, in 1802, be died on his journey towards Calcutta. B.I.C. M.. Doc. HUEKEEHURPOOE.— A town in the native state of Nepal, 29 miles S. by E. from Khatmandoo, and 62 miles S.W. from Bettiah. Lat. 27^ 18', long. 85° 23'. i B.I.C. Mi. Doc HUEEEEPOOE,^ in an outlying district of Puteeala, ft vil- lage with a fort, on the route from Subathoo to Sioila, and fiw miles N. of the former post. It is situate on a principal feedtf of the G-unbur, and is the property of the rajah of Puteeala. « At. Re.. XV. 488 Elcvatiou abovo the sea 3,147 feet.^ Lat. 81° 1', long. 77^ S*. — Gerard, Climata t-r-i-r-r^-rx-r t -^-r a c^ ^r ' o ofsubithu. HUEEIANA. — See Huebsiakah. B.I.C. Mm. Doc HUEEICKPOOGUE.— A town in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, 49 miles S.E. of Cuttack. I^ 20° 4', long. 86° 31', B.I.C. M.. Doc HTJEEIOEPOOE.— A town in the native state of Si^ goojah, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, 136 miles S.W. from Sherghotty, and 108 miles W. fit)m Lohadugga. Lai 23° 30', long. 83° 5'. « B.I.C. Ma. Dec HUEEISUNKEA,^ in the British district of Nuddea, pre- sidency of Bengal, a town on the route from Berfaampore to Pubna, 35 miles E. of former, 25 W. of latter. The Puddi, m HUE. or great easton branch of the Gbuiges, which formerly flowed through^ this town, haa now deserted its old channel, and flows * a i. Ret. th. 90 two miles moire to the north. Hurrisunkra is 102 miles N. of ^^ coune of the Calcutta. Lat. 24° 2', long. 88° SCX. <^»k«- HUEEUND, or HUEEOOND.— A smaU and hilly dis- Leech, Rep. on trict, with a town of the same name, in the Daman division Bumes Pof.'pow. of the Punjab, south-westward of the Derajat. The town of Jj *"'**^,Jii^ Hummd is situated within the British dominions, on the sss. route from Dera Ghazee Khan to Outch Gundava. It has po"-b«»^«>>»"- a fort and a considerable number of houses. Lat. 29° 28', long. 70° 1'. HUEETAL. — ^A town in the British district of Pubna, b.i.c. Ms. Doe. presidency of Bengal, 133 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° 19', long. 89° 22'. HUEEYE,^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- > £.i.c. Mt. Doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allahabad to Eewa, and 17 miles ^ * Garden, Tablet S.B. of the former. It has a few shops, and is supplied with ** ®"'*** water from wells and a tank. The road is rather good to the north-west, or towards Allahabad, but cut up by ravines to the south-east ; the country fertile. Lat. 26° 18', long. 82° 2'. HUEEYE,^ in the native state of Nagpore, or dominions of > b.i.c. iii. Doe. the rajah of Berar, a town on the route from G-urrawarra to Nagpoor, 83 miles* S.E. of the former, 122 N. of the latter. « Garden, TaWca It has a baaar, and is supplied with water fix>m weUs. Lat. ° "'^ ^^ 22°36', long. 79°14'. HUEEYHUE,^ • in the native state of Mysore, a town with > b.i.c. Ma. doc a fort, on the right bank of the river Tungabudra or Tumbudra, which, during the periodical rains, washes* the western wall of • Moor, Narrat. of the fort, but at other times flows 800 yards from it, and is not c^™utue*a more than mid-deep, though the bed is 700 yards wide. Having I>«tochn»en^ 110. been a place of considerable trade, it was repeatedly plundered by the Mahrattas, though rather well fortified. In the fort is a temple dedicated to Harihara, an idol representing a union' * Buchanan, of Hari or Vishnu and Hara or Siva, and hence was derived uadra*, through the name of the place. The British cantonment^ here is situate ^^•^iT*'.^*^' '^ and Malabar, ill. on an extensive plain, 1,500 yards from the river, towards su. which the ground gently slopes. The water of the river is x^^^p^" ,nd StaUftict of Mysore, 80. * Honyhall of Moor ; Hari ^a^a of ^uohaiian. l2 1* HUE— HUS. good, but the distance renders it inconvenient to resort to it for a supply, so that it is generally obtained from wells, being usually found at a depth of about forty feet. The dimate is in general exempt from great heat at any season, and during the south-west monsoon is pleasantly cool. The hot season occurs during the months of May and June. The elevation of the cantonment above the sea is said to be about 1,900 feet Distance from Bangalore, N.W., 160 miles; from Seringa- patam, N.W., 132 ; from Mangalore, N.E., 181 ; BeUary, S.W., 85 ; Chitteldroog, N. W., 45 ; Madras, N.W., 820. Lat. 141" 31', long. 75° 51'. E.I.C. Ms. Dor. HUES ANEE.— A town in the Eajpoot state of Jodhpoor, 65 miles S. from Jessulmeer, and 150 miles W. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 26°, long. 70° 49'. B.I.C. Mi. Doc. HUESOLE. — A town in the British district of Kjura, pre- sidency of Bombay, 88 miles N.E. of Ahmedabad. Lat 23° 20', long. 73° 2f. EJ.C. Mt. Doe. HUESOLEE. — A town in the Eajpoot state of Ulwar, situate on the right bank of a branch of the Saubie Nulla, and 20 miles N. from Ulwar. Lat. 27° 50', long. 76° 40'. E.I.C. Mt. Doc. HUESOOL. — A town in the petty native district of the same name, presidency of Bombay, 10 miles S. frt)m Feint, and 93 miles N.E. from Bombay. Lat. 20° 9', long. 73° 30'. « £.1.0. M..DOC. HUBSU KE aUEHEE, or GUEHEE HUESEOEO,* in the British district of Goorgaon, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Ddhi to s oarden, tmIiIm Eowari, and 27^ miles S.W. of the former. It has a bazar, ®" "* and is well supplied with water. The surrounding country is open and well cultivated. The road in this part of the route is generally good, but heavy in some parts. Lat. 28° 25*, long. 77°. E.I.C. M».Doc. HUESUE. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, 153 miles E.S.E. from Nagpoor, and 52 miles S. by W. from Eyepoor. Lat. 20° 81', long. 81° 23'. HUSESMOW.— See Asamow. Bamet. Pol. Pow. HUSHTNUGGUE (or " the Eight Towns")-— A town MMMn'slii. Afk. *^^ fortress of the province of Peshawur, situate north of the p«nj. K i«a. Kabool river, and 20 miles N. of the city of Peshawur. The JImip Aft. Saa. 18M, p. 470— surrounding country is very fertile, beautiful, and well watered, 143 HITS. but much exposed to the attacks of the restless and fierce Court,Mnn. oft tribes to the northward. Lat. 34° 16', long. 71° 45'. **•** ^ '*****'~'- HUSSEINGUNJ,^* in the territory of Oude, a village or « e.i.c. Ms. doc small decayed town, on the route hj Nanamau ghat or ferry s Lord vaientia, fix)m Futtehgurh to Lucknow, 17 ^ miles S.W. of the latter. 7?"?!^'^^^'' m • 1 /»o f Indian Rpcroa- Tennant^ styles it a poor village. Lat. 26^ 45 , long. 80° 42'. tion*. u. 402. HUSSEINPOOE GHAT,i in the British district of Fur- « e.i.c. mi. doc ruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village or station on the left bank of the Chmges, on the route from Bareilly to Futtehgurh, and just below the fort.^ • ondm, Tabk» Here is a ferry over the Ganges, the principal stream of which is stated' to be 150 yards wide in the dry season. The passage * Archer, Toun, over the rest of the bed of the river is, during the dry season, intricate, from channels, pools, and quicksands; but, during the periodical rains in the latter part of summer, the stream is between three and four miles wide. Supplies must be obtained from Futtehgurh. Lat. 27° 22', long. 79° 42'. HUSSUNGURH, in the British district of Allygurh, lieu- b.i.c. Mf.Doe. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Boolundshuhur to Agra, 44 miles N. by W. of the latter. Lat. 27° 48', long. 77° 57'. HUSSUNPOOE,^ in the British district of Moradabad, « e.i.c. m.. Doe. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Moradabad to Boolundshuhur, 82 miles W. by S. of the former. Population^ 8,082. Lat. 28° 43', l^^'^^ *1 _ II.W^« "roT. 7W. long. 78° 22'. HTJSSUNPOORA.— A town in the British district of b.i.c. mi. doc. Sanm, presidency of Bengal, 37 miles N.W. of Chupra. Lat. 26° 2', long. 84° 27'. HUSTINASSOEE,^ the principal place of a pergunnah of * ei c. ms. do«. the same name, in the British district of Meerut, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, is situate close to the right bank of the Boorea Gtmges, or old channel of the Ganges, 24 miles W. of the present stream, and on the border of the Kadir or marsh-land. It is now an insignificant, obscure place, but much celebrated in the mythological lore of t ^g Refl.TUL290, the Hindoos, as the capital of the Panchala,^ an ancient race, ?i?!^**f'?**~ ' * ' Wnfurd, Sacred ♦ Hasain's town ; from Husain, nom. prop., and Ganj, *' mart, market, or market-town." Husain was son of the Khalif All and of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, founder of Islam. 149 HUS. ' Bohl^n, Dm alte Indien. il. 340. * As. Rn. T. 2SS — Wllford, Chro- nology of Hindoo*. * Gerard, MS. Surrey of S«lw runpore. ^ A; Re*, fz. M —Wllford, OD Anu-Ouisun. ? Vol. U. A pp. 83. * A*. Re*. Is. I Wilford, on Anu- OmnRftm. * Krdkunde, tI. 1138. ' Description of HlndoHlMn. 1. 439. ' Ut suprs, vi. IIM. *As.RM.lx.d4. E.I.C. M*. Doe. E.T.C. M*. Doe. E.I.C. Mf. Doe. ■ B.I.C. M*. Doe. and the residence of King Bbarata, the fifth in descent from Swayambhuva or Adam, and the ancestor of the renowned rival families' the Kuroos and Pandoos. According to the legend, it received its name from Hasti,* its founder ; bat it is perhaps more probable, as the name means " elephant's* town," and those animals^ still abound in the forest about fi% mile? north, at the south-western base of the Sewalik range, thit this circumstance affords the true derivation. It is also ealled Hastinagara,* a word of similar import to its more usual name. In the Ayeen Akbery,^ it is mentioned under the name of HustnapooT, and stated to be " an ancient Hindoo place of worship, on the banks of the Ganges," and to yield a revenue of 1,11,672 rupees. It appears to have been the Bastinora* of the Greek geographers, and is by Ritter* styled (with no great perspicuity) " the Babylon of ancient India." Of its present condition scarcely anything appears to be known ; and as it is but twenty miles north-east of the town of Meerut, in an open country, frequented by Europeans, the silence of travellers on the subject seems to indicate that it now contains nothing worth notice. The account given of it by Hamilton,^ Eitter* and some others, is little more than a repetition of Wilford}^ who states that there " remains only a small place of worship, and the extensive site of that ancient city is entirely covered with large ant-hills, which have induced the inhabitants of the adjacent country to suppose that it had been overturned or destroyed by the Termites." Lat. 29° W, long. 78"* 3'. HTJSTNAPOOR.— A town in the British district of Cnd- dapah, presidency of Madras, 126 miles N.W. by V. of Madras. Lat. 14° IC/, long. 78° M. HUSTJNPOOE, in the British district of Meerut, lieute- nant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Meerut to Moradabad, aind 18 miles S.E. of the former. Lat. 28° 54', long. 77° 56'. HXJSWA.— A town in the British district of Behar, pre- sidency of Bengal, 44 miles N.E. of Sherghotty. Lat. 24° SC, long. 85° 30'. HXJSWA,! in the British district of Futtehpore, b^enteaant- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town dose to the route from Allahabad to the town of Futtehpore, and sevoa * From Hast, "etephant,*' and Pur, "town." m HUT. milee S.E. of the latter. Tieffenthaler^ describes it, under the * Beichreibmig name of Hiinsu, as having a ruined fortress within its precincts, ]^iea. " "***^ and outside it another of quadrangular shape, and constructed of earth. Baber mentions it under the name oi Aswah.' « Memoi™. 404. Lat. 25° 61', long. 80° 63'. HUTEOUT. — ^A town in the native state of Nepal, 64 miles e.i.c. mi. doc. S. from Khatmandoo, and 60 miles W. bj S. from Bettiah. Lat. 26° 65', long. 85° 21'. HUTQ-AON,^ • the principal place of the pergunnah of the 1 E.i.a Ms. doo. same name, a town with a bazar, on the route from Allahabad to the town of Puttehpoor, and 19^ miles S.E. of the latter. * Garden, Tabia The road in this part of the route is good in the dry season, °' *«"*«^ *•• but in many places laid under water during heavy rains ;* the ' Heber. Joum. in country remarkably level, and cultivated. Lat. 25° 62', long. 81° 11'. HITTG-IA,^ in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- > b.i.c. m*. doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of AUahabad to Lucknow, and eight^ miles < Garden, Tablet N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is <>'^"'«'»'- bad; the country fertile, and studded with small villages. Lat. 25° 34', long. 81° 53'. HUTNEE, — A town in the British district of Belgaum, b.i.c. m». doc. presidency of Bombay, 72 miles N.E. of Belgaum. Lat. 16^ 48', k)ng. 75° 8'. HUTNOOK — ^A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or b.i.c. Ma. Doc. dominions of the Nizam, 160 miles N. from Hyderabad, and 120 miles S.S.W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 19° 30', long. 78° 38'. HTJTSOO. — A river rising in the petty native state of Korea, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, in lat. 23° 18', long. 82° 32', and, flowing in a southerly direction for forty-five miles, passes into the Buttunpoor district of the rajah of Berar's dominions, which it traverses for sixty miles. Sub- sequently separating for twenty-five miles a detached portion of the Sombulpoor British territory and the native state of Bootea fr^m Berar, it falls into the Mahanuddy river, in lat. 21° 50', bug. 82° 46'. HTJTTAH. — ^A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or e.i.c. Ms. doc dominions of the Nizam, 170 miles N.W. by N. from Hyder- abad, and 80 miles S.E. from Jaulnah. Lat. 19° 20', long. 77°. * Hatgsnw, " nuurket-town ;** from Hat, "mivrket," and Ganw, " town." 151 HUT— HTB. > £.I.C. Mt. Doe. * Af. Rec iTiiL 42 — Franklin. Oeol. of Bundelkband. S.I.C. Mt. Doe. S.I.G. Mt. Doe. Garden, Tables of Routes, 40. E.I.O. Mt. Doc * India Financial Dlip. 9 Feb. 1858. India Pol. Ditp. IS April, 1868. E.I.C. Mt.Duc ' E.I.CTrff Surr. K.I.C. Ma. Doe. 'TabletofRoutet, 40. * Joam At. Soc. Ben^. 1883, p. 478 — Oeol. Rem. be- tween MInapoor and Saugor. IIUTTAH,! in the British territory of Saugor and Neihudda, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Proyinoes, a town* on the route from Allahahad to Saugor, 170 miles S.W. of the former, 61 N.E. of the latter. It is situate on the right bank of the river Sonar, has a bazar, and b the residence of a prin- cipal assistant to the commissioner in the Saugor and Nerbudda district. Elevation^ above the sea 1,183 feet. Lat. 24° 8', long. 79° 4(y. HUTTALEE, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town situated thirty miles from the right bank of the Indus, 138 mUes N.N.W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 31° 65', long. 70^ 28'. HUTTEEN, in the British district of Goorgaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Delhi to Muttra, 47 miles N.W. of the latter. Lat. 28° 2', long. 77° 19'. HUTTIPOOE, in the British district of Furruckabad, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Allygurh cantonment to that of Euttehgurh, and seven miles N.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is sandy, and generally heavy; the country level, open, and well cultivated. Lat. 27° 25', long. 79° 35'. HUTWASS, in the British territory of Saugur and Ner- budda, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Baitool to Saugur, 70 miles N.N.E. of the former. Lat. 22° 46', long. 78° 23'. HUZAEA, one of the subdivisions of the Punjab, situate at the north-eastern extremity, between Peshawur and Ghdab Singh's dominions, and lately placed under the jurisdiction of the commissioner of Peshawur.^ — See Punjab. HYATNUGGUE.— A town in the native state of Hyde> abad or dominions of the Nizam, 10 miles S.E. by E. from Hyderabad, and 110 miles N. by E. from KumooL Lai 17° 19', long. 78° 40'. HYBUTPOOE,! in Sirhind, a village on the route from Hansi to Lodiana, and 54 miles N. of the former town. It is situate in a level country, liable to be overflowed during inunda- tions of the river Gagur ; and at that time the road in this part of the route is impracticable for carriages or artillery, though * Garden* describes it as a lai^e town; Everest,* however, styles it i village. lU HYDERABAD. at other times good. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,030 rniles.^ • omrden, Tabitt Lat. 29° 51', long. 76° 2'. J^^Ti"' "'' HYDASPES.— See Jhelitm. HTDEEABAD,^ or the territory of the Nizam, an exten- » e.i.c. Mf.Do«. sive realm of Southern India, the name bj which it is thus difltinguished being that of the citj which is its capital. The form of the territory is that of a trapezium, the base of which is about 420 miles in a direction from north-east to south-west, from Humpasagra, in lat. 16° lO', long. 76°, to Mulcaulgherrj, in hit. 17° iQfy long. 81° 30' ; its north-eastern side extends from south-east to north-west, a distance of 390 miles, from Mulcaulgherry, above mentioned, to Meil Qhaut, in lat. 21° 40^, long. 77° 15' ; its north-western, in a direction from north-east to south-west, a distance of 220 miles, from Meil Ghaut, as above, to Phooltaumba, lat. 19° 47', long. 74° 40'; and the Bouth-westem, a distance of 330 miles, from Phooltaumba to Humpasagra. Though such is the general outline of the coontry, the boundaries are marked by numerous sinuosities, causing them to deviate greatly from right lines. The territory lies between lat. 15° 10'— 21° 42', long. 74° 40'— 81° 32' ; is 475 miles in length from south-west to north-east, and about the same distance in breadth. The area is estimated at 95,337 square miles.^ It is bounded on the north-east by the * Trigon. surv«r territory of the rajah of Nagpore ; on the south-east by ter- "®p<*^ ritbry subject to the presidency of Madras, and the territory lately belonging to the nawaub of Kumool ; on the west by territory subject to the presidency of Bombay ; on the north- west by territory belonging to the presidency last named, by the territory of Gwalior, or of the family of Scindia, and by the Britbh districts of Saugor and Nerbudda. Within the western part of the territory, are isolated some small British possessions. The Hyderabad territory is a tract of consider- able elevation, on an average varying probably from 700 to 800 feet above the level of the sea, and some granitic summits attain an elevation of 2,500 feet.* The elevation of ' Joam. a». Soc. the city of Hyderabad is laid down on barometrical measure- __voyiey. Report ment as 1,672 feet^ above the same level. With the exception J" Oeoiogr of ' . /. 1 Hyderabad. of the valley of the Taptee, at the northern extremity of the « iwd. territory, and which is bounded on the north by the Vindhya range, and on the south by the high land of the Godavery, the "^ 153 HYDEEABAD. * Ktport on Med. Topofiuphy and 8taU*Ucs of HjdralMd, 199. * At. Ret. irlil. 110(9ndMriMof pagM) — Mac- ph«raoD, on the Geology of the Peninsula. Journ. At. Soc Brag. 18SS, pp. 990, SOU—Voyiey, Report on Oeol. of Hyderabad. 7 Id. 1841, p. 849 —Walker.on Coal- field at Kotah. * Selection firom Records at the East- India House, Iv. 140— Elphin- stone, Report on Country con- quered from the Pelshwa. ^ As. Res. zvfIL 116' Macpher- son, Oeol. of Peninsula ■ Report on Med. Topography and 8utUties of Hy- drabad, 119. * As. Res. vli. 160 — Blunt, Narrat. of Route from Chunargarh to Tertnafoodum. whole drainage of tbe country is either from west to east, or from north-west to south-east, discharging itself into the Bay of Bengal by the channels of the Godarery and the Kistiia. The drainage of the valley of the Taptee, flowing westward, is discharged into the Gulf of Cambay. The geological fonaa- tions are on a large scale ; in the north-west being of the great volcanic formation,^ extending through the greater part of the Deccan, and principally trap, but in some parts basalt. In the middle, the southern, and the south-western parts, the fonni- tions are primary,^ being granite, gneiss, syenite, and qoarts. In the north-east part of die tetritory, along the right bank of the Godavery, there is much sandstone, some of it carboni- ferous.^ Though this territory is for the most pact an undo* lating plain,^ there are many isolated hills and ranges of moderate elevation. That^ in the vicinity of the city of Hyderabad may especially be noted. The Hydembad territory is within the influence of the south-west monsoon, and the average annual fall of rain is stated to be about thirty-tws inches.^ From this circumstance, and the moderate decUvitr of the surface, it is a well-watered tract, rivers being numerous and tanks or artificial pieces of water very abundant. Of rivers, the Godavery, rising on the eastern dedivity of the Western Ghats, near Nassick, in the British district of Ahmednuggnr, takes a course south-east for about ninety miles, to Fhooltamba, where it touches on this territory, and, continuing to flow along the border south-eastward for seven^ miles, to Mungi, in lat. 19° 27', long. 75° 30', there enters the Hyderabad territory, through which it holds a course neariy easterly for about 160 miles, to the vicinity of Lasona, in bt 19° 7', long. 77° 5'. At tiiat place, it, on the left side, receifei the Doodna, a considerable stream flowing from the north- west ; and eighty-five miles lower down, or farther eastward, it, in lat. 18° 48', long. 77° 55', receives on the right side the Manjera, a large river coming from the south. It thence cod- tinues to hold a course generally easterly for about 190 mikB, to Kulaisur, in lat. 18° 62', long. 79° 53', where, on the left side, it receives the Franheeta, a large river from the nortii; and from the confluence turning south-east, flows for aboot 155 miles in that direction, along the south-western base of the mountains^ of Bustar, to Eottoor, in lat. 17° 29', long. IM HTDEBABAD. 81° 29^, where it passes into Orisss. Below Kulaisitf, it flows paralldl to the ncMrth-eastem boundary oi the Hyderabad ter- ritory, towards that of Nagpore, and on an average about eight or ten mQes distant from it. Thus, the total length of this great rirer, by the border and through the territory, is about 600 miles, for above 200 of wbieh it is navigable* from June * Joum. as. soe. to February. The Wurda, rising in the Deogarh Mountains, —wiikerl'Tour in the territory of Nagpore, flows south-west for a few miles, *" *^^^**^'* and touehing on this territory at Ghudra, lat. 21^ 35', long. 78® 25', thence flows towards the south-east 170 miles, till near Chanda, and in lat. 19° 55', long. 79° 15', it on the right side receives the Payne Gunga, a large river fpom the west 5 continuing to flow in a south-easteriy direction for sixty miles, it, at Chumprai, in lat. 19° 37', long. 79° 52', on the left 8ide> receives the "Waingunga, flowing from the north. Below the confluence, the united stream, now called the Pranheeta, flows in a tortuous direction, but generally south, for about eighty miles, to Kulaisur, in lat. 18° 52', long. 79° 53'. The stream, through nearly its whole length of course, whether denomi- nated the "Wurda or the Pranheeta, is the boundary between this territory and that of Nagpore. It is navigable* for about * id. i84i, p. tss 170 miles. The Kistna, rising near MahabuHshwur, in the ~^"^'' "* Western Ghats, holds a course south-east for about 320 miles, to lat. 16° IC, long. 76° 18', where it touches, and ten miles forther passes into, this territory, through which it flows in a dfrection generally north-east for about seventy-five miles, to Kadloor, in lat. 16° 24', long. 77° 20', wheire it on the left side receives the Beema from the north-west; after which acces- sion, turning south-east, it flows eighty miles in that direction^ to its confluence with the Toongabudra, in lat. 15° 58', long. 78° 19*, where it turns north-east, and flows 180 miles, to lat, 16° 50', long. 80° 10', at which point it passes into the territory known as the Northern Circars. Ftom the confluence to the point last named, it forms the south-eastern boundary of the Hyderabad territory towards Kumoul and the British district of Guntoor. Thus, its total length of course connected with this territory is 346 miles, during which, however, in conse- quence of the ruggedness and declivity of its bed, it is of little use as a channel of navigation. The Toongabudra, formed by the junction of the rivers Toonga and Budra in Mysore, flows HYDERABAD. north-eastward, and at Moodlapoor, in lat. 15° 8', long. 76° V, first touches this territory, along the south-eastern boundary of which it flows, separating it from the British district of Bel- larj and the territory of Kumoul for a distance of 200 miles, to its confluence with the Kistna. Many other streams (con- siderable rivers during the annual periodical rains, but much reduced in volume at other times of the year) are discharged into these main channels of drainage. Tanks are, as before observed, numerous, and some of them are of very great size^ • joarn. Ai. Soe. as that at Pakhal, which is at least thirty miles^ in circuit ^^tlkti*^ ^^ They are generally formed by throwing an embankment across Oeoioffj of the the lowcr end of a valley, and thus causing the stoppage and accumulation of the water of such streams as may flow into it. The climate may be considered in general good, and as there are no arid, bare deserts, similar to those of Bajpootana and some other tracts of Northern In<£a, the hot winds are less felt. In the vicinity of the city of Hyderabad, the mean tem- • Report on Med. poraturo* in the house, according to observations made at sun- suuJtkTof ""* ™®> *** *^^ o'clock in the aflemoon, and at sunset, for one B7dnu»d, lis. year, "was in January, 74^''; February, 76i°; March, 84°; April, 91i°; May, 93°; June, 88°; July, 81°; August, 80i^ September, 79°; October, 80°; November, 76i°; December, 74i°: giving as an annual mean 81^°." The south-west monso waik^^ ut the growth of numerous trees, of which the principal^ are— Butea frondosa, Bombax beptaphyUum, Erythrina indict, Hyperanthera moringa, Cassia fistula, Annona reticulata, Melis azedirachta, Bauhinia parviflora, Capparis trifoliata, Ficus indica, Ficus religiosa^ Bombax gossipinum, Peronia elephantum, and several species of acacia. The toddy-palm, Borsnus flabelliformis, and Phomix sylvestris, are extensivelj cultivated on account of their sap, which is drawn off copioualj, and fe^ mented into an intoxicating beverage. The ooooanut^kee cannot be brought to high perfection, even with the greatest care, accompanied by the most favourable ciioumstances ; and in consequence, its cultivation is yery circumscribed. Mango and tamarind-trees occur in great numbers about the villages. The betel-vine is also cultivated, but in no great quantities. The principal grain crops are — ^rice, of which there are no less than eight varieties, wheat, maixe of various kiadB, jowar (Holcus sorghum), biyra (Holcus spicatus), raggj (Cynosurus corocanus) ; of oil-plants, mustard^ Sesamum orientale, and Bicinus communis or castorroil plant. Of leguminous growths there are — Dolichos lablab, Dolichos gla- diatus, Phaseolus mungo, chenna (Cicer arietinum). Mekmi, cucumbers, gourds, and some other cuourbitacea, are laigely grown, and form important articles of diet. The gardens pro- duce onions, garlic, carrots, radishes, potatoes, sweet potatoea, coriander, ginger, turmeric, various kinds of amaranth, uaed as potherbs. Tobacco is cultivated, but not to a great extent Cotton, indigo, and sugarcane, are the more important objacti of the agriculturist's care. Al (Morinda citrifolia) and diay* root (Oldei^^mdia umbellata), valuable djee, oeour wild, and are also cultivated. , There appear to be scarcely anj manufactoies &r the su^ly HTDEBABAD. of external commerce. For home supply, tbe wool of the natiye sheep is extensivelj manufactured into blankets and other coarse woollen fabrics. Cotton is also manufactured into coarse fabrics. The most important department of manufacturing industry is, however, silk ; the material being tuaser,^ or that gathered in the woods, the produce of a wild ' ^oum. as. soe. species of worm. Hides, raw and tanned, and both of domesti- _wiaker/ id. i84i, p. sis resins, the most worth notice is that yielded by the Boswellia JJiJ^Jif ^p^^neti thurifera, considered to be the olibanum of the ancients, about pundeeiah Deccamully, a resin yielded in great quantities by several species of Ghuxlenia, is much used in native pharmacy, and pro- bably might serve important purposes in the arts, but its pro- perties have not been adequately tested. Some sorts of nuts abundantly yield oils, which might prove important articles of commerce. G E.I.C. Hi. Doc ' Journ. At. Soc. Benti 1832. p. 18 — Frintep, Ac- count of New Bridge on the Muisl at Hjdera- b«d. ' Ai. Re^. XTiil. pnrt II. lie— Macpheraon, on the Oeolosry of the Peninsula. * Ai. Journ. 1838, p. 292. • Trlftonometrlciil Survey, engraved by Walker. the Company' confirmed all existing treaties. His feeble and unprosperous rule was terminated by bis death in 1829, when he was succeeded by his eldest but illegitimate son, to whom the existing engagements were again confirmed. Under this prince the misgovemment of the country has continued and increased. A host of mercenary troops, entertained by him, bo far from contributing to the purpose of defence, have been a terror both to government and people ; the administration of justice, or eyen the semblance of it, was almost unknown, while debt, public and private, was allowed to accumulate to an enormous extent. The British goyemment was at one tine creditor for arrears of payments due to it, to the amount of between five and six hundred thousand pounds. This claim, to the continued increase of which there seemed no probable limit, was strongly pressed on the notice of the Kizam*s gor^mment, and its arrangement was at length effected by a terntoml cession, the revenues of the districts thus sequestrated being applicable both to the reduction of the debt,^ and the main- tenance of the Nizam's military contingent. HYDERABAD,* • the principal place in the territory of the Nizam, is situate on the river Mussi, here between 400 and 600 feet* wide. The environs have a wild but higbly picturesque appearance, being overspread with granite' bills and isolated rocks, some of hemispherical form, others of cubical or columnar. Approached from the west, the appearance of Hyderabad is very striking: "The palace^ and numerons mosques rising above the surrounding buildings, give it an air of grandeur, which is much strengthened by the very supeA pile of building erected as the British Eesidency." The town is feeUy fortified by a wall of stone, too weak to stand a moment against battering-guns, though adequate for prote^ tion against predatory attacks. The ground plan inclosed by the wall is a trapezoid, the longest or north-western side of which, extending along the right bank of the river Mussi, ia about two miles and three-quarters in length;^ the soutb- eastern, two miles ; the southern, one mile ; the south-westem, one and three-quarters. There is a considerable suburb on tbe left side of the river, and in this quarter is situate the Britisb * Haidarabad, Lion-town, or Haidar-town ; Haidar, being eitlier ft proper name, or meaning " lion." HYDERABAD, Besidencj, the communication between it and the city and palace being maintained by a handsome stone bridge. This fine structure, planned and executed bj a British officer* in 1831, is built^ of squared granite stone, and has eight « jonrn. At. soc arches, semielliptical, each of fifty-six feet span and eighteen ?!prtni^'Ac.^* feet rise, with piers ten feet wide ; the breadth of the bridge <»»»»* <>' B'^<'«» being twenty-four feet. There is, besides, on the left or northern side, a land-arch of seventy-seven feet span and sixteen feet rise. The total cost was 10,200Z. " The city^ is crowded ' ai. Journii, with buildings of all descriptions, from the stately and stupen- ^^* > p* • doQs palaces of the nobility and other men of rank and wealth, to the low and dirty hovels of the poor. The construction of the houses of the great is entirely native, displaying little or no taste. They are erected too close to each other, rendering their situations unpleasantly confined, if not unhealthy." The streets, some of which are paved with stone, are in general narrow. In addition to the water of the Mussi, the place is abundantly supplied from numerous wells, in various parts of the town. Besides the palace of the Nizam (a large building in the usual style of native grandeur), the most remarkable structures are the principal mosque and the British Eesidency. The mosque is a large stone edifice, built after the model of the Kaaba of Mecca, but devoid of ornament or any architec- tural beauty. The British Residency " consists® of a basement • w. isss, xxwu story of arches, and two others above it with wings, connected by a continuation of the basement story of arches, finished with a balustrade. The principal front is distinguished by an enormous portico of the Corinthian order, decidedly too large for the building. On the three points of the pediment are three statues, and in the centre the Company's arms in alto- rilievo. The Corinthian columns are formed of white chunam, beautifully polished, and extend from the base, which is on the summit of a noble flight of twenty-two steps, to the top of the upper story. On each side of this flight of steps stands a, colossal sphinx. The interior of the portico, the cornices, Id. lb. '' It^ is inclosed, after the Asiatic manner, by high walls, the centre containing a large marble basin filled with water, and fed by numerous fountains, their silvery columns being mingled with stately cypress-trees. The pavilions, galleries, and te^ races around are built and ornamented in the richest style of Oriental architecture, that beautiful carved trellis-work, which always produces so exquisite an effect, frequently intervening^ while the painting and gilding are equally profuse and striking." The country about Hyderabad abounds with fine tanks or artificial pieces of water of great dimensions. One, called Husain Sagur, four miles north of the city, and dose to the s Medicfti Topo- British cantonment^ of Secunderabad, is about three miles in SM?/Hjden!b(!di l^'^g*'^ ^^^ *wo in breadth ; another, a few miles to the south, ii^' is stated to be twenty miles in circuit. There is no tolerable approximation to a trustworthy esti- mate of the population, which probably does not exceed * Chahar Minar, "four turrets;" from Chahar, "four," and Mnar, "turret, or minaret." lis HTD. 200,000, of whom a large proportion are Mussulmans. Eleva- tion above tbe sea 1,800 feet.' Distance from Mangalore, ' Joum. At. Soc. N.B., 498 miles; Bangalore, K, 373; BeUary, KB., 229; -y%l^i^v^ Madras, KW., 389; Bombay, S.E., 449; Nagpore, S., 314; ^Oeoi^jot Calcutta, S.W., 962. Lat. ir 22', long. 78° 32'. ^ ^'^^' HYDEEGUEH,^ in tbe territory of Oude, a small town on ' e.i.c. ms. doc. tbe route from Lucknow cantonment to tbat of Pertabgurb, 40 miles^ S.E. of tbe former, 70 N.W. of tbe latter. It bas a • Garden. TaWe. bazar, and is well supplied with good water. Tbe road in this ^ ^" ®^ part of tbe route is bad. Lat. 26*^ 87', long. 81'' 17'. HTDEENUGHTE. — A town in tbe British district of Bebar, e.i.c. Hi. doc presidency of Bengal, 56 miles W. of Shergbotty. Lat. 24° 30', long. 83° 59'. HYDEABAD,^ in Sinde, was formerly considered tbe prin- ' Pott, mi, 869. cipal town of tbat country, in consequence of its having been i^XMed. Mem. selected as tbe residence of tbe chief ameers, or those ruline °/ '^/ f'^'IJ*' ,, , . . ° the Indus, 79. the southern and principal part of tbe country. It is situate i^ch, on the four miles E. of the eastern bank of tbe Indus, on an eminence ^I^^I^ZTa!^' of tbe low rocky range called the Gunjah Hills, and in an ©r sinde, in Jour, island inclosed between the Indus and the Fulailee, a branch 1. 1884, p. aii! which, leaving the main stream about twelve miles above tbe S^m, si!^' town, communicates with it about fifteen miles below. The Burnei (Jame«), Pulailee flows about 1,000 yards east of tbe town, the base of the rampart being washed by a creek from it in tbe season of inundation, though the whole branch is dry when tbe river is low. This fortress, which was esteemed very strong by the Smdians, and would no doubt prove so in tbeir mode of war- fare, was built nearly on the site of the ancient Nerunkot, by Futteh Ali, the first ameer. The outline is irregular, corre- sponding with the winding shape of the bilFs brow, on the very edge of which tbe walls, for the greater part of their extent, rise to the height of from fifteen to thirty feet. They are built of burnt bricks, and are thick and solid at the base, but taper Bo much, and are so greatly weakened by embrasures and loopr holes with which they are pierced, that a few well-directed shot would demolish any part, and expose the defenders to the fire of the assailants. Tbe ramparts are flanked by round towers or lofty bastions, at intervals of 300 or 400 paces, which, com- bined with the height of the hill, give the place an imposing appearance. Where tbe walls do not rise immediately from the 169 HYDEABAD. edge of the declivity, the defence is strengthened by a ditch of ten feet wide and eight deep. The rock is too soft to admit of being scarped, and slopes so gently, that if the wall were breached, the rubbish would rest on the £EU!e of the hill, and • Wood, Oxuf, 80. afford footing for a storming-party. The plateau^ of the hill on which Hjdrabad is built, is a mile and a half long and 700 yards broad; the height is about eighty feet, and on tbe southern part are the fortress and the suburbs or pettah. There are about 5,000 houses, meanly constructed of mud, one-half of that number being within the fortress, the rest in the pettah. The fortress contained the residence of the ameers, and a massiTe tower built as the repository of their treasures. The basar is extensive, forming one street the entire length of the town ; and it displays considerable bustle and appeu^nce of business. The most important manufacture of Hydrabad is that of arms of various kinds, matchlocks, swords, spears, and shields ; and the skill of the workmen is said to be scarcely inferior to that attained in Europe. There is also a considerable manufactore * Id. SI. of ornamental silks and cottons. A cemetery,' which ove^ spreads the northern part of the eminence, contains the tomhs of the deceased members of the Talpoor dynasty, and of the preceding one of the Kaloras. That of Gholam Shah Kalora is a beautiful quadrangular building, with a handsome central dome. It is lined with fine marble, is highly ornamented wit^ mosaic, and inscribed with sentences from the Koran. The tomb of the late Ameer Kurum Ali is also a handsome quadrangular building, surmounted by a dome, and having a turret on ead) comer. When the Belooches, under the conduct of Futteh Ali, of the Talpoor tribe, overthrew the E^alora dynasty, that successful chieftain gave to one branch of his relatives KhJe^ poor, with a considerable district attached ; to another, Mee^ poor, and allowed his three brothers to share with himself the government of Hydrabad and its dependent territory, compre- hending the greater part of the country. Sir C. Napier entered this place on the 20th February, 1843, having previously re- ceived the submission of six of the ameers of Sinde. On tbe 24th he marched out to give battle to Sheer Mahomed of Meerpore, who yet remained in arms, and was posted in great force behind a neighbouring nullah, which had been partially fortified. The ameer was, however, attacked and defeated; the HTD^IHIJ. British foree beiog thus enabled to advance upon Meerpore. Hjdrabad is supposed to have a population of 24,000> Lat. * Barton, Aceqpnt 25° 22', long. 68° 28'.— See Sinde. ^^t '^'' HYDBAMEYEE, in the British district of Alligurh, Kcu- tenant^govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route, by Khasgunj, from Bareillj to Alligurh cantonment, and 28 miles i S.E. of the latter, 49 N.E. of Agra. Lat. 27° 61', ' Q^^. Tri>i€t long. 78° 28'. of Routes, 4S. L IBEAHEEMPOEE, or IBBAHIMABAD.— A town in the British district of Ghazeepore, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces. It has a population of 26,582.^ ' statistici of Distant B. from Ghazeepore town 60 miles. Lat. 25° 48', "•^' ^"'''' '•*" long. 84° 38'. IBEAMPUTNA.— A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.c. mi. doc or the dominions of the Nizam, 16 miles S.E. from Hyderabad, and 108 N.E. by N. from Kumoul. Lat. 17° 11', long. 78° 42'. IDDOOE CONCAUDT.— A town in the British district of North Canara, presidency of Madras, 61 miles N. of Man- galore. Lat. 18° 46', long. 74° 60'. IDULABAD. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, e.i.c. mi. doc or dominions of the Nizam, 11 miles from the right bank of the Pajrne Gunga river, and 180 miles S.E. by S. from EUich- poor. Lat. 19° 89', long. 78° 41'. IDULABAD. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated e.i.c. Ms. Doe. districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 96 miles W. by S. of Ellichpoor. Lat. 21° 1', long. 76° 8'. lEEJ. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated districts E.i.c.ifs. Doe. of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 29 miles W.N.W. of Kumoul. Lat. 16°, long. 77° 48'. IHTJBBHEB, in the Eeechna Dooab division of the Punjab, e.i.c Ms. Doe. a town situated 84 miles from the right bank of the Bavee, 88 miles N.W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 81° 68', long. 73° 40'. 171 IHF— IME. E.I.C. Hi. Doe. 1 Garden, Tublet of Routes, 49. 1 Statistic* of N.W. Prov. 165. E.I.C. Ml. 1)00. E.I.C. Mh. Doc. 1 E.I.C. Mf. Doo. > Garden, Tablet of Routes, 100. 1 E.I.C Ms. Doc * Garden, Tables of Routes, 177. • Mundj, Sketches, li. 34. Archer, Tours, li. 18. IHUNQ", in the Jetch Dooab division of the Punjab, a town situated on the left bank of the Chenaub, 104 miles W. by S. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 31° 19^, long. 72° 28'. IKEEI, in the British district of Allygurh, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route, bj Khasganj, from Bareilly to Allygurh cantonment, and seven 1 miles S.E. of the latter. Lat. 27° 53', long. 78° 14'. IKEEY. — See Eekairee. IKOUNA, or EKOWNA.— A town in the British district of Ghazeepore, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, situate three miles from the left bank of the Ganges river. Ikouna has a population of 7,005^ inhabitants. Distant E. from Ghazeepore town 43 miles. Lat. 25° 43', long. 84° 20'. ILLPOOE. — A town in the British district of Madura, presidency of Madras, situate 20 miles S. from Trichinopoly, and 48 miles E. by N. from Dindigul. Lat. 10° 32^, long. 78° 43'. IMJONG. — A town of Eastern India, in the British district of Sudiya, province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 59 miles E.S.E. of Sudiya. Lat. 27° 28', long. 96° 32'. IMLAK,^ in the territory of Oude, a village on the route from the cantonment of Goruckpoor to that of Sultanpoor, and 15^ miles N.E. of the latter. There is good encamping- ground near the village, and supplies may be had after due notice, the surrounding country being well cultivated. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 26° 15', long. 82° 21'. IMLEA. — See Amilea. IMEUTPOOE,!* in the British district of Furruckabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, the principal place of the pergunnah of Islamgunge. It is a smidl town on the route from Shahjehanpore to Futtehgurh, 12' miles N. of the latter, and is situate less than a mile from the left bank of the Granges, in a country extensively laid under water during the periodical rains in the latter part of summer, but at other times displaying a scene' of great fertility, high cultivation, and luxuriant vegetation, interspersed with ancient and fine groves of mangoes. Indigo is the chief crop. There * Amritpoor, or Iraratpoor, Nectar-town ; from Amrit or Tmr»t, " nectar/' and Pur, " town." 172 J IXC-IND. is a bazar in the town, and during the dry season the road is good. It is called Hemratpur bj Tieffenthaler.'* Lat. 27° 82', * Bewhreibumr long. 79° 4(y. I. ,40. INCHULKUEUN JEE, or EENCHULKUEUNJEE.i— » e.i.c. m.. doc A jagbire or feudal dependency of Colapore, in the territory of Bombay. These possessions, however, are held* in enam, and * Bombay poi. not on surinjam tenure; and the Colapore state has conse- im^I ^^' quently no right to claim military service from their chief. The centre of the jaghire is in lat. 16° 41', long. 74° 2'. A part of the country, stretching to the Ghauts bordering on the Concan, is nigged and jungly, but the greater portion lies on the plains, and is very productive. The revenue* is 75,000 » 8tiiii»ti« of rupees. The late chief was greatly burthened with debt, and '****'* ^^^^ his jaghire had become a prey to usurers. He died in 1852, with- out leaving male issue, when his widow was permitted to adopt a successor, subject to certain conditions ; among which was the ^ Bombay poi. abolition of transit-duties and other objectionable taxes.* n^l *^ ^**'^'' INDAPOOE. — A town in the British district of Poonah, b.i.c.ms.doc presidency of Bombay, 84 miles E.S.E. of Poonah. Lat. 18° 8', long. 75° 5'. IND AEUM. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i c. ms. doc dominions of the rajah of Berar, situate three miles from the left bank of the Wein G-unga, and 138 miles S.E. by S. from Kagpoor. Lat. 19° 25', long. 80° 6'. INDEE. — A town in the British district of Sholapoor, pre- e.i c. Mi. Doc sidency of Bombay, 136 miles N.E. by E. of Bclgaum. Lat. 17° lO', long. 76? 1'. INDEEAOTEE.— A river rising in lat. 19° 56', long. 81° 50^, in Bustar, one of the districts of Nagpoor, or the rajah of Berar*s dominions, and, flowing in a south-westerly direction, falls into the Gt>davery river on the left side, in lat. 18° 40', long. 80° 20^. INDEEGABH,! in the British district of Eurruckabad, ' b.i.o. m.. doc lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town on the route from Calpee to Futtehgurh, and 34^ miles * Garden. Tablet S. of the latter. It has a bazar, and supplies and water may ®'^""*^ "*• be obtained in abundance. The road in this part of the route is indifferent, the country well cultivated. Lat. 26° 66', long. 79° 45'. INDEEGTJEH.— A town of Bundlecund, in the native state e.i.c. hs. doc 173 IND. of Dutteab, 82 miles N. firom JhttOBee, and 32 miles 8.E. from Gwalior. Lat. 25° 55', long. 78° 40'. B.I.C. Hf. Due. INDGUEH, in Sirhind, a town on the route from Lodians to Eerozpore, and 83 miles W. of the former place. It oon- tains several shops, and is abundantly supplied with water from twelve brick-lined wells, each about twenty feet deep. The surrounding country, though partaking of the nature of a deep sand, is well cultivated. The road in this part of the route, from the nature of the soil, is heavy. Lai. 8(f 65', long. 75° 2(y. INDIA, an extensive region of Asia, the main diviaoos of which, together with the several subdivisions, their towns and villages, lakes and rivers, will be found more partlcularlj described under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement of this work. India is bounded on the n<^ by the Himalaya Mountains, dividing it from Thibet. The Suliman range, a continuation of the Sufeid Koh Monntaiiu, separates it from Afghanistan and Beloochistan on the west ; and parallel offshoots from the opposite extremity oi the Himalaya Mountains form its frontier on the east. On all other sides, from the port of Kurrachee on the west, to the southern extremity of the Tenasserim provinces on the east, it has a maritime coast, bordered by the Bay of Bengal on the one hand, and by the Arabian Sea, or North Indian Ocean, on the other. Its greatest length, measured from Cape Comonn in the south, to the extremity of the Punjaub in the north, may be estimated at 1,830 miles, a distance which dosdj corresponds with its breadth, measured from Kurrachee in the west, to the extremity of Assam in the east. It lies between lat. 8° 4'— 36°, long. 66° 44'— 99° 30'. Within these limits is comprised an area of 1,484,867 square miles, with a population of 161,758,226. 1 At. rm. sthi. Another chain of mountains, termed the Yindhya^ range, oJoiogy*^ indir. crosses the continent of India at a lower latitude, from east to west. This range unites at one of its extremities with the Eastern, and at the other with the Western Ghauts, and thoa forms the base of the triangle upon which rests the table-land of the Deccan. Such is a general outline of the mountain system of India. Extensive means of inland navigation are presented in the 174 INDIA. noble rivers by which the coantrj is traversed. These may be conveniently distributed into two classes; the one deriving <^ir chief supplies from the melted snows of the Himalayas, and the other being mainly fed by the rains of the south-west and north-east monsoons. In the one class may be ranked, — 1. The Indus and its tributaries, consisting of the Sutlej, Beas, Eavee, Chenab, and Jhelum ; 2. the Ganges and its tri« bataries, the chief of which are the Jumna, GK>gra, Gunduck, uid Cosy ; 3. the Brahmapootra, with its principal feeders, the Sanpoo and the Teesta; and, 4. the Irawaddy, traversing Bormah and the recently-acquired province of Pegu. In the second class are ranged the great rivers of the Deccan ; among which may be enumerated the Godavery, Kistnah, and Cauvery, together with the Nerbudda, Taptee, Mahanuddee, and various others intersecting Southern and Central India. Por political objects, as well as for administrative purposes, the British possessions in India have been distributed into several principal divisions, which, with their respective areas and population, are stated below : — Area. Sq. Mileg. Population. Bengal, including Assam and the Te- nasserim Provinces 225,103 41,094,325 North- Western Provinces 85,593 ♦23,803,349 Saugor and Nerbudda territory 17,538 2,143,599 Punjaub 78,447 4,100,983 Cis-Sutlej territory 4,559 619,413 Pegu 28,920 2,000,000 Madras 135,680 22,301,697 Bombay 120,065 11,109,067 Total, exclusive of the Eastern Straits ^ settlements, the area of which is f ^^^ ^ 107,172,433 1,575 square miles, population f ' xvi,x#^,T«ja 202,540 ; * This is the result of the census of 1848 ; but it appears from a Uter retam, not yet officially reoeived, but adverted to in the Indian news- papers,* that the total population of the North- West Provinces in 1S62 > Fthmd of Indls, amounted to 30,271,885. That such an increase could take pkoe under "*^« ^^^ P- '(^ ordinaiy circumstanoee in four years, is utterly impossible ; but it may be observed, that under the last revenue settlement the waste lands of these INDIA. Ifc will thus be seen that less than one-half of the superficitl extent of India is strictly British, the remainder, comprising an area of 788,462 square miles, and a population of 54,585,793, is occupied by native states; among the principal of which may be enumerated Oude, Hyderabad or the dominions of the Nizam, Nagpore* or the possessions of the rajah of Berar, Ous^rat or the territory of the Guicowar, Gwalior or Scindia's territory, Indore or Holcar's possessions, Mysore, Travancore, Cochin and Cutch, Nepaul, Burmah, Bhopal, Cashmere or Gholab Singh's dominions, the Kf^poot states, and a variety of others, forming in the aggregate a number fallicg little short of 200, and which, moreover, might be doubled by the addition of the petty chieftainships of the peninsula of Kattywar. With the exception of Burmah, Nepaul, and one or two petty governments, the whole of these states have entered into treaties and engagements with the British govemmeut, in- volving the obligation of protection on the part of the para- mount power, and allegiance on that of the subordinate. In some instances, the dependent state is subject to the payment of tribute ; in others, it is exempt from any pecuniary daim. All have relinquished the right of self-defence, as well as that of maintaining diplomatic relations with each. other; imd the British government, which guarantees external protection and internal tranquillity, has been constituted the arbiter of all disputes arising between native rulers. But though debarred from the exercise of military power in regard to external aggression, the native governments are not prohibited from maintaining a separate military force ; in some cases, they are required to provide such a force, which, in the event of war, i« to be available to the British government against the common enemy. In some instances, the number of troops to be main- tained is restricted. Under these arrangements, the existing military resources of the native princes comprise a force of provinces were exempted Arom assessmeDt on the part of the goremnent, for the entire period of the settlement (thirty years) ; and this wooM he calculated to occasion an extraordinary influx of husbandmen firom iht hills and parts adjacent. * Bagojee, the late rajah of Nagpore, died at the Utter end of the jetf 1S5S, leaving no heir, natural or adopted. The right to adopt a siiooe«or will, however, be probably claimed on behalf of the &mily ; and until tlie question be finally decided, Nagpore must be regarded as a native state. US INDIA. little less than 400,000 men,^ an amount exceeding bj nearly * sututiet or 100,000* the numerical strength of the British army in India, ^"^* ^**^ inclusive of the contingent troops commanded by British officers. It may be observed, however, that considerable portions of the regular troops of native states are described in the official returns as fitted rather for police purposes than for regular military duties. It is to be lamented, that the benefits that might have been anticipated from this indirect exercise of British authority have not been realized. Most of the protected states are wretchedly misgoverned, and there cannot be the slightest doubt that the people would be far happier as British subjects than they are now. The British provinces have been steadily advancing in prosperity ; the progress of the protected states has been from bad to worse. In some cases, the reliance on British support encourages the sovereign to abandon himself to a course of personal gratification, regardless of the interests of his subjects. In all, the supremacy of a foreign power deprives him of that importance, which is necessary to command either the respect of his subjects or his own. Peeling that he is regarded as a cipher, he will not be unlikely to take the same view of his situation, and, digesting himself of all responsibility, to consider his elevated rank only as bestowing a title to unlimited in- dulgence — an exemption from every species of care, and a license to sink into irreclaimable apathy and sensuality. The policy of the British government in India has always been opposed to conquest. But though it is impossible not to respect their motives, it is equally impossible not to perceive, that, had they been actuated by a less-scrupulous spirit, the condition of a large portion of the people of India would have been far better than it is. Could the whole of the protected states be annexed at once to the British dominions, humanity Grand Artily. Cavaliy. Infanliy. Total. Total. ♦Military strength of native K 2,962 68,303 817,653 .. 898,918 powers J ' ' ' ' '^S^;'™™;nttf„duN "'"<> ^'^^ 229.406 L3,,2» Add engs., med. officers, &c 8,699 ) „ Conting. troops of the ) native states, comm. > 82,811 by British officers ) 821,840 4 w 177 INDIA. would have cause to rejoice. Unfortunately this cannot take place without a yiolation of that good faith which, in all parts of the world, it has been the pride of England to maintain. Occasionally, the accumulation of abuses in these protected states becomes so enormous, that the supreme power is com- pelled to carry its interference beyond mere remonstrance. It is not improbable that some change will be made in the rdation at present existing between Oude and the protecting power. A long course of misgovemment having reduced that kingdom to a state of anarchy, the British may perhaps find it necessarj to take the administration into their own hands. It will be evident from this view, that the British authoritj in India is paramount. That of the French is almost anni- hilated. They still occupy Pondicherry, and one or two other places of small importance ; but they no longer dispute with the English the dominion of the East. The Portuguese linger in a few spots, the scenes of their former commercial grandeur ; but from neither of these powers has Britain at this time any- thing to fear. Her rivals have fallen before her, and left her in possession of the most gigantic dominion that ever wii appended to a foreign state. So vast a region, varying, in respect to latitude and elevation, from the sea-level of the lower provinces of Bengal to the lofty summits of the Himalayas, must necessarily embrace various degrees of temperature ; and in a general description of the climate of India, it is only the leading characteristics that can be noticed. The year admits of a division into three seasons, — the hot, the rainy, and the temperate. The hot season commences in March, and continues till the beginning of June, when the rains, brought from the Indian Ocean by the south- west monsoon, set in, and last with occasional intermission t31 October, at which period the temperate weather commenees, and continues till the end of February. ^' In a great part of • Hirt. of India, the couutry,*' says Elphinstone,^ 'Hhe sun is scorching fiv three months in the year ; even the wind is hot, the land is brown and parched, dust flies in whirlwinds, all brooks become dry, small rivers scarcely keep up a stream, and the largest are reduced to comparatively narrow channels, in the midst of vtft sandy beds. In winter, slight frost sometimes takes place for about an hour or two about sunrise." ^'At a low level, if ]7$ 1.7. INDIA. towards the south, the greatest oold in winter is only moderate heat." Considerable interest is attached to the zoology of India. The forests contain a variety of wild animals, the most remark- able of which is the elephant. These animals associate in herds, which, emerging from the jungles, frequently occasion serious injury to the crops. They are often destroyed by par- ties of hunters, or caught in pits and tamed. The elephant of the Decern is considered inferior to that of Bengal. The rhinoceros, wild buffalo, and bear, are also inhabitants of the forest. Tigers, leopards, panthers, wild boars, hysBnas, wolves, and jackals, pervade both forest and jungle, and sometimes infest patches of underwood in the immediate vicinity of cul- tivated lands. Lions are met with only in particular tracts, and more especially in the western part of lUjpootana, the province of G-uzerat, and its vicinities. Among the remainder of wild ftm'mn.1g may be enumerated deer, antelopes, and monkeys. Crocodiles, serpents, and other reptiles are most numerous. The domestic animals are buffaloes, camels, horses, sheep, swine, oxen, and goats. Gt&me and fish are found in abundance, as are also birds of splendid plumage. Among the principal trees are the teak, considered superior to the oak for purposes of shipbuilding, the sal, the sissoo, and the babul. There is also the cocoanut-tree, every portion of which is rendered available to the wants of man ; the fruit being service- able as food, the husk which envelops the nut affording a fibre from which cordage is manufactured, while the wood is peculiarly adapted to the construction of water-pipes, and also of beams and rafters. Another valuable tree, yielding a fleshy flower, which is important as an article of food, and from which spirit is moreover distilled, is the mahua. Besides the above, may be enumerated the bamboo, largely employed in scaffolding, and also in the manufacture of baskets and mats ; the banyan, ihe tamarind, and the mango, the palmyra and other palms. Sandal and ebony are found in many parts. In the Himalayas, pines abound, including the magnificent deodar ; together with oaks and other forest-trees indigenous in Europe, or capable of being naturalized there. On the banks of the Lower Gtmges,^ and all round the sea- « caicutu Rev. coast of the peninsula, rice constitutes the staple food of the H 2 »7» lx.i. INDIA. inhabitants. Wheat is largely consumed in the north-west provinces of Bengal. The peasantry of the Deccan depend for subsistence upon jowar and bajra, or upon a small and poor grain called raggi. The last-named grains are sown at the commencement of the rains, and reaped in autumn. Wheat ripens during winter, and forms a spring crop. But, though there are thus two distinct cultivations, the tropical and tem- perate crops are seldom sown on the same ground in the same » Conipbeu, Mod. year,* oxcept in the rich soil of the lower provinces of Bengal, and in some other irrigated tracts, where the rice crop requires only three months to arrive at « maturity. Extensive tracts of land are appropriated to the production of the staple articles of export, consisting chiefly of cotton, sugar-cane, indigo, rice, opium, tobacco, and oil-seeds ; pepper and cardamums are largelj cultivated on the western coast, and ginger, capsicum, cumiii, coriander, and turmeric, are a common field-produce. Among the vegetables, indigenous or exotic, are yams, potatoes, car- rots, onions, spinach, radishes, gourds, and cucumbers. The fruits consist of plantains or bananas, mangoes, tamarinds, guavas, jacks, melons, grapes, pine-apples, peaches, 8trawbe^ ries, oranges, &c, ; flgs are not very general ; apples are devoid of flavour ; pears and plums do not succeed. Numerous as are the towns and cities of India, none are remarkable for the amount of their population. That of Cal- cutta, independently of its suburbs, has been recently returned at 413,182.* No census has been yet taken of the population of the city of Madras ;t but Bombay, with its suburbs, and including also the floating population in its harbour, contains only 666,199 inbabitants.J Throughout the whole extent of the North-West Provinces no one city can boast a population of 200,000; Delhi § has only 137,977, Cawnpore 108,796, Benares 183,491, Bareilly 92,208, Agra 66,003. The towns are usually composed of high brick houses, and, with some exceptions, the streets are narrow, and badly paved. Many of these are walled, and capable of some defence. Vil- lages vary according to locality ; some being defended by waDs, * See article Calcutta. t The population of the city of Madras is officially assumed at 720,000. X See article Bombay. § Shakespear, Memoir on Statistics of North-West Provinces. 130 INDIA. others open, or surrounded only by a fence. Each village has its temple and bazar, its annual fair and festivals. In the North- Western Provinces, the houses of the peasantry are usually built of unbumt brick, and are tiled ; in Bengal the cottage has its thatched roof and cane walls; and in the Peccan the huts are either of mud or stone, with terraced roofs. Throughout India the dwelling of the peasant is scantily furnished ; the principal articles consisting of a few earthen pots and brass vessels, a hand-mill, pestle and mortar, and an iron plate, on which cakes are baked. A mat is the substitute for a chair, and tables are dispensed with. The enormous population of India is composed chiefly of two leading races, Hindoos and Mahomedans. The Hindoos, though resembling each other in their religion and in the observances and habits which it involves, are at the same time distinguished by many points of difference. Diversity in appear- ance, in dress, in the staple articles of food, in the mode of building, and in many other respects, is occasioned partly by local peculiarities, and partly by the nature of their institu- tions. The natives of Northern India are tall and fair ; those of Bengal^ and the Deccan, small and dark : the former are < Eiphinttone, manly and warlike, the latter timid and superstitious. There "Ij^**' '"^^ are also the aborigines of India, the Bheels and Coles. Some account of the former will be found under the article Candeish, and of the latter under Obissa. Bhats and Charuns, and some other tribes, are noticed under the head of Guzebat. According to the latest returns which are available, the gross revenues of the British government in India amount to about 27,000,000?., more than one-half of which is derived from the land. The other principal sources of revenue are customs, stamps, excise, salt, and opium. The revenue from salt is secured by a duty charged upon the prime cost of the home manufacture, and by a customs duty upon the foreign supply ; the rate being the same in both cases, and amounting to about three farthings per pound. The annual revenue contributed by this article may be estimated at two millions sterling. Opium, from the poppy cultivated in the British provinces, is manufac- tured solely on account of government : that produced in native states is subject to a transit-duty on its passage through British territory to the coast. In both cases the tax may be 181 INDIA. regarded as being paid wboUy by fOTeigners. The anBQal revenue from opium exceeds three millions sterling : from land, the chief source of revenue, the amount derived is more than fifleen millions sterling. The government land tenures vary in the different presidencies. In the lower provinces of Bengal, tiie land is held chiefly upon the zemindarrj tenure. In this case, the government recognise no separation of interests ; the whole estate is cultivated as a joint-stock property for the mutual benefit of the proprietors, and, afber payment of the govern- ment demand, the net profits are divided among the share- holders, according to their respective shares. One individual (the representative of the proprietary body) is held responsible for the rent ; and in the event of default, the whole estate is sold for its realization. In this part of India, the rent has been fixed in perpetuity, and the government are consequently de* barred from further participation in the agricultural impro?e- ment of the country. In the North-Western Provinces, the land is held under putteedarree settlement. Under this mode, an estate is parcelled out into allotments, and thenceforward the shares in the net profits are commuted for equivalent po^ tious of land. Each proprietor or shareholder undertakes the agricultural management of his separate allotment, paying through the representative of the proprietary body (the lom- berdar, or perhaps the headman of the village), such instalment of the government revenue as may have been agreed to among themselves in distributing the aggregate assessment. In the event of individual default, a joint responsibility attaches to the whole proprietary body ; but any proceedings instituted by the government for the realization of the deficiency, would be directed in the first instance against the defaulting allotnieiii. The characteristic of the putteedarree tenure, is cultivation in severalty, with joint responsibility. In this part of India, the government demand has been calculated upon the basis of two- thirds of the net rent, and leases granted for periods of thirty years. By this limitation of the public demand, a valuable and marketable private property has been created in the land, and every landholder, however petty his holding, is to a certain extent a capitalist. In Bombay, the revenue settlement is chiefly ryotwar. Under the ryotwar tenure, the various proprietaiy subdivisions of the estate are recognised by the govenunent, 182 INDIA. and joint reaponsibflity ceases. The aggregate of the gOTem- ment demand is distributed by its authoritj in distinct instal- ments, corresponding with the value of each separate allotment. The proprietor of each petty holding is thus made responsible to the gOTemment for the payment ezdusively of his own fixed assessment. The principle of the ryotwar tenure is that of a field assessment, with a total separation of interests. In this part of India, under the new survey now in progress, the lands are subdivided into fields of moderate size, so that each sub- division is rendered easy of cultivation by a fSEurmer of limited means. The government assessment is laid separately upon each field, and leases granted for thirty years* duration at a fixed and invariable sum, binding on the government for the full term, but with the option on the part of the cultivator of surrendering any one or more of his fields, or altogether putting an end to his lease at the close of any given year. In Madras, a con- siderable portion of the land is also held under the ryotwar tenure. A maximum assessment is fixed by the government for the best lands, which cannot be exceeded. Inferior lands, so long as they remain inferior, are of course assessed at lower rates. The contracts with the cultivators are renewed from year to year, when remissions of rent are made, if the unfavour- able character of the season, or the circumstances of the cul- tivator, render such a measure expedient. In the south of India, the seasons are usually precarious, and the cultivators poor and improvident. Under such circumstances, it has been thought there were no means of securing to the government a fair share of the surplus produce or net rent, except by taking more than the average in favourable seasons, and making corresponding reductions in those which prove unfavourable. Annual settlements are therefore in this view indispensable. But such a system must necessarily operate as a bar to agri- cultural improvement. It is obvious that, but for the remis- sions, the land is over-assessed. It has consequently a very low marketable value. Farming capital is borrowed at enor- rooas rates of interest, not upon the security of the land, but solely upon the crop of the current year — a very uncertain one. Farming thus becomes a matter of wild speculation ; and the net rent is divided, not between the government and the cultivator, but between the government and the usurer. 183 INDIA. It is almost unnecessary to state, that tbe external commerce of India is carried on almost entirely with ports within the British territories. Within the last twenty years, several restrictions which impeded the growth of commerce have been removed, and India may now he said to enjoy free trade. This state of things has been brought about by — Ist. The abolition of transit or inland duties. 2nd. The removal of export datiei on the staple articles of sugar and cotton. 8rd. The equalisa- tion of duties on the cargoes of British and foreign ships. Bj the abolition of inland duties, the transit of produce for home consumption was rendered free, and a fresh impetus given to the internal trade of the country. By the withdrawal of export duties on sugar and cotton, the staple produce of India i« enabled to compete in foreign markets with the like productions of other countries. By abolishing the distinction between British and foreign ships, the latter, previously discouraged from resorting to India by the imposition of double duties, now enter the ports of India on the same terms as their British competitors, and thus afford a vast addition to the means of transport, and an incalculable increase of facilities for its com- merce. The same Act (VI. of 1848) removed the impediments which obstructed the coasting trade, by abolishing the levy of duty on goods conveyed from port to port. Further ; Asiatic sailors or lascars, being natives of India, and under the government of the East-India Company, are now deemed British seamen. The degree of expansion resulting to the commerce of India from these measures, may be seen from the following com- parative statement : — Impobts utto India. Merchandise. TreaBnre. Total. 1834.36 ... £4,261,106 ... £1,893,023 ... £6,154,129 1849-50 ... 10,299,888 ... 8,396,807 ... 13,696,696 ElPOBTS. 1834-36 ... 7,993,420 ... 194,740 ... 8,188,160 1849-50 ... 17,312,299 ... 971,244 ... 18,283,543 It thus appears that the amount of both imports and exporto in the last year is more than double that of the first ; and hence 184 INDIA. it is clear, that while the govemment revenue has benefited, the people have prospered. In so vast an extent of country, it might be presumed thai wide diversity of language prevails ; and such is the fact. In Upper India, the chief dialects are Hindee, Bengalee, Punjabee, Mahratta, Guzerattee, Gutchee, Boondela, Brig Bhakhur, Ooriya, and Assamese. These are all derivatives from the Sanscrit. The languages of Southern India, Teloogoo, Tamul, Canarese, Malay ala, and Cingalese, are also closely dependent upon Sanscrit, the storehouse of the religious ceremonies of the Brahmin, and the language of the laws of Menu, which may be regarded as the basis of the actual civil law of the Hindoo, and the mainspring of his daily avocations. Oordoo or Hin- dostanee is the common language of Mahomedans throughout India, and is in fact Hindee, the primitive tongue of the Hindoos, modified by the chief languages of their Mahomedan oooquerors, Arabic and Persian. Pushtoo and Sindhee are also derived from Arabic, the language which is the depositary of the Mahomedan £uth, and of the laws and civil regulations of those who profess it. Persian was formerly the language of the law courts of the East-India Company ; but, in 1837, its use was abolished, and the vernacular of each district substituted. Little or nothing deserving the name of education existed in India till a comparatively recent period. Near the end of the last century, the British govemment established a Mahomedan college at Calcutta, and a Sanscrit college at Benares ; but these foundations, however well intended, did little either to inform or to enlarge the minds of those admitted to them, fmd taught at least as much of error as of truth. Bishop Heber Bays : " The Mussulman literature very nearly resembles what the literature of Europe was before the time of Copernicus, Galileo, and Bacon. The Mussulmans take their logic from Aristotle, filtered through many successive translations and commentaries; and their metaphysical system is professedly derived from Plato. Both Mahomedans and Hindoos have the same natural philosophy, which is also that of Aristotle in zoology and botany, and Ptolemy in astronomy, for which the Hindoos have forsaken their more ancient notions of the seven Beas and the six earths." Erom this state of mental thraldom, IBS INDIA, the natiye mind could never be expected to emanctpate ha^ without assistance. Earlj in the present o^itoij, more Bokm and more useful exertions in the caose of education began to be made. The literature and science of the western worid were introduced to a great extent ; and there can be no doubt that gradually, though perhaps slowly, these will sup^sede the trifling and deadening studies which for ages haye added to die darkness of India, in place of tending to dispel it. The soni- naries wherein the higher studies are pursued, may be pro- nounced to haye been generally successful. In the attempt to improye and extend vernacular instruction, the British govern- ment, though equally zealous, has not been equally sucoessfid. The best results attained have been in the North-Western Provinces, where the new revenue settlement, under which the rights of every individual interested in the land became matter of record, has afforded precLsely the stimulus required. The desire to ascertain and to preserve their recognised rights, induces in the people a desire for the acquisition of the arts of reading, writing, arithmetic, and mensuration. A few other of the simpler elements of knowledge are found to be etsily added ; and perhaps no great number of years will eli^we before the mass of the people in the provinces above named wiU be well instructed in those branches of knowledge which are mvemor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East- Indies." The government of the Company was vested in a committee of twenty-four and a chairman. It was empowered to trade to all places beyond the Cape of Ghx)d Hope and the 191 INDIA, Straits of Magellan for fifteen years, with the exception of places in possession of princes in amity with the queen, whose objection should be publicly declared ; and all other the queen's subjects were prohibited from interfering with the Company's exclusive trade, except by license granted under their common seal. From James I. a renewal of the charter was obtained, by which all preceding privileges of the Company were con- firmed, and they were constituted a body corporate for ever. The early voyages of the Company were confined to tbe islands of the Indian Ocean ; but after the confirmation and extension of their charter by James, they proceeded to esta- blish a commercial intercourse with the Asiatic continent Their endeavours were of course opposed by the Portuguese ; but the English Company finally succeeded in estabUshing factories on various parts of the coast. One of their earliest settlements was at Surat, and this factory, with that at Bantam, remained for a long period their principal stations. In the Dutch, the English Company found enemies more formidable than the Portuguese. The Dutch were bent on securing a monopoly of the spice-trade, and they enforced it in the most unscrupulous and vindictive spirit. Afler a long course of hostility, relieved by some weak and inefficient attempts at pacification, the spirit of the whole British people, with the exception of their sovereign, was roused to the highest pitch of indignation by the atrocious proceedings at Amboyna. The Dutch having determined on obtaining the exclusive pos- session of the island, fabricated a plot, to afibrd them a pretest for efiecting their purpose. The plot, it was pretended, ms confessed by two soldiers in the Dutch service, one a Japanese, the other a Portuguese, who had been put to the torture. Upon this evidence the English were apprehended, imprisoned, loaded with irons, and their books and property seised. A mock trial followed, in the course of which the prisoners w&t subjected to the most varied and horrible tortures, for tbe purpose of extorting confession. It is unnecessary to say that this mode of examination was successful. Confession was of course followed by conviction — conviction by execution ; and the commercial interests of the Dutch were cemented by the blood of the accused persons. The pretence of a conspiracy was too absurd to deceive even the most credulous. When tbe INDIA. bureaux of the factors were opened and their papers rifled, no traces of such conspiracy were discovered. The number of English on the island did not exceed twenty, while the Dutch had a garrison of three hundred men in the fort, and several other garrisons in the island. The English were not only few in number, but they were unprovided with arms and ammu- nition. They had not a single ship, whereas the Dutch had eight lying oflT the town of Amboyna. A conspiracy against the Dutch authorities, under such circumstances, could have been formed only by men labouring under insanity ; and those who professed to believe in its existence, had they been sincere, would have justly fallen under the same imputation. It would be idle to sav a word in refutation of a mode of trial from which common sense and humanity alike recoil. The torture procured for the Dutch authorities that which they wanted — a legal excuse for the condemnation of their victims ; but the courage of the sufferers revived as they approached a more righteous tribunal, and on the awful verge of eternity they solemnly protested their innocence. Those who will deliberately commit the graver crime of murder, will of course not hesitate at the comparatively light one of robbery. Mas- sacre was not unnaturally followed by confiscation, and the Dutch retained English property to an immense amount. Its value has been stated at 400,000/. The truckling policy of James* deterred him from seeking reparation of this great national wrong, and the disturbed reign of Charles allowed the Dutch a prolonged period of impunity ; but the honour of the country was in some degree vindicated by Oliver Crom- well, who required and obtained payment of a large sum in satisfaction of the pecuniary injury inflicted. At this time all the factories in the tract extending from Cape .Comorin to the Persian and Arabian Gulfs, were con- trolled by the presidency of Surat. On the coast of Coro- mandel the Company had established themselves in the first instance at Masulipatam. Subsequently they left that place for Armegum. Finally they settled at Madraspatam, where, by permission of the native government, they erected Fort St. George, now the seat of one of the British presidencies. The connections of the Company with Bengal were formed gradually. The first privilege which they obtained from the court 4 o ^^ INDIA. of Delhi waa that of free resort to the port of Pipley, a privilege affcerwards much extended, through the intervention of a surgeon named Boughton, Yrho acquired influence at the impe- rial court bj the exercise of his professional skilL Pactories were accordingly established at Hooghley, Cossimbazar, Bala- sore, Patna, and Malda. Of these Hooghley was chief; but the whole of them were subordinate to Fort St. George. The accession of Charles II. to the throne was followed by a renewal of the charter of the Company, by which their former privileges were confirmed, and authority conveyed to them to make peace and war with any people, not being Chrisiaaiifl, and to seize unlicensed persons within their limits, and send them to England. From the same prince^ they obtained a grant of the island of Bombay, which he had received as part of the marriage portion of Catherine of Portugal. This island, now the seat of a presidency, was on its first acquisition subcv- dinate to Surat. Though the British interest in India was on the whole pnh gressive, its advance was not uninterrupted. A civil war in Bantam was the means of excluding the English from Java, while the factories of Surat and Bombay were disturbed bj unremitting war between the Mogul and the Mahrattas. Tbe l^Iogul empire was established by Baber, a descendant d Tirour, already mentioned, and sultan of the Mogul Tartan. Having lost the northern part of his own dominions'by tbe hostilities of the Usbeck Tartars, he attempted the couqnest of Hindostan with such success, that, putting an end to tbe dynasty of Lodi at Delhi, he established an empire, which was raised to the greatest splendour and authority under Aumng- zebe towards the end of the seventeenth century. The Hab- rattas were a native Hindoo race, little knovim till the middle of that century, when, under a chief named Sevagee, they became successful rivals to the Moguls. The conflict between these two great powers was necessarily injurious to the Engliab. Both the belligerents had fleets of galliots on the coast; these repeatedly skirmished in the very harbour of Bombay, and tiie factory was, in self-defence, occasionally driven into hostih'ties with each party. Surat suflered even more severely, tbe Mahrattas ravaging up to its very gates. In Bengal, tbe English, thinking they had reason to be dissatisfied tilth the INDIA. conduct of the native powers, resolved to seek redress by arms ; but the attempt was unfortunate, and they were obliged to retire from Hooghlej and take refuge at Chutanuttee, conti- guous to Calcutta. After a succession of hostilities, in which the factories at Patna and Cossimbazar were taken and plun- dered, an accommodation was effected, and the English were allowed to return to Hooghlej. Negotiations for regaining their ancient privileges were commenced, but were interrupted by fresh hostilities. The contest between the Moguls and the Mahrattas had taken a decided turn in favour of the former ; and Aurungzebe threatened to drive the English from his dominions. But the revenue derived from the trade was too valuable to be relinquished, and a fresh negotiation for peace terminated favourably. Tegnapatam, on the coast of Coro- mandel, bad been ceded to the English by the rajah of Gingee, while besieged in his capital by Aurungzebe; and on the defeat of the rajah the grant was confirmed by the Mogul chief: the English fortified the station, and it has since been known as Fort St. David. The peace was followed by an event which deserves notice, as having laid the foundation of the future capital of British India. This was the transfer of the agency to Chutanuttee, to which place the BHtish had retired when expelled from Hooghley. It was subsequently fortified, and in 1698, a grant was obtained from Prince Azim, one of the grandsons of Aurungzebe, of the three connected villages of Chutanuttee, Gt)vindpore, and Calcutta, with the justiciary power over the inhabitants. These new possessions were forthwith fortified, and received the name of Port WiUiam ; and about the same time Bengal was elevated to the rank of a presidency. For some years the position and relative constitution of the British presidencies had fluctuated considerably ; but Bombay at last completely superseded Surat : and from the building of Port William the established presidencies were those of Madras, Bombay, and Bengal. Prom its commencement the Company had been occasionally exposed to the competition of rivals. In the reign of James I. Sir Edward Mitchelboume, for whose employment the govern- ment had vainly interceded, obtained a license to engage in the eastern trade, which was an evident violation of the charter of 2 "» INDIA. the Company ; he however made but one voyage, and it appears rather for plunder than for traffic or discovery. By Charles I. Sir William Courten was invested with Bimilar privileges, and formed an association which assumed the name of the Assayda Merchants : with this body, after some years of competition, the Company coalesced. In the reign of Wil- liam III. another company was formed under a charter from the king, which was termed the English Company, the old one being designated the London Company. The rivalry of these two bodies was soon found to be productive of mischievoiu consequences to both, and the expediency of a union became apparent. This was ultimately effected, and in 1708 the com- panies were consolidated by Act of Parliament, under the name of the United Company of Merchants of England tradbg to the East Indies. From this period the British interests in India may be considered as steadily advancing. The amount of trade and shipping increased, and the intercourse and influence of the Company were extended. A period of quiet prosperity affords slender materials for history ; and till the breaking out of the war between England and France, in 1745, nothing occurs worthy of notice. The first appearance of the French in India was nearly 150 years before tliis period, when a company which had been formed in Brittany sent out two ships ; but the voyage was attended with so little success, that on their return the company was dissolved. At later periods the French made some fiurtber attempts to trade and establish factories : their chief rendez^ vous was at Surat ; but the Dutch and English uniting against them, they were compelled to abandon it. They next attempted to seize on Trincomalee, but in this also they were unsuccess- ful. They were more fortunate in an attempt upon St. Thome, a seaport contiguous to Madras, which they carried by assault. They retained it, however, only two years ; but from the wreck of this establishment was formed their celebrated settlement of Pondicherry, where a small district was ceded to them by the native prince. In 1746 Madras was besieged by a French armament, and compelled to capitulate. Admiral Boscawen made an attempt to retaliate upon Pondicherry, which was unsuccessful ; but the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Madras to the English. 198 INDIA. From this time the history of India rises in interest and impfortance. We have no longer to detail the advantages of commercial speculation, but to record the transfer of a mag- nificent empire into the hands of strangers, who, a short time previously, were supplicants for the privilege of defending themselves. The territory of the Camatic was one of the subordinate principalities immediately governed by nabobs, but subject to the soubahdar of the Deccan, who was himself a feudatory imder the Mogul emperor. Nizam ul Mulk, soubahdar of the Deccan, dying in 1748, the succession to the vacant province was disputed between his son Nazir and his grandson Murzafa ; at the same time the nabob of the Camatic was opposed by a rival claimant. The pretender to the province and the pre- tender to the nabobship made common cause, and succeeded in attaching to their interests M. Dupleix, governor of Pondi- cherry, a man of great talent, and of still greater ambition and capacity for intrigue. The combined forces of these allies were successful in a battle, in which the lawful nabob of the Camatic was killed, and his eldest son taken prisoner. His second son, Mahomet All Khan, having escaped, implored and obtained the aid of the English. Such was the origin of the Camatic war between the English and the French ; and it is remarkable that these two nations should have been engaged in hostile operations against each other in India at a time when no war existed between them in Europe. As soon as intelli- gence of these extraordinary events reached the courts of the two countries, orders were sent out to put an end to the con- test, and a treaty was entered into, by which the two nations were to possess equal dominion, military force, and advantages of commerce on the east coast of the peninsula. The breaking out of the seven years' war in 1766 prevented the execution of this treaty, and the French and English became principals instead of auxiliaries. The French at first met with some partial success ; but the tide of fortune turned in favour of their rivals, who acquired, partly by conquest and partly by negotiation, a considerable increase of dominion as well as of influence. The English were at the same time obliged to have recourse to arms to defend their interests in another part of India. The 197 INDIA. nabob of Bengal, Siirajah Dowlah, attacked, and after a brief resistance, took Calcutta. The event has attained an infamooi celebrity by the cruelty which accompanied it. The European inhabitants, 146 in number, were, in the most sultry season of the year, confined for twelve hours within the too-memorable Black Hole, a cube of eighteen feet, having no outlets except two small windows, strongly barred. In this miserable den, all, except twenty-three, perished. The city was in a short time retaken by Colonel Clive, afterwards Lord Clive, who had already exhibited proofs of that talent which raised him to eminence. Peace with the nabob followed ; but it was sub- sequently proved that he was in correspondence with tbe French. The English resolved to punish his fiuthleasness, bj supporting the pretensions of a rival. This led to the fuDOua battle of Plassy, by which Meer Jaffier obtained the nabobship, and his English allies considerable treasure and accession of territory. Meer Jaffier, however, became unwilling to fulfil the con- ditions of his elevation, and he was in consequence deposed. His successor, who was raised by the same influence, was bis son-in-law Meer Cossim, and it was stipulated that he should grant to the English, for the pay of their army, the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong. But he, too, became hostile to the power which had raised him, and it was deemed expedient to restore Meer Jaffier. A war ensued with Cossim, in which the English were completely victorious, and Cossim escaped into the dominions of the vizier of Oude. The same year which witnessed the expulsion of Cossim was signalized by the conclusion of a peace between France and England. The former country was reinstated in the factories which she possessed in 1749 ; but the latter, in addition to ber old settlements, retained the circar of Masulipatam and iti dependent districts, acquired from the French, as well as ^ castle of Surat, the jaghire round Madras, the Calcutta lemin- dary, and the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong. The vizier of Oude, Suja Dowlah, with whom Cossim bad taken refuge, encouraged by some discontents which existed in the British army, decided on hostilities, and war commenced. The discipline of the British army having been restored, Saja Dowlah was twice defeated ; first by Major Camae, secondly 198 INDIA. bj Major Munro, and was compelled to throw himBelf upon the generosity of the victors. Such was also the fortune of a more elevated individual, the emperor of Delhi, who had been recently engaged in hostilities with the British, but was now a fugitive and a temporary sojourner with his nominal vassal, the ruler of Oude. Terms were granted to both, and in regard to the vizier, they were certainly not hard ones. The entire territories which the vizier had previously governed were restored to him, with the exception of certain distrfcts reserved to the Mogul emperor, who, in return for the consideration shown for him, conferred upon the British the dewanny of the three provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. The word dewanny is derived from dewan, which was the appellation of the officers appointed by the Mogul government for the collec- tion and disbursement of the provincial revenues, and for the administration of civil justice. These officers held their stations during pleasure, and were only stewards for the emperor ; but the grant to the Company was in perpetuity, and assigned to them the whole provincial revenue, subject only to the payment of certain specific sums.' In addition to this, the emperor granted to the English the maritime districts known by the name of the Northern Circars, though over them his authority was but nominal. They fell within the government of the soabahdar of the Deccan ; but having been the seat of hostilities between the English and French, the soubahdar's authority was not well established. By negotiation with him, the Com- pany obtained possession of this disputed territory, with the exception of a small part which became theirs in reversion. This cession, however, involved the British in new wars. It was a condition of their treaty with the soubahdar, that they should assist him with troops when he might stand in need of them ; and in 1760 he applied for this assistance against Hyder AH Khan, the sovereign of Mysore. The required aid was granted ; but Hyder Ali, not less skilful as a diplomatist than as a warrior, succeeded in detaching the soubahdar from his English connection, and prevailed upon him not only to con- clude a separate peace, but even to enter into an alliance offensive and defensive, for the purpose of extinguishing the British power in the Deccan. Their combined operations were frustrated, and the soubahdar deserting Hyder as he had done 199 INDIA. his former ally, made peace with the British, and retired to bis own dominions. Hyder Ali then prosecuted the war alone, and, entering the Carnatic, committed dreadful ravages. Haring diverted the British forces to a distance from Madras, be suddenly appeared hefore that place with 6,000 cavalry, having accomplished a march of 120 miles in three days. His fiii^ progress was arrested by negotiation, and a treaty was con- cluded on the principle of a mutual restitution of conquests. Our arms were next directed against the Mahrattas, wbo had invaded the Eohilla country. The British, acting as the allies of Suja Dowlah, drove them beyond the Ghinges. For this service the Eohilla chiefs had agreed to pay Suja Dowlah forty lacs of rupees ; but failing in the performance of their contract, the Eohilla country was added to the British con- quests. A considerable tract of land was also conquered from the Jauts and other adventurers, by which the boundaries of the province of Oude were considerably advanced. On the death of Suja Dowlah, which took place soon afterwards, the province of Benares was ceded to the Company. A subsequent wa^ with the Mahrattas was distinguished bj some movements of uncommon brilliancy. A body of natire troops, commanded by British officers, but whose numb^ did not exceed 7,000, traversed with success almost the entire Mahratta territory. Several fine provinces were subdued, and important fortresses taken ; but war breaking out with Hyder Ali, peace was made with the Mahrattas, and all the acquisitiona given up, except Salsette, and the small islands situate within the gulf formed by Bombay, Salsette, and the continent The war with Hyder Ali raged until his death, and was contanoed by his son Tippoo Sultan; but the conclusion of a peace between the English and French depriving Tippoo of the hope of assistance from the latter power, hostilities were terminated by a treaty, which left the affairs of both the belligerents nearlj in the same condition as before the commencement of the war. But Tippoo Sultan's restless character would not suffer him to remain at peace, and his invasion of the possessions of the rajah of Travancore, who was under the protection of the English, involved that power in a fresh quarrel with this turbulent prince. The result to him was humiliating. After two years war, he was compelled by Lord Comwallis to p*'hicn are disposed m uregular wmding streets, bemg con- Mftiwa, 149. Btructed with sundried bricks, and covered with dumsy tiles laid on bamboos. It contains a few mosques^ of no architec- tural pretensions, and numerous Brahminical temples, built of basalt, and whitewashed with lime. Jacquemont, who visited » Voyage*, ti. 448. the placo in 1832, describes* the palace of Holcar as having no claims to notice, but mentions that he was building another, which would be much superior. The house of the British red- * onrdon. TabiM dcut is situato cast^ of the town ; and as this, as well as Uie ""** ' dwellings of his assistants, are well built, surrounded with groves and gardens, and judiciously disposed in a fine park-like expanse, the whole forms a pleasing scene. A strong escort of cavalry and infantry attend the resident, but the principal British force for this part of India is cantoned at Mhow, • Id. 14. thirteen^ miles more to the south-east. The resident at Indore, in addition to his duties connected with that state, is the immediate representative of the British government in regard to various petty states under its pn>- 2:6 IND. tection^ but in other respects differing greatly in their circum- stances. The Bhopal subordinate agency is also subject to his eontr(^. Jemnah, or old Indore, is situate on the right side of the stream. The present Indore, on the left bank, was built^ by • Moicoim, on- order of Alia Baee, widow of Mulhar Eao Holcar, immediately ' afber his death, in 1767. The outline of the city is nearly square, each side being about 1,000^ yards in length ; the area ^ ^r Mewure- 18 about 216 acres, or a third of a square mile, and its popu- indore, in Blacker, lation may be conjectured not to exceed 15,000. Its elevation, JJ^^™* p,21 "/J" according to Malcolm^ and Dangeriield, is 1,998 feet above the s cent mi india, sea ; but Jacquemont, who, however, did not make any baro- "• **^ '**'*• metrical observations on the subject, is of opinion that this estimate errs in excess. Indore was plundered in 1801 by the army of Doulut Sao Scindia, which had previously defeated^ Holcar, at the head of > oufr. Hiit. at above 80,000 men. In 1804i, it was occupied,^ without resist- f^.e'u!^^*.*'** ance, by a British force under Colonel Murray ; but was **".*^ reuuve to restored on the subsequent pacification, in 1805. Distance ttont HRain*t jet- south-west from Agra 402 miles ; S.W. from Delhi 494 ; l^l^J^^^^^ ^^\'^{; S. from Neemuch 142 ; S. from Nusseerabad, by Neemuch, 285 ; S.W. from Saugor 224 ; S.W. from Allahabad, by Saugor, 637; W. from Calcutta, by Allahabad, 1,030; N.E. from Bombay, vid Maligaum and Nassick, 377. Lat. 22° 42', long. TS^'SO'. INDOS. — A town in the British district of Burdwan, pre- e.i.c. mi. doc. sidency of Bengal, 62 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 9', long. 87? 41'. INDBAL. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or e i.c. Ut. doc dominions oi the Nizam, three miles from the left bank of the Maenjera river, and 111 miles W.N.W. from Hyderabad. Lat. 18° 12', long. 77° 6'. INDEEE, in Sirhind, a town on the right bank of the Delhi e.i c. Trig. Snrr. Canal, and on the route from Kumal to Boorea, being 15 miles j,*[,'^ ^^J" ^' N. of the former. A little above this town it has been pro- ^"« '»*<>• p- <»* posed to commence a watercourse from the Delhi Canal, to feed on L«veu between the canal in contemplation for uniting the waters of the Jumna ^"•' *"** Junior and of the Sutlej. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 980 miles. Lat. 29° 52', long. 77° 8'. INDUEGUEH,^ in the Eajpoot state of Boondee, a fort « e.i.c. Mt. Doe. U17 IND. < Broaghton. JM- and town held bj a petty' tributaiy rajah, 45 miles N-Kof tbe «rJ^"m',^^" to^ of ^^^^' I^at. 25° 41', long. 76° 19'. E.I.C. M«. Doc. INDUBPtJR, in the fief or jaghire of Bampore, under the Rolaw.'oof*****' jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-West Pro- vinces, a village on the route firom Bareilly to Almora, and 51 miles N. of the former. Supplies and water are plentiful The road in this part of the route is bad ; the country level lod partially cultivated, but in many places overrun with jungle. Lat. 28° 57', long. 79° 2tf . INDUS. — A great river of Asia. Among the various tribea and people through whose territories it flows, it bears diflerent names ; but that by which it is most generally known and moat » wiifnrd. In At. hishlv Celebrated, is Indus, derived ifrom the Sanscrit Sindhu,^* Ret. lii 848 368 • ^ * ' ' ▼HI. 818, 331, 899; which wofd, changed by the Greeks into Sinthus, and by the Ritiel^Enikunde 1^^*^^^ ^^ 8indus,f ultimately passed into the name now in Ton Aiien, iL 11. ordinary use. Though the vigilant jealousy of the Chinese, Index ' who rule Tibet, has excluded Europeans from that countrr, * Moorer. I. «o«, tho inquiries of Moorcroft,^ Trebecl^ and Gerard, have esti- Gerard(j. G.), blishcd, bcyoud any reasonable ground of doubt, that the Koooiwur, 184. sourco of the longest and principal stream of the Indus is at the north of the Kailas Mountain,^ regarded in Hindoo mytho- 9 wiiford, In Ai. logy 88 the mausiou of the gods,^ and Siva's paradise; and fd?vi!*A^.'' though over-estimated by G^erard* in respect to its altitude, Id. viii. 81*5, 858. still having an elevation of 22,000 feet above the level of the sea. The locality of the source of the Indus may be stated with some probability to be in lat. 32°, long. 81° 30'. Near its • Moorer. Travels, sourco, it bears the name of Sinh^kha-bab, or '^ lion's mouth,"^ *•***'• from a superstitious belief that it flows from one. It firet takes a north-westerly direction to Tagle, about 100 miles from < Gerard, Koona- the placo of its reputed source. It is there joined on its lefl,* wur, 184. ^j. south-western side, by the Eekung Choo, or " river of Gartope," which rises on the western base of the Eailis * Sind or Sindhu, " the sea."— Shakeepear in v. + Pliny observes, " Indus incolis Sindus appellatns." t Bitter (Erdkande von Asien, i. 18) derives the name Kailas, or Eailaa, from kU, " to be oold." Ideler, in the index to that work, translates it hoch Oipfelf "high summit." Hodgson states "that Cylas is a geneial appellation for high ranges always covered with snow." (As. Res. xir. 91) Humboldt states that kylas signifies "cold mountain " (vumiagneficid^ sad Kailassa any " very elevated summit" (Asie Centrale, i. 112.) 218 INDUS. Mountain. Moorcroflb^ found the " nver of Gbrtope," at about f ai, r«. xiu 440-450. Id. 434. forty miles from its supposed source, "a clear, broad, and ^*^^^- rapid, but not deep, river." The country through which these streams flow, varies in elevation from 15,000 to 18,000 feet. It is one of the most dreary regions in existence, the surface being for the most part formed by the disintegration of the granite of the adjacent mountains. It is swept over by the most furious winds, generally blowing from the north. These are at once piercingly cold and parchingly dry, and no vegeta- tion is visible but a few stunted shrubs and some scanty and frost-withered herbage. It is, however, the proper soil for the production of shawl-wool, which is obtained from the yak,® • • Moorcr. in ai, the goat, the sheep, certain animals of the deer kind, and even, oHird (j. a.), on it is said, from the horse and the dog. **»« ^p'" V'*"*^' As Rfit zviii 84A. The united stream bears the name of the northern confluent, wgne, Ka»bmir, Sinh-kha-bab ; and, near the La GFanskiel Pass, about fifty *** ***" miles below the junction, the river leaves the table-land through which it had previously flowed, and enters the deep gorges of the great depression dividing the Kouenlun or Mooz Taugh from the Himalaya. To this point, five miles from the Chinese frontier,* and having an elevation of 14,000 or 15,000 feet, its » Trebeck, in course has been explored by Trebeck, the companion of Moor- ^^^'' *• croft. It is situate in lat. 32° 66', long, yo"" 22', on the border of a sandy plain, or rather wide valley, studded with small lakes, having their edges incrusted with soda.f The river was here found to be about sixty yards wide, apparently deep, and in the middle of November frozen over in most parts. It is, however, fordable occasionally in this neighbourhood, becoming in summer shallower during the progress of night,* and deeper ' Moorer. i. aes. as the day advances, in consequence of the melting of the snows on the adjacent summits, through the sun's heat. Thirty miles below this, the river turns nearly south-west for a short * Gerard, just quoted, observes (246), " The silky softness of the goat's fleece, and cTen its existence, depends on the arid air and vegetation," as the coldest tracts of the Himalaya, where not characterized by dryness, fiul to support this state of animal life in perfection. This view of the subject is supported by the observations of Conolly on the Angora goat. (Journal of Roy. As. Soc. 1840, vol. vi. p. 169.) t This appears to be the &rthest point to which the Sinh-kha-bab has been ascended by any European, though, as has been seen, its feeder, the " river of Grartope," was crossed and surveyed by Moorcroft much higher. 219 INDUS. « Moorcr. I. 230. •Gerard (A.). Map of Konna- wiir; se«* alio OeraH, Koona- wur. 1«1S. and Colebr«»okp(H.T.), on the SutliiJ, Jnur. A». Soc. 1, SOi. * Moopcr. I. «J3, 417. •li. S54. • VIgne, ii. 806. Moon r. i. 2f;9. G«rjrd (J. O ), on the Spiti Vnlley, At. Kcf xvili. arts. 202. 7 U. 10. • Vlfnic. H. 320. Moorcr. I. 804. • Paleoner, on Cataclysm of the Indim, Jour. A». Soc. 1841, p. 617. Vi^e, II. 315. Moorcr. 1. 203. » I. 417. distance, and then takes the direction of north-west. At TJgshi, which is about 330 miles from the source, it was sm^ veyed by Moorcroft,* and found to be about ^(tj yards wide. Close to Le, the capital of Ladakh, and thirty miles below Ugshi, the elevation of its bed is not less than 10,000 feet; and if that of its source be assumed at 18,000, and its length, so far, at 360 miles, its fall* will be found to be twenty*two feet per mile. Yet the descent of the bed of the Sinh-kha-bab is far less rapid than that of the Sutluj,' which in thirty miles descends 2,300 feet, or about seventy-six feet in the mile. Holding its course in a direction approaching to north-west, the Sinh-kha-bab, about eighteen miles below Le, is joined, opposite to Niemo, by the river of Zanskar, flowing from the district of the same name, and in a direction from south-west to north-east. The Zanskar^ is a very rapid, turbid river ; the Sinh-kha-bab, a clear and placid stream. About thirty milei below this, and 408 from its source, Vigne* found the river, at Kulutzi, crossed by a wooden bridge, and only twenty-five yards wide. The small size of the river, after a course of more than 400 miles, can only be accounted for by the excessive aridity^ of the elevated tract through which it has held itsvity. Moorcroft^ estimates the breadth of the river at this place at only twenty yards ; but he found that it rose nearly forty feet during the season of inundation. Having flowed about fifty- five miles below this place, in a north-west direction, it receives from the south the river of Dras, which, rising in the moun- tains forming the north-eastern frontier of Kashmir, holds a north-easterly course of about ninety miles, and, receiving several streams both from the east and west, discharges a con- siderable volume® of water at its confluence. From this con- fluence the Sinh-kha-bab takes a more northerly direction, for about forty-seven miles, to the fort of Karis, in lat. 35° H', long. 75° 67', where* it receives, from the north, the water at the Shy-yok, by far its most important tributary above the * Yigoe (Kashmir, ii. 841) states the elevation of Le at about 10,000 feet ; according to which, the bed of the Indus there must be b^ow that height. Moorcroft' states the elevation of Le to be above 11,000 feet, and that of the confluence of the Zaoakar river and Sinh-kha-bab, about twenty miles farther down the stream, and conseqacDtly less elevated, at Dearijr 12,000 feet. INDUS. river of Kabool. The Shy-jok, though not explored to its source by any European, is considered, from the concurring testimony of the natives, to have its origin at the southern end of an extensive glacier, or frozen lake, embosomed in a gorge on the southern side of the Karakorum or Mooz Taugh Moun- tains, and in lat. 36° 83', long. 77° iff. It holds a generally south-easterly course for about forty miles, and then turns, first to the north-west, and afterwards to the west, for about 185 miles farther, to its junction with the Sinh-kha-bab. The accumulation of ice in the great glacier from which this river proceeds, its subsequent dislodgement, and the obstruction thereby caused in the channel of the Shy-yok, have from time to time caused the water to make violent irruptions through its ordinary barriers, leading to dreadful inundations. The great and sudden flood of the Indus, which, in the summer of 1841, was felt as far as Attock, and even beyond it, has been generally attributed to such a cause.* At the confluence of i jonrn. ai. ?oc. the two rivers, the Shy-yok is about 150 yards broad, the Sinh- p^t*;^'';^®^^^". kha-bab not more than eighty ; but the latter is the deeper, ciyum of ib« and has a greater body of water. Below the confluence, the river is known by the name Aba Sind^ (Indus Proper). About « Moorer. i. 86«. twenty-five miles below the point of junction, and westward of it, the Indus, opposite Iskardoh, receives from the north the river of Shyghur. The downward course of the Indus between liskardoh and Makpon-i-Shagaron, in which interval it runs a distance of about ninety miles, is in a direction west-north- west.' At Makpon-i-Shagaron, in lat. 35° 48', long. 74° SCV, > vicnp, Kathrair, according to Vigne, who viewed the place at the distance of eighteen miles, the river emerges from the mountainous region, and, turning south, a course which it thenceforth continues to keep generally to the sea, takes its way through the unexplored country north of Attock. Yigne caused the part intervening between Iskardo and Makpon-i-Shagaron to be explored by his Dative servants, who found it to flow through a succession of rocky gorges and deep and narrow valleys, rugged and difficult, but presenting nothing else remarkable: more recently this section has been examined by Europeans. About three miles Bouth of Makpon-i-Shagaron, it receives, from the north-west, a considerable stream, called the river of Gilghit.* Vigne, 4 id. aoa. who viewed the Indus at Acho, about twenty-five miles below 321 INDUS. * Burnf«, Persian Nut. 110. * Leech, on ih« Fordi of the Indus, 10. Burne*, Persimn Nnrr. 110. Id. Bokh. i. 77. f I. 140. •p.8S4. » Elph. Ace. of Caubiil, 114. > Jour. ii. 53. ' Burnet, Bokh. I. 70. BIph. 71*. Hough, 854. this confluence, describes it there aa a yast torrent msbiog through a Tallej six or seven miles wide, and holding a south- westerly course, which might be traced downwards for at least forty-five miles. From thence to Derbend, a distance of aboat 114 miles, its coarse lies through countries inhabited by ba> barous and fanatical tribes of Mussulmans, and which does not appear to have ever been explored by Europeans.^ At Jkx- bend, on the northern boundary of the British territory of the Punjab, it was in 1837 surveyed by Lieutenant Leech, of the Bengal Engineers, and there, in the middle of August, about which time it is fullest, he found it 100 yards wide. From this place, about 812 miles from its source, and in lat. 34° 18^, long. 72° 54', he descended the river on a raft to Attock, a distance of about sixty miles.^ In this interval, the river, flowing through a plain, has a broad channel of no great depth, containing many islands, and is fordable in five places. The fords are only available in winter, when the river is lowest, and even then the attempt is perilous, from the rapidly of the current and the benumbing coldness of the water. If the account given by Masson^ be correct, 1,200 horsemen were swept away and drowned on one occasion when the Indus was crossed by Eunjeet Singh at one of these fords. Hough^ states the number lost at 7,000. Shah Shooja forded the Indus in 1809^ above Attock, but his success was considered to be almost a miracle. Where crossed by Forster,* about twenty miles above Attock, in the middle of July, and conse- quently when fullest, it was three-quarters of a mile or a mile in breadth, with a rough and rapid current, endangoiog the ferry-boat, though large enough to contain seTon^ persons, together with much merchandise and some hwaes. Close above Attock, the Indus receives, on the western side, the great river of Kabool, which drains the extensive basin of Kabool, the northern declivity of Sufeid Kob, the southern declivity of Hindoo Koosh and Chitral, and the other extensive valleys which furrow this last great range on the south. Both rivers have large volumes of water, and are very rapid,^ and as they meet amidst numerous rocks, the con- fluence is turbulent, and attended with great noise. The Kabool river appears to have nearly as much water as the Indus, and in one respect has an advantage over it, being 222 INDUS. Bankable for forty miles above tbe confluence ' while the ' Macartnej, in Elnh AAA upward navigation of the Indus is rendered impracticable hy Burnet, Pen. a very violent rapid, immediately above the junction. Both ^*"'* ^'^**>- rirers have gold in their sands, in the vicinity of Attock.* It is * Bun»e», Bokh. obtained in various places along the upper course of the Indus, wood, bzut. 129. or its tributaries ; as at Gkrtope,* in Hundes, and also near * Poorer, jour. i»i«i 11 Til A i«x *oMana-Sftroviir«, the confluence of the Sby-yok, and near Iskardo. Attock, just as. Re». xu. 440. below the confluence of the Kabool river, about 872 miles from ^««°«. "• «^ 287. the supposed source of the Indus, and in lat. 33° 54', long. 72° 16', is remarkable, as being the limit of the upward navigation of the latter river, and the place most frequented for passage over it from Hindostan to Afghanistan. The passage is,* for the • BurnM, Bokh. greater part of the year, made by bridges of boats, of which p<^.* Narr!^». there are two : one is above the fort of Attock, where the river wood, tn tame is 800 feet wide ; the other below, where it is above 640 feet oxu«,' \2u wide. Wood found the depth at Attock, in August, to be Jj^^^,'^'*' sixty feet ; tbe rate of the current six miles an hour ; the Attock, 10. breadth, where he measured it above the- place of the bridge, 858 feet. The inundation aflects the depth and speed of the current, rather than the breadth, at Attock. This remarkable point is about 1,000 feet above the sea, and consequently about 17,000 feet below the source of the Indus,* which falls, there- fore, to that extent in 872 miles. This is at the average rate of about twenty feet per mile. The length of its channel from Attock to the sea is. 942 miles,^ and consequently, in that 7 ^ood. in lower part of its course, it falls little more than a foot per mile. NarTllo^*"' At Attock, the river, flowing generally south-south-west, as it does below Derbend, enters a deep rocky channel in the Salt range, or secondary mountains, which connect the eastern extremity of Sufeid Koh with the base of the Himalaya, in the Punjab. In this part of its course, the river, as well as the fort on its left or eastern bank, is known by the name of Attock, in consequence, as is generally supposed, of the pro- hibition under which the Hindoos originally lay of passing it • Bornes (Personal Narrative, 112-120) reached Peshawar by water, a distanoe of about fifty miles from Attock, and, consequently, the Kabool river and its tributary, by ascending which this was effected, cannot have a &U much exceeding a foot per mile. Griffith (Append, to Hough, 74) ascertained the height of Peshawur to be 1,068 feet. It may, therefore, be safely concluded that the height of Attock above the sea is about 1,000 feet 223 INDUS. • Wood, Oxut, » Id. in. I Wnrord. hi Ai. Res. vi. ^30. •p. 127. • Id. IW. * M. no. * Id. 108. Humes, Pvrn. Karr. 01. westward.®* For about ten miles below Attock, the riTer, though in general rolling between high cliffs of slate rock, baa a calm, deep, and rapid current; but for above 100 miles farther down, to Kala-Bagh, it becomes an enormous torrent, whirling and rolling among huge boulders and ledges of rock, and between precipices* rising nearly perpendicularly several hundred feet from the water's edge. The water here is a dark lead-colour, and hence the name Nilo^} or " blue river," given as well to the Indus as to a town on its banks, about twelve miles below Attock. At G-hora Trup, about twenty miles below Attock, the immense body of water passes throngh a channel only 250 feet wide, but having a depth of 180 feet, the velocity being about ten miles an hour. Wood, describing the course of the river from Attodt to Kala-Bagh, says,^ " It here rushes down a valley varpng from 100 to 400 yards wide, between precipitous banks from 70 to 700 feet high.*' During inundation, the river rises in this part about fifly feet. It is obvious, that at the season when thii occurs, extending from the end of May to September, tbe upward voyage is impracticable. The downward voyage mar at all times be performed, though attended with considerable danger during inundation. It has been suggested, that there are several places along this rock-bound channel where it would be practicable to construct an iron bridge across the river, tbe breadth at various points not exceeding 300 feet (sometimei falling short of this), and the banks being solid limestone.^ The natives frequently venture down this vast torrent, floating on a mussuk or inflated hide.^ The boats employed here are called duggahs,^ and are heavier and more strongly built titan the dundis, or boats used in the lower part of the river. The upward voyage, when practicable, is effected by means of track- ing, — sails resorted to previously, being either useless, from tbe prevalence of dead calm, or dangerous, in consequence of tbe varying and violent squalls produced in the current of air bj the effect of the lofty and irregular banks. As the river * According io Wilford (As. Res. vi. 529), AUaea, or "tbe forbiddflo.' Tbe probibiiion of crossing seems, bowever, pretty generally eet at naught, as was seen in tbe case of tbe Hindoos in tbe Britisb armies inrsdiof Afgbanistan. Hougb (334) derives tbe name fk-om Atvk at Utnk, "pn- Tention " or " obstacle." INDUS. approaches the plain country below Kala-Bagh, the channel expands nearly to the breadth of 500 yards ; just above that town the width is 481 yards.* Below Kala-Bagh, in lat. «wood,Oxiii, 32° 67', long. 71° 36', and about 830 miles from the mouth, the ^^' river enters the plain, the east or left bank here becomiog low, while on the right the Khussoree Hills rise abruptly from the water, having, as Bumes^ observes, " the appearance of a vast ^ pen. Ntrr. 07. fortress, formed by nature, with the Indus as its ditch." Along the base of these hills, which stretch south-south-west for about seventy miles, the channel is deep, generally having soundings about sixty feet.® On entering the plain, the water loses its " wood, in App. clearness, and becomes loaded with mud. In inundation, the Na^?3^ ***"" depth of the stream is not so much affected in this part of its course as are the breadth and velocity ; and here, as well as in the Delta, the river, when swollen, overflows the adjacent country to a great extent.^ From Kala-Bagh, southwards, to » Lord, Med. Mittunkote, distant about 350 miles, the banks, either right or ^^^^ indul, el.'" left, or both, are in several places so low, that the first rise of "^^p*'- ^^^' *»' the river covers the country around with water, extending, as ' ' the inundation advances, as far as the eye can reach. On this portion of the river's course Wood^ says: — " So diffused was » oxui. eo. the stream, that from a boat in its centre no land could be discovered, save the islands upon its surface, and the mountains on its western shore. From Dera Ismael Khan to Kala-Bagh, a distance of above 100 miles, the eastern bank cannot once be seen from the opposite side of the river, being either ob- scured by distance or hidden by interjacent islands." These islands, when the river is low, are gentle elevations of the mainland, much frequented on account of the luxuriant pas- ture ; but during the season of inundation, they, as well as the immediate banks, are deserted, in consequence of the danger resulting from the sudden, irregular, and irresistible irruptions of the current. " In this month" (July), observes Wood,^ ' w- loo. " the islands are abandoned, and as the boat swiftly glides amidst the mazy channels that intersect them, no village cheers the sight, no human voice is heard ; and, out of sight of land, the voyager may for hours be floating amidst a wilderness of green island fields." The habitations are generally placed at a considerable distance from the banks. If this precaution be disregarded, they are exposed to the fate ofDera Ismael Khan,* » id.w. 4 Q 225 INDUS. «Ozi»,84. * In C«rlrd, lied. Mem. on the Plain of tb« Indui^ 04. a large town, which, with its flourishing palm-groTes, was totidlj swept away in 1829. Sometimes the Indus 8u£fers very sudden and extraordinary changes. Por instance, on one occasion, at the setting in of night, Wood found it to have an unbroken expanse of 2,274 yards in breadth,^ and next morning its bed was a confused mass of sand-banks, in which the main chaimd was only 259 yards wide; this extraordinary change having occurred in consequence of a great body of the water of the river having made its escape into a low tract in the vicinity of its course. As the inundation originates in the melting of the snows in the Hindoo Koosh and the Himalaya, it commenoes with spring, and retrogrades as autumn advances; and so regular is this process, that, according to Wood,* it begins to rise on the 23rd of March, and to subside on the 2drd of September, its maximum being about the 6th or 7th of August The average rise of the inundation between Kala-Bagb and Mittunkote is eight feet and a half;* the declivity of the water's edge is eight inches per mile. In this part of its course, with the exception of the Koorum, the Indus receives scarcely anj accession to its water. Higher up it has a few tributaries, though of no great importance. Thus, on the right, or west bank, in lat. S^ 25', long. 71° 62', the Toe, described by Elphinstone^ as a deep and clear stream, falls into it. On the left, or east side, in lat. 33° 47', long. 72° 16', the Indus receives the Hurroo,^ a small stream ; and on the same side, lower down, in lat. 33° 1', long. 71° 46', the Swan,» also an inconsiderable stream. The Indus, between Kula-Bagh and Mittun Kote, in consequence of the great breadth of its channel, is scarcelj affected by rain ; but in the narrow part, above Kala-Bagb, it sometimes rises eight or nine feet in a short time from this cause. In many places where the river flows through the plain, there is an inner and an outer bank. The outer hsinkB ^ run at a great distance from each other, and between them, during innnda* tion, the vast body of water rolls often in several channels, separated by shifting islands : when the river is low, this great course becomes a shallow valley of very irregular breadth, and the shrunken river meanders along its bottom. If the outer banks were continuous, the river would roll along in a stream varying in breadth according to the greater or less degree of inundation ; but at all times, even when fullest, in a defined 2X INDUS. channel of moderate breadth, though Tarjing greatly in different parts. In many places, however, the outer bank is wanl^ng, and, during inundation, the river expands over the country, converi^g it into an extensive lake. Between Mittunkote and Bokkur, the inundation extends sometimes twenty miles from the western side of the river, in its low state, and ten or twelve from the eastern side.^ "Wood* gives the width of « wood, in Burnet the shrunken river as varying from 480 to 1,600 yards, and 3 id. aoe. ' the average width at about 680 yards; its usual maxima of depth at nine, twelve, or fifteen feet : but its bed is so irregular, and BO lidble to be obstructed by shiflbing shoals, that though it cannot be regularly and safely forded in any part, except that intervening between Torbela and Attock,^ its navigation, even * Leech. Rep. on below the confluence of the Kabool, cannot be efiected at all duMs!' **** '"' times, and continuously throughout its whole course, by boats "^«^« '" Burne*. drawing more than thirty inches water. The general velocity of the stream in its shrunken state is estimated by Wood at three miles an hour ; but he observes,* " it is scarcely necessary § in app. to to remark, that the three last items (breadth, depth, velocity) Sjl^JJ^J;^**"' are very inconstant. At no two places are the measurements exactly alike, nor do they continue the same at one place for a single week." In fact, the breadth, during inundation, is only 250 feet at Ghora Trup ;^ and below Mittunkote,^ it in one e ^ood. oxu$, place amounts to thirty miles ; the depth at the same time and \^^' place is 186 feet, and in other places only twelve feet : the nut. 84i. velocity at G-hora Trup, during the inundation, is ten miles an hour ; at other places, not half that, and when the river is low, often not more than two miles an hour. The general course of the river is a little west of south from Attock to the confluence of the Funjnud, the channel which conveys the collected streams of the Punjab. This confluence is on the lefb or eastern side of the Indus, two or three miles below Mittunkote, in lat. 28"" 55', long. 7QP 28', and about 490 miles from the sea. Above the confluence, the breadth of the Indus is less than that of the other river, but, in con- sequence of the greater depth and velocity, the former has the greater volume of water. Wood^ found the Indus having a • in Bamei, Pen. breadth of 608 yards, a velocity of about five miles an hour, a depth of twelve or fifteen feet, and discharging 91,719 cubic feet per second. The Punjnud had a breadth of 1,766 yards, Q 2 2^7 INDUS. * llajirara and BuUttwulpoori 57. I Harelock, 1. 118. Lord, Med. Mem. on Plain of Indu«f 59. Westmacott, on Rorce, in Jour. As. Soc. 1841, p. S04. Kennedr, 11. 160. Buniet, Bokh. in. 73, '272. Wood, in A pp. to JB'irnPs.Pt?™. Narr. 840; Osus,51. llou^h, tfO. Leech, on Sind. Arm J, 70. * MaMon, 1. 19. Vlfme, Kaihmir, 11.406. a velocity of about two miles an hour, a depth of twelve or fifteen feet, and discharged 68,955 cubic feet per second. Below the confluence, the Indus is in its lowest state 2,000 yards wide. Its aspect in this part is well described bj Boileau.* " At the place where we crossed the Indus, almost immediately below its junction with the Punjnud, its stream is 2,047 yards, or nearly a mile and a quarter, in breadth, at a place where its width was unbroken either by islands or sand- banks. The banks are very low, and the wat^r very muddr, having just begun to rise, from the melting of the snows at its sources ; nor is the stream of very great depth, except in the main channel ; but with all these drawbacks, it is a magnificent sheet of water — a very prince of rivers." For a considerable distance above and below Mittunkote, the country is low,* and the inundation extensive, reaching to Shikarpoor, and even to some places distant from the river twenty mOes to the west, and extending eight or ten miles to the east. Lower down, at Roree, the stream makes its way through a low ridge of lim^ stone and flint, which stretches from the mountains of Cutch Gundava,^ eastward, to Jessulmair. There are strong indica- tions that the stream, in remote ages, swept far eastward along their northern base, and irrigated the level tract at preseut desert, but exhibiting numerous proofs that it once was traversed by large streams,^ and was both fertile and populous, it present, this ridge is cut, not only by the Indus, but, a few miles farther east, by the Eastern Narra, which diverges from the main stream, on the eastern side, a short distance above Roree, and takes a south-easterly course through the deser^ in which it is usually lost, though in violent inundations it rolb onward to the sea in a great volume of water, discharging itslf through the Koree, or most eastern mouth, which is in general quite deserted by the fresh water. At Roree there are fonr rocky islets, the largest of which, that of Bukkur, contains sn extensive fort, and divides the river into two channels. Fiftj miles below this place, the "Western Narra, a great and per- manent branch, divaricates from the Indus on the westaai side, * Such ia tbe statement of Wood (in Barnes, PeraoiuJ Naxr. 841); Lord, on the contrary (Medical Mem. 64), sutes that the baokfl belov MittuDkote are not much inundated ; but Wood's industrious reeetrch Mid general accuracy are well known. 23S INDUS. and, after a tortuous course of nearly 120 miles, rejoins the main stream about four miles south-east of Sehwan. A little above that town, the Narra has a large but shallow expansion, called Lake Manchur, varying in circuit from thirty to fifty miles, according to the greater or less degree of inundation. This great watercourse, in the part intervening between Lake Manchur and the Indus, has a name distinct irom that of the Narra, being called the Arul. From Sehwan, downwards, to the efflux of the Fulailee, a distance of about eighty miles, the bed of the river is much depressed below the level of the adjacent country, and the banks are elevated from sixteen to twenty feet' above the surface in the low season ; in this part a wood, in of the course, inundations rarely overspread the country, and ^™*1t4['*J'48 irrigation is effected by raising the water with the Persian Lord, Med. Mom. wheel. The Fulailee, a large branch, though yearly diminishing, the indu», 03. leaves the Indus, on the eastern side, about twelve miles north of Hyderabad, and, flowing south-east, insulates the Gunjali Hills, on which that town is built, as, about fifteen miles below it,^ an offset running westward rejoins the main stream. At * Wood, tn Triecal, where is the point of reunion, in lat. 25° 9^, long. Niirr.'342.*'"' 68° 21', the Delta commences; all below it, and contained '*!;'? 5'S'''®^ ' ' ' OfBcial Survey, between the Fulailee on the east, and the extreme western 17. branch of the Indus, being, with little exception, alluvial, and h""^ obviously deposited by the river. The Fulailee holds a south- P<»tt. 358. easterly course, in the lower part of which it bears the name of the Gonnee, which, communicating, during high inundations, with the Phurraun, is thereby discharged into the sea through the Koree mouth. The Koree mouth may more properly be termed an arm of the sea, as the water is salt, and it receives a current from the Indus only during inundations of unusual height. Bumes* found it seven miles wide and twenty feet » m. sao. deep at Cotasir, about twenty miles from the open sea. Some suppose it to have once been the principal mouth of the Indus, constantly discharging the water of the Narra, which they consider to have been the chief branch. It is at present the most eastern of the estuaries connected with the Indus. The Pinyaree, a wide branch, which diverges from the Indus at Bunna, about forty miles below Hyderabad, is navigable, downwards, to within fifty miles of the sea : at that distance the navigation is closed by a bund^ or dam, thrown across it at jJJ"^.' ^^^' 229 INDUS. Maghribee ; but fts the WAter makes its waj tlurengh small creeks in time of inimdation, the navigation reeonunences below the bund, and continues to the sea. The Pinjaree dii- 1 BorDM, ui. sas. charges itself through the Sir estuary/ two miles wide at ite mouth, with a depth on the bar of one fathom, and of feon four to six inside : it is next, westward, to the Koiee noatiL At about six miles aboTe Tatta, the Kulairee, a small hnax^ leaves the Indus on the right or western side, and maj be eos- sidered to mark the commencement of the Delta on that aide. Were not its water lost hy absorption and evaporation, it • Bamn,pen. would generally insulate Tatta,^ as it now does oocaaioDalfy. mZ «wl ^^ about five miles below Tatta,^ and sixty miles from the sea, c«ri«». Official i\^Q Indus is divided into two great branches, — the Buggaor, Kennedy, i. 79. which fiows wcstwsrd, and the Sata, which maintains tiie previous course of the Indus southward, and is in stiictoess the continuation of that river. The Mull and the Moutnee, formerly great branches, leaving the left or eastern side of the Sata, are now so diminished as to be almost dry. The est^sanes, > Biirnw, Ui. as7. howcvcr, remain :^ that of the Mull is navigable for boats ; it if the mouth next westward of the Sir; and beyond this, in tbe same direction, is the Kaha, or estuaiy of the Moutnee, at • Id. 987. present unnavigable.^ A few miles further west is theKookj- warree mouth, now blocked up by a sand-bank, but forming, in 1837, when Carless published his account, ''the grand e.i.c. Mi. doc. of Guntoor, presidency of Madras, a town, the principal place of the talook or subdivision of the same name. Shocks of earthquake have been occasionally felt at this place.' Lat. * Report on Med. 16° 3', long. 79° 48'. '^''^' of Ountoor, INTGAON, in the British district of Bareilly, lieutenant- e.i.c. mi. doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the town of Bareilly to Seetapoor, and 29 miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good; the country open, and partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 16', long. 79° 66'. LBABUTNUGITR, in the British district of Agra, lieute- B.i.a Mt.Doe. as5 lEA— IRR. nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Dholpoor to Agra, 15 miles S. of the latter. Lat 26° 59', long. 78*^ 9'. E.I.C. Mi. Doc. IRAK EIVER, in Sinde, rises at the hase of the Bbool Hills, in the mountainous tract between Kurrachee and Sehwan, and in about lat. 25"^ 2(y, long. 67° 45'. It holds a course d about forty miles in a south-easterly direction, and empties itself, in lat. 24° 53', long. 68° 6', into the dund or lake of Kuujur, a considerable body of brackish water, abounding in fish. Though the stream fails in time of drought, water maj always be obtained by digging in the bed. IREJ.— See Ebicit. B.i.c. Mi. Doc. IRLAPAUL. — A town in the British district of Nellore, presidency of Madras, 37 miles S. W. of Ongole. Lat. 15° 12*, long. 79° 40'. IRON ISLAND, off the coast of the Tenasserim pro- vinces, measuring twenty miles in length from north to sou^, and two in breadth. The north part of the island terminates in a point with rocks, having close to them from twenty-five » Horsbunjh, to thirty fathoms water.^ Lat. 12° 45', long. 98° 28'. Dircciory. Ji. 8.1. IREAWADDT.— A Hver rising at the eastern extremity of the Snowy range of the Himalayas, the source of its prin- cipal tributary being in lat. 28° 5', long. 97° 58'. It flows in a direction from north to south, traversing the heart of the Burmese territories, which it separates into two nearly equal divisions. After a course of 790 miles, it reaches the southern frontier of Burmah, and crossing over into the British province of Pegu, pursues its way for a further distance of 270 miles, reaching the Bay of Bengal by several mouths, which form the delta of the Irrawaddy. At the distance of 540 miles from its source, it passes the Burmese town of Ummerapoora ; and i few miles farther, it flows past the capital of the empire, siitj- five miles beyond which it receives, on the right side, its great confluent the Khyendwen, flowing also from the north. The course of the united stream through the Burmese territoiy continues for the further distance of 180 miles. Fiftv milea below the southern frontier of Burmah, as at present defined, it passes the British town of Prome ; ninety miles below which it diverges into two principal branches, each measuring about 130 miles in length. The more easterly of these branches is ZSR lEEAWADDT. designated the Ran goon or Siriam river, from the cities of those names built upon its banks ; and it falls into the Gulf of Martaban, in lat. 16° 28', long. 96° 24'. The other main branch, intersecting the province in a south-westerly direction, is known as the river of Bassein, and discharges itself into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 16° SCV, long. 94° 26'. Innumerable water- courses, forming the delta, are thrown off from these two rivers. From experiments instituted in 1852 across the river at Prome, to ascertain the velocity of the current, it appeared that the faU of the stream from October to February amounted to about twenty feet ; the mean depth on the 25th April was found to range from twelve to thirteen feet; and its mean speed was computed at about two miles per hour.^ The Bas- ' J^^rn. a*. Soc. eein branch affords a passage for the largest ships for sixty miles from its mouth, and for forty miles further for vessels of 300 tons. No river of similar magnitude, it is stated, presents BO few obstructions.* According to the theory of M. Kla- * Admiral sir i« 11 /-^i' 1 IT 11* Edward Owen, in proth* and the Chinese geographers, the Irrawaddy is a con- wed. Top. of tinuation of the Sanpo of Thibet ; but though absolute proof ^a^rI xwi. be yet wanting of the identity of the latter with the Brahma- ^m). pootra, little doubt appears to be now entertained on this point. A high authority,* exploring the Irrawaddy at a spot * wiicox, in a». obviously at no great distance from its source, observes : " The ^'^' *^' * *^^' Irrawaddy we were surprised to find but a small river, smaller even than we anticipated, though aware of the proximity of its sources. It was not more than eighty yards broad, and still fordable, though considerably swollen* by the melting snows ; the bed was of rounded stones, and both above and below where we stood, we could see numerous shallow rapids. As to the origin of the river, I felt perfectly satisfied from the moment I made inquiries at Sadiya; but since further evi- dence, founded on the report of the natives, might not have satisfied those who had adopted M. Klaproth's opinion, that the waters of the Sanpo find an outlet through the channel of the Irrawaddy, I had resolved, if possible, to have ocular and incontrovertible demonstration ; and I could not help exulting, when standing on the edge of the clear stream, at the success- ful result of our toils and fatigues. Before us, to the north, rose a towering wall, stretching from west to east, offering an 287 ISA— ISK. * Bengal Marin* DUp. 4 Aug. 1893. 1 E.I.C. Mt. Doe. * Garden, Tablet of Routes, 178» 825. 1 Bengal Mil. DUp. iS Feb. 186«. * Id. 18 August, 1852. 1 Burnes, Bokb. U. 210. * Vlgne, Kashmir, U.240. awkward impediment to the passage of a river in a cross direction ; and we agreed on the spot^ that if M. Kkproth proved determined to make his Sanpoo pass by Ava, he most find a river for his purpose considerably removed towurds or into China." A chart of the Irrawaddy from Sangoon to Yandaboo has been published,^ and further attempts to explore this river have, it is believed, been successful in adding some- what to the stock of knowledge on the subject. But at present their results are not available for general use, as no publie communication, either official or 'otherwise, has jot been msd« of them. A short time will probably throw open the disco- veries to all who may take an interest in the matter. ISAKHANKAKOT,* in Sirhind, a village with a smaU forfc, on the route from Loodianah to Eerozpoor, and 46 miles^ W. of the former town. It is situate in an open, level countiy, pa^ tially cultivated, and capable of yielding supplies for a mode- rate number of troops. Water is abundant, and the road in this part of the route generally good, though in some places sandy, yet not so much so as to present serious difficulties for guns or carriages. Distance N.W. from Calcutta 1,134 miles. Lat. 80° 57', long. 76^ Itf. ISHAMUTTEB.— The name of one of the numerous w«««^ courses of the Qtmges which intersect the lower provinces of Bengal : it divaricates from the Martabhanga in lat. 2^ 24', long. 88° 42^, and flowing in a southerly direction for seventy miles through the British districts of Nuddea and Barasu^ falls into the Bay of Bengal through the Soonderbunds. ISHAPORE.— A village on the left bank of the HoogUy river, in the British district of Barasut, presidency of Bengal At this place are the powder-works of the government. The manufacture of gunpowder at Ishapore was, howev^, directed to be suspended^ in 1852 ; and though renewed^ at a later period under a temporary emergency, a desire was expressed by the home government that the future manu&cture of this article should be transferred to a station in the upper provinces. Distant N. from Calcutta 13 miles. Lat. 22° 36', long. 88^ 23'. ISKABDOH,^ the capital of Bultistan, is situate in an elevated plain, forming the bottom of a valley embosomed ia stupendous ranges of mountains. The plain oar vallej of Iskardoh is nineteen miles long and seven broad.^ Its soil is s» ISKABDOH. formed of tlie detritus brought down and deposited by tbe Indus, and bj its great tributary the Shighur river ; the con- fluence being at the northern base of the rock on which the fort is built. The killah or rock, the site of the fort, is on the left bank of the Indus,' here a deep and rapid torrent, above * Mootct. puhJ. 160 yards wide.* It is two miles long, and at the eastern end, where it is highest, rises nearly perpendicularly 800 feet above tbe river, firooi a buttress of sand, loose stones, and broken rocks. The killah has this mural face on every side, except the west, where it slopes steeply to the plain. Yigne considers that it could be rendered as strong as Gibraltar, to which, in appearance, it bears much resemblance. The castle of the former sovereigns of Bultistan stands on a small natural plat- form about 300 feet above the bed of the river, and is built of stone, with a framework of timber, and numerous strong defences against musketry. It is approached by a steep zigzag path, traversed by gateways and wooden defences, several of which are also disposed in such parts of the sides of the rock as require to be strengthened. There is a look-out house on a peak, a little above the castle, and another on the summit above that. Everything in the interior of this stronghold is constructed for defence rather than comfort, the place " being a confusion of break-neck stairs, low doors, and dark passages." There is a splendid view of the valley and the river from the windows. The highest summit of the rock is a small level space of a triangular shape, and here are piled stones, ready to be rolled down for the destruction of assailants. It is scarcely accessible, except on the western side ; and there, at a height of about 200 feet, the acclivity is strongly fortified by walls and square towers. The formation of the rock is gneiss. There is no water in the upper part of the killah, but below the castle is a fine spring. The residence of the population attached to the seat of government of this fallen state is on the plain at the base of the rock, and can, according to Yigne,^ " hardly be called « u. mo. a town, being a straggling collection of houses." The number of these houses is estimated by Moorcrofb* at 150. Vigne • u. ««. displays the enthusiasm of an ardent admirer of the picturesque in describing the appearance of this singular and secluded place, * According to Yigne (ii. 245). Moorcroft states it to be 800 yards wide fu. 2«2). 3» ISKARDOH. as viewed by him on his first visit to it from the 'direction of Cashmere. " I, the first European who had ever beheld them (so I believe), gazed downwards from a height of 6,000 or 7,000 feet upon the sandy plains and green orchards of the valley of the Indus at Iskardo.'* " The rock, of the same name itself with the rajah's stronghold on the east end of it, wis a very conspicuous object. The stream from the valley of Shighur, which joins the Indus, as it washes its foot, wis visible from the spot where I stood, but the latter river was hidden by the height of its left bank, whilst on the north, and wherever the eye could rove, arose with surpassing grandeur a vast assemblage of the enormous summits that compose the • II. 288, 980. Tibetian Himalaya.*' ^ Respecting the origin of Iskardoh, 7 Jour, a: soc. Wade^ mentions an absurd tradition, which at least has the iwa, p. wa. interest of novelty for those whose knowledge of the exploits of " the great Emathian conqueror" is derived from classical sources. It is, " that Alexander the Great came here on an expedition towards Khata, or Scythia (modern China), and that the Koteli Mustak, or the Mustak Mountains, which lie between Yargand and Khata, being at that time impassable on account of the depth and severity of the snow, the Macedonian halted on the present site of the capital until a road coold be cleared for his passage ; when, leaving every part of his super- fluous baggage, together with the sick, old, and infirm of his troops, behind in a fort which he erected while there, he advanced against Khata. These relics of the army founded a city, which they named Iskandaria, or Alexandria, now pro- nounced Iskardoh." The tradition received no countenance from Ahmed Shah, the intelligent gylfo or sovereign of the » Punj. Bokh. 11. country, to whom Moorcroft® applied for information on this ***• curious subject. Neither the gjlfo, nor any other inquirer, had » Kwhmir, 11. 940. bccu able to find any trace of Grreek colonists. Vigne,* who at one time maintained the fabulous Greek origin of Iskardoh, in retractation states, that " Iskardo, Skardo, or Kardo, as it is sometimes called, is obviously only an abbreviation of Sagan Do, the two floods or rivers." He then mentions, that the people of Ladakh called it Sagar Khood, and adds, " Sagara is an old Sanscrit word for the ocean ; and in this case Sagar Khood may signify the valtey of the great flood or river: do, signifying two in Persian and its cognates, is added to the I8L. name Sagar, because the open space is formed by the junction of two streams, the Indus and the Shighur river." The plain OP bottom of the valley oWskardoh is 6,300^ feet above the » vigne. 11.200. sea, and the summit of the rock is 7,200 above the same level. Ahmed Shah, the late native sovereign, had ruled the country with a moderation and paternal regard for his people little known among Asiatic despots. He made some unsuccessful efforts to become a protected vassal of our Indian government, as he justly dreaded the power, rapacity, and cruelty of the Sikhs. His fears proved true, as, a short time since, Iskardoh, notwithstanding its great natural strength, was seized by Golab Singh,* the present ruler of Cashmere. Iskardoh is in • w. 11. 374. lat. as'' 12', long. 75° 35'. ISLAMABAD, in Cashmere, a town situate on the north Moorcr. n. 248. side of the Behut or Jhelum, here navigable, and running with von HugcM. 278. a gentle current. The river is about eighty yards wide, and is crossed by a wooden bridge. Islamabad is built at the ex- tremity of a long, low eminence, extending from the mountains eastward. At the foot of this eminence is a spacious reservoir, of a triangular shape, supplied by a copious spring of clear water, slightly sulphureous, and from which gas is continually evolved. This spring, called Anat Nag, is supposed to have heen produced by Vishnu. The gas does not prevent the water from swarming with fish, which are considered sacred. There are about 300 shops of shawl- weavers at Islamabad, and a considerable quantity of chintzes, coarse cottons, and woollens are also manufactured here. Its name was originally Anat Nag, which, in the fifteenth century, was changed to that which it now bears. Lat. 33° 43', long. 75° 17'. ISLAMABAD. — See Chittagono. ISLAMaURH, or NOHTJR.— A fort of Bhawlpoor, on e.i.c. ms. doc the route fix>m Khanpoor to Jessulmere, and 65 miles N. of iJ^;.*7^|?,^^^; the latter place. It is a recent acquisition of the khan of •»<* Jodbpoop, w. Bhawlpoor, who made himself master of it at the expense of Jessulmere. The fort is a very ancient structure of small bricks, and has an area of about eighty yards square, with very lofty ramparts, varying in height from thirty to fifty feet. At the north-east angle is a hfgh gateway, covered by an outwork. There are numerous bastions on the north and east faces, but few on the others. There is no ditch, and the situation is 4 1, 241 ISL— ISE. L«rch, Rep. on Biodh. Arnij, 77. 1 B.I.C. M*. Doc * Malcolm, Mi>id. of Map of Malwt, lAO. Id. Centnd India, II. 496. * Journ. of March of Bombny De- tachment from CulpiM to Surat, 1778, p. 14. * Malcolm, Cen* tral India, I. 851, B J.C. Mi. Doc B.I.C. Mi. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.O. Ms. Doc Garden. Tablet of Bout6s,S90. unfavourable for defence, as it is commanded on every side by sand-hills eighty feet high, and less than a quarter of a mile distant. There are a few building* in the interior, and some straggling houses outside. Water is supplied firom two wdk Islamgurh is in lat. 27^ SC, long. 70° 52*. ISLAMKOTE.— A fort and village of Sinde, in the Euton Desert, near the frontier of Cutch. The fort, 350 yards from the village, is seventy yards square, with walls of burnt brick thirty feet high, havmg a tower at each angle. There is but one gateway, which is on the eastern side. Lat. 24° 42', long. 70° lO'. ISLAMNFGQUR, in the British district of Budaon, Keu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the chief place of the pergunnah of the same name, situate on the route from Suhuswan to Moradabad, 18 miles N. of i^ forsief, and in lat. 28° 19^, long. 78° 47'. ISLAMNUQUE,!* ISLAMGARH, or ISLAMABiJ), in the territory of Bhopal^ a town on the route from Sermij toibe town of Bhopal, 55 miles S. of former, five^ N. of latter. It is situate at the confluence of the rivers Bes and Patra, tbe waters of which supply a ditch, extending from one to tba other; so that the town, and a fort of masonry' within, are by this means completely insulated. It was originally called Jugdispur, and received its present name from Dost Mu- hammad Khan, the founder of the state of Bhopal, who took it by surprise^ from a Hindoo zemindar, its previous Wder. Lat. 23° 20^, long. 77° 25'. ISLAMNTJGUB.— A town in the British district of Mongheer, presidency of Bengal, 32 miles S.S. W. of Mongbeer. Lat. 25°, long. 85° 58'. ISLAMPOOB.— A town in the Britash district of Jhee^ presidency of Bengal, 18 miles N, by E. of Dacca. W. 23° 59', long. 90° 21'. ISLAMPOOB.— A town in the British territcwry of Sittart, presidency of Bombay, 48 miles S.S.E. of Sattanst. Lat IT I'l long. 74° 20'. ISEANA, in the British district of Paneeput, lieutwiint- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on tbe route from Kumoul to Eewaree, and 34 miles S.W. of * lelMiUMigar of Briggs't Index ; town of lelam or MsbomeduiiaB. 242 ITA— JAB. former. Water and supplies are abundant. The country is level, and generally overrun with grass and low jungle. The rood in this part of the route is excellent. Lat. 28° 16', long. 70° 65'. ITAPALLI,* in the territory of Cochin, presidency of E.i.aMi.Doc Madras, a town situate on a stream flowing from the Western Ghats. Distance from the city of Cochin, N.E., six miles; Bangalore, S.W., 292. Lat. 10° 2', long. 76° 22'. ITKHAPOOB. — A town in the British district of Gkmjam, e.i.c. uuihHu presidency of Madras, 32 mUes S.W. of Q^am. Lat. 19° 7', long. 84° 44'. ITUHLBE.— See Etaboli. IVIKEE^ or AIBIKA,' in the territory of Travancore, a ' E.i.c.Mt.Doe. town on the seacoaat/ at the mouth of a channel by which the tea communicates with the extensive estuary or shallow expanse called by the British the Backwater. The channel or river of Aibika is wide, but admits small^ craft only, having at * Honburvh, its entrance a bar, with only five or six feet of water when torj.toiV ^^ highest. A large ship, taking in cargo here^ must anchor in the open sea, in six or seven &thoms of water, a considerable distance from the shore. There is here some export trade of timber, pepper, ginger, cardamums, lac, and turmeric. Distance from the city of Quilon, N.W., five miles. Lat. 8° 67', long. 76° 3r. lYLOOB. — ^A town in the British district of Madura, pre- e.i.c. Ut. Doc. ndency of Madras, 44 miles N. of Madura. Lat. 10° 83', long. 78° 13'. J. JAALPOOB, in the British district of Moradabad, lieute- Garden, Tablet nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on °' ^^^^^ **• the route from the town of Moradabad to Almora, and 13 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is difficult for wheeled carriages, but the country is open, level, and partiaUy cultivated. Lat. 28° 69', long. 78° 64'. JABOOAH,^ in Malwa, a town, the chief place of a small » B.i.a u*. Doe. ' Voyage to the * Taddi^ulley of Trig. Surrey ; Edapidli of Bartolomeo.* J^^ l„d)„ ^2 ^^ (TrantliOion), 1S7. JABOOAH. territory of the same name, lies on the route from Mhow to « Garden, thWm Deesa, 92^ miles W. of the former, 234 S. of the latter. It is inclosed by a wall of mud, with circular bastions of masonij, and is beautifully situate in a valley lying at the eastern base of a ridge of hills. On the north bank of a fine lake, south of the town, is the fortified palace of the petty rajah or chief. The boundaries of his small territory are as follow : — On the north, Banswarra ; north-east, a portion of Holcar's territoiy; south-east, Amjherra ; south. Alee Eajpore ; and west, a porticm * Ptriiamenurj of Sciudia's territory, and Dohud. The area contains 1,348* square miles. The population consists principally of Bheeb, of the more civilized classes, and is returned at 132,104. The annual revenue of the territory, in 1840, was stated at 144,536 * India Pol. DUp. rupccs, or 14,453/.^ This is inclusive of the income derired *^' from certain territories farmed from Holcar, which is said to amount to about 35,000 rupees (3,500/.). It is believed thit the Jabooah state derives no pecuniary benefit from this fum^ but, on the contrary, sustains some loss ; but the districts of which it consists lying intermingled with the territoiy of Jabooah, the administration of them is a desirable object, with a view to security and the maintenance of order. A small * E.i.c. Ut Doc military^ force appears to be maintained by this state, but, in N«ti»« sutet. order that its contribution in aid of the Malwa Bheel* cot^m * India Pol. DUp. tuight bc Icss onerous, it was proposed to incorporate in that "* Id. w) Oct. 1844. corps such of the troops as were disposed to enlist into it' * Malcolm, cen- The rajahs of Jabooah claim descent® from thp Bhattore tral India,!. 40. . /• t i -m « i* ai * ^ princes of Joudpore. Bhunjee, one of their ancestors, com- manded 400 horse at Delhi, and his son, Kishen Doss, was placed in attendance on the prince Allah-oo-Deen, to whom, subsequently to his accession to the throne, he rendered cm- siderable service by regaining possession of Dacca, which had been withheld by a rebellious governor. For this service, he was requited by liberal grants of territory. Jabooah was at that time subject to Suka Naiga, a Bheel ruler and notorioiu freebooter, who, in conjunction with a Eajpoot chief named Chunderbahn, ruler of Dholitah, had plundered and murdered the family and followers of the governor of Ouzerat. Kishen Doss was ordered to revenge this wrong, and set aboat the task in the only way probably in which he was likely to succeed. Disguising himself as a horsedealer, he proceeded to S44 JAD— JAE. Jabooah with some remarkably fine specimens of the animal in which he professed to deal, and having won the favour and confidence of the Bheel chief, bj allowing him to obtain the horses at very low prices, he lured him to a carousal, and taking advantage of the moment when excess had wrought its work, put him and his principal adherents to the sword. The zeal and success with which he had executed his instructions, pro- cured him a grant of the dominions of the slaughtered chief, and henceforth Kishen Doss took a high place among the Hindoo dependants of the throne of Delhi. From this period, the history of the chiefs of Jabooah is not more interesting than that of the petty states around. Their territorial acqui- sitions were diminished by successive alienations in favour of younger branches of the family ; and they shared in the common ruin which the Mahrattas spread over the face of that part of India, until the supremacy of British power and influence restored peace, and led to the introduction of a higher measure of civilization. The means taken by this state, as well as by others, to defend itself from Mahratta domination by the em- ployment of foreign mercenary troops, increased its calamities, and extended their duration; for long afler the Mahratta power had ceased to be formidable, the mercenaries, originally called in to assist it, remained a source of danger and alarm. For upwards of three years, down to 1836, the country was kept by them in a state of anarchy, which was finally suppressed only by the armed* interference of the British government. » indu poi. oitp. Tranquillity was thereby restored, and by the deportation of *®''"'y''®^- the foreign troops, the country was freed from the main cause of disturbance. The rajah, being a minor, the management of the country was, at the request of the ranee, temporarily assumed by the British, under whose administration it greatly improved. Distance of the town from Neemuch, 8., 120 miles ; from Oojein, S. W., 80 ; from Bombay, N.E., 285. Lat. 22° 45', long. 74° 36'. JADX7N, in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on Oanien. TaWeiof the route from Nusseerabad to Deesa, and 97 mUes S.W. of »«"*«^^- the former. It contains a dozen shops, and is supplied with water from a tank and thirteen wells. Lat. 25° 50^, long. 73° 37'. JAEES A. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, 91 miles b.i.c. Ms. Doc 24b JAF— JAG. N. bj W. from Goalpara, and 128 miles E. bj N. from Daijeeling. Lat. 27° 25', long. 9(f 2ff. B.I.C. Ms. Doe. JAFAEGANJ, in the British district of Futtehpore, hen- tenant-goremorship of the North- West Prorincei, a town aituate one mile from the lefl bank of the Jumna, and 16 miles W. of the town of Futtehpore. Lat. 25*^ 65', long. 80° 84'. » K.I.C. M^Doe. JAFFEBABAD,^ in Hydrabad, op temtcwy of the Kmm, Blacker, Memoir . i» ^. . i \.i -r* ••• i_ j* of Operation* or a town near the north-west frontier, towards the British m- ^^^iIj!" trict of Ahmednuggur. It is situate m the left hank d the Manjera river, and 44 miles N.W. from HydenJ)ad. L>^ 17° 50', long. 78° 6'. E.i.c.M«.Doe. JAGGEE. — A town in the British district of Nowgong, 3« JAG-JAIL province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 38 miles E. of Gow« hafcty. Lat. 26° IC, long. 92° 17'. JAGHESUB,^ in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant* ' £*r.c. Ms. nocb goremorship of the North- West FroTinceSy a village situate on a nullah or rivulet of the same name, in the Sub- Himalaya, or mountain system south of the great range, 20 miles^ N.E. of ' oard«n, T&biet Almorah cantonment. It has a Hindoo temple, and is supplied *^ with water from a baoli or large well. Close to the temple is a confined encamping-ground. Lat. 29° 39', long. 79° 53'. J AGNOB, in the British district of Agra, lieutenant-gover- b»i-c. u: no«. norship of the North- West Provinces, a small town near the southern frontier, towards Dholpoor, is situate in the pergun- nah or subdivision of Sarhendi, among the sandstone hills extending southwards from Futtehpoor Sikri. It is 35 miles S.W. from the city of Agra. Lat. 26° 52', long. 77° 40'. JAGUN. — ^A place in Sinde, 10 miles N.W. of Shikarpoor. B.i.a Mi.Doc. It consists of a fort and village, with some lofty square fortified buildings outside. It has a small, but rather well-furnished bazar. Supplies may be procured in moderate quantities, and forage, both for. camels and horses, is plentiful. Jagun is eleven miles and a half from Janehdurra, from which place the road lies over a level country with much wood. There is an encamping-ground on the south-east of the village. Lat. 28° 8', long. 68° 33'. JAHANPOOB,^ in the British district of Agra, a village * e.ic. mlDoo. on the route from the city of Agra to Jeypoor, and 24^ miles * otnicn, TabiM W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is in ^ **"**** general good, though in some parts heavy. The country is fertile and highly cultivated. Lat. 2r 5', long. 77° 42'. . JAHAUTOO. — A town in the British district of Chota E.i.c.Mt.Doe. Nagpoor, presidency of Bengal, 182 miles W. by N. of Cal- cutta. Lat. 23° 7', long. 85° 40'. JAH JUB,^ in the British district of Agra, lieutenant- * e.i.c. m*. Doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the sou them frontier, towards Dholpoor, and 17^ miles S. of the * Garden, Tabtos city of Agra. It is situate on the north or left bank of the °"^ Bangunga, in this part of its course called the Ootunghun, and which in the dry season is here only a small rill of clear water. In the rainy season, however, the stream becomes con- siderable, running in a sandy bed 130 yards vride, with steep 247 JAH— JAI. * Joarn. Af. Soe« Beng. 184S, p. xxii. — Herbert, Mineral. Survey of Himalayas. * Joum. Royal Geol. Soc. 1851, p. 04 — Strachey, on Phys. Ooo. of Kiimaon and Gurwbal. * As. R(>s. slv. 00 — Hodgson, Sur?. of Ganges and Jumnii * B.I C. Ms. Doc • Garden, Tnblet of RouU>s, 9S. B J.O. Ms. Doo. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. banks cut into deep ravines. The road to the north of Jahjur, or towards Agra, is rather good, and the country fertile and highly cultivated; to the south, or towards Dholpoor, the country is sandy and waste, and the road heavy. Lat. 26° 55', long. 77° 59^. JAHNUVl. — A feeder of the Ganges, in the upper part of the course of the latter, where it bears the name of the Bha- geerettee. The Jahnuvi has been supposed to derive its origin from the north of the culminating range of the Himalayas, within the limits of Chinese authority ;^ but this conjecture is with- out foundation, it being now ascertained' that the remotest source of this river is situate in Bntish territory, on the southern base of the before-mentioned range. The Jahnun rises in Gurwhal, in lat. 80° 65', long. 79° 14', and, holding first a northerly, then a westerly course, joins the Bhageerettee near the Sanga of Bhairogathi. At this point the Jahnuri u from eighty to 100 feet wide,* and superior in volume to the Bhageerettee, though the latter was long considered the origin of the holy and celebrated Gtmges. The Jahnuvi flowing for the distance of thirty miles from its source, to the point of confluence, is evidently the most distantly derived of all the branches of the Ganges; for if the course of the latter be measured upwards from Deoprag to the source of the Jahnufi, its length will be found to exceed the distance from the same point to the source of the Doulee. It must, therefore, be admitted that the Jahnuvi is the real origin of that great river, notwithstanding the rival claims of the Doulee. JAINE:EEPOOE,i in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route by the Bajpoor ferry from the cantonment of Allahabad to Banda, and 21* miles "W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad ; the country level and well cultivated. Lat. 25° 24', long. 81° Sff. JAIPOOE.— See Jetpoeb. JAIEULA, in the Beechna Dooab division of the Ponjab, a town situated 12 miles N. of the Eavee river, and 189 miles S.W. by W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 80^ 40*, long, 72° lO'. JAITANU, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab divisim Chittagong to Akyab, from the former of which places it is distant about 105 miles.^ The country in the vicinity is well cultivated and ' '^•^•c. M«.Doe. populous. Lat. 21° 17', long. 92° lO*. Pembertoo, M. JALLOB. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jodhpoor, on e.i.c. Mt. doc. the left bank of the Sookree river, and 71 miles S.W. by S. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 25° 23', long. 72° Aff. JALNA, or G ALNA,^ * in the British district of Candeish, « e.i.c. ms. Doc presidency of Bombay, a small town with a fort, on an isolated hill, not high, but steep and rocky. The summit is fortified* • p«p«" witting all round, and on the side towards the town, where it is least p„^nt«i to^o. Bteep, has in some parts two, in others three waUs of good Jj^[*^'^^"**** masonry. In October, 1804, it belonged to Holkar, and was invested by a British force under Wallace, who, having breached the defences in two places, prepared for an assault, the necessity for which, however, was superseded by the gar- rison, amounting to 700 men, evacuating the place. On the subsequent pacification, it was restored to Holkar. It was ceded in 1818, by Mulhar Bao Holkar, to the British govern- ment, by the sixth article of the treaty* of Mundeesor, and ' Tr«iti« with surrendered* to a detachment sent by Sir Thomas Hislop to eai.** ^^^ take possession. Distance direct from Mow, 8,W., 160 miles ; * p^^^p* "• *'*• from Bombay, N.B., 165. Lat. 20° 46', long. 74° SO'. JALOUN.^^-A district of Bundlecund, and now a British » e.i.c. ift. Doc. possession. It is bounded on the west and north-west by the territories of Duttea, Sumpter, and of Gwalior ; on the north by Gwalior and the British district of Etawah ; on the north- east by Cawnpore ; on the south-east by Hummerpore ; and on the south by Jhansee and Tehree. It lies between lat. ' Tr«nf. in India, ^ H. 918, 219. * Galiui of Prinsep* and Duff.* * HUt. of Mah- 2S1 itUtas, I. 78. JALOUN. 25° 82' and 26° 26^, long. 78° 46' and 79° 6^ ; ita greatest length from north to south is about seventj miles, and its •D'Crut, Poiitioii breadth from east to west sixty miles. It was estimated' in 1832 to have an area of 1,480 square miles, and to compriae 518 Tillages. Since that period, the limits of the district have been extended, bj the addition of some pergunnahs from the adjacent state of Jhansee, ceded to the British goTera- ment, and also of a confiscated jaghire called Chirgong. According to more recent returns, the area of the district thus increased is 1,873 square miles ; but it is necessary to remark, that while, in respect of that portion which constituted the original district, the details are founded on the results of a * Mem. on the professional survey, conducted by British authorities,' thoee N!w!proT.'oIi- relating to the ceded pergunnahs and to Chirgong are taken ciitta, 1848, pp. from the canoongoee and putwarree records ; those parts of the present district having been acquired by the British gOTem- ment subsequently to the completion of the survey. The annexed table of population, which is restricted to the pergunnahs constituting Jaloun proper, is founded on a regularly-conducted investigation. Hindoo^ Agricultural 92,439 T^on-agricultural 72,477 Mahomedan and others not Hindoo- Agricultural 8,063 Non-agricultural , 8,318 Total 176,297 * ShakHpMft 8tai« N.W. ProT. 170. A rough census^ of the population of the Jhansee ceded pergunnahs and Chirgong affords an amount of 70,000. This being incorporated with the total of the last table, gives the following result : — Population of original district 176,297 Ditto of recent addition 70,000 Total of present district 246,297 It is represented, however, that the population is increasing^ and that cultivation is steadily advancing at a rate which in > JALOUN. few jears will leave no more cultivable land untilled within the district, than must of necessity be left fallow. The district of Jaloun came into the possession^ of the 'Traniactf. of Peishwa early in the eighteenth century, and the management 9^^! prankiin. of it was committed to one of his servants. Under the series •**"• °° ^undei- euna. of arrangements effected with the Peishwa in 1802 and 1808, the sovereign rights of that prince over Jaloun were trans- ferred^ to the East-India Company. The administrator, Nana * Tretties with Govind Bao, of Calpee, subsequently took up arms against his ^JJJ'*® ****"• new lords ; but the dispute was brought to an immediate con- clusion. In 1817, the British government, by a new engage- ment, constituted the Nana ^ hereditary ruler of the lands then in his actual possession." In 1832^ the principality passed to "* e.i.c. Ms. Doo. a child only six years of age, who was placed under the guar- dianship of the widow of the former chief. The regent, however, who was herself but a chDd, being at the time not more than thirteen or fourteen years of age, proved quite unequal to the duty of controlling the refractory spirits in the district. A strong party was formed adverse to her authority ; the country became disorganized, the government was involved in debt, and portion after portion of the territory mortgaged to talookars, jintil at length the regent and her minister, finding the credit of the government at an end, applied to the British agent for his guarantee of a further loan, declaring their inability to carry on the govern- ment without it, and exhibiting a statement of revenues and expenses, which showed an annual deficit of two and a half lacs of rupees. In these circumstances, it was deemed necessary that the British government should assume the temporary management of the country, for the purpose of reducing the expenditure, paying off the debt, resuming the mortgaged territory, and restoring order. This step was accordingly taken in 1838.^ The organization of a locsd mili- * indin poi. obp. tary force* being indispensable, to supersede the undisciplined ^' * and disorderly troops previously retained, the formation of a legion was authorized, composed of cavalry, infantry, and a * This force was Bubsequenily iDoreased in streDgth, and named the Bundlecund legion, when its sphere of duties was extended. The purposes for which it was organized having been effected, it was in 1846 disbanded, ^d the native officers and priyates transferred to the regular army. 253 JAL— JAM. • India Pol. Dbp 90D«c 1842. I E.I.C. Ms. Doc * Onrdm, Tables of Routes, B.I.C. Ms. Doe. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. I E.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Buchanan, Journaj firom Madras, through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, ilU giin eatabllthment, with two European offieera, as commaDding officer and adjutant. Under the Britiah administration, ididj beneficial changes were effected ; cultivation was extended, ind the country manifested unequivocal proofs of being in a state of gradual improvement. The infant chief did not live to the period when the propriety of committing the administration of the country to his charge could become a subject of discussion. He died during his minority, and no one surviving of the &mily of Nana Govind Bao entitled to claim the sucoessioa under the engagement by which that ^ef was constituted hereditary ruler of the district, it lapsed,* aa a matter of course, to the East-India Company as paramount lord. Since the lapse, the indications of progressive improvement hare continued to be satisfactory. A revenue settlement for a term of years was made in 1849. JALOUN.* — A town of Bundelcund, situate 15 miles S.V. of the right bank of the Jumna. It is the chief place of the territory bearing the same name, and is distant W. from Calpee 28 miles, S.E. from Agra 110, N.W. from Calcutta 675.^ Lit 26° 9', long. 79*^ 24', JAM. — ^A town in the territory of Hyderabad, or dominioQi of the Nisam, situate 62 mjles S.W. by S. of EUichpoor. Lit 20° 24', long. 77° 7'. JAMALG-ABHI, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town situated 40 miles N.N.E. of Peehawur, and 42 miles N.N.W. of the town of Attock. Lat. 34° 29', long. 72° 1'. JAMALLABAD,^ • in the British district of South Ganara, presidency of Madras, a town founded by Tippoo on the site of a ruined^ city called Narasingha Angady. Ti|^>oo at the same time built a fort, on a huge rock westward of the town, and wholly inaccessible except by one narrow way ; so that it is totally impregnable by assault. It is, however, exposed to the effects of bombardment, by which it was atta^ed bja British force in 1799, after the fall of Seringapatam. The soldiers of the garrison made their escape ; the commandint poisoned himself, and the other officers of the garrison, who submitted to be taken, were hanged. It was shortly after siu> prised by a freebooter, but retaken, after a blockade of three * Jamalabad, town of boauiy; from Jamal, ''beauty," aod Jdffd, "town." 2M JAM, months, and permanently occupied by a British garrison. Distant from Mangalore, N.E., 34 miles. Lat. 13° 2', long. 76° 22'. JAMBO,^ in the district of Salon, territory of Oude, a town ■ e.i.o. ms. Doe. 26 miles W. of Sultanpoor cantonment, 60 S.E. of Lucknow. It has a fort, in which resides a Hindu chief of the Khatri (military) caste, who, according to Butter,^ is a descendant of * Topography of the ancient Hindoo sovereigns of Oude, and who maintains 400 armed followers. According to the same authority, the population is 7,000, of whom half are Mussulmans. Lat. 26° 21', long. 81° 44'. JAMBOOLPATA. — ^A town in the British district of e.i.o. Ms. ooe. Tannah, presidency of Bombay, 37 miles S.£. of Bombay. Lat. 18° 40^, long. 73° 22'. JAMBOTEE. — A town in the British district of Belgaum, e.i.c. ms. doc presidency of Bombay, 18 miles S.W. of Belgaum. Lat. 15° 40^, long. 74° 22'. JAMEBAPAL. — A town in the British district of Midua* b.i.c. Mt.Doc poor, presidency of Bengal, 85 miles S.W. by W. of Calcutta. Lat. 21° 59', long. 87° 16'. JAMG-AUM. — A town in the British district of Ahmed- b.i.c. ms. doc noggnr, presidency of Bombay, 108 miles E. of Bombay. Lat. 19° 4', long. 74° 31'. JAMGONQ-. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or e.i.c. mi. doc the dominions of the rajah of Berar, situate 16 miles from the left bank of the Mahanuddy river, and 184 miles E. from Nagpoor. Lat. 21° 7', long. 81° 42'. JAMG-XJEH. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of E.i.a iit. doc Bhopal, 59 miles E. from Bhopal, and 60 miles S.W. by S. from Saugur. Lat. 23° 8', long. 78° 18'. JAMIDPOOB, or JIJMDOA,! in the British district of » e.i.c. Mi. doc. Allahabad, lieutenant-governorship of the North-Wett Pro- ^Qkces, a village on the route, by Eajapoor ferry, from the can- tonment of Allahabad to Banda, and 84 miles* W. of the latter. • o«"J«i, TtWat The road in this part of the route is bad and winding, the country well cultivated. Lat. 25° 27', long. 81° 28'. JAMJOONGGA. — ^A town in the native state of Bhotan, b.i.c. Mi. doc. «6 miles N.N.W. from Goalpara, and 122 miles B. from Bar- JeeUng. Lat. 27° 1', long. 90° 16'. JAMKA. — A town in the British district of Xurrachee, e.i.c. m». doc 255 JAM. S.I.C. Mt. Doc. B.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I^. Mt. Doc. TrMiMcU. Roj. As. Soc. i. 274— Franklin, Blein. on Bundelkliand. • E.I.C Mi. Doc E.I.C. Trig. Surv, * Ai. Ret. zlv. 8S1*— Hodgson and Herbert, Trifon. Sunr. of Nimalajra. > Von Hugel, I. 149. >1. 189. province of Scinde, presidency of Bombay, 21 mileB W. by 8. of Tatta. Lat. 24° ^CT, long. 67° 4ff. JAMRHEIE. — A town in the British district of Ahmed- Duggur, presidency of Bombay, 48 miles S.E. of Ahmednuggur. Lat. 18° 44', long. 75° 22'. JAMNEIE. — A town in the British district of Candeiah, presidency of Bombay, containing a population of 4,000 inhi- bitants. Distant 83 miles E. by N. of Malligaam. Lat.2(f 48', long. 75° 44'. JAMNI. — A river rising in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, and probably about lat. 24° 8', long. 78° 42*. After a course north of a few miles, it passes the northern fron- tier, into the Shahgurh district of Bundelcund, through which it flows north twenty miles, and crosses into the Gwalior terri- tory, which it traverses for about fifteen miles, and subse- quently, still flowing north, forms the western boundary between Bundelcund and the territory of Gwalior, to its junction witii the Betwa, on the right side, in lat. 25° 15', long. 78° 4tf ; its total length of course being about ninety miles. JAM 00,^ in Sirmor, a limestone peak about four miles from the left bank of the G-iri. It was a station of the series d small triangles in the great trigonometrical surrey of the Himalayas. Elevation above the sea 6,852> feet. Lat. dO^ST, long. 77° 34'. JAMOO,^ a considerable town in the north of the Pmijab, and among the mountains forming the southern range of tiie Himalaya, is situate on a small river, which, rising about forty miles to the north, takes its course below the town for about twenty miles, in a south-westerly direction, and faUs into th« Chenaub. The town and palace are built on the right or western bank of the river ; on the east is the fort, elevated about 150 feet above the stream, which is here fordable when lowest. The place, with the lofty and whitened palace and fort, has a striking and pleasing appearance when viewed from without. The bazar is large, well built, and well supplied ; the streets are extensive, and the population considerable, amount- ing, according to Vigne,^ to about 8,000. The palace b a spacious and handsome building. The fort, though built with great cost and labour, is untenable against a regular attack, being commanded by an adjacent height of easy access. Tbeie 256 JAN— JAO. is an extensive and beautiful pleasure-ground, belonging to the rajah. About the town are numerous ruins of great size, the evidence of its prosperity under its hereditary rajahs, before the expulsion of their family by the Sikhs. It is still held by Gholab Singh as part of his dominions, although the position of this prince has been greatly altered by the transfer to him of Cashmere and the adjacent hill country, a consequence of the success of the British arms in the Punjab in 1845. Jamoo is in lat. 32° 44', long. 74° 54'. JANEEDEEA, in Sinde, a village on the route from Shikar- e.i.c. mb. doc. poor to Bagh, and 18 miles N. W. of the former town. I^ is ^Jp^?,; A?"i8. situate near the border of the Pat, or desert of Shikarpoor, yet Hareiock, war in the immediate vicinity is fertile, and was well cultivated before Atkinion, Exp. it suffered from the devastations of the marauding Belooches, *"*** ^'** ^^' who some years ago laid the village in ruins. There is a fort of considerable size, containing a good well. There are three other wells outside the fort. Lat. 28° 16', long. 68° 28'. JANGI,^ in Bussahir, a village in the district of Koonawur, « jmini. At. Soc. is situate on the right bank of the Sutlej, and at the eastern ^q^JZ^L^ base of a high mountain, the cliffs of which being soft and ^ shipke. fissile, are shattered by the expansive force of frost ; from which cause vast masses continually tumble down, forming a sloping surface, composed of sand, fragments of mica-slate, and spar, with an admixture of earth, and capable of cultivation wherever a stream from the snows above can be directed over it. By such management those accumulations of apparent rubbish « id. isso, p. 935 become soon covered with crops of grain^ and fine vineyards. 3^" T***";if *'""[,* Jangi is at the elevation of 8,905* feet above the sea. Lat. Kunawur. 31° 36', long. 78° 29-. l°:?.1i,'[,rTaK JAN J PAT. — A town in the British district of Tirhoot, e.i.c. ms. doc presidency of Bengal, 105 miles N.E. of Dinapoor. Lat. 26° 27', long. 86° 31'. JANSXJTH,^ in the British district of Muzuffurnuggur, lieu- * e.i.c. Ms. doc tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Hurdwar to Meerut, 23 miles N. by E. of the latter. Its population is returned at 5,312.^ Lat. 29° 18', * sbak»pcar, long. 77° 55'. K.W. Pror. fil. JAOLI, in the British district of Mozuffumijggur, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town, the 4 g a57 JAO-JAT. OardMi, TabiM of Routes, 205, -2(iO. E.I.C. Ml. Doo. E.I.C Ms. Doc. B.I.C. Ms. Doc. BJ.C Ml. Doc E.LC. Ms. Doe. VoQ Hug«l, KMchmir, L ISO. ■ E.1.0. Ms. Doo. IJojd, Journ. to Himalaja, i. 140. ^ As. Rm. sir. 8-15*— HodgMO and Herbort, Tritfon. Sunr. of Himalaya. VoilMu, Ri^warot 140,210. > As. Res. zv. 488 —On Climate of 8ubalhu; an'l Koonawur, Table lit No. 0. principal place of the perguimah of the same name, is situite in lat. 29° 26', long. 77° 66'. JAOLI, in the Bajpoot territory of Alwur, under the poli- tical superintendence of the Governor- General's agent in Eajpootana, a village on the route from the town of Alwnrto Muttra, and 61 miles W. of the latter. Lat. 27° 33', bug. 76° 56'. JAUAILLAH. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jessolmere, 29 miles S.W. from Jessulmere, and 156 miles W. hj N. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 26° 37', long. 70° 4ff. JAEESANG. — A town in the native state of Nepal, sitoite on the left bank of the Arun river, and 110 miles S.E. bj £. from Khatmandhoo. Lat. 27° 9', long. 86° 67'. JAE KHASS, in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on tiie route from Futtehpoor to Hummeerpoor, 20 miles W. of the former. Lat. 26° 57', long. 80° 3^'. JAKPUEEAH.— A town in the British district of Cutt^k. presidency of Bengal, 14 miles S.E. of Cuttack. Lat. 20° 21/, long. 86° 4'. JAEEAH. — A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or the dominions of the rajah of Berar, 140 miles S.E. from Nagpooar, and 90 miles E. from Chanda. Lat. 19° 60', long. 80° 45'. JASEOTA. — ^A small raj and town in the north-east of the Punjab, among the mountains of the southern range of ^ Himalaya, within the dominions of Gholab Singh. The reei- dence of the rajah (the last occupant of which feU a victim to the rapacity of Eunjeet Singh) is a stately mansion, with £Mir towers. The town has a bazar of small size and inconsideraUe business. Lat. 82° 29', long. 75° 27'. JATEEA DEEBEE,! in one of the hiU districts of theiajah of Pateeala, a small temple of the Hindoo goddess Kali, on « ridge between Subathoo and Simla, and five miles S.W. of the latter post. Elevation above the sea 6,031^* feet. Lit, 81° 6', long. 77° 9'. JATEEAEA, or JULEEAEA, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the route from the town of Joudpore to that of Ajmere, and 36 miles E. of the former. It contains 100 houses, three shops, and nine wells. The road m thif * According to Gerard/ 4,971 fwt. JAT— JAU. part of the route is but indifferent, being gravelly, occasionally encumbered with stones, and cut up by ravines. Lat. 26° 25', long. 73° 44'. JATWALA, in the Bajpoot state of Joudpojre, a village on BoUmu. lujwart, the route fi?om the town of Joudpore to that of Ajmere, and ^*^' **** 40 miles N.E. of the former. It is situate in a rough country, with a gravelly soil, much cut up by ravines, and in conse- quence, the road in this part of the route is execrable. Lat. 26° 26', long. 73° 40'. JAULDOE, in the British district of Pachete, presidency e-i.c. ms. doc of Bengal, a small town on the route from Burdwan to Dorunda, in Chota Nagpoor, 126 miles W. of former, 46 E. of latter. Lat. 23° 22', long. 86°. JAULNA,^ in the territory of the Nizam, a British canton- » e.i.c. ms. Doc ^ ment on the route from the city of Hyderabad to Aiu'ungabad. It is located in a very dreary,^ barren country, having a surface » Report on Med. rendered uneven and rugged by numerous ravines and hills statSicT of *"** of trap or other volcanic formation, overlaid in many places Nort>»«™ ditIsIoo with laterite. The immediate site of the cantonment is a i^ gently-sloping declivity, in front of which, a small range of hills, from one to two miles distant, form a sort of amphitheatre. The lines extend from south-east to north-west, the cavalry lines being at the south-eastern extremity, those of the infantry in the middle, and those of the horse and foot artillery at the north-west. Behind those lines are the officers' quarters, well built, and situate within spacious compounds or inclosures, having good gardens, outhouses, and stabling attached to them. The cantonment is capable of affording accommodation for one troop of horse-artillery, one regiment of native cavalry, and three regiments of native infantry ; having barracks, hospitals, and storerooms. They were built in 1827. A place of worship has also been erected for the Koman^ Catholic soldiers at this 'Madm Eoeies. station. The climate is admirably adapted for the purposes '/gjj! *^ ^*'"'' of horticulture ; in the cool season, abundance of excellent European vegetables are raised : peas, beans, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, celery, cauliflowers, and potatoes; besides many common in India. Eigs, grapes, peaches, and straw- berries, are abo produced ; the latter of extraordinary size, but somewhat deficient in flavour. South-west of the cantonment two miles, and on the lefl bank of the small river Kundulka, is 8 2 259 » E.I.C. Ms Doc. * Garden, TaWes of Koutet, 240. • Malci»lm, Indrx to Map of Malwa, 155. * Danzerfltfid, In Appendii to Malcolm. Central India, ii. M9. E.I.C. Mf. Doe. E.I.C. Mf. Doc • E.I.C Trigon. 8unr. JAU. the town of Khaderabad. It is surrounded by a bigb stone wall, and has about 7,000 inhabitants. On the opposite bank is the old town of Jaulna, formerly large and flounshiDg, having enjoyed an extensive trade in grain and silks. It yet possesses to some extent a manufacture of silks for native Qse. The place, however, is much decayed, though having a populft- tion estimated at 10,000, of whom about a fifth are Mussul- mans. Many of the houses are substantially built of stone, and a fort, well planned and strongly constructed, indicates the former importance of the place. Distance from Secundenbad and Hyderabad, N.W., 240 miles; Nagpore, S.W., 235; Aurung- abad, E., 38 ; Bombay, N.E., 210. Lat. 19° SO', long. 75° 56'. JAUM,' in territory of Indore, or possessions of Holkar'i family, a village with a fort on the route from Mbow to A8ee^ gurh, 14^ miles S. of the former, 100 N. W. of the latter. It is situate on the crest of a pass through a ravine of the Tin- dhya range, descending^ from Malwa to the valley of the Ne^ budda. The ghat or pass is a mile and a half in length, and is so steep, narrow, and zigzag, that, according to Malcolm, it is impassable for wheeled carriages of any sort ; but G^arden states that six-pounders have been lowered down it. Notwiib- standing its great difficulty, it is much frequented by foot- travellers, being the most direct route from Malwa southwards. Elevation above the sea 2,328* feet. Lat. 22^ 23', long. 75° 49'. JAUMGONQ-. — A town in the petty native territory of Peint, presidency of Bombay, 100 miles N. by E. from Bombaj, and 97 miles S. by E. from Broach. Lat. 20° 20', long. 73° 15'. JAUNJMEER. — A town in the peninsula of Kattywar, province of G-uzerat, situate on the west coast of the Gulf of Cambay. Lat. 21° 10', long. 72° 4'. JAUNPORE.— See Jounpobe. JAUNSAR.1— -A British hill district, officially connected with the Dehra Doon, and which, stretching northward froin it, is as it were indented between Q-urwhal and Sirmor. It is bounded on the west by Sirmor, firom which it is separated bjr the river Tons ; on the north and east by Gurwhal, firooi which it is for a considerable distance separated by the river Jumna, which river abo, on the south, divides it from the Dehra Doon. i JAUT. Jaunsar is about thirty-three miles long, in a direction from north to south ; its breadth from east to west is twenty-three ; and it has an area of 570 square miles. It lies between lat. 80P 3(y and 30° 57', long. 77° 46' and 78° 9'. The surface throughout is rugged and mountainous, rising to the middle from the Tons on the west, and the Jumna on the east, and discharging from the elevated and central part numerous small streams into those rivers. Some of the summits are lofby ; as Bairat, having an elevation of 7,559 feet ; Bhadraj, of 6,043 ; and Baila, 6,318. The elevation diminishes generally, though irregularly, to the southern frontier, where, at Haripur, at the confluence of the Tons and Jumna, it is reduced to 1,686^ feet *a: rm. xIt. above the sea. ^*He"terr" The number of townships within this district is 414. In Trigon. survey of Himftlftjas. regard to the population, the returns are less to be depended upon than those from more settled districts. They are the result^ of a rough census taken in 1847, by means of native ' Mm. on stat. agency ; but they are believed by the superintendent of the ^'^' **"*** *'** district to be not far from the truth. The following are the particulars : — TT- A (Agricultural 24,515 ^"^^^ [ Non-agricultural 145 Mahomedans and C Agricultural — others not Hindoo ( Non-agricultural 24 24,684 Showing an average of rather more than forty- two persons to the square mile. Jaunsar was formerly part of the raj of Sirmor, but on the expulsion of the Ghoorkas in 1815, it became subject to the British government. JATJT,^ in the British district of Groorgaon, lieutenant- » e.i c. Mi. Doc. governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from Delhi to Kewaree, and 48^ miles S.W. of the • onrden, Table* former. It is situate near the left bank of the Sabi, the bed ^ ^^^ **' of which is dry from November to July, but for the rest of the year is the course of a torrent discharging water into the jhil 3 coivin, on the or lake of Najafgarh, or of Furrucknuggur, whence it passes Ancient canoiB in ultimately into the Jumna* at Delhi. There is encampiug- mry. joum. a». ground west of the village, and supplies are procurable in ?**,'iJ|*"** ^^^ 281 JAV— JEE. abundance. The road in this part of the route is rather hearer. Lat. 28° 15', long. 76° 44'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc JAVANAGOONDENHIJLLT.— -A town in the natiro state of Mysore, on the left bank of the Hurry riv^, and d9 miles N. from Seringapatam. Lat. 13° 51', long. 76° 48'. « B.i.a Ml. Doc JAWUD,^ in the territory of Q-walior, or possessiona rf Scindia's &mily, a town, the principal place of a pergmmah * Maieoim. cen. containing 183^ villages. It is surrounded by a stonewall, * ' and has good gateways, but the defences are of no strength. In 1818, it was held by a refractory retainer of Doulat Eao Scindia, and being stormed by a British detachment, was made over to that prince. Population 30,000. Meyation abo?e the sea 1,400 feet. Lat. 24° 35', long. 74° 65'. E.i.avt.Doc JAYBHOOM. — A town of North-eastern India, in the British district of Goalpara, presidency of Bengal, 26 niles W. by S. of Goalpara. Lat. 26° 4', long. 90° 14'. « B.I.C. Ms. Doc JAYES,* in the district of Salon, territory of Oude, a decar- ing town, 35 miles W. of Sultanpoor, 55 S.E. of Lucknow. It is situate on the left bank of the Naia Nuddy or stream, a tributary to the river Sai, and contains many large brick-built houses, constructed by Mussulmans of former times. Accord- « Topofwphy of ing to Buttcr,* the population is 9,000, of whom three-fourths oudh. i«7. ^^ Mussulmans. Lat. 26° 14', long. 81° 37'. » E.I.C. Ms. Doc. JEEAGAON,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions of Scindia* s family, a town on the route from Hoshungabad to « Garden. Tablet Mow, 64^ milcs W. of former, 90 E. of latter. It is situate » Mairaim, Index ^^ *^® Small rivcr Jamuair, a tributary of the Nerbudda.* toMap of Maiwa. Supplies are plentiful. Population about 1,800. Lat. 22° 37*, long. 76° 59'. JEEKA MOUNTAIN, in the island of Eamree, off the coast of Arracan. Its elevation is about 3,000 feet above tiie sea, and it rises in a very abrupt manner from the range with which it is connected. With the exception of the summit, it ' B.I.C. Vs. Doc is covered with a dense forest.^ A brown ferruginous sandr Beng. 1835, p. 82. stouc, regularly stratified, with an inclination to the south-west^ is the only rock visible on the surface. JEELAIKE.— A town in the native state of Bhawulpoor, on the left bank of the Sutlej river, and 103 miles N.E. by E. from Bhawulpoor. Lat. 30° 6', long. 78° 15'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc JEELOO. — ^A town in Tonrwuttee, a dependency of the Bajpoot state of Jeypoor, situate 63 miles N. from Jeypoor, and 100 miles S. W. by W. from Delhi. Lat. 27° SO', long. 76°. JEEN JUNEB. — A town in the native state of Q-walior, or e.i.c. ms. doc the territory of Sindhia's family, situate on the right bank of the Kooaree river, and 24 miles N. by W. from Gwalior. Lat. 26° 33', long. 78° lO'. JEEOTEE, in the British district of Mynpooree, lieutenant- Garden, Tablet governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the **^ **'*"'^ **^ route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Mynpooree, and 10 miles N.W. of the latter. There is water ftx)m wells, but supplies must be collected from the neighbouring villages. The road in this part of the route is good. The country is open, flat, and but partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 18', long. 79°. JEEBA. — A town in the native state of G-uzerat, or the e.i.c. m^ ooe. dominion^ of the Guicowar, 71 miles S. by E. from Bajkote, and 132 miles W. by S. from Broach. Lat. 21° 16', long. 71° 4*. JEERA. — A town of Baghelcund, in the native state of e.i.c. m«. doc. Bewah, 129 miles S.W. from Sasseram, and 101 miles W. from Pakraow. Lat. 23° 60', long. 82° 2T. JEEREE.— A river, rising in lat. 25° 9', long. 93° 28', and flowing in a south-west direction for forty miles, during which it forms tbe boundary between Southern Cachar and Munee- poor, falls into the Barak river, in lat. 24° 43', long. 93° 12'. JEEBXJN,^ in the territory of GwaUor, or possessions of « r.t.c. m«. Doc. Scindia's family, a town on the route from Neemuch to Baroda, * o«"*en. Taue* nno-i X t t» **-».T-r3ii»ii Ti of Route*, 871. 12^ miles 8. of the former, 227 N.E. of the latter. It has a * Mnicoim, inder bazar, and supplies and water are abundant. The 8UJhx)unding J^^**^ **' Mahr«» district,* which is of considerable size, bears its name. Eleva- * Dangcrfiew, in tion* above the sea 1,690 feet. Lat. 24° 18', long. 74° 58'. oJiindTMLMs. JEETEK — A town in the British district of Ahmednuggur, bic Mi. doc presidency of Bombay, 54 miles S. by E. of Ahmednuggur. Lat. 18° 20', long. 74° 56'. JEHANAB AD,^ in the British district of Shahabad, presi- > £.i.c. u%. Doc dency of Bengal, a town on the route from Hazareebagh to Benares, 118^ miles" N.W. of former, 50 S.E. of latter. It • o«rdfn, TiAie. 1 .of Routes, 486. has a bazar, and supplies and water are abundant. According to Buchanan,' there are 200 houses ; so that, if the usual average * Surrey, ii. 455. be assumed, the population appears to be about 1,000. Lat. 25° 8', long. 83° 62'. 263 JEH— JEI. E.I.C. Ml. Doe. E.T.C. Ms. Doc. GMiHlen, Tables of Routes, 164. B.I.C. Mf.Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Due. E.I.C. Mil. Doe. 1 E.IC. Ms. Doc * Garden, Tablet of Routes, 116. ' D'Cruz, Politloal RpLitions, 41. India Pol. DUp. 10 AUff. 1834. * Transacts, of Roy. As. Soc I. 260 — Franklin, Mem. on Oundel- kbund. JEHANABAD, in the British district of Bareilly, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Shahjehanpoor to Almora, 62 miles N. of the former. Lat. 28° 38', long. 79° 47'. JEHANABAD, in the British district of Hooghly, pre- sidency of Bengal, a town on the route from Calcutta to Bankoora. Distance 45 miles N.W. of the former, 66 W. of the latter. Lat. 22° 62^, long. 87° 5&. JEHANaEEEPOOE.— A town in the native state of Gwalior, or the territory of Sindhia's family, situate on the right bank of the river Chumbul, and 16 miles W. from Oojeio. Lat. 23° ir, long. 75° 32'. JEHANGEEEPOOE.— A town of Malwa, in the natiTe state of Dhar, 61 miles S. by W. from Oojein, and 22 miles S.E. from Dhar. Lat. 22° 19', long. 76° 33'. JEHANGEEEUH.— A town in the British district rf Bhagulpoor, presidency of Bengal, 16 miles W. of Bhagulpoor. Lat. 25° 11', long. 86° 44'. JEHAUJPOOE.— A town in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, 42 miles N.E. of Cuttack. Lat. 20° 51', long. 86° 24'. JEHWOOE.— A town in the British district of Ahmed- nuggur, presidency of Bombay, nine miles N.E. of Ahmed- nuggur. Lat. 19° 11', long. 74° 6^. JEITPOEE,* in Bundelcund, a town, the principal place of a small raj or principality of the same name. It lies on the route from Calpee to Jubbulpoor,^ 72 miles S. of the former, 197 N. of the latter, and is situate on the western side of an extensive jhil or mere. Here is a bazar. The territory, of which this town is the principal place, " comprises* 165 square miles, and is stated to contain 150 villages, with a population of 16,000 souls, and to yield a revenue of 60,000 rupees: it maintains a force of sixty horse and 300 foot." In 1812, the British government granted the state to Eajah Kesree Singh, a descendant^ of Chuttur Sal, the founder of the independence of Bundelcund. In 1842, the rajah becoming refractory and committing depredations against the British possessions, was deposed, and the raj was granted to another descendant of Chuttur Sal, named Khet Singh, who had a few years before submitted a claim, apparently well grounded, to the raj of 264 JEJ— JEL. Chirkaree, which, however, he had ceased to press, on stipen- diary provision being made for him. On the death of Khet Singh, in 1849, the raj lapsed^ to the British government. » Poi. d?«p to The town of Jeitpore is situated in lat. 25° 16', long. 79° 38'. ^"'.y^ia'Sr' "*' JEJOOEEE. — A town in the British district of Poonah, e.i.c. m*. doc. presidency of Bombay, 28 miles S.E. of Poonah. Lat. 18° 16', long. 74° 12'. JELALABAD, or JULLALABAD.— A town in the British district of Shahjehanpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces. It contains a population of 5,031.^ » siatutict n.w. Distant 11 miles S.W. from Shahjehanpoor. Lat. 27° 46', ''~^*"<«^«»- long. 79° SC. JELALPOOR. — A town in the Punjab, on the right or western bank of the Jhelum, situate in a narrow valley of great fertility, extending between the river and the eastern extremity of the Kala, or Salt range. According to Elphinstone,^ this > p so. was the scene of Alexander's battle with Porus ; but Bumes^ * i. 67. thinks it must have been at Jhelum, higher up, where the ri?er, according to him, is fordable at all times except in the monsoon ; but where HiigeP found it, at the beginning of 3 in. 149. January, when lowest, a great stream, larger than the Indus at Attock, and bridged with twenty large boats. It is there- fore doubtful whether the river could at that point be forded at the season of inundation (when, as Arrian* informs us, it was crossed by Alexander) ; and where, indeed, the British army lost eleven men in fording it in December, which is the low season.^ It is, however, said that all the fords in the * Hough, nrit. Pimjab are more or less zigzag, and are also subject to varia- ^**** '" ^'** ^^ tions, not only from season to season, but even from day to day. Jelalpoor is one of the great passages over the Jhelum, on the route from Hindostan to Afghanistan. Lat. 32° 40', long. 73° 26'. JELALPOBE, in the British district of Jounpoor, lieute- e.i.c. mi. noc nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Benares to Jounpoor, 26 miles N.W. of the former. Lat. 25° 36', long. 82° 61'. JELGOON. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of e.i.c. m$. doo. Burwanee, situate on the right bank of one of the branches of * *Ev fikv Ttf t6ti oi voTafioi travng ol 'Ivdixol iroXXfi Tt ZdaTog xai doXipH Ipptov Kai 6liog ts piVftarog. — L. v. ix. 265 JEL. the Taptee river, and 111 mfles E.S.E. from Baroda. Lat. 21° 43', long. 74° 52^. « E.I.C. Mi. Doc JELLAL ABAD,^ in the territory of Oude, a town on the * Garden. Tablet route from Cawnporo cantonment to that of Sooltaapoor, 48' of Route., !«. ^.|^ j^ -g ^^ ^^^ former, 87 N.W. of the latter, fire S. of Lucknow. It has a bazu*, and supplies and water are abundant. The road in this part of the route is good. Lat. 26° 45', l(H)g. 80° 57'. i E.I.C. M.. Doc. JELL ASOEE,* or JALLESUE,i in the British district of Midnapore, presidency of Bengfd, a town on the rente from * Gardra, TMm the town of Cuttack to that of Midnapore^ 130^ miles NJB. of the former, 49 S. of the latter. It is situate on the left or etst s As. Mto. (GiHd- bank of the Soobaureka' river, here a considerable stream, yet to^su^blliiotr*'* ^ordable during spring, but at other seasons crossed by fem. Here is an antique mosque, and on the opposite bank of tiie river is a ruined fortress of great extent, but veiy rode con- struction, being merely an inclosure, formed by a ditch tn^ mud rampart, surmounted formerly by a dense prickly hedge, scarcely passable, except during the dry season in spring, when it could be easily fired. Jallesur is in lat. 21° 46', long. 87° 1*. » E.I.C. Mt. Doc. JELLINaHEE,! in the British district of Moorshedabid, presidency of Bengal, a town situate at the point where the river Jellinghee parts from the Pudda, or great eastern branch « Prinwis steam of the Gtmges. Elovation^ above the sea seventy-five feet Briu^ iodia"ge. Distance E. from Berhampore 25 miles, N. from Calcutta 105. Lat. 24° 8', long. 88° 4(y. JELLING^HEE. — A river parting from the Podda, or great eastern branch of the Gknges, at the town of Jellinghee, in lat. 24° 8', long. 88° 4(y. It holds a course very sinuooa, but generally S.W., for about ninety-five miles, and, at the town of Nuddea, in lat. 23° 25', long. 88° 22', joins the Bhagnittec, another great offset of the Ganges, the united stream being designated the Hooghly. Of the three rivers, the Bhagratiee, the Martabhanga, and the Jellinghee, forming the direct channels of navigation between Calcutta and the North- West Provinces, the last is by much the deepest and most important, 1 Id. so. retaining two feet^ of water during the dry season in spvt§, when the others have an average depth of about one foot I Joura. At. Soe. Ben?. 18S8, p. 670 — Kittoe, Tour to * Originallj Jalaswara.* Orlna. ^ Still it cannot at that period be navigated^ by tbe craft usual * Ben«iii Rer. in the G^ges, and they roust then proceed through the Soon- igaJ* ^^^' derbund passage, and thus incur a delay of a week in reaching their destination. JELLY PUTTT.—A town in the British district of Coim- e.i.c. m.. doc batoor, presidency of Madras, 38 miles E. by N. of Dara- pooram. Lat. 10*^49', long. 78^ 8'. JELOOB,^ in Sirhind, a Tillage on the direct route from ' E.i.c.Mi.Doc Hansee to 'Lodiana, and 62 miles N. of the former town. The river Guggur is subject to sudden and great inundations, which sometimes for a considerable distance render the road in this vicinity impracticable. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,037 * » o»irdem Table* miles. Lat. 29° 66', long. 76°. n/l'I'iT '"^^ JELPESH. — A town in the British district of Binajepoor, e.i.c. au. Doe. presidency of Bengal, 63 miles N. by E. of Dinajepoor. Lat. 26° 28', long. 88° 53'. JELPIGOBEE.— A town in the British district of Dimye- e.i.c. in. doc poor, presidency of Bengal, 62 miles N. of Dinajepoor. Lat. 26° 29', long. 88° 42'. JELXJNGA. — A town in the British district of Chota e.i.c. m^Doc. Nagpoor, presidency of Bengal, 62 miles S. by W. of Hazaree- bagh. Lat. 23° 7', long. 86° icy. JEMDAH. — ^A town in the British district of Jessore, pre- e.i.c. mi. doc. Biidency of Bengal, 80 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 81', long. 89° 10^. JEMLAH. — A town in the native state of Nepal, situate on e.i.c. ms. doc. the right bank of the Kumalli river, and 123 miles E. by S. from Almora. Lat. 29° 19', long. 81° 41'. JEN JAPOOE.— A town in the British district of Tirhoot, e.i.c. iit. doc presidency of Bengal, 89 miles E.N.E. of Dinapoor. Lat. 26° 18', long. 86° 22'. JEOBXJHA,^ in Bundelcund, a townof Mahoba, an outlying > e.i.c. ms.doc. portion of the British province of Jaloun, situate on the route from Calpee to Ajeegurh, 70 miles S.E. of the former. It has a large Hindoo temple in good repair, and once containing much wealth, which was some years ago carried^ off by dacoits « DavidMn. or gang.robbers, who murdered the officiating priest. Lat. ''"^*^' '* ***• 26° 13', long. 80° 3'. JERA,i in the British district of Allahabad, lieutenant- * e.t.c. Mg. doc governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the 267 JEli-JES. right bank of the Ganges, N.W. of Calcutta, by the riTer « oarden. Tablet routc, 769^ milcs ; 89 S.E. of the city of Allahabad, by the of Rouu^ 162. ^^^ ^^^ 250 13', long. 82- 16'. JERDEEKER, a river rising in lat. 27°, long. 88° 53*, on the southern slope of the Sub-Himalaya Mountains, and, flowing through Bhotan in a southerly direction for fortj miles, and south-east through Coosh Behar for forty-fi?e milee, falls into the Toresha river, a feeder of the Brahmapootra, in lat. 26° 15', long. 89° 26'. E.I.C. M». Doc. JEROULEE, in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of Agra, a town on the left bank of the Jumna, 14 miles S. of the town of Futtehpoor. Lat. 25° 41', long. 80° 55'. E.I.C. Mt. Doc JERRAMXJLLA. — A town in the British district of Ballair, presidency of Madras, 34 miles S. W. of Ballary. Lat. 14? 48", long. 76° 35'. E.I.C. M». Doc. JERRODE. — A town in the native state of Guzerat, or dominions of the Guicowar, 14 miles N.E. firom Baroda, and 49 miles W. by S. from Cambay. Lat. 22° 24', long. 73° 22*. E.I.C. Mt. Doc JESARA, in the British district of Gurhwal, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Hurdwar to Hiundes or South-west Thibet, 71 miles E. by N. of the former. Lat. 30° 12', long. 79° 22'. I E.I.C. Ms. Doc JESOOL,^ in the Punjab, a small town on the route from Mooltan to Leia, and 10 miles S. of the latter place. It is situate near the left bank of the Indus, the water of which of late years has in this part of the course been directed to the right or w^est side, so that the former bank on the east side now bears the appearance of a low brow or continuous emi- nence, running in some degree parallel to the main channel, * Ace of caubui, and seven or eight miles distant from it. Elphinstone' well ^' describes this part of the country : — " It is a narrow tract, con- tested between the river and the desert. If in hunting we were led many miles to the west of the road, we got into branches of the river and troublesome quicksands, among thickets of tamarisk or of reeds ; and if we went as far to the right, the appearance of sand, and even in some places of sand- hills, admonished us of the neighbourhood of the desert." The fertile patches of ground, which are of frequent occurrence, are remarkably well cultivated, and produce grain, cotton, tobacco, JESSOEE. and other less-important crops. The intelligent traveller just quoted remarks how much he and his party were struck by the contrast afforded by the style of farming, and of agricultural structures and arrangements here, to that prevailing in Eastern India. " Some of the houses near the river," he says, " attracted our attention, being raised on platforms, supported by strong posts, twelve or fifteen feet high. We were told they were meant to take refuge in during the inundation, when the country, for twenty miles from the banks, was under water." The people, he adds, were remarkably civil and well-behaved, personable, well clad, and altogether of thriving appearance. Jesool is in lat. 30° 49^, long. 71° 2'. JESSORE.* — A British district under the presidency of » e.i.c. Ms. doc Bengal, named from its principal place. It is bounded on the north-east by the British district of Pubna ; on the east by those of Dacca- Jelalpore and Backergunge ; on the south by the Soonderbunds ; and on the west by the British districts of Baraset and Nuddea. It lies between lat. 22° 28'— 23° 46', long. 88° 44'— 89° 55'; is 106 miles in length from south-east to north-west, and forty-eight in breadth. The area, according to official statement,^ is 3,512 square miles. The surface is, « e.i.c. mi. doc. with scarcely any exception, level and depressed, and its nr1ii!h*pill^* appearance tame, uninteresting, and unvaried, except by the »ion«. interchange of dry ground and swamp; this district having redundant moisture, being traversed by numerous streams, and many offsets from the Ganges, in their course from north to south, from the great parent stream to various estuaries in the Soonderbunds. The Matabhanga, a large offset from the Ganges, arrives at the north-west comer of the district, in lat. 23° 44', long. 88° 50', shortly before which it divaincates into two branches ; the Koomar taking a south-easterly direction ; the main stream turning south-west, and retaining the name of Matabhanga. The latter holds a sinuous course for about thirty-five miles, to Sooltanpore, where, throwing off the Boorub, it quits the frontier of Jessore. The Boorub, flowing generally south, but with much sinuosity, continues to form the western boundary between this district and the British district Nuddea for about sixty miles, as far as Hazarakhana, in lat. 23^ 20', long. 88° 55', where it divides ; one branch, called the Kubbuduk, proceeding south, and for fifty miles forming 200 JESSOEE. the boundary between this district and that of Niiddea, to lai 22° 52' , long. 89'' IC ; and beyond that point roeaadering, generally in a southerly direction, between this district and that of Baraset, for about seventy miles, and finally, in lai 22° 2(y, long. 89° 17', passing into the Soonderbunds, The other, or left branch of the Boorub, retains that name, and takes a course south-east for about ninety miles, passing bj the town of Jessore, to Hahatti, in lat. 22° 86^, long. 89'' 50, where it crosses the eastern frontier into the British district of Backergunge. The Matabhanga, before throwing off the Boorub, gives outlet on its left side, at Chudanga^ in lat 23° 40', long. 88° 51', to the Nabaganga, which, flowing ono- ously, but generally in a south-easterly direction, for ninetj mUes, to Khulna, in lat. 28° 15', long. 89° 50', there joins the Barashee, a large oflset irom the Ghmges. About ten miles below the divergence of the Nabaganga, and on the same side, the Chitrah is thrown off, which holds a course south-east for about 120 miles, and at Alipore, in lat. 22° 47', long. 89^ 42^, joins the Boorub. The Koomar, from its divergence from ^ Matabhanga, at the north-east comer of the district, forms its north-eastern boundary for about fifty-five miles, towards the British district of Pubna, as far as its confluence with ^ Goraee, at Mossundpur, in lat. 28° 88', long. 89° 83', bebw which point it is called the Barashee, and, flowing south-east for about ninety miles, forms the boundary between this dis- trict and those of Dacca- Jelalpore and Backergunge, and if ultimately lost in the Soonderbunds. Of these rivers, the Koomar and Barashee are navigable throughout the year, the others only during the inundations caused by the periodical rains of closing summer and autumn, when innumen^le cross- streams cause communications between the larger chanoeis, intersecting the country in every directioni and in many parte laying it extensively under water. The climate is bad, the air being tainted with pestilential exhalations from the muddy and * Bengal and weedy tanks and watercourses : hence fevers' and ague, severe toi"li^i;iit''i.1Jl: and often fatal, are rife at all times of the year, but especiaU/ in autumn and the close of summer, when the temperature is sometimes above 100°. It December and January it is som^ times at night as low as 55°. So fatal are the epidemics in the 27« JESSOEE. season during which thej prevail, that whole villages are often depopulated. The zoology of the district, though very inadequately ex- plored or described, is rich and interesting. It comprises, of wild beasts, the tiger, leopard, panther, bear, jackal, fox, ichneumon, wild deer, swine, and porcupine. Of domestic beasts, kine, sheep, goats, ponies, buffaloes, and hogs. Alli- gators in great numbers infest the waters. Birds are very numerous : the most noticeable are, the eagle, vulture, hawk, crane, goose, duck, partridge, quail, and pigeon. The botany is very comprehensive and varied, but has received little atten- tion. From the exdusively alluvial character of the coui^try, it contains no minerals ; but salt is obtained from the southern frontier. The soil is generally very fertile ; in the northern part, however, having considerable admixture of sand and clay. In the south, it comprises a larger proportion of rich alluvial earth or vegetable mould, abundantly productive of rice, indigo, oil-seeds of various kinds, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, areca-nuts, gram (Cicer arietinum), rye, pulse, hemp, turmeric, and fruits of various kinds. Mulberry-trees have latterly been planted in great numbers, for feeding silkworms. Indigo is largely exported, as also is rice. The production and export of sugar and rum have latterly been greatly on the increase, large quantities being prepared by inspissating the sap of the palm-tree. The other principal exports are silk, oils, cocoanuts, areca-nuts, betel-leaf, saltpetre, and hides. The imports are cloths, metals, and manufactured hardwares, paper, spices, wheat, and shawls. The population, .^ according to official statement, is 381,744.^ According to a suifstics of the * recent* authority, the Brahminists form one-half of the popu- f^^^^ Pooe*- lation, the Mussulmans the other ; but this unusually large * Bengni and proportion of Mussulmans appears remarkable in a tract so supra, 80& ramote* from the seat of their former empire in India. Jessore, the principal place, and the other towns, "Khulna and Muhommndpur, are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. There are four roads or routes in the district: — 1. From * Hamilton* gives a still larger relative amount of Mussalmans to > Gazetteer Jl. 88. Brahminists ; being as nine to seven. 271 JESSOEE. Bouth-west to north-east, from Calcutta, through the town of Jessore, to Dacca ; 2. from north to south, from Puhna, through the town of Jessore, to Murzanugur, on the south-west frontier of the district ; 3. from south-east to north-west, from Hahatti, on the south-eastern frontier, through the town of Jessore, to Kishnuggur; 4. from east to west, from Babukali to Kisb- nuggur. They are, however, but indifferent, being merely adapted for postal purposes, and impracticable for the march of troops. During the periodical rains, they are totally impas- sable, and even during the dry season^ scarcely distinguishable from the fields which they traverse. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc. JESSOEE.^ — The principal place of the British district of the same name, presidency of Bengal, on the route by Baraaet * Garden, Tablet from Calcutta to Dacca, 77 miles^ N.E. of Calcutta, 103 S.¥. one; . ^^ Dacca. The civil establishment of the district is located » Benprai and Affra here, and consists* of a civil and session judire, a collectQr, a Guide, 1841, voI.il. .' . • , ,i purl iii. Append, magistrate, two assistants to the magistrate and collector, in **"'• uncovenanted deputy-collector, a deputy-magistrate, an assist- ant-surgeon, a superintendent of the salt department ; besides a number of native judicial and revenue functionari^. The jail at this place is a spacious building, capable of holding in safe custody 1,000 persons. Here is a school, the house for accommodating which is a fine building, the cost of erecdog it having been defrayed by subscription of the zemindars of * Id. 1842, vol. I. the district. The establishment consists^ of four members, a part iii. 01. . secretary, a head-master, an assistant, and two pundits or native teachers. The number of pupils is about 120, who are instructed in English, Persian, and Bengalee. The sdiool was first opened in 1838. This place was formerly reputed an * Rerenar Disp. Unhealthy station ; but within the last few years considerable to in<»i«». dai^ pains have been taken, and expense incurred, with a view to 80 M«rch, 1888. '^ . . ' *^. . ' jiidiriaiDisp. to Sanitary improvement ; and happily with success.^ Jessore is TX it;"* in lat. 23° lO', long. 89° lO'. > E.r.c. M». Doc JESSULMEEE,* * the most western of the fourteen' t ReiaUon/between ^tatcs of Eajwara or Bajpootana, is bounded on the north bj the Btitish Go- remmentand ♦ According to Tod,' "it is termed Mer in the traditional noineB- Native state., 28. ^jij^^ure of this region, from being a rocky (Mer) oasis in the heart of tli« ' Annals of Ra- sandy desert." t Now increa.sed to fifteen, by the distribntion of the territory of KoUk into two separate principalities (Kotah and Jhallawur). JESSTJLMERB, the territory of Bahawulpoor ; on the north-east by the terri* tory of Bikaneer ; on the south-east and south by that of Joudpore ; and on the west by Sinde. This state was formerly much krger, extending to the Indus and Ghara, till the tern- tor? of Bahawulpoor was wrested from it by the Daudpootras.^ * Tod. Animit of It now contains an area of 12,252 square miles.^ It lies « Pariiamentarj between lat. 26° 8'— 28° 28', long. 70° 3'— 72° 51'. *"'"™' '^*- According to Tod,* a line drawn in a north-west direction • Annau of lu- from Lowarki, in lat. 27° 6', long. 71° 5ffy to Kharreh, lat. ^'^•"' *** •^• 27° 27', long. 70° 14', would divide the territory of Jessuhnere into two nearly equal parts, the southern of which is in many places rocky, being traversed by a ridge of hills, which may ba considered continuous with the high lands of Cutch.^ " Some- * Tod, at fupr*, times it assumes, as at Chohtun, the character of a mountain, then dwindles into an insignificant ridge, scarcely discernible, and often serves as a bulwark for the drifting sands, which cover and render it difi&cult to trace it at all. As it reaches the Jessulmere country, it is more developed; and at the capital, erected on a peak about 250 feet high, its presence i^ more distinct, and its character defined. The capital of the Bhattis (town of Jessulmere) appears as the nucleus of a series of ridges which diverge from it in all directions for the space of fifteen miles. One branch terminates at Bamghur, thirty-* five miles north-west of Jessulmere ; another branch extends easteriy to Fokuru (in Joudpore), and thence, in a north- easterly direction, to Filodi, from whence at intervals it is traceable to Gurriala, nearly fifly miles due north." ** These barren ridges, and the lofty undulating teebas (hills) of sand, are the only objects which diversify the almost uniform sterility of these regions. No trees interpose their verdant foliage to relieve the eye or shelter the exhausted frame of the traveller. It is nearly a boundless waste, varied only by a few stunted shrubs of acacia or mimosa family, some succulent plants or prickly grapes, as the bhoorut or burr." ^ * Macmurdo, how- f Tod, m supn, ever, draws a less repulsive picture of this tract, representing ^^' it as abounding with patches of good pasture among the rocka and sandhills, and feeding great herds of cattle. The forma* * This varied expanse of rock, sand, and scanty scraps of cultivable soil, is called Thnl ; according to Tod,* from Sthali, ''arid or dry land," which, * ilnnalf, U. 2Ml in the oormpted dialect pf those conn tries, becomes " thnL" 4 m 279 JESSULMEBE. * Tod, Qt suprft, 280. • BotlMn, ut topn, SO. > Lord, Medical Memoir on the Indu*, in reporU and papen pub- Uthed b7 B.I.C. lol. Calcutta, ie», Mcl. Ui. Qeogra- phlcaL * Boileao, at •upra, 03. ' Tod, Qt rapra, 98U tion of the rock j ridges, consisting of sandstone,^ seoondaiy limestone,* and flint, is obTioosly similar to that of the lange which crosses Upper Sinde from the eastern firontier to Boroe, where a low summit insulated by the Indus is the site of tihe celebrated fortress of Bukkur.* North of the line oi dem»- cation already mentioned, the country is more barren, and so uniform that travellers hold their way by the guidance of tbe heavenly bodies. Boileau, who traversed the Gkeat Desert, as this tract is called, thus describes it : — " Long and lofty ridgei of sandhills follow each other in ceaseless succession, as if iQ ocean of sand had been suddenly arrested in its progress, with intervals of a quarter of a mile^ or even more, between its gigantic billows; for, after ascending many hundred jaids along a gradual slope, we would come suddenly to a eteep descent, when our path lay across the line of waves ; and oa other occasions we would, perhaps, move parallel to them, with a steep wall of sand on one hand and a gentle rise on ^ other. In other parts of the desert, however, the main ftir tures of the scene are much less distinctly marked."* " "Wtee the sand has become fieuriy settled, it is overrun with a ooo- siderable growth of grass and shrubs, which tend still more to bind the soil ; and it seems probable, that in course of time a considerable portion of this vast wilderness will become habitable." There are no running streams in the territory of Jessulmeie, the periodical rains producing merely temporary sars or lakes of salt-water, formed by damniing up the streams ronning down from the sandhills and intervening gulleys. The ears in general last but a few months, though, after yery heavy man* Boons, some have been known to continue through the year. The largest is the Kanod Sar, in kt. 27° 5', long. 7^ 15', bo called from the town of Kanod, on its southern border. It ii about eighteen miles in length when fullest, and retains some water throughout the whole year. When filled to the greatest extent, a small stream proceeds ftom its eastern side, and,aftef a course of about thirty miles in an easterly direction, is lost in the sands of Joudpore. Salt is obtained firom the gronod left dry in the shrunken state of the lake ; and this is a souroe of revenue to the rawul or sovereign.' Wat^ in Jessnlmew is at BO great a depth bdow the surface, that wells in some JESSULMEKE. places must be dug above 800 feet* before a steady supply can be obtamed. Thus, at Dihatra, on the north-west frontier, the wells are 309 feet^ deep ; at the town of Jessulmere, 804 feet.* |^®^*^Jj^"* To provide a sufficiency of that which is everywhere one of the « id. 87. first necessaries of life, but in warm countries pre-eminently 80, the natives dig extensive tanks, which, being filled by the periodical rains, supply water during the greater part of the year; but when those supplies tail, which sometimes occurs, many human beings and cattle perish from thirst. Jessulmere is devoid of valuable minerals, but limestonef is abundant, and of good quality. . - The cold is considerable in winter, especially in the north and on the Bikaneer frontier, as experienced by Boileau,^ who ' ut mprR, io7. mentions '^ the thermometer frequently falling below 40° in the tents at daybreak, during the month of January, 1885 ;" and also, that " on the 7th February it was down to 82®, with a good deal of frost, so that ice was formed in considerable quan- tities on the ponds, and different vessels of water in the camp were completely frozen." Such severe cold seems inexplicable in a latitude not far removed from the tropic, and having an elevation not exceeding 500 or 600 feet above the sea. Am the season advances, however, the heat n^idly increases, as appears frt)m the following facts recorded by the author above quoted.} " On the 4th of March, 1885, the thermometer at 2 30 P.M. stood at 106^® in my tent, and 119® in the sun ; on the 5th March, at 8 p.m., it stood at 107® in the tent, and 117® in the sun in the same place." ^ The same author describes y boUmu, los. the heat later in the season as still higher. *^ In the month of * Tod* mentioDB tome above 500 feet deep ; bat he la not indiBpoted to > ut fupr*, ii. miike the most of his material. ^^' t Boileau* staieH that ** the limestone of Jessulmere has been applied to i ut tupra, 88. the purposes of lithography, and highly approved of, being considered fiiUy equal, or even superior, to the Bavarian stone, for all transfer-work, as it will give off a very oonstderable number of impressions without ninning rotten, but its yellow colour is too deep to allow of its being used for chalk-work, as the artist cannot well distinguish the different shades of his pencil upon the stone. It has been employed largely in the royal build- ings of the emperors at Agra, by the name of Sung-Kuthoo." t The statement appears to apply more especially to Bikaneer ; but the neighbouring countries, Jussulmere, Joudpore, and Shekawattee, partake ^ a great degree of the same (diaraoter of oUmate. T 2 ^* JESSULMEBE. May, before the Betting in of the raina, the heat is certwily awful in and near the desert ; the thermometer on the tabk in my tent being, on the 8th May, 118° at noon, 119° at half- past 12, and 117° at 3 p.m. ; on the 9th, it was 120° at noon, 123° at 1 P.M., 119° at 2 p-m^ and 116° at 3 p.m., in the same situation. Yet, notwithstanding this fearfully high tempera- ture, the summer seems to be by no means an unhealthj season, and we had scarcely a single sick man in the camp, which • BoiicAu, 167. ^as attributable chiefly to the diyness of the air."® JesaulmCTB is under the influence of the south-west moosoon, ao that there is an abundant fall of rain during the months of June, Julj, • Id. lb. and August.' But, notwithstanding this, the air is generallT dry ; in consequence of which, and of the sandy nature of 1^ soil, the country is, as Boileau found it, very healthy; and, acciirding to a native proverb, neither mud^ muaquitoes, nor malaria, are found in it. The zoology of Jessulmere appears to be neither varied nor important. A few lions are said to haunt the wilds about the southern frontier, and wild hogs are numerous in the same I Id. ai. region. Tigers and leopards occur but rardy ; wolves^ and jackals are more common. There are a few antelopes, deer, and nylgaus* (Antilope picta). Snakes are so numeroua tint the people wear leggings of leather as a deface against them. But, in general, little amount or variety of animal life could be expected in a country so barren and of such limited extent Domestic cattle are numerous and valuable. They cousin . principally of dromedaries, horses, kine, and sheep ; of whidi last large flocks are kept, and the price is so low, that tiisee may be bought for about four shillings. The wild vegetation comprises phog, a tough green bu8h,fte branches of which terminate in broomy leafless cusps ; lana^ a shrub about a yard high, and yielding useful provender for camels ; dholirukri, or " the white shrub," a small bush aboat a foot and a half high, overspreading the ground in some tracts; buna, an aromatic, slender, tough-stemmed shrub, about a jwA high, which in some sandy tracts overruns many hundred acres together ; chug, a green shrub resembling broom, about two feet high, and making good thatch, and for which it is exten- sively used. The trees are generally stunted: they are the ♦ NUgaw, or " Un© oow." JESSULMERE. babul (Mimosa), jantb, the kurit (Capparis aphylla), the pilu. But one crop is raised in the jear, the cultivation consisting in little else than scvatohing the ground with a small light plough, and scattering the seed in the way of broadcast. As, from the want of streama or large bodies of water, and the depth of the wells, artificial irrigation is impracticable, the weight of the crop depends entirdy on adequate falls of rain. The prin* cipal crop ia bajra or millet ; in the more fertile parts, various sorts of puke are cultivated. The only manufacture of any importance in Jesanlmere is that of woollens, of both coarse and fine fabrics, made from the produce of the numerous native flocks. The coarsest part of the wool is made into cordage of various kinds ; the next quality into Ubnkets, and the finest into excellent wooUen cloths and fabrics. The commerce of Jessulmere consists, for the most part, of the transit-trade between Marwar and Western Hindostan on the one hand, and Sinde and Afghanistan on the other. In consequence of the activity of this commerce, "Western Bajpootana is well supplied with goods, even from remote parts. Boileau^ found there Delhi scarfs, ivory toys from • ut wpra, nr, Herat, China ware, English cutlery ffiod firearms, glass of American manufacture, opium from Malw% copper, gold thread, silk, piece-goods, sugar from Hindostan, and salt from the Punjaub. Opium is by far the most important article of the transit-trade, and the carriage of it, and of the more bulky articles of com and salt, gives employment to a considerable number of men, and to thousands of camels, which animals, in consequence of the arid, sultry, and generally sandy character ^»Z.r "t"" of the country, are almost exclusively the beasts of burthen, i'pp^*" 8'n«"»<>' Bhawai- bamboo), lac, groceries, and dates.* The weights in use in id. sect. ii. 02, ex T 1 .1 1** i'i»j Locch, Trad© bc- Jessulmere are the seer, equal to two pounds avoirdupois, and tween shikarpur the maund, containing forty seers.^ The currency consists of I"To?"An*' !■ f rupees and deorees,^ fourteen of which go to one paisa, and RajHsthan. n. asa. thirty-one of the latter make one rupee. wpranTi^wi. 277 JESSULMEEE. • Boilvau, 189. ' Tod, Annals of R •jMlhan, i. U, 86. The houses in the towns are substantiallj built of jellow limestone, and those of persons in good circninstancea are ornamented with balconies and lattices of elaborafcelj-carTed stone.* The poor vUlagers are wretchedly lodged in dreolir huts, wattle-roofed with grass or straw, and bound round witii grass ropes, to make them more secure ; yet brick elaj ii obtainable, and fuel from the numerous jungles to bake it, u well as to bum lime from the calcareous deposits, frequent in many places. There are in various parts of the territoiy some buildings, probably of great antiquity, constructed of large stones, without cement, partaking of that style of architectare called by antiquaries Cyclopean : some temples in this style are supposed to have existed for eighteen^ centuries. In buildings thus constructed^ the rooms, being overlaid with stone, are either so small that slabs, easily obtained and managed, em span them, or, if they be of larger dimensions, they are snp- ported at intervals by pillars. The ruler, and the influential portion of the population, are of the Bhatti tribe of Eqpoots,t according to Tod* originallj from Zabulistan. They are a dissipated race, debasing and destroying their moral, intellectual, and physical powers hvtk excessive use of opium, which they imbibe sometimes in an infusion, sometimes by smoking, and not unfrequently till tiiej become quite insensible.^ The dress and accoutrements of a Bhatti in easy circumstances consist of a tunic of white doth or chintE, reaching to the knee, trous^*s loose, and of many folds in the upper part, but tight round the ankles ; round the * See aocoant of the town of Jetsulmere. * Bibiioth^ue t D*Herbelot< coniidera " Zablistan " to be the tniot dnOned bj tk orienule. III. 57^ „ppg, o^r»e of the river Helmund and its tributwiee, and oompwhendiaf the western part of the Huzara or Hazareh country, and the district cf GbnsKnee. According to Tod, the Bajpoots are o£bets of the gr»t Scythian stock ; bat neither he nor any one else can give any fifftber aooonnt of the Scythians, than that they were nomadio ferodons nvagei^ roaming over a part of Eorope and an adjacent tract of vast ezteot ii Asia. Aooording to the account given by Malcolm,* " the word Bijpoot is indisputably corrupted from lUjaputtra, which in Sanscrit fiienDf means a raja's son, but more generally one of the royal race.* The Bv poots would appear to be a branch of the military caste ; and Mslcoha' says, "We know, from concurring evidence, that all the Rajpoot tribes have their origin from Ayodhya or Oude." 578 ' Tod, ut supra, ii.9M. * Ontrsi India, Ii. AM. 3 Id. ii. 190. JESSXTLMEER waist a scarf, in which a dagger is stuck ; a shield, suspended from the left shoulder bj a strap of deer-skin, and a sword, girt on with a belt of the same materiaL The head b covered bj a tarban, generallj of a red colour, and terminated above by a high peak. The dress of females is of red woollen cloth, very full below ; and a scarf is generally worn, which is more or less costly, according to the circumstances of the wearer. All wear rings of ivory or bone on the arms, in such numbers as nearly to cover them from the shoulders to the wrists. The legs above the ankles are also adorned with silver rings ; and women will deny themselves the necessaries of life to obtain the means of purchasing these ornaments. The religious^ strictness of the Bhatti Eajpoots is rather * Tod, nt tapra, relaxed, in consequence of their continual intercourse with the "* ^"' *^* Mussulmans to the westward. The next class in number and importance to the Eajpoots are the Falliwals,^ a Brahminical tribe, who nearly engross the commercial business of the com- munity, and the Fokurna tribe, also Brahminical, and exclu- sively devoted to rural pursuits, which are also followed by the Jat tribe, who constitute a considerable portion of the popula- tion. There are also a few Jains.^ The population is estimated ' boiimui, ao. at 74,400.* * PwllamentMr Unlike many other dialects of India, that of the Bhattis of ^'"™' ^"'* Jessulmere has no admixture of Persian, that language being nearly unknown there.^ Their language closely resembles the « BoUeau, sos. Marfan, a dialect spoken in Joudpore, Bikaneer, and the neighbouring parts of Bajpootana. The Bawul, and principal people, write in a kind of Nagari character, which, though in some degree differing from the Devanagari, could, with little practice, be fluently read by a Hindee scholar. The citizens of Jessulmere appear to favour learning, and about 1,000 young persons are in course of education there, some by Brahmins, Borne by other instructors. A short time since, an English schoolmaster formed part of the domestic establishment of the BawuL The sovereign has an annual^ revenue of about 8,500/., of • b.i.c. mi. noc. which about one-half is from transit-duties, the remainder from ^ISiTi'statef. khalsa or crown lands, and miscellaneous sources. The military force maintained by the state does not exceed 1,000^ men ; but t £.i.c. ms. noe. Tod states that, if on good terms with his thakoors or vassals^ 279 JESSULMEBE. the chief could muster 6,000 infantry, 1,000 horse, and a camd corps. The history • of Jessulmere is little else than an apocryphal Subject for antiquarian research, previously to 1808, when the Eawul, probably alarmed at the encroachments of the khan of Bahawulpur, made advances to an amicable understanding with the British government. This relation matured in 1818 into an alliance, by which Jessulmere became entitled to British protection,t and engaged to " act in subordinate co- operation with the British government, and with submiasioii • Trrniy, in App. to its supremacv."® The principal places are noticed separately in the alphabetical arrangement. Boundary disputes had sprung up from time to time between this state and those of Bahawulpore and Khyrpore ; the differences with the latter originating in the cession to Jessulmere, after the conquest of Sinde, of a portion of the desert originally belonging to Jessulmere. Under the auspices of the British government, these differences have been now adjusted, and the boundaries of Jessulmere defined both • India Pol. i>hp. towards Khyrpore and Bahawulpore.* 17 March, 18M. JESSULMERE.— The capital of the Eajpoot state of the same name. It is situate in a rocky tiact, described bf > ToMf in Raj- Boilcau^ as " a succession of valleys, or inclined planes, several wara, 80. miles long, and three or four miles broad, formed by low ridges of yellow limestone, the strata of which are not quite horizontal, but dip gently to the westward, and crop out on the eastern side, with a tolerably bold profile of ninety or 100 feet i!i height." The city is built at the base of the south end of one of these ranges, and has ramparts of uneemented stone, widi bastions constructed in the same way, and generally much higher than the intermediate curtains. Many of these bastions are, however, in ruins. The circuit of the ramparts is about * In Tod*8 ADiials of Qajasthan, the "annals of Jessnlmere" extend • il. 91 6- 288. ihrongh eeventy- three quarto* pi^ges. I ii. 275. t Tod' mentions that the British government was disgraced byaSbrdis^ this protection to the Rawul's minister, represented as a monster of iht most atrocious character. However this may be, eaotion is neeessary a receiving the statements of a writer who seems not to think it incredibK inasmqch as he refers to the report without comment^ that tbe minister had been able, in twenty years, to wring from a beggarly populMioo of 74,000 persons, not less than two crores (2,000,000/.). 280 JESStrLMERE. two miles and a quarter ; the height fourteen feet, including a parapet of six feet. The thickness of the rampart is four feet, that of the parapet two ; and there is neither ditch nor fausse- braie. These defences are in many places so ruined and obliterated by sand-drifts, that they may be crossed on horse- back. The only piece of ordnance throughout the wholo circuit is one small gun on the highest bastion, at the north- east angle. There are four regular gateways, and three sally- ports. Inclosed within the rampart, and in the south part of the town, is the citadel, situate on an insulated eminence, three-quarters of a mile in circumference, and with steep sides, scarped all round, and faced with masonry to the height of about twenty feet, above which distance the surface of the hill recedes, at an elevation of about 40°, to the foot of the renee, which, with a width of six feet, runs quite round the fort. The ramparts of the fort vary in height from fifteen to thirty feet, the top of the parapet being about 130 feet above the town. The whole of the defences, as well as the town wall, are built of the yellow limestone quarried from the rocky ridgo at the base of which the town lies. The summit of the ridge commands every part of the fortifications, which could be easily breached, though the considerable angle of elevation of the side of the hill forming the site of the citadel would make it difficult to storm. The outline of the citadel is an irregular triangle ; the interior is occupied by the palace and several temples and dwellings, to the number of 8,000. There is only one entrance, which is on the north side, and is defended by four successive gateways, with sloping roads between them. At the time of Boileau's visit, there were four guns mounted on the walls of the citadel, and two heavy guns, a large howitzer, and three field-pieces, drawn up near the gate. The crests of the parapets are covered with rollers and balls of stone, methodically arranged, and ready to be sent down upon an assailing force. The palace of the Maha Eawul or sovereign, within tho citadel, is a great pile of building, surmounted by a huge umbrella, made of metal, and supported by a stone shaft. This is considered an emblem of high dignity, to which no other Bajpoot prince is entitled, except the chief of Ooodeypoor. ^Jherc are in the citadel^ besides the palace, six temples, three 281 JESSXJLMEEB. for those of the Jain peraiiasion, and three for the Brahmim8t8« The Jain temples are of great antiquity, built of stone, elabo- rately carved, and surmounted by gilt spires, towering orer the adjacent buildings. Within the citadel, there are eight wells, above 800 feet deep. The water which they furnish is brackish, but not to such an extent as to be undrinkable. Progress has been made in sinking a well dose to the gate. The work, at the time of Boileau's visit, had proceeded to the depth of 120 feet ; but a much greater depth had still to be attained before reaching the main spring. The city contains about 8,000 houses, including those within the citadeL The domestic architecture is in many instances elaborate and solid. The house of a citizen in moderate ci> cumstances has usually a frontage of about twenty-five feet The basement story is painted red on the outside, and is quite plain, having one door giving access to the interior, and two or three slits instead of windows, to give light to the lumber- room, which occupies that part of the house. The upper or principal story is very neat, the front having a small prcjecting balcony, constructed of stone well carved, though rather in a heavy style. On each side is a latticed window about four feet square, and ornamented with framework of limestonei curiously carved. The balcony is surmounted by a massive canopy, the top of which is level with the flat roof, and bmg, like it, provided with a balustrade or battlement c^cut stone, serves as a place for the inmates of the dwelling to enjojr the fresh air and prospect. Each house is raised above the street by a terrace about four feet high and six or seven wide, and has in front of every story a stone spout, to cany off the irater into the street below. In the fronl^ of the terrace, long blocks of stone are bedded, so as to project some distance, and these have knobs at the ends, to which cattle may be tied. The interior of the house has a court a few feet square, into which various water*spouts are discharged, and the drainage passed off into the street by the subterraneous channel. On one side of the court is the cistern, on the other, the rusora or kitchen. One or two narrow and steep staircases of stone lead from the comers of the area to the upper story and roof, where the females of the family take the air. The principal sleeping- room occupies the front side of the square. The beck part of 281 JET— JEW. the house is laid oat in store-rooms, and the two sides of th6 square are formed into numerous small chambers, ''with a profusion of odd but convenient little nooks, and cupboards built into the thickness of the wall. Pretty cradles and beds are provided for the children ; long wooden pegs neatly painted, project from the wall for the purpose of hanging up clothes, and, in short, everything wears an appearance of comfort, the more pleasing, as it is quite unexpected.'*^ The most remark- * Boiieiu, ise. able building in ' the town is the house of the ex-minister, a very costly structure of five stories of cut stone, with a sixth of timber, surmounted by five cupolas. There is scarcely any- thing like a bazar, and the only appearance of traffic is at the custom-house, near the gate of the citadel. The inhabitants of the tovn are supplied with water from a large tank, 300 yards south-east of the city ; and near its banks are several small pits, which collect water from the drainage of the surface, but are not sufficiently deep to reach the springs. Close out- side the western gate of the city are two wells, 241 feet deep, with water slightly brackish. They are protected from falling into the hands of an enemy by parapets with loopholes. According to Tod,* Jessulmcre was founded in 1156, by ' Anniis of r«- Jesul, a Bhatti prince, to replace the more ancient capital, * ^' Lodorva, situate 10 miles N.W. of the present. The site of Lodorva had no natural difficulties which might aid its defence, and in consequence of its exposed situation, was sacked by a hostile force ; whereupon, the surviving inhabitants settled at Jessnlmere. The population of Jessulmere is probably about 35,000.4 It is distant N.W. from Calcutta, by Allahabad, * Tod. ut wpw. II. 278. Calpee, Gwalior, and Nusseerabad, 1,290^ miles. Lat. 26^ 56', B^iieau, at mpn, long. 7(f 58'. f^;^^, ^„„ JETCH DOOAB— One of the natural divisions of the of Route.. Punjab, formed by the two rivers Jhelum and Chenaub. It is the smallest of the four dooabs bounded by the Indus and its tributaries, and lies between lat. 31° 10'— 33° 2', long. 72° 13' — 74° 48'. Its length from north-east to south-west is 165 miles, and its breadth 33. JETTOE, in the Sinde Sagur Dooab division of the Punjab, e.i.c. ut, noc a town situated on the left bank of the Indus, 54 miles S.W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 31', long. 70° 56'. JEWAHIBGtJKH, in the British district of Muttra, lieu- o«rden, TaWct 283 ^ Routei, 8. JEWALA MUKI. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a vilbge oil the route from the city of Agra to Allyg^urh, and 20 miles N. of the former. The road in this part of the route is very good, the country well cultivated. Lat. 27° 26', long. 78° 7'. JEWALA MUKI, in the north-east of the Punjab, a cde* brated Hindoo place of pilgrimage, 10 miles N. W. of Nidaon, situate in an elevated nook, immediately under the mouotaios of Changa, is frequented by votaries from all parts of Hin- dostan, anxious to vrorship the mythological personage called Devi, wife of Mahadeo, her presence being indicated, as tliej believe, by some inflammable gases which issue from fissures in the rock. The name Jewala Muki is composed of two Sanscrit words, — Jewala^ flame, and Muhi^ mouth. The flame, acoordicg to the legend, proceeds from the fire which Sati, M^e bride of I Wilson, In Siva, Created, and in which she burned herself. Siva,^ finding Moorcr. I. /O. ^|^^^ ^^^j^ flame was about to consume the worid, buried it in the hollow of the mountain. The temple is about twenty feet ^ Von Bugei, I. squaro, and the principal place of flame is a shallow troogV ^ excavated in the floor, where it blazes without intermissioD. There are several jets of less importance. The gas also lies on the surface of some small reservoirs of water, and, when ignited, continues to bum for a short time. The roof of tb« temple is richly gilt, but the interior is blackened by the smoke of burned butter, sugar, and other gross offerings. In 188^ iBunjeet Singh, when ill, made an offering of butter to the amount of 1,5001., hoping the renovation of his health from the favour of the deity. The weight of the offering was probeblj » 1. 185. about sixty or seventy tons ; and Vigne,* who was at the place while the burning was going forward, found '^ the stench similar to that of a candlemaker's shop.** Near the principal temple is one smaller, called Gogranath, and hence concluded bj Von 4 i. 87. HiigeH to be of Buddhist origin. The ground adjoining to the group of sacred buildings is crowded with cows. Brahmins, pilgrims, and mendicants, and loaded vrith filth. The pilgrims, most of whom are paupers, are supported for one day from the funds of the temple. The town is dirty and neglected, bat * Id. i. 8S. has an extensive bazar,' containing great quantities of idols, votive garlands, rosaries, and other trumpery of the like desenp* tion. The population is about 8,000. Near the town is a mineral spring, the water of which is found to be singular)/ 891 JEW— JET. efficacious in discussing broncbocele. Moorcroft was unable to analyze this water ; but it probably contains some form of iodine, now known to possess much efficacy in resolving glandular tumours. Lat. 31^ 53', long. 76° 22'. JEWUNPOOE,^ in the British district of Azimgurh, lieu- > e.lc. ms. doc. tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the eastern route from the town of Azimgurh to that of CK)ruckpoor, and 12^ miles N.E. of the former, 60 miles N.E. * oardm, T«biM of Benares. Lat, 26° 9', long. 83° 24'. of Route, w. JEW UK, or JEWAB, in the British district of Boolund- < e.lc. Ms. doc. ahuhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Coel to Delhi, 36 miles N.W. of the former. The population is returned at 5,835.* Lat. 28° 7', • shaketpear, 1 »^»»o «^/ SUt. of N.W. long. 77° 39'. ptot. w. JEYP00E.1*— A considerable raj or territory of Eaj- "b.i.c.mi.doc. pootana, named from its principal place. This state, called anciently Amber, lies between lat. 25° 40'— 27° 37', long. 75° 8'— 77° 20' ; is about 150 miles in length from east to west, and 140 in breadth ; having an area of 15,251 * square * Trig. surr. Rep. miles. It in general is an extensive plain,^ though in the 'JacqtieBioDt,' northern and north-western parts are '' insulated peaks,^ and TranM^.ofGeoi. clusters of dentated hills, here and there rising above the ^■^,^'!^"* general leveL" Tliey may be regarded as connected with a PraMr,..9oiini. ' similar formation^ in the vicinity of Delhi. Jacquemont^ Borahs. ^ estimates their average elevation above the plain at about *Baber, Mem. 800 feet. Their geological formation^ is quartz and granitoid • tl 864. rock, intermixed with white calcareous rock or marble, and ^^J***'* "* ■"?"*». occasionallj mica. The country extending south of those hills is generallj a level expanse of fine white sand, nearly devoid of vegetation, except where moistened by a spring or perennial rill, either of which is of very rare occurrence. This plain is bounded to the south-east by a rockj range of small^ height, ' id. at wapn, nmning from north-east to south-west, immediately to the west of the city of Jeypoor. The range is contiaued in a north-eastern direction® until it joins the mountains of Alwar, • boii«mi, xonr in HaI wftftt. 1 Aft. The southern part of the territory is, with little exception, a sandy* plain, studded in some places with low rocky hills, cul- • Heber, v^mu tivable only by means of the incessant irrigation applied to it «m).**"™* I At. BM. v. 18ft ^ ♦ Jaipur of Jaiaingh ;» Jyeponr and Jaepour of Rennell. tho""»tro'*LiSun 285 of Jayasinlia. JEYPOOE. by the inde&tigable industrj of the natires, drawing their supplies of water from innumerable wells. Manj parts are irreclaimably barren. Heber says, '* The countij resembled extremely a large estuary, but studded with rocky islands, whose sands were left bare by the receding tide. Except the few thorny shrubs I mentioned, which do not grow higher than the common heather, not a blade of verdure was to be seen." A large portion of the soil is employed in grazing, and cat^ » Thorn, Mem. of are vcry numerous.^ Those parts of the territory which admit ^ " 'of cultivation, produce great crops of grain, pulse, cotton, and tobacco. Everywhere occur traces of extensive cultivation and • Heber, i. SM. prosperity, swept away ^ by the devastating wars in the latter part of the last century and the early part of the present ; a natoral consequence of such events, as thorough tranquillity and aafefy for life and property are in£spensable for the due cultivation of a tract depending on irrigation froni wells for the growth of vegeta- tion. The periodical rains are light, and, confined to the dose of summer, and there are few per^inial streams. TheBanganga, the most considerable of the transient torrents which traverse the • Id. I. mo, country, is in winter and spring devoid^ of water. There are a few springs, but the water which they afford is soon absorbed by the sands. Water, however, may be obtained at all times 4 Id. L OM. by digging in the beds^ of torrents, and in most places is met with near the surface ; so that weUs need not be sunk to anj • Freaer, ut toprB, great depth.* From the naked, arid character of the soil, tiie temperature, during the prevalence of the hot winds, in the • Thorn, 845, 846. latter part of spring and beginning of summer, is dreadful,^ ^ thermometer frequently rising to 130° in the shade, and the heat proving fatal to men and beasts. In winter, howe?^, ^ 1 Heher, II. 619, temperature is sometimes so low^ as to produce boar frost ' ' The population is a collection of various races, of which the •Tod. Annfth of most numcrous are the Minas, supposed to be the aboriginal^ R^jaathM, u. . j^ggggg^pg q£ ^Jj^ couutry. Ncxt, and nearly equal in number, are the Jats, who are extensive holders of land, and the moat industrious and skilful agriculturists. Brahmins are numeroa^ being in greater proportion to the rest of th^ population than in any other state of Eajwara. Bajpoots, the ruling dan, though inferior in number to the Minas and Jats, are con- • Tod, u. 4S1. jectured to be still capable of mustering* 80,000 men in arms. JETPOOB, They are of the Kaohwaha* or Kashwaha tribe, acoording to tradition, deioended from Kash or Kasha, the son of Eama, and supposed to haye originally come from Mount Aboo,^ but * oriental icog. they are not considered equal in prowess to the Bahtors, the Hiutis, or some other^ Bajpootf tribes. Of less important * ^od, Aiutif of . Ri^than, iL 4S1* tribes, the chief are the Banias, Dhakurs, and G-ujurs. Tod estimates the relatiye density of the population of Shekawutti afe 80, and the remainder of Jeypore at 150' to the square * id. u. 4so. mile, giying an ayerage of 124 to the united area ; and assum- ing this, the area being 15,251 miles, 1,891,124 would be the aggregate number of the inhabitants. Of the accuracy of the asshmption on which this calculation is based, there are no sufficient means of judging ; but it differs considerably from the tiew of Malcolm, who estimates the relatiye density of the population^ of Central India at ninety-eight to the square mile ; * cmtnu India, which would yield an aggregate of only 1,494,598. "* **** The reyenue of Jeypoor has greatly fluctuated. It was esti- mated* in round numbers at a crore of rupees, or a million ' Tod, u. 438. sterling, during the most flourishing condition of the state. This was probably an exaggeration ; but, howeyer that may be, various causes combined to reduce the amount in 1802 to 81,88,000 rupees; a sum differing widely from that now realized, which, independent of feudal jaghires and charitable endowments, is returned at 45,83,950 rupees. Under a treaty* • Twatiw and concluded in April, 1818, Jeypoor became tnbutary to the Calcutta, 1845, East-India Company. For the first year no demand was to be '*• *"^ made ; for the second year the amount was fixed at four lacs of Delhi rupees ; the third year at fiye lacs ; the fourth year at feix lacs ; the fifth year at seyen lacs< Tfa^ceforward the annual tribute was to be eight lacs, until the reyenues of the state should exceed forty lacs, when fiTC-sixteenths of the excess was to be paid in addition to the eight lacs. In 1842, howeyer, an ftrrear had accumulated amounting to no less than forty-six lacs. The whole of this was remitted, and the annual tribute fixed at four lacs. ♦ Ctohhwaha of Elliot.' ' Supplement to t The Kacbbwaha does not occur among the thirty-flix Bajpoot tribeft ®***'*^» ****• enumerated* by Chandra in his bistoiy of Prithwi Rai, the Rajpoot prince, > Or. Mag. tUI. iBd lait Hindoo king of Delhi. ^^' 387 JEYPOOR The military streBgih of Jeypoor and its dependendes com- r^^f >'*-J^ prises^ 2,096 cavalry, 18,877 infantry, 692 artillery, with 126 from iBdhs police ; and with the addition of forces maintained by feuda- e sepi. 184a. ^j^^g^ g ggQ^ ^jj J ^£ ^jj^pg ^ garriaon, 6,267, the total amounts to 82,248. The government is vested in an here- ditary rajah ; and when that dignity is held by an adult of firm character and talent, he engrosses nearly all power ; but, as in most Eastern states, during a minority, or the reigu of an imbecile prince, the countxy may be regarded aa partitioaed among the thakoors ; each then becoming neariy, if not qoite, independent in his estate and fort. The principal towns are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. The principal military routes are — 1. From north-east to south-west, from Delhi to tiie city of Jeypoor, and thence to Mhow ; 2. from east to west, from Agra to the city of Jeypooi^ and thence to Ajmere ; 8. from north-east to south-west, from Agra to Neemuch ; 4. from east to weet^ from Calpee to Neemuch. The Kachwaha Bajpoots, who founded the state <^ J^poor, • Tod, Anntit of daim descent from Kush,^ second son of Bama, king of Ajoda Kiiiot! Supple- ^^ Oude, whose reign is fixed at a very early period. Aftef mnit to oioMary, many centuries of wars and migrations, they overran the tnw* jkiaicoim, CMitrai at present forming the state of Jeypoor, and, expelling or soIh India, u. ISO. jugating the Minas and Bingoogurs, founded the kingdom of • Tod, II. S40. Dhoondar* or Amber, in 967,^ under the conduct of Shok i Feriahta,.!. S4S. fine, the first rajah. In the year 1200, Alauddin,^ the F^tta king of Delhi, stormed the celebrated fortress €i Bantambor, and put its defendeA to the sword. At a later period, tiie rajah attached himself to the fortunes of Baber, and afte^ • Tod, U.SS3. wards, as rajah of Amber, received^ from Humayon, about the year 1582, a munsab or commission of command over 5,000 ' Ferbhta, II. 900. men. A subsequent rajah' gave his daughter in mairiage to Selim, the son of Akbar, and afterwards padshah, under the name of Jehangir. The alliance, however, proved imfortom^ Prince Khusroo, the offspring of the marriage, was hated by his father ; and some circumstances in their disputes so affected Ml 840. • Aooording to Tod,> "the etymology of Dhoondar it frooi ft oM» celebrated saorifioial moond (d*booiid) on the western frontier." JEYPOOE. the princess his mother, that^he destroyed** herself by poison. * Biphtiuume, EliufflXK) aspired to succeed Akbar, in supersession of his ii/272! father, but the attempt was unsuccessful, and he passed' the rest of his days in captivity. Latterly he was intrusted to the charge of his brother Shah Jehan, another son of Jehangir, and afterwards padshah, in whose custody he died, not without suspicion of having been cut off by order of his brother. Under the reign of Arungzebe, Jey Singh, the rajah of Amber, was one of the most powerful and assiduous courtiers* of that • m. 11. 440. mpnarch, from whom he received a munsab or command of Mahnttat, sis. 7,000 men ; and, amongst other services, he betrayed to his I^j\"h^' ^ patron his rival brother, the rightful heir. Prince Dara. He Deccan, ii. 10, h. also contrived^ to place in captivity Sevajee, the celebrated «Treatiftand founder of the Mahratta sway, whom, however, he in some ^^itJ^Twi, degree compensated by subsequently aiding^ in his escape. J- we. Aurangzebe becoming jealous of Jey Singh,^ caused him, it is Engagementi, said, to be poisoned. The munsab was reduced to Jey Singh's y^yd."* successor to 4,000 men, and to the third in succession to 8,000 men. The next prince, Jey Singh the Second, entered into the contest for the succession, which, on the death of Aurung- zebe, arose among his sons. He supported the cause of Azim against his brother Moazzim ; and, after the defeat and death* • scott, Memoiri of the former, was by the victor subjected to terms much more U. ss^ ** "' rigorous than were enforced on other Bajpoot princes.^ The ^|l^nll!***'|"%^i'*'' course of events, however, favoured Jey Singh, and he was » Eipiiinstone, Bubsequently, it is believed, admitted to conditions not inferior to those granted to his most favoured brethren. At a later date, when Ferokshere was raised to the throne of Delhi, Jey Singh held a high command under hira. When a powerful conspiracy threatened the ruin of that feeble-minded monarch, the Eajpoot steadily supported him ; and having in vain urged him to resistance, on his murder retired^ to Amber. Jey Singh • Tod, ii. m©. was high in favour with Mohammed Shah, successor of Ferok- shere^ and, on account of his great scientific attainments, was * Gladwin ' gives the following version of the transaction : — " She * Hist, of Hindo- inherited a melancholy disposition from her family ; and the undutiM Jj|» ^,"^'"5p^*„. hehavionr of her son in making use of every opportunity to prejudice gir, siiahjehan, Akbar against his fitther, so worked on her imagination, that, taking the »nd Aurungaebe, opportunity of her husband's absence on an hunting-party, she destroyed ^' herself by a large dose of opium." 4 TT 289 JEYPOOE. by that monareb intrufited witb tbe reformation of the etiea- dar ; for which purpose he drew up astronomical tables, whk\ s At. rm. v. 178 in honour of the Padshah, he named^ Zij MohaHEunadshshi, or ^nitoftheATtro- " Tablcs of Mohammad Shah.'* For furthering astronomieai "f j'^^'haT*" pursuits, he erected obserratories, and provided them with BcientifiU; apparatus ai enormous magnitude, at Jejpoor, Be- nares, Muttara, Oojein, and Delhi. He also founded the dtj of Jejpoor, which remains ia monument of his ardhitectoial skilL The career of Mahratta conquest towards the north and Dortb- east appears to ha?e been at first favourable to the a^^randiie- ment of Jeypoor, which for a time made common cause with the new race of marauders, in seising the fragments of the falling realm of Delhi, but il»elf soon became a suffener from « TrMtiM ind them. Scindia^ demanded heavy oontributione, which bsiiigi^ nngemtn Qi^ted, that chieftain marched with a largo army to enlbrcetbeB. He was, however, signally defeated. Tbe defection and eubae- • Tod, ii. 074, 875. queut independence of the chief of Macherry ^ or Alwar, abost the year 1790, rent away a large portion of the territory of Jef • poor ; and Tukajee Holkar, the Mahratta (^ief, invading the remainder, extorted an engagement for the payment of a larp « BuMWttn ui, vinual tribute,^ which^ was afterwards trana£erred to Ameer KhM. 800.°***' Khan. From this period the country was overrun aud deso- »Tod, II. 875. lated by different parties of freebooters, who often ftwjght • Traatfof aiMi among themselves^ for the apoil^ till, in 1803, a treaty vaa • siuherittid, coi»cluded between' Juggut Sing, rajah of Jeypoor, and tbe Relliurj^^* British government, but annulled by Sir George Btriow, goveruor-^eneral, in 1805, contrary to the earnest reaios- strances of Lord Lake. On this occasion, the Jeypoor igeot observed to the British general, that this was the first time tbe English government had been known to make it» faith subser- vient to its conv^iienee. Jeypoor was now left to the m&cj of the Mahrattas, whose desolating ravages reduced tbe fineet tracts to the state of deserts. In 1818 another treaty m >TrMHeiwith th« concludcd,^ by which the British govemoBent agreed to proteci «i/* •», Jeypoor, that state engaging to acknowledge its supremacy, to yield subordinate co-operation, and to pay tribute. Some hesitation was manifested by the durbar of the Jeypoor state in receiving the overtures of the British ; the existence of which was ascribed, and probably with justice, to a fear tbafc the stronger power might, as before, bneak the eogagemeat JEYPOOR. when deemed inconvenient, leaving the weaker to the ven- geance of the Mahrattas. But though saved from outrages of thi^ kind, the country prospered not. Juggut Singh, the prince with who;n thie treaty was concluded, died in the same year in which it was executed. After^ a short interval, a * Tr«ti« and posthumous son of the deceased raj^h was acknowledged as his k^*™*"'** successor ; and during his mi]:M)rity his mother assunved the regency. This authority she contin^ed to e^erciae till her death, which occurred in 1831. Throughoi^t this period, the 9iQ8t scaadalous corruption, intrigue, and misgovermi^ent pre- vailed, and shortly after the ranee's death, the British govern- ment found it necessary to move a force into Jeypoor, for the purpose of redressing the wrongs and correctiQg the abuses which had brought jbhe country to a state which led tq its being described by a traveller in 1835, as exhibiting ''an empi^^ t^reasury, desolate palaces, stagnating commerce, a fero- * Boiiaau.Toar in cious populace, and a rabble army.'* The greater part of the ^^^"^ *^' country was in the han^s of the thakoors or subordinate chiefs, eac|i of whom possessed a military force* aijid as many retain- 4 poi. Di«p. to ere as he could keep together, exercising all the powers of ^**'*' **"**** '• government within his own district. These tha^oors were in general engaged in quarrels and wars with each o^her, and frequently in combinations and contests against the ruling powers of the state, while marauders from neighbouring dis- tricts ravaged the country, sometimes even with the connivance of the rajah's minister, who closed his eyes to these outrages, and p^icipated in the plunder. This man consummated his villanies by poisoning hi§ master. He followed up the atrocity by attempts on the life of Mtyor Alves, the Goveimor-Gene- ral's agent, and his assistant, Mr. M. Blake, and against the letter was unhappily successful. It remains to be added, that the convicted contriver of these vile deeds was permitted to end his days in the fortress of Chunar, an example of lenity ill merited. The measures of the British government speedily introduced a better state of things; a regency during the minority of the infant successor of the murdered prince was ap- pointed ; financial reforms T^ere commenced, and an approxima- tion to at least something like the administration of justice made. The effect of the pervading influence of the British government is thus stated by Colonel Sutherland : — " A V 2 291 JEYPOOB. » Pol. Di«p. to visible* improvement has taken place in the condition of the TNo'i.mt fine and modem city of Jeypore itself, and generally throughout the country, while everywhere there is a sense of security and the prevalence of order, which, the people say, have been im- known during either of the last two reigns, and which they compare with what existed in the days of Jey Sing, the founder of the city of Jeypore.'* Subsequently, opportunity was found for the exercise of the charities of life ; hospitals and dispensaries were established, of the benefits of which nearly 2,000 patients availed themselves within eight months. Of this number nearly seven-eighths were discharged cured, and only five persons died under treatment. The financial results under the influence of English authority were not leas happy. The government, it is needless to add, was in debt ; for all Indian governments, however hopeless their credit, contrive to accumulate debt. In 1843-44, 9,39,587 rupees • id. Heber, Narrat. or rather basiu, conjectured^ to be the bed of a dried-up lake, of journ.i.63i. laying ou all sides, except the south, barren stony hills, crowned in many places with forts. On the north, the hill rises above the town several hundred feet, and on this is built » BoUeau. Tour in the citadcl, which " has* a very bold appearance when viewed R^wara, iM. ^^ ^^^ towu, the south facc of the rocks being very pre- JETPOOE. cipitous, and totallj inaccessible." It is approachable, bow- ever, on the north, where the rock slopes gradually towards the antique town of Amber. The town of Jejpoor is about two miles in length from east to west, the breadth about one mile. It " is entirely* surrounded by a wall of masonry, with lofty < Boiie&u, i6e. towers and well-protected gateways, but the ramparts are too thin to offer an effectual resistance even to field artillery, and they are so low, that the shifbing sands have in some places drifted against the outside of the wall nearly as high as the parapet, totally obliterating the ditch, if ever there was one.'* There are seven gateways,^ in no manner differing from each « Jtequcmont, other. Outside the rampart, another wall runs parallel to it, ^**^'*"' ^*- *^* embattled at the top, and having numerous loopholes for musketry. It is considered to be the most handsome and regularly built of the cities laid down by native Indians. A main street, two miles in length, and forty yards in breadth, extends from east to west. This is intersected by several streets of about forty yards in width, and at each point of intersection is a chauk or market-square. " The cross-streets^ ' BoUmu, 1(». are in their turn intersected at right angles by narrower streets, and the latter are again subdivided in a similar manner by lanes, which are aligned with equal accuracy ; so that nearly the whole city is portioned out into rectangular blocks." **^ The palace, gardens, and royal premiises, occupy the whole of the central block, being half a mile long.*' The front of the royal residence is extremely high, having seven or eight stories, and is flanked at each extremity by a lofty tower, surmounted by a cupola. Within are two spacious courts, and several of smaller dimensions, surrounded by cloisters, with stone pillars. The garden, which is surrounded by a high embattled wall, terraced at top, and cloistered below, is " extremely^ beautiful, ? H«btr, ii. a. fuU of fountains, cypresses, palm, and flowering shrubs, with a succession of terraces and alcoves, none of them, singly taken, in good taste, but, all together, extremely rich and striking.'* Jacquemont states^ that there are in this vast residence fully a • ri. aas. dozen palaces, communicating either by galleries or gardens. The most remarkable apartment is the Diwani Khas, or hall of audience, a splendid oblong room, entirely built of white marble, which material is also profusely employed throughout in the construction of the palaces. The houses in the prin- 295 JEYPOOR. cipal sti^eta are in general finely built of stone ; and nameroin mosques and temples add to tbe architectural spleDdonr of » jtrqaraioDt, tbe town. The arsenal* contains a furnace for casting, and itoiiMu, 157. machinery for boring guns ; but none hare lately been made here. There are some antique cannon, of enormous dimensions, constructed of wrought-iron bars, laid longitudinally, and kept together by a coat of gun-metal founded around them ; but « At. R«. T. 185 they are totally unseryiceable. The huge observatory, erected^ iutI^TOmIc«ru' ^^^ ^y J*i Singh, is in good preservation, but no pundit of bourtofjaja the place has skill^ to make use of it. "Besides* the huge Sinba. , , , 'jacquemont, dials, azimuth-circlcs, altitude-pillars, and such other bnlkj >"b!L.. i». inBtruments. of masonry, there are some brazen altitude-cirda of enormous size and great weight.'* Jeypoor was built in the early part of the eighteenth centuiy, by the celebrated Sewae Jai Singh, rajah of Dhoondar or Amber, and, having named it afler himself, he hither remoyed his residence and court ftam the adjacent city of Amber, now desohtte. Distant direct from Agra, W., 140 miles; from Delhi, 8.W., 160 ; Allahabad, N.W., 400 ; Calcutta, N.W., SW. Lat. 26° 66', long. 76° 65'. « B.I.C. Ma. Doe. JEYPOOK.^— A towu iu the British district of Seehpoof, province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 43 mOes E.N.E. rf Seebpoor. The place some years ago had been selected as a « Rragai Mil Dis n^ilitary station, but, in consequence of its insalubrity^ tbe 17 June, 1840. homo authontics suggested the removal of the troops.' Coal- Dbp. 7*Mar* 1849. fields abouud in the vicinity.* Lat. 27° 14', long. 95° 19'. > E.I.C. Mt. Doc JEYPOOB,^ in Orissa, a town in the native zemindany of the same name, on the south'^west frontier of Bengal, situate 111 miles N.W. from Vizagapatom, and 69 mOes W. by 8. from Eyaguddah. The territory of which this town is the principal place is bounded on the north by the petty state of Calahandy and the Koond tribes ; on ^e east by the Bri^ collectorate of Yizagapatam ; on the south by the nrer Gk)davery ; and on the west by the territory of Nagpore. It lies between lat. 17° 16'— 19° 46', long. 81° 28'— 83° 68'. 1*8 length from north-east to sonth-west is 212 miles, and its breadth 100. The area is computed at 18,041 square miles, « statittici of and the population at 891,280.* The tract is held by a number of chiefs, styled hill zemindars, who collectiv^y pay an annual iaribute of 16,000 rupees, or 1,600^., to the British government. S94 JET— JHA. The tribute had occftBionally fallen into arreai*, owing to internal dissensions, m which the British goremment have declined to interfere.^ Indeed, from the wild state of the countiy, aceess * Modru judidai to the interior is scarcely practicable, and a farther barrier is {JSS." ^^ ^''*'"' imposed, in the pestilential nature of the climate. An alleged instance of human sacrifice in this territory was some time since brought to the notice of the British government, and measures were instantly adopted for the suppression^ of the barbarous ^ id. ss Aug. isos. practice. The town of Jeypoor is in lat, 19° 1', long. 82^ 27'. JEYFOOB. — A town in one of the recently sequestrated E.i.c.Mi.Doe. districts of the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 68 miles W.S.W. of Ellichpoor. Lat. 20° 45', long. 76° 89'. •TETT,* or JYNT,i in the British district of Muttra, lieu- » e.i.c m. noc. tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a small town india^i. aTSL " or village on the route from the cantonment of Muttra to ^ R.I.O. Mt. Doc. * Journal of Lit. 8oc. of BomtMjr, I. 808— Mac- murdo. Remarks on Kaitiwar. ' Jacob, ut lapra, 74,75. I B.I.C. Mt.Doc * Garden, Tablet of Routat, 275. s HItt. or Gujarat, translated hj Bird, 121. tains 100 townships, inhabited hj the indigenous tribe Mina, who muster 4,000 bowmen. Lat. 25'' 4ff, long. 75"" 21'. JHALLAWAR,* in the peninsula of Kattywar, profince of Guzerat, a district named from the Jhalla^ tribe of Bajpoota, who are the principal part of the population. It extends ofer the north-eastern part of the peninsula, and is bounded on tbe north by the Bunn or Salt-marsh, connected with the easteni extremity of the Gulf of Gutch ; on the east by the Briiiah district of Ahmedabad ; on the south by the British distriet of Ahmedabad and the prant or district of Kattywar; on tbe south-west by the prant of Hallar ; on the west by the pnnt of Muchockanta ; and lies between lat. 22° IS*— 28^ ff, long. 70° SO'— 72° lO'. No official return has been made of the area ; but, by a probable approximation, it may be stated at 8,000 square miles. It is in general a level tract, and well watered by numerous small streams, flowing northward and eastward into the Bunn. Of those streams, the most con- siderable is the Muchu, which, rising among the hills in the south-western part of the district, takes a direction north-west, and, passing into the prant of Muchockanta, £edls into the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Cutch, near the town of Maliya. The district is in general irrigated, as water is found at a moderate depth in wells, and quite near the surface in the beds even of those streams the currents of which fail bl the dry season. The staple produce of this prant is grain, especially wheat, of which a considerable quantity is exported: much cotton of excellent quality is also grown and exported. This tract is in general devoid of wood, a supply of which ia obtainable only from plantations of limited extent about the villages. The district contains^ 496 towns or villages, a popu- lation of 240,325, and pays to the British government aa annual tribute of about 27,034/. The principal towns, Waon- kaneer, Hulwud, Darraungdra, Wudwan, and Limree, are noticed under their respective names in the alphabetical arrangement. JHALLODE,^ in the territory of Scindia, a town (m tbe route from Neemuch to Baroda, 131' miles S.W. of former, 108 N.£. of latter. It was formerly of importance, being ^ principal^ place of a perg^unnah of the kingdom of Giuerat, containing seventeen towns, and it is still a considerable plaoe^ JHA. It has a basar/ a mosque, a small temple, a large and fine * ireb«r, joam. tank, and some well-built bouses of brick, two stories high, and covered with tUes. Lat. 23° 7', long, 74° Q'. JHALLOWA.*— A small raj, formed in the year 1838 by a ' e i-c Ms. doc. division of the Bajpoot state of Kota. The circumstances which led to this division (which are of singular character) will be found detailed in the article Kota. It is divided into three separate portions, the largest of which extends from lat. 24° 6' to 24° 4(/, and from long. 76° 3(y to 76° 68'. The area a little exceeds 2,200 square miles, and the population, according to the rate of estimate usually adopted for this part of India, would be upwards of 220,000. Upon the death of the late chief of Jhallowa, in 1848,* a suttee took place ; and in consequence of • in<"« Po». di»p. this violation of existing engagements, the British government ^' withheld for a time their formal recognition of the present ruler. Precautions' were subsequently taken to prevent a » w. is Peb. imo. recurrence of the atrocious practice, and friendly intercourse '*** ** ^^^* ^***** between the two governments was re-established, r JHALOO, in the British district of Bijnour, lieutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town, the prin- cipal place of the pergunnah of the same name. It has a ' siiakespear, population of 6,651,> and is situate it lat. 29° 20^, long. 78° 17'. Pro^'w."" ''•^* JHALBA PATUN,^ in Bajpootana, a town in the Jhallowa * £.i.o. Ms. doo. division of the state of Kota, situate on the route from Nee- much to Saugor, 90* miles E. of the former, 216 N. W. of the « Oirden, Tables latter. It is a handsome and well-built town, the modem part °'^<*'»'«»'*®®- of which was laid down by Zalim Singh, the regent of Kota, on the model' of Jeypoor. The ground-plan is nearly a square,^ • Maicoim, cen- surrounded by a substantial wall and bastion, well furnished 4*70(1] iktso. with cannon. Two main streets, running north and south, east and west, intersect each other ; and from those diverge smaller streets, and others run parallel. At the point of intersection is a broad terrace, on which stands a temple ninety feet high, dedicated to Chatoorbhooja or Vishnu, represented with four arms. The main street, running north and south, and nearly a mile long, is terminated by a temple dedicated to Dwarcanath or Krishna. In another part of the city is a handsome Jain temple, of great antiquity, but recently repaired and embel- lished. Close to the town, on the west, is a lake^ or large tank, ' Maicoim, cen- nearly a mile square, which throughout the whole year contains ^^^* "**^^* 297 JHA. • Tod, II. 780. 7 Id. 1. 906. ' Id. ut lupra, U. 784. a large body of water. It has been either made or enlarged bj artificial means, as Zalim Singh repaired^ the dam at the same time that he enlarged and improved the town. He also granted a charter exempting' the inhabitants from all forced contri- butions, forced labour, and the hardship of bu3ring gma from government at an exorbitant and arbitrary price. The in- habitants moreover pay only one-half of the transit-duties ordinarily levied in Harouti. From these causes the town htt become the grand central mart of Northern Malwa and Soetii- eastem Eajpootana. Though brought to its {nresent floumlang state only towards the close of the last century, it is a town of great antiquity, the oldest inscription amongst its nomerodt ruins bearing date 748,^ Samvat, corresponding to a.b. 691 Shattered temples and fallen idds strew the ground about tbe town, and vast numbers have been used as materials in build- ing the present fortific^itions ; and nothing can be moreelaborati than the workmanship in the ruined fanes. The namb^of temples, according to tradition, was once 106 ; and from tbe pealing of their bells, this sacred city, it is alleged, was deno- minated.* It is also called Chandravati. Distant from Oogein, N., 100 miles ; from Kotah, 9.R, 60 ; from Agra, 8. W., 215. Lat. 24° 32', long. 76° 13'. I B.I.C. M.. Doc JH ANDINOOE, or JENDIPOOB,* in the Rntish district of Agra, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Prorincei, a village on the route from the city of Agra to that of Mattrt» and 25' miles N.W. of the former. The road in this part of the route is in many places sandy and heavy ; the oountiy cot up by ravines, and ill cultivated. Lat. 27° 22', long. 77° 4ff. JHANSI. — A small native state in Bundlecund. Itoonsiefa of two parts, lying neaHy contiguous to each other, being separated only by a narrow strip of territory belonging to the native raj of Tehree. The western division is bounded on tbe north by Gwalior and Dutteeah ; on the east by Tehree ; on * Garden, Tablet of Route*, 14. > ii. 789. * II. 5AI. * Id. iL 738. ♦ According to Tod,* " Jhalra-patan, or ' the city of bdls.' " He, h^ ever, eluewbere staten' that the etymology is " JhaUrapntim, iiftAtjd the Jhala;" Zalim Singh, who rebuilt it, being of the Jhala tribe of Rajpoots. A more plausible etymology, however, appean to be frov Jhalra, "a spring of water," and Patun, "town;" the rivulet' Oaoi- rabhaga^ as well as the Orsagar, or small lake, abundantly supplying it water. JHANSI. the soutli and west by Gwalior. I^be eastern portion id bounded on tbe nortb^wedt hy tbe Britisb distrid; of Jaloun ; on tbe east by tbat of Hummeerpoor ; on tbe south and soutb- west by Tebree. The combined territory lies between lat. 24*^ 65' and 25° 48^, long. 77° 53' and 79° 31', and extends from east to west about 100 miles, and from north to south about 60. In 1832 it was estimated to have an area of 2,922 > sqnare >DoCnif, Pou miles, 956 villages, and a. population of 286,000. Since that R*"^'^»^«>- period, boweirer, the limits of tbe district bave been contracted by alienation, and consequently the abore-quoted estimates do not, in respect either of extent or population, represent its present condition. Probably 390 miles should be subtracted from the area as above stated, and 86,000 persons from the population. The tract was formerly part of the possessions of tbe Boon- dela rajab of Oorcba.* Subsequently, it fell into tbe bands of * TrtnMrti. Roj. the Pei8hw% and was assigned to the administraticm of one of Fraakifn/iiem. his officers in the character of soubahdar. In 1804*a treaty of SLff "hIU''!!?**' defensive alliance was concluded by tbe Britisb with tbe then Mahrettasj.sin. soubahdar, as a tributary^ of tbe Peishwa. In 1817, con- > ue cms, Poi. sequent on tbe cession to the East-India Company of the ^•>*"°"' ^' Peisbwa's rights in Bundelcund, a second treaty was concluded by the Britisb government with tbe soubahdar of Jhansi, by which be was acknowledged "hereditary ruler" of tbe terri- tory, subject to the payment of an annual tribute^ of 74,000 * m. ss. rupees (Jhansi currency). In 1832 be was permitted to assume tbe title of rajab. Bam Bamchund Bao, the ruler on whom this dignity was conferred, died in 1835, without issue. Various claimants to tbe succession thereupon appeared, but the Britisb government decreed in favour of Bao Bugonatb Bao, the nncle and next of kin of tbe deceased rajab. He died about tbree years afber bis accession ; his brief period of rule having been rendered unquiet by opposition to bis claim, pro- fessedly grounded on tbe fact of his being a leper, whicb was asserted to be a disqualification for the occupation of the seat of power. Bugonatb Bao lefl; no legitimate issue, and tbe succession became again tbe subject of contending claims. Some of these were obviously inadmissible, and the propriety of at once sanctioning any of them appeared very questionable, regard being had to tbe distracted state of the country, which JHANSI. had greatly deteriorated in condition, from continued misgOTem- ment ; the revenue (which is said at one period to have been eighteen Ucs of rupees) having fallen from twelve lacs, its amount in 1832, to three lacs. Under these circumBtuu^ it was deemed advisable that the Qovemor-G^neral*8 agent in Bundelcund should assume the administration; the Taiioiu claims to the raj being reserved for future adjudication. Tfaifl step was accordingly taken, though not without oppodtioD; the mother of Bamchund Bao, who espoused the cause of one of the claimants to the succession, having compelled the Britiih government to make military demonstration before she would quit the fort of Jhansi. A commission appointed to investigite the different claims, unanimously rejected all except that of Baba Gunghadar Bao, brother of the late chief, and the onlj surviving male descendant of Sheo Bao Bhow, with whom, ts soubahdar, the first engagement of the East-India Oompanjiitii Jhansi was concluded. The selection was approved brtbe home authorities ; but the new rajah was not of strong intellect, and was therefore thought unequal to the task of retriering the principality from the state of disorder into which it hid fallen. It was thereupon determined to carry on the adminis- tration by British agency, giving the rajah a fixed aUowaace, with the understanding that the administration should be made over to him partially, or entirely, when it should he deemed safe to trust it to his hands. This plan, thus dictated bj temporary necessity, was attended with such success, that the • Pol. Df«p. to revenue* which, as already mentioned, had fallen so -disa*- July? 1840. trously, was in one year considerably more than doubled- To provide for defence, and to maintain tranquillity, the Jaloon force (afWwards called the Bundelcund legion) was increased, and made available for the service of this state, as well as of that for the protection of which it had originally been raisei* Pergunnah Mote, which belonged to the British government, but had been granted in isteemwarra tenure to the rajah of Jhansi, subject to an annual rent, which had not been paid, ^td.datedsjuiM^ was in consequenco resumed,^ and placed under the mana^ '***'* ment of the superintendent of Jaloun. After a few years of British management, the country having attained that state in * The circumataiicefl under which this legion wm disbanded sre rdefl*° to in a note to the article on the district of Jalonn. SIS JHANSI. which it appeared safe to make the transfer always contem- plated, it was given up to the management of its native chief, subject to a cession of territory, in commutation of the annual payment previously made towards the support of the Bundel- cund legion, and to other necessary conditions/ This took ? poi. Disp. to place in 1843.» J"^-,-t;Sl It would appear that in 1848 the revenue^ of the rajah • kj.c. ms. doc reached the sum of 61,198^. An annual payment of 7,600 l^^; ""^ ''**''• rupees is made to this chief by the British government, on account of the lapsed territory of Chirgong.^ The native force • india poi Dtep. is said to amount to 3,000 infantry, 200 cavaby, and 40 ** ^""*^' ^^ artillery ; total, 8,240 men. JHANSI,^ in Bundelcund, a town, the principal place of * b.i.c. Mt.Doe. the small territory of the same name, lies on the route from Agra to Saugor. Hunter, who visited the place in 1792,^ says, • At. Ret. ti. ss " It is frequented by the caravans from the Deccan, which go ToJm from Agra to Furruckabad and the other cities of the Dooab. Hence, an ^ onJein. afflux of wealth, which is augmented by a considerable trade in the cloths of Chanderi, and by the manufacture of bows, arrows, and spears, the principal weapons of the Boondela tribe." The town is situate amidst tanks,^ and groves^ of fine timber- * sirnnan. Ram- trees, and is surrounded by a good wall. On a rock overlook- JJJJi^n^ lmi' iDg the town, is a fortress, or castellated residence of the rajah, * Mundy, a lofty mass of building, of stone, more striking from being surmounted by a huge round tower. This fort is said to have between thirty and forty pieces of cannon. It was built by the Mahrattas,^ from whom it was wrested in 1761, and for » Tiefifenthnier. some time detained by the nawaub of Oude, who reduced it HinduLn^u'w. almost to ruins. The streets and bazars are clean and orderly, the rajah paying great attention to their due regulation. There is another hill 600 yards south-east of that on which the fort is situate, and of nearly equal elevation to it. Jhansif is * Be Cruz statefl (as mentioned in the text) that Jhansi was subjected to the payment of tribute. No mention is made of this in the treaty of 1817 ; bat if, nevertheless, the fiict were as stated, it is to be presumed that the tributary engagement was merged in the general arrangement of 1843, under which annual payments for the support of troops were commuted by cessions of territory. i Sleeroan, Rmro- t The population of the town is 60,000, according to Captain Sleeman,' 41^"°. 999 801 JHA— JHE. • Garden, Tabln* of Routes, 88, 74. E.I.C. Ms. Doc B.I.C. Ms. Doc • JB.I.C. Ms. Doc * Garden, Tables of Routes, 147. ■ E.I.C. Ms. Doc * Garden, Tables of Routes. > Ed,C. Ms. Do«. * Do CruSt PoL Relations, 199. 142 miles^ S. of Agra, 130 miles N. of Saogor, 245 mflesW. of Allahabad by Baoda^ and 740 N.W. of CalcutU b^ AM- abad. Lat. 25° 28', long. 78° 38'. JH AKI. — A town m the natiye ptato of Nepal, iita«te oq the right bank of the San Coos riyer, and 20 miles N.E. from Khatmandoo. Lat. 27° 60', long. 85° 34'. JHAEOWLEE.— A town in the Bajpoot state of Seerooee, 51 miles W.N.W. from Oodeypoor, and 10 miles E.8.B. fa» Seerooee. Lat. 24° 65', long. 73° 4'. JHABSAINTULEE, or JHABSOTJTLI,i in the jaghire of Bullubgurh, lieutenant-goy^roon9hip of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Delhi to Muttra, and 29^ miles S. of the former. The road in tbip part of the route is low, and laid under water during the rains. Lat. %^° IS', long. 77° 21'. JIIAESUH,! in the Bntish district of Qoorgaoo, lieotis nant-govemorship of the North- West ProTinces, a town a the route from Eewaree to Delhi, 20 miles S.W. of the bto. It is situate to the south of a rockj r^mge of quartzoae forma- tion, and contains a bazar, with a good supply of water.' l^ 28° 24', long. 77° 6'. JHEEND.^ — A small native territory within the limits of the tract of country over which the Briti^ gpvenunent miio* tains a controlling power, through the commissioner aad superintendent of the Cis-Sutlej states. Some years siDce, the territory lapsed, from failure of direct heirs, and posaeBBOD was taken <^ it ; but, in 1837, the larger pcnrtion was gnated to a collatend heir. In 1842,^ the revenue of the state thai constituted was estimated at three laes of rupees, or dOfiOtiL ; but this estimate is inapplicable to the present oonditfton of the state, as, on the conclusion of the war witji Lahofe,«n accession of territory was bestowed on the rajah, in eoneidan* tion of his fidelity during that contest. The poesesdens of this state being made up of scattered portions of territoiy, there is much difficulty in dealing with them as a whole; bat they are returned as having an area of 376 square miles, uid a population of about 66,000 persons. The British gorern- ment, in granting to the rajah an extension of dominion, took who, however, brings forward no groundf for adopting an aitiniata iio^ diblj great for a pUoe «o obfoore. m JHE. advantage of the opportimitj furnished by the act of favour, to promote the cause of public improvezQent, aud advance the ioteneets of humauity, by binding^ the rajah to abolish taransit- ' indu poi. oifp. duties, to make and keep in repair a military road, and to ' Kippress suttee, infanticide, and slave-dealing. JHEEND,^ in Sirhind, a town situate on Feroz Shah's * e.i.c. m*. doc canal, in a naturally fertile country, but which, in consequence ^''^ ^^' ^"'^' of deficient cultivation, is extensively overrun vfiih jungle, especially of dakh' (Butea frondosa). It is a considerable * Joum. At. soc town, and is the chief place of the native state bearing the l^Jwirth.^ta- aame name : there is a good basar, and a palace,^ the residence n«co-«irricuUurai of the ra^. The road in this part of the route, which is in prot«ct«d seikh general good, crosses the canal by a bridge. Supplies are f^^uQ^^^ abundant. Jheend is distant N.W. from Calcutta 979 miles, sketcbet to India, Lat. 29° l&, long. 76° 23', *^ *^ JHELUM, or BEHUT.— A river of the Punjab, and the most western of the five great rivers which intersect that region east of the Indus. It idses in Cashmere, the whole vailey of which it disins, making its way to the Punjab, through the Pass of Baramnla,^ in the lofty range ofPirPanjal. Its »vigne,L«77- 835. S63. most xetnote source is the head of what is regarded by some j^oorer. ii 88 its principal feeder, the Lidur,^ which rises in the mountain- • p. von Hnfi>i» range bounding the valley on the north-east, and in lat. Kawhinir, iv. 144. 34° 8', long. 75° 48' ; and, having drained the small mountain- lake called Shesha Nag, takes a south-westerly course of about fi% miles, to its confluence with the Breng, flowing from the south-east. About ten miles to the north-west, this united stream forms a junction with a large feeder flowing from the south, and itself fonned by the junction of the Saudren, the Yeshau, the Huripur, and some oi^er streams of less impor- tance, none having a length of course exceeding forty miles. Of these, the Yeshau is the principal, and, according to Vigne, so far exceeds in size the other upper £Beders of the Jhelum, that its fountain-head should be regarded as p]X>perly .the source of that great river. The Yeshau flows by a subterraneous passage from Kosah Nag, a small but deep lake, situate near the top of the Pir Panjal Mountain, and at an elevation of about 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. Here, Yigne* » ut wprt, 1. sn. states, *' its fuU strong torrent is suddenly seen gushing out from the foot of the last and lofty eminence that forms the JHELUM. * Ton Hugel, li. 101. *1. ««. • Rrantll, 107. ' Von Uufd, II. * If ooreroft, 11. 804. * i 48. > Ul. 148. SU.804. *L48. dam on the weatem end of the lake, whose waters thus find an outlet, not over, bat through, the rocky barrier with whidi it is surrounded." This remarkable spot is in lat. 83° 35', long. 74° 43'. The stream thus produced and reinforced, snbse- quentlj receives numerous small feeders ; passes through tiie Citj Lake, the Manasa Lake, and the Wulur or Great Lake, and sweeps through the country, confined by embankments, wludi prevent it from overflowing the lower part of the valley. Previously to entering the Wulur, it receives a considerable tributary named the Sinde, which rises in the lofty range bounding the valley on the north. The whole course of the Jhelum through the valley, before it finds an outlet throngb the Pass of Baramula into the lower ground of the Fonjab, Ib about 130 milcs,^ for seventy of which it is navigable. It ii the opinion of Vigne,* that the river made its way graduaUj through this pass, and thus drained the lake, which, accOTding to tradition,^ formerly occupied the site of the valley, it Baramula,^ where the stream is 420 feet broad, is a bridge of seven arches. At Mozafarabad, about 205 miles from iti source, it is joined by the Xishengunga, a stream of nearlj equal volume, which rises in Little Tibet, receives a coD8ide^ able tributary from the valley of Ourys, and subsequendj makes its way through the mountains stretching from Cash- mere to the vicinity of Attock. The united stream takes a course nearly due south, from Mosafarabad, and, about 255 miles from its source, leaves the mountains, and enters on the plain of the Punjab, near the town of Ohind, whence it is navigable to the Indus.^ It is here a very great stream, though considered by Bumes^ less than the Ghenaub. Yon Hugel,^ at the commencement of January, when the rivers of the Fon- jab are lowest, crossed it at the town of Jhelum, sixty-five miles lower down, on a bridge of twenty large boats, and estimated it to have a greater volume of water than the Indus at Attock. Moorcrofl,^ at the same place, found it in the middle of October 150 yards wide, and from twelve to siiteei feet deep, but 600 yards wide at a short distance both abore and below that point, and flowing at the rate of about a mile an hour. At this place the direction of the Jhelum changes from southerly to south-westerly. At Jelalpoor, from which point Burnes'^ descended by a boat to Pind Dadun Xhan, ^ m JHELUM. stream was muddy but rapid, with a current of three or four miles an hour. Elphinstone^ crossed the river at Jelalpoor, < Macartney, tn in Julj, when he found it one mile, one furlong, and thirty-five ^''***' ®**' perches wide, with a deptli of from nine to fourteen feet, and a current running four miles an hour. It abounds in fish, and is infested by great numbers of crocodiles. Below Jelal- poor, it takes a direction nearly southerly, and joins the Che- naub a little above the ferry of Trimo, in lat. 31° IC, long. 72° 9', after a course of about 490 miles. The Jhelum was, at the confluence, when observed by Bumes at the end of June, about 500 yards wide. After the union, the channel of the imited waters was a mile broad and twelve feet deep.* The Jhelum was unquestionably the Hydaspes of the Greeks. It is still known to the Hindoos of the vicinity by the name of Betusta^ corrupted by the Greeks, according to their usage » v!pie,ii.i8i. with respect to foreign names. The scene of the battle between Erphfso!" *^ Porus and Alexander is generally placed at Jelalpoor. Remwu, a*. JHELUM.^ — A town of the Punjab, on the right bank of » von Hugei, lu. the river of the same name. Jhelum is a town of considerable **^ extent, with a population mostly Mahomedan.^ It is, however, • Moorcr. w. aos. rendered unhealthy by the inundation, which extends widely over the eastern bank of the river. The principal crops in the vicinity are wheat, barley, and cotton. During the season when the river is lowest, there is a ford nearly a mile above the town. The passable part of the bed describes two sides of a triangle, the vertex of which is down the river.* By this ford • Hough, Nan-, of the British army crossed in the middle of December, 1839, in "p* " *• its return from Afghanistan ; and though this is the low season, several were swept down the stream, and eleven persons, including an officer, drowned. Hough, who was present on the occasion, states, *' the ford extended over a line of about 500 yards, and had more than three feet water, and a strong current near the south bank." It is obvious that, for the greater part of the year, the ford must be totally impassable. The eleva- tion of Jhelum above the sea is estimated at 1,620 feet. It is expected that steam communication between Kurrachee and * Burues, who visited the confluence when the rivers were fullest^ ex- presses his wonder that it should be so tranquil, contrary to the description of Arrian (L. v. c. rx.). 4 ▼ a05 JHI— JHO. B.I.C. M». Doc Garden, TKblet of Bout«a, 9ia. > B.IX;. Ms. Doe. ' Garden, Tablet of Route*, 117. > B.I.C. Mf . Doe. SBeIoooh.S7ft. S.I.O. Ml. Doe. > B.I.a Ms. Doe. ' Elphlnttone. Aec. of Oaubul, 1.4. *Id.lb. ^ Boileau, Tour In Ri^wara, 7. BJ.C. Mt. Doe. > E.I.C. Ml. Doe. tbia town will shortly be establisbed bj means of government vessels. Lat. 32° 56', long. 73° 47'. JIUNJANUH, in the British district of Mozuffumuggur, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Kumal to Meerut, and 21 miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is rather good; the country open and cultivated. Lat. 29° 81', long. 77° 17'. JHIEEEE,! in the territory of Gwalior, or possessionB of Scindia's family, a town on the route from Calpee to Kotah, 187 miles^ S.W. of former, 134 E. of latter. It has a baiir, and is supplied with water from a-jhil or small lake. liii 25° 33', long. 77° 28'. JHOK,^ in Sinde, a village on the route from Hydrabadto Meerpoor, and 35 miles S. of the former town. It is ntiute in the fertile alluvial tract insulated by the Indus and its gittt offsets the Fulailee and Pinyaree. The adjacent country b described by Pottinger^ as very fine, and capable of prododog rich crops. Lat. 24° 47', long. 68° 25'. JHOONEE, in the British district of Kamaon, lientenint- govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route, up the course of the river Suijoo, from Ahnorah to the TJnta Dura Pass, 40 miles N.E. of Almorah fort. It is sitoste on the right bank of the Surjoo, five miles below its sooree. Lat. 80° 7', long. 80° 3'. JHOONJHNOO,! in the Bajpoot state of Shekawuttec, i town on the route from Delhi to Bikaneer, 120 miles S.W. of former, 130 E. of latter. It is a handsome' town, with trees and gardens, the appearance of which is the more agreeable, as they occur in the midst of a dreaiy sandy desert. Here, during the existence of the Shekawuttee confederacy,' each of its five chiefs had a stronghold ; but these were subseqnentij occupied by British garrisons.^ Lat. 28° 5', long. 75° 82*. JHOOEH. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Jodhpoor, IS miles N.N.E. from Jodhpoor, and 103 miles S. from Beekaneer. Lat. 26° 32', long. 73° 13'. JHOOSEE, or JHOUSEE.i--The principal place of thepe^ gunnah of the same name, a town on the left bank of the Ganges, close to the confluence of the Jumna. It is opposite the city of Allahabad, with which it communicates by a ferry scpow the Ganges. A more frequented communication between the 306 JHO— JHU. left bank of the mer and the Britisli cantonmentB, wbich adjoin the city on the north, is at Daraganj, two miles higher up. The bed of the river is there a mile^ in width, but in the * Garden, ivoiiei drj season the stream occupies only a third of it, the remainder being used as a road. It is always heavy, either from sand or mud. This ferry has thirty boats, and troops and stores are passed free of charge. In some seasons the Gktnges is im- passable here by ferry, in consequence of shifting sands, and the passage must then be made at Papamow, five miles higher up. These sands form a great obstruction to the navigation of the Ganges below Cawnpore. It flows "in a race"* over » Prfnsep, steam a shifting channel in the dry season, and has a very strong BritiSb indii^ m. current^ (in some places seven miles an hour) during the rains. Distant N.W. from Calcutta, by water, 810 miles ;^ by land, * o«rden, in. 503.* Lat. 26° 26', long. 81° 68'. • w. w. JHOOSHAEA JHOLE,! in Qurhwal, a village on the left * R'c- ^t. i^ bank of the Bhageerettee, as the Ganges is called in the upper part of its course. The river, here about thirty yards^ wide, • as. Ree xL474 is traversed by a bridge made of ropes, with a footway of rude of tbe ougis. wicker-work. Jhooshara is in lat. 80° 43', long. 78° 29^. JHOILEGA. — A town in the British district of Candeish, B.i.a Ms. Doe. presidency of Bombay, 12 miles N.£. of Malligaum. Lat. 20° 40', long. 74° 40'. JHOWANTJ, in the Bajpoot territory of Alwur, under the E.i.aMs.Doo. political superintendence of the Governor-General's agent for Bajpootana, a village 40 miles S.W. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 10', long. 76-° 64'. JHOWLYE. — ^A town in the Ei^'poot state of Jeypoor, b.i.c. Ms. Doe. situate on the left bank of the Bangunga river, and 20 miles B. by N. from Jeypoor. Lat. 27°, long. 76° 13'. JHUGEBPOOE. — A town in the native state of Bygurh, b.i.o. Ms. Doe. on the south-west frontier of Bengal, 62 miles N.W. from Sumbulpoor, and 124 miles S.W. from Lohadugga. Lat. 22° 10', long. 83° 26'. JHTJGGEE. — A town of Sinde, in the %i1ish district of bj.c. Ms.Doe. Hydrabad, presidency of Bombay, 68 miles S.£. of Tatta. Lat. 24°, long. 68° 25'. JHUJHUE,! with DADEEE.*— A native state within the « b.ixj. ms. Doe. * The district of Dadree, origioaUj oonfbrred upon the nawanb of Bohadoorgarh, has been ihcqaired bj the nawanb of Jhujhur, who now X 2 »7 JHUJHUE. * Journ. At. Soc. BcnK. 18:», p.] 10 — Colrln, on the Ancient Cannls in the Delhi Terri- tory. » Bollptu, RnJ- wara, ft. * Garden, Table* of Routes. 107. * De Cro«, Pol. Relations between British Oovem- meiit and Native Stntes of the N.W. Provinces, 85. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc. Statistics of Native States. 1 B.I.C. Ms. Doe. * Garden, Tablet of Routes, 107. Delhi agency, and subject to the jurisdiction of the lieutenani- govemor of the North- West Provinces. It is bounded on the north by the British districts of Hurriana and Bohtuk ; on the east by Delhi, Goorgaon, and Alwur ; on the south by GkK)r^ gaon and the territory of the Alwur rajah ; and on the west by Shekawutty and the pergunnah of Loharoo. It lies between lat. 27^ 56'— 28° 66', long. 76° 66'— 76° 68', and has an area of about 1,230 square miles. The general elevation of the country may be estimated at 820 to 840 feet above the level of the sea, as, in the rainy season, it is pervaded by namerous watercourses having a very slight declivity, and which, about thirty miles to the eastward of the territory, discharge them- selves into the Jumna, by a channel^ close to the north side of the city of Delhi, at an elevation of 800 feet. The south- western part is intersected by numerous low rocky ranges, like those of the adjacent territory of Patun.* The jaghire is traversed from north to south by the military route from Ilansee to Nusseerabad and Neemuch, and from west to east by the route leading from the town of Dadree to that oi Jujhur.^ The principal places are Jhujhur, Namot, Dojana, Dadree, and Kanound. The annual revenue^ is estimated at 60,000^. The nawaub maintains a military force of about 3,000 nien,^ and is bound to furnish 400 cavalry* when demanded by the British government. The jaghire being well managed, is in a prosperous condition. If the population be estimated at ninety to the square mile, the average of the adjacent distnei of Hurriana, it will amount to 110,700. This jaghire was assigned by Lord Lake to Nijabut Ally Khan, of the Bhu- raitch family, in consequence of his services against the Mah- rattas, from whom it was taken ; and in 1806 the grant was confirmed in perpetuity by the Governor-General. Fyse Ally Khan, the present nawaub, grandson of the original grantee succeeded in 1836. JHUJHUE,^ the principal place of the jaghire of the same naAie, and the residence of the nawaub, lies on the route from Hansee^ to Muttra, by Goorgaon, and 60 miles S.£. of the former place. Water is obtained firom a large reservoir of masonry ; supplies are abundant, and there is good encamping- furnishes the quota of troops for whose support the district vu granted. 308 JHF. ground on the west side of the town. At the close of the last century, it was by the Mahrattas assigned, with some other places, to the adventurer Q-eorge Thomas,* in reward of his * Franklin, Mem. services, and was for some time the capital of his short-lived %^s^i^^lf' state. Distant W. from Delhi 35 miles. Lat. 28° 35', long. 76° 43'. JHULLAEE, or JELLAH,^ in the native state of Jeypore, » e.i.c ms. doc in Eajpootana, a town on the route from Nusseerabad to Gwalior, 82 miles^ E. of former, 160 W. of latter. It is of « Garden, TaWei considerable size, is fortified, and water and supplies are **' ^*^"*®»' ^^* abundant. Lat. 26° 8', long. 76° Iff, JHUPUHAO. — ^A town in the British district of Tirhoot, e.i.c. Mi. doc presidency of Bengal, 47 miles N.N.E. of Dinapoor. Lat. 26° 12', long. 86° 29'. JHUERIE.^ — A river rising in the British district of i e.lc. mi. Doc. Goruckpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Pro- vinces, about 18 miles N. of the town of Pudrownan, and in about lat. 27° 6', long. 84° 3'. " Its source ^ is a channel about ' Buchanan, sur- thirty yards* wide, and sunk very deep. In February the indi^itSo.™ stream might be twenty feet wide, knee-deep, and not rapid." After a course of about six miles, it joins a branch of the Gunduk, and the united streams fiow southerly for thirty miles, when, below and east of Pudrownan, they again separate. The Jhurrie takes a southerly course for thirty-six miles, when it crosses over into the British district Sarun, through which it flows in the same direction for about twenty miles. It then forms for ten miles the boundary between the two districts of Gt)ruckpore and Sarun, after which, passing into the latter, and continuing to flow southward through it for twenty-eight miles, it falls into the Qhaghra on the left side, in lat. 26°, long. 84° 11', having a total course of 130 miles. At Hosipoor, in lat. 26° 24',^ long. 84° 12', it is crossed by the route from Dma- ' Garden, Tabiea pore to Goruckpoor, and is there so considerable that the ®'^"'^'*®- passage must be made by a temporary bridge. JHUSDXJM. — A town in the native state of Guzerat, or e.i.c. Ma. Doc the dominions of the Guicowar, situate on the right bank of the Bhader river, and 30 mOes E.S.E. from Bajkote. Lat. 22° 5', long. 71° 15'. * Thongb Buchanan's words are given in the text, it may be observed that such dimeosioDS appear absolutely incredible fur the source of any river. JIG— JIN. JIGAT.— See Dwaeka. > Ej.a Vs. Doe. JIGNEE,^ in Bundelcund, a town near tiie right bank of the river Dessaun, is the principal place of the jaghiie or feudal grant of the same name^ held from the Eaat-India Com- pany, under the political superintendence of the lieuteDant- govemor of the North-Western Provinces. The jaghire is b^^I^m!^ estimated^ to contain twenty-seven square miles, widi a popu- lation of 2,800. Its revenue is estimated at 1,500Z. per annum. 8 ^ liSc/*^ ^^^ "^^^ jaghiredar maintains nineteen horae* and fifty-one foot. In MaUvestateiu 1840, the mal-administratlon of the jaghire having become intolerable, managers responsible to the British authorities were appointed. Jignee is 83 miles S.W. of Calpee. Lii 25° 45', long. 79° 28'. > B.I.O. iif.Doe. JILLBEEAH,^ in Sirhind, a village on the route from Kumal to Patiala, and 45 miles N.W. of the former town. It is situate in a level country, which, though fertile, is impe^ fectly cultivated and overrun with jungle. GPhe road lies west- ward of the trunk line £rom Calcutta, and notwitiistandtng the « Lloyd, Journ. to evou suT&ce of the couutry, is bad,^ and scarcely practicaUe s OftMenl'Tab^pt ^OT guus or Carriages. Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,010* ofRoutoim. miles. Lat. 80*^ 12', long. 76° 40^. B.T.c.Mt.Doo. JILLING- SntBINQ. — ^A town in the British district of Chota Nagpoor, presidency of Bengal, 71 miles E. by S. of Lohadugga. Lat. 28° 11', long. 85^ 61'. B.i.a Ml. Doe. JIMPOOB^ in Sinde, a village neiur the route from Kqn rachee to Hyderabad, and 32 miles S.W. of the latter place. It is situate in the Doab, or tract between the Irak and Sodh rivers^.and five miles north-west of the Dundy or small lake of KuDJur, into which they discharge themselves. Lat. 24^ 5?, long. 68° 4'. JIMEU BIYEB.— >The name of a considerable feeder of tfaa Baptee river, rising in lat. 28° 46', long. 82° 10', and, flowing through Nepaul in a southeriy direction for eighty miles, ftlk into the Eaptee, in lat. 28° 2', long. 81° 54'. Bj.a Mt. Doe. JIND ALA, in the Beechna Dooab division of the Poi^, a town situated twenty-two miles from the right bank of the Bavee, and 26 miles N.W. of the town of Lahore. Lat 81° 49', long. 78° 46'. BJ.C. Mi. Doe. JINaEBGATCHEA.— A town in the British district of 810 JIN. Jessore, presidency of Bengal, 54 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23^ 4', long. 89*^ &. JIN JEEEA,^ on the coast of Bombay, a district and bar- » e.i.c. Ms. doc. bour, sometimes called tbe Harbour of Bajapoor,^ from tbe town * Dnn; Hitt. of of tbat name situate on the northern point of land forming ***'»"*'^ *• *^ tbe entrance of the harbour. '' Tbis^ is an excellent harbour, * Honburgh, without any bar, having firom four to five fathoms in the J"4iJ.^''**'***'^' entrance, and the same depths inside, at low water, where there is shelter from all winds." Off the mainland is the fortified island of Jingeera, formerly regarded as a place of high importance. During the existence of the Mussulman monarchy of Beejapoor, it was the principal^ dep6t of the mari- 4 dua; Hbt. of time force of the Seedee or African admiral of that state, who *'»**™"^ *• **• held his dignity on condition of maintaining a fleet for the pro- tection of commerce, and conveying pilgrims to the Bed Sea. After the rise of the power of the Mahrattas, it was attacked repeatedly, but in vain, by Sevajee.^ On one occasion, the •id.i84,M4. gurison revolted, and placed the fort in the hands^ of Aurung- • id. i. 846. zebe. Bajapoor, on the mainland, had previously been taken by the Mahrattas. In 1682, Sambajee, son of Sevajee, besieged the island, which he attempted to connect by means of a mole with the mainland; but the project failed, and in other attempted modes of attack, the assailants were repulsed with great loss.^ On the decline of the realm of Delhi, the Seedee ' Eiphinitone, or chief of Jinjeera assumed independence, which he and his n. 51^ successors maintained more or less efiectually, and the petty ^"* *• •*'• power still^ exists, imder the protection of the East-India * ouir. lu. so. Company. The Jinjeera principality lies between lat. 18° and ]5SiIe*Princ«fc 18° 32', and its revenues are computed at 17,600Z. The title Bombay, aac Seedee or Hubshee is one given in India to Abyssinians, and hence the territory is designated that of the " Hubsies."* i„dia. *'' *** JINJINEALLA. — A town in the Eajpoot native state of B.i.c.iCs.noe. Jessulmeer, 48 miles S. by W. from Jessulmeer, and 148 miles W. from Jodhpoor. Lat. 26° 16', long. 70^ 48'. JINKIPUDDA. — A town in the Cuttack mehal of Mohur- e.i.o. h«. noe. bunge, 84 miles N.E. by N. from Cuttack, and 80 miles "W. from Balasore. Lat. 21° 32', long. 86° 83'. JINSI,! in the territory of Gwalior, a village on the route 1 ^l^i^^i^ from Gwalior to Saugor, six^ miles S.E. of the Eesidency. of Routers*. ° an Mundy, Sketcbat, *" it 88. JIN— JOB. B.I.C. Ift. Doo. £.1.0. M«. Doe. Gnrtlen. Tablet of Routes, 15. E.I.C. Mt. Doe. Wood, Rep. on the Coal of the Indut, 80. S.I.C. Mt. Doc I E.I.C. Mt. Doc s Garden, Tablet of Routet, 40. * Mem. of Ameer Khan, 250, S02. Thorn, Mem. of War in India, 481, 447. I B.I.C. Mt. Doe. Here, before the reduction of the militarj force of Gwalior, was located the Mahratta artillerj, well known for the nomba and excellence of their guns and the skill with which they were served. Lat. 20° 11', long. 78° Icy. JINTEA. — ^A town in the British district of Dinijepoor, presidency of Bengal, 17 miles N. by E. of Dioajepoor. Lat 25° 48', long. 88° 42'. JINTOOE. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, situate 135 miles E. by N. from Ahmednuggur, and 121 miles S.W. by S. firom Ellichpoor. Lat. 19° 39', long. 76° 43'. JIEAME YEE, in the British district of Mynpcwree, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the city of Agra to the cantonment of Myn- pooree, and seven miles W, of the latter. The road in this part of the route is in many places under water during the periodical rains, in the latter part of summer; at other times it is tolerable. The country is flat, and partiaUy cultivated. Lat. 27° 14', long. 79° 1'. JITHAEEE. — A town of Malwa, in the native state of Bhopal, 82 miles E. from Bhopal, and 87 miles W. from Jub- bulpoor. Lat. 23° 14', long. 78° iff, JO A, in the Punjab, a large and flourishing town in the Salt range, about 50 miles E. of the Indus. Here are said to be satisfactory indications of the existence of good coaL Lat. 32° 50', long. 72° 30'. JOAGHJE. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 81 miles W. from Hyderabad, and 111 miles E.N.E. from Beejapoor. Lat. 17° 23', long. 77° 20^. JOAE, or JUWAE,^ in the British district of AUygurh, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Muttra, and 24^ miles S.W. of the former. It has a bazar; water is plentiful, and supplies are abundant. The road in this part of the route is heavy, and bad for carriages; the surrounding country, though rather sandy, is in general cul- tivated, and studded with small villages. Joar was plundered' in 1805, by the Patau freebooter Ameer Khan, during his inroad into the Doab. Lat. 27° 36', long. 77° 58'. JOBNEEE,^ in the Eajpoot state of Jeypoor, a town on the 913 JOB— JOH. route from Delhi to Nusseerabad, 177* miles S."W. of fopmer, •a«rd«i,TBbi«i 66 N.E. of latter. It has a bazar, and supplies and water are ^ "'^ abundant. Lat. 26° 66', long. 75° 28'. JOBUT.* — A town of Malwa, situate under the Vindhya » e.i.c. ict. Doa Mountains, 28 miles S. from Jabboah. Lat. 22° 25', long. 74° 40'. The pettj Bheel state of which this town is the principal place, yields a revenue of about 10,000 rupees, or 1,000/., per annum. Upon the demise of its chief, a few years since, without direct heirs, it was proposed that the state should lapse* to the paramount power. Subsequently, however, * india Poi. nup. a new grant^ was issued by the British government, recognising a h.^mot. isos. a native successor to the vacant throne. JODHPOOB.— See Joudpoeb. JODKA, in the British district of Bhutteeana, lieutenant- Garden, Ttuiiei governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the ** **"'**' route from Hansee to Bhutneer, and 57 miles N.W. of the former. It is a poor place, being ill supplied in every respect, not excepting even water. The road in this part of the route is firm and good. Lat. 29° 80', long. 75° 12'. JOGHEEGHJEH,* or JOOGA,> in the territory of Gwalior, ' e.i.c. Mt.Doe. or possessions of Scindia's family, a fort on a small^ island in to^BilT'ofMafw' the river Nerbudda. Here is a rapid, precluding navigation iw- during the season of low water, but allowing the passage of b^^ 1844, p. 510 boats during the periodical rains. Lat. 22° 20', long. 76° 46'. '^^^^^^Jf °" JOGIGOPA. — A town of Eastern India, in the British Nerbudda (Map), district of Gh>alpara, presidency of Bengal, six miles N. W. of e.i.c. mi. doc Goalpara. Lat. 26° 13', long. 90° 35'. JOGH RID AN, in the Daman division of the Punjab, a town e.i.c. mi. doc situated 88 miles from the right bank of the Indus, 110 miles N.W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 31° 19', long. 70° 14'. JOGLIO. — A town in the Bajpoot state of Beekaneer, 72 e.i.c. Mt. doo. miles E. from Beekaneer, and 100 miles N. from Ajmeer. Lat. 27° 54', long. 74° 32'. JOHANABAD, in the native state of Gwalior, or pos- e.i.c. mi. Doe. sessions of Scindia's family, a town situate on the lefl bank of the Taptee, and 79 miles W. from Ellichpoor. Lat. 21° 16', long. 76° 22'. JOHILA,^ a river or tributary of the Sone, rises, accord- 1 B.i.c.Mi.Do«. * Jogigarh, or "fort of the Jogi ;** from Jogi, "a Hindoo asoetic," and Garh, " fort." 313 JOM— JOO. 'At. rm-tii. Oft— ing to native accounts,^ from a swampy, jongly tract near ihe a Route flom^ famous shriiie of Ummurkuntuk, and about lat. 22° 45', kmg. chunargurh lo g][o gQf According to report, the Nerbudda, Sone, and Jobik Yertnagoodum } ox* also xiT. 400— rise near each other ; the Nerbudda from the kund or pod. of Tncielu oro^ Ummurkuntuk, the Sone three or four miles further east, and f raphy of India, t^g Johila about the same distance north. The Hindoo story BeMhreibunc ran ruus, that the titular deity of the Sone, a male divinity, became Hindustan, u. 908. ^namoured of the Nerbudda, a female, whose handmaiden L^m **** ^** ^^ Johila attempting* to personate her mistress in an interview with the lover, was so severely chastised by the enraged Naiad, that she melted into tears, whence ever since the stream Johila has continued to flow. It holds a course north-west for ninefy miles, to the northern frontier of the district, towards the territory of Bewa, in lat. 23"" 2(y, long. SI"" 4', and a few miles further turns north-east, and ficdls into the Sone on the kit side, in lat. 23° S&, long. 81° l^. B.I.C. Mt. ooc JOMBEE. — A town in the hill eemindmry of Jeypoor, territory of Madras, 24 miles E.N.E. from Jeypoor, aiid 86 miles N.W. by N. fit)m Vizianagrum. Lat. 19° 9*, long. 82° 4r. B.I.O. Ml. i)oc JONGAR. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, 70 miles N. from Goalpara, and 91 miles N.W. from Gt}whatty. Lat 27° 8^, long. 90° SO'. • E.I.C. Ms. noe. JONKUE,^ in the territory of Gwalior, or possessions of Scindia, a town of Malwa, on the route from Gtx>ni^ to Mow, • Garden, Tables 129* milcs S.W. of former, 56 N.B. of latter. It has a bazar, and water is plentiful. It is the principal place of a small • Malcolm. Index pcrguunah of the Oojein district. Population about* 8,000. to Map of Malwa. j^^^ 38° 14', loug. 76° 13'. JOOALAPOOR, in the British district of Saharanpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-Westem Provinces, a I sbakespear, towu with a population^ of 8,862, and the chief place of the ProT. 44. pergunnah of the same name, situate in lat. 29° 55', long. 78° 10'. « E.I c. Ms. Doc JOOBUL.^ — A protected hill state, in the southern or \ow&t ^ • «<>"• Himalayas. Inclusive of Ootrach or Turoch,* with which it has been incorporated, this state is bounded on the north by Poondur, a detached district of Keonthul, and Bussahir; on the east by Bussahir and Gurwhal, the Pabur separating it from the former, and the Tonse frx)m the latter ; on the scmth * See OOTRAOH for particolftra. 314 JOOBTJL. bj Sirmonr ; and on the west by Sirmour and Bulsnn. It lies between kt. 30^ 48'— 31° &, long. 77° 32'— 77° 54': it i» stated to have an area of 330^ square miles. Its northern * Pariiamenteiy part lies in the extensive valley of the Pabnr, along the right '""* '^^' bank of that river ; its southern is comprised within the valley of the Shalwee, a tributary of the Tonse. The valley of the Fabur is described by Jacquemont^ as one of the most delightful > voyage, fT.4ao. tracts he had ever seen, especially that subdivision in which Deohra, the residence of the rana, is situate. The mountainS| rising with a gentle slope, are formed into numerous terraces, yielding crops of rice, amaranth, and other grain, amidst which groves and hamlets are dispersed, while thick and lofty forests overspread the higher parts. The elevation of Joobul in general is very considerable. That of the great peak of Chur, afe the south-western frontier, is 12,149^ feet ; that of Urrukta, * At. Ret. ziv. S29 in the north, above 10,000.* The elevation of the bed of the Hert^rrrriJSl Fabur at Baingarh, on the north-eastern frontier, is 4,932^ feet. sanr. of Htaia- The geological character of Joobul appears to have been but •"J^aemont, very partially investigated. The summit of the Chur peak, on l^^ ^ ^ the southern frontier, is of granite.^ Obscure hints of the — Hodgtonand writers on the subject appear to indicate that mica-slate, and gu^. ^ uimii^' various schistose forms, extend north-westward of that, and ^7^ .7 Journ. As. Soe» intervene between it and the great gneiss zone, forming gene- seng. im^, zxiz, rally the Indo-Gangetic range, or outer Himalaya. Jacquemont® nJilirt^rMlne- found the prevalent formations on the northern part to be mica- "^^^fJ <>' ^« slate, quartz, day-slate, and gneiss ; the latter usually forming Edinburgh pui. the summits of the mountains. ^oiin^^h^f' No part of this district reaches the limits of perpetual con- gcor. ot Him*- gelation, Chur being free from snow* during the summer Ai.*Res, xIt. sw months : the temperature of the low valleys on the banks of ^^7**o?HtalJ^ the Fabur sometimes approximates to that of Hindostan. No laya. • Iv 147 country is better wooded; the northern face of the Chur » oivin/ut fupr% especially, and the mountains stretehing from it, being covered *^'* with dense forests of deodar (Cedrus deodara), attaining a height of 150 feet and a girth of thirty •} with various other i Royie, sotanj coniferjB, pines, firs, and larches. There are also oaks, rhodo- orkhas, in 1815. By the same authority, he was excluded in 1833, and an annual pecuniary provision assigned to him, which he, however, pertinaciously refused to accept. On hia death, in 1840, the raj was restored to his son, an in&nt, dining whose minority the territory continues under Britidi • India Pol. Diap. management.' The only places of importance in Joobul are 19 March, 1851. ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Chepal, and Deohra,* the residence of the rana. JOOGA. — See Joghebgubh. B.I.C. Ma. Doe. JOOGUL. — A town in the Southern Mahratta jaghire- > East-Tndia * Hamilton ' states the capital to be a place called Joobul ; bat bis Oaxutteer, 1. 48. authority is not ascertainable, and no such place appears to be menlioDed by any trayeller in the country, or noticed either in the trigooometncal survey, or in the engraved copy published by Horsbuigfa. JOO. daree of Sherbal, 68 miles N. by E. from Belgaum, and 84 mUes S.E. by S. from Sattara. Lat. 16° 39', long. 74° 45'. JOOLKAPOOE. — ^Atown in the British district of Mid- e.i.c. m». Do«. napoor, presidency of Bengal, 68 miles W.S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 22° 12', long. 87° 39'. JOONAGHUB,* in the peninsula of Kattywar, province ' e.i.c. u*. doc. of Q-ozerat, a town in the district of Sorath. The approach* * Journ. ai. soc from the south-west is very picturesque, the road for some —Poiitn*, Notes miles passing through rich topes of mango, tamarind, and o'«Jounieyto other trees ; and near the walls are some gardens in high cul- tivation. It is surroimded by a rampart about five^ miles in * Tod, Travels in circumference, with numerous massive square towers^ and 2?!^*"* '"'*^' crenellated parapet, and is situate advantageously on a ridge * ^^' ^^^ of sandstone. Within the rampart, and in the north-east of the area inclosed by it, is the citadel,^ the ground-plan of • id. ms. which is an irregular trapezium of very great size. The huge rampart of hewn stone is on the outside strengthened by a deep and wide ditch, hewn in the solid rock. The most remarkable building within this citadel is a large mosque, built,^ it has been conjectured, from the ruins of ancient • Tod, at lupn, temples. It is 140 feet in length, and 100 in breadth. The roof is supported by above 200 pillars and pilasters of granite, and there is a finely-sculptured pulpit, consisting of one solid block of variegated marble. The citadel is supplied with water from a reservoir cut in the solid rock ^ to the depth of 120 ' Tod, ot tupn, 907. feet. It is of an elliptical form, the longer diameter being about seventy-five feet. On one of the western bastions of this citadel, is a huge piece of brass ordnance, the length of which is twenty-two feet, the diameter at the breech two feet two inches, at the muzzle nineteen inches, and the calibre ten inches and a quarter. There are two inscriptions, indicating that it was cast in Turkey. This vast fortress, which is called TJparkot,* is at present overgrown with jungle, the suree& or wild custard-apple predominating among the vegetation. Though thus neglected, yet, by the orders of the nawaub of Joonaghur, it is guarded externally " with a jealousy perfectly oriental," and admission within it is a matter of peculiar favour. The town^ is ill built, with narrow, filthy streets ; and • Joum At. soe. not more than half of the space inclosed within the walls is f!pMt!i^*No^* ♦ Uparikott, or Uparkot ; from Upari, " upper," and Kot, " fort." o,;;,^^^"™^' ^ 817 JOO. • Tod, Trareli in Wettera India, aei. * Poftant, Journ. Ai. Soc Beng. 18S8, p. 871. *Clunet,AppendIs to Itlnemry of Wettern India, AS. 'Jacob, Report on Kattywar, 6S. BJ.O. M t. Doe. > E.I.C. Ml. Doe. • Bomfaaj Rer. Corn. 11 Feb. 1840, p. 1140. Ed.0. Ms. Doc E.IX.M1. Doo. E.I.O. Mi. Doo. B J.C. Ms. Doo. Garden, Tables of Routes, 40. occupied. There is no appearanoe of commerce, or of ^ prosperity resulting therefrom. The palace of the nawaub is an insignificant building, situate in one of the baaars. The population of the town is variously estimated at 5,000,* 20,000,^ and 30,000.^ The chief, a Mussulman, styled the nawaub of Joonaghur, holds' territory comprising 506 yillages, and is joint proprietor of thirty-nine more ; the whole estimated to contain a population of about 284,300. He pays annually* a tribute of 3,065/. to the East-India Company, and 3,7002. to the Guicowar. Distance from Ahmedabad, S.W., 170 miles ; Baroda, S.W., 180; Surat, W., 150; Bombay, N.W., 235. Lat. 21° 3r, long. 70° 31'. JOONA NUGGUE. — A name sometimes given to the town of Sirgoojah, which see. JOONEEE.^ — A town in the British district of Poonab, pre- sidency of Bombay, 70 miles E. by N. of Bombay. Gonaiderable improvements were efiected in the streets and approaches of this place, by means of a grant of money sanctioned by the govern- ment for the purpose in 1841.^ Lat. 19° 14^, long. 73° 56'. JOONGAE., on the south-west frontier of Bengal, a town in the native state of Nowagudda, 143 miles S.W. from Sum- bulpoor, and 77 miles N. from Jeypoor. Lat 20° ff^ long. 82° 20^. JOONJOOWABBA.— A town in the province of Gmerat, or the dominions of the Guicowar, situate on the Bann of Cutch, and 73 miles S.W. by S. from Deesa. Lat. 23° 20^, long. 71° 32'. JOONNAGTJDDA, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, a town in the native state of Oalahandy, 125 mOes N. by W. from Yizianagrum, and 144' miles W. by K. from Ganjam. Lat. 19° 51', long. 83°. JOONUNGHEE.— A town in the native state of Cutch, situate 15 miles S. from the Great Western Bunn of Cntdi, and 59 miles W.N.W. from Bhooj. Lat. 23° 83', long. 68° 51'. JOOBA, in the British district of Eurmckabad, Heotenant- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Allygurh to that of Futt^hgurh, and 38 miles W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is deep, heavy, and bad for whed-carriages. The country SIS JOO— JOS. is flat, and covered in some places with bush-jungle, in others cultivated. Lat. 27° 3(y, long. 79° 7'. JOOEIA,* in the peninsula of Katty war, province •£ Guzerat, i e.i.c. mi. doc a seaport on the south-eastern coast of the G-ulf of Cutch. Opposite are several sandbanks, and the water off this part of the coast is too shoalj for ships ^ of any considerable burthen. » Honburgb, There is a tradition, most probably little trustworthy, that, not to1^*;j.°^.^*"^ much more than 200 years ago, a footpath at low water com- , pletely crossed the gulf from this place to the opposite coast' Lit. soc. of Bom- of Cutch. Though not admitting large vessels, this place has Mwmurf^ron a considerable trade,^ Distance from Ahmedabad, W., 145 the Prorince of miles ; Baroda, W., 180 ; Surat, N.W., 190 ; Bombay, N.W., ijacc^!nepon aOO. Lat. 22° 40^, long. 70° 22'. H Katteewar. 86. JOOTA,^ in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the Garden, Tw>ie« of route from Nusseerabad to Deesa, and 60 miles S.W. of the R«"*«^»«- former. It has a bazar, and is abundantly supplied with water from a tank and wells. Lat. 26°, long. 74° 8'. JOOTAH,^ in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieutenant- i E.i.c.Mi. Doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Allahabad to the town of Futtehpoor, and 35^ miles > Garden, ivibiea B.E. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is rather *»' "^"*^ *' good ; the country is level, fertile, and cultivated. Lat. 25° 45', long. 81° 20^. JOBAEE, in the Eajpoot state of Joudpore, a village on the Boiieaa. i^wan, route from Balmer to the town of Joudpore, and 12 miles N.B. *"* of the former. It contains sixty houses, and has a supply of excellent water from a well twenty feet deep, dug in the bed of a dry tank. Lat. 25° 54', long. 71° 39'. JOEEHAUT. — A town in the British district of Seebpoor, e.i c. Ms. Doc province of Assam, presidency of Bengal, 81 miles S.W. by W. of Seebpoor. Lat. 26° 47', long. 94° 12'. It is the chief place of a subdivision containing an area of 2,965 square miles and a population of 200,000. , b , ^ ^^ ,^ JOSHIMATH,^* in Kumaon, a town a mile below the E.i.c.Trig.8urr. confluence of the Bishengangaf and Doulee or Leti, which, layajPanj.BoUi. i.4. * Joshimatli, according to Raper,' is bo called from a Math or temple, i a: Rm. x!. fil6 containiDg an image of the Hindoo deity Nara Singha, which was placed — Rap*'. SurToy here by a native of Kumaon. " of the Joei (Jyotishi) class of Brahmins." . * ^^ •^ \ ^ / tAa. Ret. xvL 149 f Such is the name of this stream, according to Traill.' In the trigone- -> Statist. Sketch metrical survey it is styled the Yishnoo river : and in Baper,' the Vishnu S',^"°***"'„„ •' ■' ^ g^^ » Ut supra, 518. JOSHIMATH. united, form the Aluknunda. The town is situate on the left bank of the Aluknunda, in a hollow recess, and on a dediTitj, being sheltered on every side by a circular ridge, and especially to the north, where a high mountain intercepts the cold blasts rushing from the Himalaya, rising in that direction. The entrance to the town is up a bank cut into steps faced with •late or stone, with both which materials the streets also are paved, but very irregularly. The houses are neatly built of grey stone, and roofed with shingles. Amongst them is the resi- dence of the rawal or high-priest of Bhadrinath, who lives here for the six months during which the approaches to the elevated temple that he serves are buried under snow. The building containing the idol Nara Singha is more like a privmte residence than a Hindoo temple. It is built with gable-ends, and covered in with a sloping roof of plates of copper. Pil- grims halting here, put up in a large square, having a stone cistern, supplied by two brazen spouts, which yield a never* failing flow of water, derived from a stream descending from the Himalaya. A collection of temples, bearing marks of great antiquity, extend along one side of the square, being ranged along a terrace about ten feet high. In the centre of the area is a temple sacred to Vishnu, surrounded by a wall thirty feet square. Several of those temples are much dila- pidated, having been partially overthrown by earthqui^es. The temples of Vishnu, Gkmesa, Surya or the Sun, and the Naudevi, have suffered least. The statue of Vishnu is of black stone, in a very superior style of workmanship. It is about seven feet high, and is supported by four female figures, standing on a flat pedestal. The image of Ganesa is two feet high, well carved, and polished. In the town is a line of water-milla, placed one below the other, at intervals of fifteen or twenty yards, and turned by one stream, which, flowing from the mountain above, is supplied to them in succession by a com- munication through troughs of hollowed trunks of firs. Joshi- >A0.Rm. xU. 877 math^ is situate on the route from Hindoostan to Chinese T^m.'^uke Tartary, through the Niti Pass, and also on that by the Mana ifftnuasortvanu Pass. The town Contains 119 houses, of which twenty-one belong to Brahmins, fourteen to merchants, sixty-eight to G«Dga; baying, according to this last authority, the name "from its flowing near the feet of Vishnu at Bhadrinath." JOT— JOU. cultivators, and the rest to other classes. fSevation above the sea 6,186 feet.* Lat. 30^ 33', long. 79° 37'. JOTEPOOE, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, a town a-i.c. ut.Doe. m the Cuttack mehal of Keunjur, situate on the left bank of the Bjetumee river, and 95 miles N. from Cuttack. Lat. 21° 49', long. 85° 43'. JOUDPOOE. — A town of Bundlecund, in the native state e.i.c. mi. doc of Punnah, 50 miles S.S.W. from Punnah, and 64 miles N. from Jubbulpoor. Lat. 24° 5', long. 79° 58'. JOUDPOEE, or MARWAE,i t the most extensive of the » sutherunid. Bajpoot states, is bounded on the north-west by Jessulmere ; ReLutrntTss.^ on the north bj Bikaneer and Shekhawuttee ; on the east bj Jejpore, Kishengurh, Ajmeer, and Mewar ; on the south by Oodejpoor and Serohee,'and the Guicowar's dominions ; and on the west by the Eunn of Cutch and Sinde. It is 330 miles in length from south-west to north-east, and 160 in breadth in the direction of the opposite angles. It lies between lat. 24° 36'— 27° 40', long. 70° 4'— 75° 23', and has an area of 35,672 square miles.^ The most marked feature in the phy- * Trig. sorr. B«p. sical aspect of the country is the river Lonee, which, rising on the eastern frontier near Pokur, takes a south-westerly course, nearly bisecting the territory, and forming the boun- dary between the fertile and sterile tracts ; the former lying along the south-eastern or left bank, the latter along the north- western. The western part, bordering on the great desert of Scinde, is, throughout, a mere desolate^ waste. Eastward of ' boIImiu Raj- this are numerous long ranges of rocky hills, dividing the ^"^ Great from the Little Desert, which occupies the right bank of the Lonee, and runs up north-eastward between the city of Joudpore and Pokhum. The Little Desert appears to be covered with sandhills nearly throughout, though low rocks ♦ Such 18 the height. Traill » states it at 7,500 feet. ' Vt supra. 149. t Hamiltoa* assigns, as its etymology, Tuddapoor, "the city of war.** i East- India Tod deriyes it from Joda,' a native prince, who founded the capital in Clazettaer. 1459. According to the same author,' ** Marwar is a oorruption of j^than, u. 18. Maroowar, classically Maroosthali or Maroosthan, the region of death. It * Ut npra, U. 1. is also called Maroodesa, whence the unintelligible Mardes of the early Hahomedan writers. The bards frequently style it Mordhur, which is synonymous with Maroodesa, or, when it suits their rhyme, simply Maroo. Anciently it comprised the whole desert between the Sutlej and the ocettQ." 4 J S2l jrOTJDPOEE. 4 Tod. 1. 680. * Bombtj Llterarj TraiMMCto. ill. 541 — Stewart, on Um BtimU brtween Mmlwaand Ooonnu. *BollMtt,0. 7 Id. 108. • Tod, IL 106. BollcM, ITS. •p. 108. show themtelyet on each flank towards Joadpore and Mtindof on the east, and PoJ^um and Phulodi on the west. On the eastern frontier, the country swells upwards to the Araynlli range, which rises boldly to the height of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet above the level of the sea.^ The whole of the south part of Joudpore, about Sachor, Jalor, and Siwana, exhibits a succession of rocky hills ; the eastern parts, about Pali Nimaj and Merta, are less stony, and there is much arable ground between Balotra and the capital, as well as on the noftb-east frontier. On the southern frontier are occasional appearances of rocks, generally regarded as volcanic by gedogists. Stewart states porphyry to be the prevailing, if not the only rode in that region ; " which near the town of Nugg^r-Parkur rian in a range of lolly hills to the height of 1,000 feet, assuming, in its rugged features, a regularity equally singular ss picturesque.*' * The climate is very hot in summer, but cold, healthy, and bracing in winter, when severe frosts^ sometimes occur. Throughout the western part, the generally sandy nature of ihe country renders the air dry and healthy at all times, bo that it is a common native proverb, that neither mud, musquitoes, nor malaria are to be found in those regions. The case is difleront towards the south-east, where the Lonee occasionally roils along with a gre&t body of water, and the country is cnt up by numerous torrents, which eventually discharge themselves into that river. There is consequently much swamp in that region during the rains, and Joudpore, the capital, itedf is tiien considered unhealthy.^ Salt abounds in this territory, large quantities being extracted from the waters of the Sambhur Lake,^ about twelve miles long and five broad, situate on the north-east frontier. Salt u also extracted at Deedwana, 110 miles north-east of Joudpore; at Puchbhudra, sixty, miles south-west of that place ; and at Phulowdee, seventy miles north-west of it. Boileau' considen that the numerous rocky hills in the east and south of tiiis country contain various metals, as the range which passes into Ajmeer from the northward contains lead, iron, copper, imd silver; but these promising deposits do not appear to have been worked in Joudpore. There are yery fine quarries of white marble at Mukrana, 120 miles north-east of tJ^e town of JOUDPOEE. Jondpore, which is itself built on a hill of a hard red freestone, of excellent quality as a building material. The calcareous conglomerate called kankar is abundant in many districts, and burned to make lime for mortar ; tin and lead are found at Sojut, alum about Pali, and iron is obtained from the districts adjoining Guzerat. Tod* classifies the soils of Joudpore under • u. im. the following heads : — Baikal, the most prevalent, is a light sand, having little or no earthy admixture, and only fit to pro- duce bajra (millet), moong and moth (kinds of pulse), til (sesamum), melons, and other cucurbitaceous plants ; chikni, a fat black earth, producing chiefly wheat ; pila, a sandy clay, adapted for barley, also for tobacco, onions, and various other vegetables ; suffed (white), consisting nearly of pure silex, and producing scarcely anything, except after heavy rains. Cotton is cultivated to a considerable extent, but is a precarious crop, being sometimes totally destroyed by frost, as happened during Tod's ^ visit, when every pod was nipped, the cold being so ' »l «7i «•. severe as partially to freeze the water in his bags. The dis- tricts along the base of the AravuUi being watered by the numerous small streams which flow down from that range, produce every kind of grain except bajra, which thrives best in a sandy soil. On an average for the whole country, the ma- jority of the inhabitants are supported on bajra or moth. The emperor Bhir Shah meeting with some reverses during his invasion of the country in the year 1544, declared that he had nearly lost the empire of India for a handful of mUlet, alluding to the poverty and low produce of Joudpore.* • »p>i. Hht. of The zoology is neither rich nor varied. The banks of the Lonee are in places infested by lions^ and leopards, and tigers < boUmu, i70. have been discovered in some dense and secluded jungles; there are, towards Cutch, wolves,^ hysenas, jackals, and three « TranMeii. uu kinds of foxes : nylgaus, antelopes, and wild asses roam about iJJl^J^lSlii'riJi, the southern frontier towards Sinde. According to the account Account of ib« . PrtivinctofCtttdi* given by Macmurdo,* who shot several, the wild ass " is an » iwd. inhabitant of the salt wastes, so common in the desert, but fre- quents the cultivated country in the cold season, and does considerable damage to the crops. The wild ass is thirteen hands high; has a back, neck, and body of a light-brown odour, with a belly approximating to white. He has the dark Btripe down the back in common with all dun animals. His T 2 JOUDPOEE. ears are long, like those of tlie domestic ass ; bat his limhs are strong and well formed. His voice is a bray, but is so fine as to resemble that of a frightened deer. The animal is gre- garious, being generally seen in herds, from ten to fifty ; he is, however, occasionally found singly and in pairs." His food consists of the saline grasses and shrubs of the desert, and he is never seen in bad oondition: he prefers brackish water to fresh. The flesh of this animal is said to afford tolerable food. Wild hogs are not uncommon in various parts of Joudpoce. Game-birds are scarce, though there are a few wild ducks and grey partridges. Snakes are so common, that in some places the people are obliged to protect themselves against them by * Boiieau, 170. meaus of thick leggings or gaiters.^ Camels and hones are 7 Id. 171. bred in great numbers, and fetch good prices. The kine^ of Nagor are highly celebrated ; a pair broken in for draught are worth from sixty to ninety rupees. Great numbers of sheep graze in the wilder tracts of the country, and their fleeces are in large quantities converted into coarse cloths and blankets. Coarse cottons are also manufactured for home consomptioiL Matchlocks, swords, and other warlike instruments, are fabri- cated at Joudpore, at Nagor, and at Pali; at which latter places are made tinned boxes of iron, resembling those of * Id. 170. Europe. Joudpore is fiunous for ivory-turning,^ as well as ibr ornamental manufactures in leather and glass ; and all ordinaij works in iron and brass are produced at Nagor. Iron platters, especially, are made in great numbers. The natives of Joudpore are a commercial people, driving in every direction a brisk transit-trade, of which Pali is the chief mart. Their principal articles of commerce are camels, horses, Tod, li. 107. oxen, sheep, hides, horns, tanning-bark, elephants** teeth, broad- * MoboB Lft], on cloths, silks, chintz, sandal-wood, camphor, musk,^ dyee, opium and other drugs, sugar, spices, coffee, dates, gum-arabic, sah^ potash, cocoa-nuts, dyed blankets, arms, copper, iron, pewter, and borax. Prom Sinde are brought rice, wheat, butter, silk * LaMh. on the and cotton cloths.^ The people of Joudpore not only conduct BhairaJpoor, eai this Considerable commerce at home, but have overspread the neighbouring countries, where they have contrived to acquire for the most part the management of the trading concentt. * u. 106. According to Tod,^ natives of Marwar, principally ci the Jain belief, constitute nine-tenths of the bankers and eommerdal tiM Trade of Khnnpoor, 87, JOIIDPOEE. m^ of India, and the tribe called Oswab have 100,000 bmilies employed in commerce. The Jats, a very ancient race, scattered over the great tract extending on the east of the Indus, from the Himalaya to the ocean, were probably the aboriginal population of this country, and still constitute five-eighths of the number of its inhabi- tants; two-eighths more being Bajpoots* of the Bahtor tribe, and the remainder Brahmins or Jains. The Charuns, a tribe of Eajpoots, have funong their countrymen unbounded influence, discharging the sacerdotal office, as well as the duties of chroniclers. There is a general impression, that certain and sweeping ruin results from shedding their blood or that of their families, or in being instrumental to its being shed. Hence their influence ; and they lose no opportunity of warning their children not to scruple sacrificing their lives, should the measure be necessary for maintaining the claims of their order. Trusting to such influence, one of this class generally becomes the safeguard of travellers dreading the attacks of Bajpoot freebooters. Should robbers approach, he warns them off by holding a dagger in his hand, and if they disregard him, he wounds himself^ and throws his blood towards them, denouncing woe and ruin in the most terrific language whicli he can com- mand. If this have not the desired eflect, the operation of wounding himself is repeated with increased severity. In extreme cases, one of the Charun's relatives, ofben either an aged or an infant female, is put to death, and sometimes the principal actor himself commits suicide, in which he is imitated by his wives and children.'^ Something of similar character to * Maicoim. cen the Charuns, but inferior in pretension and influence, are the " Bhats, or bards of the commimity, whose power is exercised by means of satirical songs, pictures, and effigies. The population, estimated at the rate of fifty to the square mile, which is believed to be tolerably correct, would amount to 1,783,600. All classes in Joudpore are inordinately addicted to opium. They are^ fit for nothing until they take it, and afler its eflTects ^ Tod, 1.644. have passed, are little better than idiots, until the dose be repeated. Indulgence in this baneful habit is more necessary to the Bajpoot than his food, and to eat opium together is the * One of the sabdivisioiui of the Khatri or military oaste. 325 JOUDPOEE. most inviolable pledge. The burning of women on tbe fonenl- pile of their deceased husbands was formerij frightfullj pre- valent. In 1728, six queens, and fifbj-eight women of in£mor position, were burned with the dead bodj of Mahanja Ajit Sinh.* Even at a very recent period, the atrocious practice had not become extinct, as, in 1844, the efforts of the British government to prevent the sacrifice in this waj of six lives, * Pol. Diq». to on occasion of a deceased rajah's funeral, were unavailing.* Nor. 1844. Happily, however, by the perseverance and well-timed sog- gestions of the British resident, the mahanja has at length been prevailed upon to prohibit the barbarous rite, and the T India Pol. mtp. necessary proclamation has been issued.^ "*' The language spoken in Joudpore is a peculiar patois, caM * BoiiMu, 970. Marwari,^ considered to have an affinity to Hindee. Some attention appears to be paid to education, there being, it ia said, in the town of Joudpore, above 100 schools for the children of the humbler orders. The ruler of Joudpore is styled Mahar^a. The constitution, if the name can well be given to such an irregular political * Tod^iLiae. machine, is feudal,^ and the authority of the maharaja is checked by the counteracting power of a number of refractory thakoors or chiefs, by whom the greater part of the country is held, on condition of military service, the feudatory being bound to furnish troops in proportion to his estate ; but as * E.i.c. Ml. Doe. some^ o( the estates have been exempted from this burden, and fr^m indi«,*alpt. t^o value of others falls greatly below the sums at which th^ '^^- have been estimated, the number of troops has diminished; and it is believed that the mahanya cannot rely upon muste^ * H. oe. * The horrible* iceae aeems to have Btimvlated the native writer, quoted bj Toil, to urge bis eloquence to the higheet flights. He thofl describes it : — " The drum sounded, the funeral train moved on ; all ia- ▼oked the name of Heri (a deity). Charity was dispensed like fiJling rain, while the countenances of the queens were radiant as the son. From heaven, Umia (a female deity) looked down ; in recompense of sudi devo- tion, she promised they should enjoy the society of Ajit in eadi mcotain transmigration. As the smoke emitted from the house of flame^ ascended to the sky, the assembled multitudes shouted Khaman ! Khaman !— well done ! well done ! The pile flamed like a volcano. The fiuthfnl qneeoi laved their bodies in the flames, as do the celestials in the lake of Man* surwar (sacred lake in Himalaya). They sacrificed their bodies to their lords, and illustrated the races whence they sprung." S36 JOUDPOEB. ing more than 2,000 men from this Bouroe^ inBtead of upwards of 4,000, which the estimates would seem to warrant. Tod^ * u. iro. gives the armed force at 11,000 men, including 2,500 caTalrj, with fifbj-five guns and a rocket establishment. The present military establishment consists,' first, of the Joudpore legion, * satittict of in lieu of the Joudpore contingent, amounting to 264 cavalry, "*'**• ^^*^ 739 infantry, thirty-one artillery and Bheel companies, 222 strong, in all 1,246 ; and, secondly, of about 6,850 infantry Mid 2,680 cavalry, at the disposal of the Joudpore state; in addition to what the feudatories maintain. In the Ayeen Akbery, Joudpore is stated to furnish 16,000 cavalry and 50,000 inflEmtry, and its revenue is there given at 863,218 rupees, equal to about 36,821^. Tod^ refers to ancient li. W. over a surface of four degrees of longitude and the same extent of latitude, or nearly 80,000 miles square ; and they amount at this day, in spite of the havoc occasioned by perpetual wars and £Ehmine8, to 500,000 souls." > Tod, ii. 18. In 1459,^ Jodha, the maharaja of Marwar, removed the seat of government fipom Mundor to Joudpore, a fort and resid^ioe which he had built a few miles to the south. About 1509, Akber made himself master of the greater part of the state oi ' Id. a. 98. Joudpore, which he conferred on Udi Sinh,' the son of the late maharaja, whom he had expelled. The power of Udi Sinh was 3 Id ii. 84. subsequently strengthened by the marriage^ of his sister to Akber. About the year 1680, Aurungzebe, in one of his ineffectual attempts to enforce the observances of Mahome- danism, attacked and pillaged Joudpore, and most of the other * Id. ii. 61. towns in MafVrar ^ defaced and desecrated the Hindoo tem« pies, many of which were totally demolished ; erected mosques • on their sites, and compulsorily inflicted the outward mark of Islam on such Bajpoots aa fell into his power. The yoke of the emperor of Delhi was, however, soon thrown off; but, £» upwards of a century, the country was distracted by anarchy and a series of petty wars, till the conclusion of a treaty, rati- fied in the beginning of 1818, between the maharaja of Joud- pore and the British government, of which the following were the chief points : — 1. Perpetual amity and unity of interests S28 JOXTDPORE. between the contracting parties. 2. Protection to be afforded by the British. 3. Acknowledgment of British supremacy by the maharqa, and engagement by him to afford subordinate co-operation, and to have no connection with any other power. 4. Engagement on part of the maharaja, not to enter into negotiation with any power without permission of the British. 5. Engagement by the maharaja, to abstain from aggressions on any one ; and if disputes should arise, to submit to the ar- bitration of the British government. 6. Tribute, previously payable to Scindia, to be transferred to the British, and the maharaja to be exonerated from any claim on the part of Scindia. 7. The guarantee by the British government of immunity on the last head. 8. The maharaja bound, on demand, to march his whole disposable force to join the British army. 9. The maharaja to be absolute in his own territory.* * Treatie* with For* several years subsequently to the conclusion of the treaty, j^^i^ there was little communication between the British ffovemment l?"'*!®''''^?'^^ o . Sketches, 77, 80. and Joudpore; but a series of disturbances commenced in 1824, which called for interposition, and the unsatisfactory nature of the arrangement then made, having led to their revival in 1828, when a pretender to the throne received the support of a large body of chiefs, eventually led to further interference, to the extent of a requisition from the British government to the pretender for the withdrawal of his claims. In 1829, Appa Sahib, the perfidious ex-rajah of Nagpore, having been expelled from Bikaneer, sought refuge in Joudpore, the ruler of which country was required by the British govern- ment to give him up, or at least to cause his departure in a given direction. Great reluctance was manifested towards complying with this demand, and it was withdrawn, on condi- tion that the rajah of Joudpore should be responsible for the safe custody and peaceable conduct of Appa Sahib, so long as he should remain in the country. This act of considerate • regard to the alleged feelings of Bajpoot hospitality was, as usual, very indifferently requited. The chief of Joudpore Buffered his tribute to fall into arrear ; supplied the stipulated military assistance reluctantly and tardily, protected plun- derers, and was believed to have entered into political corre- spondence, having objects hostile to British interests and influence in India. These acts of misconduct were submitted 829 JOITDPOEE. to with great forbearance for a long period, during wUcli the misgoyemment and distraction of the country yreace eitteme; f E.I.C. Mi.Doe. and at length, from all these causes,^ it was deemed necessaij to instruct Colonel Sutherland to proceed to Joudpore uid demand reparation. His mission proving ineffectual, a body of troops was moved to enforce that which negotiitioa bad fiuled to achieve. Their approach alarmed the rajah, wb» forthwith displayed tokens of submission. The immediato * indte Pol. Dtop. consequences were, the establishment of a council of regeaey,' 1 April, 1S40. ^^^ ^ British agent at its head, to carry on the government in conjunction with the rajah, and the reception oi a Britiak * Id. SI Sept. garrison within his fortaress. A variety of useful reforms' ^^^ followed. The rajah died a few years after the commencement d^ system which led to these beneficial steps, but they were pa^ 1 Id. s7 UTdk, sued under his successor Tukht' Singh, of Ahmednuggur, who ^^^ was elected to the vacant throne by the thakoors. Under * Id. 81 Ftb. 1840. the administration of this prince, various reforms^ have been effected ; among the chief of which must be reckoned, as alieadj * Id. 17 Aug. 1858. noticed, the abolition of suttee.' 1 £.1.0. Ml. Doe. JOUBPOBE,^ the capital of the Bajpoot state of tiie same name, is situate at the north-eastern edge of aeulti- * Boiieeu, Ri^]- vatcd but woody^ plain, which, farther south, passes intotiie wra. us. 120. ^ow trsct fcrtiliaed by the river Loni and its feeders. Its nte is striking, being alt the southern extremity of a ridge or rock * Tod, AniMit of twenty-five miles' in length, betwe^i two and three in biesdth, R.jasu»n, L 70S. ^^ ^.-^^g botweon 800 and 400 feet above the average le?d of the plain. The eity, inclosed by a rampart five miles in d^ cuit, is built on an irregular surface, sloping upwards towards the base of the rook surmounted by the citadel, the riew from « p. ISO. which is thus described by Boileau :* — " A bird's-eye riew of the city from the summit of the upper fert is really magnifiofflit Perched upon a parapet of the bastion, encirding the pointed pagoda at the southern exlaremity of the citadel, we gased witb delight upon the fiiir scene at our feet. The whole of the dtf lies close to the rock on which the palace stands, surrounding its east, south, and west sides, the north side being oeciqHfid by a hilly neck, connecting the citadel with the Mundor ranget and too much broken to afford good building-ground. Ots JOUDPOfiB. lively green of the trees, and tbe quantity of fine white plaster applied to the red stone houses, afforded a pleasing yariety of colours, and give the city a gay look. The numerous tanks, now filled with water ; the white ramparts, running along the higher parts of the city ; the piles of huildings crowded upon each other, and rising tier above tier to the Chandpol gate ; and the confused mass of outworks on the west side of the citadel, formed a scene that will not soon be forgotten.*' On a closer inapection, however, the Btreets are said by this writer to hare been found irregular^ and ill laid out, the houses mean and ' p* isi* badly constructed, the place being inferior in this respect to the other capitals of Eajpootana, but containing some fine temples, especially the Pasbunka Mandir. Tod gives a differ- ent and more favourable account. " The streets," he says, *' are very^ regular, and adorned with many handsome edifices of •AntMitofitA- freestone." There are several tanks within the waUs. The ^■^**"' "' ^*®- Pudum Sagur, in the north-western part of the city, is exea^ vated in rock, but is of small dimensions ; the Bani Sagur, in the same quarter, is at the foot of the western entrance into the citadel, with which it is connected by low outworks, placing it under the thorough command of the garrison, for whose exclusive use it is reserved, except an extreme emergency requires it to be thrown open to the citisens. The Gk>olab Sagur, on the east, is of great extent, and findy built of stone throughout. The Bai-ka-talao, recently built, is also extensive, and receives several conduits, conveying the water of many distant torrents. Yet, in long-continued droughts, all fail, except the Eani Sagur. There are above thirty wells of the kind called baoli, in which access is obtained to the water by means of steps : in some of these, the water is carried up to the surface by human labour or by the Persian wheel, though the depth in many instances exceeds forty feet. The Persian wheel is even used in the Tonr-jee-ka-Jhabra, where the depth, &om the mouth above to the surface of the water, exceeds ninety feet, the depth of the water itself being also ninety feet. This fine well is cut in the solid rock, and, by the time-worn appearance of the carving in the interior, bears evidence of great antiquity. It is of immense size at the surface of the ground, and of square shape. On three sides, flights of steps 9S1 JOUDPOEB. lead down to the water, but the fourth side is perpeodicular, to allow the working of the Persian wheeL The water is good, and never fails. The wall about the town was, at Boileau's visit, in 1835, in a very bad state, and in many places some yards of the parapet, and even of the rampart, had fcdlen down so completely as to allow &ee passage between the interior and exterior ; and on the south side, the sand had in one place drifted to witbin s few inches of the crest of the parapet. Two steeply-scarped masses of rock, 80 or 100 feet high, form part of the line of defence on the east side of the city, and are crowned with walla and towers on their outer &ces. In the whole circuit there f Tod, 1. 170. are 101 bastions^ and 70 gates, each bearing the name of the place to which it leads. The fortifications of the town are continuous with those of the citadel, which is, however, divided from it by a rampart on the brow of the ascent, and generally 870 feet above the plain. The elevation at the north-east angle is 382 feet ; and the scarp wall, which covers the great gate there, has a sheer £eu^ of hewn stone 109 feet higL Other parts of the wall appear to be still higher. These defences are well built of stone quarried from the subjacent rock. In some places, however, the ramparts and bastions are weak and ill^ constructed, and would be almost contemptible, but for iha stiff section of the rocks on which they are erected. The main entrance is on the north. The road passing through it is practicable for heavy guns ; and the access covered by six suc- cessive gateways, besides the inner one, opening immediately into the maharaja's palace. The road over the hilly ridge extending northward from the citadel, is practicable for heavy •^"•'^au, 188, artillery ;S and the place could not long hold out against an attack conducted according to the rules of European war&re. G^ie whole citadel is 500 yards long, and about half tiiat breadth. The royal palace and buildings attached are situate at the north end, and occupy two-fifths of the area; an equal space la occupied by magazines, granaries, and other public buildings, and the remainder is empty. There are five reservoirs of water within the citadel, but in ordinary times the principal supply is derived from the Eani Sagur. The palace overtops all other buildings, and its highest part is 454 feet above the plain. The state apartments present little ssa 133. JOTJDPOEE. to excite admiration, being inferior to those of the humbler ruler of Bikaneer. The most remarkable is the chamber of audience, stjled ^ the thousand-columned hall," a rast apart- ment, the ceiling of which is supported by a great number of massiye columns of no great height, arranged in parallel rows, about twelve feet asunder. Outside the city, and distant a cannon-shot from the north- east angle, is the large suburb, deriving its name of Maha- mandir, or 'Hhe great temple," from a building within it, which confers the right of sanctuary on its inclosure and environs. It constitutes a distinct town of 1,000 houses, with 112 shops, inclosed by a thin stone wall a mile and a quarter in circuit, liaving a few weak bastions, but without any parapet, unless that name can be given to battlements three feet high and five or six inches thick. The area is an irregular quadrangle, having a gateway in each of its faces. The temple above mentioned is surmounted by a spire, conspicuous from afar by the brilliant lime-wash with which it is covered. The interior is richly decorated, and the sacred shrine of the tute- lary saint is placed under a canopy of silver, in the form of an mnbrella. There is a tank, supplied with water brought from a distance by conduits. A baoli, eighty feet deep, has an inexhaustible supply of good water. A flight of steps reaches to the water's edge, and three Persian wheels raise and dis- charge no inconsiderable stream for irrigation and domestic purposes. The inclosure of the Mahamandir contains two palaces, one of which is inhabited by the maharaja's gooroo or spiritual adviser, who lives in great state ; the other palace has no living occupant, being reserved by native superstition as the residence of the spirit of the last deceased gooroo, whose bed is laid out in one of the state-chambers, with a small golden canopy over the pillow. Pive miles north of Joudpore are the striking ruins of Mandor, which was the capital of Marwar previously to the foundation of the present capital by Maharaja Jodha or Joda, in 1459. Hence the name of the town, and also of the eminence of its site, which is called Jodhagir,* or " the war- rior's hill." A mile and a quarter west of the town are hand- * Jodha, the proper name of the prince, aignifiee also ''warrior,** and GirBignifie8"hill." 888 JOUXPOOB. p. 194. tome gardens, with a fine tank named Ukhe Eajka Tsk), described by Boileau* as " a magnificent sheet of water, dev, deep, and extensive, resembling rather a natural lake than m artificial tank.*' Two or three miles north of this, is Bal Sumundur, a small but beautiful lake, half a mile long and about 200 yards wide, with craggy banks of red sandstone, feathered with picturesque shrubs, and bordered by a fine pleasure-ground, abounding in towering palm-trees. Two miles north of the city, and between the two last-mentioned pieces of water, is the Sur-Sagor, an immense tuik, on the southern embankment of which stands the Motimahsll, or Pearl Palace, a beautiful building of white marble, from the flat roof of which is a fine view of the citadel. According to the estimate of Boileau, Joudpore city, citadel, and eabortM, contain 30,000 houses, which, at the usually-received avenge of five persons to each house, makes the population 150,000; an amount scarcely credible. Boileau elsewbere states tiie amount of the population at 129,150, which reduced nombn I ut Mprt, L 710. if, however, probably excessive. Tod^ says, "The number of fiftmilies some years ago, stated to be 20,000, probably 80,000 souls — an estimate far too great for the present day.'' Joudpore is distant^ W. from Calcutta 1,128 miles ; S.W. from Delhi, by Nusseerabad, 858 miles. Lat. 26° 19", long. 78° 8'. JOUNPOOE,^ under the Iteutenant-goreniorship of tte North- West Provinces, a British district, named from its principal town. It is bounded on the north-west by the i8^ ritory of Oude; on the north-east by the British distriei Azimgurh; on the east by the British district Ghaseepore; and on the south by the British districts Benares and AlUt- abad. It lies between lat.» 25*" 22*— 26° 12', long. 82° 1?- 88® lO' ; is sixty miles in length from east to west, fifty-five in breadth, and embraces an area of 1,552 square miles. It ia a remarkably level tract,, with a gentle declivity, probably not exceeding, on the average, six inches per mile, from north-west to south-east, as indicated by the course of its numeroos streams flowing in that direction. The south-eastern extremi^ 1 A,. Re,, xt. is about* 260 feet above the sea ; and probably the elevation of PriCp (j'«m«), * The elevation of Benares above the sea ii abont 270 feet,* vid tin If •toor. Joura. 894 ' Oarden, Tabl« of Routen, 14^ 941,890. > B.I.C. Mt. Doc ' Tutin, M*p of Bengal, Behar, JOUNPOOE. no part exceeds 300 feet. The Gt>omtee, tlie principal Btream, passes from Oude, oyer the north-western frontier, in lat. 26^ 1', long. 82^ 31' ; takes a direction very sinnous, but gene- rally south-easterly, and, passing by the city of Jounpoor, winds through the district, or skirts its boundary, for a total distance of about seventy-four miles, tUI, in lat. 25'' 34', long. 83° 2', it crosses the south-eastern frontier, and forms the boundary between the British districts of Benares and Ghaseepore. Its channel is in general a deep, well-defined' trench, formed by * Butter, Topog. the current in kankar or calcareous conglomerate, waTe-wom ' horizontal marks being visible on its banks. It is well adapted for navigation, the stream nowhere, and at no season, spreading to a breadth exceeding I40 yards, and generally, even at the driest season, having a depth of four feet. Baber, who, with a view to his military operations, was led anxiously to examine all its depths and shoals, observes,^ " Though it is a narrow * Memoin, 408. little river, yet it has no ford, so that troops are forced to past it in boats, by rafts, and on horseback, or sometimes by swim- ming.'' During the periodical rains, the water seldom^ rises • Butter, Topof. more than fifteen feet. In former times, it must have risen to **'^*»<**>» "• double this height ; and in 1774 it so completely swept over the celebrated bridge of Jounpoor, that a brigade of British troops sailed* over it in their progress down the stream. The ' Hodgec, Traveu Sai, a river smaller than the Gk)omtee, but of much the same ^ character, passes the north-west frontier in lat. 25° 50^, long. 32° 13', and, holding a sinuous course, but generally in a south- easterly direction, for about fifty-two miles, falls into the Goomtee in lat. 25° 40^, long. 82° 52'. Like the Goomtee, its course through this district is navigable.^ The total length of 7 Bnttw, Topog. river navigation possessed by Jounpoor extends to about 126 ®'<^'»<"*»*'- miles. The climate probably difiers little from that of Benares, where the mean temperature® for the year was found to be • as. r«. it. 79° of Fahrenheit ; the highest being in ttie month of June, i^^l^J^^^^' Obterratioat. dope of ihe waterway of the Oftnges, for some distanoe below Benares, is five inches^ per mile; oonseqnently, the elevation of KaiU, close on the * Prfnfep (Q. A.), south-eastern extremity of the district of Jonnpoor, and twenty-four S!!^^*^!''*" toiles lower down the stream than Benares, is about 260 feet above the sea. SSI JOFNPOOE. * Report, of Select Commit, of UouM of Cummon* on East-India Pro- duce, 50, A3, H 66. > Lord Valentla, Trarelt, 1. 127. 108^, the lowest in January, 50°. The periodical rains M through July, August, and September; and the total of rain for the year 1822 was thirty-three inches. The soil is very' productive,* and especially suited for the growth of sugar, being inferior to no ground in India for ti^ abundance and excellence of that commodity. Successful cul- tivation is, however, altogether dependent on irrigation, the water for which is mostly drawn by human labour from streams, tanks, or welb. As streams are numerous, the country level, and the soil rather porous, water is found at a smaU depth^ below the surfieu^; and there are wells meveiy iSeld. The extent of cultivation of sugar-cane in Joanpoor has beea officially estimated at 28,158 acres. The total produce of goor, that is, the entire extract before the sugar is separated from the grosser matter with which it is combined, is estimated at 255,544 cwt., of which 61,247 cwt. are believed to be e(Hh sumed within the district, at an average of ten pounds per bead; leaving a surplus of 194,297. It will be obvious that sodi estimates, and especially in regard to internal oonsumpiaoo, must be subject to error, from various causes ; but the abotf are probably not widely distant from the fact. The population was ascertained by census in 1848 to amount to 798,503, being at the rate of more than 514 to the square mile — a high average. Of the above number, 563,078 wen returned as Hindoos and agricultural, 156,758 Hindoos non- agricultural, 80,620 Mahomedans and others not Hindoos, but employed in agricultural pursuits, and 48,052 persons not bong Hindoos, devoted to other occupations. It thus appears that the preponderance of Hindoos in this district is overwhelming^ the disciples of that creed being more than fifteen times as numerous as the followers of all other religions. The numbers of the agricultural class exceed those of the non-agricultural, in the proportion of nearly three to one. > Trtveli, i. 127. * Perhaps from laboriouB and skilful oultivaUon, and oopioaa irrigatioi. Lord Yalentia represents^ the oonntiy as a complete sand, and the h^ intense. But Sym, whose evidence before the committee of the Hoow m Allahabad^ cantonment to that of Jounpoor, 66 miles, and * Garden, Tablet thence in the same direction to Azimgurh, 43 miles more ; ^' ****"*<'•» •*"*• 2. from south to north, irom^ Mirzapore cantonment to that ' u, 909. of Jounpoor, 43 miles ; 3. from^ south-east to north-west, from * id. 94. Benares cantonment to that of Jounpoor, 38 miles, and thence in the same direction to Sultanpore in Oude, 58 miles further ; 4. from^ east to west, from Ghazeepore cantonment to that of * id. 170. Jounpoor, 60 miles. With the exception of Jounpoor, the towns are unimpor- tant; those most requiring notice, — Singra or Sangrampur, Mureahu, Muchlishahr, Badshahpur, Zafarabad, and Ghissooa, as well as the capital, — will be found in their proper places in the alphabetical arrangement. The tract comprised within this district was probably first reduced under Mussulman sway by Muhammad Shahabuddin, the Patau ruler of Ghor, who is recorded^ to have, at the dose e Tarikht aia, u of the twelfth century, conquered Eastern India as far as JJS.IoHiS'i** the confines of China. During the confusion caused by the OHjafmt,88, invasion of India by Timur, near the end of the fourteenth J century, or perhaps something earlier, Jounpoor, with some * Ghiflsooa, in pergonnah Ghiseooa, 8,868. t Jounpoor, in pergunnah Jounpoor, 16,177. t According to Prinaep,* a.d. 1897. ' '"«>*« 'IW*'^ 4 2 837 '*t*^' JOTJNPOOR. 7 Baber, Memoir*, adjacent tracts, wa8 acquired"^ by an officer of the padshah of Hutory of j«un- I^clhi. The* PuTebi Sherki,^ op Eastern dynasty, thus founded, pore, by Puqoeer ^as of no long duration, being oy«rthpown* in 1478, by Behlol Moohummud, 0. Lodi, the Afghan padshah of Delhi, who reannexed Jounpoor 'w.^'sn'*^ to the empire, and made^ it an appanage of his son Barbik Kyrood.'on Moo- Khau. In 1527, it passcd from the Afghans to the victorious Eiphin»tone, Htot. Babcr, being conquered^ by his son Humayon, acting under Pr/nM*'indu ^^® ordcrs. On the dissolution of the Timurian empire of T«bie«, II. 146. Delhi, consequent on the invasion by Ahmed Shah Durani in * Baber,^. ' 1760, it formed part of the spoil seised' and retained by the Price, chrono- nawaub vizier of Oude. In 1764, a firman or grant of tins, logical lUtrocpect ' ^ ^ of Mftbomedan among othcr districts, was made by Shah Alum, titular pad- » EiphiMtoo^ 8^^ o^ Delhi, to the East-India Company, who, by the treaty 11. 690. Qf Allahabad,^ relinquished to the nawaub vizier the daim ^ns Scott, HItt. of « , , 11 1 .1. 1 !• 1 1 1 1 AuningMbe't fouudcd, as wcll as the military occupancy established by the ^T^<^J^^' victory gained at Buiar in the' preceding year. In 1775,* it ormnti, 67. ^as ccdcd bv the nawaub vizier to the East-India CompenT, ^ TroAtiet ut Mr J' •apr%76.' and embodied with the dominions of that power. In the * u. App. so. Ayeen Akbery,^ its military contingent is stated at about 915 cavaby and 86,000 infantry, and its revenue at 14,09,858 rupees. > E.I.C. Mt. Doc JOUNPOOB.»t— The principal place of the Britiah distnel of the same name, a city on the banks of the liver Goomtee, « Butter, Topof. here navigable,* and generally unfordable.* J The river divides * Baber/ Memoir*, ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^o Unequal parts, the greater on the left, ike ^^' less on the right bank ; and the communication is by means 6t an antique bridge, considered one of the finest specimens of architectural skill in India, but which, from the diminutive span of its arches, would scarcely be noticed in Europe. The * Tieflbnthaier, roadway passos from the left^ or north-eastern bank, ov^ ten HindiuunjL 164. arches, called, collectively, the great bridge, to an island in the channel, and, proceeding over it, is thence continued by the 1 Baber, ut supra, l^sscr bridge of fivc archcs and a land arch, to the right side. SIO. » Hlit of Joun- ♦ Purebi/ " eastern," in Hindooatanee ; Sherki, " eastern," in Arabic poor, 6. s 11. 66. t Jaonpur of Tassin ; Jounpoor of Khairaddin ;' Jownpoor' of tbe * HIit. oflndia, Ayeen Akbeiy ; Joonpoor of Brigga's Index ; Juanpor of Elphinstone;* * p. 844. Junpur, Junapur, or Jionpur, of the transtators of Baba" ;* Jauopor of * India Tablet, Prinsep f Jionpur of Bennell f Joanpoor or Jnanpore of British writeiB Hindoetan, 68. X Lord Yalentia^ however, states* it to be shallow in the dry * Tnrel% i. 194. 3^^ JOUNPOOE. A native^ writer enumerates the spans of the arches and the * Kbaimddin,?!. breadth of the piers of the greater bridge. It is constructed of stone, so well cemented, that it is comparatively unimpaired, though nearly three centuries old, during which period it has resisted the floods, which sometimes sweep over it in such volume, that, in 1774, a fleet of boats conveying a British army, with a numerous train of baggage, camp-followers, and attendant animals, were borne down the stream,^ right across the line ' Hodgec, Traveu of roadway, without any impediment fixwn the submerged ° " *^ ^ • structure. The building is said to have been commenced ^ in ▼ Khyruddtn, 67, tiie year 1564, and completed in three years, by Fahim, a '^' freed man oi Munim Khan, an officer high in the confidence of Akbar : the cost is reported to have amounted to 300,000/,8# •Lord vaienua, *^ ' Travels, 1. 184. The fort, situate on the bankf of the river, is a vast massive stone structure, the ground-plan of which is an oblong qua- drangle, half* a mile in circuit. It is said to have been built ^ • T!e«mih«ier, A.D. 1870, by Feroz Shah Toghluk, Fatan sovereign of Delhi, lAyeen Akbery, who named^ it after his cousin' and predecessor on the throne. I'p^Jght^ i ^^ According to Lord Valentia,* there is a gateway in the wall of ' Travels, 1. 125. the castle, " ornamented with mosaic-work of different-coloured yamished tiles. It has been beautiful The courts are exten- . sive, and the verandas on the walls command a very pleasing prospect, partioulariy on one side, which overhangs the river and the bridge; beyond whieh are the ruins of the different tombs, raising their cupolas among palms and tamarind-trees. The distant country is rich in cultivation, and well clothed with wood." The fort has been used as a pris(XL On the east of the town is a large mosque, in very bad repair, but noble even in ruin. It is described by Tieffenthaler^ as a *».!«. splendid structure of red stone, with three lofty domes, and a Ibre-court, surrounded by colonnades. It is stated to be fifty * A view of ihii bridge is given by Hodge^* and alao a view of the * Select Views in fL,^ % India, ii. No. 10. ^^ » Id. No. 0. t Probably the left bank, though no traveller appears to specify its position. t This was Mohammad Shah Toghlak, who, before his accession^ was called * Joona Khan, According to Tieffenthaler, it was fotinded and i Periihta, t. 403. named 200 years earlier, by Jona, **a certain lady who tended kine." A BlphlMtoue, U. more probable etymology than either is water-town ; the Goomtee flowing ' ihrongh the city, and being liable to violent iaundations. z 2 «» JOTJ— JOW. • Twcnty-lbar Vl«wi In IliDdo- stan, Loud. 1801, No. is. • Lord Valentia, I. 193, 197. f pp. 18, 10. * Bengml andAfra Guide, 1841, toL 11. App. p. ilz. ' Sbaketpear, SUtlftlct of N.W. Prov. 140. * BOX. Mt. Doo. ' Prater, Joamal of Tour through HlmaUTa, 85. B.I.O. Ma. Doe. B.f .C. ICa. Doe. B.LC. Ms. Doc > E.I.C. Mt. Doe. * Qardeo, Tablaa of Route*, 250. I Tnuuactt. lU 187. •Tablet of BoBtea,S50. ells high, and adorned with elaborate and tasteftil wrkha8, and hither, in 1814, during the Nepaul war, Bhulbudur Singh, one of their commanders, retreated, after having evacuated^ Kalunja, and subsequently been put to flight by Major Ludlow. He was attacked here by Major Baldoc^ in command of 600 regular and 400 irregular troops, whom, however, he repulsed, and then succeeded in making good his passage across the Jumna to Jaitak. Lat. 30° 86', long. 78^ 9^ JOUEASEE, in the Britiah district of Saharunpore, lieute- nant-governorship of the North- Western Provinces, tiie prin- cipal place in the pergunnah so called, and from which its name is derived. Lat. 29"" 49', long. 78"". JOWAH. — ^A village of the British district of Huneeana, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces. Lit 29° 26', long. 75° 50'. JOWAUE.— A town in the British district of Tannah, presidency of Bombay, 68 miles N.N.E. of Bombay. Lat 19° 61', long. 73° 14'. JOWLA. — ^A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, 94 miles E. of Poonah. Lat. 18° SS*, long. 76° 20'. JOWNSAB.— See Jaitksab. JOWEA,^* in Malwa, a town on the route finom Neemnch to Mhow, 61 2 miles S. of the former, and 94 N.W. of the * Joura of Prinsep ;^ Jawrah of Gardeo.* JOT— JUB. latter. It is situate on the small river Piria, and has abundant supplies for troops. The river is unfordable during the rains, and is traversed by a bridge^ handsomely and solidly built of * jacquemont. a porphyritic stone. The territory of which this town is the ^^^^^ ^*- *^* principal place, Hes between lat. 23° 82'— 24° K/, long. 74° 63' — 75° 35'. It has an area of 872 square miles, and belongs to a Fatan chief, styled Nawaub of Jowra, the representative of Ghufbor Khan, to whom, in 1818, the jaghire was secured by tlie British government, under the treaty^ of Mondesoor, con- * TreaUes, i. e29. eluded with Holkar, on condition that the nawaub and his heirs should maintain, independent of the sebundy (armed police) for hb pergunnahs, and his personal attendants, in constant readiness for service, a body of 600 select horse ; and further, that this quota of troops shoidd be thereafter increased, in proportion to the increasing revenue of the districts granted him. The number of troops, inclusive of the sebundy, in the service of the nawaub, is 860 ;* his annual revenue, in 1848, • b.i.c. Mi. doc. •was 8,00,000 rupees ; the population of the territory, including state*.** ^ the jaghires of dependants, 85,466. The town, according to IVfalcolm,^ in 1820, contained 3,551 inhabitants ; but Jacque- • centmi india, mont, in 1832,7 estimated their number at 10,000 or 12,000. "vf^^. It is distant N.W. from Opiein 53 miles, S.W. from Q-walior , ^ _^ ,j . •^ ' • Dangerfleld, In 260. Elevation^ above the sea 1,437 feet. Lat. 23° 88', long. Append, to Mai- i-ro e/ colni, Central JOTNUGGUB. — A town in the British district of Dacca- e.i.c. m»,doc. Jelalpoor, presidency of Bengal, 101 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 29', long. 89° 41'. JUALDINNE. — A town in the British district of Nellore, e.i.c. m».Doc. presidency of Madras, 117 miles N. by "W. of Madras. Lat. 14° 47', long. 80° 8'. JUBBOOGAUM. — A town in the native state of Eajpeepla, e.i.c. Ms. Doc territory of Bombay, 36 miles N.E. from Surat, and 115 miles S.S.E. from Ahmedabad. Lat. 21° 28', long. 73° 18'. JUBBXJLPOOE,** within the British territory of Saugor » e.i.c. Mt. Doc and Nerbudda, a town on the route from Allahabad to Nagpore, 2222 miles S.W. of the former, 166 N.E. of the latter. It is 'Garden, TaWea the principal place of the district of the same name, and is situate at the base of a rocky hill, about a mile from the right * Jabalpur of Tassin ; Jabalpur of the Oordoo writers ; perhaps Hill- town ; from Jabal, "hUl," and Pur, " town." JUG. in the district of Bastor, 85 miles W.N.W. from the hill zemindary of Jejpoor, and 230 miles S.E. from Nagpoor. Lat. 19° 18', long. 81° 58'. E.I.C. Ms. Doc. JUGGANA. — A town in the hill zemindarj of Jeypocv, 21 miles N.E. by N. from Jeypoor, and 97 miles N.W. hj N. from Vizianagrum. Lat. 19° 16', long. 82° 39'. K.I.O. Ml. Doc JUGGEENATH DIGGY.— A town in the British district of BuUoah, presidency of Bengal, 192 miles £. by N. of Calcutta. Lat. 28° ff, long. 91° 21'. JUGGOO. — See Amhbbst Islaio). JUGGUENAUTH, or POOEEE, in the British district of Cuttack, presidency of Bengal, a town distinguished in Lidia as one of the strongholds of Hindoo superstition, and deriving its celebrity from its connection with the famous temple of the same name. The town is situate on the north-western shoro Horabnrgh, of the Bay of Bengal, in that part called the Coast of Orissa.' tory?i"m.'^'^' The surf here is very violent, so that landing can be effected * Biioon, Pint im- ouly by moans of Masula boats, similar^ to those used on the preMkKM, i. 174. Coromaudel coast. During the south-west monsoon, a refr^esh- ing sea-breeze blows with little intermission, rendering tiM > At. R«. sv. 108 climate^ in the hot season one of the most agreeable and eount of OriMu hcalthfril in India. The beach has been selected as the site for the British military station. The town itself is to the south-west of the station, and on a low ridge of sandhills, to which an attempt has been made to give a Petitions grandeur, by styling it Neilgherry, or Blue Mountain. " Every span of it is holy ground ; and the whold of the land is held free of rent, on the tenure of performing certain services in and about the temple. The principal street is composed almost entirely of the religious establishments called Maths, built of masoniy, having low pillared verandas in frt>nt, and plantations of trees interspersed. Being very wide, with the temple rising majes- tically at the southern end, it presents by no means an unpicturesque appearance ; but the filth and stench, the swarms of religious mendicants, and other nauseous objects which offend one's senses in every part of the town, quite dispel any illusion which the scene might otherwise possess. jRne luxuriant groves and gardens inclose the town on the land side^ and produce the best fruit in the province." In the ricinity are many fine tanks, considered of great antiquity ; and among JUGGUENATJTH. tlie sands, between tbe sea and the soath-west face of the town, are numerous ancient and curious-looking edifices, now nearly overwhelmed with sand. The temple of Juggumauth^ l^ti^ *^' *^^ stands within a square area, inclosed by a lofty stone wall, orim Proper. measuring 650 feet on a side. The inclosare is entered on the east by a grand gateway, from which a broad flight of steps gives access to a terrace twenty feet in height, inclosed by a second wall, 4f45 feet square. From this platform the great pagoda rises, from a base thirty feet square, to the height of about 180 feet from the platform, or 200 from the ground, tapering from bottom to top, not in the form of a cone, but rounded off in the upper part with an outline approachiog to the parabola. The present edifice appears to have been com* pleted in the year 1198, at a cost of nearly half a million sterling. Most of the Hindoo deities have temples within the inclosure ; and of those, two, besides the great pagoda, are peculiarly remarkable when viewed from sea, being described as ** three large* circular buildings, surrounded by several smaller • Howbufgii, u ones : they are of a conical form, decreasing in diameter from their bases to their summits, which are crowned with white domes, and an ornamental globe or urn and wind-vane. The westernmost pagoda is the largest, and the eastern one the smallest of the three." The eastern gate is flanked by griffins and other mythological figures, and in front stands a column of dark-coloured basalt, and of very light and elegant proportions, surmounted by a fig^e of the monkey-god Hanuman. This temple is dedicated to Krishna, considered as an avatar or incarnation of Yishnu, but is also held in joint tenancy by Balarama, identified with Siva or Mahadeo and Subhadr% regarded as his sister and also his consort in Hindoo mytho* logy. Krishna is, however, the principal object of worship, and from his title Juggumauth,*^ the great temple is deno- 8a« R«t. Tiff, as minated. The three idols, intended to represent those three ^^i*^7uli*^ characters respectively, are three blocks of wood, each suiv Hindoo Boiigioo. mounted by a frightfully grim representation of the human countenance, the block, with the head, measuring about six feet in height. The block representing Krishna is painted dark blue, that representing Siva white, and Subhadra'B yellow. * Jagannath, Lord of tbe Universe ; firom Jagan, '' the universe,'* and Nath "lord."* » Wllion. Fannkrit Xdaui, lora. ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ 845 JUGGUENAUTH. Each is provided with a rath or rude chariot, being a sort of lofty platform mounted on wheels. That of Juggumauth is 4Q\ feet high, 84^ feet sqnare, and is mounted on sixteen, wheels, each 6^ feet in diameter. The raths of the two o^ier f Bnron. First Inn idols are of dimensions somewhat less. ^ The grand^ fest^Yal prvstuuui, 1. 177. o(5cur8 in the month of March,* when the moon is of a certain age, after the sun has entered Aries ;" and at the Bath Jaira, as this festival is denominated, the idols aie taken on their raths to visit their country-house, about a mUe and half distant. Thousands of men, women, and children, draw them along by means of cables fastened to the raths, and Brahmiiffl stationed on the platforms sing and repeat obscene stories, accompanied by appropriately foul gestures, hailed by the multitudes with sounds and movements expressive of i^plause. Formerly, wretched fiinatics offered up their lives in honour of the idols, by throv^ng themselves down before the moving wheels, which of course crushed them to death; but those horrible deeds have for some time ceased. The British obtained possession of the place and temple in October, 1803 ; previously to which occupation, a tax bad been levied by the Mahrattas upon the pilgrims resorting thitha". This produced a very large sum, out of which a small one was assigned to defray the expenses of the temple. The priests made application to the British commissioner for the nsnal donation, which was at once granted ; but the continuance of the pilgrim^tax was not contemplated. The priests, however, were anxious that the tax should be continued, inasmuch ss the government might become tired of making a considen^nle donation at its own cost, while an accession of revenue fiom the temple would, it was thought, render the contribution to the priests more secure. The wish of these holy persons was complied with ; the government donation was withdrawn, and the collection of money for the support of the temple permitted in substitution. In 1806 a change took place. The govenw ment took the superintendence of the temple i^on itself and laid down the most minute arrangements for its managemenl The pilgrim-tax thus became a regular source of revenue to the state. The measure was proposed before the letiremeiit 1 Christ Kn Re- * BaohiuiaD, however, states* that, at the time of hia rimt, the Bath- mr9lv», ^ ?5. jatra took place on the 18th of June. JIJQGTJENAUTH. of the Marquis Wellesley, but he refused it his sanction. Sir Greorge Barlow had no scruple on the subject, and under him the proposal became law; not, however, without a strong protest against it from one member of council, Mr. XJdnej. At home it was disapproved by the Court of Directors ; but the president of the Board, Mr. Dundas, took a different view, and through his influence a despatch was framed, to the effect, that as the tax on pilgrims had been levied under Mahomedan and Mahratta governments, there did not appear any objection to its continuance under the British government. In 1839, under the administration of Lord Auckland, the subject came again under notice, when the tax was aboHshed,^ the expenses « Aet of gotl of of the temple fixed at a certain sum, and a donation ordered to {^"^ ^^ ** ®' be paid from the public treasury, to make up the amount sup« posed to be required, and for which no other available means of providing existed. This donation somewhat exceeded 80,000 rupees. Subsequently, more careful inquiry was made, and the allowance was fixed at 28,000 rupees.^ This arrange- • India Legist rnent) however, was deemed objectionable, inasmuch as it did {JS; *^ ^^' not disconnect the government from idolatrous worship. To effect this object, orders were recently sent out directing, as a final measure, that government should withdraw altogether from the temple, leaving it to be supported by its own re- sources, but making such compensation, if necessary, as should suffice to place the establishment in as good a pecunityry position as it enjoyed when the country passed into the hands of the British.^ According to a statement published a short i id. 5 May, is^s. time since,^ its condition in this respect is indeed much better. > priend of lodio. The pilgrim-tax, it may be mentioned, has never ceased, it ^^^v-*^- having been collected by the native authorities aftev it was relin- quished by the government, It is a circumstaiice for congra- tulation, that the government has thus purged itself from a foul scandal, which lowered its character and impaired its usefulness. Here, over a branch of the Mahanuddy, is an antique stone bridge, having eighteen waterways, not arched above, but traversed by " laying^ horizontal tiers of stone on the piers, ' stiriinir, ut the one projecting slightly beyond the other, in the manner of *"**"* ^^' inverted stairs, until they approach near enough at top to sustain a keystone or cross-beam." According to official JUG— JUH. Mipra, 199. 1 E.I.C. Ml. Doc * Garden, Tkblei of RoutaSfSS. ■ E.I.C. Us. Doe. Garden, Tablet of Routes, 178. B.I.a Ms. Doc B.IC. Ms.Doc B.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C. Ms. Doc > E.I.C. Ms. Doc s Giirdcn, Tables of Routes, lOS. ■ B.I.O. Ms. Doc s Garden, Tables of Rout(*s, 88. * Mem. War in India, 446. * Sliakfvpear, 8UC.N.W.P.M. report, the town of Juggumauth or Pooree oontams 5,741'* houses, which, if the usuallj-receiyed ratio of fi^e inmates to each house be applicable, would indicate a population of 29,705. Distance from Madras, N.E., 595 miles ; Cuttack, S., 47 ; Nag- pore, E., 450 ; Calcutta, S. W., 250. Lat. 19° 49', long. 85° 53'. JUaaUTPOOE,' in the British district of Etawa, Heu- tenant-goyemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from the cantonment of Etawa to Calpee, and 30^ miles S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is heavy and bad, but the country is level and cultivated. Lat. 26° 31', long. 79° 28'. JTJGEAON,' in Sirhind, a town eleven miles firom the left bank of the Sutlej. It is situate in the British district of Loodiana. Distance N.W. from Calcutta, by Loodiana^ 1^24^ mUes. Lat. 30° 47', long. 75° 31'. JUGMJB. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, 96 miles N. from G-oalpara, and 138 miles E. by N. from Darjeeliiig. Lat. 27° 31', long. 90° 28'. JUGUENATHPOOE.— A town in the British district d Behar, presidency of Bengal, 23 miles E. of Sherghotty. Lat 24° 36', long. 85° 12'. JUGUTPOOE.— A town in the native state of Oude, 60 miles S.S.E. from Lucknow, and 30 miles E. by N. from Futtehpoor. Lat. 26° 4', long. 81° 20'. JUHANABAD.— A town on the left bank of the Granges, in the British district Bijnour, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces. Lat. 29° 15', long. 78° 11'. JUHANABAD,! in the British district of Allahabad, lieo- tenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town cm the left bank of the Ganges, 839^ miles from Calcutta, by the river, and 30^ miles above the town of Allahabad. Lat. 25° 36', long. 81° 40'. JUBLANABAD, the principal place of the pergnnnah Juhanabad, in the British district Bareilly, and from the per- gunnah deriving its name, is situate in lat. 28° 38', long. 79° 47. JUHANGIEABAD,* in the British district of Boolund- shuhur, lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, on the route from Bareilly to Delhi, and 63^ miles SJ5. of the latter, is described by Thom^ as an extensive town, surrounded by a high wall. Its population is returned at 9,369.^ SuppUes 3*i JUH— JUL. and water are abundant. The road in this part of the route is indifferent, the country open and partially cultiyated. Lat. 28° 24', long. 78° !(/. JUHANGUBPUR, in the British district of Boolundshuhiur, ej.c. Mf.Doe. lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route, by way of Chandaos, from Allyg^h to Delhi, and 46 mUes S B. of the latter. Lat. 28° 11', long. 77° 46'. JTJ J JA, in Bhawlpoor, a town on the route from Khanpoor e.i.c. m». iv>c. to Mittunkote, and 10 miles N.W. of the former place. It is ]^d Bl^wuiTrr, situate about ten miles from the left bank of the Indus, in the ^ alluvial tract extensively laid under water during the inundap tion of that river. It contains forty shops, a number which, according to the proportion usually found in such Indian towns, would indicate a population of about 600. Lat. 28° 46', long. 70° 39'. JUJUBI, or JUGROQ-, in Hindoor, a fort on the lofty and e.i.c. Mt. Doe. steep ridge bearing in a south-easterly direction from the left ^oratJn'^Brft'u'h ' bank of the Sutlej to the base of the Himalaya. At the com- Empire in India, iv SfiO mencement of the Goorkha war, it was, in the course of the Liojd.'joum. to operations preparatory to the investment of Malown, sur- p^JlJUj* j^J^^to rendered to the British, by whom it was subsequently dis- Himaiayt, 20. mantled. Lat. 81° r, long. 76° 61'. JTJKTI AL. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or b.i.c. m». doc dominions of the Nizam, situate 108 miles N. by E. from Hyderabad, and 160 miles S. by W. from Nagpoor. Lat. 18°52', long. 78°68'. JTJLAL, a river of Sirmour, rises near the south-western e.i.c. vs. doc. frontier, about lat. 80° 45', long. 77° 16'. It is a dear and l^-^* Trig sur^. -,, -111.' 11 • /. P™"'» Tour in brisk stream, holding its way through a picturesque country of nimaiajra, los. hill and dale, displaying occasionally considerable cultivation. After a course of about twenty miles, in a south-easterly direction, the Julal falls into the Girree, on the right side, in lat. 30° 36', long. 77° 80'. JITLALABAD,^ in the British district of Furruckabad, i e.i.o. mi. Doe. lieutenant-governorship of the North- West Provinces, a town i^ i^^MSg* on the route from Cawnpore to Futtehgurh, and 23^ miles S. of soo. the latter. It has a small bazar, and supplies and water are ofRoutS, wi!*^ abundant. The road in this part of the route is indifferent. Lat. 27° 6', long. 79° 61'. , JULALABAD. — The principal place of a pergunnah of the Ea.a ut. Doe. 849 JUL. 1 Ciarden, Tablet of Uuutoi, 4S. E.I.C. Mb. Doc / ■ E.I.C. lit. Doe. * Garden, Tab\e§ of Routet, 78. 3 Id. ib. 4 DttTidton, Traveb in Upper India, L 188. E.I.C. 1ft. Doc * B.I.C. Mt. Doe. * Shakttpear, Statbtict of N.W. ProT, g?. B.I.C. Mt. Doc same name, in the British diatrict of Meerut^ lieutonant- govemorship of the Nortli-West Frorinces, a town on the To\xte from Paneeput to Boolundshuhur, 82 miles N.W. by N. of the latter. Lat. 28° 46', long, 77° 88'. JULALEE, the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, lies on the ronte from AUyghur cantonment to BareiUj, by Khasgunj, and is 13^ miles S.K of the former. It has a bazar, with a maricet, and is abundantly supplied witii water firom wells. The road in this part of the route b good; the country is open, and but partially cttltirated. Lat. 27° SX, long. 78° Iff. JULALFOOE^ in the Jetch Dooab division of the Punjab^ a town situated six miles from the right bank of the ChenMib^ 78 N. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 82° iff, long. 74° lO', JULALPOOE.— See Jelalpoob. JULALPOOB.^ — ^The principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, a town on the route from Banda to Calpee^ 48 miki N.W. of the former.^ It is situate on the right or south^eait bank of the river Betwa, which here has " bed' 550, and stream in the dry season 180 yards ; bottom,, sand and gnmL ; usual depth of water, two and a half feet ; right bank steep. Some small ferry-boats at this ghat in the rains.'' It ia j^o- bably a place of some importance, represented to hare ^ some^ hundred large brick houses," and a population estimated by intelligent natives at 10,000. The neighbouring country, to the south, is rather wild and sterile, being much cut up by ravines. Lat. 26° 62', long. 79° 62'. JULDEOOG-. — A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or dominions of the Nizam, situate 188 miles E. by N. of Bd- gaum. Lat. 16° 14', long. 76° 30^. JULEYSIJB,^ in the British district of Muttra, lieuteoani- govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the route from Muttra to Furruckabad, 89 miles E. of the former. Its population amounts to 18,780 inhabitimtB.^ Lat. 27° 29', long. 78° 23'. JULQAXJM. — ^A town in the British district of Candei^ presidency of Bombay, 147 miles NJEL of Bombay. Lat 20° 24', long. 74° 30'. JULINDER DOOAB.—A tract of country in Upper India^ lying* as the word Dooab implies; between two riv^s. JUL. vbich, in this ease, are the Beas and the Sutlej. It is situate between lat. 80° 67'— 32° 6', long. 76° 4'— 76° 38', and contains an area of about 374 square miles. It came into British posses- sion during the earlier operations against the Seikhs, and was permanently retained as a portion of the British territory, under the third article of the treaty of Lahore, concluded on the 9th March, 1846,^ whereby the maharaja of the Punjaub ceded ' Aiien'i Indian to the East-India Company, " in perpetual sovereignty, all his ' ^' forts, territories, and rights in the dooab or country, hill and plun, situate between the rivers Beas and Sutlej." The tract is fertile, and the climate agreeable. Soon after this district came into the hands of the English, some disturbances occurred between the beef^^onsuming part of the population and those who adhered to a simpler diet, caused by the opening of shops for the gratification of the former. They were, however, speedily suppressed, and quiet restored. JTJLINDEB, in the Punjab, the chief place of the Dooab, a von Hugei, in. considerable town near the right bank of the Sutluj, was once ^'^ the residence of the Lodi-Afghan dynasty. It is situate in a ianct of great richness, amidst flourishing orchards of mangoes and other trees. The vast number of large and finely-built mausoleums which are around, bear evidence of its former greatness. It has still a population of about 40,000. Lat 81° 21', long. 75° 81'. JXJLELAlE, in Gurwhal, a feeder of the Bhageerettee river. It rises in lat. 80° 86', long. 78° 88', and, flowing southerly for about twenty miles, falls into the Bhageerettee, in lat. 80° 28', long. 78° 29'. JULLAH, in the Jetch Dooab division of the Punjab, a e.i.c.Mi«,Doc town situated nine miles from the right bank of the Chenaub river, 81 N.W. by W. of the town of Lahore. Lat. 32° 12', long. 72° 69'. JULLALPOOE, in the British district of Banda, lieute- e.i.c. Mf. t)oc. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Jumna, 27 miles N.E. of the town of Banda, 66 W. of Allahabad. Lat. 26° 40', long. 80° 46'. JULLALPOOE, in the Baree Dooab division of the Pun- e.i.c. ifi.Doe. jab, a town situated seven miles iron the right bank of the Ghara river, 43 miles S. by W. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. 29° 81', long. 71° 22'. 8&1 JUL— JUM. B.I.C. Mi. Doe. B.I.O. Ms. Doo. E.I.O. Ms. Doe. I B.I.C. Mf . Doc ' Garden, Tablet of Routes, ftS. Oarden, Tkl>Iet of Bouteii ISl. Garden, Tibleai^ Routei, 218. B.I.C. Ma. Doe. JULL AEEE, in the Baree Dooab diviflion of the Punjab, a town situated on the left bank of the Bavee river, 39 milea N.E. of the town of Mooltan. Lat. S(f 29', long. 71° 69'. JULLAWGOTE, in Sinde, a village on the route from Sehwan to Larkhana, and 14 miles N. of the former town. It is situate on the right bank of a great watercourse, filled by the inundation of the Indus, and a mile and a quarter from the main channel Lat. 26° 87', bng. 67° 66'. JULLMOOE. — ^A town in the British district of Gkmjam, presidency of Madras, 92 miles S. W. of Gtojam« Lat. 18° 81', long. 84° 41 . JTJLLITT,' in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- governorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on the route up the course of the river Goree, and by the IJnta Dhura Pass, from Almorah fort to Hiundes or South-western Tibet, 93 miles^ S.E. of Almorah. It is situate near the right bank of the river Gt)ree. Supplies are obtainable, and there is encamping-ground near a fountain in the village. Lat* 80^ 6', long. 80° 17'. JULO WLEE, in the British district of Furruckabad, lieu^ tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village an the route from the cantonment of Cawnpore to that of Fat- tehgurh, and 86 miles S. of the latter. The road in thia part of the route is generally bad, the country cultivated. Lat. 27°, long. 80°. JULIJPaUEH, in the British district of Moraffiimuggor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Kumal to Meerut, and 16 milea S.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is good, the countiy open and rather well cultivated. Lat. 29° 84', long. 77° 13'. JIJMALGTJEH, in the British district of Saharunpoor, lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town the chief place of the pergunnah bearing the same name, k situate in lat. 29° 64', long. 77° 20'. JUMALPOOE, in the British district of Allyghur, lieute- nant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the routo from the cantonment of AUjghur to ihat of Mo- radabad, and one and a quarter mile N.E. of the former. IhB road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, with a clayey soil, partially cultivated. Lat. 27° 67', long. 78° 6'. . JUM. JUMALPOOE, in the British district of Allyghur, Ueute- nant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route by Khasganj from Bareilly to AUjghur canton- ment, and 10' miles 8.E. of the latter. Lat. 27° 62', long. ' Garden, TaWct ^78° 1 6' ®' Routes, 43. JUMALPOOE. — A British military cantonment in the e.i.c. iit. doc. district of Mymensing, presidency of Bengal, at the point "where the Konaie diverges from the river Brahmapootra. Pistance from Mjrmensing or Nusserabad, N.W., 26 miles ; Burhampoor, KE., 123; Dacca, N.W., 86; Calcutta, N.E., 190. Lat. 24° 5&, long. 90° 3'. JXJMAJBRA. — A town in the British district of Bhagul- e.i.c. m». doc. poor, presidency of Bengal, 27 miles 8.W. by W. of Bajmahal. Lat. 24° 50^, long. 87° 28'. JUMBOO. — A town in the native state of Bhotan, three e.i.o. Ms. Doc. miles from the left bank of the Monas river, and 124 miles N.E. by N. from G-oalpara. Lat. 27° 46', long. 91° 38'. JUMBOOSEER,^ in the British district of Broach, presi- » e.i.c. m» doo. dency of Bombay, a town situate on the headland projecting between the estuaries of the rivers Nerbudda and Muhi or Mhye. It is the principal place of a pergunnah of the same name. In the vicinity are numerous large tanks,^ and the soil * Transacts, or being of redundant fertility, and teeming with rank vegetation, gj^of ^mi»r. malaria for a part of the year prevails, diffusing the seeds of *• 47— Gibson, « 1 ., rr. 1 . -11 .1 ^ ,^ Sketch of Outernt. disease and death. Tunkana, a village on the seacoast, 10 miles S.W. of Jumbooseer, is its seaport, through which con- siderable quantities of cotton, grain, coarse cloths, and the produce of the mowa (Bassia latifolia), are exported. The population of Jumbooseer is estimated at 10,000. Distance from Surat, N., 60 miles ; Bombay, N., 212. Lat. 22° 2', long. 72° 60^. JUMKXJKDEE.' — A town in the Southern Mahratta i e.i.c. ms. doc. jaghire of Jumkundee, 69 miles N.E. from Belgaum, and 167 miles S.E. by S. from Poonah. The jaghiredar was bound to furnish a military contingent to his feudal superior, the British government, an obligation which has now been commuted for a pecuniary payment.^ His revenues amount to 2,70,246 * Bombay Poi. rupees, or 27,024Z., per annum. Lat. 16° SO', long. 75° 20^. ^^^' ^ ^"^ ^^' JUMLAH. — A town in the province of Q-uzerat, or the e.i.c. Ms. doc. dominions of the Guicowar, situate on the left bank of the 4 2 a ^^ JUM. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. » E.I.C. Mt. Doc E.I.C. Trljfon. Surr. * As. Res. sir. 327* — Hodgson and Herbert, Trigoo. Survey of Himalaya. Id. liT. 149— Hodgson, Survey of Qangefl and Juinna. Id. liil. 106— Fraser, Joum. to the Sources of the Jumna and the Ganges. Skinner, Excur- sions in India, i. aoo. * Hodgson and Herbert, ut supra, 827*. * Jacquemont, ut fupra, iv. 76, 02. * At. Res. ziT. 187 — HodKson, Surr. of Ganges and Jumna. * Voyaje, iv. 03. Bliader river, and 80 miles S.W. from Bajkote. Lat. 21'' 80", long. 70^ 1'. JUMMULMUDaO.— A town in the British diatrict of Cuddapah, presidency of Madras, 177 miles N.W. of Madras. Lat. 14° 51', long. 78° 27'. JUMNA.^ — The name of a great river of India, and the most important feeder of the Gkuiges. It rises at the soutii- western hase of the group called the Jumnotri Peaks, at an elevation of 10,849 « feet, and in lat. 81°, long. 78° 32'. About 500 feet to the north-west of the hot spring of Jumnotri, the face of the mountain rises very steeply, and is entirely cased in snow and ice. From a rock which projects from the snow, a small rill descends during the daytime. It is about three feet wide, and very shallow, being only a shower of spray produced by the snow melted by the sun's rays, and is,* according to Hodgson, the most remote source of the Jumna. This point was found inaccessible by that observer, the snow- bed being intersected by rents and chasms, caused by the falling in of the snow as it became melted by the steam of the boiling springs below it. The rill finds its way through chasms formed in the snow-bed to the ground beneath, out of which gush numerous springs of water of nearly boiling heat, and the steam from those, melting the mass of ice and snow above them, causes a copious shower, which affords the prin- cipal supply to the nascent Jumna. The stream holds a cooiae generally south-westerly for about eight miles, when the Berai-Ganga, a stream which down to this point surpasses the Jumna in length and volume^ of water, joins it on the left aide, in lat. 80° 56', long. 78° 27'. The dedivity of the bed of the stream in this part of its course is enoimous, as in a distance of sixteen miles, between its source and Kotnur, the &11 is 5,086^ feet, being at the rate of 314 feet to the mile. About five miles below this, and in lat. 30° 49', long. 78° 19', it receives on the right the Budeear, a great torrent, descending from the mountain Kedar-Kanta.^ On the same side, about * Jacquemont* states, that he ascended to the small cascade described by Hodgson, and saw the rill form, at a g^reat distance to the north, another cascade. He visited the scene nearly a month later in the spria; than Hodgson, and that interval wonld probably cause a great diffiBrence in the state of the snow. 8M JUMNA. three miles farther, the Bunal joins^ it, and, eight miles bejond, *a« Re«.xiv. las it is increased by the accession (also on the right side) of the ^"ril^ wid""^* Comalda, the largest of its tributaries above the Tonse. About J"""^ four miles lower down, it receives the Eickna, and ten miles &rther, the Khootnee, both on the right side. At the con- fluence with this last stream, and in lat. 80° 39^, long. 78° 6', Hodgson found the Jumna, at the end of March, to be ninety feet wide, firom three to five feet deep, rapid, and not fordable. About fifteen miles below this, it is joined on the left side by the Aglar^ or Agilwar, a considerable torrent. In addition to 7 e.i.c Trigon. those above enumerated, numerous streams of less importance j^^ai.8oo. flow into the Jumna on both sides, between the source and this Beng. ims, p. est confluence. At the latter point, in lat. 30° 31', long. 78° 3', obtemuioiit. the course of the river, previously for the most part south- westerly, turns due west, which direction it keeps for thirteen miles, to the confluence of the Tonse, in lat. 30° 80^, long. 77° 53', and at an elevation of 1,686 feet above the sea. The . Tonse is by far the more considerable stream, its discharge being found, when surveyed by Hodgson and Herbert,® to • a«. Ret. xw, amount to 2,827 cubic feet in a second of time, whilst that of gurrTof nima- the Jumna was only 1,045. About ten miles farther down, on ^^^ the same side, the Jumna receives the Girree, a small river, discharging 100® cubic feet in a second. At Baj Ghat, imme- diately below this confluence, Moorcroft* describes the river ' Himdaya, Pun- as being 100 feet wide in the middle of February. Garden,^ i*^; "** ^"• however, assigns it greater dimensions here : according to that JJ^'*" ^ authority, the channel of the river is 600 yards wide, and the stream usually about 100 during the dry season, clear, deep, and rapid. A mile below this place, it receives on the left side, and at an elevation of 1,470^ feet, the Asun, flowing from * Jonm. ai. soc the south-east, and draining or irrigating the western part of ^^^rl^'^p/* the Dehra Doon. Taking from this point a direction first of Mineraiogioa , ti .., Survey of Hima- westerly, then southerly, it flows through a ravine in the uya. Sewalik Mountains, and about twelve miles below the con- fluence of the Asun, at Badshamahal, in lat. 30° 20^, long. 77° 38', enters the plain of Hindostan. Herbert estimates the length of course, from the source of the Jumna to this » ut fopT^xxxi. place, at 123' miles, its elevation here at 1,276* feet, its dis- J^ R«- »*'^- charge, at the beginning of March, at the rate of 4,000* cubic * joum. ai. Soc feet in a second. This assigned length of course, however, ^21."'*"'*'*' 2 A 2 »* JUMNA. * Journ. At. Soc. Benir. IH33, p. lOA — Ck}hln, on the Ancient Canals In the Delhi Terri- tory. 7 Perlshta, L 440. 1 East-India Gasetlwr, U. M. * Tiarela In Upper India, 1. 130. appears too great, the actual* course being only about nineiy- seTcn miles. Thus the fall from the source to this place is about 100 feet per mile. In the vicinity of Badshah mahal,t the Jumna divides into several^ branches, and on its right* side a canal was, in the year 1856, dug by Eeroz Toghluk,^ king of Delhi. At about eighty miles from the commencement of this canal, the canal of Ali Mardan Khan parted from it, and, taking a southerly direction, made its way to Delhi. This work appears to have been maintained in a state of efficiency till 1760 ; but in the canal of Feroz Shah the water ceased to flow at Sufleedon in 1740. The restoration of the Delhi Canal engaged at an early period the attention of the marquis of Hastings. In 1817, operations were commenced, and by the end of May, 1820, the water was brought to the city of Delhi, and, passing through the main conduit in the palace, rejoined its parent stream. The supply is drawn from a point in the vicinity of Chooarpore, and conducted along a natural channel to Jhyadri, thence by a new cut into the river Outralla, which it follows to its junction with the river Soumb ; and, passing through this last-named river, is carried on, vid Dadoopur, * This statemeDt ifl derired from the trigonometrical sarrey. t The fbllowiDg description of the entrance of the Jomna into the pUina is giren by Hamilton ; * but as it is his practice to give only a general list of authorities, without specifying the particular parts of an article which they are adduced to support^ it is not possible to assign those applicable to the passage here quoted : — " The Jumna issues from the mountains in the province of Delhi, near the small village of Fyzabad* about twenty-six miles north of Saharunpoor. The hills come dose to the right bank of the river, immediately opposite to this village, but on the right [qy. left] bank they are distant about three miles. The river here is deep in its bed, which is about 1,000 yards broad, and in the wet mon- soon rolls down a prodigious quantity of water, but in the dry season its stream is not above 100 yards broad. A short distance below Fysabad, the Jumna separates into several channels, but chiefly into two consider- able branches, which meet again below Booraghaut, at a distance of eighteen miles, forming an extensive island, well inhabited and cultivated. Over the above space its bottom is sand and gravel, with frequent rapids, which admit, however, of small timber-rafts being floated, whidi are after- wards taken to pieces, and formed into large ones." t Davidson > crossed the Jumna about twenty miles below Badshamahal ; and though the volume of water is diverted to the canal of Feros Shah, and to that of the Doab, he describes the main stream (17th April) as ** 300 yards wide, twenty feet deep, with a strong current** »6 JUMNA. Kurnaul, Bair, and Boahub, to Delhi ; its total length being 185 miles 8 In 1823, the restoration of the Feroz Shah Canal, ' cowin, ut passing by Hansi and Hissar, was commenced. The two canals having one common head, the work consisted in the clearance of the old line from Bair to Bahaderah, 151 miles ; the construction of a branch to Bohtuk, forty-five miles long ; of another in the direction of Darbah, thirty-two miles ; and of the new supply-head, twelve miles ; making a total of 240 miles. The water was turned down the canal in 1825. The restora- tion of the Dooab Canal, parting from the eastern bank of the Jumna near the village of Fyzabad, and rejoining the parent stream opposite the city of Delhi, was commenced in 1824, and the works were completed in 1830. " The original* and almost » id. us. sole object of the government in undertaking these works, appears to have been to convey a large supply of water from the Jumna for the purposes of irrigation of the crops — 1st, on lines of country where the natural depth of wells was so great as to render the cost of irrigation from them so heavy as to impede the improvement of the districts, as on the Delhi Canal ; 2nd, to supply the means of cheap and easy irrigation to the districts, as on the Dooab Canal, where, although tho wells are not so deep, the irrigation from the canal would be comparatively cheap and easy ; and, Srd, as on Feroz's canal, to confer the means of irrigation on districts where, from the excessive depth of the wells, none was heretofore in use, and to convey a supply of wholesome water to a country wher^ generally it is brackish or salt.*' From Badshamahal to the point of reunion with the Delhi Canal, a distance of 145 miles, generally in a southerly direc- tion, the Jumna is occasionally available for floating rafts ^ of i id. iss. timber cut in the Sewalik Mountains ; though even that rude kind of navigation is attended with danger during inundation, and in hot weather with delay. In addition to the works above enumerated, the construction of a canal from the Jumna, at a point about five miles east of Kumaul, to the Sutlej at Loo- diana, has been suggested, and a survey of the line of level made, the result of which appears favourable to the plan.^ Beof .Two,' V^^ At Delhi, the river is crossed during the dry season by a —Baker, uvcu bridge of boats,^ constructed every year at the cessation of the and suHoj. rains. From that city, the course turns a little to the east ; ofR^Ia,^*^ 3&; JUMNA. * Jacquemont, Vojage, Ir. 443. »iU. 444. * Stoam Navi- gation in BriHik India, M. ^ Joum. Ai. Soc Beng. 1839, p. 63S — Smith, on Pouil domains in the Jumna. Calcutta Olean- ingf in Siience, i. 88. * Jacqumnont, iii. 4A5. ' Marine Ditp. to Bengal, daied 31 Nov. 1838, No. 38, para. 14. but though in many places extraordinarily circuitous, it holds generally a south-easterly direction to its confluence with the Oanges at Allahabad, a distance from Delhi, by the rirer's course, of 619 miles. Between Delhi and Allahabad, t^e Jumna receives on the right side the following riyers : — The Baun or Ootunghun, in kt. 26° 69^, long. 78° 31'; the Chumbul, in lat. 26° SC, long. 79° 19' ; the Bind, eight miles below ; the Betwa,* in lat. 25° 65', long. 80° 17' ; the Cane, in lat. 25° 47', long. 80° 85', all considerable streams ; besides some others of less importance. The chief streams which &11 in on the left side are, the Hindoo, in lat. 28° 2^, long. 77° 30' ; the Seengoor, in lat. 26° 9', long. 79° 69^ ; the Bind, in lat. 25° 53', long. 80° 37'. Jacquemont* styles the Jumna in the lower part of its course an enormous rirer : in the rainy season, it is in some places a mile, in others serend miles, in width, and with a very rapid current. In consequence, however, of its bed being obstructed by shoals and rocks, navigation was not practicable for craft above Delhi, except by means of the canal. Prinsep* thus speaks of the Jumna : — ** That river, although of greater length than the Ganges above their confluence, yet much inferior to it in the average volume of its discharge, is the line of communication with some of the principal commercial marts and military stations in India, — Calpee, Etawah, Muttra, and the cities of Agra and Delhi, all situated upon its banks, and with the distant post of Kumaul, by the ancient canal branching off at Delhi, which has been lately repaired and re-opened. Its banks are lofty and precipitous, and ridges of rock in many places advance into the stream, combining with its general shallowness and strong current to render navigation extremely difficult and dangerous." Much has, however, been done to remedy this inconvenience. At ICurinkhan, near Oryah, lat. 26° 26', long. 79° 35', the whole bed was formerly interspersed with kankar rocks, aboundiog with organic^ remains and huge blocks of sandstone,^ which rendered the navigation so intricate and dangerous, that great numbers of boats were lost, and others delayed for several weeks; but those obstacles have, for the most part, been removed by blasting or other means, and a dam made to deepen and give permanence to the channel: other improvements' have been effected, and the practicability of navigating by 3M JUMNOTEI. steam the river below Calpee has been established. The Jumna contains^ crocodiles or alligators in the lower part of ' Jacquemont, its course. The total length of the river, from its source to "** ^^ its confluence with the Ghtnges at Allahabad, is 860 miles. On the rockj point where the waters meet, stands the fort of Allahabad. The streams at the junction are nearly equal in volume; the Gkinges, the deeper, with yellow water; the Jumna, the more rapid, with water as clear as crystal, but con- sidered less palatable and wholesome than that of its fellow. The Jumna* or Yamuna is by the Hindoos considered sacred, and its confluence with the still more sacred Ganges is dig- nified by a legend, according to which the Sarasvati or Sursuti, a stream that is lost in the wilds of Sirhind, flows under- ground to Allahabad, where it oozes from under one of the towers,t^ and mingles its water with those of the other two < Afl.Rei. xir.aoe rivers. Hence this confluence is called Tri-venL or " three T^*"?^' ®" "'** ' Ancient Oeogra- plaited locks." pfaj of india. JUMNOTEI,^ a collection of hot springs near the source of « e.i.c m«. doc. the Jumna, is situate at the western base of the most western jacquemont,^"'^^' of three closely-adjoining mountains, styled in the trigone- vojage, ir. 92. metrical survey the Jumnotri Peaks. The mountain-mass formed by this collection of peaks bears the common name of Banderpuch.J Eraser,^ who viewed it from the south-west, * As. Res. xiii. * WiHbrd describes it as " the blue Yamuna or Calindi, the daughter of the sun, the sister of the last Mann, and also of Yama or Sanuma, onr Pluto or Summanus." * Geography of + Skinner* describes the precise spot where, according to the super- India, stitious Hindoos, the Sarasvati reappears : — *' I descended a species of ^f *^",7'^IJJ "° cave within the fort by a flight of steps, to a dark narrow passage, at the end of which is the trunk of a tree still alive, although the air is quite excluded ; and the rook which finishes the cave is moist with water, which the people believe arises from the course of the Seeraswattee, the mysterious river." i Benderpuch, according to Fraser, signifies "monkey's tail." The name, therefore, should properly be Bandarpunchh ; from Bandar, " a monkey," and Punchh, "a tail." According to Fraser,* the local tradition » as. Res. xtH. IS, that Hanuman, the monkey-god, "after bis conquest of Lanca or lOO— Jouro. to Ceylon^ when he had set that island on fire, by means of a quantity of combustible matter tied to his tail, being afraid of the flame reaching and consuming himself, was about to dip this inflamed tail in the sel^ to extinguish it, but the sea remonstrated with him, on account of the pro> bable consequences to the numerous inhabitants of its watern, whereupon Hanuman plunged it in this lake, which ever smce has retained the name«" ^ you * As. Res. sir. 805 — Andent JUMEOOD. Bays : " Two lofty and massj peakB rise high above the rest, deep in snow, from which all the inferior ridges appear to take their rise : they are connected low down by a sharp neck ; their south and south-east exposure is the least steep, and bears a great depth of pure unbroken snow. Litde or no rock is seen, except at a few points in the ridge connecting the peaks, where it is too sharp and steep for snow to lie ; and here it appears of a red colour. Here and there lofty preci- pices are observed in the snow itself where the lower parts have melted, and the upper masses have given way, sliding down the ravines below, leaving a face of snow of several huo* dred feet high, and showing the depth of that which has accumulated for ages." According to native report, Banderpuch has four peaks, situate around a lake, in which . Hanuman, the monkey-god, extinguished his flaming tail. In the trigonometrical survey, three peaks are laid down, having the respective heights and » Ai.. R«. «iv. technical names,— Black E. 21,156 feet,^ Great E. 20,916,^ 3.24* Hodgson a and Herbert, Lowcr E. 20,122.^ The gToup of hot Springs is about 500 Uimda ^"'* ^ yards from the spot where the first water of the Jumna, a small rill, shoots over the brow of a rock projecting from the peren- nial and unexplored snows which overspread the summit of Banderpuch. The stream quickly finds its way through the mass of snow lying beneath the precipice, and having a thidc- ness of forty feet, and runs beneath it closer to the hot springs, receiving the water flowing from them. The steam of the springs melts the lower part of the mass of snow, so as to form A number of excavations, resembling vaulted roofs of marble ; and from these incessant showers &ilt which yield the prin- cipal supply to the nascent Jumna. The hot sprijigs are numerous and extensive, and the wat^ bursts up in them with jgreat ebullition through a granite rock, and deposits a ferru- gineous sediment. It is devoid of taste and smell, and has a temperature of 194*7^, nearly that of boiling water at that * Hodgaoa and elovatiou, which is 10,849 feet* above the sea, X^. 30^ 59^, Hubert. «t«.pr«, i^^g 730 35. » Bumet, Pol. JUMEOOD.* — A fort and small village, the former now in frpe^ Narr. Tuins, the latter scarcely traceable, in the province of Pesha- i2(j. wur, 10 miles, or according to some 14 miles, W. of the city Vim, 9> io. pf that uamp; and a short distance from the eastern entrance StiO JUM— JTJN. into the Khyber Pass. The fort was seized by the Sikbs in 1837, and an attempt of the Afghans to retake it led to a battle, in which the Sikhs were defeated, and their general, Hari Singh, an officer of high reputation, slain. Previous to the acquisition of the Punjab by the British, the Sikhs , strengthened their position by building the fort of Futighur, sxp. in Afg. sio. on the east side of Jumrood. The place* is 1,670 feet above Zn'!o^tn*A^^ the sea. Jumrood is described by Forster under the name of J**- Timrood." Lat. 34°, long. 71° 24'. * E^Zi^^^' JUMTHUE, in the British district of Kumaon, lieutenant- blc. m». doc governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route, by the course of the Bamgunga, from Petoragurh to the Unta Dura Pass, 10 miles N. of Petoragurh. Lat. 29° 44', long. 80° 16'. JUMUNEE BHOJPOOE.— A town in the native state of b.i.c. Mt.Doc. Oude, 90 miles N.E. from Lucknow, and 120 miles E. from Shahjehanpoor. Lat. 27° 52', long. 81° 54'. JUNANABAD, or JEHANABAD,i in the British district ' ^-ic. m.. doc of Behar, presidency of Bengal, a town on the route from Dina- pore to Hazareebagh by Gbya, 37 miles* S. of Dinapore, 30 N. * Garden, Tibiet of Gaya. It has a bazar, and supplies and water are abundant. It is noted for the manufacture of good cotton cloth. It is the principal place of a thana^ or police division, containing 3 Bengal and 1,097 villages and 177,648 inhabitants, of whom Brahminists ^"u.°;;iJj*i!m are in the ratio of ten to six to Mussulmans. The soil is fertile and highly cultivated, the main crop being rice. The town contains 887 houses, and, according to the usually admitted ratio of inmates to houses, a population of 4,435. Xat. 25° 12', long. 85° 3'. JUNGALEB, in the Punjab,^ a village on the route from « e.i.c. Ma. doc. Lahore to Bamnuggur, and 50 miles N.W. of the former place. The adjacent country is described by Bumes^ as sandy, yet * Bokhara, i. 4s. rather productive, being irrigated from innumerable wells, which yield water at a depth seldom exceeding twenty-five feet. Lat. 32° 6', long. 73° 55'. JUNGLEG,^ in Bussahir, is the last and highest village in > e.i.c. ms doc. the valley of the river Pabur, on the route from Sirmor to f^;^,lT^!''' Koonawur, by the Burenda or Broang Pass. It is situate on- Be"K- iws, p.«64 the right bank of the Pabur, which holds its course down a j^urn. to sinpu. valley formed by two spurs of mountain running south-westMrard 3G1 JUN— JUE, * Journ. K*. 8oc. B«tif. )8 17, p. 01ft — Hutlun, Trip in the Uurenda Paa. Gurdrn, Tablet of Route*, 87. E.I.C. Ml. Doc. E.I.C. Ms. Doe. E.1^. Mt.Doe. EJ.C. Ml. Doe. E I.e. Mt. Doe. E.I.C. Ml. Doe. E.I.C. Ml. Doc I E.I.C. Ml. Doe. * Garden, Tablet of Routei, 47. > E.I.C. Ml. Doe. « Garden, Tablei pf Routei, 102. from the HimaUya. Elevation above the sea 9,257 feet.' Lit. 81° 18', long. 78° 4/. JUNGEOWLEE, in the British district of BareiUy, liente- nant«goverQorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Bareillj to Petoragurii, and 38 miles N.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad, but the country is level, fertile, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 42', long. 79° 62'. JUNGUMCOTTA.— A town in the native state of Mysore, 98 miles N.E. by E. from Seringapatam, and 164 miles W. from Madras. Lat. 13° 16', long. 7r 56'. JUNJEEEA.— A town in the British district of Eutna- geriah, presidency of Bombay, 80 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Lat. 17° 49', long. 73° Iff. JUNOH.— A town in the British district of Chota Nag- poor, presidency of Bengal, 191 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 25', long. 85° 38'. JUPHA. — A town in the native state of Nepal, on the left bank of the Arun river, and 99 miles E. from Khatman- doo. Lat. 27° 37', long. 86° 52'. JIJPLA. — A town in the British district of B^iar, presi- dency of Bengal, 51 miles W. of Sherghotty. Lat. 24° 33', long. 84° 3'. JUEAJPOOE. — A town in the native state of Oude, on the right bank of the GK>omtee river, and 50 miles N.W. from Lucknow. Lat. 27° 25', long. 80° 29'. JUEOUNDA. — ^A town in the native state of Nagpoor, or dominions of the rajah of Berar, situate 138 miles S.E. fram Jubbulpoor, and 187 miles E.N.E. from Nagpoor. Lai 22° 6', long. 81° 50'. JUEOWLY,! in the British district of Bolundshuhur, lieutenant^govemorship of the Norths West Provinces, a village on the route from AUyghiur cantonment to that of Moradabad, and 28' miles N,E. of the former. The road in this part d the route is very good) the country is open, with a sandy soil, partially cultivated. Lat. 28° 17', long. 78° 17'. JTJEEAH,^ in the British district of Futtehpoor, lieu- tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the right bank of the Gl«nges, 874 miles from Calcutta by way of the riyer, 66^ miles above AUababad, and 28 milea 9^ JUE— JUS. by land S.E. of the town of Futtehpoor. Lat. 26^ &&, long. 81° lO*. JURROW, or JHUROW, in the Rajpoot state of Joudpore, Boiie«i, lujwani, a Tillage containing 125 houses, on the route from the town of Joudpore to that of Ajmeer, and 32 miles 'N.'W, of the latter. The road in this part of the route is indifferent. Lat. 26° 38', long. 74° 18'. JURRUKji a town of Sinde, is situate on an eminence of ' Kennedy, sindo small elevation, which forms a headland projecting into the wood, oxiu, so. Indus on the western side, and rising about thirty feet abore Samli.^*"' the water. The site is beautiful and advantageous, command- £i c. Ms. Doc. ing the navigation of the river in both a military and commer- cial point of view. Here the rude tribes of the neighbouring part of Beloochistan come to supply themselves with manu- factured wares. The advantageous position and salubrious air of Jurruk caused it to be recommended by Burnes as the best location for a British settlement in this part of Sinde. The principal manufacture is turnery of a very tasteful and highly- finished kind. Its population is probably about 1,500 or ,g^^ ^^^ 2,000.^ Lat. 25° 3', long. 68° 20'. m.^!*' JUSHPORB, or JUaDESPORE.^— A small raj included «B4C.Mi.Doc. within the territory superintended by the Q-ovemor-Gheneral's political agent for the south-west frontier of Bengal. It extends from lat. 22° 4' to lat. 22° 60^, and from long. 83° 24' to long. 84° 10^, and has an area of 617 square miles. The country is a high table-land, much overrun with jungle, but was recently found by the British agent to be improving under the government of the native chief, represented as far sur- passing the majority of his class in intelligence and attention. The people appear happier than in many other parts of the political agency. Rice, grain, and oil, are the staple produc- tions. Lak and wild silk are abundant where cultivation has not subjugated the jungle. The country is computed to yield a revenue of 10,000 rupees. The population is estimated at upwards of 27,000.» rIJUJITiwl'' JUSHPOOR. — A town in the native state of Jushpoor, on e.i.c. m».i)oc. the south-west frontier of Bengal, 98 miles N. from Sumbul- poor, and 73 miles S.W. from Lohadugga. Lat. 22° 43', long. 88° 56'. JUSHPOOR, on the south-west frontier of Bengal, a town e.i.c. Mi. poc, 36S JUS. in the Cuttack mehal of Mohurbunge, 153 milea W, bj S. from Calcutta, and 67 miles W.N.W. from Balasore. Lat 22°, long. 86° 8'. Boicwi. R^wan, JUSOL, in the Bajpoot state of Joudpore, a mined town near the left bank of the Loonee, between Balmeer and the town of Joudpore, and 60 miles S.W. of the latter. It is situate at the northern base of a small conical hill about 200 feet high, on the upper part of the rockj side of which was the residence of the thakoor or chief. There was formerly a bazar, containing 800 shops built of stone, and the town was surrounded hj a wall of the same material ; but those, as well as the greater part of the private houses, are now in ruins, in consequence of the furj of inveterate private feuds, under the influence of which the population of the vicinity are intent on mutual destruction. The river Loonee, abreast of this place, was, when ferried over by Boileau in the rainy season, at the begin- ning of July, 700 yards wide, and running with a very violent current. The town in the time of its prosperity contained 8,000 houses ; but not a tenth of that number are now inha- bited. The road in this part of the route between Balmeer and the town of Joudpore is under water during the rainy season, and unsafe. Lat. 25° 47', long. 72° 23'. E.I.C. Ml. Doc JUSPOOE, in the British district of Moradabad, Ueutenant- governorship of the North-West Provinces, a town on the route from Pilleebheet to Suharunpoor, and 100 miles S.W. of the former. It is situate near the southern boundary of the Terai or marshy forest extending along the base of the mountain, and in kt. 29° 17', long. 78° 58'. JUSSO, in Bundelcund, a town, the principal place of a jaghire or feudal possession of the same name, containing an area of 180 square miles, with a population of 24,000. The revenue of the raj is returned at 1,800^. per annum, and the chief maintains a small military force. The town is distant 26 miles S.E. of Punnah. Lat. 24° 27', long. 80° 35'. 1 E.X.C. ui. Doc JUSTWUNTNUaUE,! in the British district of Etawa, Heu- tenant-govemorship of the North-West Provinces, a small town on the route from the cantonment of Agra to that of !^awa, * Oftrden, Tablet and uiue^ milcs N.W. of the latter. It has a mosque^ and a > ju^uemont, Small bazar, and supplies may be obtained fr^m the surrounding Vo;*ge, iii. 467. couutiy. The road in this part of the route is generally good ; JUT. the country cultivated^ and studded with small Tillages. The population^ of the town is returned at 5,033. Lat. 26° 53', * statistics or long. 78° 58'. ^'^' ^^- "'' JUTEEPOOE, in the British district of Bareilly, lieute- e.i.c. ms. doc. nant-govemorship of the North- West Provinces, a village on of^^^i^^H^ the route &om Bareilly to Petoragarh, and 26 miles N.E. of the former. The road in this part of the route is bad, and in the rainy season in many places laid under water. The country is level, open, fertile, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 37', long. 79° 47'. JUTPOOL. — ^A town in the native state of Hyderabad, or b.i.c. Ms. Doe. dominions of the Nizam, 94 miles S. by W. from Hyderabad, and 18 miles N.E. from Kumool. Lat. 16° 1', long. 78° 16'. JUTPOOBA, in the British district of Moradabad, lieu- Garden, t«wm tenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces, a village on the route from Allygurh to the town of Moradabad, and six miles S.W. of the latter. The road in this part of the route is good ; the country open, level, and cultivated. Lat. 28° 46', long. 78° 47'. JUTT.' — A town in the Sattara jaghire of Jutt, 95 miles « e.i.c. ms. doo. N.E. from Belgaum, and 136 miles S.E. by S. from Poonah. The jaghiredar is bound to furnish a contingent of cavalry to its feudal superior, the British government. A proposal made by the latter for a commutation of the obligation by a pecuniary payment, was met by refusal on the part of the chief.^ Lat. • Bombay Poi. 17° 1', long. 75° 16'. D.n...8Feb..s«. JUTTA KA GOTE, in Sinde, a village on the route from b.i.c. ms. doc. Tatta to Hydrabad, by way of Kotree, and 17 miles N.E. of Tatta. It is situate a mile and a half from the right bank of the Indus, and half-way between that river and the brackish lyimd, or lake of Kunjur. The adjacent country is plain, and occupied principally by a shikargah or hunting-ground, lately belonging to one of the ameers of Hydrabad. Lat. 24° 66', long. 68° 12'. JUTTEBL MOUNTAINS, in Sinde, form a portion of that e.i.c. Ms. Doc mountain system which, stretching eastward from the great law* p^ 'iit^De Hala ranire, terminates abruptly on the right bank of the La Hotte. Rep. oo « 1 mi -r ^ -»«- . 1 the Conntry be- Indus, near Sehwan. The J utteel Mountains run south-west tween Karmchee from Sehwan to Dooba, a distance of between sixty and seventy *"* sehwan. miles. They are steep and of considerable height, probably in few places less than 2,000 feet. The direct road from Sehwan 365 JTJT— JIJW. E.IX. Mt. Doc. « E.I.C. Ms. Doc E.I.C.Trlgon. Surr. * E.I.C. Ml. Doc s E.I C. Hi. Doc. * At. Hei. zvii. —Traill, Stnlli- tieal Shetch of Bhotia Mt'hals. to Kurrachee lies between them and the Keertar range, wliidi ia equally high, and holds a parallel course, but more to the west. The Jutteel range extends between lat. 25° 82'— 2ff'2a', and long. 67° 48'— 68° 8'. JUTTOO, in the Punjab, a village on the route from Mooltan to Dera Ismael Khan, and 18 miles N.W. of the former town. It is situate 10 miles from the right bank of the Chenaub river, in what Elphinstone calls ihe Little Desert, extending between the Chenaub and the Indus, and which he describes as having a length of 250 miles from north to south, and, in the latitude of Juttoo, a breadth of two dajs' march, or about forty miles. It is a dreary ta-act, ill supplied with brackish water, and overspread with sandhills of a grey colour, among which the only vegetation is a scanty growth of stoited bushes. Lat. 30° 20^, long. 71° 17'. JUWAHIE, or JUWAE,i in the British disteict - vinces, the most considerable of the Bhotia mehals or sub- divisions north of the culminating ridge of the Himalaya. It comprises the upper part of the valley drained by the river Qoree, together with the lofty mountains rising on each side, and ranges between lat. 30° lO'— 30° 35', long. 79° 60^—80° 2ff. The surfEMse throughout has great elevation, the lowert port affording passage to the river Gt)ree, over the southern frontier, at Leepookee Than, in lat. 30° lO', long. 80° 17', at an devation of 9,152^ feet above the sea; the head of the Gtoonka^ its remotest feeder, being at the Oota Dhoora Pass into Hxundes, and at an elevation probably of not less than 15,000 feet. The valley drained by the river, extending between these places, is the habitable part of Juwahir ; the more elevated tracts, rising on the east and west, being unexplored wastes of perennial snow. Therein are summits of extraordinary height, some rising 22,000, some 23,000, feet above the level of the sea ; and one, called Nanda Devi, reaching 25,749.' At the teJl of the year, the whole surCace of the country beoomes coveted with deep snow, which commences early in October, when the inha> bitants migrate to the more southern, lower, and wanner parts of Kumaon. The accumulation is progressive to the beginning of April,^ and snow continues to fiEdl until late in May. The depth, in open and level situations, varies in di&rent years JUWAHIB. from six to twelve feet, and is wholly dissipated by the first week in June; but in confined and much-depressed places, successive avalanches sometimes cause accumulations several hundred feet thick, and in many deep valleys and ravines the whole is not melted until late in July. Webb,* in the • e.i.c. m«. doc beginning of June, found an accumulation 250 feet in perpen- dicular depth in the bottom of a valley, where the further pro- gpress of avalanches from the inclosing mountains was arrested. At an elevation of 11,568 feet above the level of the sea, the head-water of the river Goree flows from the base of this mass, which never quite melts, though, towards the close of the periodical rains, the side, midway up the mountain, becomes divested of snow, and yields a very scanty pasture to goats. The upper extremity of the valley, however, is never free from snow, and in consequence the route northwards to Hiundes proceeds up the course of the Goonka, a tributary to the Goree, rising in the Oota Dhoora Pass, where the valley or gorge of Juwahir debouches on the table-land of Hiundes. There is no account of any European having explored that pass, nor any evidence that it is ever free from snow. In the beginning of June, "Webb^ found that, upwards from Milum, • k-i.c mi. doc. having an elevation of 11,430 feet above the sea, the river and the whole conntry was under deep snow, precluding the tra* Teller's farther progress to the pass, still distant fifteen miles, and approachable only by a very bad road. He was informed by the natives, that the ascent of the pass itself was performed in sixteen or eighteen hours by loaded sheep and goats. According to Traill,^ the thermometer ranges, during summer t ut supra, 7. at sunrise, from 40° to 55° ; at noon, from 65° to 75° in the shade, from 90° to 110° in the sunshine. Towards the middle of August, the temperature becomes precarious, and the weather subject to sudden and severe changes, which the natives suppose are accelerated by any concussion in the air, such as that produced by discharge of firearms or loud musical instruments ; and much precaution is observed to prevent the occurrence of such concussions. Heavy rains sometimes fall : Webb, during his visit in the beginning of June, found them to continue for seven nights and six days without intermission. The scanty cultivation produces barley, amaranthus, wheat and buckwheat, leeks^ and turnips. Buckwheat is found wild every- 867 JI7WAHIE. where ; celery, garlic, and rhubarb also grow wild. The crops of wheat and amaranthus are in general poor, and sometimes completely fail, in consequence of the ungenial climate. The • Trtiii, at lupra, indigenous fruits® are, gooseberries, red and white currants, rasp- berries, pears, and strawberries. The culture of peaches and apricots is attempted, but the produce is very poor. In the least- elevated parts, the deodar or Himalayan cedar, and the saryi or arbor vitse, attain frequently a girth of twenty-five leet The other trees are, various kinds of pines and rhododendrons, birches, junipers ; the usual shrubs are, ground-cyprees, roses, and sweetbrier. Flowers are plentiful, especially iris and anemone. The sura gai or yak is much esteemed as a beast of burthen, on account of its strength and sureness of foot in difficult paths ; and still more valuable are the hybrids between this animal and common kine. Where the sire is a yak, the hydrid is called jabbu ; if the cross be of the opposite kind, the hybrid is called garjo. Goats and sheep are the most general beasts of burthen, the former carrying from twelve to twenty- four pounds, the latter from ten to sixteen. These animals journey on an average a distance of five miles daily, being allowed to remain stationary for the greater part of the day for pasture, which affords their only means of subsistence. Hie inhabitants of Juwahir are supported by the traffic between Hiundes and the countries to the south. The more wealthy, having command of capital, combine commercial speculations in both quarters with the carrying-business, which forms the main resource of the less opulent. Theinhabitants of Juwahir » A«. Ret. xTii. S4 are favoured by the Tibetan* authorities, in being allowed supra! ' ** access to all parts of Tibet, while the other Bhotias of Kumaon are restricted to particular places for trade. They take into Hiundes grain, cottons, broadcloths, hardware, glass- ware, wooden vessels, coral, pearls, dye-stufis, spices, sugar, sugarcandy, and timber ; and bring back gold-dust, salt, borax, sheep's-wool, goat's-wool or shawl-wool, chauries or yak-tails, coarse shawls, inferior silks, leather tanned in a similar manner to the Bussian, dried fruits, and drugs. The Juwaharis are of Tibetan descent, and exhibit the singular anomaly of yielding I Traill, 35, 37. allegiance^ both to the mother country and to the government of Kumaon ; the latter enforced by military power, the former by the influence resulting from commercial relations. Their JWA— JTN. leligiaa is a medley of Lamaism and of BrahminiBm, admmifl- tered indiffeientlyy according to exigency, by the priests of either faith. They affect the aame Bcmfdea as the Brahmins with respect to food, and faaye assumed the designation^ of ' Tnui, si. 8inb (Uon), but are regarded by the Brahminists with abhor* tenoe, as the descendants of a kine-killing race. The Tibetan language has died away and been rephiced by the Hindoostanee, now uniTeraally used in Juwahir.' The people are represented ' id. 98. by Tmill^ as an honest, industrious, orderly race, patient and * p. 49. good-humoured, but very filthy in their habits, using the skirts of tiieir dress to scrub both their persons and cooking- utansils. Under the Oooricha sway, the tribute levied was oppressively large. This arose not entirely from fiscal, but partly from vindictiye motives, Uie Juwahirs having frequently baffled the military efforts made to reduce them to submiBsi(m. Juwahir comprises thirteen villages and 455 houses ;^ and if six be taken « Tnni, at lupra, as the average for the number of inmates of eadi, the result ^' would be a population of 2,730. JWALA MUKHI.— See Jiwala Muia. JWITEE.— A town in the hill zemindaiy of Jeypoor, pre* b.i.c. m •. doc. sidency of Madras, four miles EJ^.E. from Jeypoor, and 91 miles N.W. from Vizianagrum. Lat. 19° 8', long. 82° Sff, JYE BOOBDEE.— A town in the British district of e.i.c. ms. doc Tannah, presidency of Bombay, 81 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. 20° 7', long. 72° 45'. JYG-UBH. — ^A town in the British district of Butnagherry, b.i.c. mi. Doe. presidency of Bombay, 118 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Lat. 17° 17', long. 73° 19'. JYNTEEAHPOER— A town of Eastern India, in the e.i.c. Ns. doc. British district of Jynteea, presidency of Boigal, 77 miles S.S.E. of Gowhatty. Lat. 26° 7', long. 92° 5'. JYNTEEA.— A district of Eastern India, situate in the Ck)ssya Hills, and extending from lat. 24° 55' to 20° 7', and from bug. 91° 53' to 92° 46'. It is eighty miles in length from north to south, and forty in breadth. The tract formerly con- stituted the northern division of the possessions of a native prince, styled the rajah of Jynteea, between whalpara. Lat 25° 52', long. 91° 86'. E.I.C. MS.D00. JYSINUGUB., in the British territory of Saugur and Ner- budda, lieutenant-goyemorship of the North-West Prorinces, a town on the route from Saugur to Hoosungabad, 19 milee S.W. of the former. Lat. 23° 37', long. 78° 38'. E.I.C. Mf.Doc JYTO. — A town in one of the petty Cis-Sutlej jaghiree, 77 miles S.W. from Loodianah, and 38 miles S.E. by S. from Ferozepoor. Lat. 30° 28', long. 74° 56'. JYTPOEE.— See Jeitpobb. > E.I.C. Ms. Doc JYTUE[, or JAITAK,^ in Sirmor, a verysteep ridge of day- MoorcToft,*Punjr sl^t^j rising ovcr the north-western extremity of the Kyarda Bokhara, 1 20. Doou. A peak of this ridge is surmounted by a stone fort, about seventy feet long and fifty wide, baring a small round « Frtser, Tours In tower or bastiou at each .comer,^ the whole, howerer, con- ' Liojd and structed iu an unsubstantial^ manner. During the war with nlSSiV^." 7^. *^® G-oorkhas in 1814, it was Occupied by them with a garrison * Thornton. Hist, of about 2,200* men, who, on the 27th of December, '.were inindu,iv.s7«. attacked by two separate British detachments, one of about V9 JYTUK. 1,000 strong, the other of about 700. The former meeting with a well*condactea resistance, and suffering seyere loss, fled panic-struck to camp ; the other made good a lodgment in an important position near the fort ; but being called off by General Martindell, who commanded the army of which the detachment formed part, it was harassed greatly on its retreat, and narrowly escaped total destruction. The loss to both detachments amounted to four officers killed, and five wounded ; seventy-nine non-commissioned officers and privates killed, and 281* wounded and missing. On the 13th of March following, • Frwr, 34. two eighteen-pounder battering-guns were with great difficulty hauled by hand up the nearly perpendicular side of the ridge, and placed in battery against the fort, besides two six-pounders, two eight-and-half-inch mortars, and two five-and-half-inch howitzers. The defences of the Gk)orkhas were in consequence much damaged, and in a short time the British posts were so arranged as completely to blockade the fort, which, early in May, was surrendered, but not till the stock of provisions for the use of the garrison was reduced to one day's rations, 'ai. rm. xw. sm Nearly 1,600 armed men marched out, besides about 1,000 HirbeitTrrlgon. women and children. Jytuk is 4,854 feet^ above the sea. sunr. ofHima- Distant N.W. from Calcutta 1,014 miles,^ by Dehra. Lat. ^ owden, Ti^iei 8(f 36', long. ir 24'. tf"^ ""'' 871 4 fL:.^j'> J