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[No. 20.]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

18 8 9.

SINGAPORE :
Phinted at tue Goveunment PttiNTiNG Offick.

Agents of the SocrETi :

London nnd Americay ... Tuuhneu & 0>.

Paris, ... Ernest Lekoux & Cie.

Germany, ... K. 1\ Koeuleb's Antiquauium, Leipzig.

X^t^4^ v^/^

[Xo. 20.: *

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRAiNCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

18 8 9.

rillM'tD AT THE GoXTiUNMENT rUlXTlMi OlFlCK.

Aqehtb of thk Suciet\ :

Loudon and America, ... TuriJNEk & Co.
Pari», ... Ernest Lekoux k Cii:.
Cieruuiuy, ... K. P. Koehleu's A>'tiquauiim, Liipzi

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Council for 1890, ... ... ... ... v

List of Members for 1890, ... ... ... vi

Proceedings of the General Meeting, ... ... xi

Council's Annual Report for 1889, ... ... xiv

Treasurer's Accounts for 1889, ... ... ... xvii

Keport on the Destruction of Coco-nut Palms by

Beetles — hy H, N, Bidley, ... ... ... 1

British Borneo : Sketches of Brnnai, Sarawak, Labuan
4/ and North Borneo — hy W. H, Treacher, ... 13

Notes on Names of Places in the Island of Singapore

and its Vicinity — hy H. T. Hauyhton, ... ... 75

Journal of a Trip to Pahang, <fcc. — hy W. Davison, ... 83

A List of the Birds of the Bornean Group of Islands,

— b^ A. M. Everett, c.ii.z.s.f ... ... ... 91

«-* ^^ A -^ ■^* .>

THB

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THB

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

PATRON:
His ExceUenoy Sir CECIL CLEHENTI SHITE, K.C.M.6.

POUNCIL FOR 1890.

The Hon'ble Sir J. Fbedebick Dickson, k.c.m.o., Fresidcnf.
The Eight Bevd. Bishop G. F. Hose, Vice-President, Sijtf/apore.

D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang.
II. N. KiDLEY, Esquire, Honorary Secretary.

E. KoEK, Esquire, Honorary Teasurer.
The Hon'ble J. W. Bonseb,
W. Nansou, Esquire,

W. Davison, Esquire, ) Councillors,

H. L. NoBONHA, Esquire,
A. Knight, Esquire,

LIST OF MEMBERS

FOB

1890.

Nos.

Names.

Addresses.

ASBAnAMSON, E. E.

British North Borneo.

Adamson, The Hon'ble W.

Singapore.

Anthonisz, J. 0.

Singapore.

AsnwoRTH, Lieut. P., e.e.

Singapore.

Atee, a . F.

Europe.

Bampfylde, C. a.

Sarawak.

Becheb, "FT. M.

Europe.

Beeston, Capt. R. D.

British North Borneo.

Bellamy, G. C.

Selangor.

Bebnabd, F. G.

Singapore.

Bicknell, VV. a.

Penang.

BiBCH, J. K.

Europe.

Bland, E. N.

Penang.

Blagden, C. 0.

Singapore.

BoNSEB, The Hon'ble J. W.

Singapore.

Bbandt, D.

Singapore.

Brown, L. C.

Penang.

Brown, Dr. W. C.

Penang.

Bbyant, a. T.

Penang.

Buckley, C. B.

Singapore.

BUBBIDGE, W.

Singapore.

BuBKiNsiiAW, The Ilon'blo J.

Singapore.

Camus, M. dk

Singapore.

Cebruti, G. B.

Singapore.

Clifford, H. C.

Pahang.

Copley, Geobge

Malacca.

Creagh, C. Vandeleub

British North Borneo.

Vll

MEMBERS FOR iSgo,— Continued,

Nob.

Names.

Addresses.

CUBBIE, A.

Europe,

Cameron, Capt. M. A., r.e.

Penang.

Davison, W.

Singapore.

Denison, N.

Perak.

Dent, Alfred

Europe.

Dew, a. T.

Europe.

Dickson, The Hon'ble Sir J.

Fredebick, k.c.m.o.

Singapore.

DlETHELM, W. H.

Europe.

Down, St. V. B.

Singapore.

DuNLOP, Colonel S., c.m.o.

Singapore.

DUNLOP, C.

Singapore.

Egebton, Walter

Penang.

Elcum, J. B.

Penang.

Everett, A. H.

British North Borneo.

Ferguson, A. M., Jr.

Colombo.

Feaser, J.

Europe.

4ri

Gatnob, Lieut. II. F., r.e.

Singapore.

Gentle, A.

Singapore.

Gilfillan, 8.

Europe.

Gosling, T. L.

Singapore.

Gottlieb, F. II.

Penang.

Gottlieb, G. S. II.

Penang.

Graham, James

Europe

GULLAND, W. G.

Europe.

Hale, A.

Perak.

Haughton, H. T.

Europe.

IIervet, The Hon'ble D. F. A.

Malacca.

Hill, E. C. H.

Singapore.

Hose, Eight Revd. Bishop G. F.

(Honorary Member)

Sarawak.

• • •

Vlll

MEMBERS FOR 1890,

— Continued,

Nob.

Names.

Addresses.

Hose, C.

Sarawak.

HULLETT, R. W.

Singapore.

Ibeahim bin Abdullah, IncLe

Johor.

Irving, C. J., c.m.g.

Europe.

JOAQUIM, J. P.

Singapore.

JoHOB, H. H. the Sultan of the
State and Territory of, o.c.m.o.,

O.C.8.I. (Honorary Member)

Johor.

Kehdino, p.

Labuan, Deb*.

Kellmann, E.

Europe.

Kennedy Archibald

Perak.

Kennedy, E.

Penang.

Ker, T. Kawson

Johor.

Knight, Arthur

Singapore.

Koek, Edwin

Singapore.

Krom Mun Dewawongse Varo-

PRAKAR, H. K. IL Prince

Bangkok.

Kynnersley, The Hon'ble C.

W. S.

Penang.

Langen, Van

Kota Eaja, Acheen.

Laugher, H.

Perak.

Laving, Gt.

Singapore.

Lawes, W. G. (Ifonorary Mem-

ber)

New Guinea.

Leech, H. W. C.

Perak.

Lempri^re, E. T.

Labuan.

Logan, D.

Penang.

Low, Sir Hugh, k.c.m.g.

Europe.

Little, E. M.

Europe.

Maxwell, E. W.

Singapore.

^^^^H

MEMBERS FOR 1890,— C(7«//'««frf.

Nob.

Names. Addresses. 1

Maxweli., W. E., c.m.o. Seiangor.

83
84

Miller, Jasieh Singapore.
McHBy, 0. Singapore.

MEEBWtTHEB, E. M. Europe.

NonoMHA, H. L- ' Singapore.

^^1

Nassok, \V. Singnpore.

^^1

O'SCLLIVAN, A. W. 8.

Singnpore.

■

Palosate, F. Gtfford fHoiio-

rary Member)

Europe.

^^^H

90 PiUL, W. P. B.

Europe,

^^^^1

pEBnAM, lievd. J. (Honorary

^^^^1

Member)

Singapore.

^^^^1

Pic'KEBiyo, W. A., c.M.a.

Europe.

^^H

Read, W. H. M,. c.m.cj.

Europe.

^^H

RlCKETT, C. B.

Penaug.

^^^^1

HiDLEY.H. N.

Singapore.

^^^1

HODdEB. J. p.

Pahang.

Host. Dr.K. (Honorary Member)

London.

I^^^H

EOWELL, Dr, T. IBVIME

London.

^^1

flO

Sarawak. H. U. The Rnja of,

^^1

(Uonornry Mem lie r)

London.

^^^H

100

Satow, E. M., cm.o. (Honorary

^^^H

Member)

Monto Video.

^^^H

101

SCHAALJE, M.

Europe.

102

i*COTT, Dr. DlTHCAN

Perak.

^^^^1

103

SEAuLiASoSEAn.The Ilon'bte.

Singapore.

^^^1

iOl

Sebuex,, V.

Singapore.

^^^^1

105

SHKLFonn. Tlie Hon'ble T.

Singapore.

100

Skinhee, The Hon'ble A. M.

Penang.

^^^H

107

Smith, H. E. Sir Cecil C. e.o.m.g

Singapore.

^^^^1

108' 80H8T, T.

Singapore.

MEMBERS FOR ligoy— Continued.

Nob.

109

110
111
112
113

114

116

117

118

119

12«

121

122

123
124

SouBiMDBO MoHUN Taoore, Eaju,

Mus. D.
Stbingee, C.
St. Claie, W. G.
swettenham, f. a., c.m.g.
Sted Abubaeau bin Omab

AL JuNIED

Sted Mohamed bin Ahbied

AL SaOOFP

Syebs, H. C.

Talbot, A. P.
Tan Kim Chino
Thompson, A. B.
TnoBNTON, S. Leslie
Tbeacueb, W. H.
Tbubneb <fe Co.
Thobold, F. Thobold

Vebmont, The Hon'ble J. M. B.
Van Benninoen van Helsdin-
GEN, Dr. E.

Addresses.

125 Walkeb, Major R. S. F.
1261 Walkeb, H.
1271 Watson, E. A.

128
129
130

131

Wheatley, J. J. L.
Wbat, L.
Wbat, L., Jr.

Yitle, Colonel, c. b. (Honorary
Member)

India.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Perak.

Singapore.

Singapore.
Pahang.

Singapore.

Deli.

Malacca.

Perak.

London.

Perak.

Penang.

Deli.

Perak.

Sandakan.

Pahang.

Johor.

Perak.

London.

PROCEEDINGS

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

STRAITS BRANCH

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

HELD AT Tin-:

RAFFLES MUSEUM

raiDAT, Hth FEBRrARY, 1890.

Present :

The Hon'ble Sir J. Frederick Dickson, k.c.m.g., Presi-
dent. The Right Rev. Bishop G. F. Hose, d.d„ The Hon'ble
D. F. A. Hervev, The Hon ble J. W. BoNSER, Colonel S.
DuNi,op, C.M.G., E. KoEK, Esq., H. N. Ridley, Esq,. W.
Davison, Esq., H. L. Noronha, Esq., W. Nanson, Esq.,
A. Gentle, Esq., and A. W. S. O'Sullivan, Esq., Honorary
Secretary.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The Report of the Council for 1890 was read by the Hono-
rary Secretary.

The President addressed the meeting, passing in review the
work of the Society during the past year, and suggesting cer-
tain improvements for the consideration of the Society,

PROCEEDINGS.

nded by the Council was

The election of members recomni
approved.

The Report, with some alterations, and the Honorary Trea-
surer's Statements of Account were adopted.

The Honorary Secretary tendered his resignation, which
was accepted, the President expressing regret.

A ballot was then taken for the officers for the present year,
with the following result: —

Council for 1890.

President, — The Hon'ble Sir J, FREDERICK DiCKSON,
K.C.M.G,

Vice-Presidents, — Singapore : The Right Rev. Bishop G. F.
Hose, D.D. ; Penang: D. LOGAN, Esq.

Honorary Secretary, H. N. Ridley, Esq.

Honorary Treasurer, — E, KOEK, Esq.

Councillors, — \V. Davison, Esq., H. L. NORONHA, Esq.,
W. NansON, Esq., The Hon'ble J. W. BONSER, A. Knight,
Esq.

The following resolution was proposed by the Right Rev.
Bishop Hose : —

"That gentlemen residing outside .Singapore and Penang
be invited by the Council to be corresponding members for
the several districts in which they reside, and that such cor-
responding members be invited to attend any meeting of the
Council which may take place while they are present in
Singapore,"

The resolution was seconded by Mr, BoNSER, and, after
some discussion, was adopted.

The following resolution, proposed by the President and
seconded by Mr. KOEK, was adopted: —

"That the Honorary Secretary compile for publication
annually in the Journal a Bibliography of Works or Selections
from Works or Journals relating to matters of scientific and

PROCEEDINGS. Xlii

general interest in the Malay countries of the Far East, and
endeavour to make or obtain for publication in a similar
manner translations of such works or selections in foreign
languages as may be approved of by the Council."

The Society's Journal for 1889 (No. 20) was laid on the
table. The President expressed regret for the delay which
has taken place in the publication of that Journal.

It is decided to send home the new edition of the Map,
which is now all but complete, for publication without delay.

The meeting then closed.

■)o:o(-

XIV

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

The Council, in laying their Annual Report for 1889 before
the Geenral Meeting, are happy to be able to report a satis-
factory financial state of the affairs of the Society, but desire
to appeal to all its members to make renewed efforts in its
behalf, both by contributing the results of their individual
research for publication in the Journal, and communicating
suggestions in regard to fresh fields of enquiry on subjects of
local, as well as of general scientific interest.

Since the last General Meeting, the following members
have been elected by the Council, subject to confirmation
under Rule XI by a General Meeting: — H. N. RiDLKY, Esq.,
Singapore; J. O. Anthonisz, Esq., Singapore; Archibald
Kennedy, Esq., Perak ; C. O. Blagden, Esq., Singapore; and
Lieut. Gaynor, R.E., Singapore.

II. Frank, Esq., withdrew his subscription at the end of
the year.

ANNUAL REPORT. XV

It is recommended by the Council that the following
gentlemen should be considered to have retired from the
Society; — Messrs. F. PooLES, S. E. DALRVMr'i.i;, E. P.
GuERRiTZ, J. R. Parsons, F. DelonclE, and Dr. N. B.
Dennys. Ph. D.

During the year, one hundred and fifteen copies of the
latest edition of the Map of the Malay Peninsula have been
disposed of, whereby a sum of 9^95-49 has been placed to
the credit of the Society.

The Council have much pleasure in announcing that ihcy
are now almost in a position to publish a fresh edition of the
Map, embodying all the most recent surveys in Pahang,
Perak, Kelantan, Jelebu, and the Negri Sembilan. A survey
oC a portion of the East Coast was also supplied by Capt. H.
Garb, of H. M. S. Orion, which will form a valuable addition
to the Map. All these surveys have now been worked up by
.1 draughtsman, whose services for this purpose were kindly
lent by the Survey Department, and the work of compilation
may be expected to be complete before the end of February.
It is hoped that any members who are in a position to supply
further information will do so at once, so that it may be
embodied in the Map before it Is sent home for publication.

The Council desire lo express their best thanks to all those
who have contributed the results of their valuable labours
towards this most useful work, thereby rendering it possible,
after a lapse of only two and-a-half years since the last edition
was published, lo bring out a new edition of the Map, con-
taining a large amount of fresh information in regard lo
localities which have hitherto remained practically unexplored.

No. 19 of the Journal was published last year, and No. 20
has just been produced. The Council much regret that,
owing to unfortunate circumstances, the publication of the
Journal has somewhat fallen behind. The Journal published
last year (No, 19) bears ihc date 1887, but as it was not
brought out till iS8g, it will thus be seen that we are two
years in arrears, The Council have thought it best, therefore,

XVI ANNUAL REPORT.

to omit the year 1888 altogether, and to let the present
Journal (No. 20) bear the date 1889.

The Honorary Treasurer's Statement of the financial posi-
tion of the Society is appended, and shows a state in this
respect more satisfactory than in any previous year. There
is a balance to credit of $787.95, and all liabilities have been
cleared oflF, with the exception of the cost of the publication
of the present Journal.

Mr. Stanford's account for lithographing the Map has
been settled in full, and a balance of 25 copies still remains
in his hands for sale, which may be expected to realize about
£10 6s. jd.

Through the liberality of the Straits Government, a sum of
$500 has again been placed on the Estimates to assist in
defraying the expenses of the new edition of the Map of the
Malay Peninsula.

A. W. S. O'SULLIVAN,

Honorary Secretary,
Straits Branchy Royal Asiatic Society,

Singapore, nth February, 18 go.

XVII

S 8 8 8

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DESTEUCTION OP COCO-NUT PALMS BY BEETLES.

. HE damage caused by the ravages of two species of
beetles in Singripore to the coco-nut trees has now
become so serious, that it is imperative that some
Steps should be taken to ameliorate the plague
T\ without delay. For this purpose, [ have here col-
F lected all the information I could, both by per-

sonal observation of the habits of these animals, and by en-
quiries of the several planters whose estates have been much
affected, and by reference also to published notes in The
Tropica! Agriculturist, and in a paper published by authority
of the Straits Settlements Government and written by Dr.
Simon, together with the correspondence on the subject
between the various planters and certain Government Officials.
The Species of Beetles. — The two species of beetle which
attack palms here are quite different in appearance and habits
and in their method of destruction, although they are usually
found together, and must be treated of separately. One is
Oryctes rhinoceros, commonly known as the rhinoceros, ele-
phant or black beelle, belonging to the group of Lamellicor-
□ ia. The other is Rkynchophorits ferrugineus, known as the
red beetle ; it is a large species of weevil. Two other larger
species of Calandra occur in the island, both of which prey on
some species of palm, but I have not received any notice of
their attacking coco-nuts.

Orycles rhinoceros. — This beetle belongs to the group of
Latnellicomia. tlie larvie of which live in decaying vegetable

2 BEETLES DESTRUCTIVE TO COCO-NIT PALMS.

matter. In the case of this species, the parent beetle deposits
its eggs in the decaying stems of coco-nut trees, whether still
erect or fallen to the ground. So abundant are they, that I have
found as many as forty larvce, nearly all full grown, in about
three feet of a rotten palm-stsm. But besides this habitat, it is
aho stated that the larvae occur in manure pits, cow dung, tan
bark, crushed sugar-canes, and other vegetable remains, and
also in mangrove mud; and I have received grubs taken from
piles of cow dung and from leaf mould, made by accumulat-
ing grass leaves, &c, in a pit, which were f|uite indistinguish-
able from those taken Irom rotten palms. Their existence
in mangrove mud seems to me incredible, as it appears high-
ly unsuited for them. I have been unable to get grubs taken
from mud, and certainly palms growing near mangrove
swamps are not more liable to attack than if they were grow-
ing in drier soil. The identification of larvs of this group
is very difficult, and can only be undertaken by an entomo-
logist, as all the grubs of the larger LamelHcorn beetles are
very similar, and there are a number of harmless, and even
useful, species of this group in Singapore. I have attempted
to rear the grubs, but without success, as they invariably die
in confinement in a few days. t

Description of the Grub. — The larva is a fleshy whie grub
from Iwo and a half to three inches long when full grown.
The head is rounded, broad, hard and of a dark chestnut
brown colour, and behind it on the next segment is an angu-
lar patch of chitine on each side. The body is swollen at the
tail, so that the grub can only lie upon its side, as is usual in
this class of larva;. It is covered with short, scattered bristles,
most numerous along the sides just below the spiracles. The
legs are about half an inch in length, weak, but chitinous, and
covered with bristles. The short antennae are quite hairless,
and thi 'iws ar' thick and powerful, black with a single
tooth bilow the sharp cutting point.

Description of the fieetlf. — The grub passes into the chry-
salis state in the tree or the rubbish in which it has spent its
life, merely making an oval nest in the rotten wood in which
to dose. The chrysalis is large and fleshy, soft and white,

BEETLFS DF.STRfCTrVE TO COCO-NUT PALMS. 3

and has the form of ihu perfect insect. It appears to remain
but a short time in this state, for thrysalids are very rarely
found. Hatched in the tree, h soon makes its way out, and
eventually Hies off to commence its work of destruction. The
beetle varies a good deal in size, but is easily recognised.
Large specimens are nearly 2^ inches in length and very
broad, of a dark brown or black colour, tlie chitinous coat
being exceedingly hard. The head in the male is small and
provided with a blimt horn curved over towards the back,
half an inch long. The thorax is about an inch long and three
quarters of an Inch broad, very hard and solid ; it is smooth,
and scooped out in front, so that it slopes towards the head.
The back edge of this depression is notched, and there are two
small semicircular depressions on either side of the large one.
The wing cases do not cover the body completely ; they are
broad and oblong and rai>ied over the back, smooth and shi-
ning, but doited all over with minulc punctures. The under
side of the body is red-brown, mostly hairless, but the mouth
and ail the face in front of the horn is covered with red hairs.
The legs are strong and stout, the second joint being armed
with sharp teeth, with the aid of which the beetle can tear its
way into the tree. The female insect can be distinguished
by its very short horn, not a quarter of an inch long, and by
the much smaller depression in the thorax, which is not not-
ched at the back, as it is in the male, than which, too, it is usu-
ally smaller. The insects fly briskly at dusk, rather high in
the air. attacking the palm trees at night.

Destruction of Trees. — The grub of this insect is quite
harmless, and indeed rather benclicial than otherwise, as it
assists to convert rotting wood and other vegetable refuse
into soil. It is the perfect insect that is so destructive. Its
method of altack is as follows, It flies by night to a palm,
and makes its way to the base of a leaf-stalk, and burrows
into the heart of the cabbage, making a large hole, from
which projects a quantity of the fibre of the tree resembling
tow. The appearance of a tuft of this is evidence that the
beetle has been at work. It remains in the hole usually all
the next day, and may be captured in the burrow. It nibbles

4 BEETLES DESTRUCTIVK TO COCO-NUT PALMS.

in so deeply, that, not rarely, it bites through the growing
point in the cabbage, or bud of the palm. More often, the at-
tack is repealed till the rain getting into the burrows sets up
decay, which rots the palm through, in either case the tree-
speedily dies. A trte once attacked stems to be very popu-
lar, and I have known palms from which two or three beetles
a day could be taken regularly, in spite of all attempts to drive
them away by the aid of carbolic acid, salt and other substan-
ces.

The following species of palm, besides the coco-nut, have
been attacked, and some destroyed, in the Botanic Gardens : —
Cocos plumosa, Alartinezia caryotcefolia, Corypha gebanga.
Phoenix dactylilera, Livistona chinensis, Vcrschaffeltia splen-
dida, Areca rubia, llyophorbe amaricaulis, Eiccis guineensis
Sabalum braculifera. Borassus flabelliformis. and se\'eral others;
but the Betel nut (Areca catechu), the Gomuti (.Arenga sac-
charifera), the Sago palm (Sagus Rumphit), and the slender-
stemmed palms seem never to be attacked. 1 once found a
beetle in the act of gnawing through the leaf stalk of a spe-
cies of Cycad, mistaking it evidently for a palm-tree. It ap-
pears that the object of the beetle in thus attacking the
trees is to drink the sweet sap in the bud of the palm.

It is very easy to distinguish trees that have been attacked
by this beetle by the peculiar ragged appearance of the leaves.
The beetle in burrowing into the bud, often bites straight
through the folded leaf In the cabbage, so that when it is un-
folded the top is found to be bitten symmetrically off, or each
leaflet is perforated regularly. By these appearances, it is
easy to tell whether a tree has been attacked or not, and bo
to judge of the state of the plantation,

I observe that the trees most liable to attack are those in
the neighbourhoods of towns. Small isolated patches round the
Malay villages in the interior of the island are usually quite
free from the attacks, even though the plantations are near
mangrove swamps. It has been said that in this position the
trees always sutler, and that the grubs are bred in mangrove
mud. This is erroneous. I have seen many plantations near
mangrove swamps without any Irarr of damage from beetles,

BEETLES DESTRUCTIVE TO COCO-NUT PALMS. 5

and il is exceedingly improbable thai Ihe grubs are able lo
live in mangrove mud. When a plantation is abandoned or ne-
glectpd, as soon as one or two trees die, ihc beetles come to at-
tack and lay their eggs in the decaying slumps. From one tree
ihey fly to another, and soon the whole plantation is in a dy-
ing slate, and if there be any other estates near at hand, the
beetle goes on lo them, and will do a great deal of damage.

It would be easy enough in a clean kept esitate to keep
down the beetles, but where there is an endless supply of
them in an adjoining estate, the matter is of great difficulty,
and the destruction is something remarkable. ,\ rotten coco-
nut tree lasts a verj- longtime in a slate of decay, and over
a thousand beetles could be bred from one before it was quite
destroyed. Not only do Ihe grubs live in the erect and fallen
stems, but the butts left in the ground are often full of
them, and 1 have even seen ihem in the timber of little brid-
ges made of Iwo or three pieces of coco-nut stems laid across
a ditch in a plantation.

Other timber they do not attack, as it does not decay into
the powdery, soft mass that they require for the grub to
live in.

Methods of Destruction. — The usual method of destruction
of this insect in the trees, is lo employ men to examine the
bases of the leaf stalks of the palms frequently, and to search
for the beetles. They are provided with a flexible iron or
copper wire terminated by a barb, with which the beetle is
speared in ils burrow and drawn out. .\ tree once attacked
should be frequently examined, as it is more liable to future
attacks than those which have never been attacked. So long
as the beetle is killed by the spear, there is no real need to
extract it ; in fact it is, to a certain extent, advantageous ot
leave its remains in the hole, as no beetles will again enter
the hole while the dead one is there. In any case, it is ad-
visable lo plug the holes with bits of rag or tufts of fibre
dipped in weak carbolic acid, as this will deter beeiles. Many
planters affirm that putting salt in the crown of the tree will
keep away beetles. 1 have not found this remarkably success-
ful. I'rnhabty ihr sail is irulirerlly ben.-lirial by bring washed

6 BEETLES DESTRUCTIVE TO COCO-NUT PALMS,

down to the roots by the rains, and there absorbed, and as
anything that improves the health of a tree enables it also to
ri.'sist and recover from the attacks of insects, the manuring by
.salt in this manner is of advantage indirectly against the pest.
Kerosine and phenyl may also be used in place of carbolic
acid, but ihey are less effective.

Another method of destruction consists in making large
fires of the fallen leaves and husks in the plantations at
night. The brilliant light of the fires attracts the beetles,
which are beaten into the fires by men and boys armed with
branches of trees.

Plan Jor Extermination. — Although it is obvious (hat there
will always be sufficient food in the form of decaying vegeta-
ble matter to supply the needs of the beetle, so that it is
really impossible' to exterminate it, its numbers can be very
greatly reduced by destroying in and near plantatiops all rub-
bish, leaves, husks and other vegetable refuse, or at least not
allowing piles of it to accumulate. All dead trees should be
cut into small pieces and burnt. And whereas it is absolutely
useless for any cultivator to keep his plantations clear of
rubbish in which beetles may breed, while his neighbour has
so neglected his trees that they become merely nests of bee-
tles, it should be made compulsory on every cultivator of
coco-nuts, to however small an extent, to destroy by fire all
dead trees on his grounds ; nor should he be permitted even
to utilize them as bridges or posts in the plantations.

Rhyttchophorus ferrugineus, the Red Beetle. — This is al-
most more destructive than the preceding kind, and attacks
the palms in quite a different method. It is here not the per-
fect insect, but ihe grub that does the injuries.

Like the black beetle, the red weevil is nocturnal in its
habits, flying at night to deposit its eggs in the coco-nut trees.
Possessed of a remarkably long ovipositor, it finds its way to
the base of the leaf-stalk of the palm, and pushes the egg as
deeply into the body of the tree as it can. It frequently
makes use of the holes made by the elephant beetle, and can
often be extracted thence by the beetle-spear. The egg on
hat<"hing produces a white footless grub, entirely different in

BEETLES DESTRLXTIVE TO COCO-NUT PALMS. ^

appearance to that of the elephant beetle. It burrows tun-
nels through the soft growing portion of the palm, and when
full grown nibbles its way to the surface, and forming an egg-
■ shaped cocoon becomes a chrysalis, and eventually hatches

out into the perfect insect. Some persons affirm that the
k beetle lays its eggs in the base of the tree, and that the grubs

then burrow upwards. I have seen no case o( this, nor have
I ever seen the beetle at the foot of the tree, unless the palm
happened to be stemless. In all the trees affected by the red
beetle, that I have cut up, I found grubs only in the soft pithy
wood at the base of the cabbage, and here they were some-
times thickly crowded together. I have certainly seen bur-
rows made by some insect in the old stems of the coco palm,
but I do not believe that they were the work of this animal,
but, probably of some Longlcorn beetle, several species of
which occur here, and ihe grubs of which eat hard wood.

Like the elephant beetle, this species attacks also other
palms besides tho coco-nut. Many of those mentioned as at-
tacked by the former in the Botanic Gardens having also
been attacked by the latter.

It is by no means so easy to find out when a palm is at-
tacked by this insect, as il is in the case of the preceding. It
works entirely inside the tree, and makes little or no external
marks. By listening at the side of the tree the grub can be
heard gnawing the wood. But usually the withering and fall
of the cenlral shoot is the first sign that anything is wrong,
in some cases a tree exudes a siiiny liquid having an un-
pleasant sour smell, which is a sign of serious damage.

Description of the Grub. — The grub is a thick, fleshy, cy-
lindrical, opaque white larva, with no feet or antennEe, quite
hairless, except for some scattered hairs on the head and also
a few on the tail. The head is small in proportion to the
body, oblong and black, with small jaws. The segment next
to the head is horny, but softer and paler than the head, with
some subtriangular darker patches on either side. The body
is curved and wrinkled, and almost equally thick without.
The tail ends in a flat, squared process, with a few tubercles on
which there are hairs. The grub lives in the burrows which it

8 BEETLES DESTRUCTIVE TO COCO-NLT PALMS.

makes, and which are full of shmy sap cxurfed from (he in-
jured wood. It moves about by the aid of its thickened seg-
ments, and usually burrows transversely through the tree.
When full grown it attains a length of a little over two inches.

The Perfect Insect. — The perfect insect varies a good deal
in size and colouring. Usually about two inches in length, but
often not more than one and a half from the tip of the snout
to the end of the tail. Like all weevils, it possesses a long
cur\-ed snout, which is blunt at the tip, and in the male orna-
mented with a kind of brush of reddish hairs. The head is
very small, and usually more or less red.

The thorax broadest behind and narrowed in front is black,
with a broad red band in the centre, smooth and polished.
The wing cases are black, sometimes ornamented with red,
grooved longitudinally, and squared and blunt at the ends, a
good deal shorter than the body. The tail is black, edged
with reddish fur beneath. The legs are strong, rather long,
black, with a strong claw on the end of the second joint, be-
sides Ihe two small ones on the feet. The antennje are a
little shorter than the snout, abruptly bent in the middle,
and ending in a club.

It is the smallest of the palm-weevils here, and is easily
known by the colouring. It flies at night, but is rarely seen
on the wing.

Method of Destruction and Prevention. — This insect, as
has been stated above, is a much more diflficult one to deal
with, but several of the methods in use for the former species
wilt be equally effective with the latter. The insects, both
male and female, may often be found at the base of the leaves,
and can be extracted with the f»eetle-spear before the eggs
are laid. They may also be destroyed by tires, as in the case
of the black beetle.

Some planters have recommended cutting away Ihe fibrous
shcalh which surrounds the young stem of the palm. and. as
tliey say, trimming and cleaning the palm. But the result is
attended with a certain amount of danger. For there is great
risk that the trimmer will accidentally wound the tree with
his knife, and the beetle is [|uick to take advantage of this and

BEETtES DFISTRLCTIVE TO COCO-M I I'AI.MS. y

to Jeposil its eggs in llie cut. I (juole from All About the
Voco-nttt Palm by Messrs. FERGUSON of Colombo, p. 12: —

" Scores of instances migiit be recorded wlicre, till the trees
were tome into beiiring, 3 red beetle was never seen, but nu
sooner was the land cU-ared and ihe trees trimmed than it
made its appearance and became very destructive. On one
property, the trimming system had been carried on for years,
till indeed more than one-third of the original plants perished
before the estate was ten years old, and lliey were going at
the rate of three trees weekly. The work of trimming was
stopped for the reason otTered above ; the loss of trees con-
tinued for some time afterwards, but at the end of six months
it had entirely ceased."

The cutting of notches by climbers in the trunk ot the trees
has been said to be injurious, under the impression that the
red beetle may deposit its eggs in the notches, but, as pre-
viously stated, it does not attack old wood, th.^it being too
bard for the grub, and besides were it to deposit its eggs on
the trunk of the tree, it would be exposed to the attacks o(
birds and bats during the operation. It certainly, however, does
take advantage ol the holes made by the elephant beetle, and
it is vcrj' rommon to find both kinds of beetle in the same
holes. It is very probable that the exlcrminalion of the black
hectic will greatly reduce the number of the red one, by pre-
venting their getting into the heart o( the tree by means of
the burrows of the black beetle.

Many planters are of opinion that a tree once attacked
by the red beetle should be immediately destroyed, on the
grounds that the tree is doomed and the grubs in the tree
can tlien be killed. But a very considerable proportion of
the trees attacked recover. Unless one or more of the grubs
bores through the growing point at the base ot the cabbage,
or sets up decay in the heart of it, the palm has a very good
rhance of recovery. At the same time, a tree once attacked
is usually liable to further attacks from both kinds of beetles,
and unless it is really a valuable tree, it is perhaps hardly
worth attempting to save it. It is hardly necessary to state
that when the central bud is destroyed, the palm cannot re-

10 KEKII-RS IJKSrRUCriVH: TO COCO-NUr PALMS.

cover, and is practically dead. In this case, it should be
destroyed at once, and the top cut out in order to find the
grubs before they escape as beetles. Cutting the grubs out
has been tried by several planters, and spearing them through
the stem would be equally effective, but the results seem
hardly to be worth the trouble. The grub when detected i.s
usually at least half grown, and then deep within the tree,
so that the tree has to be very deeply cut into to get at it,
and probably this would set up internal decay.

Summary, — It is quite clear that, although it would be im-
possible to absolutely exterminate every beetle in the place, ii
will be possible to so far reduce their numbers that the da-
mage done by them is inlinitesimal. The large planters may
be trusted to keep their plantations clean of any rubbish in
which the black beetle may be propagated, and to destroy all
dead and decaying palms on the estate, but that will avail little
if other persons are permitted to leave dead trees, and piles
of tan bark, manure heaps, rotten sugar-cane, &c. in thr
vicinity of the coco-nut estates, where the elephant beetle
may be bred in large numbers. The small cultivator, to whom
the loss of a few coco-nut trees is of little importance, should
not be permitted to let them gel into such a state that they
are a source of danger to those of others.

It should be made compulsory upon every person owning
coeo-nul trees to cut down and burn all palm-trees that are
dead upon the ground at once, nor should he be permitted to
stack or store the stems in such manner that they can rot
upon the ground, nor to use them for bridges or posts.

It should also be prohibited to owners of tan-works, sugar-
factories, or other persons in whose trade large masses of
vegetable debris form a by-product, to permit this refuse to
accumulate in such a manner that it threatens the safety of
any rstate of cwo-nuts. As the beetles do not, as a rule, fly
to any vcrj' great distance, there arc spots in which such
accumulations would be absolutely harmless, being too far
distant from any coco-nuts to send beetles to them, and as in
some professions the destruction of such waste might be
found very expensive, and perhaps injurious to trade, it might

liEETLES DESTRUCTIVE TO COCO-NUT PALMS. II

perhaps be preferable to merely indict any persons own-
ing such refuse as having a nuisance on his property, should
it be shown that any of his neighbours' coco-nut trees were
suffering from the ravages of elephant beetles ; and should
grubs be found in the deposit he should then be compelled
to destroy it.

If these steps are taken, I believe that the injury to the
trees caused by the beetle will be mitigated to a very large
extent, and the pest almost eradicated. •

HENRY N. RIDLEY,
Director of Gardens and Forests,

Straits Settlements.

BRITISH BORNEO:

SKETCHES OF

BRUNAI, SARAWAK, LABUAN

NORTH BORNEO.

■r

|N 1670 Charles II granted to the Hudson's Bav Com-
pany a Cliarter of Incorporation, His Majesty delega-
ting to the Company actual sovereignty over a very
large portion of British North America, and assign-
ing to them the exclusive monopoly of trade and
mining in the territory. Writing in 1*^69, Mr. WIL-
LIAM Forsyth, Q.C, says: — " 1 have endeavoured to give an
account of the constitution and history o( the /ast of the
great proprietary companies of England, to whom a kind of
delegated authority was granted by the Crown. It was by
some of these that distant Colonies were founded, and one,
the most powerful of them all, established our Empire in the
East and held the sceptre of the Great Mogul. But they have
passed away

--fuii Tiiu

mgcn

Gloria Teuctonim —
and the Hudson's Bay Company will be no exception to the
rule. It may continue to exist as a Trading Company, but
as a Territorial Power it must make up its mind lo fold its
(buffalo) robes round it and die with dignity." Prophesying
is hazardous work. In November, tS8i, two hundred and

BBlrlSH BORNEO.

eleven years after tlie Hudson's Bay Charter, and IwelvL-
years after the date of Mr. Forsyth's article, Queen Victoria
granted a Charter of Incorporation to the British North Borneo
Company, which, by confirming the grants and concesssions
acquired from the Sultans of Brunai and Sulu, constitutes thi;
Company the sovereign rulerover a territory of 31,000 square
miles, and, as the permission to trade, included in the Charter,
has not been taken advantage of, the British North Borneo
Company now does actually exist " as a Territorial Power "
and not "as a Trading Company."

Not only this, but the example has been followed by Prince
Bismarck, and German Companies, on similar lines, have been
incorporated by their Government on both coasts of Africa
and in the Pacitic; and another British Company, to operate
on the Niger Kiver Districts, came into existence by Royal
Charter in July, 1886.

It used to be by no means an unusual thing to lind an
educated person ignorant not only of Borneo's position on the
map, but almost of the very existence of the island which,
regarding Australia as a continent, and yielding to the claims
recently set up by New Guinea, is the second largest island
in the world, williin whose limits could be comfortably pack-
ed England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with a sea of dcnsi:
jungle around them, as WALLACE has pointed out. Every
school-board child now, however, knows better than this.

I Though Friar 0d0R[C is said to have visited it about 1322,
and LUDOViCO Berthema, of Bologna, between i^o^and
ijOTj^ the existence of this great island, variously estrmated to
Tclrom 263,000 to 300,000 square miles in extent, did not
; become generally known to Europeans until, in J518, the_

Portuguese LoRKN/.O Dli GOMEZ touched at the city of Brunai.
I He was followed in 1521 by the Spanish expedition, which
under the leadership of the celebrated Portuguese cirrum-
I navigator MackllaN, had discovered the Philippines, where,
on the island of Mactan, their leader was killed in April, 1530.
An account of the voyage was written by PlCAtEiTA, an
1 Italian volunteer in the expedition, who accompanied the fleet
to Brunai alter MagitllAiN's death, and published a glowing

account of its wealth and the brillianry of its Court, with its
royally caparisoned elephants, a report which it is very difficult
to reconcile with the present acjualid condition of the existing
"Venice of Hovels," as it has been styled from its palaces
and houses being all built in, or rather over, the river to which
it owes its name.

The Spaniards found at Bruna! Piip_e5e_iiianulactarei_and"
CMnMe_^radingJunkin5n^*wer£^sg^^ with the im-

portance of the place that tSey^ gave the name of Borneo — a
(urruplion of the native name Brunai — to the whole island, '
though the inhabitants themselves know no such general title
for their country.

In some works, Pulau Kalamantan, which would signify
«■//(/ mangoes island, is given as the native name for Borneo,
but it is quite unknown, at any rate throughout North Bornro,
and the island is by no means distinguished by any profusion
of wild mangoes.*

In 1573. a Spanish Embassy to Brunai met with no very
(avour.'iBTe reception, and three years later an expedition
from Manila attacked the place and, deposing a usurping Sul-
tan, re-instated his brother on the throne, who, to shew his
gratitude, declared his kingdom tributary to Spain.

The Portuguese Governor of the Moluccas, in 1526, claimed
the honour of being the first discoverer of Borneo, and ihis
nation appears to have carried on trade with some parts of
the island till they were driven out of their Colonies by the
Dutch in 1609. But neither the Portuguese nor the Spaniards
seem to have made any decided attempt to gain a footing in
Borneo, and it is not until the early part of the 17th century
that we find the two great rivals in the eastern seas — the
English and the Dutch East India Trading Companies — turn-
ing their attention to the island. The first Dutchman to visit
Borneo was Oliver van Nuort, who anchored at Brunai in
Decenjber, 1600, but though the Sultan was friondlv, the
natives made an attempt to seize his ship, and he sailed the
fcllowing month, having come to the conclusion that the city
was a nest of rogues.

h being the native

i6o9,

l6 BRITISH BORNEO.

The first English connection with Borneo was
when trade was opened with Sukadana, diamonds b
to form the principal portion of it.

The East India Company, in 1702, established a Factory at
Banjermassin, on the South Coast, but were expelled by the
fiatU'gs "in 1706. Their rivals, the Dutch, also established
Trading Stations on the South and South-West Coasts.

In 1761. the East India Company concluded a treaty with
the Sultan of Su!u,and in the followingyear an English Fleet,
under Admiral Drake and Sir William Draper captured
Manila, the capital of the Spanish Colony of the Philippines.
They found in confinement there a Sultan of Sulu who, In
gratitude for his release, ceded to the Company, on the 12th
September, 1762, the island of Balambangan, and in January
of the following year Mr. Dalrvmple was deputed to take
possession of it and hoist the British flag. Towards the
I close of 1763, the Sultan of Sulu added to his cession the
northern portion of Borneo and the southern half of Palawan,
I together with all the intermediate islands. Against all these
I cessions the Spanish entered their protest, as they claimed
I the suzerainty over the Sulu Archipelago and the Sulu Depend-
encies in Borneo and the islands. This claim the Spaniards
always persisted in, until, on the 7lh March, 1885, a Protocol
was entered into by England and Germany and Spain, whereby
Spanish supremacy over the Sulu Archipelago was recognised
on condition of their abandoning all claim to the portions o(
Northern Borneo which are now included in the British
North Borneo Company's concessions.

In November, 1768, the Court of Directors in London,
with the approval of Her Majesty's Ministers, who promised
to afford protection to the new Colony, issued orders to the
authorities at Bombay for the establishment of a settlement
at Balambangan with the intention of diverting to it the China
trade, of drawing to it the produce of the adjoining countries,
and of opening a port for the introduction of spices, etc. by
the Bugis, and for the sale of Indian commodities. The actual
date of the foundation of the settlement is not known, but
Mr. F. C. Danvers states thai in 1771 the Court o'rdered that

BRmSH BORNEO. ij

the Goverament should be vested in " a chief and two other
persons of Council," and that the earliest proceedings extant
are dated Sulu, 1773, and relate to a broil in the streets
between Mr. Ai.coCK, the second in the Council, and the
Surgeon of the Britannia.

This was a somewhat unpropitious commencement, and in
1774 the Court are found writing to Madras, to which Balam-
bangan was subordinate, complaining of the " imprudent
management and profuse conduct " of the Chief and Council,

In February, 1 775, Sulu pirates surprised the stockade, and
drove out the settlers, cupturing booty valued at about a mil-
lion dollars. The Company's officials then proceeded to the
island o( Lahuan. n ow a British Crown Colony, and established
3 factory, which was maintained but for a short lime, at Bru-
nai itself. In 1803 Baiambangan was again occupied, but
as no commercial advantage accrued, it was abandoned in the
following year, and so ended all attempts on the part of the
East India Company to establish a Colonv in Borneo.

While at Baiambangan, the officers, in 1774, entered into
negotiations with the Sultan of Brunai, and. on undertaking
to protect him against Sulu and Mindanau pirates, acquired
the exclusive trade in all the pepper grown in his country.

The settlement of Singapore, the present capital of the
Straits Settlements, by Sir STAMFORD R.MTLES, under the
orders of the Kast India Company in 1819, again drew atten-
tion to Borneo, for that judiciously selected and free port
soon attracted to itself the trade of the Celebes, Borneo and
the surrounding countries, which was brought to it by
numerous fleets of small native boats. These fleets were
constantly harassed and attacked and their crews carried
ofl into slavery by the Balinini, lllanun, and Dyak pirates
infesting the Borneo and Celebes coasts, and the inter-
ference of the British Cruisers was urgently called for and at
length granted, and was followed, in the natural course of
events, by political intervention, resulting in the brilliant and
exciting episode whereby the modern successor of the olden
heroes— Sir James Brooke — obtained for his family, in 1840,
the kingdom of Sarawak, on the west coast of the island.

BRITISH BORNEO.

which he in time purged of its two plague spots — head-hunt-
ing on shore, and piracy and slave-dealing afloat — and left to
his heir, who has worthily taicen up and carried on his
work, the unique inheritance of a settled Eastern Kingdom,
inhabited by the once dreaded head-hunting Dyaks and
piratical Mahomedan Malays, the government of whom now
rusts absolutely in the hands of its one paternally despotic
while ruler, or RAja. Sarawak, although not yet formally
])roclaimed a British Protectorate,* may thus be deemed the
first permanent British possession in Borneo. Sir James
Brooke was also employed by the British Government to
conclude, on 27th May, 1847, a treaty with the Sultan of
Brunai, whereby the cession to us of the small island of Labuan,
which had been occupied as a British Colony in December,
1846, was confirmed, and the Sultan engaged that no territo-
rial cession of any portion of his country should ever be made
to any Foreign Power without the sanction of Great Britain.

These proceedings naturally excited some little feeling of
jealousy in our Colonial neighbours — ihe Dutch — who ineffec-
tually protested against a British subject becoming the ruler
of Sarawak, as a breach of the tenor of the treaty of London
of 1824, and they took steps to define more accurately the
boundaries of their own dependencies in such other parts of
Borneo as were still open to them. What we now call
British North Borneo, they appear at that time to have regard-
ed as outside the sphere of their influence, recognising the
Spanish claim to it through their suzerainty, already alluded
to, over the Sulu Sultan.

With this exception, and that of the Brunai Sultanate,
already secured by the British Treaty, and Sarawak, now
the property of the Brooke family, the Dutch have acquired
a nominal suzerainty over the whole of the rest of Borneo, by
treaties with the independent rulers — an area comprising
about two-thirds of the whole island, probably not a tenth part
of which is under their actual direct administrative control.

• A British Protectorate was eslablishcd over North Borneo an the lath
May, over Sarawak on the 14th June, and over Bniriai on the 17th September.
.anil ViJ. A_«-_,i:- ( r I

BRITISH BORNEO.

They appear to have been so pre-occupied with the affairs of

their important Colony o( Java and its dependencies, and the
prolonged, exhausting and ruinously expensive war with the
Achinesc in Sumatra, that beyond posting Government Resi-
dents at some of the more important points, they have hitherto
done nothing to attract European capital and enterprise to
Borneo, hut it would now seem that the example set by the
British Company in the North is having its effect, and I hear
of a Tobacco Planting Company and of a Coal Company
being formed to operate on the East Coast of Dutch Borneo.

The Spanish claim to North Borneo was a purely theorc- i
tical one, and not only their claim, but that also of the '
Sutus through whom they claimed, was vigorously disputed j
by the Sultans of Brunai, who denied that, as a.sserted by the |
Stilus, any portion of Borneo had been ceded to them by a
former Sultan of Brunai, who had by their help defeated rival I
claimants and been seated on the throne. The Sulus, on
their side, would own no allegiance to the .Spaniards, with ^
whom they had been more or less at war for almost three
centuries, and their actual hold over any portion of North Bor-
neo was of the slightest. Matters were in this position when
Mr. Alfred Dent, now Sir Alfred Dent, k.cm.g., fitted
out an expedition, and in December, 1877, and January, 1878,
obtained from the Sultans of Brunai and Sulu, uijjigjiianner
hereafter detailed, the sg yereign^onfrQll Dver t he Iforth por- '^
lioiPoPBbrneo, from theKiman is river on llTe'WcsTnnhe i
Siboku river on the East, concessions which were confirmed '1
by Her Majesty's Koyal Charter in November, 1881. '

I have now traced, in brief outline, ihe political history
of Borneo from the time when the country first became gene-
rally known to Europeans — in 15 iS — down to its linal division
between Great Britain and the Netherlands in 1881.

If wc can accept the statements of the earlier writers, Bor-
neo was in its most prosperous stage before it became sub-
jected to European influences, after which, owing to the mis-
taken and monopolising policy of the Commercial Companies
then holding sway in the East, the trade and agriculture of
this and other islands of the Malay Archipelago received a

BRITISH BORNEO.

bl<

from which at any rate that of Bort

rneo is only now re-
rter, the IJritish North
Borneo Company is prohibited from creating trade monopolies,
and of its own accord it has decided not to engage itself in
trading transactions at all, and as RAja Brooke's Govern-
ment is similar lo that of a British Crown Colony, and the
Dutch Government no longer encourage monopolies, there is
good ground for believing that the wrong done is being
righted, and that a brighter page than ever is now being
opened for Borneo and its natives.

Before finishing with this part of the subject, I may men-
lion that the United States Government had entered into a
treaty with the Sultan of Brunai, in almost exactly the same
words as the English one, including the clause prohibiting
cessions of territorj- without tbe-consent of the other party lo
the treaty, and, in i8;8,, Commodore S chtJV eldT>W3S ordered
by his Government to visifBometranH repoITTj'n the cessions
obtained by Mr. DeNT. 1 was Acting British Consul-General
at the time, and before leaving the Commodore informed me
emphatically that he could discover no American interests in
Borneo, " neither white nor black."

The native population of Borneo is given in books of refer-
ence as between .l,y50,00Q_ aacJ_3.500,ooo. The aborigines
of the Malay race,' which itself is a variety of the Mongo-

,n and indeed, when inspecting prisoners, I have often been
jled to distinguish the Chinese Ifom the Malay, they being
_ ssed" alike ana the dislinctive pig-tail having been shaved
off the former as part of the prison discipline.

These Mongolian Malays from High Asia, who presumably
migrated to the Archipelago via the Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra, must, however, have found Borneo and other of
the islands partially occupied by a Caucasic race, as amongst
the aborigines are still found individuals of distinctive Cau-
casic type, as has been pointed out to be the case with the
Buludupih tribe of British North Borneo, by Dr. MONTANO,
whom 1 had ihe pleasure of meeting in Borneo in 1878-g. To
these the name of pre-Malays has been given, but Professor
Kea.ne, lo whom I beg to acknowledge my indebtedness on

BRITISH BORNEO.

these points, prefers the title of Indonesians. The scientific
descriptions of a typical Malay is as follows : — " Stature little
over five feet, complexion olive yellow, head brachy-cephal-
ous or round, cheek-bones prominent, eyes black and siiglilty
oblique, nose small but not flat, nostrils dilated, hands small
and delicate, legs thin and weak, hair black, coarse and
lank, beard absent or scant ; " but these Indonesians to whom
belong most of the indigenous inhabitants of Celebes, are
taller and have fairer or light brown complexions and regular
features, connecting them with the brown Polynesians of the
Eastern Pacific " who may be regarded as their descendants,"
and Professor Keane accounts for their presence by assuming
'■a remote migration of the Caucasic race.ip South-Eastern
Asia, of which evidences are not lackmgin Camboja and else-
where, and a further onward movement, first to the Archi-
pelago and then East to the Pacific." It is needless to say
that the aborigines themselves have the haziest and most
unscientific notion of their own origin, as the following ac-
count, gravely related to me by a party of Buludupibs, will
exemplify : —

" r/ie Origin of the Buludupih Race.
In past ages a Chinese * settler had taken to wife a daughter
of the aborigines, by whom he had a female child. Her
parents lived in a hilly district (Bulud=\\\\\), covered with a
large forest tree, known by the name of opili. One day a
jungle tire occurred, and after it was over, the child jumped
down from the house (native houses are raised on piles oft
the ground], and went up to look at a half burnt opih log, and
suddenly disappeared and was never seen again. But the
parents heard the voice of a spirit issue from the log, announc-
ing that it had taken the child to wife and that, in course of
time, the bereaved parents would find an infant in the jungle,
w horn they were to consider as the offspring of the marriage,

• Tlie Buludupihs inhnbit the Chinn or Kina-baUngan rivL-r, and Sir Heou
Law. in a nolc la his hisloiy of the Sulians ol Brufliii, in a number of ihc
Jounul of Ihe Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, says lliat it is pro-
bable that in former days the Chinese jiad a. Settlement »r tjicSBty at ili»t
river, as s(ime versions of the nalivclustory of Bninai eipreisly stale that the
Chinese wife of oae of the earliest Sultans was brought thence.

BRITISH BORNEO.

and wlio would become the father of a new race. The pro-
phecy of the spirit was in due time fulfiHed."

It somewhat militates against the correctness of this history
that the Buludupihs arc distinguished by the absence of
Mongolian features,

The general appellation given to the aborigines by the
modern Malays — to whom reference will be made later on — is
Dyak, and they are divided into numerous tribes, speaking
very <lifferent dialects of the Malayo- Polynesian slock, and
known by distinctive names, the origin of which is generally
obscure, at least in British North Borneo, where these name^
are not, as a rule, derived from those of the rivers on which
they dwell.

The following are the names of some of the principal North
Borneo aboriginal tribes: — Kadaians, Dusuns, ida'ans, Bi-
saias, Buludupihs, Eraans, Subans, Sun-Dyaks, Muruts,
Tagaas, Of these, the Kadaians, Buludupihs, Eraans and one
large section of the Bisaias have embraced the religion of
Mahomet ; the others are Pagans, with no set form of religion,
no idols, but believing in spirits and in a future life, which
they localise on the top of the great mountain of Kina-balu,
I These Pagans are a simple and more natural, less self-con-
1 scious, people than their Mahomedan brethren, who are ahead
■ of them in point of civilization, but are more reserved, more
proud and altogether less "jolly," and appear, with their
religion, to have acquired also some of the characteristics of
the modern or true Malays. A Pagan can sit, or rather squat,
with you and tell you legends, or, perhaps, on an occasion
join in a glass of grog, whereas the Mahomedan, especially the
true Malay, looks upon .the Englishman as little removed from
a "Kafir" — an uncircumcised Philistine — who through ignor-
ance constantly offends in minor points of etiquette, who eals
pig and drinks strong drink, is ignorant of the dignity of repose,
and whose accidental physical and political superiority in the
present world will be more than compensated for by the very
inferior and uncomfortable position he will attain in the next.
The aborigines inhabit the interior parts of North Borneo,
and all along the coast is found a fringe of true Malays, talk-

BRITISH BORNEO.

ing mortem Malay and using the Arabic written character,
whereas the aborigines possess not even the rudiments of an
alphabet and, consequently, noliterature at.all.

How is the presence in Borneo of this more highly civilized
product of the Malay race, differing so profoundly in language
and manners from their kinsmen — the aborigines — to be ac-
counted for? Professor Keane once more comes to our
assistance, and solves the question by suggesting that the
Mongolian Malays from High Asia who settled in Sumatra,
attained there a real national development in comparatively
recent times, and after their conversion to Mahomedanism by
the Arabs, from whom, as well as from the Bhuddist mis-
sionaries who preceded them, they acquired arts and an ele-
mentary civilization, spread to Borneo and other parts of
Malaysia and quickly asserted their superiority over the less
advanced portion of their race already settled there. This
theory fits in well with the native account of the distribution
of the Malay race, which makes Munangkabau, in Southern
Sumatra, the centre whence they spread over the Malayan
islands and peninsula.

The Professor further points out, thai in prehistoric times
the Malay and Indonesian stock spread westwards to Mada-
gascar and eastwards to the Philippines and Formosa, Micro-
nesia and Polynesia. " This astonishing expansion of the
Malaysian people throughout the Oceanic area is sufficiently
attested by the diffusion of common (Malayo-Polynesian)
speech from Madagascar to Easter Island and from Hawaii
to New Zealand."

Chapter II.

Tlie headquarters of the true Malay in Northern Borneo
is the City of Brunai, on the river of that name, on the North-
West Coast of the island, where resides the Court of the
only nominally independent Sultan now remaining in the
Archipelago.*

The Brunai river is probably the former mouth of the Lim-
bang, and is now more a salt water inlet than a river. Con-

BRITISH BORNEO.

trary, perhaps, to the general idea, an ordinary eastern river,
at any rate until the hmit of navigability for European craft
15 attained, is not, as a rule, a thing of beauty by any means.

The typical Malay river debouches through fjat, fever-
haunted swampy country, where, for miles, nothing meets the
eye but the monotonous dark green of the level, interminable
mangrove forest, with its fantastic, interlacing roots, whose
function it appears to be to extend seaward, year by year, its
dismal kingdom of black fetid mud, and to veil from the rude
eye of the intruder the tropical charms of the country at its
back. After some miles of this cheerless scenery, and at a
point where the fresh water begins to mingle with the salt,
the handsome and useful nipa palm, with leaves twenty to
thirty feet in length, which supply the native with the materia!
for the walls and roof of his house, the wrapper for his cicaretle,
the sugar for his breakfast table, the salt for his daily needs
and the strong drink to gladden his heart on his feast days,
becomes intermixed with the mangrove and finally takes its
[ilace — a pleasing change, but still monotonous, as it is so
dense that, itself growing in the water, it quite shuts out all
view of the bank and surrounding country.

One of the first signs of the fresh river water, is the occur-
rence on the bank of the graceful nibong palm, with its
straight, slender, round stem, twenty to thirty feet in height,
surmounted with a plume of green leaves. This palm, cut
into lengths and requiring no further preparation, is universally
employed by the Malay for the posts and beams of his house,
always raised several (cet above the level of the ground, or of
the water, as the case may be, and, split up into lathes of the
requisite size, forms the frame-work of the walls and roof,
and conEtilutes the flooring throughout. With the pithy cen-
tre removed, ihe nibong forms an cHicient aqueduct, in the
absence of banibu, and lis young, growing shoot affords a
cabbage, or salad, second only to that furnished by the coco-
nut, which will next come into view, together with the betel
(Areca) nut palm, if the river visited is an inhabited one; but
if uninhabited, the traveller will find nothing but thick, almost
impenetrable jungle, with mighty trees shooting up one hun-

BRITISH BORNEO.

dred to 3 hundred and tiTty feet without a branch, in their
endeavour to get their share of the sun-light, and supporting
on their trunks and branches enormous creepers, rattans,
graceful (ems and lovely orchids and other luxuriant epiphytal
growths. Such is the typical North Borneo river, to which,
however, the Brunai is a solitary exception, Tlie mouth of
the Brunai river is approached between pretty verdant islets,
and after passing through a narrow and tortuous passage,
formed naturally by sandbanks and artificially by a barrier of
stones, bare at low water, laid down in former days to keep
out the restless European, you find your vessel, which to
cross the bar should not draw more than thirteen or fourteen
feet, in deep water between green, grassy, hilly, picturtsque
banks, with scarcely a sign of the abominable mangrove, or
even of the nipa. which, however, to specially mark the con-
trast formed by this stream, are both to be found in abundance
in the upper portion of the river, which the steamer cannot
enter. After passing a small village or two. the first object
which used to attract attention was the brick ruins of a Roman
Catholic Church, which had been erected here by the late
Father Cl'AHTERON, a Spanish Missionary of the Society of the
Propaganda Fide, who, originally a jovial sea captain, had
the good fortune to light upon a wrecked treasure ship in the
Eastern seas, and, feeling presumably unwonted twinges of
conscience, decided to devote the greater part of his wealth
to the Church, in which he took orders, eventually attaining
the rank of Prefect Apostolic. His Mission, unfortunately,
was a complete failure, but though his assistants were with-
drawn, he stuck to his post to the last and, no doubt, did a
certain amount of good in liberating, from time to time,
Spanish subjects he found in slavery on the Borneo Coast.

Had the poor fellow settled in the interior, amongst the
Pagans, he might, by his patience and the example of his good
life, have made some converts, but amongst the Mahome-
dans of the coast it was labour in vain. I'he bricks of his
Brunai Church have since been sold to form the foundation of
a steam sawmill.

Turning a sharp corner, the British Consulate is reached,

BRITISH BORNEO.

where presides, and flies with pride the Union Jack, Her
Majesty's Consular Agent, Mr. or Inche MahomrT, with his
three wives and thirteen children. He is a native of Malacca
and a clever, zealous, courteous and hospitable offirial, well
versed in the political history of Brunai since the advent of

Sir James Brooke.

The British is the only Consulate now established at Bru-
nai, but once the stars and stripes proudly waved over the Con-
sulate of an unpaid American Consul. There was little scope
at Brunai for a white man in pursuit of the fleeting dollar,
and one day the Consulate was burnt to the ground, and a
heavy claim for compensation for this alleged act of incen-
diarism was sent in to the Sultan. His Highness disputed
the claim, and an American man-of-war was despatched to
make enquiries on the spot. In the end, the compensation
claimed was not enforced, and Mr. MosES, the Consul, was
not subsequently, 1 think, appointed to any other diplomatic
or consular post by the President of the Republic, A little
further on are the palaces, shops -.and houses of the city
of Brunai, all, with the exception of a few brick shops belong-
ing lo Chinamenj_tjuilt^'£t_lhe water in a reach where ihe
river broadens out. and a vessel can steam up the High Street
and anchor abreast of the Royal Palace. When PicArKTTA
visited the port in 1521, he estimated the number of houses
at 25,000, which, al the low average of six to a house, would
give Brunai a population oJ^ijo,OQo jjc_g£le, many of whom
were Chinese, cultivating pepper gardens, traces of which can
still be seen on the now d eser ted hiljs. Sir SPF-NCER St.
John, formerly H. B. M. Consul-general in Borneo, and who
put the population at 25,000 at the lowest in 1S63, asserts
that filteen is a (air average to assign to a Brunai house,
which would make the population in PiGAFETTA's time
375,000. From his enquiries he found that the highest num-
ber was seventy, in the Sultan's palace, and the lowest seven,
in a lisherman's small hut. Pigafetta, however, probably
alluded to families, _/*■« 1 think is the word he makes use of,
than one family is often found occupying a Brunai
house. The present population perhaps dees not number

BRITISH BORNEO.

' more than 12,000 or 15,000 natives, and about eighty Chinese ]
and a few Kling shop-keepers, as natives o( India are here
styled. Writing in 1S45, Sir J,VME5 BROOKE, then the Queen's
first Commissioner to Brunai, says with reference to this Sul-
tanate: — "Here the experiment may be fairly tried, on the
smallest possible scale of expense, whether a beneficial Eu-
ropean influence may not re-animate a falling State and at
the same time extend our commerce. * * * If this tendency
to decay and extinction be inevitable, if this approximation of
European policj- to native Government should be unable to
arrest the fall of the Bornean dynasty, yet we shall retrieve a
people already habituated to European habits and manners,
industrious interior races; and if it become necessary, a Colo-
ny gradually formed and ready to our hand in a rich and fer-
tile country," and elsewhere he admits that the regeneration
of the Borneo Malays through themselves was a hobby of his.
The experiment has been tried and, so far as concerns the
re-animation of the Malay Government of Brunai, the verdict
must be " a complete failure." The English are a practical ]
race, and selt-jnjere st is th e guide of nations in their inter-
course with one another; it was not to be supposed that they \
would go out of their way to teach the degenerate Brunai
aristocracy how to govern i,n accordance with modern ideas;
indeed, the Treaty we made with them, by prohibiting, for
instance, their levying customs duties, or royalties, on the
export of such jungle products as gutta percha and India
rubber, in the collection of which the trees yielding them are'
entirely destroyed, and by practically suggesting to them the
policy, or rather the impolicy, of imposing the heavy due of
$1 per registered ton on all European Shipping entering their
ports, whether in cargo or in ballast, scarcely tended to stave
off their collapse, and the Borneans must have formed their

, own conclusions from the fact that when they gave up portions
of their territory to the Brookes and to the British North
Borneo Company, the British Government no longer called
for the observance of these provisions of the Treaty in the
ceded disiricts. The English have got all they wanted from
Brunai, but I think it can scarcely be said that they have

BRITISH BORNEO.

done very much for it in return. I remember that the late
Sultan thought it an inexplicable thing that we could not
assist him to recover a debt due to him by one of the British
Coal Companies which tried their luck in Borneo. Moreover,
even the cession to their good and noble (riend SirjAMF.s
Brooke of the Brunai Province of Sarawak has been itself
also, to a certain extent, a factor in their Government's decay,
that State, under the rule of the RAja — Charles BroOKE —
having attained its present prosperous condition at the expense
of Brunai and by gradually absorbing its territory.

Between British North Borneo, on the one side, and Sara-
wak, on the other, the sea-board of Brunai, which, when we.
first appeared on ihe scene, extended from Cape Datu to
Marudu Bay — some 700 miles — is now reduced to 125 or 130
miles, and, besides the river on which it is built, Brunai retains
but two others of any importance, both of which are in rebel-
lion of a more or less vigorous character, and the whole State
of Brunai is so sick that its case is now under the considera-
tion of Her Majesty's Government.

Thus ends in collapse the history of the last independent
Malay Government. Excepting only Johor (which is pros-
perous owing to its being under the wing of Singapore, which
fact gives confidence to European and Chinese capitalists and
Chinese labourers, and to its good fortune in having a wise
and just ruler in its Sultan, who owes his elevation to British
influences), all the Malay Governments throughout the Malay
Archipelago and in the Malay Peninsula are now subject
either to the English, the Dutch, the Spanish or the Portu-
guese. This decadence is not due to any want of vitality
in the race, for under European rule the Malay increases his
numbers, as witness the dense population of Java and tin-
rapidly growing Malay population of the Straits Settlements.

That the Malay does so flourish in contact wiih the Euro-
pean and the Chinese is no doubt to some extent due to his
attachment to the Mahomcdan failh, which as a tec-lolal
religion is, so far, the most suitable one for a tropical race ;
it has also to be remembered that he inhabits tropical coun-
tries, where the white man cannot perform out-door labour

BRITISH BORNEO.

and appears only as a Government Official, a merchant or a
planter.

But the decay of the Brunai aristocracy was probably inevi-
table. Take the life of a young noble. He is the son of one
of perhaps thirty women in his father's harem, his mother is
entirely without education, can neither read nor write, is never
allowed to appear in public or have any influence in public
affairs, indeed scarcely ever leaves her house, and one of her
principal excitements, perhaps, is the carrying on of an
intrigue, an excitement enhanced by the fact that discovery
means certain death to herself and her lover.

Brunai being a water town, the youngster has little or no
chance of a run and game ashore, and any exercise he takes
is confined to bein^ paddled up and down the river in a canoe,
for to paddle himself would be deemed much too degrading —
a Brunai noble should never put his hand to any honest physi-
cal work — even for his own recreation. I once imported a
Rob Roy canoe from England and amused myself by making
long paddling excursions, and I would also sometimes, to
relieve the monotony of a journey in a native boat, take a
spell at the paddle with the men, and I was gravely warned by
a native friend that by such action I wasseriouslv compromis-
ing myself and lowering my position in the eyes of the higher
class of natives. At an early age the young noble becomes
an object of servile adulation to the numerous retainers and
slaves, both male and female, and is by them initiated in vicious
practices and, while still a boy. acquires from them some of the
knowledge of a fast man of the world. As a rule he receives
no sort of school education. He neither rides nor joins in the
chase and. since the advent of Europeans, there have been no
wars to brace his nerves, or call out any of the higher qualities
of mind or body which may be latent in him; nor is there any
standing army or navy in which he might receive a beneficial
training. No political career, in the sense we attach to the
terra, is open to him, and he has no feelings of patriotism
whatever. That an aristocracy thus nurtured should degene-
rate can cause no surprise. The general term for the nobles
amongst the Brunais is Pangeran, and their numbers may be

3'^

BRITISH BORNF.O.

guessed when it is understood that .every son and daughter
of every many-wived noble is also a Pangeran.

Some of these unfortunate noblemen have nothing where-
with to support their position, and in very recent times 1 have
actually seen a needy Pangeran, in a British Colony where he
could not live by oppression or theft, driven to work in a
coal mine or drive a buffalo cart.

With the ordinary freeborn citizen of Brunai life opens
under better auspices. The children are left much to them-
selves and are merry, precocious, naked little imps, able to
look out for themselves at a very much earlier age than is the
rase with European infants, and it is wonderful to see quite
little babies clambering up the rickety stairs leading from the
river to the house, or crawling unheeded on the tottering
verandahs. Almost before they can walk they can swim, and
they have been known to share their mother's cigarettes while
still in arms. AH day long they amuse themselves in minia-
ture canoes, rolling over and over in the water, regardless of
crocodiles. Happy children ! they have no school and no
rlolhes — one might, perhaps, exclaim happy parents, too!
Malays are very kind and indulgent to theirchildren and I do
not think I have seen or heard of a case of the application of
the parental hand to any part of the infant person. As soon as
he is strong enough, say eight or nine years of age. the young
Malay, according to the kam/>ong, or division of the town, in
which his lot has been cast, joins in his father's trade and
becomes a fisherman, a trader, or a worker in brass or in iron
as the case may be. The girls have an equally free and easy
time while young, their only garments being a silver fig leaf,
faslened to a chain or girdle round Ihe waist. As they grow
up they help their mothers in iheir household duties, or by
selling their goods in the daily floating market; they marry
young and are, as a rule, kindly treated by their husbands.
Although Mahomedans. they can go about freely and unveiled,
a privilege denied to their sisters of the higher classes. The
greatest mistorlune for such a girl is, perhaps, the possession
of a pretty face and figure, which may result in her being
honoured with the attentions of a noble, in whose harem she

BRITISH BORNEO.

""niay be secluded for the rest of her life, and, as her charms
wane her supply of both food and clothing is reduced to ihc
lowest limit.

By the treaty with Great Britain tralTic in slavL-s is put
down, that is, Borneo is no longer the mart where, as in for-
mer days, the pirates can bring in their caplivus for sale ; but
the slaves already in the place have not been liberated, and
a slave's children arc slaves, so that domestic slavery, as rt
is termed, exists on a very considerable sc;ile in Brunai.
Slaves were acquired in the old days by purchase from pirates
and, on any pretext, from the Pagan tribes of Borneo. For
instance, if a feudal chief of an outlying river was in want of
some cash, nolhing was easier than (or him to convict a man,
who was the father of several children, of some imaginary
oRence, or neglect of duly, and his children, girls ana boys,
would beseizedand carried off to Brunai as slaves. A favourite
method was that of " forced trade." The chief would send a
large quantity of trade goods to a F*agan vilUigiJ and leave
them there to be sold at one hundred per cent, or more above
their proper value, all legitimate trade being prohibited mean-
while, and if the money or barter goods were not fortlicoming
when demanded, the defJciency would be made up in slaves,
This kind of oppression was very rife in the neighbourhood
of the capital when I first became acquainted with Borneo in
1871, but the power of the chiefs has been much curtailed of
laic, owing to the extensive cessions of territory to Sarawak
and the British North Borneo Company, and their hold on the
rivers left to them has become very precarious, since the war-
like Kyans passed under RAja UrookE'S sway. This tribe,
once the most powerful in Borneo, was always ready at the
Sultan's call to raid on any tribe who had incurred his dis-
pleasure and revelled in the easy acquisition of fresh heads,
over which to hold the triumphal dance. The Brunai Malays
arc not a warlike race, and the Rijas find that, without tlie
Kyans, they are as a tiger with ils teeth drawn and its claws
pared, and the Pagan tribes have not been slow to make
the discovery for themselves. Those on the Llmbang river
bare been in open rebellion for the last three or four yearij

BRITISH BOKNEO.

and are cr^'ing i
Queen, or, failin_
British North Borr

Lit to be taken under the protection of the
■ that, then under the " Kompani," as the
J Company's Government like that of the
East India Company in days gone by, is styled, or under
Sarawak.

The condition of the domestic slaves is not a particularly
hard one unless, in the case of a girl, she is compelled to join
the harem, when she becomes technically free, but really only
changes one sort of servitude for another and more degrading
one. With this exception, the slaves live on friendly terms
with their masters' families, and the propinquity of a British
Colony — Labuan — has tended lo ameliorate their condition, as
an ill-used slave can generally find means to escape thither
and, so long as he remains there, he is a free man.

The scientific description of a typical Malay has already
been given, and it answers well on almost all points for the
Brunai specimen, except that the nose, as well as being small,
is, in European eyes, deficient as to "bridge," and the legs
cannot be described as weak, indeed the Brunai Malay, male
and female, is a somewhat fleshy animal. In temperament,
the Malay is described as " taciturn, undemonstrative, little
given to outward manifestations of joy or sorrow, courteous
towards each other, kind to their women and children. Not
elated by good or depressed by bad fortune, but capable of
excesses when roused. Under the influence of religious excite-
ment, losses at gambling, jealousy or other domestic troubles
they are liable to amok or run-a-muck, an expression
which appears to have passed into the English language."
With strangers, the Brunai Malay is doubtless taciturn, but i
have heard Brunai ladies among themselves, while enjoying
their betel-nut, rival any old English gossips over their cup of
tea, and on an expedition the men will sometimes keep up a
conversation longinto the night till begged to desist. Courtesy
seems to be innate in every Malay of whatever rank, both in
their intercourse with one another and with strangers. The
meeting at Court of two Brunai nobles who, perhaps, enter-
tain feelings of the greatest hatred towards each other, is an
interesting study, and the display of mutual courtesy unrivalled.

BRITISH BORNEO.

I need scarcely say that horseplay and practical joking are
unknown, contradiction is rarely resorted to and " chaff " is
only known in its mildest form. The lowest Malay will never
pass in front of you if it can be avoided, nor hand anything
to another across you. Unless in case of necessity, a Malay
will not arouse his friend from slumber, and then only in the
gentlest manner possible. It is bad manners to point at all,
but, if it is absolutely necessary to do so, the forelinger is
never employed, but the person or object is indicated, in a
sort of shamefaced way, with the thumb. It is impolite to
bare a weapon in public, and Europeans often show their
ignorance of native etiquette by asking a Malay visitor to let
them examine the blade of the kris he is wearing. It is not
considered polite to enquire after the welfare of the female
members of a Brunai gentleman's household. For a Malay
to uncover his head in your presence would be an imperti-
nence, but a guttural noise in his throat after lunching with>
you is a polite way of expressing pleased satisfaction with the''
excellence of the repast. This latter piece of etiquette has ^i
probably been adopted from the Chinese. The low social )
position assigned to women T)y Brunai Malays, as by nearly
all Mahomedan races, is of course a partial set-off to the gene-
ral courtesy that characterises them. The average intelligence
of what may be called the working class Malay is almost as
far superior to that, say, of the British country bumpkin as
arc his manners. Mr. H. O. FORBES says in his " Naturalist
in the Eastern Archipelago" that he was struck with the
natives' acute observation in natural history and the accuracy
with which they could give the names, habits and uses of
animals and plants in the jungle, and the traveller cannot but
admire the general handiness and adapability to changed cir-
cumstances and customs and quickness of understanding of
the Malay coolies whom he engages to accompany him.

Cannot one imagine the stolid surprise and complete obfus-
cation of the English peasant if an intelligent Malay traveller
were to be suddenly set down in his district, making enquiries
as to the, to him, novel forms of plants and animals and ask-
ing for minute information as to the manners and customs of

BRITISH BORNEO.

the new people amongst who

hefoi

imsclf, and, gene-
reasons for this and for

rally, seeki
that ?

Their religion sils somewhat lightly on the Brunai Malays
the Mahomedan Mosque in the capital was always in a very
dirty and neglected stale, though prayers were said there
daily, and I have never seen a Borneo Malay under the influ-
ence o[ religious cxcitemenl.

Gambling prevails, doubtless, and so does cock-fighting, bu
neither is the absorbing passion which it seems, from travel
lers' accounts, to be with Malays elsewhere.

When visiting the Spanish settlements in Sulu and Balabac
I was surprised to find regular officially licensed cock-fight-
ing pits, with a special seat for the Spanish Governor, who
was expected to be present on high days and holiday
have never come across a regular cockpit in Brunai, or in any
part of northern Borneo.

The amoks that I have been cognisant of have, consequently
not been due to cither religious excitement, or to losses ai
gambling, but, in nearly every case, to jealousy and domestic
trouble, and their occurrence almost entirely confined to thi
British Colony of Labuan where, of course, the Mahomedan
pains and penalties for female delinquencies could not he
enforced, I remember one poor fellow whom I pitied very
much. He had good reason to be jealous of his wife and, in
our courts, could not get the redress he sought. He explained
to me that a mist seemed to gather before his eyes and that
he became utterly unconscious of what he was doing — his will
was quite out of his control. Some half dozen people— child-
ren, men and women — were killed, or desperately wounded
before he was overpowered. He acknowledged his guilt, and
suffered death at the hands of the hangman with quiet dignity.
Many tragical incidents in the otherwise uneventful history
of l.abuan may be traced lo the manner in which marriages
are contracted amongst the Borneo Malaya. Marriages of
mere love are almost unknown ; ihcy are generally a matter of
bargain between the girls' parents and the expcclant bride-
. groom, or his parents, and, practically, everything depends on

BRITISH BORNEO.

the amnunt of the dowry or brihan — literally " gift " — which
the swain can pay to the former. In their own country there
exist certain safeguards which prevent any abuse of this sys-
tem, but it was found that under the English law a clever
parent could manage to dispose of his daughter's hand several
times over, so that really the plot of Mrs. [?ampbf.ll Praed's
somewhat unpleasant play " Arianne " was anticipated in the
little colony of Labuan. I was once called upon, as Coroner,
to inquire into the deaths of a young man and his handsomr
young wife, who were discovered lying dead, side by side, on the
iloor of their house. The woman was found to he fearfully cut
about ; the man had but one wound, in his abdomen, penetra-
ting the bowels. There was only one weapon by which the
double murder could have been committed, a knife with a six
inch blade, and circumstances seemed lo point to the proba-
bility that the woman had first stabbed the man, who had then
wrenched the knife from her grasp and hacked her to death.
The man was not quite dead when found and he accused the
dead woman of stabbing him. It was found, that they had
not long been married and that, apparently with the girl's
consent, her father had been negociating for her marriage
with another. The father himself was subsequently the first
man murdered in British North Borneo after the assump-
tion of the Government by the Company, and his murderer
was the first victim of the law in the new Colony. Altogether
a tragical story.

Many years ago another amok, which was near being tra-
gical, had an almost comical termination. The then Colo-
nial Treasurer was an entertaining Irishman of rather mature
age. Walking down lo his office one day he found in the
road a Malay hacking at his wife and another man. Home
rule not being then in fashion with the Irish, the Treasurer,
armed only with his sun umbrella, attempted to interfere,
when the amoker turned furiously on him and the Irish offi-
cial, who was of spare build, took to his heels and made good
his escape, the chase, though a serious matter to him, causing
irrepressible mirth to onlookers. The man was never cap-
tured, and his victims, though disfigured, recovered. 1 remem-

36 BRITISH BORNEO.

ber being struck by the contemptuous reply of Sir HUGH
Low's Chinese servant when he warned him to be on his
guard, as there was an amoker at large, and alluded to Mr.
C.'S narrow escape— it was to the effect that the Treasurer
was foolish to interfere in other people's concerns. This
unwillingness to busy oneself in others" affairs, which some-
times has the appearance of callousness, is characteristic of
Malays and Chinese.

The readers of a book of travels are somewhat under a dis-
advantage in forming their opinion of a country, in that inci-
dents are focussed for them by those of the same nature
being grouped together. I do not wish it to be thought that
murders and amoks are at al! common occurrences in Northern
Borneo, indeed they are very few and far between, and cri-
minal acts of all kinds arc remarkably infrequent, that is, of
course. If we regard head-hunting as an amusement sanction-
ed by usage, especially as, in the parts under native govern-
ment, there is a total absence of any kind of police force.
while every man carries arms, and houses with palm leaf walls
and innocent of locks, bolts and bars, offer unusual tempta-
tions to the burglariously inclined. My wife and I nearly
always slept without a watchman and with the doors and
windows unclosed, the servants' offices being detached from
the house, and we have never had any of our property stolen
except by a " boy,"

Brunai is governed by a Sultan styled lang-di-pertuan,
"he who rules," and four principal Ministers of State,
'■ Wazirs"— the Pangeran Bandahara, the Pangeran diGadong,
the Pangeran Pamancha and the Pangeran Temenggong.
These Ministers arc generally men of the royal blood, and fly
distinctive flags at their residences, that of the Bandahara
being white, of the di Gadong, green, and of the Temeng-
gong, red. The flags are remarkably simple and inexpen-
sive, but tjuite distinctive, each consisting of a si|uare bit
of bunting or cloth of the requisite colour, with the exccp.
tion of the Tenienggong's, which is cut in the shape of
a burgee. The Sultan's Hag is a plain piece of yellow bunting,
yellow being the Brunei royal colour, and no man, except the

BRITISH BORNEO.

Sovereign, is permitted to exhibit that colour in any poitton
o( his dress. It shows how litUe importancr attaches to the
female sex that a lady, even a slave, can sport yellow in her
dres5, or any colour she chooses. Theoretically the duties of
the Bandahara are those of a Home Secretary ; the di Gadong
is Keeper oi the Seal and Chancellor of the Exchequer, the
Pamancha's functions I am rather uncertain about, as the po^
has remained unfilled for many years past, but they would
seem to partake of those of a Home Secretary , and the
Temenggong is the War Minister and Military' and Naval
Commander-in-chief, and appears also to bear and decide
criminal and civil cases in the city of Bninai. These appoint-
ments are made by the Sultan, and for life, bat it will be
understood thai, in such a rough and ready system of govern-
ment as that of Bninai, the actual influence of each Minister
depends entirely on his own character and that of the Sultan.
Sometimes one Minist>-r vaW practically osoqi the functions
of some, or, perhaps, all the others, leaving them only their
titles and revenues, while often, on a vacancy occurring, the
Sultan does not make a fresh appointment, but himself ap-
propriates the revenue of the oflice leaving the duties to lake
care of themselves.

To look after trade and commerce there is, in theory, an
inferior Minister, the Pangeran Shabander.

There is another class of Ministers — .ifanlri — whoaresL-lect-
ed by the Sultan from among the people, and arc chosen for
their intell-gence and for the influence and follon-ing they have
amongst the citizens. They possess verj- considerable politi-
cal power, ihcir opinions being asked on important matters.
Such are the two Juwatans and the Orang Kaya di Gadong,
who may be looked upon as the principal officers of the Sul-
tan and the Waiirs.

The Stale officials are paid by the revenues of certain dis-
tricts which are assigned, as will be seen below, to the differ-
ent offices.

The Mahoinedan Malays, it has already been explained.
were an invading and cooquering race in Borneo, and their
chiefs would seem to have divided the country, or, rather, the

38 BRITrSH BORNEO.

inhabitants, amongst themselves, in much the same way as
England was parcelled out among the followers of WILLIAM
THE Conqueror. The people of all the rivers* and of the
interior, up to the limits where the Brunai Malays can enforce
their authority, own as their feudal lord and pay taxes to
either the Sultan, in his unofficial capacity, or to one of the
nobles, or else they are attached to the office of Sultan or one
of the great Ministers of State, and, again theoretically speak-
ing, all the districts in the Sultanate are known, from the fact
ol the people on them belonging to a noble, or to the reigning
.Sultan for the time being, or to one of the Ministers of

Stale,

either;

r any c

Ka-rijahan — belonging to the Sultan or R5ja.

or 2. Kouripan — belonging lo certain public officials dui
their term of office.

or 3. Pusaka or Tulin — belonging to the Sultan r
the nobles in their unofficial capacity.

The crown and the feudal chiefs did not assert any claim to
the land ; there are, for instance, no " crown land.s," and, in
the case of land not owned or occupied, any native could set-
tle upon and cultivate it without payment of any rent or land
tax. either to the -Sullan or to the feudal chief of the district ;
consequently, land was comparatively little regarded, and
what the feudal chief claimed was the people and not the
land, so much so that, as pointed out by Mr. P. LEYS in a
Consular report, in the case of the people removing from one
river to another, they did not become the followers of the chief
who owned the population amongst whom they settled, hut
remained subject to their former lord, who had the right of
following them and collecting from them his taxes as before.
It is only of quite recent years, imitating the example of the
Engli.'ih in Labuan, where all the land was assumed to be the
property of the Sovereign and leased to individuals for a term
of years, that the nobles have, in some instances, put forward
a claim lo ownership of the land on which their followers

e nnmed after their

diosr to settle, and have endeavoured to pose as semi-inde-
I»endent princes. These feudal chiefs tax, or used lo tax,
their followers in proportion lo their inability to resist their
lords' demands. A poll tax, usuatly at the rate of $2 for
married men and $1 for bachelors, is a form of taxation to
whith, in the absence of any land tax. no objection is made,
hut the chiefs had also the power of levying special taxes at
their own sweet will, when they found their expenditure in
cscess of their income, and advantage was taken of any delay
in payment of taxes, or of any breach of the peace, or act of
theft occurring in a district, to impose excessive fines on the
delinquents, all of which if paid went to the chief; and if the
tine could not be paid, the defaulter's children might be seized
and eventually sold into slaverj'. The system o( " forced
trade " I have alluded to when speaking on the subject of
domestic slavery. The chiefs were all absentees and, while
drawing everything they could out of their districts, did
nothing for their wretched followers. The taxes were collect-
ed by their messengers and slaves, unscrupulous men who
were paid by what they could gel out of the people in excess
of what they were bidden lo demand, and who, while engaged
ia levying the contributions, lived at free quarters on the peo-
ple, who naturally did their best to expedite their departure.
Petty cases of dispute were settled by headmen appointed
by the chief and termed orang kaya. literally "riih men."
These orang kayas were often selected from their possessing
some little property and being at the same time subservient
to the chief. In many cases, it seemed to me, that they were
chosen for their superior stupidity and pliability. 1 have
made use of the past tense throughout my description of these
feudal chiefs as, happily, for reasons already gi\ en, the " good
old times " are rapidly passing away.

The laws of Brunai are, in theory, those inculcated by the
Kor^n and there are one or two officials \\ ho have some slight
knowledge of Mahomedan law. Owing to the cheap facilities
offered by the numerous steamers at Singapore, there arc
many Hajis — that is, persons who have made Ihe pilgrimage
to Mecca — amongst the Brunais and the Kadaaans, amongst

BRITISH BORNEO.

the latter more especially, but of course a visit to Mecca dot
not necessarily imply that the pilgrim has obtained any actual
knowledge of the holy book, which some of them can decipher,
the Malays having adopted the Arabic alphabet, but without,
however, understanding the meaning of the Arabic words of
which it consists. A friend of mine, son of the principal
exponent of Mahomedan law in the capital, and who became
naturalised as a British subject, had studied law in Constan-
tinople.

There is no gaol in Brunai, and fines are found to he a more
prolitablr mode of punishment than incarceration, the judge
generally pocketing the fine, and when it does become ncces-
sar)' to keep an offender in detention, it is done by placing
his feet in the stocks, which are set up on the public staging
or landing before the reception room of the Sultan, or of one
of his chief Ministers, and the wretched man may be kept
there for months.

The punishment for theft, sanctioned by the Korrtn, is by
cutting off the right hand, but this barbarous, though effective,
penalty has been discountenanced by the English. On one
occasion, however, when acting as H. B. M. Consul-General,
I received my information too late to interfere. ! had been
on a visit to the late Sultan in a British gunboat, and anchored
off the palace. During the evening, just before dinner, not-
withstanding the watch kept on dock, some natives came
alongside and managed to hook out through the ports my
gold watch and chain from off the Captain's table, and the
first Lieutenant's revolver from his cabin. During our inter-
view next morning with the Sultan, I twitted him on the skill
and daring of Brunai thieves, who could perpetrate a theft
from a friendly war-ship beftirc the windows of the Royal
palace, 1 he Sultan said nothing, but was evidently much
annoyed, and a few weeks afterwards llie revolver and the
remains of my watch and chain were sent to me at Labuan,
with a letter .-■aylng that three thieves had been punished by
having had their hands chopped off, 1 subsequently heard
that two of the unfortunate men had died from the effects of
ihis cruel punishment.

BRITISH BORNEO.

On another occasion, some Brunai tliieves skilFully dis-
mounted and carried off two brass signal guns from the poop
of a merchant steamer at anchor in the river, eluding the
vigilance of the quarter- master, while the skipper and some
of the officers were asleep on the skylight close by. The
guns were subsequently recovered.

Execution is either by means of the bow string or ihe kfis.

I had once the unpleasant duty of having to witness the
execution by the bow string of a man named MaidiN, as it
was feared that, being the son of a favourite ofiicer of the
Sultan, the execution might be a sham one. This man. with
others, had raided a small settlement of Chinese traders from
I^buan on the Borneo coast, killing several of the shop-keep- 1|
efff'and Tooting the settlement. So weak was the central I
government, and so little importance did they attach to the
murder of a few Chinese, that, notwithstanding the efforts of (
ihe British Consul, Maidin remained at liberty for nearly two |
years after the commission of the crime, '

The execution took place at night. The murderer was
bound, with his hands behind his back, in a large canoe, and
a noose of rope was placed round his neck. Two men stood
behind him ; a short stick was inserted in the noose and
twisted round and round by the two executioners, thereby
causing the rope to compress the windpipe. Maidin's strug-
gles were soon over.

In the case of common people the kris is used, the execu-
tioner standing behind the criminal and pressing the krh
downwards, through the shoulder, into the heart. This mode
of execution has been retained by the European rulers of
Sarawak. In British North Borneo the English mode by
hanging has been adopted.

Formerly, when ancient customs were more strictly observ-
ed, any person using insulting expressions in talking of mem-
bers of the Royal family was punished by having his tongue
slit, and I was once shewn by the Tfmcnggong, in whose
official keeping it was, the somewhat cumbrous pair of scissors
wherewith this punishment was inflicted, but 1 have never
heard of its having been used during the last twenty years,

althougli

BRITISH BORNEO.

1 opportunities could not have been wanting.

I WHS once horrified by being informed by an observant
British Naval Offirer, who had been to Brunai on duly, that
he had been disgusted by noticing, notwithstanding our long
connection with Brunai and supposed influence with the Sul-
tan, so barbarous a mode of execution as that of keeping the
criminal exposed, without food, day and nighl, on a stage on
high posts in the river. [ had never heard of this process,
and soon discovered that my friend had mistaken men fishing,
for criminals undergoing execution. Two men perch them-
selves up on posts, some distance apart, and let down by
ropes a net into the river. Waiting patiently — and Brunais
can sit still contentedly doing nothing for hours — they remain
motionless until a shoal of tish passes over the net, when it is
|>arliallv raised and the fish taken out by a third man, and
the operation repeated.

I do not think my naval friend ever published his Brunai
reminiscences.

I have already said there is no police force in Brunai ; an
official makes use of his own slaves to carry out his orders,
where an European would call in the police. Neither is there
any army and navy, but the theory is that the Sultan and
Ministers can call on the Brunai people to follow them to war,
hut as they give neither pay nor sufficient food their call is
not numerously responded to.

Every Brunai man has his own arms, spear, kris and buck-
ler, supplemented by an old English "Tower" musket, or
rifle, or by one of Chinese manufacture with an imitation
of the Tower mark, 'The ~/'at-ti'tig~, 'of chopper, or vut\as&, is
always carried by a Malay, being used for all kinds of work,
agricultural and other, and is also a useful weapon of offence
or defence.

Brunai is celebrated for its brass cannon foundries and still
produces handsome pieces of considerable size. PtG.APETTA
describes cannon as being frequently discharged at Brunai
during his visit there in 1521. Brass guns were formerly
part of the currency in Brunai and, even now. you often hear
the price of an article given as so many pikuls (a pikul=

BRITISH BORNEO.

IC'SSi'^)' or catties (a catty^illbs) of brass gun. Th« brass
I tSr the gnns b; chiefly Tiimished by the Chinese. _atsh. which
is current in the town.

In former days, in addition to brass ^ns, pieces of grey
shirting (helachuj and of Xankin fiaim asapj and small bits
of iron were legal tender, and 1 have seen a specimen of a
Brunei copper coinage one Sultan tried to introduce, but it
was found to be so easily imitated by his subjects that it was
withdrawn from circulation. .At the present day silver dollars.
Straits Settlements small silrcr pieces, and the copper coin-
age of Singapore, Sarawak and British North Borneo all pa&s
currtnt, the copper, however, nnfortunatelr predominating.
Recently the Sultan obtained $to,ooo of a copper coin of his
otvn from Birmingham, but the traders and the Governments
of Singapore and Labuan appear to have discountenanced its
use, and he probably will not try a second shipment.

The profit on the circulation of copper coinage, which is
only a lolL-en, is of course considerable, and the British North
Borneo Company obtained a substanliai addition to its reve-
nue from the large amount of its coin circulated in Brunai.
When the Sultan first mooted the idea of obtaining his own
coin from England, one of the Company's officers expostulated
Feelingly with him. and I was told by an onlooker that the con-
trast of the expressions of the countenances of the immobile
Malay and of the mobile European was most amusing. All
that ihe Sultan replied to the objections of the officer was '• It
does not signify. Sir, my coin can circulate in your country-
and yours can circulate in mine," knowing well all the time
the profit the Companv w.is making

The inhabitants of the city of Brunai are very lightly taxed,
and there is no direct taxation. .\s above explained, there
is no land lax, nor ground rent, and every man builds his own
bouse and is his own landlord- The right of retailing the
following articles is "farmed" out to the highest bidder by
the Government, and their price consequently enhanced
to the consumer: — Opium (but only a few of the nobles use
the drug), foreign tobacco, curry stuff, wines and spirits (not
used by the natives), salt, gambler (used for chewing with the

with the M

BRITISH BORNEO.

betel or a reca nut), tea (little used by the natives) and earth-
nut and coco-nut oil, There are no Municipal rates and taxes,
the tidal river acting as a self cleansinfj street and sewer at
the same time; neither are there any demands from a Poor
Law Board.

On the other hand, there being no Army, Navy, Police, nor
public buildings to keep up. the expenses of Government are
wonderfully light also.

Other Government receipts, in addition to the above, are
rent of Chinese house-boats or rather shop-boats, pawn-
broking and gambling licenses, a "farm" of the export of
hides, royalties on sago and gutta ])ercha, tonnage dues on
Ituropean vessels visiting the port, and others. The salaries
and expenses of the Government DL'partments are defrayed
from the revenues of the rivers, or districts attached to them.

Considerable annual paymenis are now made by Sarawak
and British North Borneo for the territorial cessions obtained
by them. The annual contribution by Sarawak is about
3i6,ooo, and by th<; British North Borneo 5i i, 800. These
sums are apportioned amongst the Sultan and nobles who
had interests in the ceded districts. I may say here that the
payment by British North Borneo to the Sultan of the State,
under the arrangement made by Mr. Dent already referred
to, is one of SSiOoo per annum.

An annual payment is also made by Mr. W. C. Cowil': for
the sole right* of working coal in the Sultanate, which he holds
for a period of several years. Coal occurs throughout the
island of Borneo, and its existence has long been known. It
is worked on a small scale in Sarawak and in some portions
of Dutch Borneo, and the unsuccessful attempts to developc
the coal resources of the Colony of Labuan will be referred
to later on.

In the Brunai Sultanate, with which we are at present
concerned, coal occurs abundantly in the Brunai river and
elsewhere, but it is only at present worked by Mr. CowiF
and his partners at Muara, at the mouth of the Brunai river^

* This right was transferred by Mr. CowiE to Rdja Brooks in ift^.

Muara, indeed, signifying in Malay a river's mouth. The
Revd. J. E. Tennison-Wood, well known in Australia as an
authority on geological questions, thus describes the M uara ^
coalfields : — " About twenty miles to the South-west of
Tabuanis the mouth of the Brunai river. Here the rocks are
of quite a different character, and much older. There are
sandstones, shales, and grits, with ferruginous joints. The
beds are inclined at angles of 25 to 45 degrees. They are often
altered into a kind of chert. At Muara there is an outcrop ^
of coal seams twenty, twenty-five and twenty-six feet thick.
The coat is of excellent quality, quite bitumcnised, and not
brittle. The beds are being worked by private enterprise.
I saw no fossils, but the beds and the coal reminded me much
of the older Australian coals along the Hunter river. The
mines are of great value. They are rented for a few thousand
dollars by two enterprising Scotchmen, from the Sultan of
Brunai. The same sovereign would part with the place
altogether for little or nothing. Why not have our coaling
station there ? Or what if Germany, France or Russia should
purchase the same from the independent Sultan of Brunai ? "
As if to give point to the concluding remarks, a Russian
man-of-war visited Muara and Brunai early in 1887, and
shewed considerable interest in the coal mines. *

Chapter III.

The fairest way. perhaps, of giving my readers an idea of
what Brunai was and what it is, will be by quoting first from
the description of the Italian PiCAFETTA, who was there in 1521
and then from that of my friend the late Mr. Stair ElpHIN
STONE Dalrymple, who visited the city with me in 1884
PiGAFETTa'S description I extract from 'CRA\V^pRp's_Z?M-
criplive Dictionary of the Indian Islands.

"When," says he, "we reached the city, we had to wait
two hours in the/ra/iM (boat or barge} until there had arrived
two elephants, caparisoned in silk-cloth, and twelve men, each

* The British Prateclorate has ohviated the danger.

40 BRITISH BORNEO.

furnished with a porcelain vase, covered with silk, to receive
and to cover our presents. We mounted the elephants, the
twelve men going before, carrying the presents. We thus
proceeded to the house of the Governor, who gave us a sup-
per of many dishes. Next day we were left at our leisure
until twelve o'clock, when we proceeded to the King's palace.
We were mounted, as before, on elephants, the men bearing
the gifts going before us. From the Governor's house to the
palace the streets were full of people armed with swords,
lances and targets; the King had so ordered it. Still mount-
ed on the elephants we entered the court of the palace. We
then dismounted, ascended a stair, accompanied by the Gov-
ernor and some chiefs and entered a great hall full of courtiers.
Here we were seated on carpets, the presents being placed
near to us. At the end of the great hall, but raised above it,
there was une of less extent bung with silken cloth, in which
were two curtains, on raising which, there appeared two
windows, which lighted the hall. Here, as a guard to the
King, there were three hundred men with naked rapiers in
hand resting on their thighs, At the farther end of this
smaller hall, there was a great window with a brocade cur-
tain before il, on raising which, we saw the King seated at a
table masticating betel, and a little boy, his son, beside him.
Behind him women only were to be seen. A chieftain then
informed us, that we must not address the King directly, but
that if we had anything to say, we must say it to him, and he
would communicate it to a courtier of higher rank than him-
self within the lesser hall. This person, in his turn, would
explain our wishes to the Governor's- brother, and he, speak-
ing through a tube in an aperture of the wall would commu-
nicate our sentiments to a courtier near the King, who would
make them known to his Majesty. Meanwhile, we were
instructed to make three obeisances to the King with the
joined hands over the head, and raising, hrst one foot and then
the other, and then kissing the hands. This is the royal
salutation. * * * All the persons pre-

sent in the palace had their loins covered with gold embroi-
dered cloth and silk, wore poiniards with golden hilts, orna-

BRITISH BORNEO.

mented with pearU and precious stones, and had many rings
on their fingers.

******

We remounted the elephants and returned to tlie house
nf the Governor. * * * After this

there ca.-ne to tlie house of the Governor ten men, with as
many large wooden trays, in each of which were tpn or twelve
porcelain saucers with the flesh of various animals, that is,
of calves, capons, pullets, pca-fowls and others, and various
kinds of fish, so that of meat alone there were thirty or two-
and-thirty dishes. We supped on the ground on mats of
palm-leaf. At each mouthful we drank a porcelain cupful,
the size of an egg, of a distilled liquor made from rice.
We ate also rice and sweetmeats, using spoons of gold, shap-
ed like our own. In the place where we passed the two
nights, there were always burning two torches of white wax,
placed on tall chandeliers of silver, and two oil lamps of
four wicks each, while two men watched to look after them.
Next morning we came on ihe same elephants to the sea side,
where forthwith there were ready for us two prahus, in which
we were reconducted to the ships." Of the town itself he |
says : — " The city is entirely built in the salt water, the King's I
house and those of some chieftains excepted. It contains , .
2^,00 Ji r es, orjamilies. The houses are all of wood and stand '
on strong" piles to keep them high from the ground. When J
the flood tide makes, the women, in boats, go through the
city selling necessaries, In front of the King's palace there
is a rampart constructed of large bricks, with barbacans in the
manner of a fortress, on which are mounted fifty-six brass
and six iron cannon." With the exception of the statement 1
concerning the number of families, Mr. CRAWFORD considers
PiGAFETIa's account contains abundant internal evidence of .
intelligence and truthfulness. I may be allowed to point out '
that, seeing only the King's house and those of some of the
nobles were on terra firma, there could have been little use
(or elephants in the city and probably the two elephants
PiCAFETTA mentions were the only ones there, kept for State
purposes. It is a curious fact that though in its fauna Borneo

48 BKITISH BORNEO.

miicli rcitcmblcs Sumatra, yet, while elephants abound in the
Utter ixtitnd, none arc to be found in Borneo, except in a
rrdtrirted area on the North-Easl Coast, in the territories of
the North Borneo Company. It would appear, loo, that
the tenet* of the Mahomedan religion were not strictly
ob»tTVcd in those days, Now, no Brunai noble would think
pf offering you «piriti(, nor would ladies on any account be
permitted to nppear in public, especially if Europeans were
Hinonit the nudicnce. The consumption of spirits seems to have
been on a very liberal scale, ana it is not surprising to find
I PlGAFlclTA remarking further on that some of the Spaniards
I bec«me intoxicated. Spoons, whether of gold or other mate-
rial, huvc long since been discarded by all respectable Brunais,
only Pagans make use of such things, the Mahomedans employ
the ruigcr» which Allah has given them. The description of
the wonifn holding their market in boats stands good of
tn-day. but the wooden houses, instead of being on "strong
pilrs, ' now stand on ricketty, round nibong palm posts. The
deacriptiun uf the obeisance tothe King is scarcelycxaggerated,
oscrpt that it is now performed squattmg cross-legged — sila —
the n*spectlul ntlitudc indoors, from the Sanskrit til. to medi-
lale, to wornhip (for an inferior never stands in the presence
uf hU ttuperior), and has been dispensed with in the ease ol
Europeans, who shake hands. Though the nobles have now
romparalivety little power, they address each other and are ad-
ilirMrd by the eommonatty in the iniwt respectful tone, words
tteiivcd Irtiin the Saiisfcril being often employed in address-
ing si)pertor!t, or equaU if both are of high rank, such as Ba-
ginJ<i. Dmii Paiiuka, /it-ita. and in addressing a superior the
speiiker only «tludes to himself as u slave, Amia. Sahay^-
\ have «lt<.'4dy relcrretl to the prohibition of the use of yellow
by ivihen thfta the KoVai (amTK'. and may add that it is a
grA\e offenc« lor a person of ordinar)* rank to pass the palace
»lvy» with his umbrella up, and it is forbidden to him to sit in
the alter part of h>» boat or canoe, that place being reserved
Iot noNes. At an audience with the Sultan, or with one of
tbe Wutrs, considerable ceremony is still observed. What-
vvcrtb« titne of tht; dav,« thick bees' wax candle, aboot three

BRITISH BORNEO. 49

long is lighted and placed on ihe floor alongside the
European visitor, if hi; is a person of any rank, and it is
etiquette for him to carry the candle away with him at the
conclusion o( his visit, especially rf at night. It was a severe
test of the courteous decorum of the Malay nobles when on
one occasion, a young officer, who accompanied me. not only
spilt his cup of coffee over his bright new uniform, but, when
impressively bidding adieu to H. H. the Sultan, stood for
sometime unconsciously astride over my lighted candle. Not
a muscle of the faces of the nobles moved, but the Europeans ,
were scarcely so successful in maintaining their gravity.

Mr. Dalrvmple's description of Brunai, furnished to the
Field in August, 1884, is as follows: — "On a broad river,
sweeping round in an imposing cur\'c from the South-East-
ward. with abrupt ranges of sandstone hills, for the most part
cleared of forest, hemming it in on either side, and a glimpse
of lofty blue mountains towering skywards faraway to the
North-East, is a long straggling collection of alaf> (thatch
made of leaves of nibong palm) and kaj'ang (mats of ditto)
houses, or rather huts, built on piles over the water, and
forming a gigantic crescent on either bank of the broad, curv-
ing stream. This is the city of Brunai, the capital of the
Yang di Pertuan, the Sultan of Brunai, xtal one hundred or
more, and now in his dotage : the abode of some 15,000
Malays, whose language is as different from the Singapore
Malay as Cornish is from Cockney English, and the coign of
vantage from which a set of effete and corrupt Pan^eram
extended oppressive rule over the coasts of North-West
Borneo, from Sampanmangiu Point to the Sarawak River in
days gone by, ere British enterprise stepped in, swept the
Sulu and Illanun pirates from the sea, and opened the rivers
to commercial enterprise.

Standing on the summit of one of the above-mentioned hills.
a fine bird's eye view is obtained of the city below. The
ramshackle houses are all built in irregular blo<.~ks or clusters,
but present on either side a regular frontage to the broad
river, and following its sweeping curve, form two imposing
crescent, divided by a fine water-way. Behind these main

-Ayr'/

BRITISH BORNEO.

crescents are various other blocks and clusters of buildings,
built liiggledy piggledy and without plan of any sort. On the
true left bank arc some Chinese shops built of brick, and on
the opposite bank a brick house of superior pretensions and
a waving banner proclaiming the abode of the Chinese Con-
sular Agent of the British North Borneo Company. * » *

A heterogeneous colleclion of buildings on the right .licle
of the upper part of the city forms the palace (save the mark !)
of the Sultan himself. A little further down a large, straggling,
but substantial plank building, with a corrugated iron roof,
marks the abode of the Pangeran Temenggong, a son of the
former Sultan and the heir apparent to the throne of Brunai.
Two steam launches are lying opposite at anchor, one the
property of the SuKan. the other belonging to the heir
apparent. *****

" The public reception room of the Sultan's palace is a long
apartment with wooden pillars running along either side, and
supporting a raised roof. Beyond these on either side, are
lateral compartments- At the far end, in the centre of a
kind of alcove, is the Sultan's throne. The floors are covered
with matting. *****

Although the glories of "Brunai have departed, and it is
only the shadow of what it was when Pigafetta visited it,
a certain amount of state is still kept up on occasions. A
boat comes sweeping down the river crowded with Malays,
a white flag waving from its stern, seven paddles Hashing on
cither side, and an array of white umbrellas midships. // is
the Pangeran di Gadong coming in state to pay a ceremonial
visit. As it sweeps alongside, the Pangeran is seen sitting
on a gorgeous carpet, surrounded by his officials. One holds
an umbrella over his head, while another holds aloft the
toiigkat kraidan, a long guildcd staff, surmounted by a plume
of yellow horse hair, w hich hangs down round it. The most
sinking point in the attire of the Pangeran and his Officers
is the beauty of the irises with which they are armed, the
handles being of carved i\or)- ornamented with gold, and the
fihcaths of beautifully polished wood, resembling satin wood.
Cigars and coffee arc produced, and a bichara ensues. A

BRITISH BORNEO.

Quakers' meeting is no bad metaphor to describe a Malay
bickara. The Pangerans sit round in a circle smoking so-
lemnly (or some time, until a question is put to them, to which
a brief reply is given, followed by another prolonged pause.

In this way the business on which they have come is gra-
dually approached.

Their manners are as polished as their faces are immobile,
and the way to a Malay's heart lies through his pocket.

To the outsider, Brunai is a city of hideous old women, for
such alone are met with in the thronged market place where
some hundreds of market boats jostle each other, while their
inmates shriek and haggle over their bargains, or during a
water promenade while threading the labyrinths of this
Orientjj Venice; but if acquainted with its intricacies, or if
paying a ceremonial visit lo any of the leading Pangerans,
many a glimpse may be had of some fair skinned beauty
peeping through some handy crevice in ihe kajang wall, or,
in the latter case, a crowd of light-skinncd, dark-eyed houris
may be seen looking with all iheir might out of a window in
the harem behind, from which they are privileged to peep
into the hall of audience.

The present population of Brunai cannot exceed 12,000 to \
15,000 souls, a great number having succumbed to the terrible '
epidemic of cholera a year ago. The exports consist of sago,
gutta percha, camphor, india-rubber, edible birds' nests, gum ^
dammar, etc., and_wh_at money tbene .ij!_iij_ U*e-cil>uJs.alnipst
en^l£lxliI^theKanJs^o^ihe Chinese traders. * * *

In theoimaysr^Keri it eiijoyed a numerous Chinese popu-
lation, the surrounding hills were covered with pepper planta- .
tions, and there was a large junk trade with China, At '
present Brunai lives on her exports of jungle produce and
sago, furnished by a noble river — the Limbang, whose valley
lies but a short distance to the Eastward. One great advan-
tage the city enjoys is a copious supply of pure water, drawn
from springs at the base of the hills below the town on the
left bank of the river. # * « •

"Such is a slight sketch of Brunai of the Brunais. If the
Pangerans are corrupt, the lower classes are not, but are law-

BRITISH BORNEO.

abiding, though not industrious. And the day may yet come
when their city may lift her head up again, and be to North
Borneo what Singapore is to the straits of Malacca."

This description gives a capiul idea of modern Brunai. and
I would only observe that, from the colour of his flag and
umbrellas the nobleman who paid the state visit must have
been the Bandahara and not the Di Gadong.

The aged Sultan to whom Mr. Dalrymple refers was the
late SMlliiJ-.Mi^i'^' wbo. though not in the direct line, was
raised to the throne, on the death of the Sultan Omar Ali
-Saifudin, to whom he had been Prime Minister, by the influ-
ence of the English, towards whom he had always acted as a
loyal friend. He was popularly supposed to be over a hun-
dred years old when he died and, though said to have had
some fifty wives and concubines, he was childless, lie died
on the 29th May, 1885, having previously, on the advice of
Sir C, C. Lees, then British Consul-General, declared his
Temenggong, the son of Omar Ali Saifl'din to be his
successor. The Temenggong accended the throne, without
any opposition, with the tille of Sultan, but found a kingdom
distracted by rebellion in the provinces and reduced to less
than a fourth of its si^e when the treaty was made with Great
Britain in 1847.

I have said that there is no ground rent in Borneo, and that
every one builds his own house and is his own landlord, but
I should add that he builds his house in the kampong, or
parish, to which, according to his occupation, he belongs and
into which the city is divided. For instance, on entering the
city, the first kampong on the left is an important one in a
town where fish is the principal article of animal food. It is
the kampong of the men who catch lish by means of bambu
fishing stalies, or traps, described hereafter, and supply the
largest quantity of that article to the market; it is known as
the Kampong Pablal.

Next to it is the Kampong Perambat, from the casting net
which its inhabitants use in fishing. Another parish is called
Memhakut and its houses are built on firm ground, being
principally the shops of Chinese and Kiings. The last kam

BRITISH BORNEO.

pong on this side is that of Burong Pingf, formerly a very
important one, where dwelt the principal and richest Malay
traders. It is now much reduced in size, European steamers
and Chinese enterprise having altered entirely the character
of the trade from the lime when the old Brunai nakodahs
(master or owner of a trading boat) would crutse leisurely- up
and down the coast, waiting for months at a time in a river
while trade was being brought in. The workers in brass, the
jewellers, the makers of gold brocade, of mats, of brass guns,
the oil manufacturers, and the rice cleaners, all have their own
katnpongs, and are jealous of the honour of each memttcr of
their corporation. The Sultan and nearly ail the chief nobles
have their houses on the true left bank of the river, »>,. on
the ri^t bank ascending.

Thefishing interest is an important one, and various methods
are employed to capture the supply for the market.

The kihng is a weir composed of nets made of split bambu,
fastened in an upright position, side by side, to posts fixed
into the bed of the stream, or into the sand in the shallow
water of a harbour. There are two long rows of these posts
»Hth attached nets, one much long'-r than the other which
gradually converge in the deeper water, where a simple trap
is constructed with a narrow entrance. The fish passing up
or down stream, meeting with ihe obstruction, follow up the
walls of the k^long^nd eventually enter the trap, whence they
are removed at low water. These kilong, or tishing stakes
as they are termed, are a well known sight to all travellers
entering Malay ports and rivers. All sorts of fish are caught
in this way, and alligators of some size are occasionally
secured in them.

The rambal is a circular casting net, loaded with leaden or
iron weights at the circumference, and with a spread some-
times of thirty feet. Great skill, acquired by long practice,
is shewn by the fisherman in throwing this net over a shoal
of fish which he has sighted, in such a manner that all the
outer edge touches the water simultaneously ; the weights
then cause the edges of the circumference to sink and gradu-
ally close together, encompassing the hsh, and the net is drawn

^_ lUij i-iuae lugciiic

BRITISH BORNEO.

up by a rope attached to its centre, the other end of which the
fisherman had retained in his hand. The skill of the thrower
is further enhanced by the fact that he, as a rule, balances
himself in the bow of a small "dug-out." or canoe, in which a
European could scarcely keep his footing at all. The ramhiU
can also be thrown from the hank, or the beach, and is used in
fresh and salt water. Only small fish and prawns are caught
in this way. Prawns are also caught in small kiHongs with
very fine split bambu nets, but a method is also employed in
the Brunai river which I have not heard of elsewhere. .\
specially prepared canoe is made use of, the gunwale on one
side being cut away and its place taken up by a flat ledge,
projecting over the water. The fisherman sits paddling in
the stern, keeping the ledged side towards the bank and lean-
ing over so as to cause the said ledge to be almost level with
the water.

From the same side there projects a long bambu, with
wooden teeth on its under side, like a comb, fastened to the
stern, but projecting outwards, forwards and slightly upwards,
ihe teeth increasing in length towards its far end, and as they
sweep the surface of the water the startled prawns, shut in by
the bank on one side, in their efforts to avoid the teeth of the
comb, jump into the canoe in large quantities.

I have described the method of using the dip net, or seram-
hau, on page 42. Many kinds o( nets are in use, one — the
pukal — being similar to our seine or drag net.

The hook and line are also used, especially for deep sea
fishing, and fish of large size are thus caught.

A favourite occasional amusement is tuba fishing. The
tuba is a plant the juice of which has strong narcotic proper-
ties. Bundles of the roots are collected and put into the
bottom of the canoes, and when the fishing ground is reached,
generally a bend in a river, or the mouth of a stream which is
barred at low tide, water is poured over the tuba and the juice
expressed by beating it with short sticks. The fluid, thus
charged with the narcotic poison, is then baled out of the
canoes into the stream and the surface is quickly covered by
all sorts of fish in all stages of intoxication, the smaller ones

BRITISH BORNEO.

even succumbing altogether to the poison.

The laf^e fish are secured by spearing, amid much excite-
ment, the eager sportsmen often overbalancing themselves
and falling headlong into the water to the great amusement
of the more lucky ones. 1 remember reading an account of
a dignified representative of Her Majesty once joining in the
sport and displaying a pair of heels in this way to his admir-
ing subjects. The taba does not affect the flesh of the fish,
which is brought to the table without any special preparation.

The principal export from Bruiiai is sago flour. The sago
palm is known to the natives under ihe name of rumhiah,
Ihc pith, after its first preliminary washing, is called taman-
iak \i.e., raw), and after its preparation for export by the Chi-
nese, sagti. The botanical name is Metroxylon, M. Lxviz
being that of the variety the trunk of which is unprotected, and
M. /?i(w/A/i that of the kind which is armed with long and
strong spikes, serving to ward off the attacks of the wild pigs
from the young palm.

This palm is indigenous in the Malayan Archipelago and
grows to the height of twenty to forty feet, in swampy land
along the banks of rivers not far from the sea, but out of
the reach of tidal influences. A plantation once started goes
"on for ever," with scarcely any care or attention from the
proprietor, as the palm propagates itself by numerous off-shots,
which take the place of the parent tree when it is cut down
for the purpose of being converted into food, or when it dies,
which, unlike most other palms, it docs after it has once
flowered and seeded, i.e., after it has attained the age of ten
or fifteen years.

It can also be propagated from the seed, but these are often
unproductive.

If required for food purposes, the sago palm must be cut
down at its base before it begins to flower, as after«-ards the
pilh oz/arina becomes dried up and useless. The trunk is
then stripped of its leaves and, if it is intended to work it up
at its owner's house, it is cut into convenient lengths and
floated down the river : if the pith is to be extracted on the
spot the trunk is split in two, longitudinally, and is found to

56 BRITISH BORNEO.

contain a mass o( starchy pith, kept together by Ulamcnts of
woody fibre, and when this is worked out by mt-ans of bambu
hatchets nothing but a thin rind, the outer barlt, is left. To
separate the starch from the woody fibre, the pith is placed
on a mat in a frame work over a trough by the river side ; the
sago washer then mounts up and, pouring fresh water over the
pith, commences vigorously dancing about on it with his bare
feet, the result being that the starch becomes dissolved in the
water and runs off with it into the trough below, while the
woody fibre remains on the mat and is thrown away, or, if the
washer is not a Mahomedan, used for fatening pigs, The
starch thus obtained is not yet quite pure, and under the name
of lamantah is sold to Chinese and undergoes a further
process of washing, this time by hand, in large, solid, wooden
troughs and tubs. When sufficiently purified, it is sun-dried
and, as a fine white flour, is packed in gunny bags tor the
Singapore market. At Singapore, some of this flour — a very
small proportion — is converted into the pearl sago of the
shops, but the greater portion is sent on direct to Europe,
where it is used for sizing cloth, in the manufacture of beer,
for confectionery, &c.

It will be seen that the sago palm thus affords food and
also employment to a considerable number of both natives
and Chinese and, requiring little or no trouble in cultivation,
it is a perfect gift of the gods to the natives in the districts
where it occurs. It is a curious fact that, though abounding
in Sarawak, in the districts near Brunai and in the southern
parts of British North Borneo on the West Coast, it seems to
stop short suddenly at the Putatan River, near Gaya Bay, and
is not found indigenous in the North nor on the North-East,
Some time ago I sent a quantity of young shoots to a Chief
living on the Labuk River, near Sandakan, on the East Coast,
but have not yet heard whether they have proved a success.

A nastv sour smell is inseparable from a sago factory, but
ihe health of the coolies, who live in the factory, docs not
appear to be affected by it.

The Brunais and natives of sago districts consume a consi-
derable quantity of sago flour, which is boiled into a thick,

BRITISH BORNEO. 57

tasteless paste, called hoyat and calen by being twisted into
a large ball round a stick and inserted into the mouth — an
uDgraceful operation, Tamarind, or some very acid sauce is
used to impart to it some flavour. Sago is of course clicaper
than rice, but the latter is, as a rule, much preferred by the
native, and is found more nutritious and lasting. LOGAN, in
the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, calculates that three
sago palms yield more nutritive matter than an acre of wheat,
and six trees more than an acre of potatoes. The plantain and
banana also flourish, under cultivation, in Borneo, and Mr.
BURBIDCE, in his preface to the Gardens of the Sun, points
out that it fruits all the year round and that its produce is to
that of wheat as 133 ; i, and to that of the potato as 44 : 1.
What a Paradise ! some of my readers will exclaim, Then-
can be no want here ! I am sure the figures and calculations
above quoted are absolutely correct, but I have certainly seen
want and poverty in Borneo, and these tropica! countries arc
not quite the earthly paradises which some old writers would
have us believe. For our poor British " unemployed," at any?
rate. I fear Borneo cari_never be a refuge, as the sun wouldT i
there be_jnore fataPt^an the deadly cold here, and the race)
could not ScTcept up without visits to colder climates. But
if sago and bananas are so plentiful and so nourishing, as wc
are taught by the experts, it does seem somewhat remarkable,
in this age of invention, that iome means cannot be devised
of bringing together the prolific food stores of the East and
the starving thousands of the West.

Both before, during and after the day's work, the Malays,
man and woman, boy and girl, solace and refresh themselves
with tobacco and with the areca-nut, or the betel nut as, for
some unexplained reason, it is called in English books, though
betel is the name of the pepper leaf in which the areca-nut
is wrapped and with which it is masticated.

A good deal of the tobacco now used in Bruoai is imported
from Java or Palembang (Sumatra), but a considerable portion ^
is grown in the hilly districts on the West Coast of North
Borneo, in the vicinity of Gaya Bay, by (Tie Muruts.' Tt is
unfermented and sun-dried, but has not at all a bad flavour

58 BRITISH BORNEO.

and is sometimes used by European pipe smokers. The
Brunai Malays and the natives generally, as a rule, smoke the
tobacco in the form of cigarettes, the place of paper being
taken by the fine inner leaf of the nipa palm, properly pre-
pared by drying. The Court cigarettes are monstrous things,
fully eight inches long sometimes, and deftly fashioned by the
lingers of the ladies of the harem.

Some of the inland natives, who are unable to procure nipa
leaf ({fahun ktrei) , use roughly made wooden pipes, and the
leaf of the maize plant is also occasionally substituted for the
nipa. It is a common practice with persons of both sexes to
insert a " quid " of tobacco in their cheek, or between the
upper lip and the gum. This latter practice does not add to
the appearance of a race not overburdened with facia! charms.
The tobacco is allowed to remain in position for a long time,
but it is not chewed. The custom of areca-nut chewing has
been so often described that I will only remind the reader
that the nut is the produce of a graceful and slender palm,
which flourishes under cultivation in all Malayan countries
and is called by Malays pinang. It is of about the size of a
nutmeg and, for chewing, is cut into pieces of convenient size
and made into a neat little packet with the green leaf of the
aromatic betel pepper plant, and with the addition of a little
gambier (the inspissated juice of the leaves of the uncaria
gambir) and of tine lime, prepared by burning sea shells.
Thus prepared, the bolus has an undoubtedly stimulating
efTect on the nerves and promotes the flow of saliva. I have
known fresh vigour put into an almost utterly exhausted boat's
crew by their partaking ot this stimulant.

It tinges the saliva and the lips bright red, but, contrary to
a very commonly received opinion, has no effect of making
the teeth black. This blackening of the teeth is produced by
rubbing in burnt coco-nut shell, pounded up with oil, the
dental enamel being sometimes first filed off. Toothache and
decayed teeth are almost unknown amongst the natives, but
whether this is in some measure due to the chewing of the
areca-nut I am unable to say.

It used to be a disagreeable, but not unusual sight, to see

BRITtSH BORNEO.

the old Sultan at an audience remove the areca-nut he had
been masticating and hand it to a small boy, who placed it in
his mouth and kept it there until the aged monarch again
refjuired it.

The clothing of the Brunai Malays is simple and suitable to
the climate. The one garment common to men, women and
children is the sarong, which in its general signification means
a sheath or covering, e.g., the sheath of a sword is a sarong,
and the envelope enclosing a letter is likewise its sarong.
The sarong or sheath of the Brunai human being is a piece of
cotton cloth, of Tartan pattern, sewn down the side and resem-
bling an ordinary skirt, or petticoat, except that It is not pleated
or attached to a band at the waist and is, therefore, the same
width all the way down. It is worn as a petticoat, being
fastened at the waist sometimes by a belt or girdle, but more
often the upper part is merely twisted into its own folds.
Both men and women frequently wear nothing but this gar-
ment, the men being naked from the waist up, but the women
generally concealing the breasts by fastening ihe sarong
high up under the arms ; but for full dress the women
wear in addition a short sleeved jacket of dark blue cotton
cloth, reaching to the waist, the tight sleeves being ornamented
with a row of half-a-dozen jingling buttons, of gold if possible,
andaroundhat of plaited /nwii'ffw (screw-pine) leaves, or of «(*-
pa leaf completes the Brunai woman's costume. No stockings,
slippers, or shoes are worn. Ladies of rank and wealth substi-
tute silk and gold brocade for the cotton material used by their
poorer sisters and, in lieu of a hat, cover their head and the
greater part of the face with a selendang, or long scarf of
gold brocade. They occasionally also wear slippers. The
gold brocade is a specialty of Brunai manufacture and is very
handsome, the gold thread being woven in tasteful patterns on
a ground of yellow, green, red or dark blue silk. The ma- \
terials are obtaine ij from China. The cotton sarongs are
also woven in Brunai oflTuropean cotton twist, but inferior
and cheap imitations are now imported from .Switzerland and
Manchester, In addition to the sarong, the Brunai man, when
fully dressed, wears a pair of loose cotton trowsers, tied round

BRITISH BORNEO,

the waist, and in this case the sarong is so folded as to reach
only half way down to the knee, instead of to the ankle, as
ordinarily.

A short sleeved cotton jacket, generally white, covers his
body and his head dress is a small coloured kerchief called
dastar, the Persian word for turban.

The nobles wear silks instead of cottons and with them a
small but handsome kris, stuck into the sarong, is dc rigueur
for full dress, A gold or silver betel-nut box might almost
be considered as part of the full dress, as they are never
without one on state occasions, it being carried by an
attendant.

The women are fond of jewellery, and there are some clever
gold and silversmiths in the city, whose designs appear to be
imitated from the Javanese. Rings, earrings, broaches to
fasten the jacket at the neck, elaborate hairpins, massive
silver or gold belts, with large gold buckles, and bracelets of
gold or silver are the usual articles possessed by a lady of
position.

The characteristic earring is quite a specialty of Brunai art,
and is of the size and nearly the shape of a very large cham-
pagne cork, necessitating a huge hole being made for its
reception in the lobes of the ear. It is made hollow, of gold
or silver, or of light wood gilt, or sometimes only painted, or
even quite plain, and is stuck, lengthwise, through the hole
in the ear, the ends projecting on either side. When the
ladies are not in full dress, this hole occasionally affords a
convenient receptacle for the cigarette, or any other small
article not in use for the time being.

The men never wear any jewellery, except, perhaps, one
silver ring, which is supposed to have come from the holy
city— Mecca.

The Malay kris is loo well known to need description here,
]t is a dagger or poignard with a blade varying in length from
six inches to two feet. This blade is not invariably wavy, or
serpentine, as often supposed, but is sometimes quite straight.
It IS always sharp on both edges and is fashioned from
iron imported from Singapore, by Brunai artihcers. Great

BRITISH BORNEO.

taste is displayed in the handle, which is often of delicately
carved ivory and gold, and just below the attachment of the
handle, the blade is broadened out, forming a hilt, the under
edge of which is generally fancifully carved. Age adds
greatly to the value of the kris and the history of many is
handed down. The highest price I know of being given for
a Brunai kris was $100, paid by the present Sultan for one
he presented to the British North Borneo Company on his
accession to the throne, but I have heard of higher prices
being asked. Very handsomely grained and highly polished
wood is used for the sheath and the two pieces forming it an*
frequently so skilfully joined as to have the appearance of
being in one. Though naturally a stabbing weapon, the
Malays of Brunai generally use it for cutting, and after an
amok the blade employed is often found bent out of all shape.

The parang is simply an ordinary cutlass, with a blade
two feet in length. As we generally carry a pocket knife
about with us, so the Brunai Malay always wears his parang,
or has it near at hand, using it for every purpose where cut-
ting is required, from paring his nails to cutting the posts of
which his house is built, or weeding his patch of rice land.

With this and his bliong he performs all his carpentry
work ; from felling the enormous timber tree in the jungle to
the construction of his house and boat. The bdong is indeed
a most useful implement and can perform wonders in the hands
of a Malay. It is in the shape of a small adze, but according
to the way it is fitted into the handle it can be used either as
an axe or adze. The Malays with this instrument can make
planks and posts as smooth as a European carpenter is able
to do with his plane.

The parang Hang is a fighting weapon, with a peculiarity
in the shape of the blade which, Dr. Tavlor informs me, is
not known to occur in the weapons of any other country, and
consists in the surface of the near side being flat, as in an
ordinary blade, while that of the off side is distinctly convex.
This necessitates rather careful handling in the case of a
Qovice, as the convexity is liable to cause the blade to glance
off any hard substance and inflict a wound on its wielder.

BRITISH BORNEO.

This weapon is manufactured in Brunai, but is the proper
arm of the Kyans and, now. also of the Sarawak Dyaks, who
are closely allied to ihem and who, in this as in other matters,
such as the curious perforation of a pari of their person, which
has been described by several writers, are following their
example. The Kyans were once the most formidable Sub-
Malay tribe in Northern Borneo and have been alluded to in
preceding pages, On the West coast, their headquarters is
the Baram River, which has recently been added to Sarawak,
but they stretch right acrosa to the East Coast and Dutch
territory.

There are many kinds of canoes, from the simple dug-out,
with scarcely any free-board, to \hv pakerangan, a boat the
construction of which is confined to only two rivers in North
Borneo. It is built up of planks fastened together by wooden
pegs, carvel fashion, on a small keel, or lunas. It is sharp
at both ends, has very good lines, is a good sea boat and well
adapted for crossing river bars. It is not made in Brunai
itself, but is bought from the makers up the coast and
invariably used by the Brunai fishermen, who are the best
and most powerful paddlers to be found anywhere. The
trading hoais—prahui or tongkangs — are clumsy, badly fasten-
ed craft, not often exceeding 30 tons burthen, and modelled
on the Chinese junk, generally two-masted, the foremast
raking forward, and furnished with rattan rigging and large
lug sails. This forward rake. I believe, was not unusual, in
former days, in European craft, and is said to aid in tacking.
The natives now, however, are getting into the way of build-
ing and rigging their boats in humble imitation of the
Europeans. The pralius are generally furnished with long
sweeps, useful when the wind falls and in ascending winding
rivers, when the breeie cannot be depended on. The canoes
are propelled and steered by single-bladed paddles. They
also generally carry a small sail, often made of the remnants
of different gaily coloured garments, and a fleet of little craft
with their gaudy sails is a pleasing sight on a fresh, bright
morning. M the sports held by the Europeans on New
Year's Day, the Queen's Birthday and other festivals, native

BRITISH BORNEO. 63

canoe races are always included and are contested with the
kfenesl possible excitement by the competitors. A Brunai
Malay lakes to the water and to his liny canoe almost before
he is able to walk. L'se has with him become second nature
and, rt-ally, I have known some Brunai men paddle all day
long, chatting and singing and chewing betel-nut, as though
they lelt it no exertion whatever.

tn the larger canoes one sees the first step towards a fixed
rudder and tiller, a modified form of paddle being fixed secure-
ly to one side of the stern, in such a way that the blade can be
turned so as either to have its edges fore and aft, or its sides
presented at a greater or less angle to the water, according to
the direction in which it is desired to steer the boat.

I was much interested, in going over the Pitt-Rivers col-
lection, at the Oxford University Museum, to find that in the
model of a Viking boat the steering gear is arranged in almost
exactly the same manner as that o( the modern Malay
canoe; and indeed, the lines generally of the two boats are
somewhat alike.

To the European novice, paddling is severe work, more
laborious than rowing; but then a Brunai man is always in
"training," more or less; he is a teetotaller and very tem-
perate in eating and drinking ; indeed the amount of fluid they
take is, considering the climate, wonderfully small. They
scarcely drink during meals, and afterwards, as a rule, only
wash their mouths out, instead of taking a long draught like
the European.

Mr. Dalrymple is right in saying that a State visit is like
a Quakers' meeting, Seldom is any important business more
than broached on such an occasion ; the details of difficult
negotiations are generally discussed and arranged by means
of confidential agents, who olten find it to their pecuniary
advantage to prolong matters to the limit of their employer's

Eatience. The Brunai Malays are very nice, polite fellows to
ave to deal with, but they have not the slightest conception of
the value of time, and the expression nanti dahtilu (wait a bit)
is as often in their mouths as that of malua (by-and-by) is by
Miss Gordon Gumming said to be in those of the Fijians.

64 BRItlSH BORNEO.

A lady friend ot mine, who found a difficulty in acquiring
Malay, pronounced nanti dahtttu. or nanti dttlu as generally
spoken, " nanty doodle," and suggested that "the nanty
doodles " could be a good name for " the Brunai Malays."

As writing is a somewhat rare accomplishment, state docu-
ments are not signed but sealed — " chopped " it is called — and
much importance is accordingly attached to the official seals or
chops, which are large circular metal stamps, and the chop is
affixed by oiling the stamps, blacking it over the flame of a
candle and pressing it on the document to be sealed. The
chop bears, in Arabic characters, the name, style and title of
the Official using it. The Sultan's Chop is the Great Seal of
State and is distinguished by being the only one of which
the circumference can be quite round and unbroken ; the
edges of those of the Wazirs are always notched.

By the aboriginal tribes of Borneo, the Brunai people are
always spoken of as Orang Abai. or Abai men, but though I
have often enquired both of the aborigines and of the Brunais
themselves, I have not been able to oiitain any explanation of
the term, nor of its derivation.

As already stated, the religion of the Brunais is Mahome-
danism ; but they do not observe its precepts and forms with
any verj' great strictness, nor are they proselytisers, so that
comparatively few of the surrounding pagans have embraced
the religion of their conquerors.

Many of their old superstitions still influence them, as, in
the early days of Christianity, the belief in the old heathen
gods and goddesses were found underlying the superstructure
of the new faith and tinging its ritual and forms of worship.
There still flourishes andsurvives, influencing to the present day
the life of the Brunais, the old Spirit worship and a real belief
in the power of evil spirits {hantus) to cause ill-luck, sickness
and death, to counteract which spells, charms and prayers are
made use of, together with propitiatory offerings. Most of
them wear some charm to ward off sickness, and others to
shield them from death in battle. If you are travelling in
the jungle and desire to quench your thirst at a brook, your
Brunai follower will first lay his parang, or cutlass in the bed

BRITISH BORNEO.

the stream, with its point towards the source, so that the
Spirit of the brook shall be powerless to harm you.

In caves and on small islands you frequently find platform^i
and little models of houses and boats — propitiatory offerings
to hantus. In times of general sickness a large model of a
boat is sometimes made and decked with flags and launched
out to sea in the hope that the evil spirit who has brought
the epidemic may take his departure therein. At Labuan it
was difficult to prevail on a Malay messenger to pass after
sunset by the gaol, where executions took place, or by the
churchyard, for fear of the ghosts haunting those localities.

Javanese element, and Hindu work in gold has been dis-v

covered buried in the island of Pappan, situated between

Labuan and Brunai. Mr. Inche Maho met. H. B. M.'s Con - |
sular Agent in BrunaI7 was good enougn to procure for me
a native history of Brunai, called the Tehetak Besar, or
principal history. This history slates that the first Maho-
medan Sovereign of Brunai was Sultan Mahomet and
that, before his conversion and invesiture by the Sullan
of Johor, his kingdom had been tributary to the State of
Majapahit, on the fall of which kingdom the Brunai Govern-
ment transferred its allegiance to Johor. Majapahit* was
the last Javanese kingdom professing Hinduism, and from
its overthrow dates the triumph of Mahomedanism in Java.
This occurred in AD. 1478, which, if the chronicle can be
trusted, must have been about the period of the commence-
ment of the Mahomedan period in Brunai. Inclusive of this
Sultan Mahomet and of the late Sultan MUMiM, who died
in May, 1885, twenty-three Mahomedan Sultans have reigned
in Brunai and, allowing eighteen years for an average reign,
this brings us within a few years of the date assigned to the
overthrow of the kingdom of Majapahit, and bears testimony
to the reliability of the chronicle. I will quote the first few
paragraphs of the Telselah, as Ihcy will give the reader an I
idea of a Brunai history and also because they allude to the ]
connection of the Chinese with Borneo and afford a fanciful
explanation of the origin of the name of the mountain of

* Crawfurd's Dictionary— Ipdian \i\tx!isr—Maiapail.

BRETISH BORNEO.

Kinabalu, in British North Borneo, which is 13,700 feet in
height : — " This is the genealogy of all the R^jas who have
" occupied the royal throne of the Government of Brunai, the
'■ abode of peace, from generation to generation, who inherited
" the royal drum and the hell, the tokens from the country of
" Johore, kii7Kal aimakani, and who also possessed the royal
" drum from Menangliabau, namely, from the country of Sagun-
" tang.

" 'I his was the commencement of the kingdom of Brunai and
" of the introduction of the Mahomedan religion and of the
" Code of Laws of the prophet, the beloved of God, in the
"country of Brunai— that is to say (in the reign of) His High-
" ness Sultan MaHOMET. But before His Majesty's time the
" country of Brunai was still infidel, and a dependency of
" Majapahit. On the death of the Bat a ra of Majapahit and of
" the Patih Gaja Medah the kingdom of Majapahit (ell. and
" Brunai ceased to pay tribute, which used to consist of one
" jar of the juice of the young belel-nul every year.

" In the time of the Sultan Bahtri of the kingdom ofjohor,
" Tuan Alak Betatar and Patih Berbahi were summoned
■' to Johor, and the former was appointed Sultan Mahomet
" by the Sultan of Johor, who conferred on him the royal
" drum and assigned him five provinces, namely, Kaluka. Scri-
" bas, Sadong, Samarahan and Sarawak. Patih Berbai was
" given the title of Bandhara .'^ri Maharaja, After a stay of
" some little time in Johor, His Highness the Sultan Mahomet
" returned to Brunai; but His Highness had no male issue and
" only one daughter. At that time also the Emperor of China
" ordered two of his ministers to obtain possession of the pre-
" cious stone of the dragon of Ihe mountain Kinabalu.
" Numbers of Chinese were devoured by the dragon and still
" possession was not obtained of the stone. For this reason
"they gave the mountain the name of Kinabalu (Kina =
" Chinese; balu = u-ido'w}.

" The name of one of the Chinese Ministers was Onc
" Kang and of another Ong Sum Ping, and the latter had
" recourse to a stratagem. He made a box with glass
"sides and placed a large lighted candle therein, and

BRITISH BORNEO.

"when the dragon went forth to feed, Ong Sum Pinc
" seized the precious stone and put the lamp in its place and
" the dragon mistook it for the precious stone. Having now
" obtained possession of the precious stone all the Junks set
" sail for China, and when they had got a long way off from
" Kinabalu, Ong Kang asked Ong Sum Ping for the atone,
" and thereupon a quarrel ensued beetwen them. Ong Kang
" continued to press his demand tor the precious atone, and
" Ong Sum PiNGbecameout of humour and sullen and refused
" to return to China and made his way back to Brunai. On
" arriving there, he espoused the Princess, the daughter of
" Sullan Mahomet, and he obtained the title of Sultan
" Ahamat,

" The Sultan Ahamat had one daughter, who was remark-
" ably beautiful. It came to pass that a Sheriff named Alli.
" a descendant of Amir Hassan (one of the grandchildren
" of the prophet) came from the country of Taif to Brunai.
" Hearing of the fame of the beauty of the Sultan's daughter,
" he became enamoured of her and the -Sultan accepted him
" as his son-in-law and the Government of Brunai was hand-
" cd over to him by His Highness and he was styled Sultan
" Berkat. He enforced the Code of Laws of the beloved
" of God and erected a mosque in Brunai, and, moreover,
" ordered the Chinese population to make a stone fort."

The connection of the Chinese with Brunai was an import-
ant event in Borneo history and it was certainly to them that /
the flourishing condition of the capital when visited by
PigafeTTA in 1521 was due. They were the sole planters of
the pepper gardens, the monopoly of the trade in the produce
of which the East India Company negotiated for in 1154,
when ihe crop was reported to the Company to have been
4,000 pikuls, equal to about 240 tons, valued on the spot at 17^
Spanish dollars per pikul. The^ompany's Agent expressly
reported that the Chiii£se-_were j}ie "o^nly pepper_ planters,
that the aborigines did not plant it, and that the produce
was disposed of t o Ch i n es ej^iuiks , which visited the port
and which he tru-steTwouTdT^vhen the exclusive trade in
this article was in the hands of the Company, be diverted

BRITISH BORNBO.

from Brunai to Ralamjiangan * '■

The stalion at tKislatter island, as already mentioned, was
abandoned in 1775, andthe English trade with Brunai appears
|/ soon afterwards to have come to an end.
^f- From extracts from the Journal of the Batavia Society of
Arts and Sciences published in The British North Borneo
Herald of the 1st October, 1886, the first mention of Brunai
in Chinese history appears to be in the year ^9, when the
King of Polo, which is stated to be another name for
Bunl ai (corruption of "Brunai"), sent an envoy to Pekin,
who came to Court with the envoy of Siam. Again, in the
year 1406, another Brunai envoy was appointed, who took
with him a tribute of the products of the country, and the
chronicle goes oi\ to say that it is reported " that the present
" King is a man from Fukien, who followed Cheng Ho when
" he went to this country and who settled there."

This account was written in i6i8 and alludes to the Chinese
shipping then frequenting Brunai. It is by some supposed
that the northern portion of Borneo was the destination of
the unsuccessful expedition which KlJBLAl Khan sent out in
the yearjjga.

Towards the close of the eighteenth century a Government
seems to have-arisen in Brunai which knew not Ong Sum
Ping and, in 1S09. Mr. Hyj-JT reported that Chinese junks
had ceased visiting Brunai and, owing no doubt to the
rapacious and piratical character of the native Government,
the pepper gardens were gradually deserted and the Chinese
' left the country. A few of the natives had, however, acquired
the art of pepper cultivation, especially the Dusuns of Pappar,
Kimanis and Bundu and when the Colony of Labuan was
founded, 1846, there was still a small trade in pepper with
those rivers. The Brunai Rajas, however, received their
revenues and taxes in this commodity and their exhorbitant
demands gradually led to the abandonment of its cultivation.

These rivers have since passed under the Government of
the British North Borneo Company, and in Bundu, owing
partly to the security now afforded to life and property and
partly to the very high price which pepper at present realizes

BRITISH BORNEO. 69

on account of the Dutch blockade of Achin — Achin having
been of late years the principal pepper-growing country — tlie
natives are again turning their attention to this article. ]
may remark here that the people of Bundu claim and shew
evidence of Chinese descent, and even set up in their houses
the little altar and joss which one is accustomed to see in
Chinamen's shops. The Brunai Malays call the Chinese Orang
Kina and evidence of their connection with Borneo is seen in
such names as Kina-batangan, a river near Sandakan on the
north-east coast, Kina-balu, the mountain above referred to,
and Kitta-benua, a district in Labuan. They have also left
their mark in the very superior mode of cultivation and irriga-
tion of rice fields on some rivers on the north-west coast
as compared with the primitive mode practised in other
parts of Northern Borneo. It is now the object of the Govern-
ments of Sarawak and of British North Borneo to attract
Chinese to their respective countries by all the means in their
power. This has, to a considerable extent, been successfully
achieved by the present Rija Brooku, and a large area of
his territory is now under pepper cultivation with a very
marked influence on the public revenues. This subject will
be again alluded to when I come to speak of British North
Borneo.

It would appear that Brunai was once or twice attacked by
the Spaniards, the last occasion being in 1645.* It has also
had the honour in more recent times, of receiving the atten-
tions of a British naval expedition, which was brought about
in this wise. Sir JamES, then Mr. BROOKE, had first visited
Sarawak in 1839 and found the district in rebellion against
its ruler, a Brunai Rdja named MUDA HaSSIM, who. being
a friend to the English, received Mr. BROOKE with cordiality-
Mr. Brooke returned to Sarawak in the following year and
this time assisted MUDA Hassi.M to put down the rebellion
and finally, on the 24th September. 1841, the Malay Rija

■ Captain RoDNEv Mundv. r. s.. states ihai id 1846 he captured nt Bninai
len i*rge Spanish brass guns, the longesl being 14 feel 6 inches, cast in the
time t^CHAKLEstll of Spain acd the most beautUul specimens of warkman-
»hip he h»d ever seen. CuAKt-es III reigned between 1759 and 1768.

BRITISH BORNEO.

retired from his position as Governor in favour of the English-
man.

The agreement to so transfer the Government was not
signed without the application of a little pressure, for we find
the following account of it in Mr. BROOKE'S Journal, edited
by Captain RODNEY MUNDY, R. N., in two volumes, and
published by John Murray in 1848: — " October 1st, 1841.
"Events of great importance have occurred during the last
"month. I will shortly narrate them. The advent of the
" Royalist and Swift and a second visit from the Diana
" on her return from Brunei with the shipwrecked crew of the
" Sultana, strengthened my position, as it gave evidence
"that the Singapore authorities were on the alert, and other-
" wise did good to my cause by creating an impression amongst
"the natives of my power and influence with the Governor of
" the Straits Settlements. Now, then, was my time for push-
" ing measures to extremity against my subtle enemy the
"arch-intriguer Makota." This Chief was a Malay hos-
tile to English interest, " 1 had previously made several
"strong remonstrances, and urged for an answer to a
"letter I had addressed to MuDA Hassim, in which I had
" recapitulated in detail the whole particulars of our agrec-
"ment, concluding by a positive demand either to allow
" me to retrace my steps by repayment of the sums which
'' he had induced me to expend, or to confer upon me the grant
"of the Government of the country according to his repealed
"promises; and 1 ended by stating that i( he would not do
" either one or the other I must find means to right myself.
"Thus did I, for the first time since my arrival in the land,
" present anything in the shape of a menace before the Rdja,
" my former remonstrances only going so far as to threaten to
"take away my own person and vessels from the river." Mr.
Brooke's demand for an investigation into MakotA'S con-
duct was politely shelved and Mr, BROOKE deemed "tlie
" moment (or action had now arrived. My conscience told me
'■ that 1 was bound no longer to submit to such injustice, and
"I was resolved to test the strength of our respective parties.
" Repairing on board the yacht, I mustered my people, explain-

1.^.

BRITISH BORNRO.

" cd my intentions and mode of operation, and having loaded
"the vessel's guns with grape and canister, and hrought hor
'■ broadside to bear. I proceeded on shore with a detachment
" fully armed, and taking up a position at the entrance of the
" Rija'spalacc, demanded and obtainedan immediate audience.
'■ In a few words I pointed out the villany of MakoTA, his
■' tyranny and oppression of all classes, and my determination
"to attack him by force, and drive him from the country. I
" explained to the Rdja that several Chiefs and a large body of
"Siniawan Dyaks were ready to assist me, and the only course
" left to prevent bloodshed was immediately to proclaim me
" Governor of the country. This unmistakeable demonstration
" had the desired effect » * * None

"joined the party of Makota. and his paid followers were not
■' more than twenty in number.

'■ Under the guns of the Royalist, and with a small body of
" men to protect me personally, apd the great majority of all
'■ classes with me, it is not surprising that the negotiation pro-
■' ceeded rapidly to a favourable issue. The document was
" quickly drawn up, sealed, signed, and delivered ; and on the
" 24th of September, 1841, I was declared R.ija and Governov
""of Sarawak amidst the roar of cannon, and a general display
" of flags and banners from the shore and boats on the river,"

This is a somewhat lengthy quotation, but the language
is so graphic and so honest that I need make no apologies for
introducing it and, indeed, il is the fairest way of exhibiting
Mr. Brooke's objects and reasons and is, moreover, interest-
ing as shewing under what circumstances and conditions the
first permanent English settlement was formed in Borneo.

Mr. Brooke concludes his account of his accession to the
Government in words that remind us of another unselfish
and modest hero — General GORDON. He says; — "Difficulty
'* followed upon difficulty ; the dread of pecuniaiy failure, the
"doubt of receiving support or assistance; this and much
" more presents itself to my mind. But I have lied myself to
■ the stake. I have heaped faggots around me. I stand
" upon a cask of gunpowder, and if others bring the torch I
" enall not shrink, I feel within me the firm, unchangeable

BRITISH BORNEO.

" conviction of doing right which nothing can shake. 1 see
■' the benefits 1 am conferring. The oppreBsed, the wretched,
" thu outlawed have found in me their only protector. They
" now hope and trust ; and they shall not be disappointed while
" 1 have life to uphold them, God has so far used me as a
" humble instrument of his hidden Providence ; and whatever
" be the result, whatever my fate, I know the example will
" not be thrown away, I know it lends to a good end in His
" own time. He can open a path for me through all difficulties,
" raise mc up friends who will share with me in the task,
" awaken the energies of the great and powerful, so that
" they may protect this unhappy people, 1 trust it may be so ;
" but if (iod wills otherwise ; if the lime be not yet arrived ; if it
" be the Almighty's wilt that the flickering taper shall be
" extinguished ere it be replaced by a steady beacon, I submit,
" in the firm and humble assurance that His ways are belter
" than my ways, and that the term of my life is better in His
" hands than in my own." On the ist August, 1842, thi.s
cession of Sarawak to Mr. BROOKE was confirmed by His
J Highness Sultan Omar Ali Saiiudin, under the Great Seal,
MuDA Hassim was the uncle of the Sultan, who was a sover-
eign of weak, vacillating disposition, at one time guided by
the advice of his uncle, who was the leader of the " English
party," and expressing his desire for the Queen's assistance
to put down piracy and disorder and olTering, in return, to
cede to the British the island of_Labuaiij at another following
his own natural inclinations and siding altogether with the
party of disorder, who were resolved 10 maintain affairs as
they were in the "good old limes," knowing that when the
reign of law and order should be established their day and
theirpower and ability to aggrandize and enrich themselves at
the expense of the aborigines and the common people would
come to an end. There is no doubt that Mr. Brooke him-
self considered it won Id be for the good of the country that
MUDA Hassim should be raised to the throne and the Sultan
certainlycnlerlaini'danotaltogctherill-foundcd dread ihat it was
intended to depose him in the lalter's favour, the more so
a large majority of the Brunai people were known to be in

was M

1 as ■

BRITISH BORNEO

interest. In the early part of 1S45 MuDA Hassim appears to
have been in favour with the Sultan, anil was publicly an*
nounted as successor to the throne with the title of Sultan
Muda (muda^yoang, the usual Malay title fur the heir appa-
rent to the Crowu).and thedoctimeot recognising the appoint-
ment of Mr. Brookk as the Queens Confidential Agent
in Borneo was wrilf-n in the name of the Sulian and ol
MlTDA Hassim conjointly, and concludes by raying that iIk
two writers express the hope that through the Queen's assist-
ance they will be enabled Ko settle the Govcnmrnt of boritro.
In April, 1846, however, Mr. Brooke received ihf startling
intelligence that in the December, or January pre»ious. the
Sultan had ordered the murder of his uncle Ml'DA HassIM
and of several of the Ritja's brothers and nobles of ht» party,
in all some thirteen R^jasand many of their followers. MuDA
Hassim, finding resistance useless, retreated to hi* boat
and ignited a cask of powder, but the explosion not killing
him. he blew his brains out with a pistol. His brother,
Pangeran Bldrudi.v, one of the most coliehtened nobles in
Brunai, likewise terminated bis existence by an explosion of
gunpowder. Representations being made to Sir TiiOMAS
Cochrane, the Admiral in command of ihe station, he pro-
ceeded in person to Borneo with a squadron of eight vessels,
including two steamers. The Sultan, foreseeing the punish-
roent thai was inevitable, erected some well-placed batteries
to defend his town. Unly the two steamers and one sailing
vessel of war, together with boats from the other vessels and
a force of six hundred men were able to ascend the river and.
such was the rotten state of the kingdom of Borneo I'roper
and so unwarlike the disposition of its degenerate people that
after firing a few shots, whereby two of the British force were
killed and a few wounded, the batteries were dcsertt^, the
Sultan and his followers fled to the jungle, and the capital
remained at the Admiral's disposition. Captain RODNEV
MUNDY, accompanied by Mr. BROOKE, with a force of five
hundred men was despatched in pursuit of His Highness, but
it is needless to add that, though the difhcullies of marching
through a trackless couDir)- under a tropical downpour of

74 BRITISH BORNEO.

rain were pluckily surmounted, it was found impossible to
come up with the Royal fugitive. Negotiations were subse-
ts quently entered into with the Prime Minister, Pangeran
^ MUMIM, an intelligent noble, who afterwards became Sultan,
and on the 19th July, 1846, the batteries were razed to the
ground and the Admiral issued a Proclamation to the effect
that hostilities would cease if the Sultan would return and
govern lawfully, suppress piracy and respect his engagements
with the British Government ; but that if he persisted in his
evil courses the squadron would return and burn down the
capital. The same day Admiral COCHRANE and his squa-
dron steamed away. It is perhaps superfluous to add that this
was the first and the last time that the Brunai Government
attempted to try conclusions with the British, and rn the
followmg year a formal treaty was concluded to which
reference will be made hereafter.

( To be continued. )

NOTES ON NAMES OF PLACES IN THE

ISLAND OF SINGAPORE AND

ITS VICINITY.

IAPS the following notes oa come of the oaines
'places in the isUnd of Singapore and its imme-
diate neighbourhood, may not be nithont tniercst
to the readers o( the Joomal, in Sing^apore the
populatioo is conlinoally chaoging and, a» ibe old
Malay inhabitant." have for the mc^t part died out
or migrated, it is probable that, before very tonft. the names
of places may become corrupted {as •ome already have been)
almost be^-ond recc^nition. That this should be the case is
not surpruing when we consider the various nationaliiies that
have settled down in the island (or purposed of trade and roiD-
merce, and how f<.\> »od scattered are the remnants of the
old Malay seitiers and the remnants of the aborigin;.! " Orang
Laut." It will douhtJcss seem to Malay »cholar» to be super-
fluous to notice the meanings of sc-me of the names, but my
object has been to write (or the information of thuse who,
although thpy are not thoroughly conversant with Malay,
yet are dtsposL-d to take an intelligent inirrest in the subject.
1 have confined myself in these notes to the names of
places in the Settlement of Singapore, but I may perhaps
instance two cases in which ihe names of places in Johor
territory have become curiously corrupted. There is a place
on the shores of the Old Straits near Lcnduyong ctlled
Janggut Ma' Dudok. This figures in the Government map of
the island (1885) as "Jaman Dulu" and in the charts as
'' Jaman Dudu. ' ' Again, there is the point known to Malays as

76 NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE,

Tanjon^ Penyusok, and to us {rom our school geographies as
Point Roumania. In KeauK'S Eas/ern Geography \l is caWed
" Romania," in the map of the Malay Peninsula {1887) " Tan-
jong Ram<?nia," and in the charts and Sailing Directions it is
written indifferently as "Ramunia" and " Rumania." There
are d^ingerous shoals to thp seaward of the point called by the
same name, but the spelling varies in every instance. The fact
of the matter is the name of Roumania, or whatever it is, is
based on a misconception. There is an island called Pulau
Rumfnta about two miles West of Tanjong Penyusok and
opposite to it on the mainland is a large kampon^ called
Kampong Rumenia. The name applied to the point — Ramu-
nia, Roumania or Rumania — is evidently a corruption of Rum(5-
nta, and the name has been applied to a place to which it
never belonged. Rumenia is the well known fruit-bearing
tree Bonea vikropkytla.

Ayer Gemi4ruh^=" babbling waters." Gemdruh is from

"gijroh."
Ayer Simak. "SSmak" (or samar} is a kind of tree, the

bark of which is used in dyeing and tanning.
Bajati^" A pirate." (From Battak " Bajo" an attack?)
Batu Koyok. A patch of rocks near Pulau Tekong.

" Koyok" or " kuyu " is " a pariah di)g."
Bedok or Sa-bedok=" the drum of a mosque."
Berhala Kdping. A curiously shaped rock at the entrance
to Selat Singki. " Bcrhdla"* {pronounced BerSla) is
"an idol," and I am informed that " K^ping" is the
Orang l-aut pronunciation of " Keping." the numeral
affix. This appendix of Raping, however, is not very
satisfactory, and it has been suggested to me by Mr.
D, F. A. HeRVEY that it is probably "Raping," to guard,
hence the name, the idol being supposed to watch the
entrance to the strait.
Biting Klisah=" the dangerous sand-bank." " Kusah" is
a variant of " Susah."

r.g., Vareiia Stra
Pahang Coait.

NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE.

Blikang=i3L kind of flsh.

Buran Darat. The coral patch to the N.E. of Blakang

Mati. " Buran " ts a kind of sea-anemone of a light

gretn colour and is eaten by the Chinese.
Bukit Gemia. Mount Imbeah in Blakang Mati, " Gemia"

is the sago-palm, a variant of " Rembfa. "
Bukit Scr&pon^. "Serapong"is possibly from " Apong "

"drift wood," but the formation is doubtful.
Gilang. This is probably the plant gelang pasir (Portu-

laca oleracea). There is another plant, gelang laut

{Sesuvium pustulacastrum).
Kalang, "a roller, skid" for launching vessels. The B€du-

anda KiJang, a tribe of the Orang Laul, took their

name from the river.
Kalang PiiJing- "Pudiog" is probably the shrub with

variegated leaves (Justicia picta),
Kampong Glam. The glam tree (Melaleuca leucadendron).
Kampong K6pit. The village in Blakang Mali sometimes

called Sclat Singki. " Kopit "■=." narrow, contracted."
Kampong Pangk&lan Paku. " Fangkilan " {from " Pang-

kal") "landing place;" " Paku "=a generic name

for (ern.
Kampong Pertn&tang. " Perrndtang" is " rising ground,"

"a long ridge" derived from " Batang."
Kampong Renggam. (i) — " Uenggam " or " Ranggam " a

thorny plant growing on low land. Its fruit can be

eaten, and ataps are sometimes made out of its leaves.

The plant is like the Kelubi. (2) — " Renggam "^an

instrument for cutting pad).
Kandang Kerhau^" buffalo pen." Sometimes wrongly

written " Kampong Kerbau."
Kranjt. A tree (Dialium indicum).
Lebong Ackeh. This is a hollow or cutting ( " lebong " ) in

the sandy beach near Cbangi Point as if a large boat

had been hauled up there. The ston,- is that one of the

Achinese ships that attacked Johor was beached there

tor repairs. Compare Mr. Hervey's note on " Prigi

Acheh," p. 168 of Journal No. 11,

'8 NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE.

Loyafig. " Brass " according to Favre. Perhaps the place
is so called from the colour of the water.

Pastr Pelikat. i.e., Pasir Orang Pel6kat. "Pel^kat"=
Pulicat, the place in India.

Pasir Ris. Perhaps this is a contraction for Pasir Iris
( " iris "=to shred). I have heard the word pronounced
as Pai^Iris by an old resident.

Pinang Rawang. " Rawang" is a "swamp" or "quaking
bog."

Pulau A}cr Chnwan. Pulau Ayer Limau. Pulau Ayer
Merbau. These three islands are close together.
"Chawan" is "a cup" or "basin;" "Merbau" is
a tree (Atzelia palembanica).

Pulau Blakang Af at i^" Ae^A-ha.ck island," so called from
the sterility of ihe soil on the hills.

Pulau Brant. Properly^" Pulau Ayer Brani," as it is still
written on the chart.i. The island is so called from a
well at the lop of the hill, the water of whith was sup-
posed to have potent qualities. There used to be a
" Kolam." or tank, formed out of the natural rock on
Ihe Tanjong Pagar side of the island which received
the overflow from the well and in which people used
to bathe, The remains of this tank can still be seen.
Pulau Biikum. " Bukum " is said to be the same as
"Hukum," and there is a tradition that the Raja used
to try cases in the island, hence the name, probably
through ihe intcrmediaie form " berhukum."
Pulau Damar Laut. " Damar Laut" is the tree " Vatica
russak," "Damar Laut," however, is the name also
given to another tree (Canarium).
Pulau Jong. "Junk Island," a small island ol a conical
shape to the North of Pulau Sekingand Pulau Sebdrok.
The story is that Malay pirates one night attacked a
Chinese junk, which was anchored where the island now
is, and just as the Malays got alongside, theNakhodah
of the junk awoke. On seeing the pirates, through ter-
ror, he uttered such a frightful yell that the sea-spirit
turned the junk into an island much to the consterna-

NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE.

tion of the Malays.

Putau Khatib Bongsu. " Khatib ":=" a preaiher," " Bong-
su"^")nungest-born," hcnce=the island of a person
of that name. This name has been fearEully corrupted
in charts and maps, figuring as " Kitch Bungsee,"
" KiU Bangsa," &c.

Pulati Merambong. " Rambong" is the kind of basket used
by Uugis in Singapore for carrying pine-apple in, but
Mr. D. F. A. Hervey suggests that the name is pro-
bably derived from the plant called " anibong-ambong,"
a seaside shrub with a white flower.

Pulau Misemut. Derived from ■' Sc-miit " (ants).

Pulau Miskol. " Miskol " is the larger kind of water-vessel
made from the coco-nut shell, and has a narrow orifice.
The ■' Gayong " is shallower and is the half shell. Com-
pare Terumbu Gayong, a shoal not far from the island.
The ordinary form of the word is ''Sekol' and the "Mi"
in this and the other word (Misemut) would seem to
be an affix peculiar to the bhasa Orang Laut.

Pulau Pesek. " Pesek " is a Bugis word meaning coins with
holes in the middle. Compare " Pitis " and " Pichis."

Pulau Rennet. " Renget " is the sand-fly (agas-agas). and
signifies " mosquito " in some aboriginal dialects. It
is also the name of a fresh water shell.

Pulau Sii-Kijang Bandera. Sa-Kijang Peli-fiaA=St. John's
Island West and St. John's Island East, respectively.
St. John's, as pointed out by Mr. W. E. Maxwell, is
a corruption of " Sa-Kijang." SS-Kijang Bandi^ra is so
called because there used to be a flagstaif there before
it was moved to Mount Faber. In the map of the
island (1^*85) " Bandera" is corrupted with " Berak " !
" Petepah " are the fronds of a palm. These islands
are supposed to be two roe-deer at which the " spear-
reef" (Tcrijmbu S^Iigi) off Blakang Mali is being
aimed.

Sa-ranggong. "Ranggong" is a kind of bird about the

size of the adjutant and its description is as follows: —

Black on back and white on breast, neck long, bill

8o NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE.

long and sharp, crest grey. The feet are not webbed.

Pulau ^ebtirus, '* Seburus " is a sort of fruit-bearing tree
that grows in mangrove swamp.

Pulau Semulun. " Semulun " is the name of a tribe of the
"Orang Laut." The name is wrongly written as
'*Sembilan" on the Government Map (1885).

Pulau Suber, ** Suber " is a kind of tree out of the bark of
which cord is made.

Pulau Sudong, A beautiful little island surrounded by a
coral reef. " Sudong " is said to be the same as "Tu-
dong" (a cover), so called from the shape of the island
with the reef round it.

Pulau Tekong. ** Tekong "='*an obstacle" so called
because the island blocks the mouth of the Johor River.

Pulau Ubin, " Ubin " according to Favre is Javanese, and
means "squared stone.*' The island is so called from
the granite quarries.

Sa rang /^imau=^** The tiger's den." This is the western
end of Blakang Mati, apparently the place where Fort
Siloso now is. " Salusuh " is a kind of herb used as a
remedy in childbirth, but I have no idea how the fort
came to be so called, as the Orang Laut of Kampong
Kopit only know the place by the name of Sarang
Rimau.

Silat Singki, The narrow strait between Pulau Brani and
Blakang Mati. The charts wrongly give the name to
the Selat Pandan. ** Singki " probably=** Sengkil " or
'* Singkir "=sharp-edged. At Penang the word means
'* set on edge" (of the teeth), hence perhaps it is meta-
phorically applied to the difficulties of the passage.
*' Sengkil " is also the name of a plant.

Selat Tebrau. " T^brau " is a kind of large fish. The word
also signifies a large kind of grass like prairie-grass.

Sungei Berth. ** BSrih " is the variety of the red fish with
the black head.

Sunget Ber6nok, " A kind of sea-worm " (Favre).

Sungei Jelutong. " Jelutong " is a gutta-bearing tree
(Dyera costulata).

NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE. 8 1

Sungei PerSpok. " Per6pok "=" brambles," " thorns."

Sungei Ponggol. " Ponggol"="astumpo(atree" especial-
ly "a high stump." Compare " Punggor." It has been
suggested to me that the word is Tamil (Poakal, "the
feast of the boiling nee," celebrated when the sun
enters the sign of Capricorn), but the word is clearly
Malay and not Tamil.

Stingei Sa-rimbun. " Rimbun " is "luxuriant." " in great
quantity," "thick."

SuKgei Selhar. A tribe of the Orang Laut (Orang Sel^tar),
who formerly lived there, took its name from the river.
See Journal Indian Archipelago, Vol. I. p. 302.

Sttngei Tampines. "Tampines" is the well-known timber
tree (Sloctia sideroxylon).

Sungei Ti'baa. "Teban"^" to bet," "to stake an equal
amount,"

Sungei Tembuan. "T^mbuan" or"Tebuan"^" a hornet."

Sungei Tengek- " Tengek "=" the rank smell of things
cooked in oil and kept a long time."

Sungei Tuas. "Tuas"="to chop in two pieces," also

"to raise by leverage." "to support."
Tanjong Attiar or Aur. " Awar " (Aur) is the large kind of
bamboo (Dcndrocalamus), This is the point known
as St James' in the New Harbour.

Tanjong Malang, or " Malay Spit." " Malang" in naviga-
tion means "a black rock," and the name is given to
Ihe patch of rocks running out to seaward from Fort
Palmer. Ihis is the place where Sir STAMFORD Raf-
fles hung in chains ihe body of Syed Yasin. the man
who stabbed Colonel Fakquhar, the story of which
is told by ABDULLAH in his " Hikaiat,"
Tanjo'ig Mengkuang. "Mengkijang" is the well-known
thorny plant out of which kajangs and mats are made.
Tanjong Afernwaiig. " Merawang" means " ragged," " full
of holes " and the point is so called from its appearance.
The word is derived from ■' Rawang," "a bog." This
point is wrongly marked both in the charts and the
Government Map (1885}. In the charts Tanjong

82 NAMES OF PLACES IN SINGAPORE.

MSrawang is called Tanjong Kampong, evidently from

a confusion with Tanjong Karang the next point.
The point marked as Tanjong MSrawang in the

charts is really Tanjong Tuas.
Tanjong Pagar. I presume this name was given on

account of the Wharf. The old name of the place is

S^lintar.
Tanjong Ru, " Ru " is the Casuarina littoria.
Tanjong Selinsing, " Selinsing ^' is a kind of fish about

six inches long. It is also a jungle variety of the

Pandanus.
Tanjong Teregeh. "Teregeh" I imagine to be a corrup-
tion of the native name of the place Terita. **Terita'*

is the small kind of cuttle fish. ** Teregeh " is neither

English nor Malay, as far as I know.
Telok Batu, "Baru" is a species of Hibiscus, and the

word is, I think, correctly written **baru'' and not

" bharu" (new).
Tilok Saga, **Saga'* a kind of bean, Abrus peccatorius

or Adenanthus pavonina.

Chinese Names.

Ang Mo Kto, lit., *'The red-haired [i.e,, European) bridge."
Toa Pay oh. " Toa " is " big '* and " Pay oh " is the Chinese

form of " Paya" the Malay word meaning a *^swamp."
Chan Chu Kang, &*c, Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang,

&c., apparently mean the river (Kang) of the Chan

Chu, the Choa Chu tribe, &c.

;:. - H. T. HAUGHTON.

JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANG, &C.

WITH

H. E. THE GOVERNOR.
Auguil, lyih to 27th, iSSg.

Started from Singapore in the Sea Belle at 4.45
P.M. on Saturday, the 17th August. Reached Pulau
Tioman before daylight on the i8th. Put into a
bay on the S. E. side of the island, but, owing to
the heavy swell, had to go on to Nipah Bay on
the western side.
The Island of Tioman is hilly, very rocky, and heavily
wooded. We landed at Nipah Bay soon after 6 a.m., and
returned on board soon after 9 a.m. At the spot where we
landed there is a small Malay Settlement called Kampong
Nipah. The beach !s sandy, with a large admixture of coral
detritus. Beyond high-water mark, the beach is covered with
grass and a variety of plants, the most conspicuous being the
Goat's-foot Convolvulus. Beyond the beach, and running
parallel with the sea-line, is a creek twenty to thirty feet
wide, discharging into the sea at the base of a hitl about a
couple of hundred yards to the south of where we landed.
The ground commences to rise almost immediately behind
this creek. The whole place is heavily wooded, and every-
where there crop up boulders, of all sizes and shapes, of
granite. There are a good number of coco-nut trees, but
they appear to have been badly attacked by beetles. There
was one splendid grove of durian trees, and many others
scattered about the kampong. I noticed also several lime-
trees, one with a large number of unripe fruit on it.

Of birds, mammals, reptiles and insects, I saw hardly any-
thing. Of birds, lonly sawonesnipet {Triitgoides kypoleuats),

84 JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANG.

and a few specimens of the Eastern pied robin [Copsychus
jnusicus), I heard some hornbills flying overhead, but could
not see them, and so could not determine the species. I saw
also a few pigeons, but could not obtain a shot. I only actually
procured two specimens of the red-headed tailor-bird [Sutorius
rujiceps)y and two specimens of the common Malayan sun-
bird [Ctnyris malaccensis). These latter were moulting and
not fit for preserving.

Of mammals, I obtained one specimen of the common
squirell (Sciurus atrodor salts) y and I saw a few small bats,
which I failed to obtain.

I did not see any reptiles, and of insects the best thing I
got was about a dozen specimens of a Caddis-fly {Trichoptera
sp. ?), These I obtained over a small stream that came down
behind the village. The butterflies I observed were the com-
mon species of Singapore, the most common being Papilio
polytes and Danais vulgaris. Of these, I obtained specimens,
as well as a few small blues belonging to the Lycenediae.

In the stump of an old coco-nut tree examined by Mr.
Ridley we obtained one perfect specimen of the coco-nut
weevil (Rhyacophilus ferrugeneus)^ and a number of its co-
coons, and a few cockroaches. Mr. Ridley, also obtained for
me, from a stream up which he worked, some specimens of a
small fresh-water shrimp.

Flying about over the sea I noticed a number of terns
{Sterna melananchen)^ a few gulls, probably the laughing
gull [Xena ridibunda)^ and a noddy {A nous sfolidus).

Soon after getting on board we commenced to steam along
the western side of the island, keeping close inshore. The
appearance of the island was much the same throughout,
being heavily wooded, with indications of existing or aban-
doned kampongs.

VVe arrived off Kwala Pahang in the afternoon, and went
ashore soon after, and met Mr. Rodger and Mr. Wise.

Almost as soon as we landed, a drizzling rain set in, which
continued more or less the whole time we were ashore, so
that it was almost impossible to obtain any specimens. All
I obtained was one tailor-bird and one edible-nest swiftlet

JOURNAL Ot A TRIP TO CAHANC. 85

(Coilocalia sfiodiopygia). I saw a number o( other birds, but
as they were all of the common species obtainable at any
time in Singapore, 1 contented myself with merely noting
I their occurrence.

At 7.45 on ihc morning of Monday, the 19th, we started
for Pekan, two boats being tow.-d by the sleam launch.
"Ihe river was very winding and full o( sand-banlcs, so that
, the journey look more than two hours, immediately after
i breakfast, about 11 a.m., Mr. Rtdlkv and I sUrted to collect.
The country in the immediate vicinity of Pekan is quite
flat, the plains being covered with short grass. Here and
there the ground is more or less swampy, the swampy ground
is everywhere covered with clumps of the palm from which the
sticks known at "Penang Lawyer" is obtained. On the higher
and drier ground, are larger or smaller patches of scrub or sec-
ondary jungle, and occasionally a Malay house, surrounded
with plantain, durian, and other fruit trees, is met with. Far
in the distance could be seen heavy forest, but within many
miles of Pekan nearly all the larger forest has been felled.

Birds and insects were not very numerous, and, as ai

Pulau Tioman, they appeared to be only of the commoner

species found on the western side of the islands. Tlie bird

that was most numerous was the little while-headed finch

(Munia maya). Of these I found several new nests, but

I Mr. Ridley was fortunate in finding one with four fresh eggs.

The yellow-wattled myna {Euiabes Javanemis) and the

metallic starling [Calorut's chalyh^us) were also common

I heard and saw at a distance several parties of the common

Malayan hornbiil {Hydrocissa convexa). Omar Kha.v,

Government Peon, shot a specimen of the lesser serpent

eagle {Spiiornis bacha), which he gave me for the Museum.

Green pigeons were not uncommon, but seemed to consist of

I but one species (Osmotreron j'ernaris). The above were the

most noticeable birds, and 1 saw nothing else duringourlhree

I days' stay in Pekan worth recording, 1 forgot to mention

I that the common Indian black raven or corby (Cofvus ma-

I erorkynchus) was very common, and the maroon kite [Haiias-

1 tur I'ndus) was frequently seen.

;

JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANG,

On the evening of Tuesday, the 20th, I accompanied His
Excellency across the river, landing a few miles above Pekan.
The country here was flat, the soil sandy, and everywhere
covered with bushes, and fringed with secondary jungle.
Here the green pigeon (0. vernatts) was very numerous,
(lying overhead, in parties of five to ten or more, back and
forwards between the clumps of jungle. The best bird
I obtained while at Pekan was a specimen of Raffles hawk
ovi\ {Minox scutulata). This bird had flown into the room
the night before our arrival, and had been captured by Mr.
Owen. It had died during the night, and had been thrown
away, but on hearing about it, 1 searched and found it. It
was not injured as to its plumage, and has made a very fine
specimen, the only one we at present have in the Museum.

I obtained specimens of all the butterflies and other insects
that I possibly could, but, as before mentioned, they were
all of the common forms obtainable on the western side of
Peninsula.

At 3.30 P.M. on Wednesday, the 21st, we left Pekan, and
arrived off Tringganu early next morning. A delay occurred
in landing, as a Dato had lo be sent ashore to make arrange-
ments for the reception of His Excellency the Governor.
After breakfast we started, and on landing at the (own Mr.
Ridley and I started at once to look for collecting ground.
The only bit of likely ground in sight was the hill on which
the fort was placed, but we were not allowed to ascend this,
so we cro.-ised the river and landed on a narrow spit of sand,
sparsely covered with vegetation, which consisted chiefly of
the Madagascar perriwinkle. Though apparently (air ground
for botanizing, it yielded nothing zoologically. Al! I got was a
rare butterfly {Pnpilio tlyti'a) and a number of small bivalves
that had been left stranded on the beach.

The town of Tringganu is very thickly populated, the nnm-
ber of women and children being remarkable. The women
there and at Kelantan are not shy, and mingle freely with
the men. At a small market that was being held, the sales '
were being conducted by women. I noticed in several places
in the town large quantities of salted limes put out in the

JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANG.

sun to dry. so this fruit is evidently largely produced. Coco-
nuts, too, were numerous, and are largely exported to Siam.
The coco-nut trees from Tringganu northwards do not
seem to be attacked by beetles. Fishing seems lo be the
great occupation of the place, and on the morning of our
arrival we passed through a fleet of over a hundred boat^
standing out to sea, each boat having from eight to ten men.
The Chinese, of whom there are several hundred in the town,
arc kept to the further end of the town, and not allowed to
mingle with the Mahomcdan population.

We arrived off Kelantan early on the morning of the 23rd
(Friday). Soon after anchoring, the Dato started in the
steam launch to make the necessary arrangements for the
reception of His Esccllencj", but it was nearly dark before he
returned ; in consequence we were detained the entire day on
board, and were unable to land. Being unable to land, we
started dredging by dragging a bucket along ihe length of
the ship and then carefully washing the bucket-full of dark
tenacious clay so obtained. A number of small shells were
obtained, mostly dead, one fine specimen alive, of a beautiful
star-lish {Ophtocema sf. ?), but so brittle that, before it could
be safely stowed away in spirit, it had become imperfect.
We also got half-a-dozen specimens of a Holothurus or sea
slug, small but apparently adult.

At 8 A.M. next morning {Saturday, 24th} His iLxcellency
started for Kelantan, Mr. Ridley and 1 following in the
whale-boat very soon after. We sailed up the river, and first
landed at a kampong, but did not obtain much. We then
landed on a low sandy and marshy island, covered for the
most part wiih a sedge, in which 1 saw specimens of the while-
breasted water-hen {Erythra phcenkura) and the banded rail
[Rallus striatus), a small sedge warbler (Coslicola c.vi/is),
and the lesser coucal [Cctitrococcyx bengalensis). 1 here
also got, on some small flowering shrubs, a number of
good insects, the best being a green fly {Stilbum) which
will not unlikely prove to be an undcscribed species.
At present only two species of this genus are recorded from
these parts {Stilbum spUndidum and S. occulata), and it is

88 JOURNAL Ul- A IKIP TO PAHANG.

neither of these. I also obtained specimens of several species
of wasps. After leaving the island, we proceeded a couple of
miles further up the river, where there was a small kamponf;.
The place looked, and proved, a good collecting-ground, both
zoologically and botanically. The country was flat, chiefly
paddy-land, but now dry, margined with strips of secondary
forest, and, on the higher and drier parts, everywhere dotted
with clumps of bamboo.

The first bird 1 got was a line female of one of the serpent
eagles {Spilornis rutherfordi). 1 also noticed a flock of
the pink-breasted parroqueet {Pal^ornisfasciatus)- Vultures
(Pst'utfagy/is deaga/ens/s) were also common, A few Indian
ravens were seen, but they were not so numerous as at Pekan.
No snakes were seen here or at any other place visited, but
at this kampong 1 shot two lizards — one a species of Varanus.
which I have not yet identified, and the other a burrowing
. lizard feeding on vegetable substances, and which will pro-
bably prove to be Liolepis guttatus or a closely-aftined
species. A few insects were obtained at this spot, but none
calling far particular notice.

Kelantan differs considerably from Triiigganu, in that at
the latter place fishing seems to be the chief industr)'. The
manufacture of sarongs, krisses, &c., is largely carried on,
while to agriculture but small attention seems to be paid.
At Kelantan it is different, the people being apparently chicHy
agriculturists, paddy and coco-nuts being extensively grown,
Indian corn and tobacco to a lesser extent, and such minor
products as croton and castor-oil seeds are not overlooked.
Buffaloes and cattle are numerous, and the sheep are sheep,
not the miserable hybrid-looking animals called sheep in
Tringganu and Pckan, Poultry is abundant, and fine largo
fowls cost about live cents each. Fishing is carried on to
only a small extent, and sarongs, krisses, &c. are not made,
these being imported from Tringganu. In Kelantan, as in
Tringganu, the women, though Mahomedans, mingle freely
with the men, and are not in the least shy. The inhabitants.
very markedly show the admixture of Siamese blood, and
this is specialty noticeable ia the women, who are above the

JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANC.

average height o( the Malays, some indeed being very tall,
and men, women, and children, instead of, like the Malays,
being shy, retiring, and silent, are vivacious, talkative, and
rather forward.

The banks of the Kelantan River are very beautiful; the
admixture of coco-nuts and clump* of bamboos, with stretches
of bright green paddy, with a back ground of dark forest,
makes a pretty picture, 'i'he coinage differs from Pahang,
consisting only of the silver dollar and small circular tin coins,
about the size of, but not so thick as a cent with a hole in the
centre. Five hundred of these coins are the equivalent of
a dollar. Copper cents, or the smaller silver parts of a dollar,
are not accepted.

Got back to the steamer about noon, and left in the after-
noon for the Cht-ranting River, where we arrived at 8 A. M,the
next morning (Sunday, the 25th).

The river is situated at the head of a fine bay, but is a
miserably small stream, with its mouth completely blocked up
with fallen trees, and with only sufficient water to float a dug-
out drawing but a few inches of water. Landed on the right
bank just at the entrance of the stre^m, and stayed a short
time on shore. Tracks of game, such as deer, pigs, tiger, and
peacock, were numerous along the beach, but we did not
actually see anything. I obtained two shore plover, which
were interesting, shewing as they did the remains of the
nifous breeding plumage. One was the larger shore plover
{yEgia/t/is f;eoffroyi], the other the lesser shore plover
{^gialilix mongola). The most northern point where these
birds have been found breeding is in Siberia, on the banks of
the Yenesei.

After lunch started for ihe Rumpin River, fifiy miles south
of Cheranting. and twenty to the north of the Endau River,
the boundary lit-twcen Johor and Pahang. Anchored about
7 P.M.. off the mouth and about four miles from shore.

On Mond.'iy, the ^6th, at 5.30 p. M.. steamed close in to
shore, and landed on the right bank, where a Police Statipn'
\-i being t-rccted. His Excellency and Mr RODGER pfo-'
ceeded up the river to the Settlement, about twenty minutes"

JOURNAL OF A TRIP TO PAHANG.

steam in the launch. This was quite the best collecting-
ground I had met with ; birds were numerous, and the sandy
soil round the new station was full of the burrowing lizards
{Liolepis). I obtained six fine specimens. Of birds, I got four
specimens of the beautiful tree swifts {Dendrockelidoii comatus
and D. longipennis). I also got male and female of an
aberrant cuckoo [Pha-nicopkaes crytkrognathus). The plu-
mage in both sexes of this species is alike, but the irides of
the male are pale blue, those of the female bright yellow.
1 obtained also a number of other species of birds.

We returned to the steamer about lo A.M., and started
almost immediately back for Kwala Fahang, where we arrived
at 5 P. M,, and there Mr. RODGKR left to return. We then
steamed south en route for Singapore, where we arrived at
9.20 A. M. on Tuesday.

The coast-line between the Cheranting and Rompin Rivers
is very fine, the hills coming in many cases to the water's
edge, and tier above tier rising away into the interior. In
some cases the hills that we could see in the far distance must
have been from eight to ten thou.sard feet high. On Pulau
Tioman and in the Rumpin River mangrove was met with,
but the olher places visited seemed to be free from it. The
beach, or rather only that portion of it covered during the N.E.
monsoon, was covered with pumice-stone. In many places, as
at Cheranting and Rumpin, the pieces were often about six
inches across.

At Tringganu, on the beach, His Kxcellency the Governor
collected a number of the shells af an oyster. These are so
delicate and translucent that at first I mistook them for the
scales of a large fish. They are small, barely two inches across,
but as pearly on the outer as on the inner surface. His Ex-
cellency has kindly given me for the Museum the best pair he
collected.

It was rather remarkable that during the entire trip no land
snake was mot with; a few sea snakes were seen.

'.Singapore, 20th August, s88^.

Wm. DAVISON,

Secretary. Rnffla Library and Mus

LIST OF THE BIRDS

OF THE

BORNEAN GROUP OF ISLANDS

A. H. EVERETT, c.M.z.s.

NOTE.

•

HE only complete lists of the Birds of Borneo and
its adjacent islands hitherto published appear to be
the well known " Catalogo Sistematico degli Uccelli
di Borneo" of Count Salvadori and a *' Liste des
Oiseaux de Borneo" by M. Vordeman. The first
named work* appeared as the fourteenth volume of
the Annals of the Civic Museum of Genoa in 1874,
and although still indispensable to students of Indo-Malayan
ornithology, it has now fallen out of dale in many important
respects, while the list of M. VoRDEMAN is simply a catalogue
of titles without references, brought out at Batavia in 1886,
and it also is already out of date. Such being the case, I
have endeavoured, in the following list, to compile a fresh
catalogue of all the species of birds authentically recorded up
to the present date as inhabiting or visiting the Bornean
group of islands, with the object of providing a provisional
hand-list to be of temporary use to field collectors and others
until material shall have been so far further accumulated as
to enable some competent ornithologist to take up the Bor-
nean avifauna and treat it in an exhaustive manner. This
cannot be done until more adequate series of authentic Bor-

LIST OF lilRDS OF BORNEO.

nean specimen? of many of tlie species are available for
study, and until the eastern, south-western, and central dis-
tricts of Borneo itself, and a proportion of the outlying islets
intervening between it and the Philippines, Celebes, Java, &c.,
together with the mounlaiTisof Palawan, have been worked by
collectors.

The area of the Bornean group may be defined for the
purposes of this list by a line which, starting from a point
mimediatcly to the west of St. Julian I. in the Tambelan
Archipelago and being drawn to the south of the Great
Natuna, passes northward of Labuan, and follows thence the
loo-fathoni line so as to embrace Batabac, Palawan (Paragua),
the Calamianes, and the Cuyo islands, and, returning along
the same line of soundings on the southern side of Palawan,
is drawn immediately to the eastward of the islands of Caga-
yan Sulu and Sibutu — whence it is continued through the
Macassar Straits south of the Paternoster, Lauriot (Laoel
Ketjil} and Solombo islets, and in a north-westerly direction
up through the Carimata Strait back to the island of St.
Julian.

In thus attempting to define the area within which the
adjacent smaller islands may be regarded as being afl!iliated
zoologically to Borneo, there exists no guide, in many cases,
beyond their greater proximity to the latter island than to the
oilier neighbouring large masses of land by which they are
surrounded, and the evidence afforded by the soundings
shown on our Admiralty Charts. The limits above adopted
must, therefore, be looked upon as being in some degree ap-
proximate. But as there arc no islands of considerable size
of which the fauna is wholly unknown, except the Great
Natuna, bordering upon the line of delimitation, it is not pro-
bable that any material extension or contractions of the boun-
dary here assumed for the Bornean group will be necessi-
tated by the results of future field-work.

The present list and its arrangement being of a provisional
and tentative character, no attempt has been made to compile
a complete synonymy of the species enumerated. Such re-
ferences as are given arc only suRicient, as a general rule, to

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 93

serve as authority for the title which I have adopted, and for
the inclusion of the species in the Bornean avifauna. For
the same reason, all field-notes are excluded, with the excep-
tion that the distribution of each species within the limits of
the Bornean group is noted so far as is at present feasible.

As many of the localities indicated do not appc-ar on the
accompanying maps, I may mention that Matang. Sirambu.
Jambusan, Puak, Bidi, Busau, Paku and Buntal are all with-
in a radius of 15 miles of the town of Kuching in Sarawak ;
Marintaman, Mengalong, Kalias and Lumbidan are on the
coast of Borneo immediately opposite Labuan ; Sigalind and
Gomanton are in the vicinity of Sandakan in North-east
Borneo; Kupang, Kuala Kapoeas, Tumbang iliang. Telang,
Tamiang, Rangas, Meratus Mountains and Lihong Hahaja are
in the South-east portion of the island. The hjcality Kuala
Kapoeas is not to be confounded with the great river called
Kapoeas, which debouches on the west coast of Borneo, and
on which the town of Pontianak is situated.

No family of birds is exclusively confined to the Bornean
g^oup, and but few genera even are peculiar. Allocotops,
Chlocharis, Androphilus and Ptilopyga among the Time-
liidz; Tricophoropsis and Orcoctistes among the Brachypo-
didse; Pityriasis (?) among the Laniidse; Chlainydochfpra
among the Campophagidae; Heteroscops dimon^f^ the Haboni'i;e;
Lobiophasis among the Phaxianida:; and Hcrmatortyx among
the Tetraonidae. These all appear to he peculiar to th'! inland
of Borneo alone ; while we h'dxft Ft iiocichl a amon^ the I i-
meliidae and Z?r)Y?r(?rf>'A' among the Cocobidae rcstrid'rd a;>jja-
rently to the Palawan sub-group. Of the species, however.
a considerable proportion seem to be exclusively confined to
the group, as will be observed from the following enumi-ra-
tion, in which those which are restricted to the Palawan sub-
group are distinguished by the prefix of an asterisk : —

1 Cettia oreophila 5 Brachypteryx erjthro-

2 Merula seebohmi pyg^

3 Geocichla aurata 6 Copsychus niger

4 Myiophoreusborneensis 7 Cittocincla suavis

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

8 Cittocincla stricklandi
*9 „ nigra

lo Henicurus borneensis
Ti Phyllergatescinereicollis

12 Burnesia superciliaris

13 Garrulax schistochlamys

14 Rhinocichla treacheri

15 Allocotops calvus

16 Stachyris borneensis

17 Cyanoderma bicolor

18 Chlocharis aemiliae

19 Androphilus accentor

20 Malacopterum cinereo-

capillum

21 Staphidia everetti

22 Herpornis brunescens

23 Mixornis borneensis

24 ,, cagayaenensis

25 „ montana
*26 ,, woodi

27 Turdinus canicapillus
*28 ,, rufifrons

29 ,, atrigularls

30 Drymocataphus capis-

tratoides

31 Ptilopyga rufiventris

32 ,, leucogram-
mica

"*^33 Ptilocichla falcata
**'34 Anuropsis cinereiceps

35 Corythocichla crassa

36 Turdinulas exsul

37 Orthnocichla white-

headi
*38 lole striaticeps

39 Hemixus connectens

40 Criniger diardi

42 Criniger ruficrissus
*43 ,, palawanensis

44 Tricopboropsis typus

45 Oreoctistes leucops
'**"46 Pyconotus cinereifrons

47 Rubigula paroticalis

48 ,, montis

49 Chloropsis viridinucha

50 ,, kinabalu-

ensis
*5i ,, palawanensis

'**"52 Irena tweeddalii
*53 Oriolus palawanensis

54 ,, coiisobrinus

55 „ vulneratus

56 Parus sarawakensis

■57

»>

amabilis

^41

frater

58 Dendrophila corallipes
(?) 59 Pitynosisgymnocephala

*6o Hyloterpe whitehead!
71 ,, hypoxantha

62 Chibia borneensis

^63 „ palawanensis

^64 Buchanga, sp.

65 Chlamydochaera jeffreyi

66 Artamides normani

67 Pericrocotuscinereigula

68 Hemichelidon cinerei-

ceps
^69 Zeocephus cyanescens

70 Rhinomyias gularis

71 ,, ruficrissa

72 Cryptolopha schwaveri

73 „ montis

74 Stoparala cerviniventris
'**"75 Siphia lemprieri

76 ,, coerulata

77 ,, beccariana

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

*79
♦80

*8i

*82

85
86

*87
88

89
90

91
*92

*93

95
96

(?)97
(?)98

99
100

lOI

102
103
104

105
106

107
108
109
no

Siphia obscura

„ erithacus
iEthopyga shelleyi
Cinnyris aurora
Arochnothera dilution

juliae
Diccum preyeri

„ monticolum
Prionochilus xantho-

pygius
Prionochilus johannae

,, everetti

Zosterops clava
Chlorura borneensis
Munia fuscans
Eulabes palawanensis
Corone pusilla
Dendrocitta cinerascens
Cissa Jeffrey!
Platyomurus aterrimus
Platylophus lemprieri
Pitta bertae

ussheri

granatina

arcuata

baudi

schwaneri
Calyptomena whiteheadi
Cypsolus lowi
Batrachostomus adsper-

sus
Caprimulgus borneensis

,, concretus

lyngipicusaurantiiventris
picatus

»>

i»

}}

*iii Croysocolaptas erythro-
cephalus

12 Thriponax hargitti

13 Tiga everetti

14 Micropternus badiosus

1 5 Pelargopsis leucocephala

16 Carcineutes melanops

17 Anthracoceros lemprieri

18 Harpactes whiteheadi

19 Rhopodytes borneensis

20 Dryococcyx barringtoni

21 Megalaeoma chrysopsis

22 Cyanops pulcherrimus

23 „ monticolus

24 Prioniturus cyaniceps

25 Heteroscops luciae

26 Syrnium leptogrammi-

cum

27 ,, whiteheadi

28 Accipiter rufotibialis

29 Spilornis pallidus

30 Baza leucopias

31 Microhierax latifrons

32 Argusianus grayi

33 Polyplectron napoleonis

34 „ schleierma-

cheri

35 Lobiophasis bulweri

36 Euplocamus pyrronotus

37 Bambusieola hyperythra

38 ,, e ry th r o-

phr^'s

39 Haematortyx sanguini-
ceps

40 Rallina rufigenis

96 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

A certain proportion of these seemingly peculiar species
will, in all probability, be found to exist elsewhere in Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula, &c., as the birds of these latter districts
become better known. On the other hand, it may be antici- I

pated with confidence that further exploration of the high-
lands of Borneo and Palawan will add many more really i
peculiar species, and perhaps some genera, to the foregoing *
list.

In concluding this introductory note, I have to express my
great obligation to Mr. R. B. Sharpe for much kindly assist-
ance in the identification of many of the species herein cata-
logued, and also for permission to include the titles of several
which will be described as new to science in his papers on
Mr. Whitehead's collections now in process of publication
in the "Ibis." To the latter gentleman I am also much
indebted, he having freely placed at my disposal, for exami-
nation, his entire collection from Borneo and Palawan.

A. H. EVERETT.

Sub-Class— AVES CARINAT.E.

Order— PASSERES.

Sub-Order— OSCINES DENTIROSTRES.

Family— TURDIDiE.

Sub-Family— SYLVINiE.

Genus— PHYLLOSCOPUS.

I. — Phyllosccpus boreal is.

Phylloscopus borcalis, Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M.

V, p. 40.
Phyllopneustc javanica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 244.
P. Magnirostris, Id. idem, p. 245.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)] Bintulu {A, Everett)]
Lumbidan {Ussher)\ Taguso {Whitehead)] P.
Princesa {Platen),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 97

2. — Phylloscopus xanthodryas.

Phylloscopus xanthodryas, Seebohm, Ibis, 1876, p. 72.
Labuan [Low^ Treacher)) Kina Balu Mt. [Whitehead),

Genus— ACROCEPHALUS.

3. — Acrocephalus orientalis.

Acrocephalus orientalis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 251.
Lingga, Sarawak {Beccari) ; Bintulu {A. Everett)\
Muara I. [Ussher) ; Labuan {Low)] Lawas {Treacher);
Lampasuk {Whitehead); P. Princesa {Platen),

Genus— LOCUSTELLA.

4. — Locustella certhiola.

Locustella certhiola, Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v,

p. 114.
Calamodyta dorix, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 249.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Sibu, Nov. 21, 1874,
{A, Everett); Labuan, Jan. 13, 1888, {A, Everett);
Lumbidan {Ussher), -

5. — Locustella ochotensis.

Locustella ochotensis, Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v, p.
113; Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 338.
Lumbidan {Low); Kina Balu {Whitehead),

Genus— CETTIA.

6. — Cettia oreophila.

Cettia oreophila J Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 387.
Kina Balu Mt. at 7,000-12,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Allied to C. fortipes (Hodgs.) of the Himalayas, \V.
China and Formosa.

Sub-Family— TURDINiE.

Genus— MERULA.

7. — Merula obscura.

Morula obscura, Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v, p. 273.
Turdus pallens, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 256.
Labuan {Low)', Lawas {Treacher); Muara L {L'ssher);
Silam {Guillemard)] Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000-9,000
ft. {Whitehead),

98 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

8. — Merula seebohmi.

Merula seebohmi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 386.
Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000-12,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Representative form of M, javanica (Horef.) of Java,
Sumatra and Timor.

Genus— GEOCICHLA.

9. — Geocichla aurata. ^

Geocichla aurata^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 478.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Allied to G. citrina (Lath.) of India, Burma and
Ceylon.

Genus— MONTICOLA.

10. — Monticola solitaria.

Monticola solitaria^ Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v, p.

319-
M. pandooy Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 13.

Bintulu {A, Everett); Labuan {Ussher)\ Lumbidan
{Ussher)\ Tiga Is. {A, Everett)\ Kina Balu {Bur-
bidge)\ Taguso [Whitehead); P. Princesa [A.
Everett),

The above noted specimens from Bintulu and Labuan
are regarded by Mr. Seebohm {loc, cit.) as hybrids
between M. solitaria and M. cyan us.

Genus— ERITHACUS.

1 1 . — Erithacus cyaneus.

Erithacus cyaneus^ Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v, p. 303.
Labuan {Low).

■

Sub-Family— MYIOTHERIN^. '

Genus— MYIOPHONEUS.

12. — Myiophoneus borneensis.

Myiophoneus borneensis^ Slater, Ibis, 1885, p. 123. ^

Tagora {H. Everett); Kina Balu {Whitehead).
Allied to M, blighi (Holds.) of Ceylon.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 99

Genus— BRACHYPTERYX.

i3.-:-Brachypteryx erythrogyna.

Brachypteryx erythrogyna, Sharpe, Ibis. 1888, p. 389.
PI. X figs. I & 2.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000-9000 ft. (Whitehead).

Brachypteryx pyrrhogenys (Temm.) has been record-
ed from Borneo by Mr. Sharpe under the title of
Malacopterum erythrote, but as some doubt appears
to exist as to the Bomean origin of the specimen in
question, the occurrence of this species requires
further confirmation. Cf. Sharpe, Notes, Leyden
Museum, vi, p. 174.

Genus— TRICHIXOS.

14. — Trichixos pyrrhopygus.

Trichixos pyrrhopygus, Salvad. Ucc. Bor., ]}. 224.
Sarawak (Wat/ace): Bin tula (A. Everett),

Genus— COPSYCHUS.

15. — Copsychus musicus.

Copsychus musicus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 65.
C, tnindanensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 254.
C. problematicus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 36.
Sarawak {Wallace)', Bintulu (A, Everett).

16. — Copsychus amcenus.

Copsychus amcenus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 255.
Labuan (Low); Kina Balu up to 1,000 ft. (Whitehead);
Banguey 1. {A. Everett): Sandakan ( W. B. Pryer);
Moera Teweh (Fischer); Tumbang Hiang (Gradows-
ky) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley),

1 7. — Copsychus niger.

Copsychus niger, Wardlaw-Ramsay, P. Z. S.. 1886, p.
123.
Sandakan {H, Pryer),

lOO LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— CITTOCINCLA.

1 8. — Cittocincla suavis.

Cittocincla suavis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 252.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A, Everett))
Sirambu Mt. at 1,000 ft. {A. Everett) \ Brunei {Us-
s/ier); Trusan {A. Everett)] Moera Tevveh {Fischer);
Rangas {Grabowsky)\ Banjarmasin {Mot t ley).
Representative form of C, macrurus (Cm.) of Java,
Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

19. — Cittocincla stricklandi.

Cittocincla stricklandi, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 253.

Labuan {Mottley); Trusan {A. Everett)\ Kina Balu up
to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead)) Banguey I. {Guiliefnard)\
Sandakan {W. B, Fryer).

Common in Northern Borneo, where it seems to re-
place C. suavis. Both are found on the mainland
(Trusan) opposite Labuan overlapping each other's
range. Dr. GuiLLEMARD notes the example obtain-
ed by him in Banguey as being of smaller dimen-
sions, and having the lower part of the back imme-
diately above the white ramp washed with orange-
chestnut (P. Z. S., 1885, p. 415).

20. — Cittocincla nigra.

Cittocincla nigra^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2ndSer. i, p.
335, PI. Hi, figs. I & 2.
Taguso {Whitehead)', P. Princesa {Steere),

Genus— HENICURUS.

2 1 . — Henicurus borneensis.

Henicurus borneensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 277.
H. leschenaultiy Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 454.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead).
A representative form of H. leschenaulti of Java and
the Malay Peninsula.

Genus— HYDROCICHLA.
'52. — Hydrocichla frontalis.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. iOI

Hydrocichla frontalis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ^-ii,
p. 321.

Henicurus frontalis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 258-
//. leschenaultij Guillemard, P. Z. S.. 1885, P- 4^5-
Sarawak {Doria and Beccarf)\ La was [Treacher .
Benkoka (IVhitekead.: Sandakan (If. B. Prverw
Silam iGuilUmarnT.; Moera Tcweh {Fisch-jr-.

23. — Hydrocichla nilicapilla.

Hydrocichla rujicapilla, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M.. \'i\,

^ P-3»9-
Henicurus ruficapillus. Id.. Ibis^ 1876, p. 42.

Henicurus ruf dorsal is, Sharpe, Ibts, 1879, p. 255.

Puak. Sarawak, Sept. 14, 12^74. [A, Ezerett^ : jarr-
busan (Platen],

Count Salvador! has expressed his belief xjarezher.
Ver. Sat . Braunsch-xeif^, 1881, p. 162; thatSKARPE '2
H. rufidorsalis was founded on a yeung female
of H. ruficapiila^ since it agrees with one of the
latter species described by him in Ann. Mus. Xiw
Genoa, xiv^ p. 254. In this opinion Mr. Sharpe
now concurs.

Sub-Family— DRYMOECIX-t.

Gexls— PHYLLERGATES.

24. — Phyllergates cinereicollis.

PhylUrga'es cinereicollis. Sharprr. Ibis. i.S8.^. p. 4T»).
P. cucullatus. Id. idem, 1887. p. 447.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4.0C0 ft. Whitehead .
Representative form of P, cucullatus Temm.; of Java
Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.

Genus— ORTHOTOMUS.

25. — Orthotomus ruficeps.

Ovthotcmus runceps, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 248.
Sarawak Djria smd Beccari;. Labuan Cssht r /. Kin^
Balu up to 1. 000 ft. ll'hiuhead . : Sandakan /(' B,
Prier: MotiTSL Teweh ' Fischer j: Taguso White-
head] : P. Princesa {Steere .

102 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

26. — Orthotomus cineracens.

Orhotomus cineraceus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 248.
O, borneensiSi Salvad., Ucc. Bor., 247.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Ussher)\ Lum-
bidan {Treacher) ; Usukan Bay {Guillemard)\ Kin a
Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. [Whitehead)', Cagayan Sulu
[Guillemard) \ Sandakan {W, B. Pryer)\ Moera
Teweh [Fischer)] Banjarmasin [Mottley),

27. — Orthotomus atrigularis.

Orthotomus atrigularis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 249.
Bintulu [A, Everett)] Jambusan [Platen)] Lumbidan
[Ussher).

Genus— BURNESIA.

28. — Burnesia superciliaris.

Burnesia superciliaris^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 203.
Prinia superciliaris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 249.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)] Bintulu [A, Everett)]
Labuan [Low)] Lumbidan [Treacher)] Tampasuk
[A, Everett)] Moera Teweh [Fischer)] Banjarmasin
[Mottley).

Genus— CISTICOLA.

29. — Cisticola cisticola.

Cisticola cisticola^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 201,
Taguso [Whitehead).

Family— MOTACILLID.E.

Genus— MOTACILLA.

30. — Motacilla flava.

Motacilla flava^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x, p. 516.
Budytes viridisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 260.
B. cinerciapillus, Id. idem, p. 261.
This regular winter migrant is found throughout the
entire N. W. coast of Borneo from September to
May. It has been recorded from Central Borneo

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I03

(Fisher) f and in Palawan fromTaguso {Whttehead)^
and P. Princesa (Platen).

31. — Motacilla melanope.

Motacilla melanope^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x, p. 497.
Calobates bistrigatay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 259.
Sarawak (Wallace)\ La^buan (Ussher)\ Kina Balu Mt,
at 3,000 ft. (Whitehead),

Genus— ANTHUS.

32. — Anthus campestris.

Anthus campestrisy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x, p. 569.
Labuan, Nov. 8, 1887, (Whitehead),

33. — Anthus cervinus.

Anthus cervinuSy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x, p. 585.
Bintulu, Nov. 6, 1875, (A. Everett),

34. — Anthus maculatus.

Anthus maculatusy Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 619.
Puerto Princesa (A. Everett),

35. — Anthus gustavi.

Anthus gustaviy Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 262.
Labuan (Treacher)] Lumbidan (l/ssher); Tiga Is.
(Whitehead); Sandakan (W. B, Pryer)\ Silam (Guil-
lemard)\ Taguso (Whitehead); P. Princesa (Platen),

Family— TIMELIID^.

Sub-Family— GARRULACIN.^.

Genus— GARRULAX.

36.— Garrulax schistochlamys.

Garrulax schistochlamys^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 479.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. (Whitehead).
Allied to G, palliatus (Temm.) of Sumatra.

Genus— RHINOCICHLA.

37. — Rhinocichla treacheri.

Rhinocichla treacheri, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

P- 453-

I04 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

lanthocincla treachert. Id., P. Z. S., 1879, p. 238, PI.
xxiii.

N. W. Borneo {Treacher)] Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000-
9,000 ft. {Whitehead),

Genus— ALLOCOTOPS.

38. — Allocotops calvus.

Allocotops calvus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 389.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000-4,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Genus near Melanocichla,

Genus— POMATORHINUS.

39. — Pomatorhinus borneensis.

Pomatorhinus borneensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 210.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Kina Balu Mt. up to

1,000 ft. {Whitehead)] Douson R. {S, Miiller),
Allied to P. montanus (Horsf.) of Java.

Sub-family— TIMELIINyE.

Genus— STACHYRIS.

40. — Stachyris poliocephala.

Stachyris poliocephala, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

P- 534-
Timelia poliocephala, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 212.

Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead),

41. — Stachyris nigricollis.

Stachyris nigricollis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 535.
Timelia nigricollis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 212.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)-, Bintulu {A, Everett)\
Trusan {A, Everett)', Labuan {Low)-, Sigalind {Lem-
priere)\ Silam {Guillemard)] Moera Teweh {Fis-
cher); Banjarmasin {Matt ley),

42. — Stachyris leucotis.

Stachyris leucotis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 418.
Tagora, Sarawak {H. Everett),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 05

43. — Stachyris borneensis.

Stachyris borneensis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 449.
Kina Balu Mt. 1,000-8,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Allied to S. nigriceps^ (Hodgs.) of E. Himalayas and
Tenasserim.

44. — Stachyris maculata.

Stachyris maculata, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 538.
Timelia maculata^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 211.
Bintulu {A, Everett); Lawas {Whitehead)-, Silam
{Guiilemard)] Moera Teweh {Fischer); Banjarmasin
{Mottley).

Genus— CYANODERMA.

45. — Cyanoderma bicolor.

Cyanoderma bicolor y Sharpe, Notes Leyden Mus. vi,

p. 176.
C. crythropterunty Salvad., Cat. Birds B. M., p. 213.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccar)\ Labuan {Lo%v)\ Sandakan
{W. B, Pryer)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer); Banjarma-
sin {Mottley),

Genus— CHLOROCHARIS.

46. — Chlorocbaris aemilae.

Cholocharis cemila\ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 392, PI. xi.
Kina Balu Mt. at 7,000-12,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Genus near Cyanoderma,

Genus— ANDROPHILUS.

47. — Androphilus accentor.

Androphilus accentor, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 390, PI. ix,
fig. 2.

Kina Balu Mt. at 7,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Genus near Elaphrornis,

Genus— MALACOPTERUM.

48. — Malacopterum cinercum.

Malacopterum cinercum, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 565-

Io6 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

M. magnum^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 226.
Sarawak ( Wallace) ; Labuan {Mottley) ; Benkoka
{Whitehead),

49. — Malacopterum magnum.

Malacopterum magnum^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 564.
Malacopteron majusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 255.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Sandakan {W. B.
Fryer) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer),

50, — Malacopterum lepidocephalum.

Malacopterum lepidocephalum^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B.

M. vii, p. 567.
M. rufifronsy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 227.

Pulo-Laut, S. E. Borneo {Hombron and Jacquinot),

51. — Malacopterum (?) cinereicapillum.

Malacopterum (?) cinereicapillum, Sharpe, Cat. Birds

B. M., p. 563.
Set aria cinereicapilla^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 234.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari).
52. — Malacopterum albigulare.

Malacopterum albigulare^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 568.
Setaria albigularisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 232.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A, Everett) ;
Lumbidan {Low) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer),
53. — Malacopterum aflfine.

Malacopterum affine, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 569.
Setaria affinis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 231.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A, Everett) ;
Labuan {Low) ; Mindai {Grabowsky),

Genus— ALCIPPE.

54. — Alcippe cinerea.

Alctppe cinerea y Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 622.
Siphia olivacea, Id. idem, iv, p. 457.
Sarawak {Wallace) ; Kina Balu up to 1,000 ft. {White-
head) ; Sandakan {W. B, Fryer).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I07

Genus— STAPH IDI A.

55. — Staphidia everetti.

Staphidia everetti^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 447.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. [Whitehead),
Allied to S, castaneiceps (Moore) of N. E. Bengal.

Genus— HERPORNIS.

56. — Herpornis brunnescens.

Herpornis brunnescens^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41.
Bintulu {A, Everett)) Labuan {Low)\ Lumbidan [Trea-
cher)] Sandakan [W. B, Pryer)\ Kina Balu Mt. at
4,000 ft. (Whitehead).
Allied to H. xantholeuca (Hodgs.) of E. Himalayas,
Burma and the Malay Peninsula.

Genus— MIXORNIS.

57. — Mixornis borneensis.

Mixornis borneensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 215.
Sibu, Bintulu, and Matang Mt. at 1,000 ft., Sarawak
[A, Everett)\ Labuan [H, Low)\ Moera Teweh [Fis-
cher)\ Tumbang Hiang [Grabowsky)\ Banjarmasin
{Mottley),
Allied to M, javanica^ Cab.

58. — Mixornis cagayanensis.

Mixornis cagayanensis, Guillemard, P. Z. S., 1885, pp.

413, 419, PI. XXV.

Cagayan Sulu {Guiilemard)\ Abai {Guillemard).

If this bird is really specifically distinct — 3 specimens
only were obtained — it is the representative form in
Cagayan Sulu of M, borneensis^ and its occurrence
at Abai in that case would be more than doubtful.
Dr. Guillemard himself seems not very certain of
the correctness of this locality.

59. — Miyjrnis montana.

M xornis montana, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 448.
iCina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Highland form of M, borneensis.

I08 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

60. — Mixornis woodi.

Mixornis woodiy Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., p.

331-
Taguso {Whitehead)] P. Princesa {Steere),

Representative form of Af, gularis.

Genus— MACRONUS.

61. — Macronus ptilosus,

Macronus ptilosusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 216.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)] Sirambu Mt. at. 1,000
ft. {A. Everett)', Bintulu [A, Everett)] Kina Balu
Mt. at 1,000 ft. {Whitehead)] Sandakan {W. B,
Fryer)] Moera Tevveh {Fischer)] Tumbang Hiang
{Grabowsky)] Douson R. (S. Midler)] Banjarmasin
{Mottley).

Genus— TURDINUS.

62. — Turdinus abbotti.

Turdinus abbotti, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 541.

Banjarmasin {Mottley).

Mottley's example is still extant in the British
Museum collection. Mr. Sharpe in his Catalogue
gives Borneo as the habitat of T. epilepidotus
{Temm.) also, but seemingly through inadvertence.

63. — Turdinus rufifrons.

Turdinus rufifrons^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.
Trichostoma ruffrons^ Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 616,
PI. xxxviii.
Taguso {Whitehead)] P. Princesa {A. Everett),
Allied to T, abbotti (Blyth).

64. — Turdinus sepiarius.

Turdinus sefiarius^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii, p. 5*14.
Borneo {Mus. Brit, et Lugd,),

65. — Turdinus canicapillus.

Turdinus canicapillus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, P* 45^-
Kina Ealu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Allied to T» sepiarius (Horsf.) of Java and Borneo.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I09

66. — Turdinus atrigularis.

Turdinus atrigularis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 217.
Santubong {A, Everett)\ Jambusan [Platen),

Genus— ERYTHROCICHLA.

67. — Erythrocichia bicolor.

Eythrocichla bicolor, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

P- 551.
Malacopteron ferrugmosunty Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 228.

Sarawak [Doria and Deccari)\ Lawas (Uss/ier); Ben-

koka {Whitehead)] Silam {Guillemard); Moera

Teweh (Fischer),

Genus— DRYMOCATAPHL'S.

68. — Drymocataphus capistratoides.

Drymocataphus capistratoidesy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 218.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Bintulu {A. Everett);
Trusan {A, Everett)] Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft.
{Whitehead)] Sandakan {W. B. Fryer }\ Silam
{Guillemard)] Moera Teweh {Fischer)-, Banjarmasin
{Mottley),

Genus— TRICHOSTOMA.
69. — Trichostoma rostratum.

Trichostoma rostratum, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 562.
Brachypteryx umbratilisy Salvad., l.'cc. Bor., p. 220.
Malacopteron rostratum, Blasius, V'erh. 2b. Wicn, xxxiii,

p. 63.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Bintulu {A, Everett)]

Lumbidan {Loiv)] Benkoka {Whitehead)] Sandakan

{W. B, /*r>'^r); Moera Teweh {Fischer), Tumbang

Hiang {Grabowsky),

Genus— KEXOPIA.

70. — Kenopia striata.

Kenopia striata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 223.
Saraw^ak {Doria and Beccari)] Barain (Hose)] Benkoka
(Whitehead)] Sandakan (W. B, Fryer)] Silam (Guil-
lemard),

no LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— PTILOPYGA.

71. — Ptilopy^a rufiventris.

Ptilopyga rufiventris, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii

p. 585.
Malacocmcla rufiventris^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 229. '

Sarawak {Doria and Beccart); Moera Teweh [Fischer).

72. — Ptilopyga leucogrammica.

Ptilopyga leucogrammica^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 217.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Bintulu {A, Everett).

Genus— PTILOCICHLA.

73. — Ptilocichla falcata.

Ptilocichla falcata, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,
p. 332, PI. L, fig. 3.
Taguso [Whitehead)] P. Princesa [Steere),

Genus— ANUROPSIS.

74. — Anuropsis malaccensis.

Anuropsis ynalaccensis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii,

p. 588.
Brachypteryx malaccensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 222.

Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)^ and generally distributed

through the N. W. districts of Borneo. Recorded

also from Sandakan [Pryer)^ and Central Borneo

[Fischer),

75. — Anuropsis cinereiceps.

Anuropsis cinereiceps, Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 321.
Drymocataphus cinereiceps, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878,
p. 617.
Marasi Bay [Lempriere)\ Taguso [Whitehead)', P. •

Princesa [A, Everett).
Representative form of A. malaccensis (Hartl.).

Genus— CORYTHOCICHLA.

76. — Corythocichla crassa. i

Corythocichla crassa^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 391.
Kina Balu Mt. at 7,000-8,000 ft. [Whitehead).
Allied to C, epilepidota (Temm.) of Java and Sumatra.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. Ill

Genus— TURDINULUS.

77. — ^Turdinulus exsul.

Turdinulus exsul ^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 479.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. [Whitehead).
Allied to T, roherti (God. Aust. & Wald.) of Tenas-
serim.

Genus— ORTHNOCICHLA.

78. — Orthnocichla whiteheadi.

Orthnocichla whiteheadi^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 478.
Kina Balu Mt. at. 4,000 ft. (Whitehead).

Family— BRACHYPODIDyE.

Sub-Family— BRACHYPODINiC.

Genus— lOLE.

79. — lole olivacea.

lole olivacea, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 310.
Sarawak {Wallace)^ Sandakan (W^. ^. Pryer)\TMm*
bung Hiang (Grabowsky),

80. — lole striaticeps.

lole striaticeps^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.
Taguso {Whitehead),

Allied to /. viridescens^ Blyth, of Aracan, Burma and
Tennasserim.

Genus— HEiMIXUS.

81. — Hcmixus malaccensis.

Hemixus malaccensis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,

p. 52.
Hypsipetes malaccensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 202.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari)\ Bintulu {A, Everett)\
Lumbidan {Low); Sandakan {W. B. P rye r) ; SWam
{Guillemard),

82. — Hemixus connectens.

Hemixus connectens^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 446.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).

112 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Allied both to //. cinereus (Blyth) of Sumatra and
Malacca and to H,flavala (Hodgs.) of the Himalayas
and the Khasia and Kakhyen Hills in Burma.

Genus— PINAROCICHLA.

83. — Pinarocichia euptilosa.

Pinarocichla euptilosa^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,

p. 62.
Criniger susanity Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 207.
Pycnonotus euptilotis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 38.
Criniger tristisy Briigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v,

P- 459-
Jambusan, Sibu, Bintulu, Sarawak [A, Everett)-,

Moera Teweh [Fischer).

Genus— MICROPUS.

84. — Micropus melanocephalus.

Micropus melanocephalus y Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,
p. 65.

Brachypodtus melanocephalus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 201.

B. immaculatuSy Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 39.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari); Matang Mt. at 2,000
ft. [A, Everett)', Labuan {Low)\ Kina Balu Mt. up
to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead)] Sandakan {W. B, Pryer)\
Silam [Lempriere)) Moera Teweh (Fischer); Taguso
(Whitehead); P. Princesa (A. Everett).

85. — Micropus melanoleucus.

Micropus melanoleucus y Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,

p. 69.
Microtarsus melanoleucus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 202. .

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Trusan (A. Everett),

Genus— CRINIGER.

86. — Criniger phoeocephalus.

Criniger phoeocephalus ^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 207. |

Sarawak (A. Everett); La was (Treacher); Benkoka '

(Whitehead); Sandakan (W, i5. /^rj^r); Banjarma-
sin (Schwa ner).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. II3

87. — Criniger diardi.

Criniger diardi, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 208.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari)\ Moera Teweh {Fis'
cher)\ Kapuas [Schwaner)\ Fontianak {Diard).

88. — Criniger frater.

Criniger frater^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Sen, i,

P- 334-
Taguso [Whitehead)', P. Princcsa [Steerc).

Representative form of C, gutturalis (Bp.) of Borneo,

Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

89. — Criniger gutturalis.

Criniger gutturalisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 206.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Bintulu {A. Everett):
N. W. Borneo {Low)\ Sandakan [W. B, Prycr)\
Silam {Guillemard)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer)\ Ban-
jarmasin {Mottley)\ Pontianak (Diard).
90. — Criniger ruficrissus.

Criniger ruficrissus^ Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 248.
Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000-3,000 ft. (Whitehead, Bur-

bidge)\ Jambusan (Platen) (?)
Nearly allied to C. gutturalis (Bp.).
gi. — Criniger finschi.

Criniger finschi^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 209.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari)\ Tagora (//. Everett)]
Moera Teweh (Fischer).
92. — Criniger palawanensis.

Criniger palawanensis, Tvveeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 618.
Taguso (Whitehead); P. Princesa (A, Everett).
Representative form of C, finschi, Salvad., of Borneo
and the Malay Peninsula.

Genus— TRICOPHOROPSIS.

93. — Tricophoropsis typus.

Tricophoropsis typus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 203.
Setornis criniger^ Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 377. PI. xii.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari)-, Bintulu (A, Everett);
Lewas (Treacher)-, Lumbidan (Low); Kapuas (Mul-
ler).

114 ^^^'^ ^^ BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— TRICHOLESTES.

94. — Tricholestes criniger.

Tricholestes criniger^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p. 89.
T, minutusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 205. PI. v, fig. i.
Sarawak {Dona and Beccari); Lumbidan [Ussher^
Treacher); Sandakan (W. B, Pryer)^ Benkoka
{Whitehead).

Genus— TRACHYCOMUS.

95. — Trachycomus ochrocephalus.

Trachycomus ochrocephaluSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 196.
Sarawak {Wallace)) Baram {A. Everett)\ Papar {A.
Everett)y Moera Teweh {Fischer),

Genus— ORCOCTISTES.

96. — Orcoctistes leucops.

Orcoctistes leucopSi Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 388, PI. ix,
fig. I.
Kina Balu Mt. 7,000-8,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Genus near Pycnonotus.

Genus— PYCNONOTUS.

97. — Pycnonotus analis.

Pycnonotus anal is y Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 197.
P, analis var.albay W. Blasius, Zeit. Gesam. Ornith., i,
^ p. 213, (1884).

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Labuan {Low)\ Kina
Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead)] Moera Teweh
{Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley),
The variety designated alba by Dr. Blasius appears to fk

have been founded on an albino bird. It was pro-
cured from Banjarmasin {Schier brand),

98. — Pycnonotus plumosus.

Pycnonotus plumosuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 198. ^

Sarawak {Doria and Beccart)] Labuan {Low)', Silam "

{Guillemard),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. II 5

99.— Pycnonotus cinereifrons.

Pycnonotus cinereifrons^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.
Brachypus cinereifrons, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p.
617.
Taguso {Whitehead)', P. Princesa {A, Everett).
Representative form of P, plumosuSy Blyth.

100. — Pycnonotus simplex.

Pycnonotus simplex^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p.

153-
Sarawak {Wallace)] Bintulu {A. Everett)\ Kina Balu

Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead)] Sandakan {W. B.
Pryer)\ Silam {Guillemard)\ Moera Teweh {Fis-
cher)] Tumbang Hiang {Grabowsky).

loi. — Pycnonotus salvadorii.

Pycnonotus salvadorii y Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p.

401.
P. pusillus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 200.

Sarawak {Wallace)] Lambidan {Low)] Mindai {Gra-
bow sky) .

Genus— RUBIGULA.

102. — Rubigula webberi.

Rubigula webberi^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p. 171.
Ixidia squama ta, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 200.
Tagora {H. Everett)] Matang Mt. {Doria and Bee-
car i)] Silam {Lempriere).

103. — Rubigula paroticalis.

Rubigula paroticalis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 418.

Tagora {H, Everett)] Jambusan {Platen)] La was

^^Treacher).
Representative form of R. cyafiiventris (Blyth) of
Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

104. — Rubigula montis.

Rubigula montisy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 247.

Lawas(?) Kina Balu(?) {Treacher)] Kina Balu Mt. at
3,000 ft. {Whitehead),

Il6 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sub-Family— iCGITHININi^.
Genus— .EGITHINA.

105. — iEgithina viridis.

yEgithina viridis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p. 4.
lora scapulariSj Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 190.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Sirambu Mt. at 1,000
ft. [A . Everett) ; Labuan (Low) ; Papar {A . Everett) ;
Sandakan ( W, B. Fryer) ; Moera Teweh [Fis-
cher) ; Taguso [Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Steer e),

106. — ^githina viridissima.

^githina viridissima, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,

p. 6.
lora viridissima, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 192.
lora, sp,y Id., idem, p. 191.

Jambusan, Sarawak (Platen) ; Labuan (Low); Lumbi-
dan (Treacher); Benkoka (Whitehead); Barabei
.(Grabowsky) ; Tumbang Hiang (Grabowsky) ; Ban-
jarmasin (Mottley),

Genus— CHLOROPSIS.

107. — Chloropsis zosterops.

Chloropsis zosterops^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi, p. 24.
Fhyllornis sonneratiiy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 193.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan (H, Low)
Sandakan (W. B, Fryer); SWam (Gui//emard)
Moera Teweh (Fischer); Mindai (Graboivsky)
Banjarmasin (Mottley),

108. — Chloropsis cyanopogon. "

Chloropsis cyanopogon^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vi,

P-32. \

Fhyllornis cyanopogon^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 194.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; N. W. Borneo (Low) ; M

Banguey I. (A . Everett) ; Silam (Lejnpriere) ; Moera '

Teweh (Fischer) ; Mindai (Grabowsky),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. II 7

109. — Chloropsis viridinucha,

Chloropsis viridinuchay Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 15.
Phyllornis icterocephala^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor, p. 195.
Sarawak {Dorta and Beccari) ; Moera Teweh {Fis-
cher) ; Mindai (Grabowsky),
Representative form of P. icterocephala^ Less., of
the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

no. — Chloropsis kinabaluensis.

Chloropsis kinabaluensis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 445.
Cflavocincta, Id., idem, 1887, p. 445.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. (Whitehead),

III. — Chloropsis palawanensis.

Chloropsis palawanensisy Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.
Phyllornis palawanensis^ Id., Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,
p. 333' PI- L, figs. I & 2.
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {St cere).

Sub-Family— IRENIN^.
Genus— IRENA.

1 1 2. — Irena criniger.

!rena criniger ^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii, p. 267.

/. cyanea^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 151.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Matang Mt. at 1,000
ft. {A. Everett) ; Baram {Hose) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead) ; San-
dakan ( W, B, Pryer) ; Si lam {Lempriere) ; Moera
Teweh {Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley).

113. — Irena tweeddalii.

Irena tweeddalii ^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,

p. 333, PI. LI, fig. I.
Marasi Bay {Lempriere) ; Taguso ( Whitehead) ; P.

Princesa {S tee re).
Representative form of /. puella (Leth.) of India

Siam, and Cochin-China.

Il8 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Family— ORIOLID^.
Genus— ORIOLUS.

1 14. — Oriolus chinensis.

Oriolus chinensis y Linn., S. N. 1, p. 160; Guillemard,

P. Z. S., 1885, p. 262.
O. sulnensisy Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 1877, p. 329; Id.,

P. Z. S., 1879, p. 315.
Broderipus acrorynchuSy Walden, Tr. Z. S., ix, p. 185.
Sibutu I. (Low),

Dr. Guillemard unites O, palawanensis also with O.
chinensis,

115. — Oriolus palawanensis.

Oriolus palawanensis, ShdiVi^ty Ibis, 1884, p. 319.

O. chinensisy Id., Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, 1877,

p. 328.
Broderipus palawanensis, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878,

p. 616.
B. acrorynchus var. palawanensisy W. Blasius, Ornis,
1888, p. 315.
Balabac (Sleere); Marasi Bay {Le?npriere); Taguso

[Whitehead)] P. Princesa [A. Everett).
Representative form of O. chinensiSy Linn.

116. — Oriolus maculatus.

Oriolus maculatus y Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii, p. 199.
Oriolus indicuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 276.

S.Borneo (Croockewit); Labuan (Low).

Schelegel (Afus. P. B., CoraceSy p. 102) records three
skins of Oriolus indicus collected in S. Borneo by
Croockewit as existing in the Leiden Museum.
Through the kindness of Professor Biittikofer one
of these skins has recently been sent to London,
and on comparison with a series of O. ?naculatus
it was found to be identical with that species and
not with O. indicus. A single skin of O. macula-
tus purporting to have come from N. W. Borneo
is preserved in the British Museum collection. It
is registered as having been procured from Sir H.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. IIQ

Low in 1846. I include the. species with consider-
able doubt, for it is very singular that so conspicu-
ous a bird has not occurred to any one of the
numerous collectors since 1846.

117. — Oriolus xanthonotus.

Oriolus xanthonotus, Salvad., \Jcc. Bor., p. 277.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Trusan {A. Everett) ;
Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead) ; San-
dakan ( W. B. Pryer) ; Moera Tevveh {Fischer) ;
Banjarmasin {Mottley)\ Taguso (Whitehead)] P.
Princesa {A, Everett).

118. — Oriolus consobrinus.

Oriolus consobrinus, Wardlaw-Ramsay, P. Z. S., 1879,
p. 709.
N.E. Borneo (?)

Mr. Sharpe informs me that this bird was among a
number of other skins in the Tweeddale collection
all marked '*N.E. Borneo/' but some of which had
still attached to them their original lables showing
them to have been collected in Sarawak by Mr. H.
Everett. There is, therefore, doubt as to which
part of Borneo this bird came from. It is dissi-
milar from all known immature individuals of O,
xanthonotus and belongs rather to the O. stccrii
group.

119. — Oriolus vulneratus.

Oriolus vulneratus^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 437.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Representative form of O. sanguinolcntus ( rcnini.)
of Java and O. consanguineus (Ramsay) of Suma-
tra.

Family— PARID/E.

Sub-Family— PARING.

Genus— PARUS.

120. — Parus sarawakensis.

Parus sarawacensisy Slater, Ibis, 1885, p. 327.

120 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

P, ctnerascensy Id, idem, 1885, p. 122.
Tagora (//. Everett).

121. — Parus amabilis.

Parus amabilis, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,
p. 338, PI. liii., fig. 2.

Balabac (Steere); Taguso {Whitehead).

Parus elegans has been recorded by Mr. Sharpe
(Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, p. 338) as having been
collected in Palawan by Prof. Steere. It now ap-
pears, however, from the date on the label that
this bird was most probably collected in Luson and
the locality Palawan attached to it in error by Prof.
Steere.

Sub-Family— SITTINiE.

• Genus— DENDROPHILA.

122. — Dendrophila frontalis.

Dendrophila frontalis^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd
Ser., i, p. 338.
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Steere).

123. — Dendrophila corallipes.

Dendrophila corallipes, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 479.

D, frontal isy Salvad., Ucc Bor., p. 161.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Low); Kina

Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead) ; Sandakan {W.

B. Pryer) ; Silam {Guillemard) ; Banjarmasin

{Schier brand).
Representative form of D, frontalis (Horsf.)

Family— LANIID^. |

Sub-Family— LANIINiE. .

Genus— LANIUS.

124. — Lanlus cephalomelas. I

Lanius cephalomelas^ Sharpe, P. Z. S,, 1881, p. 795. ^

L. schalowi, Sharpe, Nature, 188 1, p. 232.
Sandakan {W. B, Pryer).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 121

125. — Lanius lucionensis.

Lanius lucionensis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 43.
L, schwanerii (?), Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 159.
Lanius, sp., Id., idem, p. 159.

Sarawak {A. Everett); Labuan {Ussher)\ N. W.'
Borneo [Low)\ Taguso [Whitehead).

126. — Lanius tigrinus.

Lanius tigrinus^ Gadow, Cat. Birds B. M. viii, p. 289.
Tagora (//. Everett)-, Baram (Hose); Telang [Gra-
boivsky) .

Genus— PTERUTHIUS.

127. — Pteruthius aeralatus.

Pteruthius aeralatusy Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 451.
Kina Balu, 2,000-8,000 ft. [Whitehead),

Genus— PITYRIASIS.

128. — Pityriasis gymnocephala.

Pityriasis gymnocephala, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 159.
Sarawak [Wallace); Baram (/i. .fi'z/^r^//) ; Sigalind
[Lempriere)\ Sandakan ( W.B.Pryer); Moerafeweh
[Fischer) ; Lihong Bahaja [Grahowsky) ; Kapuas
[Sch7uaner) ; Pontianak [Diard).

Sub-Family— PRIONOPIN^.
Genus— TEPHRODORNIS.

129 — Tephrodornis gularis.

Tephrodornis gularis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 156.

Sarawak at 900 ft. [Doria and Beccari) ; Tagosa
(//. Everett) ; Lumbidan [Low] ; Kina Balu Mt. at
3,000 ft. ( Whitehead) ; Sandakan ( W. B, Pryer).
Professor Biittikofer is of opinion [Notes Leyd, Mus.^
ix, p. 52) that the Bornean bird is probably sepa-
rable as a distinct species, for which he proposes
the name T.frenatus.

122 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— HYLOTERPE.

130. — Hyloterpe grisola.

Hyloterpe grisola^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 157.

Sarawak [Wallace) ; Labuan {Treacher) ; Lumbidan
{Ussher) ; Benkoka ( Whitehead) ; Libarran I. [Guil-
lemard) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley).

131. — Hyloterpe whitehead!.

Hyloterpe whiteheadi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 198.

H. plateni, W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 372 ; Id., Ornis,

1888, p. 311.
Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa (Platen),

In this, as in the other instances, in which Dr. Blasius
and PJr. Sharpe have unfortunately published
concurrent titles for some of the Palawan birds,
I have adopted the names given by the latter
author, on the ground of the inexpediency of
recognising the practice of publishing new titles in
the ordinary newspaper press instead of in scienti-
fic journals.
The present species is nearly allied to H, grisola
(Blyth).

132. — Hyloterpe hypoxantha.

Hyloterpe hypoxantha, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 451.
Kina Balu Mountain, 3,000-8,000 feet (Whitehead).
Allied to H, sulphuriventer (Wald.) of Celebes and
to H. philippensis (Wald.) of the Philippines.

Genus— HEMIPUS.

133. — Hemipus obscurus.

Hemipus obscurus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii, p. 305.
Myiolestes obscurus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 153.

Sarawak (Wallace) \ Bintulu (A. Everett) \ Labuan
(Low)', Lumbidan (Ussher )\ Usukan Bay (Guille-
mardj'y Kina Balu Mountain up to 1,000 feet
(Whitehead)] Sandakan (W. B. Pryer)\ Moera
Teweh (Fischer)] Tumbang Hiang (Grabowsky)]
Banjarmasin Mottley).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 23

134. — Hemipus picatus.

Hemipus picatus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii, p. 85.
Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000 feet [Whitehead).

Family— DICRURID^.
Genus— DICRURUS.

135. — Dicrunis annectens.

Dicrurus annectens, Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 414.

Sarawak {Ussher)\ Labuan (Ussher)\ Brunei (Us-
sher)\ Kina Balu (Burbidge) .

Genus— CHIBIA.

136. — Chibia pectoralis.

Chibia pectoralis, Guillemard, P. Z. S., pp. 259, 418.
Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard),

137. — Chibia borneensis.

Chibia borneensis, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 246.

Lawas (Treacher )\ Kina Balu Mountain up to 5,000
feet ( Whitehead) .

A representative form of C pectoralis (Wall.) of
the Sulu Islands and Sulu Archipelago, and of C.
leucops (Wall.) of Celebes. Dr. Guillemard, how-
ever, (P.Z.S., 1885, pp. 259, 418) considers that the
Bornean birds are not separable from typical C.
pectoralis.

J 38. — Chibia palawanensis.

Chibia palawanensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 318.
Dicrurus palawanensis, Tweeddale, P.Z.S., 1878, p.

614.
Dicruropsis palawanensis, W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888,
p. 311.
Marasi Bay (Lempriere)\ Taguso (Whitehead) ; P.

Princesa (A. Everett).
A representative form of C. pectoralis (Wall.).

124 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— CHAPTIA.

139. — Chaptia malayensis.

Chaptia malayensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor.j p. 153.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Slgalind [Guillemard)\
Moera Teweh [Fischep-); Tumbang Hiang [Gra-
bowsky)\ Banjarmasin {Mottiey). \

Genus— BUCHANGA.

140. — Buchanga leucophaea (?)

Buchanga leucophaea^ Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p.

615.
-5. aWr^r^^, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Sen, i, p. 3:24.

Marasi Bay {Lempriere)\ Taguso {Whitehead)', P.

Princesa [Steere),
Palawan birds appear to be sufficiently distinct to be

considered as representing a sub-species of B,

leucophaea,

141. — Buchanga stigmatops.

Buchanga stigmatops, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 247.
KinaBalu Mt. 1,000-3,000 ft. {Burbid^e, Whitehead),
This species has been recorded recently from the
highlands of Sumatra (Biiltikofer, Notes Leyd.
Mus., ix, p. 49).

Genus— DISSEMURUS.

142, — Dissemurus platurus.

Dissemurus platurus, Biittikofer, Notes Leyd. Mus., ix,

p. 50.
D, brachyphorusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 154.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Baram {Hose)\ Ban-

guey I. {Guillemard) ; Sandakan {W. B. Fryer) ; i

Silam {Lemptiere)y Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Min- ^

dai {Grabou'sky) \ Banjarmasin {Mottley).

Family— CAMPOPHAGIDiE.

Genus— ARTAMIDES.
143. — Artamides normani.

LIST OF BIRDS OP BORNEO. 1 25

Artamides normaniy Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 190.
Graucalus normant] Id., idem, 1887, p. 438.

Kina Balu, 3,000-5,000 ft. ( Whitehead).

Allied to A. melanocephalus (Salvad.) of Sumatra.

144. — Artamides sumatrensis.

Artamides sumatrensis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ix,

p. 12.
Graucalus sumatrensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 150.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan {Treacher)',
Benkoka ( Whitehead) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) ;
Marasi Bay {Lempriere)\ Taguso {Whitehead).

Genus— CHLAMYDOCH^RA.

145. — Chlamydochaera Jeffrey i.

Chlamydochxra jeffreyi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 439,
PI. xiii.
Kina Balu Mt. 3,000-8,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Genus near Edoliisoma.

Genus— PERICROCOTUS.

146. — Pericrocotus xanthogaster.

Pericrocotus xanthogaster ySYids^^^ Cat. Birds B. M. iv,

p. 74.
P. ardens^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 143, PI. ii.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) \ Tagora (//. Everett) ;
Marup {A. Everett) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft.
{Whitehead); Banjarmasin {Schierbrand.).

147. — Pericrocotus igneus.

Pericrocotus igneus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 144.
Sarawak* {Doria and Becccari) ; Lumbidan {Ussher)
Kina Balu {Burbidge) ; Sandakan ( W, B. Pryer)
Silam {Guillemard)] Marasi Bay {Lempriere)
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Steere).

148. — Pericrocotus montanus.

Pericrocotus montanusy Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 439.
Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000 ft. {Whitehead).

126 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

•
149. — Pericrocotus cinereigula.

Pericrocotus cinereigulay Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 192.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead).

150. — Pericrocotus cinereus.

Pericrocotus cinereus^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 19.

Biniulu {A, Everett)] Labuan {Low)] Lumbidan {Low)]
Taguso {Whitehead)] P. Princesa {Platen).

Genus— LALAGE.

151. — Lalage terat.

Lalage terat^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 145.

L.dominicay W. Blasius, Ibis, ib88, p. 373; Id., Omis,
p. 310.
Lingga, Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Labuan
{LoWy Ussher)] Abai {Guilletnard)] Cagayan Sulu
{Guillemard)] Sandakan {W, B. Pryer)] P.
Princesa {Platen).
L, timorensis (S. Miill.) has been included among the
birds of Borneo, but seemingly on no sufficient
evidence. Cf. Salvadori, Ucc. Bor., p. 147.

152. — Lalage culminata.

Lalage culminata^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 104.
Volvocivora schierbrandiiy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 148.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Baram {Hose)] Lumbi-
dan {Ussher)] Kina Balu Mountain at 3,000 ft.
{Whitehead)] Sandakan {W. B. Pryer)] Silam
{Guillemard)] Banjarmasin {Mottley).
V. 0) plumbea of Count Salvadori's list (p. 149) is
identical with Edoliisoma tenuirostre (Jard.) and
the evidence of its occurrence in Borneo is insuf-
ficient.

Family -MUSICAPIDiE.

Genus— HEMICHELIDON.

153. — Hemichelidon sibirica.

Hemichelidon sibirica^ W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373;
Id., Omis, 1888, p. 310.
Puerto Princesa {Platen),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. \2^

154. — Hemichelidon cinereiceps.

Hemichelidon cinereiceps^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887. p. 441,
and 1889, p. 194, PI. vii, fig. i.
Kiaa Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Allied to H , ferruginea (Hodgs.) of E. Himalayas to
S. China.

Genus— ALSCONAX.

155. — Alseonax latirostris.

Alseonax latirostris^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 129.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccart)\ N. W. Borneo (Z,t?a');
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead),

Genus— MUSICAPA.

156. — Musicapa griseisticta.

Musicapa griseisticta, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p.

J/, mamllensisy Id., Ibis, 1888, p. 200.

Taguso {Whitehead); P. Princesa {Platen),

Genus— PRATINCOLA.

157. — Pratincola caprata.

Pratincola caprata^ W. Blasius^ Verh. z. b. Wien,
xxxiii, p. 77.
Borneo {Fide Blasius).

Genus— POLIOMVIAS.

158. — Poliomyias luteola.

Poliomyias luteola^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p.

201.
Erythrosterna erythaca^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 127.
Sarawak {Doria and Bcccari)\ Labuan {Loii\ Trea-
cher)-, Moera Teweh {Fischer); Kina Balu Mt. at
3,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Gknus— MUSICAPULA.

159. — Musicapula hyperythra.

Musicapula hyperythra^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 385.
Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000-8,000 ft. ( Whitehead),

128 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

i6o. — Musicapula westermanni.

' Musicapula westermanni ^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 385,

and 1889, p. 196.
M, maculata. Id., Idem, 1888, p. 385.

Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000-9,000 ft. {Whitehead),

Genus— GERYGONE.

16 X. — Gerygone flaveola.

Gerygone Jlaveolay Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 214;
Guillemard^ P. Z. S., 1885, p. 414.
Borneo {Schwaner)\ Sandakan {Guillemard),
** Corresponds in every way with those obtained at
Meimbun " {Guillemard loc, cit.).

162. — Gerygone sulphurea.

(iery^one sulphureay Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 794.
Borneo {Fischer) ; Sandakan {W, B, Pryer).
Compared with the type by Mr. Sharpe.

Genus— XANTHOPYGIA.

163. — Xanthopygia narcissina.

Xanthopygia narcissina^ Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 86.
Baram {Hose)\ Labuan {Lempriere)^ Kina Balu Mt.
{Whitehead)', Sigalind {Lenipriere),

164. — Xanthopygia cyanomelaena.

Xanthopygia cyanomelaena^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 2^1^.
Labuan {Low)', Lumbidan {Ussher)] Kina Balu Mt.
up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Genus— TARSIGER.

165. — Tarsiger hodgsoni.

Tarsiger hodgsoni^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 440.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Genus— HYPOTHYMIS.

166. — Hypothymis occipitalis.

Hypothymis occipitalis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv,

P- 275-
H, azurea^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 133.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 29

Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)\ Labuan {Low)] Kina
Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. [Whitehead)] Sandakan
{W,B. Pryer)] Moera Teweh (Fischer)] Tumbang
Hiang {Grabowsky)] Banjarmasin (Schierbrand) ;
Taguso (Whitehead)] P. Princesa (A. Everett).

Genus— RHIPIDURA.

167. — Rhipidura albicollis.

Rhipidura albicollis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 441.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000-9,000 ft. ( Whitehead) ,

168. — Rhipidura perlata.

Rhipidura perlata, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B, M, iv, p. 328.
R, shombifer, Id., Ibis, 1877, p. 18.
Leucocerea perlata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 136.

Sarawak (Wallace)] N. W. Borneo (Low)] Sandakan

(W.B.Pryer).
It is stated in the British Museum Catalogue (iv, p.
324) that there is an example of /?. phasnicura
(Miill. & Schleg.) of Bornean origin in the Elwes
Collection. It will be safer to await further evid-
ence before definitely including this species in the
Bornean avifauna.

169. — Rhipidura javanica.

Rhipidura javanica, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p.

332.
Leucocerca javanica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 135.

Sarawak (Wallace)] Labuau (Low, Ussher)] Kina Ba-
lu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. (Whitehead)] Sandakan
(W, B, Pryer)\ Moera Teweh (Fischer)] Banjar-
masin (Mottley),

170. — Rhipidura nigritorquis.

Rhipidura nigritorquis, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd

Sen i. p.. 325.
Taguso (Whitehead)] P. Princesa (Steere),

Genus— ZEOCEPHUS.
171. — Zeocephus cyanescens.

130 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Zeocephus cyanescensy Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd
Ser., i, p. 328, PI. xlviii, fig. 2.
Marasi Bay [Lempriere); Taguso {Whitehead)-, P.
Princesa (Steere),

Genus— TERPSIPHONE.

172. — Terpsiphone affinis.

Terpsiphone affinis y Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 137.
Sarawak {Wallae)\ Matang Mt. at 1,000 ft. {A, Eve-
rett)\ Lumbidan {Low)\ Sandakan [W, B. Pryer)\
Silam {Lempriere)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer)\ Turn-
bang Hiang {Grabowsky); Banjarmasin {Mot t ley).

Genus— PHILENTOMA.

173. — Philentoma velatum.

Philentoma velatum ^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 139.

Sarawak {Wallace); Bintulu {A, Everett); Sandakan
{W.B. Fryer),

174. — Philentoma pyrrhopterum.

Philentoma pyrrhopterumjSalv3Ld.y Ucc. Bor., p. 138.
Sarawak {Wallace); Bintulu {A, Everett); Lumbidan
{Ussher^ Treacher); Sandakan ( W, B, Fryer); Moe-
ra Teweh {Fischer); Mindai {Grabowsky).

Genus— RHINOMYIAS.

175. — Rhinomyias pectoralis.

Rhinomyias pectoralis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p.

368.
Setaria pectoralis^ Salvad., Ucc Bor., p. 233, PI. iv,

fig. I.
Sarawak {Wallace); Bintulu {A, Everett); Lumbidan

{Treacher); Kina Balu Mt. at i ,600 ft. ( Whitehead);

'Q^nVoVdi {Whitehead); Sandakan {W. B. Fryer);

Moera Teweh {Fischer) .

176. — Rhinomyias gularis.

Rhinomyias gularis^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 385, and
1889, p. 201, PL vii, fig. 2.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000-7,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Highland form of R, pectoralis (Salvad.).

{

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 13I

177.— Rhinomyias ruficrissa.

Rhinomyian ruficrissa, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 441.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Allied to /?. ruficauday Sharpe, of Basilan.

Genus— CULICICAPA.

178. — Culicicapa ceylonensis.

Culicicapa ceylonensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 134.
Sarawak {Wallace ^ Doria and Beccari)\ Tagora (//.
Everett)', Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft, March 18,
w^s\AX{g {Whitehead)] Puerto Princesa {Platen).

179. — Culicicapa panayensis.

Culicicapa panayensisy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p.

371-
Xantholestes panayensisy Id. Ibis, 1888, p. 199.

Taguso {Whitehead).

Allied to Musicapa {Culicicapa) helianthea, Wal-
lace, of Celebes.

Genus— CRYPTOLOPHA.

180. — Cryptolopha trivirgata.

Cryptolopha trivirgata^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 385.
Kina Balu Mt. at 5,000-9,000 ft. {Whitehead),

181. — Cryptolopha schwaneri.

Cryptolopha schwaneriy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv,
p. 403; Id., Ibis, 1887, p. 443, and 1889, p. 2i)'^,
PI. viii, fig. 2.
Abrornis schwaneri, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 245.

Borneo (Mus. Ltigd.)\ Kina Balu Mt. at 5 000 ft.
{Whitehead),

182. — Cryptolopha montis.

Cryptolopha jnontis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 442; Ic].,
idem, 1889, p. 203, PI. viii, fig. i.
Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000 ft. {Whitehead) -, Taguso
{Whitehead),

132 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— STOPAROLA.

183. — Stoparola thalassinoides.

Stoparola thalassinoides^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 132.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Tagora (//. Everett)]
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. [Whitehead)] Sigalind
[Lempriere)] Silam [Guillemard),

184. — Stoparola cerviniventris.

Stoparola cerviniventris^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 444.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000-7,000 ft. ( Whitehead),
Allied to S. indigo (Horsf.) of Java and S. rujicris-
sa (Salvad.) of Sumatra.

Genus— SIPHIA.

185.— -Siphia unicolor.

Siphia unicolor^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. Nf. iv, p. 444.
Cyornis cyanopolia^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 132.
Borneo {Mus, Lugd.)\ Sarawak [H. Everett),

186. — Siphia elegans.

Siphia elegans^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 447.
Cyornis elegans y Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 130.

Sarawak {A, Everett); Lumbidan [Treacher); Kina
Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. ( Whitehead)] Benkoka ( White-
head)] Moera Teweh [Fischer)] Tumbang Hiang
[Grabowsky).

187. — Siphia banyumas.

siphia banyumaSy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 449.
Cyornis banyumas ^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 130.

Sarawak [Doria and Beccari)] Bintulu [A. Everett)]
Labuan [Low)] Sandakan [W, B, Pryer)] Banjar-
masin [Schier brand)] P. Princesa [A, Everett).
The existence of this species in Palawan rests upon
a single skin collected at Puerto Princesa, which
is indistinguishable from the $ of S, banyumas as
represented by a considerable series in the British
Museum.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I33

188. — Siphia lemprieri.

Siphia lemprieriy Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p, 319.
Cy^rM/>i^z;/)/«;wfl:^? , Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 615.
Siphia elegans ? , Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 447;
Ramsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 159.

S, ramsayiy W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373; Id., Ornis,
1888, p. 308.

Marasi Bay {Lempriere)] Taguso {Whitehead)] P.
Princesa(y4. Everett).

A single skin of a Siphia obtained by me at P.
Princesa was determined by the late Lord Tweed-
dale as the ? of S. banyumas. Mr. Sharpe sub-
sequently referred this specimen to S. elegans^
but on further examination considers it to be un-
doubtedly the ? of S. lemprieriy with which view
I concur. A comparison of the description of S,
ramsayi of Dr. Blasius with the type of S, lem-
prieri seems to show that it is identical with the
latter species. S. lemprieri is a representative
form of S, philippensis,

189. — Siphia coeruleata.

Siphia caeruleatay Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 451.
Cyornis rujifronSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 131.
Schivaneria cwrulata^ Id., idem, p. 134.

Borneo {Bofiaparte)\ Sarawak, type of C. ruffrons
(IVallace)] Tagora (//. Everett),

190. — Siphia beccariana.

Siphia beccariana^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iv, p. 452.
Cyornis beccariana ^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 131.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Tagora (//. Everett) ;
Barabei (Grabowsky),

191. — Siphia turcosa.

Siphia turcosa y Briiggm., Abhandl. nat. ver. Bremen,

V, p. 457-
Tagora (//. Everett) ; Trusan {A. Everett) ; Lumbi-

dan [Ussher) ; Moera Tcweh [Fischer),

134 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

192. — Siphia obscura.

Siphia obscura^ Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 789.
Borneo {Mus. Brit).

193. — Siphia erithacus.

Siphia erithacus^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 199, PI. iv,

fig. 2.
S. platense^ W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 372; Id., Ornis,
1888, p. 309.
Taguso {Whitehead)] P. Princesa {Platen).
A skin of this species was contained in Mr. Lem-
priere's collection from Marasi Bay, but was left
undescribed by Mr. Sharpe in his Catalogue of
that collection until further specimens should have
been received. So that the credit of the discovery
of the species really belongs to Mr. Lempriere.

Section— OSCINES LATIROSTRES.

Family— HIRUNDINID^.

Genus— HIRUNDO.

194. — Hirundo gutturalis.

Hirundo gutturaliSj Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 125.
H. rustica^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)-, Labuan {Low); Moera
Teweh {Fischer); Banjarmasin {Mottley)\ Taguso
{Whitehead)', P. Princesa {Platen),

195. — Hirundo javanica.

Hirundo javanicay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 126.

Sarawak ( Wallace) ; Labuan {Mot t ley) ; Cagayan
Sulu {Guillemard)] Moera Teweh {Fischer)] Ban-
jarmasin {Mottley)\ Marasi Bay {Lempriere)] Ta- m
guso {Whitehead)] P. Princesa {A Everett).

Genus— CHELIDON.
196. — Chelidon dasypus.

Chelidon dasypus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. x, p. 91. .

Delichon dasypus, Salvad , Ucc. Bor., p. 127.
Borneo {Mus. Lugd.).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 35

Section— OSCINES TENUIROSTRES.

Family— NECTARINIID^.

Sub-Family— NECTARINIIN^.

Genus— ^THOPYGA.

197. — iEthopyga temmincki.

/Ethopyga temmincki^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 419.
Tagora, Sarawak (//. Everett)\ Kina Balu Mt. up to
5,000 ft. [Whitehead),

198. — iEthopyga siparaja.

/Ethopyga siparaJQy Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 57,

PL xix.
/¥!, eupogofiy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 173.
^. chalcopogonf Reich. y Id., idem, p. 176; Shelley,
Monog. Cinnyr., p. 59.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Labuan [Low)] Kina
Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. [Whitehead); Sanguey
I. [Guillemard)\ Sandakan [Pryer)\ Moera Teweh
[Fischer)] Banjarmasin [Mottley)\ Rangas [Gra-
bow sky) .

199. — /Ethopyga shelleyi.

/Ethopyga shelleyi^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,
p. 342.
Balabac [Steere)\ Taguso [Whitehead); P. Princesa

[S tee re) .
Allied to ^. duive^ibodiy Schleg., of the Sanghir Is.

Genus— CHALCOSTETHA.

200. — Chalcostetha insignis.

Chalcostctha insig7jis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 177.

Sarawak (Wallace)] Binlulu (A. Everett)] Labuan
(Low) ] Abai (A . Everett) ; Libawan 1 . (Giiillemard) ;
Sandakan (W. B, Fryer)] Banjarmasin (MottleyJ;
Taguso (Whitehead)] P. Princesa (A, Everett),

136 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— CINNYRIS.
201. — Cinnyris hasselti.

Cinnyris hasselti, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 127, PI. xlii.
Nectarophila hasseltii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 177.
Sarawak (Wallace); Bintulu (A. Everett)] Labuan
(Low)\ Sandakan (W. B. Pryer)\ Moera Teweh
(Fischer), Rangas (Grabowsky).

202. — Cinnyris sperata.

Cinnyris sperata, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 131, PI. xliii.
Nectarophila sperata, Tweed., P. Z. S , 1878, p. 620.
Taguso (Whitehead)] P. Princesa (A, Everett).

203. — Cinnyris aurora.

Cinnyris aurora, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 149, PI. xlvii,

fig. I.
Cyrtostomus aurora, Tweedale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 620.
Marasi Bay (Lempriere)\ Taguso (Whitehead)] P.

Princesa (A, Everett),
Representative form of C, jugular is (Linn.) of the
Philippines.

204. — Cinnyris pectoralis.

Cinnyris pectora lis ySh^Wey y Mon. Cinnyr., p. 165, PI. liii.
Cyrtostomus pectoralis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 170.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccarij] Labuan (Mottley)]
Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 feet (Whitehead)] Ran-
gas ( Grabowsky )\ Banjarmassin {Mottley).

Genus— ANTHREPTES.
205. — Anthreptes hypogrammica.

Anthreptes hypogrammica, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p.

305, PI. xcviii.
Hypogramma nuchalis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 172. -

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] N.W. Borneo [Low)] \

Sandakan {W. B. Pryer)] Moera Teweh {Fischer).

206. — Anthreptes simplex.

Anthreptes simplex, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 309, PI. c.
Arachnophila simplex, Salvad., Ucc. Bor, p. 172.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Bintulu {A. Everett);
Lumbidan {Treacher); Moera Teweh {Fischer),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I37

207. — Anthreptes malaccensis.

Anthreptes malaccensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 178.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Labuan {Mottley)\
Usukan Bay {Guillemard)\ Cagayan Sulu [Guillen
mard)\ Libarran I. [Guillcmard)', Sandakan {W,
B. Pryer)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer)\ Banjarmasin
{Mottley)\ Taguso {Whitehead)-, P. Princesa
[Steere).

208. — Anthreptes rhodolaema.

Anthreptes rhodolxma, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 313,
PL ci. ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260.
Lawas {Treacher).

209. — Antreptes phoenicotis.

Anthreptes phcenicotisy Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 325,

PI. cv.
Chalcoparia singalensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 180.
Sarawak {\Vallace)\ Labuan {MottIey)\ Lumbidan
(Treacher) J Kina Balu Mountain up to 1,000 feet
{Whitehead); Sandakan {W, B, Fryer), Silam
{Guillemard)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer); Tumbang
Hiang {Grabowsky)\ Banjarmasin {Mot t ley).

Sub-family— ARACHNOTHERIN^.

Genus— ARACHNOTHERA.

210. — Arachnothera modesta.

Arahnothera modesta, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 183.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Lawas {Usshcr)\ Kina
Balu Mt. at 2,000 feet ( Whitehead); Sigalind {Lc?n'
priere).

211. — Arachnothera longirostris.

Arachnothera longirostris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 186.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Lawas {Treacher); Kina
Balu at 3,000 feet {Whitehead); Sandakan {W. B,
Pryer); Silam {Lempriere); Moera Teweh (/vW/^r);
Banjarmasin {Shier brand).

138 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

212. — Arachnothera dilutior.

Arachnothera dilutior, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser.,
i, p. 341.
Taguso {Whitehead)', P. Princesa {Steere),
Representative form of A. iongirostris (Lath.) of
Borneo, Java, Sumatra, &c.

213. — Arachnothera chrysogenys.

Archnothera chrysogenys, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 181.
Sarawak {Dorta aiud Beccari); Bintulu {A. Everett")-,
Lawas {Treacher); Silam {Guillemard)\ Mindai
{Grabowsky)] Bejadjoe {S, Miiller),

214. — Arachnothera juliae.

Arachnothera Julias, Sharpe, Ibis. 1887, p. 451, PI. xiv.
Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000 feet {Whitehead),

Genus— ARACHNORAPHIS.

215. — Arachnoraphis robusta.

Arachnoraphis robusta, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p. 367,

PI. cxviii.
Arachnothera robusta, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 184.

Sarawak {Wallace)^ N.W.Borneo {Ussher)\ Silam
{Guillemard)] Moera Teweh {Fischer),

216. — Arachnoraphis crassirostris.

Arachnoraphis crassirostris, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p.

371, PI. cxix.
Arachnothera crassirostris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 187.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Lawas {Treacher); ^

Silam {Guillemard)\ Mindai {Grabowsky), \

217. — Arachnoraphis flavigastra.

Arachnoraphis flavigastra, Shelley, Mon. Cinnyr., p.

373, PI. cxx.
Arachnothera cytonii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 182.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)] Sandakan ( W.B, Pryer)\
Silam {Guillemard),

LIST OP BIRDS OP BORNEO. 1 39

Family— DICi^IDiE.

Sub-family— DICi^IN^.

Genus— DICTUM.

218. — Dicaeum nigri men turn.

Dicaeum nigrimentum, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 165.
Sarawak {Doria aLndBeccari); Labuan {Ussher)\ Kina
Balu Mt. at 1,000 feet {Whitehead)-, Banjarmasin
{Motfiey).
According to Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Birds, x, p. 17)
this species, or sub-species, is not confined to
Borneo, but occurs also in the Malay Peninsula.

219. — Dicaeum pryeri.

Dicxum pryeri, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 795.
Sandakan {W, B, Fryer),

Apparently a representative form in N. E. Borneo of
D, nigrimentum of the western districts of the
island.

220. — Dicaeum monticolum.

Dicwum monticolum, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 452.
Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000 feet {Whitehead),
Allied to D, sulaejise, Sharpe, of the Sula Islands.

221. — Dicaeum trigonostigma.

Dtcxum trigonostigma, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 166.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)\ Malang Mountain at
1,000 feet {A, Everett); Labuan {MottIcy)\ La was
{Burbidge)\ Kina Balu Mountain at 1,000 feet
{Whitehead); Sandakan {W. B, Fryer); Moera
Tew eh {Fischer); Ran gas {Grabowsky); Banjar-
massin {Mottiey).

222. — Dicaeum chrvsorrIia,»um.

Dicivum chrysorrhwum, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 16S.
• Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Bintulu {A, Everett);

Kina Balu Mountain at 1,000 feet {Whitehead).
D. flammeum (Sparrm.) has been recorded by Bo-
naparte,. Finsch and Gray as inhabiting Borneo.

140 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Nevertheless its occurrence would seem to be
unconfirmed by any good evidence, and I have
therefore omitted it.

Genus— MYZANTHE.

223 — Myzanthe pygmaea.

Myzanthe pygmxa, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 620.
Dicasum pygmasum, W. Blasius, Ornis, 188S, p. 313.
Taguso {Whitehead)) P. Princesa (v4 Everett),

Genus— PRIONOCHILUS.

224 — Prionochilus ignicapillus.

Prionochilus ignicapillus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1S83, p. 580

P. percussus, W. Blasius, Verh. z.b. Wien, xxxiii, p. 54.

Borneo {Mus. Brit.)\ Tumbang Hiang {Grabowsky),

225. — Prionochilus xanthopygius.

Prionochilus xanthopygius, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 162.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu [A. Everett)\
Lumbidan (Low); Sandakan, {fV. B. Pryer),

226. — Prionochilus johannae.

Prionochilus johannae, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 201, PI.

iv, fig. I .
Prionochilus sp, (?) Id.,Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd. Ser., i, p. 340.
P, xanthopygius, Ramsay, Ornith. Works, Lord Tweed-
dale, Appendix p. 658.
P. plateni, W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 372 ; Id., Ornis,
1888, p. 313.
Taguso {Whitehead) \ P. Princesa {Platen).
Representative form of P. xanthopygius, Salvad.

227. — Prionochilus thoracicus.

Prionochilus thoracicus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 163.
Sarawak {Wallace) ; Bintulu {A. Everett) ; Lumbidan
{Low)] Lawas {Treacher)', Sandakan ( W, B. Pryer),

228. — Prionochilus maculatus.

Prionochilus maculatus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 164.
Sarawak {Wallace) ; Bintulu {A. Everett) ; Sandakan
{W, B, Pryer) ; Moera Teweh {Eischer).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 14!

229. — Prionochilus everetti.

Prionochilns everetti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 16; Id.,
P.Z.S., 1879, PI. XXX, fig. I.
Bintulu (y4. Everett) ; Labuan (C/ss/ier),
Allied to P. obsoletiis (Miill. and Schleg.) of Timor
and Flores.

Sub-Family— ZOSTEROPIN^.

Genus— ZOSTEROPS.

230. — Zosterops flava.

Zosteropsflava, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ix, p. 179.
Z, paroulay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 188.
Z, melanuray Id., idem, p. 189.

Banjarmasin {Mot t ley, Hotnbron & Jacquiuot) ; Pon-

tianak {Diard),
*'Bornean specimens are rather lighter in colour
than the typical one from Java, but cannot be
specifically separated." {Sharpe, loc cit,)

231. — ^Zosterops clara.

Zosterops clara^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 479.
Kina Balu at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).
Allied to Z. atifroiis (Wallace) of Celebes.

232. — Zosterops aureiventer.

Zosterops aureiventer^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 452.
Kina Balu Mountain at 1,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Family— PLOCEID/E.
Genus— CHLORURA.

233. — Chlorura bornccnsis.

Chlorura borneensisy Sharpe, Ibis, 1889.
C. hyperythra, Id., idem, 1887, p. 453.

Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000-8,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Mr. Sharpe proposes to sci^arale the Eorncan
Chlorura under the above name.

144 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

244. — Calornis panayensis.

Calornts panayensisy Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 622.
C chalybeus, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, p. 343.
Cagayan Sulu {Guillemard) ; Marasi {Lcmpriere) ;
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Steere).

Sub-Family— EULABETIN^.

Genus— SARCOPS.

245. — Sarcops calvus.

Sarcops calvus^ Guillemard, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 267.
S, lowiiy Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, p. 344 ; Id.,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 315.
Sibutu Island (Low).

Genus— EULABES.

246. — Eulabes javanensis.

Eulabes javanensisy Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176.
Gracula javanensisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 274.

Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan [Mot t ley) ;
Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Mottlcy),

247. — Eulabes palawanensis.

Eulabes palawanensisy Sharpe, Ibis, 1889.

Graciila javanensis, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser.,

h P- 344.
Marasi Bay {Lempriere) ; Taguso ( Whitehead) :

P. Princesa {Steer e).

Representative form of E, javeyisis (Osb.). To

be described in Mr. Sharpe's paper on the

Whitehead collection.

Family— ARTAMID^E. . \

Genus— ARTAMUS.

248. — Artamus leucorynchus.

Artamus leucorynchus, Salvad., Ucc Bor., p. 140.
A, leucogaster, W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 311. <

Lingga, Sarawak {Beccari) \ Bintulu {A, Everett);
Labuan {Mottley)\ Montanani {A, Everett)]

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 145

Sandakan ( fV, B. Pryer) ; Moera Teweh [Fis-
cher) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley)\ P. Princesa
( Platen),
I have omitted Anais dementias y of which no trace
has been discovered since Lesson penned his very
precise descriptions of both sexes.

Family— CORRIDiC.

Genus— CORONE.

249. — Corone macroryncha.

Corone macrorynchay Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M., iii, p. 38.
Corvus macrorynchuSy Salvad., Urc. "Bor., p. 282.
Banjarmasin [Breitenstein) ; S. Borneo (Croockewit).

250. — Corone enca.

Corone enca^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M., iii, p. 43.
Corvus validus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 281.

Sarawak [Doria 3ind Beccari) ; Banjarmasin {Afott*
ley)\ Telang [Grabowsky)\ S. Borneo [Schwaner).

251. — Corone pusilla.

Corone pusillay Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 318.
Corvus pusilluSy Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. ^22,
Marasi Bay {Lempriere) ; Taguso ( Whitehead) ; P.

Princesa {A. Everett),
According to Mr. Sharpe, a race of C. enca,

252. — Corone tenuirostris.

Corone tenuirostris, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 246.
Labuan {Low) ; Lumbidan [Low) ; Brunei [Ussher) ;
Kina Ralu Mountain up to 1,000 ft. [Whitehead) ;
Benkoka [Whitehead).
''The constant character of the long thin bill in spe-
cimens from N. W. Borneo impresses me with the
idea that Lord Tweeddale is right in keeping C.
tenuirostris distinct from C. enca^ with which I
united it in my " Catalogue of Birds " (vol. iii, p.
43). *' [Sharpe^ loc, cit.).

146 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

253. — Corone philippina.

Corone philtpptna, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M., iii, p. 42.
Corvus philippinus^ Walden, Tr. Z. S., ix, p. 201.
Cuyo I. {Meyer).

Genus— DENDROCITTA.

254. — Dendrocitta cinerascens.

Dendrocitta cinerascens^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 250,
PI. viii, ; Id., Ibis, 1889, p. 81.
Lawas {Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mountain at 1,000-

9,000 ft. ( Whitehead) .
Allied to D, occipitalis (Miill.) of Sumatra.

Genus— CISSA.

255. — Cissa minor.

Cissa minor ^ Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 335 ; Id., Ibis,
1887, p. 437.
Labuan {Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mountain 1,000-3,000

ft. {Whitehead).
It is doubtful whether Mr. Treacher's specimen real-
ly came from Labuan.

256. — Cissa jeffreyi.

Cissa jeffreyi^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 383; Id., idem,
1889, p. 84, PI. iv.
Kina Balu Mountain at 3,000-8,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Genus— PLATYSMURUS.

257. — Platysmurus aterrimus.

Platysmurus aterrimus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 279. i

Sunda {Doria and Beccari)^ and throughout N. W.

Borneo; Kina Balu Mountain up to 1,000 ft. 1

( Whitehead) ; Sandakan ( W. B. Pryer) ; Silam
{Lempriere)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer) ] Banjar-
masin {Mottley) ; Rangas {Grabowsky), 1

Representative form of P, leucopterus (Temm.) of
Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Tenasserim.

UST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 147

Genus— PLATYLOPHUS.

258.— Platylophus coronatus.

Platylophus coronatus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 280.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Trusan {A, Everett) ;
Kina Balu Mountain at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead)]
Sandakan [W, B, Pryer) ; Silam {(luillemard) ;
Moera Teweh [Fischer) ; S. Borneo [Schwaner),

259. — Platylophus lemprieri.

Platylophus lemprieri, Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 88.
Sigalind R., Sandakan [Lempriere).
Mr. Sharpe is disposed to regard P. lemprieri as a
good species, and it will be best to keep it distinct
until more specimens have been obtained. It is
noteworthy, however, that P, coronatus appear to
have occurred to Mr. Pryer in precisely the same
locality.

Sub-order— OLIGOMYOD^.

Family— PITTIDiE.

Genus— PITTA.

260. — Pitta coerulea.

Pitta coerulea, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 798.
Sandakan [W. B. Pryer); Sigalind {Lempriere).
261. — Pitta cyanoptera.

Pitta cyanoptera, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 235.
Brachyurus moluccensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 10.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)', Bintulu, {A. Everett)',
Labuan, {Lo7v)', Lawas, {Whitehead)) Tiga Islands
{Whitehead); Sigalind {Lempriere)', Moera Teweh
{Fischer) .

262. — Pitta bertae.

Pitta bertse, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 237, PI. iii.
P, orcas, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 263.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan {Low).
The example of P. bertx in the British Museum is
unique, the type of Count Salvadori's description

148 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

having been unfortunately lost. The Lumbidan
specimen exhibits a fairly well-defined black chin,
which character does not seem to have been pre-
sent in the type, of which the throat is described
simply as white, and it is so depicted in the plate.
Hence perhaps Mr. Sharpe was led to identify P,
bertae with P, orcas^ in which the absence of a black
chin was deemed by Swinhoe to distinguish it
from P, nympha of China. There is only a single
skin of P, nympha in the British Museum and in
it the chin, which is partly denuded of feathers,
seems to have been white. Probably when a
series of skins of the three species can be brought
together, it will be found that P. bertae is identical
with P. nympha, the individuals found in Borneo
being occasional migrants from China.

263. — Pitta ussheri.

Pitta ussheri^ Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 94.

Lawas {Ussher)\ Benkoka ( [f%//M^^flf) ; Sandakan

(W.B.Pryer).
Representative form of P, venusta (Miill.) of Suma-
tra.

264. — Pitta granatina.

Pitta granatina^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 242.
Brachyurus granatinus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 10.
Sarawak {Wallace)', Baram (A, Everett) ; Moera.
Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Schwaner) ; Pon-
tianak [Diard),
Representative form of P, coccinea (Eyt.) of the
Malay Peninsula and Tenasserim.

265. — Pitta arcuata.

Pitta arcuata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 241.

Sarawak (A. Everett) \ Lawas [Treacher)) Kina
Balu Mountain at 1,000-4,000 ft. (Whitehead).

266. — Pitta erythrogastra.

Pitta erythrogastra, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I49

Brachyurus propinquus^ Id., Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i,

p. 330-
Pitta propinqua, \\ . Blasius, Ibis, 1S88, p. 374 ; Id.,

Ornis, 1888; p. 314.

Balabac {Steere) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
[Platen).

An examination of a series of P, erythrogastra de-
monstrates that Mr. Sharpens P, propinqua was
founded on a richly coloured individual of the
common red-bellied Pitta of the Philippines.

267. — Pitta atricapilla.

Pitta atricapilla^ Less., Sclater, Cat. Birds B. M. xiv,

p. 438.
Brachyurus j(?r<//V/i/5(Mull.),Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd

Ser., i, p. 331.
P, sordida (Mull.), Id., Ibis, 1884, p. 321.

Marasi Bay {Letnpriere)\'Y^^g\xsQ {Whitehead)', P.
Princesa {Steere),
268. — Pitta miilleri.

Pitta miilleriy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 240.
Brachyurus tnulleriy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1875, P- ^^4-
Jambusan, Marup, Bintulu and in Sarawak {A,
Everett) ; Labuan {Low) ; Lawas ( Veitch) ; Tiga
Islands in April {A, Everett) ; Sandakan {W, B.
Pryer)] Silam {Guillemard) ; Moera Teweh {Fis-
cher) \T>ousor\ R. {S. MiUler)\ S. Borneo {Schwa-
Her; Banjarmasin {Mottley).

269. — Pitta baudi.

Pitta baudi, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 243.

Poi Mt., Sarawak {A, Everett); N. W. Borneo
{^Low) ; Benkoka ( Whitehead) ; Sandakan ( W, B.
Pryer) ; Silam {Guillemard),

2 JO. — Pitta schwaneri.

Pitta schwaneriy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 243.

Lawas {Ussher) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {White-
head); Kudat {A. Everett)', Sigalind {Lempriere);
Silam {Guilletnard); Banjarmasin {Mottley); S.
Borneo {Schwaner).

150 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Representative form of P, boschi (M. and S.) of
Sumatra and Malacca, and P, cyanura (Bodd.) of
Java.

Family— EURYLiCMID^.
Genus— CALYP TOMEN A.

271. — Calyptomena viridis.

Calyptqmena viridis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 106.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Malang Mt. at 1,000
ft. {A.Everett); Baram (Hose); Trusan (A. Everett);
Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. {Whitehead); Sandakan
{W. B. Pryer); Moera Teweh {Fischer); Banjar-
mnsin {Mottey).

272. — Calyptomena whiteheadi.

Calyptomena whiteheadi^ Sharpe, P. Z. S.. 1887, p.
588, Id., Ibis, 1888, p. 231, PL V.

Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Genus— PSARISOMUS.

273. — Psarisomus psittacinus.

Psarisomus psittacinus^ Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civic,

Genoa, xiv, p. 198; Id., idem, 2nd, Ser., v, p. 574.
P, dalhousiae^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 453.
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. {Whitehead).

Genus— EURYL^MUS.

274. — Eurylaemus ochromelas.

Eurylsemus ochromelaSi Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 108.
Sarawak {Doria Rud Beccari); Baram {Hose); Kina
Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {Whitehead); ^Sa.ndsi\i3Ln
{W, B. Pryer); MoersL Teweh {Fischer); Mindai
Grabowsky); Banjarmasin {Schierbrand).
275. — Eurylaemus javanicus.

Eurylaemus javanicus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 107.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Baram {Hose); Kina
Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. {Whitehead); Silam {Guille-
mard)\ Moera Teweh {Fischer).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 15I

Genus— CYMBORYNXHUS.

276. — Cymborynchus macrorj-nchus.

Cymborynchus macrorynchuSy Salvad., L'cc. Bor., p. 109.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan (Loir) ;
Sandakan (W. B. Fryer) ; Moera Teweh {Fitfchcr);
Rangas {(jrrabowgky) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley),

Genus— CORYDON.

277. — Corydon suroatranus.

Corydan sumatranuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 1 1 1 .

Busau, Sibu, Marup and in Sarawak (-^1. Everett) ;
Kina Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft. (Whitehead) ; Tumbang
Hiang {GrabaivsJcy) ; Banjarmasin (Mottlcy).

Order— PICARL^.

Sub-Order— MACROCHI RES.

Family— CYPSELID/E.

Sub-Family— CYPSELINiE.

Genus— CYPSELUS.

•

278. — Cypselus infumatus.

Cypseltis infumatvsy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. iig,
Labuan (Usiiher) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley),
279. — Cypselus subfurcatus.

Cypselus mbfurcatt(4iy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 188; Sharpe,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 333.
Labuan (Ussher).
280. — Cypselus lowi.

Cypselus lowiy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, P* 333-
Labuan (Ussher),

Sub-Family- CHCETURINi^.
Genus -CHCETURA.

281. — Chcetura gigantca.

Chaiura gigantea, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 335.

152 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Hinmdinapus giganteus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 124.
l^buan {Ussher) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
(Phim).

2S2, — Chaetura coracina.

Choetv/ra coracinay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 124.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Mottley);
Marin taroan {A. Everett); Gaya I. (Whitehead).

Genus— COLLOCALIA.

283. — CoUocalia fuciphaga.

Collocalia fucipha^ay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 120.
Cypcelus Uywiy W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 308 ; Id., Ibis,
1888, p. 373. .
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Rangas {Grahowshy) ;
Banjarmasin (Breitenstein) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ;
P. Princesa {Platen).

284. — Collocalia linchii.

CoUocalia linchiiy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 121.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lawas {Ussher) ; Kina
Balu Mountain at 3,000 ft. {Whitehad) ; Sandakan
{W. B, Pryer) ; Moe»a Teweh {Fisclier) ; Amandit
District {Orabowshy).

285. — Collocalia troglodytes.

Collocalia trogtodyteSy Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 308.
Puerto Princesa {Platen).

Genus— MACROPTERYX.

286. — Macropteryx longipennis.

Macropteryx longtpennisy Gates, Birds Burma, ii, p. 13.
Dendrochelidon longipennisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 122.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Lumbidan {Treacher);
Labuan ( Mottley ) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Ban-
jarmasin { Mottley y Schierbrand),

287. — Macropteryx comatus.

Macropteryx comaiusy Gates, Birds Burma, ii, p. 14.
Dendrochelidon comatay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 1 23.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. t53

Sarawak {DoriaandBeceariy, Matang Mt. at i.oooft.
{A. Ererelt) ; Labuan {Motttey) ; Sandakan (Guille-
mard); Moera Teweh (FiKclmr).

Family— CAPRIMULGID-€.

Genus— LYNCORN IS.

288. — Lyncornis temminckii.

Lipu-oniM temminckii, Salvad., Ucc Bor, p. 115.
Marup ( A. Everett ) ; Lihong Batiaja ( Orabouvhi ).

Genus— CAPRIMULGUS.

289. — Caprimulgus macrurus.

Caprimuig^is macrurus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 117.
C. aalvadorii, Sharpe, P, Z.S.. 1875, p. 99, Pl.xxii, lig. i,
Sarawak [A, Everett) ; Labuan {Lot') ; Papar
(A.Everelt) ; Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. [IMiiti-
hea<i) ; Moera Teweh {Fineher); Taguso {White-
head).
1 have excluded C. arufuJirmreut (Jacq. & Puch ) from
rny list as there seems to be considerable question
as to its being a good species. The type is said
to be preserved in the Museum of the Jardin des
Plantes, and it is to be hoped that it may be re-
compared before long.
ago. — Caprimulgus affinis.

Caprimutgnu affim*, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 115.
Banjarmasin {Motileij).
291. — Caprimulgus borneensis.

Cnprimidifua borneensis, Salvad., Ucc, Bor.. p. 117.
Banjarmasin [Muttlcjf).
293. — Caprimulgus concretus.

CaprimuUfim cmicretm, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 1 18.
Jambusan {Platen}; Brunei {Ueeher); Lumbidan (P*-
nher).
293. — Caprimulgus tnanillensis.

Caitrimulffus manHlensiH, W, Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373:
Id., brnis. 1888. p. 308.
Puerto Princesa {PMon,}.

154 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO

Sub-order — PICI.

Family— PICIDiE.

Sub-family— lYNGIN^

Genus— SASIA.

294. — Sasia abnormis.

Sasia dbnormisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 60.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Baram {Hose); Lum-
bidan (Ussher); Kina Balu up to 1,000 ft. (White-
head) ; Silam {Ouillemard) ; Moera Tevveh {Fischer);
Banjarmasin {Mottley).

Genus— lYNGIPICUS.

295. — lyngipicus aurantiiventris.

lyngipicus aurantiiventris^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 41,
PI. iv.
Sarawak (DoWa and Beccari); Lumbidan {Ussher);
Sandakan {W, B, Fryer) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000
ft. {Whitehead).

296. — lyngipicus auritus.

lyngipicus auritus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 42.
I, fusco-albidus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 42.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Low) ; Lum-
bidan {Treacher); Papar^(k. Everett),

297. — lyngipicus picatus.

lyngipicus picatuSy Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 41.
N. VV. Borneo (JT. Low).

I, ramsayiy Hargitt {loc, cit.), originally described as
from N. E. Borneo, is now believed to be confined
to the Sulu group of the Philippines.

Sub-Family— PICINit.

Genus— XYLOLEPES.

298.— Xylolepes validus.

Xylol^es validus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 43.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 155

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Labuan (Ussher);
Lawan {Treacher) ; Benkoka. (Whitehead) ; Ssiuda-
kan (W. B. Pryer); Silam {Gu{lle7nurd) ; Banjar-
masin (Mottley); Tumbang Hiang {Grabowsky),

Genus— HEMICERCUS.

2gg. — Hemicercus sordidus.

Hemicercus sordidus^ Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 247; Sal-

vad., Ucc. Bor., p. 46. /

H, brooleeanvs, Salvad., op. cit.j p. 44.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari ) ; Baram {A, Everett) ;
Trusan (A. Everett); Lumbidan {Low^ Ussher);
Moera Tevveh {Fischer); Banjarmasin {Mottley).

Genus— LEPOCESTES.

300. — Lepocestes porphyromelas.

Lepocestes porphyromelaSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 48.
Tagora, Sibu and in Sarawak {A. Everett); Lumbi-
dan {Treacher); Kina Balu Mt. at 5,000 ft. Feb. 21,
{Whitehead); Moera Teweh {Fischer),

Genus— CHRYSOCOLAPTES.

301. — Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus.

Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus ^ Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc,

2nd Ser., i, p. 315, PI. xlvi, fig. i.
Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Prin-
cesa (Steere).

Genus— CHRYSOPHLEGMA.

302. — Chrj'^sophlegma malaccense.

Chrysophlegvia malaccense, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 276.
Callolophus malaccetisis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 50.

Sarawak (DoriVt and Beccari) ; Brunei {Usaher) ; Lum-
bidan {Treacher) ; Sigalind {Lempriere) ; Moera
Teweh {Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Mottle f/).

303. — Chrysophlegma humii.

Chrysophlegma humii, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, P- 231.
C, squamicolle. Id., idem, 1886, p. 269.

156 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

CaUolophu8 mentaliSf Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 49.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Brunei {Ussher);
Lawas {Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft.
{ Whitehead) ; Benkoka [Whitehead)\ Sigalind
{Lempriere) ; Silam {Lempriere) .

Genus— GECINUS.

304. — Gecinus puniceus.

Oecirma puniceuSy Hargitt, Ibis, 1888, p. 176.
Calloloph/us pwniceuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 49.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan (Treacher);
Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. (Whitehead); Sandakan
{W. B, Fryer); Silam (Gruillemard) ; Moera Teweh
(Fischer) ; Mindai (Ordbowsky) ; Banjarmasin
(Schierhrand) .

Genus— MULLERIPICUS.

305. — Mulleripicus pulverulentus.

Mulleripicus pulverul&ntuSy Bp. Consp. Vol. Zygod., p.

7, sp. 15; Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 197.
Alophonerpes pulverulentus y Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 51.
Hemilophtis fischeriy Briiggem., Abhandl. nat. ver. Bre-
men, V, p. 454.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Labuan {Ussher); Lum-
bidan {Treacher); Sandakan {W, B, Fryer); Moera
Teweh {Fischer) ; Taguso {Whitehead).
Hemilophus fischeri of Bruggemann was founded on
a single skin of an immature male bird having
the forehead red. In the British Museum series of
Jtf". pulverulentus there are two young birds from
Malacca, one of which has a few red feathers
scattered over the crown, while the other has
the entire forehead red. The latter has Mr.
Wallace's label attached, and is marked '' He-
milophus rufifrons n. sp.*' and on the back in
pencil ** young bird — Blyth *\

LIST OP BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 57

Genus— THRIPONAX.

306. — ^Thriponax javensis.

Thriponax javentiSf Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 52.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Sandakan {W, B, Pryer) ; Silam (Lempriere) ;
Moera Teweh (Fischer); Banjarmasin (Mottley),

307. — ^Thriponax hargitti.

Thriponax hargitti^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 317, PI. viii.
T, javensiSf Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., p. 314.

Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa (Steere).

Allied lo T.feddeni (Blanf.) of Burma.

Genus — TIGA.

308. — ^Tiga javanensis.

Tiga javanensiSy Salvad, Ucc. Bor., p. 54.

Santubong (A. Everett) ; Bruit (A. Everett); Labuan
(Low) ; La was (Treacher) ; Papar (A. Everett) ;
Sandakan (W, B. Pryer),

I have met with this woodpecker very rarely in
the vicinity of the mouths of the large rivers. As
one proceeds northwards up the coast it gradually
becomes more abundant, and north of Labuan,
especially in the Papar district, it is perhaps the
commonest species of its tribe both on the coast
and for some distance inland.

309. — Tiga everetti.

Tiga everetti, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 612,

PI. xxxvii.
Tiga javanensis y (Ljungh) (?), Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc,
2nd Scr., i, p. 315.
Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso (JMiitehead) P.

Princesa (Steere).
Representative form of T. javanensis (Ljnvgh) of
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

Genus— GAUROPICOIDES.

310. — Gauropicoides rafflesii.

Gauropicoides rafflesii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 54.

158 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Trusan {A. Everett) ;
Lawas (Ussher) ; Lumbidan (Treacher) ; Kina
Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft. {Whitehead) ; Moera Teweh
(Fischer).

Genus— MIGLYPTES.

311. — Miglyptes grammithorax. ^

Miglyptes grammithora^, Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, P- ^Qi*
M. tristis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 56.

Sarawak (Doria and beccari), Sirambu Mt. at 1,000
ft. (A. Everett) ; Lumbidan (Ussher) ; Sandakan (W,
B. Fryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Mindai (Gra-
bowsJcy).

312. — Miglyptes tukki.

Miglyptes tukk% Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 57.
Sarawak (Doria aitid Beccari) ; Matang Mt. at 1,000 ft.
(A, Everett) ; Baram (A. Everett) ; Lawas (Treacher) ;
Sandakan (W, B. Fryer) ; Silam (Lempriere) ; Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Tumbang Hiang (Grabowsky) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley),

Genus— MICROPTERNUS.

313. — Micropternus badiosus.

Microptemus badiosus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 58.
Sarawak (Wallace, Doria and Beccari) ; Trusan (A,
Everett) ; Lumbidan (Ussher, Treacher) ; Benkoka
(Whitehead); Sandakan (W. B, Fryer); Silam (Lem-
priere) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Telang (Grahow-
shy) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) .
Representative form of M, brachynrus (VieilL) of the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka and Java.

Sub-Order— ANlSODACTYLiE. i

Family— ALCEDINIDiE. .

Sub-Family— ALCEDININiE.

Genus— ALCEDO.
314. — Alcedo bengalensis.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 59

Alcedo bengalensisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 92.
Sarawak (Doria and -Beccari) ;Labuan (Fuchsr); Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso
(Whitehead); P. Princesa (Platen),
315. — Alcedo asiatica.

Alcedo asiatica^ Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. v.
Alcedo menintingj Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 93.
Sarawak fDoWaandJBeccart); Labuan (Mottley); Moera
Teweh (Fischer); Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
(Platen) .
316. — Alcedo euryzona.

Alcedo euryzona^ Salvad., Ucc, Bor. p. 95.
Lawas (Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. (WJiite-
head) ; Mindai (Grabowsky).
317. — Pelargopsis leucocephala.

Pelargopsis leucocephala y Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 95.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (3fo/<ie//); San-
dakan (W. B, Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ;
Bangkan Lake (GrdboivsJcy) ; Banjarmasin (Schwu'
ner) ; Pontianak (Diard),
318. — Pelargopsis gouldi.

Pelargopsis gouldiy W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373.
P. leucocephala, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, i, p. 317; Id.
Ibis, 1884, p. 318.
P. Princesa (Steere) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Ta-
guso (WJtiteh^ad) .
The representative form in the Philippines of P.
leucocephala (Gm.) of Western Borneo. The two
species will perhaps be found to intcrgrade when
a large series of specimens can be compared from
the intermediate districts.

Sub-Family— DACELONIN.^.
Genus— CEYX.

319. — Ceyx rufidorsa.

Ceyx i-ujidorsa, Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. xli. ; Id., P. Z. S.,
p. loi ; Id. P. Z. S., 1879, p. 331.

l6o LIST OP BIRDS OF BORNEO.

C. innominataf Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 97.
Ceyx 8p,f Id., idem, p. 100.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A. Everett) ;
Labuan (Treacher) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Ta-
guso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa (Platen).
Ceyx innominata (Salvadari), appears to be a dis-
tinct species occurring, not in Borneo, but in
Java, Lombock, Flores, and Sumbawa. Accord-
ing to Salvadori's latest views (Annal. Mus.
Civic, Genoay Ser. 2, iv, pp. 535-538) C. mfidorsa
will probably prove to be a stage of C tridactylay
as C sharpei is of C, dillvryni.

320. — Ceyx dillwyni.

Ceyx dillwyniy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 99.
Ceyx sharpei^ Id., idem, p. 98 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.,
1879, p. 330.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Mottley) ;
Brunei (Ussher) ; Lumbidan (Treacher) ; Kina
Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft. (Whitehead) ; Sandakan
(W. B, Pryer) ; Silam (Lempriere) ; Moera Te-
weh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley),
This species, long supposed to be peculiar to Bor-
neo, has lately been recorded from the Nias Is-
lands by Count Salvadori, and probably in-
habits Sumatra also.

Genus— HALCYON.

321. — Halcyon coromanda.

Halcyon coromanday Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. Ivii.
Callialcyon coromanda, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 10 1.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu (A, Everett) ;
Labuan (Mottley) ; Sandakan (W. B. Pryer) ; Ban-
jarmasin (Mottley) ; Taguso (Whitehead),

322. — Halcyon pileata.

Halcyon pileata J Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. xlii.
Entomohia pileata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 102.

Sarawak (DoWa and Beccari)] Bintulu (A, Everett)',

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. l6l

Labuan (Low) ; Tiga Islands (A. Everett) ; Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Taguso (Whitehead) \ P. Princesa
(Platen).

323. — Halcyon concreta.

Halcyon concreta^ Sharpe., Mon. Alced., PI. Ixxxiii.
Caridagrvs concretuSj Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 102,

Sarawak (Ussher) ; Trusan (A, Everett) ; Benkoka
(Whitehead) ; Sandakan (W, B. Fryer) ; Silam
(Ghiillemard); Moera Teweh (Fischer); Banjarmasin
(Schierbrand) ; S. Borneo (Schwaner) ; Pontianak
(Diard) .

324. — Halcyon chloris.

Halcyon chloris^ Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. Ixxxvii.
Sauropatis chloris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 103.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Mottley) ;
Papar (A. Everett); Kina Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft.
(Whitehead) ; Sandakan (W. B. Fryer); Silam
(Lempriere) ; Tjantang (Schwaner) ; Banjarmasin
(Schwaner) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
(Flaten) .

325. — Halcyon sanctus.

Halcyon sanctus, Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. xci.
Sauropatis sancta, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 104.

S. Borneo (S. MUller) ; Banjarmasin (Schwaner,
Schierbrand) .

Genus— CARCINh:UTES.

326. — Carcineutes melanops.

Carcineutes melanops, Sharpe, Mon. Alced., PI. xcvii.
Lacedo melanops, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 104.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; La was (Treacher) ;
Kina Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft. (W/iitehead); Sandakan
(W, B. Fryer) ; Banjarmasin (Schwaner),
Representative form oiCp^dcliellus (Horsf.) of Suma-
tra and the Malay Peninsula.

l62 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Family— BUCEROTIDiE.

Genus— BUCEROS.

327. — Buceros rhinoceros.

Buceros rhinoceros^ Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. iv.
B, rhinoceroideSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 87.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Kina Balu Mt, at 3,000
ft. (Whitehead) ; MoeraTeweh {Breitenstein) ; Turn-
bang Hiang (Orabowsky) ; Douson R. (S, Miiller) ;
Banjarmasin (Schwaner) ; Pontianak (Diard).

Genus— RHINOPLAX.

328 — Rhinoplax vigil.

Rhinoplax vigil, Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. x.
B, 8cutatu8, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 88.
Rejang R., Sarawak {A. Everett) ; Lawas [Treacher) ;
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead)', Moera Teweh
[Fischer) ; Banjarmasin [8, Miiller).

Genus— ANTHRACOCEROS.

329. — Anthracoceros convexus.

Anthracoceros convexus, Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. xii.
Hydrocissa convexa, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 80.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan [Mottley) ; Lawas
Ussher, Treacher) ; Banjarmasin [Schierhrand) .

330. — Anthracoceros malabaricus.

Anthracoceros malabaricus^ Elliot., Mon. Bucerot., PI.
. • > •

xiii.
Hydrocissa alhirostris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 82.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan [Ussher) ;
Silam [Ghiillemard)] MoeraTeweh [Fischer); Turn-
bang Hiang [Grabowsky) ; Batang Singalan [S,
Miiller) ; Pontianak [Diard),

331. — Anthracoceros malayanus.

Anthracoceros malayanus, Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. xx.
Hydrocissa malayana, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 83.
H. nigrirostris. Id., idem, p. 84.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 63

Sarawak (Low); Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. (White-
head) ; Moera Teweh (FiscJier) ; Lawut {S. Miiller) ;
Kapuas (Schwaner) ; Tumbang Hiang (Grabawsky) ;
Pontianak (Diard).

332. — Anthracoceros lemprieri.

Anthracoceros lemprieri,, Sharpe, Nature, May 14, 1885,

xxxii, p. 46 ; Id., P. Z. S., 1885, p. 446, PI. xxvi.
A, marchei, Oustalet, Naturaliste, July 15, 1885, p. 108.
Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P.
Princesa (Platen) ; Busuanga (Marche),

Genus— CRANORRHINUS.

333. — Cranorrhinus corrugatus.

Cranorrhinu corrugatus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 86.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lawas (Ussher, Tren-
cher) ; Moera Teweh (Breitenstein) ; Banjarmasin
(Schwaner) (?); Pontianak (Diard).

Genus— RHYTIDOCEROS.

334. — Rhytidoceros undulatus.

Rhytidoceros undulatiis, Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. xxxv.
R. obscuruSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 85.
Matang Mt., Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Moera
Teweh (Fischer).

335. — Rhytidoceros subruficollis.

Rhytidoceros suhrujicollis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 246.
Lawas (TJssher, Treacher).

Genus— ANORRHINUS.

336. — Anorrhinus galeritus.

Anorrhinus galeritns, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 79.
Sarawak (Doria and Becarri) ; Lawas (Ussher) ; San-
dakan (W. B. Pryer) ; Moera Tewoh (Fischer) ;
Tumbang Hiang (Orahowsky) ; Lawut (S. Miiller) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley) ; W. Borneo (Diard,
Schwaner) .

164 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

337. — Anorrhinus comatus.

Anorrhinus comatus^ Elliot, Mon. Bucerot., PI. xxxix.
Berenicomis comatus^ Bias. & Nehr., Jaresbr. Ver. Nat.
Braunschweig, 1881, p. 134.
Sarawak (Platen); Sirambu Mt. (A, Everett); Benkoka
(Whitehead),

Family— UPUPID^.

Genus— UPUPA.

338. — Upupa epops.

Upapa epopsj Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 329.
Labuan (Treacher).

Family— MEROPID^.
Genus— NYCTIORNIS.

339. — Nyctiornis amicta.

Nyctiomis amiictay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 91.

Sarawak (DoWa and JBeccari); KinaBalu Mt. at 1,000
ft. (Whitehead) ; Sandakan (W. B, Pryer); Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Mindai (Orahowsky) ; Banjarma-
sin (Mottley) ; Pontianak (Diard).

Genus— MEROPS.

340. — Merops sumatranus.

Merops samatraruasy Dresser, Monog. Merop., Pi. vi.
3f. bicolor, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 90.

Santubong, Matu &c. (A. Everett) ; Labuan (Mot-
tley) ; Sandakan (W. B. Fryer) ; Silam (Gfuille-
mard)\ Moera Teweh (Fischer); Mantop (8chwaner)\
Banjarmasin (Mottley),

341. — Merops phiHppinus.

Merops philippirmSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 89.

Trusan R. (A. Everett) ; Banjarmasin (Schwaner, Mot-
tley); Menghatip (Grabowsky); S. Borneo (Croocke-
wit).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 165

Family— CORACIID^.

Genus— EURYSTOMUS.

342. — Eurystomus orientalis.

Eurystomus orientalis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 105.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Sandakan {W. B, Fryer) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ;
Banjarmasin {Mottley) ; Pontianak {Dmrd) ; Puerto
Princesa {A. Everett) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; Cuyo
Island {Meyer).

Family— PORDARGIIDiE.

Genus— BATRACHOSTOMUS.

343. — Batrachostomus stellatus.

Batrachostomtis steUatus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 113.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Lawas {Treacher) ;
Moera Teweh (Fischer).

344. — Batrachostomus adspersus.

Baira^hxystomvs adspersus, Briigg., Ann. & Mag., Nat.
Hist., Ser. iv, xx, p. 178.
Sigalind (Lempriere) ; Moera Teweh, (Fischer).

345. — Batrachostomus cornutus.

Batrachostomus cornutus^ Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1877,

P- 433-
B. javanensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 112.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Pagat, S. E. Borneo
(Orabowsky) ; Tumbang Hiang (Grahowsky) ; Ban-
jarmasin (Mottley, Schierbrand) ; Taguso (White-
heoAi).

346. — Batrachostomus auritus.

Batrachostormis auritus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 99.
Lawas (Treacher); N. W. Borneo (Loiv) ; Silam (GuiU
leniard) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin
Breitenstein) .

1 66 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sub-Order— HETERODASTYL^.

Family— TROGONIDiE.

Genus— HARP ACTES.

347. — Harpactes whitehead!.

Harpactes whiteheadi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 395,
Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. (Whiteheud).

348. — Harpactes diardi.

Harpactes diardi^ Gould., Monog. Trogon., PI, xxxvi.

Pyrotrogon diardi, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 28.
Sarawak (Low) ; Lumbidan (Ussher); Benkoka {White-
head); Sandakan {W. B. Pryer) ; Silam {Lempriere);
Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Bejadjoe {S. Milller) ;
Pontianak (Diard).

349. — Harpactes kasumba.

Harpactes TcaMt/iYibay Gould., Monog. Trogon., PI. xxxvi i.

Pyrotrogon kasumba^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 29.

Sarawak {Low) ; Benkoka (Whitehead) ; Sandakan
(W. B, Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Tumbang
Hiang (Grabowsky) ; Ban jar mas in (Mottley).

350. — Harpactes duvaucelii.

Harpactes duvauceliij Gould., Monog. Trogon., PI. xl.
Pyrotrogon duvauceliij Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 29.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lawas (Treacher) ;

Benkoka (WJiitehead) ; Sandakan (W. B. Pryer) ;

Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley)

Beji:djoe {8. MUller).

351. — Harpactes oreskios.

Harpactes oreskios ^ Sharpe, Ibis, i888, p. 395.
Orcifciufi go2ildii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 31.
Kina Balu Mt. at 2,000 ft. (WJiitehead).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 167

SuB-ORDER— ZYGODACTYLY.
Family— CAPITONIDiE.

Genus— MEGALCEMA.

352. — Megalaema chrysopsis.

MegcUcBma chrysopsis, Marshall, Monog. Capiton., PI.

xvii.
Chotorea chrysopsis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 32.

Matang Mt. at 1,000 ft. {A. Everett)] Benkoka
(Whitehead) ; Sigalind (Lempriere); Banjarmasin
(Mottley).
This large Barbet is distributed throughout Sarawak
and North Borneo, but very sparingly, it being,
next to M, henrici, the least commonly met with
of the lowland species of the genus. It is a re-
presentative form of M. chrysopogon (Temm.) of
Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

353. — Megalaema versicolor.

Megalaema versicolor, Marshall, Monog. Capiton., PI. xxii.
M. versicolor, var. hoimeensis, W. Blasius, Verb. z. b.

Gesell. Wien., xxx, p. 25.
Chotorea versicolor, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 33.

Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan [Mottley) ;
Banjarmasin {Mottley) ; Tumbang Hiang {Grahoivs-
Icy) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer).
Dr. Blasuis (/or. cit,) separates the Bornean birds
from those of the Malay Peninsula as a local race.
On comparison of a considerable series from both
localities, the points of difference relied upon do
not appear to hold good. This is an extremely
abundant species all over the Sarawak Territory.

354. — Megalaema mystacophonus.

Megalcema mystacophonus, Marshall, Monog, Capiton.,

PI. xix.
31. humei, id., idem, PI. xxi.
Chotorea mystacophonus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 84, PI. i.

l68 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Banjarmasin (3fof<fey); Sarawak (Doria and Beccari);
Kina Balu Mt. 1,000-2,000 ft. {Whitehead) ; Ben-
koka (Whitehead); Sigalind (Lempriere);Si\3Lm {Lem-
priere) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer),

355. — Megalaema henrici.

Megalcema henrici^ Marshall, Monog. Capiton., PI. xxxi ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 239.
Lawas (Treacher) ; Tagora (A, Everett),

Genus— CYANOPS.

356. — Cyanops pulcherrimus.

Megalcema pulcherrimaf Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 393.
Kina Balu Mt., 5,000-8,000 ft. (Whitehead),

357. — Cyanops monticolus.

dyanops monticoluSf Sharpe, Ibis, 1889.

Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. (Whitehead),
This new Barbet will be described by Mr. Sharpe in his
review of Mr. Whitehead's collection now in course
of publication in the '* Ibis ".

Genus— XANTHOL^MA.

358. — Xantholaema duvaucelii.

XantlioUema duvaucelii^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 38.
Megalcema duvaucelii^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 9.
Sarawak (Doriu Siud Beccari); Sandakan (W,B, Fryer);
Moera Teweh (Fischer); Banjarmasin (Schierbrand) .

Genus— CALORAMPHUS.

359. — Caloramphus fuliginosus.

Caloramphus fuliginosus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 39.
Sarawak (Wallace) ; Sirambu Mt., Sarawak, at 1,000
ft. (A. Everett) ; Sandakan (W. B, Fryer) ; Silam
(Ouillemard) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. (Wliite-
head) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley),
Representative form of C. huyi (Gray) of Sumatra and
the Malay Peninsula.

169

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Family— INDICATORID,^.
Genus— IN Die ATOR-
360. — Indicator archipelagicus.

Indicator arekvpelagicus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 6 1 .
/. TtuiUiyanva, Sharpe, F. Z. S., 1878, p. 793.
Bintulu {A. Everett) ; Trusan {A. Everett) ; Lumbidan
{Treacher) ; Karou R. {Sckwaner) ; Pontianak
[Diard).
Mr. Sharpe [loe. cit.) separated his I. malayanus from
the Bornean Honey Guide {/. arehlpelagiciis) as
wanting the yellow shoulder spot, grey breast, and
flanks of the last named bird, and in being altoge-
ther larger, and he expressed the opinion that this
latter fact seemed to prevent the possibility of its
being considered a young bird of I. archipelagicus.
A comparison of Mr. Sharpe's type with four exam-
ples of the Bornean species, two of which want the
yellow shoulder spot and agree otherwise in plumage
with T. malayamiH, shows that the latter does not
differ materially in dimensions from the Borneo
birds. I think, therefore, that /.TfMi/fl.yarMM must take
place as a synonym of /. archipelagicv*, which thus
ceases to be a species peculiar to Borneo.

Sub-Order— COCCYGEO.
Family— CUCULID^.

Sub-Family— CUCU LI N/E.
Genus— CUCULUS.
—Cuculus canorinus.
Citcit/iw canorimus, Salvad., Ucc, Bor., p. 67.
C. catwroidee, W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 306.
Borneo (MiiUer, Oroockewit) ; Dahat I., Labuan {A,
Everett) ; Puerto Princesa {PMen).
I 362. — Cuculus poliocephalus.
' Cuciilite poliocephalus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 394.

1 70 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Busau, Sarawak (ff. Everett) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000
ft. in February and March [Whitehead),

363. — Cuculus micropterus.

Cuculus micrapteruSj Gould, P. Z, S., 1837, p. 137.
C concretvs, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 66.
Lawas (Whitehsad) ; Lumbidan (Treacher) ; Tumbang
Hiang (Orahowsky) ; Douson R. (S. Milller).

364. — Cuculus striatus.

Cuculus striatusy Gates, Birds Burma, ii, p. 105 (1883).
C.fucatuSy Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., Zool., 1848, p. 136;
Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 314 ; Guillemard,
P. Z. vS., 1885, p. 248.
C tenuirostris, Cassin, U. S. Expl., Exp., p. 244.
C. himalayanuSf Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 327.
Labuan (Ussher) ; Mangsi I. (Peale).
The type and only specimen upon which Peale's C fii-
catus was based is still extant in the U. S. National
Museum, and, through the kind intervention of Mr. R.
Ridgway, Mr. Stejnegerhas been good enough to
re-compare it, with the result that he entertains but
little doubt in referring C. fxicatus (Peale) as a
synonym to C. striatus (Drap.) of Gates' Birds of
Burma — a species with which Mr. Gates regards
C. himalayanus oi Vigore to be identical. Mr. Stej-
neger writes that Peale's bird agrees perfectly with
Gates' description of the coloration, while the
following are the measurements : —

Gates'

Peale's

Wing

6.8

6.9

Tail

6.0

5.9

Tarsus

** 0.7

0.7

Bill from gape

I.I

1.06

365. — Cuculus sonnerati.

Cuculus sonneratiy Walden, Tr. Z. S., viii, p. 55 ; Sharpe.

Ibis, 1888, p. 198.
Penthoceryx pravatu^, Salvad., Ucc. Bor,, p. 63.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I7I

Sarawak (Wallace); Labuan (Lmv); Lumbidan (Ussher);
Benkoka (WhiteJi^ad); Taguso {Whitehead),

As pointed out by Lord Walden (Ibis, 1872. p. 367) the
birds which inhabit Borneo, Sumatra and Malacca
are considerably smaller than the C. sonnerati of
India and Ceylon. Penthoceryx pravahis (Horsf.)
appears to be a distinct species and to be confined
to Java and perhaps the islands intervening between
it and Timor.

Genus— HIEROCOCCYX.

366. — Hierococcyx strenus.

Hierococcyx strenuSy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 327;
W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373 ; Id., Ornis,
1888, p. 306.
Labuan [Treacher); Puerto Princesa (Plateyi).
367. — Hierococcyx bocki.

Hierococcyx bockiy Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 3Q4.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft., March 25 (Whitehead).
368. — Hierococcyx hyperythrus.

Hierococcyx hyperythrus^ Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1886,

P- 157-
Borneo (Wardlaw-Ramsay, lac, cit).

369. — Hierococcyx fugax.

Hierococcyx furfax, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 65.
Simunjan, Mamp, Bintulu, &c. in Sarawak (A, Eve-
rett) ; Lawas (Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft.
(Whiteliead) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin
(Mottley) ; S. Borneo (Schwaner) .
k It is probable that some of the above records of occur-

" rence really belong to H, nanus^ which so closely

resembles the present species that it was confound-
I ed with it until 1877, when Hume showed the dis-

tinctions between the two species.
370. — Hierococcyx nanus.

H'erococcyx nanti4<y Hume, S. F., v, p. 490.
Baram (A. Everett); Benkoka, Nov. 2, 1885 (White-
liead).

172 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— CACOMANTIS.

371. — Cacomantis merulinus.

Cacomantis merulinus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 64.

C, sepulchralis, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 209.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Baram (Hose) ; Labuan
(Ussher) ; Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. {White-
head) ; Sandakan (TF. B, Fryer) ; Banjarmasin
(Schwaner) ; Teguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa,
Dec. 10, 1877 (A, Everett).
Mottley's Banjarmasin skin of C, sepulchralis so-
called (Sclater, loc, cit,) is pronounced by Mr.
Sharpe to belong to C, merulinus. There are,
however, two skins of true 0. sepulchralis in the
British Museum from Hom^o fide Verreaux. Never-
theless the evidence of the existence of this species
in the island must be considered as being at present
insufficient.

Genus— SURNICULUS.

372. — Surniculus lugubris.

Sumiculus higuhrisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 63.
Sarawak (Doria fmd Beccari) ; Labuan (Ussher); Tru-
san (A, Everett) ; Kina Balu (Whitehead) ; Sanda-
kan (W, B, Fryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Mar-
tapora (Mottley) ; Tumbang Hiang (Orabowsky) ;
Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {A, Everett),

Genus— CHRYSOCOCCYX.

373. — Chrysococcyx xanthorynchus. j

Chrysococcyx xanthorynchus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 62. ^

Chrysococcyx basalis. Id., idem, p. 62.

Cuculus basalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 244. |

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Trusan (A, Everett) ; ^
Abai (Whitehead); Sandakan (W, B, Fryer); Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin (Schwaner) ; Pon-
tianak (Diard) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
(Flaten),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 73

True Chrysococcyx basalts is, judging from the single
skin in the British Museum, a very distinct species,
and is confined apparently to Java. Ueterococcyx
ne^lectus (Schleg.), which is enumerated as a dis-
tinct species peculiar to Borneo in Count Salvadori's
Catalogue, is omitted in the present list. The title
was founded upon a single skin apparently, which
wascollectedbyS.Mullerand is said to be preserved
in the Leyden Museum. The bird was described
as being adult, but there is a possibility that it re-
presents a style of C, xanthorynchus^ and a re-com-
parison of the type seems desirable.

Genus— COCCYSTES.

374. — Coccystes coromandus.

Coccystes coromandus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 76.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Motiley) ;
Silam {Guillemard) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Ban-
jarmasin (Mottley),

Genus— EUDYNAMIS.

375. — Eudynamis malayana.

Ihidynamis malayana^ Salvad , Ucc. Bor., p. 68.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottlcy) ;
Cagayan Sulu {GidUcmard) ; Sandakan {Oitille-
mard) ; P. Princesa {Platen).
376. — Eudynamis mindanensis.

Evdynamis mindanensisy W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373.
Eu, malayana^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 198.
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {FUden),

Sub-family— PHCENICOPHANIN/E.

Genus— RHYNORTHA.

377. — Rhynortha chlorophaea.

Rhynortha chlorophaa, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 69.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; La was {Treacher)',
Sigalind {Lem^riere) ; Silam {Lcmjjriere),

174 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— RHOPODYTES.

378. — Rhopodytes borneensis.

Rhopodytes homeensis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 72.
Sarawak (Dorm and ^eccari); Sandakan (W,B, Fryer).
The bird obtained by Mottley at Banjarmasin, which
was catalogued by Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S., 1863, p.
208) as Zanclostomus tristiSf Bp., and which is enu-
merated in Count Salvador's list (p. 71) under the
title Rhopodytes elongattis (Miiller) (?) seems to be no
longer extant in the British Museum collection.
379. — Rhopodytes diardi.

Rhopodytes diardiy Biittikofer, Notes Leyd. Mus., xi,

1887, P- 30-
S. E. Borneo {Bock).
380. — Rhopodytes sumatranus.

Rhopodytes sumatranus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 73.
Poliococcyx sumatranus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 245.
Generally distributed in the N. W. districts of Borneo,
and found also in Banjarmasin (Mottley).

Genus— RAMPHOCOCCYX.

38 1 . — Ramphococcyx erythrognathus.

Ramphococcyx erythrognathus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 74.
Rhopodytes erythrognatus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 104.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lawas (Treacher) ;
Sandakan (W. B. Fryer); Si lam (Lempriere); Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; S. Borneo (Schwaner) ; Pontia-
nak (Diard) ; Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft. (White-
head) .

Genus— DRYOCOCCYX.

382. — Dryococcyx harringtoni.

Dryococcyx harringtoni, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd

Sen, I, p. 321.
Fhamicophaes harringtoni, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878,
p. 613.
Balabac (Steer e) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso

(Whitehead); P. Princesa (A. Everett).
Allied to Rhynococcyx curvirostris.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 75

Genus— ZANCLOSTOMUS.

383. — Zanclostomus javanicus.

Zanclostomus javanicus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 75.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Matang Mt. at 1,000 ft.
(A. Everett) ; Lawas {Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. up
to 1,000 ft. (Whitehead) ; Sandakan (W, B. Fryer) -^
Lihong Bahaja (Grabowsky),

Sub-Family— CENTROPODIN^

Genus— CARPOCOCCYX.

384. — Carpococcyx radiatus.

Carpococcyx radiatiis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 75; Id., Ann.
Mu. Civic, Genoa, xiv, 1879, p. 187.
Tagora {H. Everett) ; Bintulu [A, Everett) ; Baram
(Hose); Brunei (Ussier) \ Mocra Teweh (Fischer) \
Lihong Bahaja (Grabowsky) ; Pontianak (Diard),

385. — Centrococcyx javanensis.

Centrococcyx javanensisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 76.

C, javanensis var. pnsillus, Briigg. Abhandl., Nat. Ver.,

Bremen, v, p. 61.
C affinis, Sharpe, Ibis., 1888, p. 198.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Low) ; Mindai
(Grabowsky); Banjarmasin (Mottle y); Taguso (JMiite^
head) ; P. Princesa (Platen).
Very commonly distributed everywhere in open coun-
try throughout the N. W. districts of Borneo.

386. — Centrococcyx eurycercus.

Centrococcyx eurycerciis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 78.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lubuan (Mottley) ;
Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard) ; Sandakan (W, B.
Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fisclier) ; Banjarmasin
(Mottley) ; Pontianak (Diard) ; Marasi Bay (Lem-
jjriere) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa (-4.
Everett),

176 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Order— PSITTACI.

Family— PSITTACID^.

Sub-Family— CACATUINiE.

Genus— CACATUA.

387. — Cacatua haematuropygia.

Cdcatua hcematuropygiaj Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc.,2ndSer.,
i, p. 312.
Marasi Bay {Lempriere); Taguso (Whitehecul) ; Puerto
Princesa (Steere),

Sub-Family- PSITTACIN^.
Genus— PRIONITURUS.

388. — Prioniturus cyaniceps.

Prioniturus cyanicepSf Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 194.

P. discuruSy Id., Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, p. 312.

P. plateniy W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 372; Id., Ornis,

P- 305-
• Balabac (Steere) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa

{Platen),
I have ventured to unite P. discunis of Balabac
{Sharpe^ he, cit)y to P, cyaniceps because immature
birds of the latter might easily be confounded with
the former species, and because it seems improba-
ble in the highest degree that P, discutms of the
Philippines should occur in Balabac, seeing that
there exists a local representative form in Palawan.
According to Mr. Whitehead the blue crown is
present only in the mature males of P, cyaniceps.

Genus— TANYGNATHUS.

389, — Tanygnathus luzoniensis.

Tanygnathvs luzoniensis , Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd
Ser., i, p. 312.
Marasi Bay {Lempriere) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P.
Princesa {Steere) ; Cagayan Sulu {Guilkmard) ;
Mantanani Is. (-4. Everett),

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 77

Sub-Family— PALyEORNITHINyE .

Genus— PALyEORN IS.

390. — Palaeornis longicauda.

Pal4jBomis longic-auda^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 22.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Benkoka (Whitehead) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ;
Douson R. (S. Milller) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley).

391. — Paloeornis javanica.

PaUeornis javanicay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 25.
Borneo (Wallace, Croockewit) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley ,
Schierbrand),

Genus— PSITTIN US.

392. — Psittinus incertus.

Psittinvs hicertusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 25.
Sambas (Brookes) ; Tagora (ff. Everett) ; Baram
(A, Everett); Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Douson R.
(8. Milller) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley).

Genus— LORICULUS.

393. — Loriculus galgulus.

Loriculus galgulus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 26.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Mottley) ;
Sandakan (W, B, Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley),

Order— STRIGES.

Famiy— BUBONID^E.

Genus— KETUPA.
394. — Ketupa javanensis.

Ketupa javaneiisisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 20.
K, ketupa, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 791.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Brunei (Ussher); Labu-
an (Ussher) ; Benkoka (Whitehead) ; Sandakan
(W, B. Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Telang
(Orabmvsky) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley).

178 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— BUBO.

395. — Bubo orientalis.

Bubo orientalis^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii, p. 39.
B, sumatranvsy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 19.
Muara I. (Ussher); Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft., April 3,
1887 {Whitehead); Barabei, S. E. Borneo {Orabows-
ky) ; S. Borneo (Semmelinik) ,

Genus— SCOPS.

396, — Scops lempiji.

Scops lempiji^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 19.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Brunei {Treacher) ;
Law as {Treacher); Baram {Hose); Abai {Whitehead);
Kina Balu Mt. {Whitehead); Sandakan (TF. B.
Pryer) ; S. Borneo {Croockewit) .

397. — Scops rufescens.

Scops rufescens J Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 19.
Sarawak (Xoi^;); Lawas {Treacher); Benkoka {White-
head) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Pontianak {Diard),

398. — Scops everetti.

Scop« everd^i, W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 374; Id., Ornis,

1888, p. 305.
S.fuliginosa^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 197.
Taguso {Whitehead); P. Princesa {Platen).
Mr. Sharpe concurs in the correctness of the deter-
mination by Dr. Blasius of the above species.

Genus— HETEROSCOPS.

399. — Heteroscops luciae.

Heteroscops lucice^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 77, PI. iii.
Scops luciody Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 478.
Kina Balu Mt. at 9,000 ft., February, 1888 {Whitehead).

Genus— PHODILUS.

400. — Phodilus badius.

Pliodilus hadius^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 21.
Mamp, Sarawak {A.Everett) ; Brunei {Ussher); Labuan
{Low); Trusan (-4. Everett); Banjarmasin {Mottley).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 79

Genus— NINOX.

401.— Ninox scutulata.

Ninoz scutulata^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds, B. M. ii.

N, bameen»is, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 18.
This owl is very generally distributed throughout Sara-
wak and Northern Borneo. It has been recorded
from Moera Teweh in Central Borneo (Fischer) and
from Telang in S. E. Borneo {Grabowsiy)^ while Dr.
Platen has found it at Puerto Princesa in Palawan.

402. — Ninox japonica.

Ninox japonicay Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 325.
Labuan (Burbidge) ; Lawas, April, 1886 (IVhitehead) .

Genus— SYRNIUM.

403.— Syrnium leptogrammicum.

Symium leptogrammicum^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii,

p. 264.
Ciccaba leptogrammica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 20.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A, Everett) ;

Lawas (Ussher) ; Lumbidon {Treacher) ; Benkoka

{Whitehead) y yioQTB. Teweh (Fischer); S. Borneo

(Croockewit) ; Pontianak (Diard).
Apparently confined to the old forest districts and

their immediate vicinity.
Representative form of 8. myrtha (Bp.) of Sumatra.

404. — Syrnium whiteheads

Syniiurmvhiteheadiy Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 196, PI. iii.
8, wiepkeni^ W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 372; Id.,

Ornis., 1888, p. 304.
Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Platen),
Representative form of 8. sinense (Lath.) of Java,
Burma, and Cochin-China.

■ -■ ■ fc m

l8o LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

. Order— ACCIPITRES.

Sub-Order— FALCONES .

Family— FALCONIDyE.
Sub-Family— ACCIPITRINiE.
Genus— CIRCUS.

405, — Circus spilonotus.

Circus ^pilonotvSy Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 30.
Sarawak {A, Everett); Brunei (Ussher) ; Labuan {Trea-
cher) ; Tampasuk Plains (Whitehedd) ; Palawan (?)
{Whitehead),
This harrier is very abundant in the N. E. Monsoon
on the marshy plains in the vicinity of the Papar
and Tampasuk Rivers. It is a regular winter
migrant to Borneo and probably to Palawan also.

Genus— ASTUR.

406. — Astur soloensis.

Astur soloensisy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 114.

PI. iv, fig. I.
Micronisus soloensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 17.
Lumbidan {Ussher) ; Kina Balu at 1,000 ft., Feb. 26,
1887 {Whitehead); Banjarmasin {Mottley).

407. — Astur trivisgatus.

Astur trivisgatus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 17.
Sibu, Sarawak {A. Everett) ; Baram {Hose) ; Brunei
{Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. {Whitehead) ; Telang
{Chrahowsky) ; S. Borneo {S, MUller) ; Taguso
{Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Platen),

Genus— ACCIPITER.

408. — Accipiter virgatus.

Accipiter virgatus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 17.
Sibu, Sarawak {A, Everett) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000
ft. {Whitehead); Banjarmasin {Mottley).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. l8l

409. — ^Accipiter rufotibialis.

AccipUer rufotibialisy Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 437; 1889,
p. 68, PI. li.
Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. (Whitehead),
Highland form of A. virgatvs (Reinw.).

Sub-Family— AQUILlNyE.

Genus— NEOPUS.

410. — Neopus malayensis.

Neopus malayensisy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 257.
Onychaetiis malayensisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 4.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (A, Everett) ;
Padas (Wliiteliead) ; Tampasuk (Whitehead),

Genus— SPIZAETUS.

411. — Spizaetus alboniger.

Spizaetvs alhonigeVy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 14.
Borneo (Walluce) ; Bintulu (A. Everett) ; Lawas
(UssheVy Treacher).

412. — Spizaetus limnaetus.

Spizaetus limnaetuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 15.
S. caligatus, Id., idem, p. 13.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Low) ; Tam-
pasuk (WhiteJiead) ; Sandakan (W. B, Fryer) ; Ken-
dangan (Grahowshy) ; Banjarmasin (Schivaner) ;
Taguso (Wliitehead) ; P. Princesa (Flatmi),
In the British Museum Catalogue 8, caliyatus of Count
Salvadori's list is treated as the young of this species.
This conclusion is borne out by a series of seven
skins brought from Borneo and Palawan by Mr.
Whitehead (Cf. Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 70).

413. — Spizaetus philippensis.

Spizaetus philippeiisis, W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p-373;
Id., Ornis, 1888, p. 304.
Puerto Princesa (Flaten).

^S^T^^^m^mm

1 82 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— LOPHOTRIORCHIS.

414.— Lophotriorchis kieneri.

Lophotriorchis kieneri^ Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i,

Spizaetiis kieneri% Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 16.
Sarawak (WalUice) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft. {White-
head) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer),

Genus— SPILORNIS.

415. — Spilornis bacha.

Spilomis bacha, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 71.
Spilornis, sp,, Id., Ibis, 1888, p. 195.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft., March 11, 1888 (White-

head); P. Princesa (Plaien).
According to Mr. Whitehead's observation this spe-
cies replaces 8, pallidus above 3,000 ft. and ranges
at least as high as 8,000 ft.

416. — Spilornis pallidus.

Spilornis pallidus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 290,
PI. ix.

S. bacha, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 7.

S, rufipectus, W. Blasius, Jahresber. Ver. Nat. Braunsch-
weig, 1 88 1, p. 109.
Sarawak (Wallace) ; Bintulu (A. Everett) ; Baram
(Hose); Benkoka (Whitehead) ; Tampasuk (White-
head) ; Kina Balu Mt. up to 1000 ft. (Whitehead) ;
Sandakan (W. B, Fryer) ; Silam (Guillemard) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley); Telang (Orabowsky); S.
Borneo (Croockeivit) .
I have provisionally placed here the bird catalogued
by Dr. Blasius as S. rufipectus pending further
confirmation of the existence of this Celebean
species in Borneo. The bird in question was
obtained at Jambusan in Sarawak by Dr. Platen.

Genus— BUTASTUR.
417. — Butastur Indicus.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 83

Butastur indicvs, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 297 ;
Id., Ibis, 1879, p. 236.

Poliamis indicay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 9.
Labuan (Ututher) ; Tampasuk {Whitehead) ; Kina Balu
Mt. (Burbidge) ; Benkoka {miitehead) ; Sigalind
(Lempriere) ; Taguso (JVhitehead) ; P. Princesa
(a, Everett) ; Cuyo I. {Meyer),
Appears in Labuan and Northern Borneo in Septem-
ber and remains through the winter. It is quite the
most abundant of the migratory as Haliastur ititer-
medium is of the resident birds of prey in those parts
of the island. Obser\'ed as high as 1,000 ft. on
Kina Balu by Mr. Whitehead. Butastur liventer
(Temm.) is said to have occurred once in Borneo,
but is omitted in this list pending further evidence.

Genus— HALIAETUS.

418. — Haliaetus leucogaster.

Ualiaetus leucogaster, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 307 ;

Id., Ibis, 1877, p. 3.
Cimcuma leucogaster, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 5.
Bintulu {A, Everett) ; Labuan {Ussher) ; Abai {White-
head)] Taguso {Whitehead); P. Princesa {Falawan),

Genus— POLIO AETUS.

419. — Polioactus icthyaetus.

Polioaetus icthyaetus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 6.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Benkoka, Sept. 6, 1885
{Whitehead) ; Douson R. (/?. Miillcr) ; P. Kakict
{Schwaner) ; Banjarmasin {Mottley).
420. — Polioaetus humilis.

Polioaetus humilis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., pp. 6. & 379.
Sarawak ( J>orj'a and Beccari); Sibu, Aug. 14, 1874
( A. Everett); Jambusan, July 31, 1880 {Platen).

Genus— HALIASTUR.

421. — Haliastur intermedius.

Haliastur intermedins, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p.

313-

SIJJl. .■ ■

1 84 * LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

H. indusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 12.

Generally distributed throughout the Bornean group
both on the coast and in the interior, and the
most abundant numerically of the resident birds
of prey. Mr. Whitehead informs me that it oc-
curred on the Kina Balu Mt. at an elevation of
about 1,000 ft., but was not observed beyond that
height.

Genus— ELANUS.

422. — Elanus hypoleucus.

Elanus hypoleucus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 12.

Brunei {Treacher) ; Banjarmasin (Schwaiiery Mottley),

Genus—MACHAERAMPHUS.

423. — Machaeramphus alcinus.

Machaeramphus alcinvs, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p.
342 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 467.
Baram ( Hose ) ; N. W. Borneo {Jameson, fide R, B,
Sharpe: cf. Gurney ^ loc. cit); Marintaman {A, Everett);
Papar {A. Everett) ; Gomanton Hill {H. Fryer) ;
M i n dai ( Orabowsky ) ,

Genus— PTILONORYNCHUS.

424. — Pernis ptilonorynchus.

Pernis ptilonorynchus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i, p. 347 ;

Id., Ibis, 1888, p. 195.
P. Ptilonorynchay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 9.
Sarawak, Oct. 31 {Doria a,nd Beccari) ; Labuan, Nov.
30, 1885 ( Whitehead) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000 ft.
( Whitehead) ; Sandakan ( W, B, Fryer) ; Taguso
( Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Flaten),

Sub-Family— FALCONINiE.
Genus— BAZA.

425. — Baza jerdonii.

Baza jerdoniiy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 11.
B. borneensis, W. Blasius, Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
v, p. 47.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 185

Pontianak {Diard).

There is one specimen of this bird in the Norwich
Museum "said to be from Borneo, but probably
incorrectly** (C?t*m^y, I6t8, 1880, p. 467). In the
British Museum Catalogue B, jerdonii appears as a
synonym of B. reiwivardtiy but Mr. Sharpe informs
me that, unless proved to be a distinct species, its
place will probably be with Baza sumatrensis. Un-
til the precise affinity of the Bornean bird is settled,
I follow provisionally Count Salvadori's nomencla-
ture.

426. — Baza leucopias.

Baza leucopias J Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 195.
Taguso ( Whiiehead),
Representative form of B. sumatrensis ( Lafreon.).

Genus— MICROHIERAX.

427. — Microhierax fringillarius.

Microhierax fringiUarivSy Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. i,

P'367-
Hierax ca^rulescenSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 3.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Baram (-^4. Everett) ;

Banjarmasin (Mottley) ; Kuala Kapuas (Grahowsky) ;

S. Borneo {8. Miillerj Croockewit),

428. — Microhierax latifrons.

Microhierax laiifrotiSy Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 237, PI. vii.

La was (Ussher, Treacher) ; Lumbidan (Usshery Trea-
cher) ; Benkoka (WJdtehead) ; Sandakan {W, B,
Fryer) ; Si lam [Guillemard) ,

This distinct species appears to entirely replace M,

fringillarius in Northern Borneo. According to

Mr. Gurney it occurs also in the Nicobar Islands

{8, F.y viii, p. 476), but I cannot but think that

his informant must have been in error as to the

origin of the specimen. *

l86 LIST OP BIRDS OP BORNEO.

Genus— FALCO.

429.— Falco communis.

Falco communis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. i .

F. peregriniiSy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 323; Id., Ibis,
1888, p. 195.
Labuan (Treacher) ; Lawas (Pretyman) ; Abai {Wliite-
head) ; Kina Balu Mt. at 8,000 ft. (Whitehead);
Sandakan (W, B, Fryer) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) ;
Taguso, Palawan (Whitehead) ; Puerto Princesa
(Platen) .
It is still a matter of doubt whether the Australian F.
melanogenys (Gould) ranges as far north as Borneo.
A very dark and richly-coloured Peregrine from
Lawas in the British Museum is referred by Mr.
Gurney (Ibisy 1882, p. 302) to Falco melanogenys.
On the other hand this specimen with the dark
birds recorded from Java are believed by Mr. Sharpe
to be representatives of a local race of Peregrines
permanently resident in the islandsabove-mentioned.
The birds ordinarily met with in Labuan and North-
ern Borneo appear in the N. E. Monsoon, and are
doubtless regular winter migrants, probably from
China. Mr. Whitehead, although he identified a
Peregrine on Kina Balu, failed to obtain a specimen
from that locality.

430. — Falco severus.

Falco sevemsy Brugg., Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, v,

P- 454- .
Hypotriorchis severvs, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 2 ; W. Bla-

sius, Ibis, 1888, p. 373.

Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; P. Princesa (Platen),

Genus— CERCHNEIS.

431. — Cerchneis tinnunculus.

Cerchneis tinnunculus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 323.
Labuan (Ussher, Treacher); Abai, Dec. 25, 1887 (Wtiite-
head).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 87

These birds belong to the dark form of Kestrel {Cerch-
tieis jap&nicti8)y and are winter migrants to Borneo.
Tinnunculus molucceiisis (Bp.) has been recorded
from Borneo on the authority of Schwaner. Al-
though it is possible that stragglers may visit the
Southern districts of Borneo, this species has not been
noticed by any modern collector, and it is desirable
that its occurrence should be confirmed before it is
definitely admitted among the birds of Borneo.

Sub-Order— PANDIONES.

Genus— PANDION.

432. — Pandion haliaetus.

Pandion haliaetus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 7.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari ) ; Labuan ( Treacher ) ;
Abai ( Whitehead) ; Pagattan (Sch^vaner) ; Taguso
( Whitehead).

Order— STEGANOPODES.
Family— FREGATIDiE.

Genus— FREGATA.

433. — Fregata aquila.

Fregata aquila^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 364.
Tachypetes aquila, Sharpc, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 353.
Labuan {TreacJier).

434. — Fregata minor.

Fregata minor, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 364.
Tachypetes minor, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 353.
Labuan [Treacher) ; Taguso [Whitehead).

Family— SULIDyE.
Genus— SULA.

435. — Sula piscatrix.

8uJa piscatrix, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 368 ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S., 1879, p. 353.
Labuan ( Treacher ) ; Sandakan ( TJssher ) ; Si lam
( Ghiillemard ) .

1 88 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

436. — Sula fiber.

SulafibeVy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 369 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S ,

1881, p. 800.
•Sandakan ( W. B. Pryer).

Family— PHALACROCORACID^.
Genus— MICROCARBO .

437. — Microcarbo sulcirostris.

Microcarho sulcirostrisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 365.
S. Borneo ( Croockewit ) .

438. — Microcarbo pygmceus.

Microcarho pygmoeuSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 366.
Borneo (Schwaner); Banjarmasin (Croockewit),

Family— PLOTID^E.
Genus— PLOTUS.

439. — Plotus melanogaster.

Plotus melanogaster, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 367.
Bintulu (Beccari) ; Labuan (Ussher); Trusan
(A. Everett),

Order— HERODIONES.
Family— ARDEIDyE.

Genus— ARDEA.

440. — Ardea sumatrana.

Ardea sumatrana, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 344 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1879, p. 271.
Bintulu {A. Everett) 'y Lumbidan (Ussher); Sandakan
( W, B. Pryer); Taguso (Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
(Platen).

441. — Ardea purpurea.

Ardea purpurea, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 345.

Labuan (Mottley); Pagattan (Schwarier); Banjarma-
sin (Mottley).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 1 89

Genus— HERODIAS.

442. — Herodias intermedia.

Herodias intermedia, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 348.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Taguso (Whitehead).
443. — Herodias nigripes.

Herodias nigripes^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 349.
Labuan (Mottley) ; Kupang R. [Grabowsky) ; S. Bor-
neo {Croockeivit) .
444.— rHerodias torra.

Herodias torra^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 347.
Pontianak (Diard).

Genus— DEMIEGRETTA.

445. — Demiegretta sacra.

Demiegretta sacra, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 346.
Labuan (Mottley) ; Cayayan Sulu (Guillemard) ; Ban-
j arm as in (Mottley),

Genus— BUBULCUS.

446. — Bubulcus coromandus.

Bubulciis coromandus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 350.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Baram (A. Everett) ;
Papar (A. Everett) ; Sandakan (W. B. Fryer) ; Moera
Teweh (Fischer) ; Taguso (WJiitehead) ; P. Prin-
cesa (Steer e).

Genus— ARDEOLA.

447. — Ardeola speciosa.

Ardsola speciosa, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 351.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Moera Tcweh (Fisch-
er) ; Bangkan Lake (Frahowsky) ; Banjarmasin
(Schwaner) .

Genus— BUTORIDES.

448. — Butoridcs javanica.

Butorides javanica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 351.
B, macroryncha, Id., idem, p. 353.

igo LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; and N. W. Borneo
generally {A. Everett); S. Borneo {Croockemit); Ban-
jarmasin {Schwaner); Taguso {Whitehead); P. Prin-
cesa {A. Everett).

Genus— ARDEIRALLA

449. — Ardeiralla flavicollis.

Ardeiralla flavicollisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 353.
Borneo (S, Miiller) ; Labuan {A, Everett) ; Bangkan
Lake {Grabowsky).

Genus— ARDETTA.

450. — Ardetta cinnamomea.

Ardetta cinnamomea, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 354.
Borneo {Schwaner) ; Labuan {Treacher) ; Banjarmasin
{Mottley) ; Negara {Grabowsky).

451. — Ardetta sinensis.

Ardetta sinensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 354.
Borneo {Schwaner) ; Bintulu {A. Everett).

452. — Ardetta eurythma.

Ardetta eurythma, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, P- 271.
Lawas ( Treacher ) .

Genus— GORSACHIUS.

453. — Gorsachius melanolophus.

Gorsachius melanolojphus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 355 ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 271.
Lawas { Treacher );Tdig\xso { Whitehead); P. Princesa
{Platen).

Genus— NYCTICORAX.

454 — Nycticorax griseus.

Nycticorax griseus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 356.
Borneo {Croockewit); Banjarmasin {Mottley),
455. — Nycticorax manillensis (?).

Nycticorax manillensis, Tweeddale, Tr. Z. S., ix, p. 238.
N. Borneo ( Whitehead).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. I9I

Family— CICONIIDyE.

Genus— LEPTOPTILUS.

456. — Leptoptilus javanicus.

Leptoptilus javanxcxis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 358.
Sarawak {Doria and Becarri); N. W. Borneo (Loiv).

Genls— MELANOPELARGUS.

457. — Melanopelargus episcopus.

MelanopeUirgiis episcoptiSy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 356.
Sarawak (Platen); Lawas ( Treacher) ; Tunibang Hi-
ang ( Grahcnvsky ) ,

Famiy— PLATALEID/E.

Sub-Family— PLATALEIN/E.

Geuns— PLATALEA.

458. — Platalea intermedia.

Flatalea intermedia^ Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 52.
Borneo (fide Biittikofer).

Sub-Family— IBIDIN^.
Genus— INOCOTIS.

459. — Inocotis papillosa.

Inocotis papulosa^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 360.

Douson B. (S. Milller).

According to Mr. Oates (Birds of Burma, ii, p. 270)
this bird should be perpaps Graptocephalm davi-
8oni (Hume) ; which was confounded with (/.
papillosa at the date when Count Salvadori wrote.

Genus— FALCINELLUS.

460. — Falcinellus igneus.

Falcinellus iijneus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 360.
Borneo (Croockewit) ,

192 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Order— ANSERES.

Family— ANATIDiE.

Sub-Family— ANSERINiE.

Genus— NETTAPUS.

461. — Nettapus coromandelianus.

Nettapus coromandelianus , W. Blasius, J. f. O., 1884, p.
216; Grabowsky, Ornis, 1885, p. 163.
Bangkau Lake (Grabowsky),

Sub-Family— ANATINyE.

Genus— DENDROCYGNA.

462. — Dendrocygna javanica.

Dendrocygna javanica, Gates, Birds Burma, ii, p. 273.
D. arcuata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 362 ; Grabowsky,
Ornis, 1885, p. 163.
Banjamasin (Mottley); Bangkau Lake [Grabowsky),

463. — Dendrocygna vagans.

Dendrocygna vagans, Vordeman, Tidscher. Nederl. Ind.,
xlvi, p. 222.
Banjarmasin (Verdeman).

Genus— MARECA.

464. — Mareca penelope.

Mar^eca penelope, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 24.
Bintulu [A. Everett) ; Tampasuk Plains (Whitehead).

Genus— DAFILA.
465. — Datila acuta.

Dafila acuta, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, P- 24.
Bintulu [A. Everett).

Genus— QUERQUEDULA.

466. — Querqucdula circia.

Querquedula circia, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 361 ; Nicholson,
Ibis, 1883, p. 88.
Labuan [Lempriere).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 193

Order— COLUMB^E.

Family— C0LUMBID.1I.

Sub-Family— TURTURIN^.

Genus— TURTUR.

467. — Turtur tigrina.

Turtur tigrina^ Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 381.
Spilopelia tigrina^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 296.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari)) ; Papar [A, Everett) ;
Sandakan {W, B. Pryer) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) ;
S. Borneo {Schwaner) ; Taguso (Whitehead).
Introduced into Labuan by Mr. Low, where it now
abounds. It is said to have been introduced on the
mainland of Borneo from Java. In Palawan also it
is probably not an indigenous species.

468. — Turtur dussumieri.

Turtur dussumieri, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 799; W.
Blasius, ibis, 1888, p. 374; Id., Ornis, 1888, p. 317.
Sandakan {W. B. Pryer) ; P. Princesa (Platen).
This species has been most probably introduced by
man in both the localities mentioned, it being, like
T. tigrina and Padda orysivora^ a favourite cage
bird with the natives.

Sub-Family— MACROPYGRIN^.

Genus— MACROPYGIA.

469. — Macropygia emiliana.

Macropygia emiliana^ Bp., Conspec. A v., ii, p. 58.
M. tenuirostris, Sharpe y Ibis, 1879, p. 265.
Brunei (Treacher) ; Kina Balu Mt. up to 1,000 ft.
(miitehead).

470. — Macropygia ruficeps.

Macropygia ruficeps, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 298.
Kina Balu Mt. at 1,000-8,000 ft. ( Whitehead).

471. — Macropygia tenuirostris.

194 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Macrapygia tenuirostris, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203.
Taguso ( Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Platen).

Sub-Family— PHAPIDIN^.

Genus— CHALCOPHAPS.

472. — Chalcophaps indica.

Chalcophaps indica^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 299.
Sarawak { Doria and Beccari); Baram {Hose) ; Labuan
(Ussher) ; Banguey I. {Ouillemard) ; Moera Teweh
(Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {S. Miiller) ; Taguso (White-
head) ; P. Princesa (Steere),

Genus— GEOPELIA.

473. — Geopelia striata.

Oeopelia striata^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 298.
Lawas (Treacher) ; Muara I. (Ussher) ; S. Borneo

(Schwaner) .
This species also is said to have been originally intro-
duced from Java by the natives.

Sub-Family- CAL^ENATIDyE.

Genus— CAL/ENAS.

474. — Calaenas nicobarica.

Calcenaji nicobarica, Cassin, Un. St. Expl. Exped., p. 276 ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1875, p. no.
Labuan (Low) ; Tiga Is. (Whitehead) ; Mantanani Is.
(A. Everett) ; Mangsi I. (PealeYy P. Princesa (Platen).

Sub-Family— CARPOPHAGIN.E.

Genus— CARPOPHAGA.

475. — Carpophaga aenea.

Carpopha^a ceneay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 290.
C. cenea var. palawanensis, W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888;
Id., Ornis, 1888, p. 316.
Universally distributed on the mainland of Borneo,
ranging up to an altitude of not less than 1,000 ft.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 195

Recorded also frcm Banguey I. (A. Everett) ; Bala-
bac {Steere) ; Marasi Bay (Lcnipriere) ; Taguso
{Whitehead) ; and P. Princesa (Steere).

476. — Carpophaga pickeringi.

Carpopha^a picTceringiy Cassin, Pr. Ac. Philad., vii, p.

228 (1854).
C. everettiy Grant, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., ii,

P-35I-
Mantanani Is. {A. Everett) ; Mangsi I. {Peale) ; Caga-

yan Sulu {Ghiillemard) .

477. — Carpophaga grisea.

Carpophaga grisea^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 291.
Pontianak {Diard).

478. — Carpophaga bicolor.

Carpophaga bicoloVy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 292.
Myristicivora hicolor^ W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 317.
Labuan (Mottley) ; Abai (A. Everett) ; Sandakan (TF.
B. Pryer) ; S. Borneo (Schwaner) ; Balabac (Steere) ;
Taguso (Whithead) ; P. Princesa (Steere).

479. — Carpophaga badia.

Carpophaga hadia^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 291.

Kina Balu Mt. at 4,000 ft. (Wliitehead).

Carpophaga grisea^ Gray, is said to have been obtained
in Pontianak by Diard, but it does not appear to
have been met with by any collecter since.

Genus— lANTH/ENAS.

480. — lanthaenas griseigularis.

laiithamas griseigularis, A. Everett, Ibis, 1887, p. 363.

Tiga Is., April, 1887 (A. Everett).

There is an example of this bird in the Natural His-
tory Museum, said to have been obtained from Lawas
by Mr. A. Pretyman. The specimen came without
doubt from N. VV. Borneo, but the accuracy of the
locality ** Lawas" is not to be depended upon.

'^rr'ymm

196 UST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sub-Family— TRERONID^.

Genus— TRERON.

481. — Treron nasica.

Treron nasica^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 283.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {A, Everett) ;
Banguey I. {A. Everett) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley) ; Taguso [Whitehead) ; P.
Princesa (Steere).

482.— -Treron vernans.

Treron vemaus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 286.
Sarawak (Dorm and beccari); Lahuan [Mottley); San-
dakan [W, B. Pryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ;
Banjarmasin (Mottley) ; Taguso (Whitehead) ; P.
Princesa (A. Everett).

483. — Treron olax.

Treron ohix, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 289.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Ussher) ;
Silam (LeTupriere) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer); Banjar-
masin (Mottley).

484. — Treron fulvicollis.

Treron fulvicallisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 288.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Lumbidan (Treacher) ;
Labuan (A. Everett) ; Abai (Witti) ; Sandakan (W.
B. Pryer) ; Telang (Grahowsky) ; Banjarmasin
(Mottley) ; Pontianak (Temminck).

485. — Treron capellei.

Treron capellei, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 285.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Blntulu (A. Everett);
Lawas (Treacher) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Rangas
(Grahowsky) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) ; S. Borneo
(Schwaner) .

There is said to be a skeleton of T. oxyura (Reinw.) in
the Leyden Museum which purports to have been
procured in Borneo by Schwaner. As no subse-
quent collector be met with the species, I omit it
pending confirmation of the habitat.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 197

Sub-Family— PTILOPIN^E.
Genus— PTILOPUS.

486. — Ptilopus jambu.

Ptilojms jambu, Elliot, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 554.
Ptilonojpus jambu^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 289.
Sarawak [Doria and Beccarri) ; Labuan (Ussher) ;
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. (Whitehead) ; Sandakan
(W. B, Fryer) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjar-
masin (Mottley).

487. — Ptilopus melanocephalus.

Ptilopus melanocephaliLSy Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 322;
Everett, Ibis, 1886, p. 524.
Banguey I. (A. Everett) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ;
Taguso (Whitehead); P. Princesa (Platen),

488. — Ptilopus lechlancleri.

Ptilopus lechlancleri^ Elliot, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 568.
Leucotreron lechlancleri^ W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 374 ;

Id., Ornis 1888, p. 316.
Puerto Princesa (Platen).

Order— GALLING.
Family— MEGAPODIIDyE.

Genus— MEGAPODIUS.

489. — Megapodius cumingii.

Megapodius cumingii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 302.
M. lowii, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1875, p. m.
Labuan (Mottley); Tiga Is. (Whitehead); Mantanani Is.
(A. Everett) ; Sandakan (W, B, Pryer) ; Balabac
(Steere) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso (White-
head) ; JP. Princesa (A. Everett),

Family— PHASIANID^.

Sub-Family— PAVONINiE

Genus— ARGUSIANUS.
490. — Argusianus grayi.

198 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Argtmanvs gray% Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 305.
Sarawak {A, Everett) ; Bintulu {A, Everett) ; Lawas
{Ussher) ; Sandakan {Chiillemard) ; Silam (Guille-
mard) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin
(8. Mutter).
Representative form of A, argus (Linn.).

Genus— POLYPLECTRON.

491. — Polyplectron napoleonis.

Polyplectronnapoleonis, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 792.

P. emphanes, Id., idem, 1878, p. 623 {lapsu caldmi),
Balabac {A. Everett); Taguso (WhiteJiead); P. Princesa

(A. Everett).
In his ''Notes d'Ornithologie (3^ s^rie)" M. Oustalet
has recorded this bird as having been obtained in
the island of Luzon by M. Alfred Marche, who pro-
cured two specimens, *'dont Tun, le m&le, a et6 tu6
en 1 88 1 k Paragay (Lu^on) tandis que Tautre, la
femelle, provient, suivant M. Marche, de quelque
lie situee au sud de Lu^on,'* {Bull, Boo, Philom,y ser.
7. vi, p. 254, 1882). The occurrence of this species
in Luzon is, I venture to think, extremely doubtful,
and perhaps for the locality ''Paragay (Lu^on)"
should be read "Paragua," which is the Spanish
for the island of Palawan ?

492. — Polyplectron schleiermacheri.

Polyplectron schleiermacheri^ Briiggem., Der Zool. Bart.,
1877, p. 213.
Moera Teweh {Fischer); Banjarmasin {Breitenstciii).

Sub-Family— PHASIANIN^.
Genus— LOBIOPHASIS.

493. — Lobiophasis bulweri.

Lobiophasis bulweri^ Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th

Series, xiv, p. 73, 1874.
L, castanei'Candatus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 93.
Lawas Mts. {Low); Kinabatangan {Treacher).

LIST OP BIRDS OF BORNEO. I99

Genus— EUPLOCAM US.

494. — Euplocamus nobilis.

Euplocamus nobilisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 306; Salv. &

Sclat., Ibis, 1880, p. 371.
E. ignitusy Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 414.
Sarawak [Wallace)-, Baram (Hose); Lawas (Treacher)-,
Sandakan {W. B, Pryer); Silam (Lemjyriere); Moera
Teweh (Fischer); Banjarmasin (Breitcnstein),

495. — Euplocamus pyronotus.

Euplocamus pyronotus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 307.
Sarawak (Wallace) ; Bintulu (A, Everett) ; Baram

(A.Everett) ; Lihong Bahaja (GrabowsJcy),
Representative form of E, erythroptlialmus (Raffl.).

Genus— GALLUS.

496. — Callus bankiva.

Galhis bankiva, Sharpe,Tr. Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., i, p. 348.
Balabac (Steere) ; Taguso (^VJiiteh^a4.l) ; P. Princcsa

(8tee-re) .

Family— TETRAOXID^.

Sub-Family— PERDICIN.^.

Genus -RHIZOTHERA.

497. — Rhizothera longirostris.

Khizothera longirostris^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 310.
Busau (A. Everett) ; Marup (A, Everett); Mocra Tewch
(Fischer) ; Banjarmasin (Breitenstein),

Genus— MELANOPERDIX.

I 498. — Melanopcrdix nigra.

Melanoperdix nigra, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 309.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu (A. Everett) ;
' Lihong Bahaja (Grabowshj).

Genus— ARBOROPHILA.
499. — Arborophila charltoni.

200 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Arhorophila charltoniy Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 89.
Sigalind {Lempriere) ; Sandakan {W. B. Fryer) ; Ben-
koka {Whitehead),

Genus— BAMBUSICOLA.

500. — Bambusicola hyperythra.

Bambusicola hyperythra, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 266.
Lawas Mts. {Treacher).

501. — Bambusicola erythrophrys.

Bambusicola erythrophrys, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889.
B, hyperythra^ Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 454.
Kina Balu Mt. at 3,000 ft. {Whitehead),
Mr. Sharpe proposes to describe, under the above
title, the Bambusicola of Kina Balu as distinct from
B. hyperythra of Lawas.

Genus— ROLLULUS.

502. — Rollulus roulroul.

Bx)llulus roulro^dy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 309.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Bintulu {A. Everett) ;
Trusan {A. Everett) ; Sandakan {W, B. Fryer) ;
Silam {Lempriere) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; Turn-
bang Hiang {Grabowsky).

Genus— H^MATORTYX.

503. — Haematortyx sanguiniceps.

Hoematortyx sanguiniceps, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, P- 2^^-
Lawas Mts. {Treacher),

Sub-Family— COTURNICID^.

Genus— EXCALFACTORIA.

504. — Excalfactoria chinensis.

Excalfactoria chinensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 311.
Sarawak {A. Everett) ; Labuan {Low) ; Kina Balu up
to 1,000 ft. {WJiiteh^ad); Silam {Guillemard); Moera
Teweh {Fischer) ; Rangas {Grabowsky) ; Banjarma-
sin {Mottley); Taguso {Whitehead).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. -201

Order— HEMIPODII.
Family— TURNICID^.
Genus— TURNIX.

505. — ^Turnix nigrescens.

Tumix 7iigre8ce7i8, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203.

T. fasciatay W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 374 ; Id., Ornis,

1888, p. 317.
T. haynaldiy Id., idem, 1888, p. 374; Id., idem, 1888,

P- 317 (?)
Taguso (Whitehead); P. Princesa (Platen).

Order— FULICARI^.

Family— RALLID^.

Sub-Family- RALLIN^

Genus— HYPOTiENIDIA.

506. — Hypotaenidia striata.

Hypotcenidia striatay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 336.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Low) ; Ban-
jarmasin (Mottley) .

Genus— RALLINA.

507. — Rallina fasciata.

Rallina fasciata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 337.
Galllnago fasciata, Sharpe, Ibis. 1888, p. 205 (Inpsu
calami).
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (UssJier)
Lawas (Treacher) ; Kina Balu (Whitehead)
Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Taguso (Whitehead)
P. Princesa (Platen).

508. — Rallina rufigenis.

Rullina nifigenisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 338 ; Briigg.,
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 536.
Sarawak (Wallace) ; Moera Teweh (Fischer).

202 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

509. — RalHna fusca.

Ballina fu8ca, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 338.
Borneo {Schwaner).

Genus— PORZANA.

510. — Porzana bailloni.

Porzana haillon% Oates, Birds Burma, ii, p. 344.
P, pygmoeay Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 24.
Bintulu {A. Everett).

Genus— ORTYGOMETRA.

51 1. — Ortygometra cinerea.

Ortyometra cinerea^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 339.
Labuan {A. Everett)] Bangkau Lake {Orahowshy); Ban-
j armasin {Breitenstein) .

Genus— GALLINULA.

512. — Gallinula orientalis.

Oallinula orientalis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 342.
Borneo (Schwaner) ; S. Borneo {Groockevnt) ; Bangkau
Lake (Orahowsky) .

513. — Gallinula frontata.

Oallinula frontatay W. Blasius, J. f. O., 1884, p. 215.
Bangkau Lake {OrdbowsJcy).

Genus— ERYTHRA.

514. — Erythra phcenicura.

Erythra phoenicuraf Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 340.

Porzana, sp., Sclater, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 223.

Oallinula leucomeloena, Briigg., Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bre-
men, v, p. 536.

Erythra leucomelcenaf W. Blasius, J. f. O., 1884, p. 215.

Amauromis phoenicuray Id., Ibis, 1888, p. 374.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Mottley) ;
Sandakan (W, B. Pryer) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ;
Banj armasin (Mottley) ; Pontianak (Diard) ; P.
Princesa {Platen).

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 203

It remains to be proved whether E, pho^nicura and JB.
leucomelce^ia are separable as distinct species in
Borneo. Compare Briiggemann, loc, cit,^ and Legge,
Birds of Ceylon, iii, p. 787.

Genus— GALLICREX.

515. — Gallicrex cinerea.

Qullicrex cinerea. Gates, Birds Burma, li, p. 349.
(?. cristata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 340.
Lawas {Treacher) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley).

Sub-Family— FULICINi^.

Genus— PORPHYRIO.

516. — Porphyrio indicus.

Porphyrio indiciLs, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 342; Briigg.,
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 90.
S. Borneo {Semmelink) ; Bangkau Lake {Grahoxvsky) ;
Banjarmasin {V(yrdemari),

Order— LIMICGLi^.

Family— CEDICNEMID^E.

Genus— CEDICNEMUS.

517. — CEdicnemus magnirostris.

(Edicnemus magnirostris^ Seebohm, Geog. Distrib.

Charad., p. 89.
Ortlioramphus magnirostris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 312 ;

Everett, Ibis, 1886, p. 525.
Esacus magnirostris, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203.
Cape Simpangmengaio {A, Everett) ; Taguso {Wliite-
liead).

Family— PARID^E.

Genus— HYDROPHASIANUS.

518. — Hydrophasianus chirurgus.

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 343 ;
W. Blasius, J. F. O., 1884, p. 216.

lLMg-L !i a i

204 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Bangkau Lake (OrabowsJcy); Banjarmasin (Vordeman).

Genus— HYDRALECTOR.

519. — Hydralector gallinaceus.

Hydraledor gallinaceusy W. Blasius, J. F. O., 1884, p.
2x6.
Bangkau Lake (Ghrabowsky).

Family— GLAREOLIDiE.

Genus— GLAREOLA.

520. — Glareola grallaria.

Olareola grallaria, Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Charad.,

p. 263.
6r. isabeUa, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 320.
Borneo (Schwaner),

521. — Glareola orientalis.

Olareola orientalis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 319.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (UssJier) ;
Moera Teweh {Fischer); Taguso {Whitehead).

Family— CHARADRIID.E.

Genus— CHARADRIUS.

522. — Charadrius fulvus.

Cluiradrius fulvtts, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 313.

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Banjarmasin {Mottley) ; Pagattan {Schwaner) ; Ba-
labac {Steere) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa
{Platen) .

Genus— SQUATAROLA.

523. — Squatarola helvetica.

Squatarola helvetica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 313.
Labuan {Mottley)] Pontianak {Diard); Taguso {Wliite-
head) ; Cuyo L {Meyer),

Genus— EUDROMIAS.
524. — Eudromias veredus.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 205

Eudromiaa veredus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 315.
JEgialitis vereda, W. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 319.
Labuan {A, Everett) ; P. Princesa (Platen).

Genus— i^GIALITIS.

525. — iEgialitis geoffroyi.

JEgialites geoffroyi^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 318.
Sarawak (I>oWa and JBeccaW); Labuan (Ussher); S. Bor-
neo {Schwaner) ; Tabanio (Mottley) ; Pontianak
(Diard) ; Marasi Bay (Lempriere) ; Taguso {White-
head) ; P. Princesa {A. Everett).

526. — yEgialitis mongolica.

^gialitis mongolica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 316.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; I^buan {A, Everett) ;
S. Borneo {Schwaner) ; Pontianak {Diard) ; Taguso
{Whitehead),

527. — yEgialitis cantiana.

^gialitis cantiana, Tweeddale, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 624.
Labuan {Whitehead); Taguso {Whitehead); P. Princesa

{A. Everett).

528. — iEgialitis dubia.

^gialitis dubia, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 316.

Charadrius minor, Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Charad., p.

130.

Sarawak {A. Everett) ; Labuan (Treacher) ; Moera

Teweh {Fischer) ; Douson R. {S. Miiller); Tabanio

{Mottley) ; Taguso {Whitehead); P. Princesa {Platen).

529. — ^gialitis peronii.

JEgialitis peronii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 315.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Mottley) ;
Usukan Bay {Guilhmard); Banjarmasin {S.Muller) ;
Marasi Bay {Lempriere) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ;
P. Princesa {Platen).

Genus— STREPSILAS.

530. — Strepsilas interpres.

Strepsilas interpret, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 320.

2o6 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Sarawak {Doria and Beeeari) ; Labuan (Ussher) ;
Cagayan Sulu {Ghiillemard) ; Libawan I. (GuUle-
mard) ; Taguso {Whitehead} ; P. Princesa (Platen).

Family— SCOLOPACIDiE.

Genus— HIMANTOPUS.

531. — Himantopus leucocephalus.

Himantopvs leucoce'phalus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 321.
Borneo {Schwaner).

532. — Himantopus melanopterus.

Himantopiis melanopteruSy Seebohm, Geog. Distrib.

Charad., p. 277.
H, rufipes, W. Blasius, J. F. O., 1884, p. 215.

Borneo {Seebohm, loc. ci^); Bangkau Lake {Grdbowshj).

Genus— GALLINAGO.

533. — Gallinago megala.

Oallinago megala, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 334.
G. australis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203.
Taguso {Whitehead).

534. — Gallinago scolopacina.

Oallinago scolopacina, Bp., Comp. List. B. Eur. & N.
Amer., p. 52.
A bird obtained by Mr. Whitehead at Labuan has
been determined by Mr. Seebohm to be of this
species.

535. — Gallinago stenura.

Gallinago stenura, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 334.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari); Labuan (Treacher);
Moera Teweh (Fischer) ; Banjarmasin {Schwaner).

Genus— RYNCH^A.

536. — Rynchaea capensis.

Rynchau capensis, Seehohm. Geog. Distrib. Charad.,

p. 456.
R, hengalensis, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 335.
Borneo {Croockewit) ,

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO> 207

Genus— LIMICOLA.

537. — Limicola platyryncha.

Limicola 'platyryncha^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 322 ; W.
Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 319.
Puerto Princesa {Platen),

Genus— TRINGA.

538. — Tringa crassirostris.

Tringa crassirostris , Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 325.
T. tenuirostrisy Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 88.
Labuan {Lempriere) ; Pontianak (J)iard),

539. — Tringa subminuta.

Tringa svhminuta, Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Charad., p.

438-

Actodromas temminckii, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 324.
Labuan {A. Everett) ; Pagattan {Schwaner) ; P. Prin-
cesa {Platen),

540. — ^Tringa ruficollis.

Tringa minuta ruficollis, Seehohm, Geog. Distrib. Cha-
rad., p. 437, PI. XV.

Actodromas albescens, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 323.

A, salina, Id., idem, p. 324.
Buntal, Sarawak (Doria and Bcccari) ; Matu, May 8,
1874 {A. Everett)] Labuan {A. Everett); Sandakan
{Gruillemard) ; Moera Teweh {Fischer) ; S. Borneo
{Schwaner) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Pla-
ten).

Genus— PELIDNA.

541. — Pelidna alpina.

Pelidna alpina, Salvad., Ucc. Bor^ p. 323.
S. Borneo {S. Milller).
542. — Pelidna subarquata.

Pelidna suharqxiata, Salvad., Ucc Bor., p. 322.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Pontianak {Diard).

208 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Genus— MACHETES.

543. — Machetes pugnax.

Machetes pugno/Xy Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 88.
Labuan {Lempriere).

Genus— TRINGOIDES.

544. — ^Tringoides hypoleucus.

Tringoides hypoleucus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 326.
Distributed everywhere in the Bornean Group of
islands both on the shore and far inland along the
river courses.

Genus— TOTANUS.

545. — Totanus stagnatilis.

Tetanus stagnatilis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 328.
Tabanis (Schwaner).

546. — Totanus glottis.

Totanus glottis^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 328.
S. Borneo (Schwaner); Tabanis (Mottley); Pontianak
(Diard) .

547. — Totanus calidris.

Totanus calidris, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 328.
Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Ussher) ;
S. Borneo (8chwaner)\ Pontianak {Diard); Taguso
{Whitehead) ; P. Princesa {Platen).

548. — ^Totanus brevipes.

Totanus brevipeSy Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Charad.,

p. 361.
T. incanus, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 329.
Labuan {Ussher) ; Usukan Bay, June 3 {Guillcmard) ;
S. Borneo {8. Miiller); Taguso {Whitehead) ; P.
{Platen) .

549. — Totanus glareola.

Totanus glareola, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 327.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 20g

Sarawak {Doria and Beccari) ; Labuan {Ussher) ;
Moera Teweh (Fischer); S. Borneo (CroocJceunt) ;
Banjarmasin {Mottley); Pagattan (Schwaiier) ; Ta-
guso (Whitehead); P. Princesa (Platen).

Genus— TEREKIA.

550. — Terekia cinerea.

Terekia cinerea^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 330.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Taguso (WhiteJiead).

Genus— EREUNETES.

551. — Ereunetes tackanowskii.

Ereunetes tackanowskii^ Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Cha-

rad., p. 399.
Pseudoscolopax semipcdmattLS, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 332.
Pontianak (Diard),

Genus— LIMOSA.

552. — Limosa melanuroides.

Limosa melanuroides^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 331.
Pontianak (Diard).

553. — Limosa uropygialis.

Limosa nifa uropygialiSy^Seehohmf Geog. Distrib. Cha-

rad., p. 387.
L. baueriy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 331 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1878,
p. 419.
Sarawak (H. Everett) ; Labuan (A. Everett),

Genus— NUMENIUS.
554. — Numenius lineatus.

Num^enius arquatus lineatvSy Seebohm, Geog. Distrib.

Charad., p. 322.
N. arquata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 332.'
S. Borneo (Croockeivit) ; Taguso (Wliitehead) .

555. — Numenius variegatus.

Numenius phaeopiLS variegatus^ Seebohm, Geog. Distrib.

Charad., p. 330.
N, pJujeopus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 333.

ft 'J**!? vr.r-'i'^'vrrT "r-'v

2IO LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

N, uropygialisy Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 52.
Sarawak {Boria and Beccari) ; Labuan (Ussher) ;
Sandakan {W. B. Pryer) ; Taguso {Whitehead) ;
Cuyo I. {Meyer),

556. — Numenius cyanopus.

Nwmenius cyanopus^ Seebohm, Geog. Distrib. Charad.,

p. 326.
N, australisy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 333; Sharpe, Ibis,

^879, p. 371.
N. majoTy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 333.
Lumbidan {Ussher) ; S. Borneo {Croockewit).

Order— GAVIi«.

Family— LA RID^.

Sub-Family— STEMINi^.

Genus— HYDROCHELIDON.

557. — Hydrochelidon hybrida.

Hydrochelidon hybnda, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 372.
Sarawak {Doria 2ind Beccari) ; S. Borneo {Sc1iwaner)r,
Pontianak {Diard) ; Taguso {Wliiteliead) .

558. — Hydrochelidon leucoptera.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p.

641.
H, nigra, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 372; W. Blasius, Verb.
z. b. Wien, xxxiii, p. 73.
Mengkatip, Barits R. {Orahowsky) .

Genus— STERNA.

559. — Sterna anglica.

Sterna anglica^ Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 644.
Gehheelidon anglica, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 371.
Banjarmasin {Mottley),

560. — Sterna bergii.

Sterna bergii, Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 657.
8. cristata, Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 376.

LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO. 211

Labuan {Mottley) ; Balabac {8teere) ; Taguso (White-
liead) ; P. Princcsa (Platen).

561. — Sterna melanauchen.

Sterna melanaucheii, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 354, W.
Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 374.
Labuan (Ussher) ; P. Princesa (Platen).

562. — Sterna sinensis.

Sterna sinensis^ Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 662.
Stemula mlnutay Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 378.
Bruit, Sarawak (A. Everett) ; Banjarmasin (Mottley) ;
S. Borneo (Schwaner) ; Pontianak (Diard) ; Taguso
(Whitehead) ,

563. — Sterna sumatrana.

Sterna sumatrana^ Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 663.
Onychoprimt sumatranusj Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 374.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari),

564. — Sterna anaestheta.

Stenuv anoistheta, Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 664.
Oiiychoprion aiuesthetus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 374.
Pontianak (Diard).

565. — Sterna fuliginosa.

Stervu fuUginosa, Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 666.
Onychoprion fuliginosusy Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 373.
Borseo {v. Pelzeln).

Genus— ANGUS.

566. — Anous stolidus.

Anmis stolidus^ Salvad., Ucc. Bor., p. 379; Sharpe, Ibis,
1877, p. 25 ; W. Blasius, Ibis, 1888, p. 374.
Bintulu (A, Everett) ; P. Princesa (Platen),

567. — Anous melanogenys.

Anous melanogenySy Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 354.
Labuan (Treacher).

568. — Anous leucocapillus.

Afio^is leucocapillnsy Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 415.
Sarawak (Ussher).

»r«

i-v

212 LIST OF BIRDS OF BORNEO.

Order— TUBINARES.
Family— PROCELLARIID^E.

Genus— PUFFINUS.

569. — Puffinus leucomelas.

Puffinus leucomelas^ Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1 881, p. 800.
Sandakan [W. B. Fryer),

Order— PYGOPODES.
Family— PODICIPID^E.

Genus— PODICEPS.

570. — Podiceps tricolor.

Podiceps triocoloTy Vordeman, Tidsch. Nederl. Ii
1887, p. 222.
Ban j arm as i n ( Vordeman ) .

5^^i^^^S-

'iARCHIl^'B

V !v..^.

ix». SI.;

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE J

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

JUNE, 18 90.

[<i'iiiliiii niif! Ami'iicn, „ TnCnsftu A di.

I'm'!*, .. EiixKsT liknwrx A CiK.

iiiv K. R K..I III !-..■« .Ivri4r,i.ii;\i. I

[No. 21.]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

JUNE, 1 890.

SINGAPORE :
Printed at the Goveenmekt Phinting Office.

Agents of the Society:

London and America. ... Trubner & Co.

Paris, ... Ernest Leroux & Cie.

Gennauy, ... K. F. Koehler's Antiquauium, Leipzig.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

»i^-

Council for 1890,

Mr. K. B. Sharpe on Birds collected in Perak, ... 1

British Borneo : JSketches of Bninai, Snrawak, Labuan

and North Borneo — hy W. 11. Treacher^ c.m.g., ... 19

Journal of a Collecting Expedition to the Mountain of

Batang Padang, Perak — h/ L. Wray, Jr.,,,, ... 123

Gemencheh (District of Johol), Negri Sembilan — by L, C.

Isnard, ... ,.. ... ... 167

THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

PATRON:

Els ExceUency Sir CECIL GLEMENTI SMITH, K.C.M.a.

POUNCIL FOR 1890.

His Excellency Sir J. Fbederick Dickson, k.c.m.o., President,
The Eight Revd. Bishop G. F. Hose, Vice-Fresidenf, Singapore,

D. LoaATT, Esquire, Vice-Fresident, Pcnang,
U. N. Ridley, Esquire, Honorary Secretary.

E. KoEK, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer,
The Hon'ble J. W. Bonseb,
W. Nanson, Escjuire,

"W. Datison, Esquire, ) Councillors.

H. L. NoHONUA, Esquire,
A. Knight, Esquire,

Mr. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS COLLECTED

IN PERAK.

ROM the collections previously sent by Mr. Wray
{cf, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 350, and 1887, p. 431 ), it
was so easy to prophecy that his future explorations
would bring to light the existence of more Hima-
layan genera in the high mountains of the Malay
Peninsula, that I can take little credit for my prog-
nostications ; but the foreshadowing of Mr. Wray's accom-
plishments does not impair the credit of that explorer's suc-
cess in his last expedition into the mountain ranges of the
interior of the Peninsula,

He states that the mountains, on which he has lived for six
monthS; " contain really very few more birds than the Larut
range, though they are so much more extensive," and he
collected up to an altitude of 7,000 feet.

By the present collection several interesting forms have
been revealed, representatives of allied species in Tenasserim,
and the ranges of several birds are extended southwards.
The genera hitherto unrecorded from the mountains of Ma-
lacca are Anthipi^s, Brachyptcryx, (lamsorhyncIiNs, and
Cutia — all Himalayan in Tenasserim forms, of which, so far
as we know, only Brachyptcryx has occurred in Sumatra.
The Avifauna of the latter island is further linked to that of
the mountain ranges of the Malay Peninsula by the discovery
of a black Babbling Thrush representing the Mclanocichla
bicolor of Sumatra.

The unexampled success which has attended Mr. Wray's
efforts so far will, we hope, encourage him to still further
investigations of the interesting region in which he is domi-
ciled.

The references in the present paper are chiefly to Mr.
Gates' " Handbook of the Birds of British Burma," which

2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

includes an allusion to the paper on the birds of Tenasserim
by Messrs. HuME & Davison. I have also referred to Count
Salvadori'S essay on Dr. Beccari's collections from high
Sumatra (Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv, p. 169), whenever
there occurs any affinity in the Avifauna of that island with
the collection under discussion.

Mr. Wrav's original remarks, by far the most important
part of the present paper, are placed in inverted commas.

Fam.— FALCONID^.

Neopus malayensis (Temm.).

Neopus malayensis, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1S87, p. 433; Hume,
Str. P., 1879, p. 44.

*'No. 18. ? ad. Mountains of Perak (Gunong Batu Puteh).

*' Irides brown ; feet yellow ; cere yellow ; expanse 5 feet
10 in., length 2 feet 5 in.

'* The stomach contained the remains of a rat, a bird's egg,
and a snake's egg. The plumage of this specimen was far
darker than that of the two I obtained last year on the Larut
Hills."

Fam.— CORVIDiE.

Platylophus ardeciacus (Blyth).

Platylophus ardesiacus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
p. 137 ; Hume & Davison, Str. F., 1878, p. 380; Oates, B.
Brit. Burm., i, p. 410; Hume, Str. P., 1879, p. 66.

"No. 117. ? ad. Batang Padang (mountains of Perak).

*' Irides dark brown ; bill black ; feet and leg black. It
frequents the undergrowth of the forest."

Fam.— CAMPOPHAGID^.

Pericrocotus wrayt, Sp. n. (Plate xv).

" No. 53. P, t'gneus, (J ? ad. Batang Padang mountains,
Perak."

I can hardly believe that this is the species I identified and
returned to Mr. Wrav as Pericrocotus ignetis (P. Z. S,,
1887, p. 435. If suclr be the case, I was greatly in error,
for the pair of birds now sent are decidedly distinct from
that species. P, wrayi has the quill-lining red, instead

BIRDS COLLECtED IN PERAIi. 3

of yellow, and also the under wing-coverts, and It has the
throat slaty grey and the ear -coverts slaty black, instead of
glassy black like the head. Total length 6.3 in., culmen 0,5,
wing 3,1, tail 3.2, tarsus 0.55. The female of P. ignens
differs very much from the female of P. wrayi'm being entire-
ly bright yellow below and in having a scarlet rump. The
nearest ally of P. wrayi as regards the female plumage is
that uf P. brevirostris. but P. wrayi is of a darker slate-grey,
has a brighter yellow lower back and rump, no yellow on the
forehead, and the chin white.

The males of P. ncglcctiis and P. brevirostris differ in their
glassy black throat and fiery crimson, not scarlet, under sur-
face

While on the subject of the genus Pericrocotus, I may
mention that Count Salvadori very kindly sent me over the
types of his new species from Tenasserim, and 1 am able to
state with certainty that P. j-wiroZ/'win/j/i, Salvad., Ann. Miis.
Civic. Genov. (2} v, p. 582, is^/", Solaris, and P. pHkhcr-
rimus, Salvad., t. c, p. 580, is=P. neg/ectiis of Hume.

Pericrocotus croceus, Sp. n.

" No. 107. $ ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (4.300 feet).

" Irides dark brown ; legs and feel black."

This is a beautiful bird, but I feel grave doubts whether it

anything more than a yellow variety of P. ■wrayi, the red
part in /'. wrayi being golden yellow in P. croceus, and the
throat is darker, being black like the cheeks and sides of face.
Total length 6. i inches, culmen 0.45, wing 3.4, tail 2.95, tarsus
0-55-

Fam.-MUSCICAPID/E.

Muscicapiila hypvryllira (Blylh).

Muscicapula hypcrythra, Sharpc, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., iv, p.
206; Salvad., /. c, p. 203,

No- 93. 6 ad. Ulii Balang Padang (4,200 feet).
Irides dark brown ; logs and feet flesh-colour. Frequents
the undergrowth in the forests."

This little Flycatcher is now recorded from the Malay

4 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

Peninsula for the first time. Its presence was, however, to
be suspected, as the species occurs in the Eastern Hymalayas
and again in Java and Sumatra.

Muscicapula westermanni, Sp. n.

" No. 115. c? ad. Gunong Ulu Batang Padang (4,200 feet).

*' Irides light brown."

Adult male. — General colour above blue grey, with a slight
brown wash on the scapulars and lower back ; rump ochreous
brown ; upper tail-coverts a little more refuscent ; wing-
coverts dusky, edged with ochreous brown ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with olive-brown,
the secondaries rather more rufescent on the base of the
outer web, tail feathers brown, externally rufous brown ; head
blue-grey like the back, a little more hoary on the forehead ;
lores and eyelid white ; ear-coverts and sides of face blue-grey,
with a few whitish lines on the former ; throat white, with a
slight ashy tinge ; remainder of under surface of body white,
the sides of the breast ashy grey ; sides of the body also
washed with ashy grey ; under tail-coverts white ; thighs ashy ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing
blackish ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 3.7 inches, culmen 0.45, wing 2.2,
tail 1.55, tarsus 0.55.

This is a very curious form, recalling the characters of
several of the other Muscicapula^. It may not be the fully
adult of its species, but I believe it to be so. The reddish
upper tail-coverts and tail remind one of the female of M,
vtaculafa, but the blue-grey upper surface distinguishes it at
a glance. The female and young male of M. superciliaris
have generally an ochreous tinge on the throat which dis-
tinguish them ; but one specimen from Sikhim is white below
like M . westermanni, while the upper surface is brown and
the shade of blue which is seen on it (it is apparently a young
male) is not slaty blue, but bright blue as in the adults,

Tcrsiphone a (finis (Rlyth.).

Tersiphone affinis. Gates, B. Brit. Burm., i., p. 261.

Muscipeta ajffinis, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 58.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 5

"No, ii8. ^ ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.

*' Irides dark brown ; bill black; legs and feet same. This
species occurs in Penang, Province Wellesley, and Batang
Padang District of Perak, but in Larut it is replaced by a
slightly larger and whiter species."

Philentoma vela turn (Temm.).

Philentoma velatum^ Oates, /. r., p. 263; Hume, Str. F,
1879, p. 58.

"No. 128. (J ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.
*^ Irides crimson ; bill black ; feet and legs black."

Philentoma pyrrhopterum (Temm.).

Philcntoyna pyrrhoptenim, Oates, /. r., p. 264; Hume, Str.
F.> 1879, p. 58.

"No. 127. <J ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.

^•Irides red; bill black."*

Identical with male from other parts of the peninsula and
from Tenasserim. I have re-examined the type of P. inter-
medium of Hume from Johor, and I cannot see how it differs
from P. pyrrhopterum.

Culicicapa ceyloncnsis (Sw.).

Culicicapa ceyloncnsis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iv, p.
369 ; Oates, t. r., p. 274 ; Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 59.

** No. III. $ ad. Gunong Puteh (3,400 feet).

** Irides reddish brown ; feet and legs warm brown ; soles of
feet red ; bill black."

Cryptolopha davisoni, Sp. n.

" No. 96. c? ad. Gunong Ulu Batang Padang (4,200 feet).

" Irides dark brown ; bill above brown, beneath yellow ; legs
and feet flesh-colour."

This is a Malayan representative of C montis of Kina Balu,
from which it differs in its larger size and intensified colour-
ing, being dark grass-green insteadof yellowish green, having
all the rufus parts of the head chestnut instead of ferruginous,
and in being much brighter yellow below. Total length 3.8
inches, culmen 0.4, wing 2.15, tail 1.55, tarsus 0.7.

6 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

Cryptolopha trivirgata (StrickL).

Cryptolopha trivirgata, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 435 ;
Salvad., /. r., 204.

** No. 97. ? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (4,300 feet).
" Irides dark brown."

Stoparola thalassinoides (Cab.).

Stoparola thalassinoides, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., iv, p.
432; Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 59.

" No. 136. $ ad. Larut.

*' Irides light brown."

A truly Malayan species, represented by the ordinary S, me-
lanops in Tenasserim, to which province the present bird
does not extend.

Anthipes malayana, Sharpe, anlea, p. 247.

** No. 94. c? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (4,300 feet).

** Irides dark brown ; legs and feet white ; bill nearly black.
Lives apparently on the ground."

A young bird, mottled all over after the manner of Fly-
catchers, is sent by Mr. Wray from the same locality. " No.
98. Irides deep brown ; legs and feet pale flesh-colour.
Hops about among the undergrowth, searching for insects,
making a nearly continual chirping." Although the Hume
collection does not contain any young Anthipes for compari-
son, I think that the present specimen must belong to a spe-
cies of that subgenus.

Niltava grand is (Hodgs.).

Niltava grandis, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 251.

" No. II. ? ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."

Niltava leiicoprocta (Tweed.).

Niltava leucoprocta, Gates, B, Brit. Burm., i, p. 298.

** No. 103. c? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

" Irides ligl^t browm ; bill black ; legs and feet light grey ;
soles of feet flesh-colour."

I have compared the adult male now sent with others from
Tenasserim, and find it to be identical. The extension of the
range of the species is interesting.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. ^

Fam.— PYCNONOTID^.

Criniger guttural is (Bp.).

Criniger gutturalis, Oates, t, c.y p. 185; Hume, Str. F.,
1879, p. 61.

"Nos. 104, 105. (J ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

" Irides red-brown, A noisy harsh-voiced bird ; flies in
small parties, rather high up in the trees.'*

Mr. Wray sends me one Criniger (No. 105), which, after
much hesitation and careful comparison with the series of
skins in the Hume collection, I have decided to be only the
young of C, gutturalis. Its niuch lighter bill and rufous
wings and tail, at first sight, make it look very different.

Rubigula cyaniventris (Blyth).
Rubigula cyaniventris ^ Oates, /. r., p. 200.
Ixidia cyaniventris, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 63 ; Salvad.,
/. r., p. 230.

" No. 131. ? ad. Larut.
" Irides light brown."

Trachycomus ochrocephalus (Gm.).

Trachycomus ochrocephalus, Oates, /. c",, p. 188; Hume,
Str. F., 1879, p. 61 ; Salvad , /. ^., p. 218.

*' No. 121. $ ad. Batang Patang mountains, Perak.

" Irides brown ; bill black.

*' This is the Sibharoh or Upih Bidau of the Malays. It is
very plentiful among the bushes which fringe the river-banks,
but it is so shy that is hardly ever seen, though its prolonged,
loud, musical, and very involved song is one of the most
noticeable river side sounds in the country."

Fam.— TROLODYTID^.

Pnoepyga pusilla (Hodgs.).

Pno'epyga pusilla, Hume and Davison, /. f., p. 234 ; Salvad.,
/. f., p. 226.

" No. 95. 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (4,300 feet).

** Irides dark brown ; feet and legs pale brown ; bill black,
whitish beneath and at angle. Ground bird."

8 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

Identical with a specimen collected in Karennee by Cap-
tain Wardlaw Ramsay. It has also occurred on Mooleyit.

Fam.— TIMELIID.E.

Brachypteryx nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Brachypteryx nipalen%is, Hume and Davison, /. r ., p. 236 ;
Oates, t, c.f p. 19.

"No. 89. cf ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (4,300 feet).

*' I rides brown ; bill black ; feet and legs ash -colour. Lives
on the ground in the forest.'*

An adult male, rather darker than the generality of Hima-
layan and Tenasserim specimens, though some of the latter
equal it in intensity of colouring.

Phyllergates cucullatus (Temm.).

Phyllergafes cucullatus, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 440.

**No. 112. ? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

*' Irides dark brown ; bill black above, yellowish beneath ;
legs and feet pale-brown. Also met with on Gunong Ulu
Batang Padang at about the same altitude."

Gampsorhynchus saturotior, Sp. n.

"No. loi. ? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).
■ '* Irides bright yellow ; legs and feet bluish ash with tintings
of flesh-colour in places; claws flesh-colour; soles of feet dull
yellow ; bill pale flesh-colour, dusky on the ridge below the
nostrils. The fold of skin in which the rictal bristles are
inserted is very prominent, and evidently when alive the bird
can move the bristles as a whole backwards and forwards with
great freedom.

** Length loi inches, expanse 12 inches. The stomach
contained one large hairy caterpillar and the partly digested
remains of various insects, and the egg of one of the Phas-
midae.

" This bird gave me a great deal of trouble, for every night
and early each morning a small party of them used to pass
the camp, sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other.
They made a loud shrill cry something like the cry of the

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. g

Krekah monkey, and flew cjuickly from tree to troe, Day
after day we went out into tlie jungle to ivatch for them, but
as there was no certainty which side of the camp they would
take, and they alvvays passed when it was so dark in the
forest that neither they nor tlie sight of the gun could be dis-
tinguished, we were never successful, until nearly the last day
of our stay at that camp, in shooting one. The strange thing
was that we never saw these birds in the daytime. They
passed up the hill to roost at night-fall and down again at
dawn. Their note is so loud and distinctive, and they are so
noisy, that they could not easily be overlooked or mistaken
for any other bird.

"They are evidently rare, as only this one small parly
was seen."

This new species is very closely allied to G. torqualus
(Hume) from Tenasserim, but is altogether of much darker
colour, the upper surface being more rufous-brown. It is
evidently a southern race of the Tenasserim form.

Sihia simiilima, Salvad.

Sibia simiilima, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 352.

Hetcrophasia simiilima, Salvad., t. c. p. 232.

" No. 13. S ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."

Pomatorhinus borncensis, (Cab,).

Pomatorhinus borneensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit, Mus,, vii,
p. 411 ; Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 61.

"No. 100. (J ad, Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

" Irides very light brown ; bill white, with black on the top
of the ridge, reaching about halfway to the point ; legs and
feet bluish ash ; soles of feet yellowish brown.

"Only one pair of those birds were seen ; they were In
company with a number of other birds."

Melanociihla peninsuhtris. Sp. n.

"No. 84, i ad, Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

"Irides bluish grey ; bare skin round eye and also the skin
of the bead and neck under the feathers dark purplish blue;
bill bright reddish orange ; legs grey, edges of the scales

10 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

yellowish ; feet same, but more yellow ; soles of feet yellow.
Stomach contained a quantity of reddish-coloured ants. It is
a shy and uncommon bird, frequents dense jungle, in pairs or
small parties of three or four, is noisy and harsh-voiced. I
saw it also at nearly 5,000 feet on Gunong Ulu Batang
Padang.'*

This species is an interesting representative of M. lugubrts
of Sumatra, but is slaty grey, instead of brown on blackish,
both above and below.

Total length 10 inches, culmen i.i, wing 4.8, tail 4.6, tarsus

I45-

Rhinocichla mitrata (S. Miill.).

Rhinocichla mitrata, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 352.

Leiothrix mitrata, Salvad., /. r., p. 230.

*'No. 12. ? ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."

Stachyris nigriceps (Hodgs.).

Stachyris nigriceps, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, P- 44^*

*'No. 84. ? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh and Gunong Ulu
Batang Padang (4,000 to 5,000 feet).

" I rides light brown ; bill black, greyish beneath ; feet, legs
and claws ash-colour, slightly tinted with green. Soles of
feet light brown. Stomach contained insects. This birds is
usually in company with other small birds.*'

Stachyris nigricollis (Temm.).

Stachyris nigricollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., vii, p. 535.
Timelia nigricollis, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 60.
*'No. 125. (? ? ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."
" Irides red ; bill above black, lower mandible pale straw-
colour, tipped dusky.*^

Turdinus sepiarius (Horsf.).

Turdijius sepiarius, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., vii, p. 544.

"No. 132. ? ad. Kinta, Perak mountains.

** Apparently not to be separated from Javan and Bornean
specimens. The flanks are perhaps a trifle more rufous-
brown.'*

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. II

Drymocataphus nigricapitatus (Eyton.).
Drymocataphus nigricapitatus, Oates, /. f., p. 63.
*• No. 135. $ ad, Larut, Perak mountains.
" Irides red."

Mixornis gularis (Raffl.).

Mtxornis gularis, Oates, /. f., p. 51 ; Hume, Str. F., 1879,
p. 60 ; Salvad., /. r., p. 223.

" No. 134. Larut, Perak mountains.
** Irides dark brown."

Macronus ptilosus, J. & S.

Macronus ptilosus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., vii, p. 583 ;
Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 60; Salvad., /. r., p. 224.

** No. 124. $ ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.

** Irides dark brown ; bill black ; skin of head and neck and
round eyes cobalt-blue."

Herpornis xantholeuca (Hodgs.).
Herpornis xantholeuca, Oates, /. f., p* 15 1«
" No. 109. $ ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).
" Irides dark brown ; feet and legs flesh-colour, bill black
above, fleshy beneath and at angle."

Siva castaneicauda (Hume).

Siva castaneicauda, Hume and Davison, Str. F., 1878, p.
371 ; Oates, t, r., p. 145.

"No. 102. S ad. Gunong Batu Puteh.

" Irides dark brown ; feet and legs bluish-grey ; bill brown,
pale beneath. This bird seems to have the same habits as
Mesia argentauris. I saw it on'^the summits of Gunong Batu
Puteh and Gunong Brumbrin at between 6,000 and 7,000 feet
altitude. The only other birds I noticed were /Ethopyga
wrayi (Sharpe) and a large light greyish-brown-coloured
Eagle ; but this latter was far out of range."

Identical with the types from Tenasserim in the Hume
collection.

Siva sordidior, Sp. n.

Siva sordida, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 438 (nee Hume).

12 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

" No. 33. S ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."
In my first paper I ventured to doubt the identity of a spe-
cimen sent by Mr. Wray with Siva sordida of Hume from
Tenasserim ; but as that specimen was not adult, I refrained
from describing it. Now that two more adult birds have been
procured by Mr. Wray, there is no longer any doubt that the
Perak bird is distinct, differing in its still duller colouration,
the absence of blue on the head, which is like the back, and
also in the absence of the ochreous brown-colour of the lower
back and rump. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0.55, wing
2-55, tail 2.6, tarsus 0.85.

Mesia argentauris (Hodgs.).

Mesia argentauris, Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 352.

** No. 10. $ ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.'*

Cutia cervinicrissa, Sp. n.

" No. 85. c? ? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh.

** Irides light brown ; legs and feet bright chrome-yellow ;
claws white ; bill black above, grey beneath and at angle.
It is a rare bird, and I did not see it lower than 4,000 feet.
It frequents the higher trees, in small parties of three or four,
and has a loud whistling double note, repeated several times

in succession.''

This is a race of C. nipalensis^ a bird unknown in Tenas-
serim, from which the Perak form differs in its fulvescent
under-surface, and twany-coloured lower abdomen and under
tail-coverts. These characters, though slight, are well estab-
lished when the pair s'/nt by Mr. Wray are compared with our
large series in the British Museum, all of which are white
below. The measurement are as follows : —

Total length, Culmen. Wing. Tail, Tarsus,

c? ad. Perak (fF/vT)') 7.0 0.8 3.65 2.3 i.i.
? ad. „ „ 6.4 0.85 3.3 2.15 I.I.

Fam.— LANIID^.

Ptcrythrius doralatus (Tickell).

Pterythrius xralatus^ Sharpe, P, Z, S., 1 887, p. 440,

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PEBAK.

" No. 34- 9 ad> Batang Padang mountains, Perak."
Count Salvadori has recently (Ann. Miis. Civic. Genov.
(2) V, p. 600) expressed his non-concurrence in the views of
(Captain Wardlaw Ramsay and myself that Pterythrius
cameranoi of Sumatra is identical with P. ^ralatus of Titkell,
The male of P. catrieranoi is said by him to want the rosey
tinge on the Hanl(s, which is present in Tenasserim specimens,
which arc also larger ; while the female of P. camernnoi differs
from that of P. a-ralalus in the grey of the head being less
pure, the back more olivaceous, and in the rufous colour of
the under parts being brighter and more extened towards the
throat. I therefore once more compared our series of these
two birds in the British Museum, including the specimens in
the Tweeddale collection. I agree with Count SALVADORI
that the females are rather different, as described by him,
and the female from Perak is grey-headed like the Tenasserim
bird, but the male agrees with the Samaix^n P. cameranoi
belter than with the true P. xralalus. There is a slight
difference in the gloss of the head in the males from Tenas-
serim and Sumatra, ihe latter having a blue black gloss, and
the Tenasserim birds being rather greenish black on the heaJ.
The Sumatra birds have decidedly more pink on the flanks.

Fam.— PARID.€.

Melanochlora sultartea (Hodgs.}.

Melanochlora sultanea, Hume and Davison, Str. F., 1S7R,
p. 378; Gates, t. c, p. 129: Hume, Str. F., 1879, p, 65.

"No. 90. ^ ad. Gunong Batu Puteh.

"Irides brown; bill dark grey; feet and legs blue grey.
This ' Sultan Tit ' I have seen as high as 4,500 feet, both on
the Larut Hills and also on the main mountain chain."

Fam.— NECTARIN'IID/E.

.■^Ihopyga wrayi.

j^tbopyga ivrayi, Sharpe, P, 2, S., 1887, p. 440.
"No. 108. ? ad. Gunong Batu Puleh (3.400 feel).
"Irides black; legs and feet brown; bill black, yellowish
at angle."

14 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

Not distinguishable from the female of /E, sanguinipectus.

Fam.— DICiEIDiE.

Prionochilus ignicapillus (Eyton).

Prionochilus ignicapillus^ Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x^
p. 65.

** No. no. cJ ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

*' Irides brown ; bill black above, yellow beneath with dusky
tip ; legs and feet nearly black."

A young bird, without any of the fine colouring of the adult,
being almost entirely olive green.

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1888, No. xx.

Fam.— MOFACILLID^.

Limonidromus indie us (Gm.).

Limonidromus indicusy Oates, /. r., p. 164; Hume, Str. F.,
1879, p. 65.
*' No. 133. 9 ad. Larut, Perak mountains."

Fam.— EURYLiEMID^.

Corydon sumatranus (Raffl.).

Corydon sumatranus^ Hume and Davison, /. r., p. 97;
Oates, t, f., p. 430; Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 50; Salvad., t. r.,
p. 220.

" No. 92. 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

*' Irides light brown ; bill above reddish, on ridge lighter,
white at tip, beneath pale flesh-colour; bare skin round eye
flesh-red ; feet and legs black ; soles of feet light brown.

** Male has the bill black above tinted with red. The patch
under the neck is also paler than in the female.

"The bird I send from the low country (No. 116) differs in
several respects from the hill form, but possibly the differences
are not sufficient to separate the two specially. Iris brown ;
bill fleshy red."

The difference in plumage noticed by Mr. Wray consists
principally in the darker colouration of one of the specimens,
but it is not sufficient to separate them.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK. 1 5

Fam.— CAPRIMULGIDiE.

Lyncornis temmincki (Gould).

Lyncornis temmincki^ Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 48; Salvad.,
/. r., p. 195.

**No. 129. (J ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.
*' Irides dark brown.*'

, Fam.— CYPSELID^.

Macropteryx comatus (Temm.).

Macropteryx cotnatusy Hume and Davison, Str. F., 1878, p.
51 ; Salvad., /. r., p. 196.

Dendrochelidon comata^ Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 47.

** No. 120. (J 9 Batang Padang mountains, Perak."

*' Irides dark brown. This bird sits on the upper branches
of a tall tree and flies off, like a Flycatcher, after insect,
returning again to its perch. I have seen it on the hills as
high as 1,000 feet."

Macropteryx longipennis (Raffl.).

Macropteryx longipennis ^ Hume and Davison, /. r., p. 52.

Dendrochelidon longipennis, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 47.

"No. 130. $ ad. Larut, Perak mountains.

" Irides dark brown."

Fam.— PICID^.

Miglyptes tukki (Less.).

Myglyptes tukki, Gates, /. c, vol. ii, p. 61 ; Hume, Str. F.,
1879, p. 52 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 193.
** No. 123. (J ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak."
" Irides brown ; bill black above, pale hony beneath."

Lepocestes pyrrhotis (Hodgs.).

Venilia pyrrhotis^ Hume and Davison, Str. F., 1878, p. 142 ;
Gates, /. r., p. 39.

** No. 99. c? ad. Gunong.

" Irides warm light brown ; bill pale yellow; feet and legs

l6 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

dull blackish brown. Seems to be rare, as I only saw this
single specimen/*

Lepocestes porphyromelas (Boil.).

Lepocestes porphyromelasy Salvad., t. r., p. i8i.

Venilia porphyromelas^ Hume and Davison, /. r., p. 143;
Gates, /. c.y p. 40; Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 443.

Blythipicus porphyromelas, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 52.

"No. 91. c? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).

" Irides red ; bill bright yellow ; feet and legs dark blackish
brown."

Gecinus puniceus (Horsf.).
Gecinus puniceuSf Hargitt, Ibis, 1888, p. 176.
Chrysophlegma puniceus^ Gates, /. r., p. 44.
Collolophus puniceus, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 52.
*'No. 113. 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feet).
*' Irides red brown ; bill black above, yellow beneath.'*

Micropternus brachyurus (V.).

Micropternus brachyurus. Gates, /. r., p. 58 ; Hume, Str.
F., 1879, p. 52 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1888, p. 10.

*' No. 122. cJ ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.
*' Irides dark brown ; bill black.'*

Sasia abnormis (T.).

Sasia abnormis^ Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 53; Hargitt, Ibis,
1881, p. 235.

*' No. 126. (J ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.

" Irides white, skin round eye fleshy red ; bill above black,
beneath yellow ; legs and feet flesh-colour ; claws pale yellow.^'

Chrysophlegtna wrayi, Sp. n.

'* No. 87. 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (from 3,400 to 4,000
feet).

" Irides red brown ; feet and legs ash-colour ; bill black
above, grey beneath and at angle. The irides in one speci-
men were dark brown. No males were collected."

A very interesting race of C.flavinucha of Tenasserim,

BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

with a large SL-ries of \\liich I have compared it I slioweH
the specimens to my friend Mr. HargiTT, and examined
it together, so that I have the best possible confirmation of
Ihe distinctness of the species. It differs from C.flavinucha
in having the feathers of the throat pure black, narrowly
margined, except at the tip, with white, the black expanding
about midway. The bill is black, yellowish at the angle of
the lower mandible ; the rufous bars on the wings are about
equal in width to the black interspaces.

The size is considerably less, and the general colouration is
darker, especially on the face, which is deep olive. Total
length 10.5 inches, culmen 1.2S, wing 5.6, tail 4, tarsus 0,93.

'Ihe immature (emale of C.flavinucha, which the Perak
bird most resembles, has the feathers of the throat of an olive-
black, edged with white, the black contracted above midway.
The adult of the same species has the base of the feathers
entirely white, the apex only being oHve-black.

Kam.— TROGONID.€.

Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould),

Narpactes erythrocephalus. Gates, (. t., p. yg.

Harpactes hodgsont. Gould, Hume and Davison, /. c., p. 60.

" No. 86. S 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh {3,400 feet).

" I rides light red; feet pale flesh-colour, with bluish-white
bloom ; bill cobalt-blue, black on ridge and at points ; bare
skin round eye purple. The female has the irides light
brown, at least in the single specimen I met with. It keeps
usually in the undergrowth and lower trees of the forest, and
has the same habits as Harpactcs kasumba."

Compared with Himalayan specimens, and apparently
quite identical.

Harpactes oreskius (T.).
Narpactes oreskius, Oates, /. c, p. luu.
" No, 114, (J 9 ad. Gunong Batu Puteh (3,400 feel).
"Irides light brown, the female pale grey; bill black,
shading into cobalt-blue at angle ; legs and feet ash,"

1 8 BIRDS COLLECTED IN PERAK.

Fam.— CAPITONIDiE.

Megalxma versicolor (Raffl.).
Megala'tna vesicolor^ Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 53.
" No. 1 19. 9 ad. Batang Padang mountains, Perak.
** Irides dark brown, bill black.
'* This is a rare bird, which I have only met with on two
occasions, both times in heavy jungle/'

Calorhamphus hayii (Gray). ^^

Calorhatnphus hayii^ Oales, /. r., p. 138; Hume, Str. F., ^^

i879» P- 53-

**No. 106. c? ad. Gunong Batu Puteh {3,400 feet).

" Irides red-brown ; legs and feet orange."

-Cc^r^S^^t^

BRITISH BORNEO:

SKETCHES OF

BRUNAI, SARAWAK, LABUAN

AND

NORTH BORNEO.

(Continued from Journal No. 20, p. y^.)

Chapter IV.

Having alluded to the circumstances under which the Gov-
ernment of Sarawak became vested in the BROOKE family,
it may be of interest if i give a brief outline of the history of
that State under its European ruleis up to the present time.
The territory acquired by Sir JamgS BROOKE in 1841 and
known as Sarawak Proper, was a small district with a coast
line of sixty miles and with an average depth inland of fifty
miles — an area of three thousand square miles. Since that
date, however, rivers and districts lying to the northward have
been acquired by cessions for annual payments from the Brunai
Government and have been incorporated with the original
district of Sarawak, which has given its name to the enlarged
territory, and the present area of Raja Brooke's possessions
is stated to be about 40,000 square miles, supporting a popu-
lation of 280,000 souls, and possessing a coast line of 3S0
miles. The most recent acquisition of territory was in 1884,
so that the young State has shewn a very vigorous growth
since its birth in 1841— at the rate of about 860 square miles
a year, or an increase of thirteen limes its original size in the
space of forty-three years.

Now, alas, there are no " more lands to conquer," or ac-
quire, unless the present kingdom of Brunai, or Borneo Pro-
per, as it is styled by the old geographers, is altogether swal-

30 BRITISH BORNEO.

lowed up by its offspring, which, under its white ruler, has
developed a vitality never evinced under the rule of the Royal
house of Brunai in its best days.*

The limit of Sarawak's coast line to the South-West is Cape,
or Tanjong. Datu, on the other side of which commences the
Dutch portion of Borneo, so that expansion in that direction
is barred. To the North-East the boundarj- is Labuk Pulai
the Eastern limit of the watershed, on the coast, of the
important river Barram which was acquired by Raja Brooke,
in 1881, for an annual payment of £1,000. Beyond this com-
mences what is left of the Brunai Sultanate, there being but
one stream of any importance between the Barram river and
that on which the capital — Brunai — Is situated. But Sarawak
does not rest here ; it acquired, in 1884. from the then Pange-
ran Tumonggong, who is now Sultan, the Trusan, a river to
the East of the Brunai, under somewhat exceptional circum-
stances. The natives of the river were in rebellion against
the Brunai Government, and in November, 1884, a party of
Sarawak Dyaks, who had been trading and collecting jungle
produce in the neighbourhood of the capital, having been
warned by their own Government to leave the country be-
cause of its disturbed condition, and having further been warned
vwMiW also by the Sultan not to enter the Trusan, could not
refrain from visiting that river on their homeward journey,
in order to collect some outstanding trade debts. They were
received is so friendly a manner, that their suspicions were
not in the slightest degree aroused, and they took no precau-
tions, believing themselves to be amongst friends. Suddenly
in the night they were attacked while asleep in their boats,
and the whole party, numbering about seventeen, massacred,
with the exception of one man who, though wounded, manag-
ed to effect his escape and ultimately found his way to La-
buan, where he was treated in the Government Hospital and
made a recovery. The heads of the murdered men were, as
is customary, taken by the murderers. No very distinct
reason can be given for the attack, except that the Trusan

* On Ihc lytli March. 1890 the Limbang Riv
Saiawaic, subject to the Queen's sanction.

s forcibly annexed by

people were in a "slaying " mood, being on the " war-path "
and in arms against their own Government, and it has also
been said that those particular Dyaks happened to be wear-
ing trowsers instead of their ordinary chawat, or loin cloth,
and, as their enemies, the Brunais, were trowser- wearers, the
Trusan people thought fit to consider all natives wearing
such extravagant clothing as their enemies. The Sarawak
Government, on hearing of the incident, at once despatched
Mr. Maxwell, the Chief Resident, to demand redress. The
Brunai Government, having no longer the warlike Kyans
at their beck and call, that tribe having passed to Raja
Brooke with the river Barram, were wholly unable to under-
take the punishment of the offenders. Mr, Maxwell then
demanded as compensation the sum of §33,000, basing his
calculations on the amount which some time previously the
British Government had exacted in the case of some British
subjects who had been murdered in another river.

This demand the bankrupt Government of Brunai was
equally incompetent to comply with, and, thereupon, the mat-
ter was settled by the transfer of the river to Raja Brooke
in consideration o( the large annual payment of $4,500, two
years' rental — $9,000, being paid in advance, and Sarawak thus
acquired, as much by good luck as through good management,
3. pied & terre in the very centre of the Brunai Sultanate and
practically blocked the advance of their northern rivals — the
Company — on the capital. This river was the kourtpan (see
ante, page 38 of Journal No. 20) of the present Sultan, and a
feeling of pique which he then entertained against the Govern-
ment of British North Borneo, on account of their refusing him
a monetary loan to which he conceived he had a claim, caused
him to make this cession with a better grace and more
readily than might otherwise have been the case, for he was
well aware that the British North Borneo Company viewed
with some jealousy the extension of Sarawak territory in
this direction, having, more than probably, themselves an
ambition to carry their own southern boundary as near to
Brunai as circumstances would admit. The same feeling on
the part of the Tumonggong induced him to listen to Mr,
Maxwell's proposals for the cession to Sarawak of a still

more important river— the Linibang — one on which the ex-
istence of Brunai ilselE as an independent State may be
said to depend. But the then reigning Sultan and the other
Ministers of State refused their sanction, and the Tnmonggong.
since his accession to Ihe throne, has also very decidedly
changed his point of view, and is now in accord with the
large majority of his Brunai subjects to whom such a cession
would be most distasteful. It should be explained that the
Limbang is an important sago-producing river, close to the
capital and forming an actuiil portion of the Brunai river it-
self, with the waters of which it mingles ; indeed, the Brunai
river is probably the former jnouth of the Limbang, and is itself
but a salt-waler inlet, producing nothing but fish and prawns.
As the Brunais themselves put it, the Umbang is their />riuk
nasi, their rice pot, an expression whichgains the greater force
when it is remembered that rice is the chief food with this
eastern people, in a more emphatic sense even than bread is
with us. This question of the Limbang river will afford a
good instance and specimen of the oppressive government,
or want of government, on the part of the Brunai rulers, and
I will return to it again, continuing now my short glance at
Sarawak's progress. Raja BROOKE has had little difficulty
in establishing his authority in the districts acquired from
time to time, for not only were the people glad to be freed
from the tyranny of the Brunai Rajas, but the fame of both
the pn-sent Raja and cf his famous uncle Sir James had
spread far and wide in Borneo, and, in addition, it was
well known that the Sarawak Government had at its back
its war-like Dyak tribes, who, now that "head-lmnting"
has been stopped amongst them, would have heartily wel-
comed the chance of a little legitimate fighting and "at the
commandment of the Magistrate to wear weapons and
serve in the wars," as the XXXVIIth Article of our Church
permits. In the Trusan, the Sarawak flag was freely dis-
tributed and joyfully accepted, and in a short time the
Brunai river was dotted with little roughly "dug-out" canoes,
manned by repulsive -looking, naked, skin-diseased savages,
each proudly flying an enormous Sarawak ensign, with its
Christian symbol of the Cross, in the Muhammadan capital.

BRITISH BORNEO.

A line was imposed and paid for \he murder of the Sarawak
Dyaks, and tlic heads delivered up to Mr. A. H, Everett, tlie
Resident of the new district, who thus found his little launch
on one occasion decorated in an unusual manner with these
ghastly trophies, which M'ere, 1 believe, forwarded to the
sorrowing relatives at home.

In addition to these levies of warriors expert in jungle fight-
ing, on which the Government can always count, the Raja
has a small standing army known as the "Sarawak Rangers,"
recruited from excellent material^the natives o( the country —
under European Officers, armed with breech-loading rifles,
and numbering two hundred and fifty or three hundred men.
There is, in addition, a small Police Force, likewise composed of
natives, as also are the crews of the small steamers and
launches which form the Sarawak Navy. With the exception,
therefore, of the European Officers, there is no foreign element
in the military, naval and civil forces of the State, and the
peace of the people is kept by the people themselves, a state
of things which makes for the stability and popularity of the
Government, besides enabling it to provide for the defence of
the country and the preservation of internal order at a lower
relative cost than probably any other Asiatic country the Gov-
ernment of which is in the hand of Europeans. Sir James
Brooke did not marry, aud died in 1S68, having appointed as
his successor the present Raja Charles Johnson, who has
taken the name of Drooke, andhasproclaimcdhiseldest son.a
youth of sixteen, heir apparent, with the title of Raja Muda,
The form of Government is that of an absolute monarchy,
but the Raja is assisted by a Supreme Council composed of
two European officials and four natives nominated by himself.
There is also a General Council of some fifty members, which is
not usually convened more frequently than once in two or three
years. For administrative purposes, the country is divided
into Divisions, each under a European Resident with European
and Native Assistants. Tlie Resident administers justice, and
is responsible for the collection of the Revenue and the pre-
servation of order in the district, reporting direct to the Raja.
Salaries are on an equitable scale, and the regulations for leave
and pension on retirement are conceived in a liberal spirit.

There is no published Code. of Laws, but the Raja, when
the occasion arises, issues regulations and proclamations for
the guidance of officials, who, in criminal cases, follow as much
as possible the Indian Criminal Code. Much is left to the
common sense of the Judicial Oflicera. native customs and
religious prejudices receive due consideration, and there is a
right of appeal to the Raja. Slavery was in full force when
Sir James Brooke assumed the Government, all captives in
the numerous tribal wars and piratical expeditions being kept
or sold as slaves.

Means were taken to mitigate as much as possible the con-
dition of the slaves, not, as a rule, a very hard one in these
countries, and to gradually abolish the system altogether,
which latter object was to be accomplished by 1888.

The principal item of revenue is the annual sum paid by
the person who secures from the Government the sole right
of importing, preparing for consumption, and retailing opium
throughout the State. The holder of this monopoly is known
as the "Opium Farmer," and the monopoly is termed the
"Opium Farm." These expressions have occasionally given
rise to the notion that the opium-producing poppy is cuhi-
vated locally under Government supervision, and I have seen
it included among the list of Borneo products in a recent
geographical work. It is evident that the system of farming
out this monopoly has a tendency to limit the consumption of
the drug, as, owing to the heavy rental paid to the Govern-
ment, the retail price of the article lo the consumer is very
much enhanced.

Were the monopoly abolished, it would be impossible for
the Government efficiently to check the contraband importa-
tion of so easily smuggled an article as prepared opium, or
chandu, and by lowering the price the consumption would be
increased.

The use of the drug is almost entirely confined to the
Chinese portion of the population. A poll-tax, customs and
excise duties, mining royalties and lines and fees make up
the rest of the revenue, which in 1884 amounted to $237,75.2
and in 1885 108315,264. The expenditure for the same years
is given by Vice-Consul Cadell as $234,161 and $321,264,

BRITISH BORNEO.

(Ctively. In the early days of Sarawak, it was a very

i problem to tind the money to pay the expenses of a

'most economical Government. Sir James BroOKE sunk all
his own fortune — £30,000 — in the country, and took so gloomy
a view of the financial prospects of his kingdom that, on the
refusal of England to annex it, he offered it first to France
and then to Holland. Fortunately these offers were never
carried into effect, and, with the assistance of the Borneo Com-
pany {not to be confused with the British North Borneo Com-
pany), who acquired the concession of the right to work the
minerals in Sarawak, bad times were tided over, and, by patient
perseverance, the finances of the State have been brought to
their present satisfactory condition. What the amount of the
national public debt is, I am not in a position to say. but, like
all other countries aspiring to be civilized, it possesses a small
one. The improvement in the financial position was undoubt-
edly chiefly due to the influx of Chinese, especially of gam-
bier and pepper planters, who were attracted by liberal con-
cessions of land and monetary assistance in the first instance
from the Government, The present Raja has hipiself said
that " without the Chinese we can do nothing," and we have
only to turn to the British possession in the far East — the
Straits Settlements, the Malay Peninsula, and Hongkong — to
see that this is the case. For instance, the revenue of the
Straits Settlements in 1887 was 83,347,475, of which the
opium farm atone — that is a tax practically speaking borne
by the Chinese population — contributed $1,779,600, or not
very short of one half of the whole, and they of course con-
tribute in many other ways as well. The frugal, patient, in- ^
dustrious, go-ahead, money-making Chinaman is undoubtedly
the colonist (or the sparsely inhabited islands of the Malay
archipelago. Where, as in Java, there is a large native popu-
lation and the struggle for existence has compelled the natives
to adopt habits of industry, the presence of the Chinaman is '
not a necessily, but in a country like Borneo, where the inha-
bitants, from time immemorial, except during unusual periods
of drought or epidemic sickness, have never found the problem
of existence bear hard upon them, it is impossible to impress
upon the natives that they ought to have "wants," whether

BRITISH BORNEO,

they feel them or not, and that the pursuit of the dollar for
the sake of mere possession is an ennobling object, differen-
tiating the simple savage from the complicated product of the
higher civilization. The Malay, in his ignorance, thinks that
if he can obtain clothing suitable to the climate, a hut which
adequately protects him from sun and rain, and a wife to be
the mother of his children and the cooker of his meals, he
should therewith rest content; but, then, no country made
up of units possessed of this simple faith can ever come to
anything — can ever be civilized, and hence the necessity for
the Chinese immigrant in Eastern Colonies that want to shew
an annual revenue advancing by leaps and bounds. The
Chinaman, too, in addition to his valuable properties as a keen
trader and a man of business, collecting from the natives the
products of the country, which he passes on to the European
merchant, from whom he obtains the European fabrics and
American " notions" to barter with the natives, is also a good
agriculturist, whether on a large or small scale ; he is muscu-
lar and can endure both heat and cold, and so is, at any rate
in the tropics, far and away a superior animal to the white
labourer, whether for agricultural or mining work, as an arti-
zan, or as a hewer of wood and drawer of water, as a rook, a
housemaid or a washerwoman. Hecan learn any trade that a
white man can teach him, from ship-building to watchmaking,
and he does not drink and requires scarcely any holidays or
Sundays, occasionally only a day to worship his ancestors.

It will be said that if he does not drink he smokes opium.
Yes ! he does, and this, as we have seen, is what makes him so
beloved of the Colonial Chancellors of the Exchequer. .'Vt the
same time he is, if strict justice and firmness are shewn him,
wonderfully law-abiding and orderly. Faction lights, and
serious ones no doubt, do occur between rival classes and
rival secret societies, but to nothing like the extent that
would be the case were they white men. It is not. 1 think,
sufficiently borne in mind, that a very large proportion of the
Chinese there are of the lower, I may say of the lowest, orders,
many of them of the criminal class and the scourings of some
of the large cities of China, who arrive at their destination in
possession of nothing but a pair of trowsers and a jacket and.

BRITISH BORNEO. 2f

may be, an opium pipe ; in addition to this they come from
different provinces, between the inhabitants of which there
has always been rivalry, and the languages of which are so
entirely different that it is a usual thing to find Chinese of
different provinces compelled to carry on their conversation
in Malay or " pidgeon" English, and finally, as though the
elements of danger were not already sufficient, they arc
pressed on their arrival to join rival secret societies, between
which the utmost enmity and hatred exists. Taking all these
things into consideration, I maintain that the Chinaman is a
good and orderly citizen and Ihat-^ris good qualities, especiatty
as a revenue-payer in the Far East, much more than counter-
balance his bad ones. The secret societies, whose organiza-
tion permeates Chinese society from the top to the bottom,
are the worst feature in the social condition of the Chinese
colonists, and in Sarawak a summary method of suppressing
them has been adopted. The penally for belonging to one of
these societies is death. When Sir JameS BrOOKE took over
Sarawak, there was a considerable Chinese population, settled
for generations in the country and recruited from Dutch ter-
ritory, where they had been subject to no supervision by the
Government, whose hold over the country was merely nomi-
nal. They were principally gold diggers, and being accustomed
to manage their own affairs and settle their disputes amongst
themselves, they resented any interference from the new
rulers, and, in ii$T. a misunderstanding concerning the opium
revenue having occurred, they suddenly rose in arms and
seized the capital. It was some time before the Raja's
forces could be collected and let loose upon them, when large
numbers were killed and the majority of the survivors took
refuge in Dutch territory.

The scheme for introducing Chinese pepper and gambier
planters into Sarawak was set on foot in 1878 or 1879, and
has proved a decided success, though, as Vice-Consul Cadell
remarked in 1886, it is difficult to understand why even
larger numbers have not availed themselves of the terms
offered "since cooties have the protection of the Sarawak
Government, which further grants ihem free passages from
Singapore, whilst the climate is a healthy one, and there are

BRITISH BORNEO.

no dangers to be feared from wild animals, tigers being un-
known in Sarawak." The fact remains that, though there is
plenty of available land, there is an insufficiency of Chinese
labour still. The quantity of pepper exported in 1885 was
392 tons, valued at £19,067, and of gambler 1,370 tons,
valued at £23,772.

Sarawak is said to supply more than half of ihe sago pro-
duce of the world. The value of the sago it exported in 1885
is returned at £35,953. Of the purely uncultivated jungle
products that figure In the exports the principal are gutta-
percha, India rubber, and rattans.

Both antimony ores and cinnabar (an ore of quicksilver)
are worked by the Borneo Company, but the exports of the
former ore and of quicksilver are steadily decreasing, and fresh
deposits are being sought for. Only one deposit of cinnabar
has so far been discovered, that was in 1867. Antimony was
first discovered in Sarawak in 1824, and for a long time
it was from this source that the principal supplies for Europe
and America were obtained. The ores are found "generally
as boulders deep in clayey soil, or perched on tower-like
summits and craggy pinnacles and, sometimes, in dykes in
situ." The ores, too poor for shipment, are reduced locally,
and the regiilus exported to London. Coal is abundant,
but is not yet worked on any considerable scale.* The
Borneo Company excepted, all the trade of the country is in
the hands of Chinese and Natives, nor has the Government
hitherto taken steps to attract European capital for planting,
but expirements are being made with the public funds under
European supervision in the planting ■ of cinchona, coffee, and
tobacco. The capital of Sarawak is Kuching, which in Malay
signifies a "rat." It is situated about fifteen miles up the Sara-
wak river and, when Sir James first arrived, was a wretched
Inative town, with palm leaf huts and a population, includ-
ing a few Chinese and Klings (natives of India), of some two
thousand. Kuching now possesses a well built "Istana," or
iPalace of the Raja, a Fort, impregnable to natives, a substan-

* Since thi; was written, Raja Sir Charles Brooke has acquired valuable
iHEnt nf the coal reanurces o( the Stale is being energetically pushed lorward.

BRITISH BORNEO.

tial Gaol, Court House, Government Offices, Public Market
and Church, and is the headquarters of the Bishop o( Singa-
pore and Sarawak, who is the head of the Protestant Mission
in the country. There is a well built brick Chinese trading
quarter, or "bazaar," the Europeans have comfortable bun-
galows, and the present population is said to number twelve
thousand.

In the early days of his reign, Sir JameS Brooke was
energetically assisted in his great work of suppressing piracy
and rendering the seas and rivers safe for the passage of the
peaceful trader, by the British men-of-war on the China Sta-
tion, and was singularly fortunate in having an energetic
co-adjutorin Captain (now Admiral) Sir Henry Keppel, k.c.b.

It will give some idea of the extent to which piracy, then
almost the sole occupation of the lllanun, Balinini, and Sea
Dyak tribes, was indulged in that the " Headmoney," then
paid by the British Government for pirates destroyed, amount-
ed in these expeditions to the large total of £20,000, the
awarding of which sum occasioned a great stir at the time
and led to the abolition of this system of " payment by re-
sults." Mr. Hume look exception altogether to the action of
Sir J.\MIiS Brooke, and, in 1851, charges were brought against
him, and a Royal Commission appointed to take evidence on
the spot, or rather at Singapore.

A man like BRGOKE.of an enthusiastic, impulsive, unselfish and
almost Quixotic disposition, who wore his heart on his sleeve
and let his opinions of men and their actions be freely known,
could not but have incurred the enmity of many meaner, self-
seeking minds. The Commission, after hearing all that could
be brought against him, found that there was nothing proved,
but it was not deemed advisable that Sir James should con-
tinue to act as the British representative in Borneo and as
Governor of the Colony of Labuan, positions which were in-
deed incompatible with that of the independent ruler of Sara-
wak. Sarawak independence was first recognised by the
Americans, and the British followed suitin 1863, when a Vice-
Consulate was established there. The question of formally
proclaiming a British Protectorate over Sarawak is now being

considered, and it is to be hoped, will be carried into effect.*
The fiersone/ of the Government is purely British, most of
the merchants and traders are o( British nationality, and the
whnle trade of the country finds its way to the British Colony
of the Straits Settlements.

We can scarely let a country such as this, with its local and
olher resources, so close to Singapore and on the route to
China, fall into the hands of any other European Power, and
the only means of preventing such a catastrophe is by the pro-
clamation of a Protectorate over it — a Protectorate which, so
long as the successors of Raja Brooke prove their compe-
tence to govern, should be worked so as to interfere as little
as possible in the internal affairs of the State. The virulently
hostile and ignorant criticisms to which Sir James Brooke was
subjected in England, and the financial difficulties of this little
kingdom, coupled with a serious dispute with a nephew whom
he had appointed his successor, but whom he was compelled
to depose, embittered the last years of his life. To the end
he fought his foes in his old, plucky, honest, vigorous and
straightforward style. He died in June, 1868. from a paraly-
tic stroke, and was succeeded by his nephew, the present
Raja. What Sir Ja.MES BROOKE might have accomplished
had he not been hampered by an opposition based on ignor-
ance and imperfect knowledge at home, we cannot say ; what
he did achieve, I h.ive endeavoured briefly to sketch, and un-
prejudiced minds cannot but deem the founding of a pros-
perous State and the total extirpation of piracy, slavery and
head-hunting, a monument worthy of a high, noble and un-
selfish nature.

In addition to that of the Church of P^ngland, there ha-;,
within the last few years, been established a Roman Catholic
Mission, under the auspices of the St. Joseph's College, Mill Hill,

The Muhammadans, including all the true Malay inhabitants,
do not make any concerted effort to disseminate the doctrines
of their faith.

The following information relative to the Church of Eng-
land Mission has been kindly furnished me by the Right

" This has since been formally proclaimed.

Reverend Dr. HoSE, the jDresent Bishop of "Singapore, La-
buan and Sarawak," which is the official title of his extensive
See which includes the Colony of the Straits Settlements —
Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca and Singapore — and
its Dependencies, the Protected States of the Malay Penin-
sula, the Stale of Sarawak, the Crown Colony of Labuan, the
Territories of the British North Borneo Company and the
Congregation of Enghsh people scattered over Malaya.

The Mission was, in the first instance, set on foot by the
efforts of Lady BURDETT-COfrrs and others in 1847, when
Sir James Brooke was in England and his doings in the Far
East had excited much interest and enthusiasm, and was spe-
cially organized under the name of the "Borneo Church Mis-
sion." The late Reverend T. McDoLCALL, was the first
Missionary, and subsequently became the 6rst Bishop. His
name was once well known, owing to a wrong construction
put upon his action, on one occasion, in making use of fire
arms when a vessel, on which he was aboard, came across a
fleet of pirates. Hewas a gifted, practical and energetic man
and had the interest of his Mission at heart, and, in addition
to other qualifications, added the very useful one. in his posi-
tion, of being a qualified medical man. Bishop McDocgall
was succeeded on his retirement by Bishop CHAMBERS, who
had experience gained while a Missionary In the country.
The present Bishop was appointed in 1S81. The Mission
was eventually taken over by the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel, and this Society defrays, with unimportant excep-
tions, the whole cost of the See.

Dr. Hose has under him In Sarawak eight men in holy
orders, of whom six are Europeans, one Chinese and one Eu-
rasian. The influence of the Missionaries has spread over the
Skerang, Balau and Sibuyan tribes of ^^a-Ovaks, and also
among the Lantf-Dyaks near Kuching, the Capital, and among
the Chinese of that town and the neighbouring pepper plan-
tations.

There are now seven churches and twenty-five Mission
chaples In Sarawak, and about 4,000 baptized Christians of
the Church of England. The Mission also provides means of

BRITISH BORNEO-

educalion and, through ils press, publishes translations of
the Bible, the Prayer Book and other religious and education-
al works, ill Malay and in two Dyak dialects, which latter
have only become written languages since the establishment
of the Mission. In their Boys' School, at Kuching, over a
hundred boys are under instruction by an English Master,
assisted by a staff of Native Assistants; there is also a Girls'
School, under a European Mistress, and schools at all the
Mission Stations. The Government of Sarawak allows a
small grant-in-aid to the schools and a salary of £200 a
year to one of the Missionaries, who acts as Government
Chaplain.

The Roman Catholic Mission commenced its works in Sara-
wak in 1 88 1, and is under the direction of the Reverend Fa-
ther Jackson, Prefect Apostolic, who has also two or three
Missionaries employed in British North Borneo. In Sarawak
there are six or eight European priests and schoolmasters and
a sisterhood of four or five nuns. In Kuching they have a Cha-
pel and School and a station among the Land-Dyaks in the vici-
nity. They have recently established a station and erected a
Chapel on the Kanowit River, an affluent of the Rejang.
The Missionaries are mostly foreigners and, I believe, are un-
der a vow to spend the remainder of their days in the East,
without returning to Europe.

Their only reward is their consciousness of doing, or try-
ing to do good, and any surplus of their meagre stipends which
remains, after providing the barest necessaries of life, is re-
funded to the Society. I do not know what success is attend-
ing them in Sarawak, but in British North Borneo and Labuan.
where they found that Father Ql'arTEROn's labours had left
scarcely any impression, their efforts up to present have met
with little success, and experiments in several rivers have had
to he abandoned, owing to the utter carelessness of the Pagan
natives as to matters relating to religion. When I left North

t Borneo in 1887, their only station which appeared to show a
prospect of success was one under Father PUNDLEIDER,

, amongst the semi-Cliinese of Bundu, to whom reference has
been made on a previous page. But these people, while per-
mitting their children to be educated and baptized by the

BRITTSH BORNEO.

Father, did not think it worth iheir while to join the Church
themselves.

Neither Mission has attempted to convert the Muhammadan
tribes, and indeed it would, at present, be perfectly useless to
do so and, from the Government point of view, impolitic and
inadvisable as well.

Chapter V.

I will now take a glance at the incident o( the rebel-
lion of the inhabitants of the Limbang, the important
river near Brunai to which allusion has already been made,
as from this one sample he will be able to judge of the
ordinary state of affairs in districts near the Capital, since
the establishment of Labuan as a Crown Colony and the con-
clusion of the treaty and the appointment of a British Consul-
General in Brunai, and will also be able to attempt to imagine
the oppression prevalent before those events took place.
The river, being a fertile and well populated one and near
Brunai, had been from old times the common purse of the
numerous nobles who, either by inheritance, or in virtue of
their ofEcial positions, as I have explained, owned as their
followers the inhabitants of the various villages situated on
its banks, and many were the devices employed to extort the
uttermost farthing from the unfortunate people, who were
quite incapable of offering any resistance because the war-
like Kyan tribe was ever ready at hand to sweep down upon
them at the behest of their Brunai oppressors. The system
of dagang sira (forced trade} I have already explained.
Some of the other devices 1 will now enumerate. Chukei
basoh iatis. or the tax of washing feet, a contribution, varying
in amount at the sweet will of the imposer, levied when the
lord of the village, or his chief agent, did it the honour of a
visit. Chukei bongkar-sauh. or tan on weighing anchor,
similarly levied when the lord look his departure and perhaps
therefore, paid with more willingness. Chukei tolongan. or
tax of assistance, levied when the lord had need of funds for
some special purpose or on a special occasion such as a wed-
ding—and these are numerous amongst polygamists — a birth,

34 BRITISH BORNEO,

the building of a house or of a vessel- Chop bibas, literally
a free seal ; this was a permission granted by the Sultan to
some noble and needy favourite to levy a contribution for
his own use anywhere he thought he could most easily en-
force it. The method of inventing imaginary crimes and
delinquencies and punishing them with heavy fines has been
already mentioned. Then there are import and export duties
as to which no reasonable complaint can be made, but a real
grievance and hindrance to legitimate trade was the effort
which the Malays, supported by their rulers, made to prevent
the interior tribes trading direct with the Chinese and other
foreign traders — acting themselves as middlemen, so that but a
very small share of profit fell to the aborigines. The lords, too,
had the right of appointing as many orang kayas, or head-
men, from among the natives as they chose, a present being
expected on their elevation to that position and another on
their death. In many rivers there was also an annual poll-
tax, but this does not appear to have been collected in the
Limbang. Sir Spencer St.John, writing in 1856, gives, in
his " Life in the Forests of the Far East," several instances of
the grievous oppression practiced on the Ltmbang people.
Amongst others he mentions how a native, in a fit of despera-
tion, had killed an extortionate tax-gatherer. Instead of hav-
ing the offender arrested and punished, the Sultan ordered his
village to be attacked, when fifty persons were killed and an
equal number of women and children were made prison-
ers and kept as slaves by His Highness. The immediate
cause of the rebellion to which I am now referring was
the extraordinary extortion practised by one of the principal
Ministers of State, The revenues of his office were prin-
cipally derived from the Limbang River and, as the Sultan was
very old, he determined to make the best possible use of the
short time remaining to him to extract all he could from his
wretched feudatories. To aid liim in his design, he obtained,
with the assistance of the British North Borneo Company, a
Steam launch, and the Limbang people subsequently pointed
out to me this launch and complained bitterly that it was with
the money forced out of them that this means o( oppres-
sing them had been purchased. He then employed the

BRITISH BORNEO.

mosi uncrupulous agents he could discover, imposed out-
rageous fines for trifling offences, and would even interfere
if he heard of any private disputes among the villagers,
adjudicate unasked in their cases, talcing care always to inflict
a heavy fine which went, not to the party aggrieved, but into
his own pocket, if the fines could not be paid, and this was
often the case, owing to their being purposely fixed at such a
high rate, the delinquent's sago plantations — the principal
wealth of thf people in the Limbang River — would be con-
fiscated and became the private property of the Minister, or
of some of the members of his household. The patience of
the people was at length exhausted, and they remembered
that ihe Brunai nobles could no longer call in the Kayans to
enforce their exactions, that tribe having become subjects
to Raja Brooke. About the month of August, 1884, two
of the Minister's messengers, or tax collectors, who
were engaged in the usual process of squeezing the people,
were fired on and killed by the Bisayas, the principal
pagan tribe in the river. The Tumonggong determin-
ed to punish this outrage in person and probably thought his
august presence on the spot in a steam-launch, would quickly
bring the natives to their knees and afford him a grand
opportunity of replenishing his treasury.

He accordingly ascended the river with a considerable force
in September, and great must have been his surprise when he
found that his messenger, sent in advance to call the people
to meet him, was fired on and killed. He could scarcely
have believed the evidence of his own cars, however, when
shortly afterwards his royal launch and little fleet were fired
on from the river banks. For two days was this firing kept
up, the Brunais having great difficulty in returning it, owing
to the river bting low and the banks steep and lined with
large trees, behind which the natives took shelter, and, a
few casualties having occurred on board and one of the
Royal guns having burst, which was known as the Amiral
Muminin, the Tumonggong deemed it expedient to retire
and returned ignominiously to Brunai. The rebels, embolden-
ed by the impunity they had so far enjoyed, were soon found
to be hovering round the outskirts of the capital, and every

36 BRITISH BORNEO.

now and then an outlying house would be attacked during the
night and the headless corpses of its occupants be found on
the morrow. There being no forts and no organized force to
resist attack, the houses, moreover, being nearly all construct-
ed of highly inflammable palm leaf thatch and malting, a
universal panic prevailed amongst all clnsses, when the
Limbang people announced their intention of firing the
town. Considerable distress too prevailed, as the spirit of
rebellion had spread to all the districts near the capital, and
the Brunai people who had settled in them were compelled
to flee for their lives, leaving their property in the hands of
the insurgents, while the people of the city were unable to
follow their usual avocations — trading, planting, sago wash-
ing and so forth, the Brunai River, as has been pointed out,
producing nothing itself. British trade being thus affected by
the continuance of such a state of affairs, and the British
subjects in the city being in daily fear from the apprehended
attack by the rebels, the English Consut-General did what he
could to try and arrange matters. A certain Datu Klassie,
one of the most influential of the Brsaya Chiefs, came into
Brunai without any followers, but bringing with him, as a
proof of the friendliness of his mission, his wife. Ins lead of
utilizing the services of this Chief in opening communication
with the natives, the Tumonggong. maddened by his ignomi-
nious defeat, seized both Datu Klassie and his wife and placed
them in the public stocks, heavily ironed.

1 was Acting Consul-General at the time, and my assistance
in arranging matters had been requested by the Brunai Gov-
ernment, while the Bisayas also had expressed their warm
desire to meet and consult with me if 1 would trust myself
amongst [hem, and I at once arranged so to do ; but, being well
aware ihat my mission would be perfectly futile unless I was
the bearer of terms from the Sultan and unless Datu
Klassie and his « ite were relcpsed, I refused to take any steps
unlil these two points were conceded.

This was a bitler pill for the Brunai Rajas and especially
for the Tumonggong, who, though perfectly aware that he was
quite unable, not only to punish the rebels, but even to defend
the city against their attacks, yet clung to the vain hope that

BRITISH BORNEO.

the British Government might be induced to regard them as
pirates and so interfere in accordance with the terms of the
treaty, or that the Raja of Sarawak would construe some old
agreement made with Sir James Brooke as necessitating his
rendering armed assistance.

However, owing to the experience, tact, perseverance and
intelligence of Inche MaHOMET, the Consular Agent, we
gained our point after protracted negotiations, and obtained
the seals of the Sultan, the Bandahara.tlic Di Gadong and theTu-
monggonghimsulftoadocument.by which it was provided that,
on condition of the Limbang people layingdown their arms and
allowing free intercourse with Brunai, all arbitrary taxation
such as that which has been described should be for ever abolish-
ed, but that, in lieu therefor, a fixed poll-tax should be paid by
all adult males, at the rate of $3 per annum by married men
and $2 by bachelors; that on the death of an orang haya the
contribution to be paid to the feudal lord should be hxed at
one pikul of brass gun, equal to about %2\ ; that the posses-
sion of their sago plantations should be peaceably enjoyed by
their owners ; that jungle products should be collected with-
out tax, except in the case of gutta percha, on which a royal-
ty of 5% cti valorem should be paid, instead of the 205^
then exacted ; that the taxes should be collected by the
headmen punctually and transmitted to Brunai, and that
four Brunai tax-gatherers, who were mentioned by name and
whose rapacious and criminal action had been instrumental
in provoking the rebellion, should be forbidden ever again to
enter the Limbang River; that a free pardon should be grant-
ed to the rebels.

Accompanied by Inche Mahomet and with some Bisaya
interpreters, I proceeded up the Limbang Kiver, on the 21st
October, in a steam-launch, towing the boats of Pangeran
ISTRl Nacara and of the Datu AhamaT, who were deputed
to accompany us and represent the Brunai Government.

Several hundred of the natives assembled to meet us, and
the Government conditions were read out and explained. It
was evident that the people found it difficult to place much
reliance in the promises of the Rajas, although the document
was formally attested by the seals of the Sultan and of his

BRITISH BORNEO.

three Ministers, and a duplicate had been prepared for them
to keep in iheir custody for future reference. It was seen, too,
that there were a number of Muhammadans in the crowd who
appeared adverse to the acceptance of the terms offered, and,
doubtless, many of them were acting at the instigation of the
Tumonggong's party, who by no means relished so peaceful a
solution of the difficulties their chief's action had brought
about.

Whilst the conference was still going on and the various
clauses of theyf»-«iaM werebeingdebated, newsarrived that the
Rajas had, in the basest manner, let loose the Trusan Muruls
on the district the day we had sailed for the Limbang, and that
these wretches had murdered and carried off the heads of four
women, two of whom were pregnant, and two young unmarried
girls and of two men who were at work in theirgardens.

This treacherous action was successful In breaking up the
meeting, and was not lar from causing the massacre of at any
rate the Brunai portion of our parly, and the Pangeran and
the Daiu quickly betook themselves to their boats and scuttled
off to Bfunai not wailing for the steam-launch.

But we determined not to be beaten by the Rajas' ma-
nceuvres, and so, though a letter reached me from the Sultan
warning me of what hud occurred and urging me to return to
Brunai, we stuck to our posts, and ultimately were rewarded
by the Bisayas returning and the majority of their principal
chiefs signing, or rather marking the document embodying
their new constitution, as it might be termed, in token of their
acquiescence — a result which should be placed to the cre-
dit of the indefatigable Inche Mahomet, whose services I
am happy to say were specially recognised in a despatch from
the Foreign Office. Returning to Brunai, I demanded the
release of Datu Klassie, as had been agreed upon, but it was
only after 1 had made use of very plain language to his mes-
sengers that the Tumonggong gnve orders for his release
and that of his wife, whom 1 had the pleasure of taking up
the river and restoring to their friends.

H. M. i". Pegasus calling at I,abuan soon afterwards, I
seized the opportunity to request Captain BlCKFORL) to make
a little demonstration in Brunai, which was not often visited

BRITISH BORNEO.

by a man-of-war, with the double object of restoring con6-
dence to the British subjects there and the traders generally
and of exacting a public apology for the disgraceful condiict
of the Government in allowing the Muritts to attack the Lim-
bang people while we were up that river. Captain BiCKFORD
at once complied with my request, and, as the Pegasus drew
too much water to cross the bar, the boats were manned and
armed and towed up to the city by a steam-launch. It was
rather a joke against me that the launch which towed up the
little flotilla designed to overawe Brunai was sent for the
occasion by one of the principal Ministers of the Sultan. It
was placed at my disposal by the Pangeran Di Gadong, who
was then a bitter enemy of the Tumonggong. and glad to
witness his discomfiture. This was on the 3rd November,
1884.

With reference to the heads taken on the occasion men-
tioned above, ! may add that the Muruts were allowed to
retain them, and the disgusting sight was to be seen, at one
of the watering places in the town, of these savages "cook-
ing " and preparing the heads for keeping in their houses.

As the Brunai Government was weak and powerless, 1 am
of opinion that the agreement with the Limbang people
might have been easily worked had the British Government
thought it worth while to insist upon its observance. As it
was, hostilities did cease, the headmen came down and visit-
ed the old Sultan, and trade recommenced. In June, 1885,
Sultan MUMIM died, at the age, according to Native
statements, which are very unreliable on such points, of 1 14
years, and was succeeded by the Tumonggong, who was

f reclaimed Sultan on the slh June of the same year, when
had the honour of being present at the ceremony, which
was not ot an imposing character. The new Sultan did not
forget the mortifying treatment he had received at the hands
of the Limbang ptople. and refused lo receive their Chiefs,
He retained, t^io, in his own hands the appointment of Tu-
monggong, and with it the rights of that office over the Lim-
bang River, and it became the interest of many difTerent
parties to prevent the completion of the pacification of that
district. The gentleman for whom I had been acting as Con-

sul-General soon afterwards returned to his post. In May,
1887, Sir Frederfck Weld, Governor of the Straits Settle-
ments, was despatched to Brunai by Her Majesty's Govern-
ment, on a special mission, to report on the affairs of the
Brunai Sultanate and as to recent cessions of territory
made, or in course of negotiation, to the British North Borneo
Company and to Sarawak. His report has not been yet made
public. There were at one time grave objections to allowing
Raja Brooke to extend his territory, as there was no guar-
antee that some one of his successors might not prefer a lite
of inglorious case in England to the task of governing natives
in the tropics, and sell his kingdom to the highest bidder —
say France or Germany ; but if the British Protectorate over
Sarawak is formally proclaimed, there would appear to be no
reasonable objection to the BroOkf.S establishing their Gov-
ernment in such other districts as the Sultan may see good
of his own free will to cede, but it should be the duty of the
British Government to si-e that their ally is fairly treated and
that any cessions he may make are entirely voluntary and not
brought about by coercion in any form — direct or indirect.

Chapter VI,

The British Colony of Labuan was obtained by cession from
the Sultan of Brunai and was in the shape of a quid pro quo
(or assistance in suppressing piracy in the neighbouring seas,
which the Brunai Government was supposed to have at heart,
but in all probability, the real reason of the willingness on
the Sultan's part to cede it was his desire to obtain a power-
ful ally to assist him in reasserting his authority in many
parts of the North and West portions of his dominions, where
the allegiance of the people had been transferred to the Sul-
tan of Sulu and to lllanun and Balinini piratical leaders. It
was a similar reason which, in 1774, induced the Brunai Gov-
ernment to grant to the East India Company the monopoly
of the trade in pepper, and is explained in Mr. Jessk's letter
to the Court of Directors as follows. He says that he found
the reason of their unanimous inclination to cultivate the
friendship and alliance of the Company was their desire for

BRITISH liORNEO.

" protection from their piratical neighbours, the Sulus
and Mindanaos, and others, who make continual depreda-
tions on their coast, by taking advantage of their natural
timidity,"

The first connection of the British with Labuan was on the oc-
casion of their being expelled by the Sulus FromBalanibangan,
in 1775. when they took temporary refuge on the island.

In 1844, Captain Sir Edward Beucher visited Brunai to en-
quire into rumours of the detention of a European female in
the country— rumours which proved to be unfounded. SirjAMES
Bkooki: accompanied him, and on this occasion the Sultan,
who had been terrified bv a report that his capital was to be
attacked by a British squadron of sixteen or seventeen vessels,
addressedadocument, in conjunction with RajaMuda Hassim.
to the Queen of England, requesting her aid "for the suppres-
sion of piracy and the encouragement and extension of trade ;
and to assist in forwarding these objects they are willing to
cede, to the Queen of England, the Island of Labuan, and its
islets on such terms as may hereafter be arranged by any
person appointed by Her Majesty. The Sultan and the
Raja Muda Hassim consider that an Enghsh Settlement on
Labuan will be of great service to the natives of the coast,
and will draw a considerable trade from the northward,
and from China ; and should Her Majesty the Queen of Eng-
land decide upon the measure, the Sultan and the Raja
Muda Hassim promise to afford every assistance to the Eng-
lish authorities." In February of the following year, the Sul-
tan and Raja Muda HaSSIM, in a letter accepting Sir James
BrOOKK as Her Majesty's Agent in Borneo, without specially
mentioning Labuan. expressed their adherence to their former
declarations, conveyed through Sir Edward Belcher, and
asked for immediate assislance " lo protect Borneo from the
pirates of Marudu." a Bay situated at the northern extremity
of Borneo — assistance which was rendered in the following
August, when the village of Marudu was attacked and de-
stroyed, though it is perhaps open lo doubt whether the chief,
OsMAN, quite deserved the punishment he received. On the
1st March of the same year (1845) the Sultan verbally asked
Sir James Brooke whether and at what time the English

BRiriSH BORNEO.

proposed to take possession of I^buan. Then followed
the episode already narrated of the murder by the Sultan of
Raja Muda Hassim and his family and the taking of Brunai
by Admiral CoCHRANE'S Stjuadron. In November, 1846,
instructions were received m Singapore, from Lord Pai.-
MEBSTON, to take possession of I^buan, and Captain RoDNEV
MUNDY was selected for this service. He arrived in Brunai
in December, and gives an amusing account of how he pro-
ceeded to carry out his orders and obtain the voluntary ces-
sion of the island. As a preliminary, he sent " Lieutenant
" Little in charge of the boats of the Iris and Wolf, armed
" with twenty marines, to the capital, with orders to moor
'■ them in line of battle opposite the Sultan's palace, and to
" await my arrival." On reaching the pal.ace, Captain MUN-
DV produced a brief document, to which he requested the
Sultan to affix his seal, and which provided for eternal friend-
ship between the two countries, and for the cession of Labuan,
in consideration of which the Queen engaged to use her best
endeavours to suppress piracy and protect lawful commerce.
The document of 1844 had stated that Labuan would be
ceded "on such terms as may hereafter be arranged," and a
promise to suppress piracy, the profits in which were shared
by the Suhan and his nobles, was by no means regarded by
them as a fair set off; it was a condition with which they
would have readily dispensed. The Sultan ventured to re-
mark that the present treaty was different to the previous
one, and that a money payment was required in exchange
for the cession of territory. Captain MuNDV replied that the
former treaty had been broken when Her Majesty's Ships
were tired on by the Brunai forts, and "at last I turned to
the Sultan, and exclaimed firmly, ' Bobo chop bobo chop ! '
followed up by a few other Malay words, the tenor of which
was, that I recommended His Majesty to put his seal forth-
with." And he did so. Captain MuNDV hoisted the British
Flag at l-abuan on the 24th December, 1846, and there still
exists at I..abuan in the place where it ivas erected by the
gallant Captain, a granite slab, with an inscription recording
the fact of the formal taking possession of the island in Her
Majesty's name.

In the following year, Sir James Brooke was appointed
the first Governor of the new Colony, retaining his position
as the British representative in Brunai, and being also the
ruler of Sarawak, the independence of which was not form-
ally recognised by the English Government until the year
1S63- Sir James was assisted at Labuan hy a Lieutenant-
Governor and staff of European Officers, who on their way
through Singapore are said to have somewhat offended the
susceptibilities of the Officials of that Settlement by pointing
to the fact that they were Queen's Officers, whereas the
Straits Settlements were at that lime still under the Govern-
ment of the East India Company. Sir James Brooke held
the position of Governor until 1851, and the post has since
been filled by such well-known administrators as Sir Hugh
Low. Sir John Pope Hennessy, Sir Henry E. Bulwer and
Sir Charles Lees, but the expectations formed at its foun-
dation have never been realized and the little Colony appears
to be in a moribund condition, the Governorship having been
left unfilled since 1881. On the 27lh May. ia47, Sir James
Brooke concluded the Treaty with the Sultan of Brunai
which is still in force. Labuan is situated off the mouth of
the Brunai River and has an area of thirty square miles.
It was uninhabited when we took it, being only occasionally
visited by fishermen. It was then covered, like all tropi-
cal countries, whether the soil is rich or poor, with dense
forest, some of the trees being valuable as timber, but
most of this has since been destroyed, partly by the succes-
sive coal companies, who required large quantities of timber
for their mines, but (.hiefiy by the destructive mode of cultiva-
tion practised by the Kadyans and other squatters from Borneo,
who were allowed to destroy the forest for a crop or two of
rice, the soil, except in the flooded plains, being not rich
enough to carry more than one or two such harvests under
such primitive methods of agriculture as only are known to
the natives. The lands so cleared were deserted and were soon
covered with a strong growth of fern and coarse useless lalano
grass, difficult to eradicate, and it is well known that, when a
tropical forest is once destroyed and the land left to itself, the
new jungle which may in lime spring up rarely contains any

of the valuable t

whidi

jsed the

original

forest.

A few cargoes of llmlicr were also exported by Chinese to)
Hongkong. Great hopes were entertained that the establish-
ment of a European Government and a free port on an island
lying alongside so rich a country as Borneo would result in
its becoming an emporium and collecting station (or the vari-
ous products of, at any rate, the northern and western por-
tions of this country and perhaps, too, of the Sulu Archipelago,
Many causes prevented the realization of these hopes. In the
first place, no successful t'fforts were made to restore good
government on the mainland, and without a fairly good gov-
ernment and safety to life and properly, trade could not be
developed. Then again l^abuan was overshaded by the pros-
perous Colony of Singapore, which is the universal emporium
for all these islands, and, with the introduction of steamers,
it was soon found that only the trade of the coast immediately
opposite to Labuan could lie depended upon, that of the rest"
including Sarawak and the City of Brunai, going direct to
Singapore, for wiiich port Labuan became a subsidiary and
unimportant collecting station. The Spanish authorities did
what they could to prevent trade with the Sulu Islands, and,
on the signing of the Protocol between that country and Great
Britain and Germany freeing the trade from restrictions,
Sulu produce has been carried by steamers direct to Singapore.
Since i8Si, the British North Borneo Company having opened
ports to the North, the greater portion of the trade of their
possessions likewise finds its way direct by steamers to the
same port„

Labuan has never shipped cargoes direct to Engl.ind, and
its importance as a collecting station (or Singapore is now
diminishing, for the reasons above-mentioned.

Most or a large portion of the trade that now falls to its
share comes from the southern portion of the British North
Borneo Company's territories, from which it is distant, at the
nearest point, only about six miles, and the most reasonable
solution of the Labuan question would certainly appear to be
the proclamation of a British Protectorate over North Borneo,
to which, under proper guarantees, might be assigned the

BRITISH BORNEO,

task of carrying on the government of Labuan, a task which it
could easily and economically undertake, having a sufficiently
well organised staff ready to hand.* By the Royal Charter
it is already provided that the appointment of the Company's
Governor in Borneo is subject to the sanction of Her Majesty's
Secretary of State, and the two Officers hitherto selected have
been Colonial servants, whose service have been lent by the
Colonial Office to the Company.

The Census taken in 1881 gives the total population of I.-a-
buan as 5.995, but it has probably decreased considerably since
that time. The number of Chinese supposed to be settled
there is about 300 or 400 — traders, shopkeepers, coolies and
sago-washers; the preparation of sago flour from the raw sago,
or iamuntafi. brought in from the mainland by the natives,
being the principal industry of the island and employing three
or four factories, in which no machinery is used. All the
traders are only agents of Singapore firms and are in a small
way of business. There is no European firm, or shop, in the
island. Coal of good quality for raising steam is plentiful,
especially at the North end of the island, and very sanguine
expectations of the successful working of these coal measures
were for a long time enteitaincd, but have hitherto not been
realised. The Eastern Archipelago Company, with an ambi-
tious title but too modest an exchequer, first attempted to
open the mines soon after the British oecupation. but failed,
and has been succeeded by three others, all 1 believe Scotch,
the last one stopping operations in 187S, The cause of failure
seems to have been the same in each case — insufficient capi-
tal, local mismanagement, difficulty in obtaining labour. In a
country with a rainfall of perhaps over i^o inches a year,
water was naturally another difficulty in Ihe deep workings,
but this might have been very easily overcome had the Com-
panies been in a position to purchase sufficiently powerful
pumping engines.

There were three
think, twelve feel in

workable seams of coal, one of them, I
thickness; the quality of the coal, though

46 BRITISH BORNEO.

inferior to Welsh, was superior to Australian, and well report-
ed on by the engineers of many steamers which had tried it; the
vessels of the China squadron and the numerous steamers
engaged in the Far East offered a ready market for the coal.

In their effort to make a " show," successive managers have
pretty nearly exhausted the surface workings and so honey-
combed the seams with their different systems of developing
their resources, that it would be, perhaps, a difficult and ex-
pensive undertaking for even a substantial company to make
much of them now.*

It is needless to add that the failure to develop (his one in-
ternal resource of Labuan was a great blow to the Colony, and
on the cessation of the last company's operations the revenue
immediately declined, a large number of workmen — European,
Chinese and Natives— being thrown out of employment,
necessitating the closing of the shops in which they spent
their wages. It was found that both Chinese and the Natives
of Borneo proved capital miners under European supervision.
Notwithstanding the ill-luck that has attended it, the little
Colony has not been a burden on the British tax-payer since
the year i860, but has managed to collect a revenue— chief ■
from opium, tobacco, spirits, pawnbroking and fish " farms' '1
and from land rents and land sales — sufficient to meet it 1
small expenditure, at present about ^£4,000 a year. There
have been no British troops quartered in this island since
1871, and the only armed force is the Native Constabulary,
numbering, i think, a dozen rank and file. Very seldom are
the inhabitants cheered by the welcome visit of a British gun-
boat. Still, all the formality of a British Crown Colony is
kept up. The administrator is by his subjects styled " His
Excellency" and the Members of the Legislative Council. Na-
tive and Europeans, are addressed as the " Honourable so and
so." An Officer, as may be supposed, has to play many parts.
The present Treasurer, for instance, is an ex-Lieutenant of

• Since the above was wrilten, a fifth co
pany, Limited, of London — ha» taken in
plenty ot coi.1 to work on without sinking a
Their £t shares recently went up to ^4.

panv— the Central Borneo Com-
ind the Labiian coal and, finding
aft, confidently anticipate success.

BRITISH BORNEO,

Her Majesty's Navy, and is at the same lime Harbour Master,
Postmaster, Coroner, Police Magistrate, likewise a Judge of
the Supreme Court, Superintendent ol Convicts, Suneyor-Ge-
neral, and Clerk to the Legislative Council, and occasionally
has, 1 believe, to write official letters of reprimand or en-
couragement from himself in one capacity to himself in
another.

The best thing about Labuan is, perhaps, the excel-
lence of its fruit, notably of its pumeloes, oranges and
mangoes, for which the Colony is indebted to the present
Sir Hugh Low. who was one of the first officials under Sir
James Brooke, and a man who left no stone unturned in his
efforts to promote the prosperity of the island. His name
was known far and wide in Northern Borneo and in the Sulu
Archipelago. As an instance, 1 was once proceeding up a
river in the island of Basilan, to the North of Sulu, with Cap-
tain C. E. Bl-CKLE, R.N., in two boats of H. M. S. Frolic,
when the natives, whom we could not see, opened fire on us
from the banks. I at once jumped up and shouted out that
we were Mr. Low'S friends from Labuan, and in a very short
time we were on friendly terms with the natives, who con-
ducted us to their village. They had thought we might be
Spaniards, and did not think it worth while to enquire before
firing. The mention of the Frolic reminds me that on the
termination of a somewhat lengthy cruise amongst the .Sulu
Islands, then nominally undergoing blockade by Spanish crui-
sers, we were returning to Labuan through the difficult and
then only partially surveyed Malawalli Channel, and after
dinner we were congratulating one another on having been
so safely piloted through so many dangers, when before the
words were out of our mouths, we felt a shock and found
ourselves fast on an unmarked rock which has since had the
honour of bearing the name of our good little vessel.

Besides Mr. Low's fruit garden, the only other European
attempt at planting was made by my Cousin, Dr. TREACHER,
Colonial Surgeon, who purchased an outlying island and
opened a coco-nut plantation. 1 regret to say that in neither
case, owing to the decline of the Colony, was the enterprise
of the pioneers adequately rewarded.

48 BRITISH BORNEO,

Labuan* atone time boasted a Colonial Chaplain and gave its
name to the Bishop's See ; but in 1872 or 1873, the Church
was '■disestablished" and the ft-w European Officials who
formed the congrrgation were unable to support a Clergyman.
There exists a pretty Utile wooden Church, and the same in-
defatigable officer, whom I have described as filling most of
the Government appointments in the Colony, now acts as un-
paid Chaplain, having been licensed thereto by the Bishop of
Singapore and Sarawak, and reads the service and even
preaches a sermon every Sunday lo a congregation which
rarely numbers half a dozen.

Chapter VII.

The mode of acquisition of British North Borneo has
been referred to in former pages ; it was by cession for
annual money payments to the Sultans of Brunai and of
Sulu, who had conflicting claims to be the paramount power
in the northern portion of Borneo. The actual fact was that
neither of them exercised any real government or authority
over by far the greater portion, the inhabitants of the coast on
the various rivers following any Brunai, lUanun. Bajau, or
Sulu Chief who had sufficient force of character to bring him-
self to the front. The pagan tribes of the interior owned alle-
giance to neither Sultan, and were left to govern themselves,
the Muhammadan coast people considering them fair game for
plunder and oppression whenever opportunity occurred, and
using all their endeavours to prevent Chinese and other
foreign traders from reaching them, acting themselves as mid-
dlemen, buying (bartering) at very cheap rates from the abori-
gines and selling for the best price they could obtain to the
foreigner.

I believe I am right in saying that the idea of forming a Com-
pany, something after the manner of the East India Company,
to take over and govern North Borneo, originated in the fol-

• The administration of this little Crown (
the British North Borneo Company, their pn
having be«n gaietted Governor of Labuan.

BRITISH BORNEO.

lowing manner. In 1865 Mr. MOSKS, Ihc unpaid Consul for
the United Sates in Brunai, to whom reference has been made
before, acquired with his friends from the Sultan of Brunai
some concessions of territory with tlie right to govern
and collect revenues, their idea being to introduce Chinese
and establish a Colony. This they attempted to carry out on
a small scale in the Kimanis River, on the West Coast, but
not having sufficient capital the scheme collapsed, but the
concession was retained, Mr. MosES subsequently lost his
life at sea, and a Colonel ToRREY became the chief repre-
sentative of the American syndicate. He was engaged in
business in China, where he met Baron voN OvERBECK, a
merchant of Hongkong and Austrian Consul-General, and
interested him in the scheme. In 1S75 the Baron visited
Borneo in company with the Colonel, interviewed the Sullan
of Brunai, and made enquiries as to the validity of the con-
cessions, with apparently satisfactorj' results. Mr. AbfRED
Dent* was also a China merchant well known in Shanghai,
and he in turn was interested in the idea by Baron Overbeck.
Thinking there might be something in the scheme, he pro-
vided the required capital, chartered a steamer, the America,
and authorised Baron OVEBBECK to proceed to Brunai to en-
deavour, with Colonel TORHEv's assistance, to induce the
Sultan and his Ministers to transfer the American cessions
to himself and the Baron, or rather to cancel the previous
ones and make out new ones in their favour and that of their
heirs, associates, successors and assigns for so long as they
should choose or desire to hold them. Baron vON Overbeck
was accompanied by Colonel ToRBEV and a staff of three
EurtKjeans, and, on setiling some arrears due by the Ameri-
can Company, succeeded in accomplishing the objects of his
mission, after protracted and tedious negotiations, and obtain-
ed a " chop" from the Sultan nominating and appointing him
supreme ruler, ■' with the title of Maharaja nf Sabah (North
Borneo) and Raja of Gaya and Sandakan, with power of life
and death over the inhabitants, with all the absolute rights of

URJTiSH BORNEO.

property vested in the Suttan over the soil of the country, and
the right to dispose of the same, as well as of the rights over
the productions of the country, whether mineral, vegetable, or
animal, with the rights of making laws, coining money, creat-
ing an army and navy, levying customs rates on home and
foreign trade and shipping, and other dues and taxes on the
inhabitants as to him might seem good or expedient, together
with all other powers and rights usually exercised by and be-
longing to sovereign rulers, and which the Sultan thereby
delegated to him of his own free will ; and the Sultan called
upon all foreign nations, with whom he had formed friendly
treaties and alliances, to acknowledge the said Maharaja as
the Sultan himself in the said territories and to respect hi:
authority therein ; and in the case of the death or retiremem
from the said office of ihe said Maharaja, then his duly ap-
pointed successor in the office of Supreme Ruler and Governor
in-Chief of the Company's territories in Borneo should like-
wise succeed to the office and titleof Maharaja of Sabah and
Raja of Gaya and Sandakan, and all the powers above enu-
merated be vested in him." I am quoting from the preamble
to the Royal Charter. Some explanation of the term "Sa-
bah" as applied to the territory — a term which appears in the
Prayer Book version of the 72nd Psalm, verse 10, "The kings
of Arabia and Sabahshall bring gifts" — seems called for, but I
regret to say I have not been able to obtainasatisfactory one from
the Brunai people, who use it in connection only with a small
portion of the West Coast of Borneo, North of the Brunai
river. Perhaps the following note, which I take from Mr. W,
E. Maxwell's " Manual of the Malay Language," may have
some slight bearing on the point : — " Sawa, Jawa, Saba, Jaba,
Zaba, etc., has evidently in all times been the capital local
name in Indonesia. The whole archipelago was pressed into
an island of that name by the Hindus and Romans. Even
in the time of MarcO Polo we have only a Java Major
and a Java Minor. The Bugis apply the name of Jawa. 'Ja-
waka (comp. the Polynesian Sawaiki, Ceramese Sa'wai) to the
Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of Battaland in Su-
matra is called Tanah Jawa. PTOLEMvhas both Jaba and Sa-
ba." — " Logan, Journ, Ind. Arch., iv, 338." In the Bruna! use of

the term, there is always some idea of a Northerly direction ;
for instance, I have heard a Bru^iai man who was passing from
the South to the Northern side of his river, say he was going
SaSa. When the Company's Government was first inaugu-
rated, the territory was, in official documents, mentioned as
Sabah, a name which is still current amongst the natives, to
whom the now officially accepted designation of North Borneo
is meaningless and difficult of pronunciation.

Having settled with the Brunai authorities, Baron VoN
OVERBECK next proceeded to Sulu, and found the Sultan dri-
ven out of his capital, Sugh or Jolo, by the Spaniards, with
whom he was still at war, and residing at Maibun, in the prin-
cipal island of the Sulu Archipelago. After brief negotiations,
the Sullan made to Baron VON OvERDKCk and Mr. ALFRED
Dent a grant of his rights and powers over the territories
and lands tributary to him on the mainland of the island of
Borneo, from the Pandassan River on the North West Coast
to the Sibuko River on the East, and further invested the
Baron, or his duly appointed successor in the office of su-
preme ruler of the Company's territories in Borneo, with the
high sounding titles of Datu Bandahara and Raja of San-
dakan.

On a company being formed to work the concessions.
Baron VON OVERBECK resigned these titles from the Brunai and
Sulu Potentates and they have not since been made use of,
and the Baron himself terminated his connection with the
country.

The grant from the Sultan of Sulu bears date the 22nd
January, 1878, and on the 22nd July of the same year he
signed a treaty, or act of re-submission to Spain. The Span-
ish Government claimed that, by previous treaties with
Sulu, the suzerainty of Spain over Sulu and its dependencies
in Borneo had been recognised and that consequently the
grant to Mr. Dent was void. The British Governmenldid not,
however, fall In with this view, and in the early part of 1879,
being then Acting Consul-General in Borneo, 1 was des-
patched to Sulu and to different points in North Borneo to pub-
lish, on behalf of our Goverriment. a protest against the claim
of Spain to any portion of the country. !n March, 1885, a

BRITISH BORNEO.

protocol was signed by wliicli, in return for the recognition
by England and Germany of Spanish sovereignty throughout
the Archipelago of Sulu, Spain renounced all claims of sove-
reignty over territories on ihe Continent of Borneo which had
belonged to the Sultan of Sulu, including the islands of Ba-
lambangan, Banguey and Malawali, as well as all those com-
prised wilhin a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast.

Holland also strenuously objected to the cessions and to
their recognition, on the ground that the general tenor of the
Treaty of London of 1824 shews that a mixed occupation by
England and the Nelheriands of any island in the Indian
Archipelago ought to be avoided.

It is impossible to discover anything in the treaty which
bears out this contention. Borneo itself is not mentioned by
name in the document, and the following clauses are the only
ones regulating the future establishment of new Settlements in
the Eastern Seas by either Power: — " Article 6. It is agreed
that orders shall be given by the two Governments to their Of-
ficers and Agents in the East not lo form any new Settlements
on any of the islands in the Eastern Seas, without previous
authority from their respective Governments in Europe. Art.
12. His Britannic Majesly. however, engages, that no British
Establishment shall be made on the Carimon islands or on the
islands of Battam, Bintang, Lingin, or on any of the other
islands South of the Straits of Singapore, nor any treaty con-
cluded by British authority with the chiefs of those islands."
Without doubt, if Holland in 1824 had been desirous of pro-
hibiting any British Settiemenl in the island of Borneo, such
prohibition would have been expressed in this treaty. True,
perhaps half of this great island is situated South of the Straits
of Singapore, but the island cannot therefore he correctly
said to lie lo the South of (he Straits and, at any rate, such a
business-like nation as the Dutch would have noticed a weak
point here and have included Borneo in the list with Battam
and the other islands enumerated. Such was the vhw taken
by Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet, and Lord GKANVrLLE informed
the Dutch Minister in 1SS2 that ihe Xllth Article of the
Treaty could not be taken to apply lo Borneo, and " that as a
a matter of international right they would have no ground to

BRITISH BORNEO.

object even to the absolute annexation of North Borneo by
Great Britain,"' and. moreover, as pointed out by his Lord-
ship, the British had already a settlement in Borneo, namely
the island of Labuan, ceded by the Sultan of Brunai in 1845
and confirmed by him in the Treaty of 1847. The case of
Raja Brooke in Sarawak was also practically that of a Brit-
ish Settlement in Borneo,

Lord Granvillk closL-d the discussion by stating that the
grant of the Charter does not in any way imply the assump-
tion of sovereign rights in North Borneo, i.e., on the part of
the British Government.

There the matter rested, but now that the Government is
proposing* to include British North Borneo, Brunai and Sara-
wak under a formal " British Protectorate," the Netherlands
Government is again raising objections, which they must be
perfectly aware are groundless. It will be noted that the
Dutch do not lay any claim to North Borneo themselves,
having always recognized it as pertaining, with the Sulu
Archipelago, to the Spanish Crown. It is only to the pre-
sence of the British Government in North Borneo that any
objection is raised. In a "Resolution" of the Minister of
State. Governor-General of Netherlands India, dated 28th
February, 1846, occurs the following; — "The parts of Borneo
on which the Netherlands does not exercise any influence
are: —

a. The States of the Sultan of Brunai or Borneo Proper;

* * * # *

b. The State of the Sultan of the Sulu Islands, having

for boundaries on the West, the River Kimanis, the
North and North-East Coasts as far as 3° NX.,
where it is bounded by the River Alas, forming the
extreme frontier towards the North with the State
of Berow dependant on the Netherlands.

c. All the islands of the Northern Coasts of Borneo."
Knowing this, Mr. Alfred Dent put the limit of his ces-
sion from Sulu at the Sihuku River, the South bank of which
is in N. Lat. 4° 5'; but towards the end of 1879, that is, long

• The Prolectorale has si

« been proclaimed.

BRITISH BORNEO.

after the date of the cession, the Dutch hoisted their flag at
Batu Tinagat in N. Lat. 4° 19', thereby claiming the Sibuko
and other rivers ceded by the Suitan of Su1u to the British
Company. The dispute is still under consideration by our
Foreign Office, but in September, 1883, in order to prac-
tically assert the Company's claims, I, as their Governor, had
a very pleasant trip in a very small steam launch and steam-
ing at full speed past two Dutch jjun-boats at anchor, lanctid
at the South bank of the Sibuko, temporarily hoisted the
North Borneo flag, fired a feu-de-joie, blazed a tree, and re-
turning, exchanged visits with the Dutch gun-boats, and en-
tertained the Dutch Controlleur at dinner. Having carefully
given the Commander of one of the gun-boats the exact bear-
ings of the blazed tree, he proceeded in hot haste to Ihe spot,
and, I believe, exterminated the said tree, The Dutch Gov-
ernment complained of our having violated Netherlands terri-
tory, and matters then resumed their usual course, the Dutch
station at Batu Tinagat, or rather at the Tawas River, being
maintained unto this day.

As is hereafter explained, the cession of coast line from the
Sultan of Brunai was not a continuous one, there beingbrealts
on the West Coast in the case of a few rivers which were not
included. The annual tribute to be paid to the Sultan was
fixed at Si2,ooo, and to the Pangeran Tumonggong S'3iO0o —
extravagantly large sums when it is considered that His High-
ness' revenue per annum from the larger portion of the terri-
tory ceded was nil. In March, 1881, through negotiations
conducted by Mr. A. H. Evurett, these sums were reduced
to more reasonable proportions, namely, §5,000 in the case of
the Sultan, and 552,500 in that uf the Tumonggong.

The intermediate rivers which were not included in the Sul-
tan's cession belonged to Chiefs of the blood royal, and the
Sultan was unwilling to order them to be ceded, but in 1883
Resident Davies procured the cession from one of these
Chiefs of the Pangalat River for an annual payment of $300,
and subsequently the Putalan River was acquired for $1,000
per annum, and [he Ivawang River and the Mantanani Islands
for lump sums of 51.300 a"d.?350 respectively. In 1884, after
prolonged negotiations, I was also enabled to obtain the ces-

BRITISH BORNEO.

bioii o( an imporlant Province on the West Coast, to the
South of the original boundary, to which the name of Dent
Province has been given, and which includes the Padas and
Kalias Rivers, and in the same deed of cession were also in-
cluded two rivers which had been excepted in the first grant —
the Tawaran and the Bangawan. The annual tribute under
this cession is $3,100. The principal rivers within the Com-
pany's boundaries still unleased are the Kwala Lama, iMem-
bakut, inanam and Menkabong. For fiscal reasons, and for
the better prevention of the smuggling of arms and ammuni-
tion for sale to head-hunting tribes, it is very desirable that
the Government of these remaining independent rivers should
be acquired by the Company.

On the completion of the negotiations with the two Sultans,
Baron VON OVKRHECK, who was shortly afterwards joined by
Mr. Uent, hoisted his flag— the house flag of Mr. Dent's
firm — at Sandakan, on the East Coast, and at Tampassuk and
Pappar on the We.st, leaving at each a European, with a few-
so-called Police to represent the new Government, agents
from the Sultans of Sulu and Brunai accompanying him to
notify to the people that the supreme power had been trans-
ferred to Europeans. The common people heard the an-
nouncement with their usual apathy, but the officer left in
charge had a difficult part to play with the headmen who, in
the absence of any strong central Government, had practi-
cally usurped the functions of Government in many of the
rivers. These Chiefs feared, and with reason, that not only
would their importance vanish, but that trade with the inland
tribes would be thrown open to all, and slave dealing be put a
stop to under the new regime. At Sandakan, the Sultan's
former Governor refused to recognise the changed position
of affairs, but he had a resolute man to deal with in Mr.
W. B. PRVER, and before he could do much harm, he lost
his life by the capsizing of his prahu while on a trading
voyage.

At Tampassuk, Mr. Pketvman, the Resident, had a very-
uncomfortable post, being in the midst of lawless, cattle-lift-
ing and slave-dealing Bajaus and lllanuns. He, with the able
assistance of Mr. F. X. Wrm, an ex-Naval officer of the

56 BRITISH BORNEO.

Austrian Service, who subsequently lost his life while explor-
ing in the interior, and by balancing one tribe against
another, managed to retain his position without com-
ing to blows, and, on his relinquishing the service a few
months afterwards, the arduous task of representing the Gov-
ernment without the command of any force to back up his au-
thority developed on Mr. WlTTl. In the case of the Pappar
River, the former Chief, Datu BahAR, declined to relinquish his
position, and assumed a very defiant attitude. I was at that
time in the Labuan service, and I remember proceeding to
Pappar in an English man-of-war, in consequence of the dis-
quieting rumours which had reached us, and finding the Resi-
dent, Mr. A. H. Everett, on one side of the small river with
his house strongly blockaded and guns mounted in all availa-
ble positions, and the Datu on the other side of the stream,
immediately opposite to him, similarly armed to the teeth.
But not a shot was fired, and Datu Bahar is now a peaceable
subject of the Company.

The most difTicult problem, however, which these officers
had to solve was that of keeping order, or trying to do so,
amongst a lawless people, with whom for years past might had
been right, and who considered kidnapping and cattle-lifting
the occupations of honourable and high spirited gentlemen.
That they effected what they did, that they kept the new
flag flying and prepared the way for the Government of the
Company, reflects the highest credit upon their pluck and
diplomatic ingenuity, for they had neither police nor steam
launches, nor the prestige which would have attached to them
had they been representatives of the British Government,
and under the well known British flag. They commenced
their work with none of the ^clat which surrounded Sir James
Brooke in Sarawak, where he found the people in successful
rebellion against the Sultan of Brunai, and was himself recog-
nised as an agent of the British Government, so powerful
that he could get the Queen's ships to attack the head hunt-
ing pirates, killing such numbers of them that, as 1 have said,
the Head money claimed and awarded by the British Govern-
ment reached the sum of £20,000. On the other hand, it is
but fair to add that the fame of Sir James' exploits and the

BRmSH BORNEO.

action taken by Her Majesty's vessels, on his advice, in
North-West Borneo years before, had inspired the natives
with a feeling of respect for Englislimen which must have
been a powerful factor in favour of the newly appointed
officers. The native tribes, too. inhabiting North Borneo
were more sub-divided, less warlike, and less powerful than
those of Sarawak.

The promoters of the scheme were fortunate in obtaining
the services, (or the time being, as their chief representative
in the East of Mr. \V. H. Read. C.M.C , an old friend of Sir
James Brooke, and who, as a Member of the legislative
Council of Singapore, and Consul-General for the Nether-
lands, had acquired an intimate knowledge of the Malay
character and of the resources, capabilities and needs of
Malayan countries.

On his return to England, Mr. Dent found that, owing to
the opposition of the Outth and Spanish Governments, and
to the time required for a full consideration of the subject by
Her Majesty's Ministers, there would be a considerable delay
before a Royal Charter could be issued, meanwhile, the
expenditure of the embryo Government in Borneo was not
inconsiderable, and it was determined to form a " Provi-
al Association" to carry on till a Chartered Company
could be formed.

Mr. Dent found an able supporter in Sir Rutherford
Alcock. K.C.B., who energetically advocated the scheme from
patriotic motives, recognising the strategic and commercial
advantages of the splendid harbours of North Borneo and the
probability of the country becoming in the near future a not

limportant outlet for English commerce, now so heavily

eighted by prohibitive tariffs in Europe and America.

The British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited,
was formed in 1881, with a capital of £300.000, the Directors
being Sir Ruthi!rford Alcock, Mr. A. Dent, Mr. R. B.
Martin, Admiral Mavne, and Mr. W. il. RE.AD. The Asso-
ciation acquired from the original lessees the grants and
commissions from the Sultans, with the object of disposing of
these territories, lands and property to a Comp.tny to be in-
corporated by Royal Charter, This Charter passed the Great

BRITISH BORNEO.

Seal on the ist November, 1881, and constituted and inror-
porated the gentlemen above-mentioned as " The British
Norlh Borneo Company."

The Provisional Association was dissolved, and the Char-
tered Company started on its career in May, 1882. The no-
minal capital was two million pounds, in £20 shares, but the
number of shares issued, including 4,500 fully paid ones re-
presenting ;^90,ooo to the vendors, was only 33.030, equal to
iI66o,fioo, but on 23,449 "' these shan.'s only £12 have so far
been called up. The actual cash, therefore, which ihe Com-
pany has had to work with and to carry on the development
of the country from the point at which the original conces-
sionaires and the Provisional .Association had left it, is. includ-
ing some ;£i,ooo received for shares forleited, about £384,000,
and they have a right of call for j^i87,592 more. The Char-
ter gave official recognition to the concessions from the Na-
tive Princes, conferred extensive powers on the Company as
a corporate body, provided for the just government of the
natives and for the gradual abolition of slavery, and reserved
to the Crown the right of disapproving of the person selected
by the Company to be their Governor in the East, and of con-
trolling the Company's dealings with any Foreign Power.

The Charter also authorised the Company to use a distinc-
tive flag, indicating the British character of the undertaking,
and the one adopted, following the example of the English
Colonies, is the British flag, " defaced,'" as it is termed, with
the Company's badge — a lion. I have little doubt that this
selection of the British flag, in lieu of the one originally
made use of, had a considerable effect in imbuing the natives
with an idea of the stability and permanence of the Company's
Government.

Mr. Dent's house fl^ig was unknown to them before and,
on the West Coast, many thought that the Company's pre-
sence in the country might be only a brit-f one, like that of
its predecessor, the American syndicate, and. consequently,
were afraid to tender their allegiance, since, on the Compa-
ny's withdrawal, they would be left to the tender mercies of
their former Chiefs. But the British flag was well-known to
those of them who were traders, and they had seen it flying

BRITISH BORNEO.

for many a year in tin- Colony of Labuan and on board ihi-
vessels whicli had punished their piratical acts in former
days.

Then, too, I was soon abi. to organise a Police Force
mainly composed of Sikhs, and was provided with a couple
of steam-launches. Owing doubtless to that and olhertauses,
the refractory chiefs, soon after llie Company's formation,
appeared to recognize that the game of opposition to the new
order of things was a hopeless one.

Chahikh Vlll.

The area of the territory ceded by the original grants was
estimated at 20,000 square miles, but the additions which
h.ive been already mentioned now bring it up to about
31,000 square miles,, including adjacent islands, so that it is
somewhat larger than Ceylon, which is credited with only
25,365 square miles. In range of latitude, in temperature
and in rainfall, North Borneo presents many points of resem-
blance to Ceylon, and it was at first thought that it might be
possible to attract to the new country some of the surplus
capital, energy and aptitude for plantiug which had been the
foundation of Ceylon's prosperity.

Even the expression " The New Ceylon" was employed as
an alternative designation for the country, and a description
of it under that title was published by the well known writer —
Mr. Joseph HArroN.

These hopes have not so far been realized, but on the other
hand North Borneo is rapidly becoming a second Sumatra,
Dutchmen, Germans and some English having discovered the
suitability of Its soil and climate for producing tobacco of a
quality fully equal to the famed DeH leaf of that island.

The coast line of the territory is about one thousand miles,
and a glance at the map will shew that it is furnished with capi-
tal harbours, of which the principal are Gaya Bay on the West,
Kudat in Marudu Bay on the North, and Sandakan Harbour
on the East. There are several others, but at those enumer-
ated the Company have opened their principal stations.

Of the three menlioned, tlie more striking is that of Sanda-
kan, which is 15 miles in length, with a width varying from r
li miles, at its entrance, to 5 mihs at the broadest part. It
is here that the present capital is siluated^Sandakan, a town
containing a population of not more than _';,ooo people, of
whom perhaps thirty are Europeans and a thousand Chinese.
For its Hge, Sandakan has siilTiTed serious vicissitudes, ll
was founded by Mr. pRVER, in 187S. well up the bay, but was
soon afterwards burnt to the ground, It was then transferred
to its present position, nearer ihe mouth of the harbour, but
in May, 1886, the whole of what was known ss the " Old
Town" was utterly consumed by fire ; in about a couple of
hours there being nothing left of the a/tjj>-hui[l shops and
houses but the charred piles and josts on which they had
been raisrd above the ground. When a fire has once laid
hold of an atnp town, prcbiibly no exertions would much
avail to check it ; certainly our Chinese held this opinion, and
it was impossible to get them to move hand or foot in assist-
ing the Europeans and Police in their efforts to confine its
ravages to as limited an area as possible. They entertain
Ihe idea that such futile efforts tend only to aggra-
vate the evil spirits and increase their fury. The Hindu
shopkeepers were successful in saving iheir quarter of the
town by means of looking glasses, long prayers and chants.
It is now forbidden to any one to erect atap houses in the
town, except in one specified area to which such structures
are confined. Most of the present houses are of plank, with
tile, or corrugated iron roofs, and the majority of the shops are
built over the sea, on substantial wooden piles, some of the
principal "streets," including that to which the ambitious name
of "The Praya" has been given, being similarly constructed
on piles raised three or four feet above high water mark. The
reason is that, owing to the steep hills at the back of the site,
there is little available flat land for building on, and, moreover,
the pushing Chinese trader always likes to get his shops as
near as possible to the sea- — the highway of the " prahus"
which bring him the products of the neighbouring rivers and
islands. In time, no doubt, the Sandakan hills will be used
to reclaim more land from the sea, and the town wilt cease to

BRITISH BORNEO. 6l

be an amphibious one. In the East there are, from a sanitary
point of view, some points of advantage in having a tide-way
passing under the houses. I should add that Sandakan is a
creation of the Company's and not a native town taken over
by them. When Mr. pRYER first hoisted Jiis flag, there was
only one solitary Chinaman and no Europeans in the harbour,
though at one time, during the Spanish blockade of Sulu, a
Singapore firm had established a trading station, known as
" Kampong German," using it as their head-quarters from
which to run the blockade of Sulu, which ihey successfully
did for some considerable time, to their no small gain and
advantage. The success attending the Germans" venture ex-
cited the emulation of the Chinese traders of Labuan, who
found their valuable Sulu trade cut off and, through ihe good
offices of the Government of the Colony, they were enabled
to charter the Sultan of Brunai's smart little yacht the Sul-
tana, and engaging the services as Captain of an es-member
of the Labuan Legislative Council, they endeavoured to enact
the roll of blockade runner. After a trip or two, however,
the Sultana was taken by the Spaniards, snugly at anchor
in a Sulu harbour, the Captain and Crew having time to make
their escape. As she was not under the British flag, the
poor Sultan could obtain no redress, although the blockade
was not recognised as effective by the European Powers and
English and German vessels, similarly seized, had been res
tored to their owners, The Sultana proved a convenien
despatch boi.t for the Spanish authories. The Sultan of Sulu
to prove his friendship to the Labuan traders, had an unfor-
tunate man cut to pieces with krisses, on the charge of
having betrayed the vessel's position to the blockading
cruisers.

Sandakan is one of the few places in Borneo which has been
opened and settled without much fever and sickness ensuing,
and this was due chiefly to the soil being poor and sandy and
to there being an abundance of good, fresh, spring water. It
may be slated, as a general rule, that the richer the soil the
more deadly will be llie fever the pioneers will have to en-
counter when the primeval jungle is first felled and the sun's
rays admitted to the virgin soil.

BRITISH BORNEO.

Sandakan is llie principal trailing station in the Company's
territon,-, but with Hongkong only i,ioo miles distant in one
direction, Manila 600 miles in aiiotlifr, and Singapore 1,000
miles in a third, North Borneo can never become an empo-
rium for the trade of the surrounding countries and islands,
and the Court of Directors must rest content with developing
ihi^ir own local trade and pushing forward, by wise and en-
couraging regulations, the planting interest, which seems to
have already taken firm root in the country and which will
prove to be the foundation of its future prosperity. Gold and
Other minerals, including coal, are known to exist, but the
mineralogical exploration of a country covered with forest and
destitute of roads is a work requiring time, and we are not yet
in a position to pronounce on North Borneo's expectations in
regard to its mineral wealth.

The gold on the Segama River, on the East coast, has been
several limes reported on, and lias been proved lo exist in
sufficient quantities lo, at any rate, well repay the labours of
Chinese gold diggers, but the district is difficult of access by
water, and the Chinese are deferring operations on a large scale
until the Government has constructed a road into the district.
A European Company has obtained mineral concessions on
the river, but has not yet decided on its mode of operation,
and individual European diggers have tried their luck on the
fields, hitherto without meeting with much success, owing to
heavy rains, sickness and the difficulty of getting up stores.
The Company will probably lind that Chinese diggers will not
only stand the climate better, but will be more easily governed,
be satisfied with smaller returns, and contiibute as much or
more than the Europeans lo the Government Treasury, by
their consumption otopium, tobacco and other excisable arti-
cles, by fees for gold licenses, and so forth.

Another source of natural wealth lies in the virgin forest
with which the greater portion n\ the country is clothed, down
to the water's edge. Many of the trees are valu,ible as
timber, especially the Billian, or Borneo iron-wood tree, which
is impervious to the attacks of white-ants ashore and almost
equally so to those of the teraio nnvalis afloat, and is wonder-
fully enduring of exposure lo the tropical sun and the tropical

BRITISH BORNEO. 63 1

downpours of rain. I do not remember having ever come
across a bit of bilHan Ui.at showed signs of decay during a
residence of seventeen years in the East. The wood is very
heavy and sinks in water, so that, in order to be shipped, it I
has to be floated on raits of soft wood, of which there is an '
abundance of excellent quality, of which one kind — the red
serayah — isltkdy tocome into demand by builders in England,
Other of the woods, such as mimbnu. penagah and rertgas,
have good grain and take a fine polish, causing them to be
suitable for the manufacture of furniture. The large tree
which yields the Camphor barus of commerce also affords good
timber. It is a Dryobala flops, and is not to be confused with
the Ciniiamonium camfibora. from which the ordinary "cam-
phor" is obtained and the wood uf which retains the camphor
smell and is largely used by the Chinese in the manufacture of
boxes, the scented wood ket-pingoff ants and other insects which
are a pest in the Far East. The Borneo camphor tree is
found only in Borneo and Sumatra. The camphor which is
collected for export, principally to China and India, by the
natives, is found in a solid state in the trunk, but only in a
small percentage of the trees, which are felled by the collect-
ors. The price of this camphor barus as it is termed, is said
to be nearly a hundred times as much as that of the ordinary
camphor, and it is used by the Chinese and Indians principally
for emiialming purposes Hillian andother woods enumerated
are all found near the coast and. generally, in convenient prox-
imity to some stream, and so easily available for export.
Sandakan harbour has some thirteen rivers and streams run-
ning into it, and. as the native population is very small, the
jungle has been scarcely touched, and no better locality could,
therefore, be desired by a timber merchant. Two European
Timber Companies are now doing a good business there, and
the Chinese also take their share of the trade. China affords
a ready and large market for Borneo timber, being itself al-
most forestii'ss. and for many years past it has received iron-
wood from Sarawak. Borneo tliiiber has also been exported J
to the Straits Settlements. .Australia and Mauritius, and I hear
that an order has been given fur England. Iron wood is only I
found in certain districts, notably in Sandakan Bay and on

04 BRITISH BORNEO.

the East coast, being rarely met with on the West coast. I
have seen a private letter from an officer in command of a
British man-of-war who had some samples of it on board which
came in very usefully when certain bearings of the screw shaft
were giving out on a long voyage, and were found to last
three times as long as lignum vitse.

In process of Lime, as the country is opened up by roads
and railways, doubtless many other valuable kinds of timber
trees will be brought to light in the interior.

A notice of Borneo Forests would be incomplete without
a reference to the mangroves, which are such a prominent
feature of the country as one approaches it by sea, lining
much of the coa^t and forming, for mile after mile, the actual
banks of most of the rivers. Its thick, dark-green, never
changing foliage helps to give the new comer that general
impression of dull monotony in tropical scenery, which, per-
haps, no one, except the professed botanist, whose trained
and practical eye never misses the smallest detail, ever quite
shakes oft.

The wood of the mangrove forms most excellent firewood,
and is often used by small steamers as an economical fuel in
lieu of coal, and is exported to China in the timber ships.
The bark is also a separate article of export, being used as a dye
and for tanning, and is said to contain nearly 42^ of tannin.

The value of the general exports from the territor)' is increas-
ing every year, having been $145,444 in 1881 and $525,879 in
18S8. With the exception of tobacco and pepper, the list is
almost entirely made up of the natural raw products of the land
and sea — such as bees-wax, camphor, damar, gutta percha. the
sap of a large forest tree destroyed in the process of collection
of gutta. India rubber, from a creeper likewise destroyed by
the collectors, rattans, well known to every school boy, sago,
timber, edible birds'-nests, seed-pearls, Molher-o'-peart shells
in small quantities, dried fish and dried sharks'-hns, irepang
(sea-s!ug or b&che de mer), aga, or edible sea-weed, toba'.vo
(both Native and European grown}, pepper, and occasionally
elephants' tusks — a list which shews the country to be a rich
B^ore house of natural productions, and one which will be
added to, as the land is brought under cultivation with coffee,

BRITISH BORNEO. 65

1. sugar, cocoa, Manila hemp, pine apple fibre, and otber
tropical products for which the soil, and especially the rain-
fall, temperature and climatic conditions generally, including
ciilire fruedom from typhoons and earthquakes, eminently
adapt it, and many of which have already been tried with suc-
cess on an experimental scale. As regards pepper, it has
been previously shewn that North Borneo was in former days
an exporter of this spice. Sugar has been grown by the natives
for their own consumption ior many years, as also lapioca,
rice and Indian corn. It is not my object to give a detailed
list of the productions of ihe country, and 1 would refer any
reader who is anxious to be further enlightened on these and
kindred topics to the excellent " Hand-hook of British North
Borneo," prepared for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of
1886, at which the new Colony was represented, and published
by Messrs. Wii.uam Clowes & Sons.

The edible birds'-nests are already a source of considerable
revenue to the Government, who let out the collection of Ihem
for annual payments, and also levy an export duty as they
leave the country for China, which is their only market. The
nests are about the size of those of the ordinary swallow and
are formed by innumerable hosts of swifts — Colhcalta fuci-
pkaga — entirely from a secretion of the glands of the throat.
These swifts build in raves, some of which arc of very large
dimensions, and there are known to be some sixteen of them
in different parts of British North Borneo. With only one
exception, the caves occur in limestone rocks and, generally,
at no great distance from the sea, though some have been dis-
covered in the interior, on the banks of iheKinabatangan River.
The exception above referred to is that of a small cave on a
sand-stone island at the entrance of Sandakan harbour. The
Collocalia fuciphaga ajipears to be pretty well distributed over
the Malayan islands, but of these, Borneo and Java are the
principal sources of supply. Nests are also exported from the
Andaman Islands, and a revenue of ^^30,000 a year is said to
be derived from the nests in the small islands in the inland
sea of Tab Sab, inhabited by natives of Malay stock.

The linest caves, or rather series of caves, as yet known in
the Company's territories are those of Gomanton, a limestone

66 BRITISH BOBSKO.

hill siluated al thi- liead of the Sapa Gaia, one of the streams
running into Sandakan harbour.

These grand raves, which arc one o( ihc most interesting
sights in the country, are. in Hnc weather, easily accessiblefrom
the town of Saiidakan, hy a water journey across the harbour
and up the Sapa Gaia, of about twelve miles, and by a road
from the point of debarkation to ihe entrance of the lower
caves, about eight miles in length.

The height of the hill is estimated at i ,000 feet, and it con-
tains two distinct series of caves. The first series is on the
" ground floor" and is known as S'"iiiii Hitam, or " black en-
trance." The magnilicent porch, 250 feet high and loo broad,
which gives admittance to this scries, is on a level with the
river bank, and, on entering, you find yourself in a spacious
and lofty chamber well lighted from above by a large Open
space, through which can be seen the entrance to the upper
set of caves, some 400 lo 500 feet up the hill side. In this
chamber is a large deposit of guano, formed principally by the
myriads of bats inhabiting the caves in joint occupancy with
the edible-nest-forming swifts. Passing through this first
chamber and turning a little to the right you come to a porch
leading Into an extensive cave, which extends under the upper
series. This cave is tilled half way up to its roof, with an
enormous deposit of guano, which has been estimated to be
401050 feetin depth. How far the cave extends has not been
ascertained, as ils exploration, until some of Ihe deposit is
removed, would not be an easy task, for the explorer would
be compelled to walk along on the top of the guano, which in
some places is so soft that you sink in it almost up to your
waist. My (rtend Mr. C. A. BAMi'tvi.DE, in whose company I
first visited Gomanton, and who, as " Commissioner of Birds-
nest Caves," drew up a very interesting report on them, inform-
ed me that, though he had found it impossible to explore right
to the end, he had been a long way in and was confident that
the cave was of very large size. To reach the upper scries
of caves, you leave Simud Hitam and clamber up the hill
side — a steep but not dilijcult climb, as the jagged limestone
affords sure footing. The entrance to this series, known as
Simud Pulih, or " white entrance," is estimated to be at an

;

"HF

BRITISH BORNEO. 67

elevation of 300 feel above sea level, and the porch by which
you enter them is about 30 feet high by about 50 wide. The
floor slopes steeply downwards and brings you into an enor-
mous cave, with smaller ones leading off it, all known to the
nest collectors by their different native names. You soon
come to a large black hole, which has never been explored,
but which is said to communicate with the large guano cave
below, which has been already described. Passing on, you
enter a dome-tike cave, the height of the roof or ceiling of
which has been estimated at 800 feet, but for the accuracy of
this guess I cannot vouch. The average height of the cave
before the domed portion is reached is supposed to be about
150 feet, and Mr. BaMPFVLDE estimates the total length, from
the entrance to the furthest point, at a fifth of a mile. The SImud
Putih series are badly lighted, there being only a few " holes"
in the roof of the dome, so that torches or lights of some kind
are required. There are large deposits of guano in these
caves also, which could be easily worked by lowering quanti-
ties down into the Simud Hitam caves below, the floor of which,
as already stated, is on a level with the river bank, so that a
tramway could be laid right into them and the guano be car-
ried down to the port of shipment, at the mouth of the Sapa
Gaia River. .Samples of the guano have been sent home, and
have been analysed by Messrs. VoELCKER & Co. It is rich
in ammonia and nitrogen and has been valued at £5 to £/] a
ton in England. The bat-guano is said to be richer as a man-
ure than that derived from the swifts. To ascend to thetop of
Gomanton, one has to emerge from the Simud Putih entrance
and, by means of a ladder, reach an overhanging ledge, whence
a not very difficult climb brings one to the cleared summit, from
which a line view of the surrounding country is obtained, in-
cluding Kina-balu, the sacred mounlain of North Borneo. On
this summit will he found the holes already described as help-
ing to somewhat lighten the darkness of the dome-shaped
cave, on the roof of which we are in fact now standing. It is
through these holes that the natives lower themselves into the
caves, by means of rattan ladders and, in a most marvellous
manner, gain a footing on the ceiling and construct cane
stages, by means of which they can reach any part of the roof

68 BRITISH BORNEO.

and, either by hand or by a suitable pole to the end of whic
is attacheil a lighted candle, secure the wealth-giving luxuij
for the epicures of China. There are two principal season^
for collecting the nests, and care has to be taken that the col-
lection is made punctually at the proper time, before the eggs
are all hatched, otherwise the nests become dirty and fouled
with feathers, &c., and discoloured and injured by the damp,
thereby losing much of their market value. Again, if the
nests are not collected for a season, the birds do not build
many new ones in the following season, but make use of
the old ones, which thereby become comparatively valueless.

There are, roughly speaking, three qualities of nests, suffi-
ciently described by their names — white, red, and black — the
best quality of each fetching, at Sandakan, per catty of i^ lbs.,
§16, S7 and 8 cents respectively.

The ijuestion as to the true cause of the difference in the
nests has not yet been satisfactorily solved. Some allege that
the red and black nests are simply white ones deteriorated
by not having been collected in due season. 1 myself incline
to agree with the natives that the nests are formed by different
birds, for the fact that, in one set of caves, black nests are always
found together in one part, and white ones in another, though
both are collected with equal care and punctuality, seems almost
inexplicable under the first theory. It is true that the differ-
ent kinds of nests are not found in the same season, and it is
just possible that the red and black nests may be the second
efforts at building made by the swifts after the collectors have
disturbed them by gathering their first, white ones. In the
inferior nests, feathers are found mixed up with the gelatin-
ous matter forming the walls, as though the glands were un-
able to secrete a sufficient quantity of material, and the bird
had to eke it out with its own feathers. In the substance of
the wbite nests no feathers are found.

Then, again, it is sometimes found in the case of two dis-
tinct caves, situated at no great distance apart, that the one
yields almost entirely while nests, and the other nearly all red,
or black ones, though the collections are made with equal
regulariiyin each. The natives, as I have said, seem to think
that there are two kinds of birds, and the Hon. R. Aber-

BRITISH BORNEO.

CROMBV reports that, when he visited Goinanton, they shew-
<ii liim eggs of different size and explained that one
«-;is laid hv the whhe-nest bird and the other by the
black-nest builder. Sir Hugh Low, in his work on Sara-
wak, published in 1848, asserts that there are "two differ-
ent and quite dissimiUr kinds of birds, though both are swal-
lows" (lie should have said swifts), and that the one which
produces the while nest is larger and of more lively colours,
with a white belly, and is found on the sea-coast, while the
other is smaller and darker and found more in the interior.
He admits, however, that though he had opportunities of ob-
serving the former, he had not been able to procure a specimen.

The question is one which should be easily settled on the
spot, and I recommend it to the consideration of the authori-
ties of the British North Borneo Museum, which has been
established at Sandakan.

The annual value of the nests of Gomanton, when properly
collected, has been reckoned at §23,000, but 1 consider this
an excessive estimate. My friend Mr. A. CoOK, the Treasurer
of the Territory, to whose zeal and perseverance the Company
owes much, has arranged with the Buludupih tribe to collect
these nests on payment to the Government of a royalty of
$7,500 per annum, which is in addition to the export duty at
the rate of 10% ad -valorem paid by the Chinese exporters.

The swifts and bals — the latter about the size of the ordin-
ary English bal — avail themselves of the shelter allorded by
the caves without incommoding one another, for, by a sort of
Box and Cox arrangement, the former occupy the caves during
the night and the latter by day.

Standing at the Simnd Putih entrance about 5 p. M., the
visitor will suddenly hear a whirring sound from below, which
is caused by the myriads of bats issuing, for their nocturnal
banquet, from the Simud Itam caves, through the wide open
space that has been described. They come out in a regularly
ascending continuous spiral or corkscrew coil, revolving from
left to right in a very rapid and regular manner. When ihe
top of the spiral coil reaches a certain height, a colony of bats
breaks off, and continuing to revolve in a well kept ring from
left to right gradually ascends higher and higher, until all of

BRITISH BORNEO.

a sudden the whole detachment dashes off in the direction of
the sea, towards the mangrove swamps and the nipas. Some-
times these detached colonies reverse the direction of their
revolutions after leaving the main body, and, instead of from
left to right, revolve from right to left. Some of them con-
tinue for a long time revolving in a circle, and attain a great
height before darting off in quest of food, while others make
up their minds more expeditiously, after a few revolutions.
Amongst the bats, three white ones were, on the occasion of
my visit, very conspicuous, and our followers styled them the
Raja, his wife and child. Hawks and sea-eagles are quickly
attracted to the spot, but only hover on the outskirts of the
revolving coil, occasionally snapping up a prize. I also noticed
several hornbills, but they appeared to have been only attracted
by curiosity. Mr. Bampfvlde informed me that, on a previ-
ous visit, he had seen a large green snake settled on an over-
hanging branch near which the bats passed and that occa-
sionally he managed to secure a victim. I timed the bats
and found that they took almost e.xactly fifty minutes to
come out of the caves, a thick stream of them issuing all that
time and at a great pace, and the reader can endeavour to
form for himself some idea of their vast numbers. They had
all got out by ten minutes to six in the evening, and at about
six o'clock the swifts began to come home to roost, They
came in in detached, independent parties, and 1 found it im-

Fossible to time them, as some of them kept very late hours,
slept in the Simud Putih cave on this occasion, and found), hat
next morning the bats returned about 5 A.M., and that he
swifts went out an hour afterwards.

As shewing the mode of formation of these caves, 1 may
add that I noticed, imbedded in a boulder of rock in the upper
caves, two pieces of coral and several fossil marine shells,
bivalves and others.

The noise made by the bats going out for their evening
promenade resembled a combination of that of the surf break-
ing on a distant shore and of steam being gently blown off
(rom a vessel which has jiisl come to anchor.

There are other interesting series of caves, and one —
that of Madai, in Darvel Bay on the East coast — was

visited by the late Lady Brassev and Misa Brassey in April,
1887, when British North Borneo was honoured by a visit of
the celebrated yacht the Sunbeam, with Lord BrassEY
and his family on board,

1 accompanied the party on the trip to Madai, and shall not
easily forget the pluck and energy with which Lady BrasseV,
then in bad health, surmounted the difficulties of the jungle
track, and insisted upon seeing all that was to be seen; or the
gallant style in which Miss BHASSEV unwearied after her long
tramp through the forest, led the way over the slippery bould-
ers in the dark caves.

The Chinese ascribe great strengthening powers to the
soup made of thebirds'-nests, which they boil down into a syrup
with barley sugar, and sip out of tea cups. The gelatinous
looking material of which the substance of the nests is com-
posed is in itself almost flavourless.

It is also with the object of increasing their bodily powers
that these epicures consume the uninviting sea-slug or
bfiche-de-mer, and dried sharks'-lins and cuttle fish.

To conclude my brief sketch of Sandakan Harbour and of
the Capital, it should be stated that, in addition to being with-
in easy distance of Hongkong, it lies but little off the usual
route of vessels proceeding from China to Australian ports,
and can be reached by half a day's deviation of the ordinary
track.

Should, unfortunately, war arise with Russia, there is little
doubt their East Asiatic squadron would endeavour both to
harass the Australian trade and to damage, as much as possi-
ble, the coast towns, in which case the advantages of Sanda-
kan, midway between China and Australia, as a base of opera-
tions for the British protecting fleet would at once become
manifest. It is somewhat unfortunate that a bar has formed
just outside the entrance of the harbour, with a depth of water
of four fathoms at low water, spring tides, so that ironclads of
the largest size would be denied admittance.

There are at present, no steamers sailing direct from Bor-
neo to England, and nearly all the commerce from British
North Borneo ports is carried by local steamers to that great
emporium of the trade of ihe Malayan countries, Singapore,

BRirrsH BORN!

distant from Sandakan a thousand miles, and it is a curious
fact, that though many of the exports art ultimately intended
for the China market, e.g., edible birds'-nests, the Chinese tra-
ders find it pays them better to send their produce to Singa-
pore in the first instance, instead of direct to Hongkong.
This is partly accounted for by the further fact that, though
the Government has spent considerable sum in endeavouring
to attract Chinamen from China, the large proportion of our
Chinese traders and of the Chinese population generally has
come to us via Singapore, after as it were having undergone
there an education in the knowledge of Malayan affairs.

As further illustrating the commercial and strategical ad-
vantages of the harbours of British North Borneo, it should
be noted that the course recommended by the Admiralty in-
structions for vessels proceeding to China from the Straits,
vi4. the Palawan passage, brings them within ninety miles of
the harbours of the West Coast.

As to postal matters, British North Borneo, though not in
the Postal Union, has entered into arrangements for the ex-
change of direct closed mails with the English Post Office,
London, with which latter also, as well as with Singapore and
India, a system of Parcel Post and of Post Office Orders has
been established.

The postal and inland revenue stamps, distinguished by the
lion, which has been adopted as the Company's badge, are
well executed and in considerable demand wilh stamp col-
lectors, owing to their rarity.

The Government also issues its own copper coinage, one
cent and half-cent pieces, manufactured in Birmingham and
of the same intrinsic value as those of Hongkong and the
Straits Settlements.

The revenue derived from its issue is an important item to the
Colony's finances, and considerable quantities have been put
ino circulation, not only within the limits of the Company's
territory, but also in Brunai and in the British Colony of La-
buan, where it has been proclaimed a legal tender on the
condition of the Company, in return for the profit which they
reap by its issue in the island, contributing to the impover-
ished Colonial Treasury the yearly sum of $3,000.

BRITISH BORNEO.

Trade, however, is still, to a great extent, carried on by a
system of barter with the Natives. The primitive currency
medium in vogue under the native regime has been described
in the Chapters on Brunai.

The silver currency is the Mexican and Spanish Dollar
and the Japanese Yen, supplemented by the small silver coin-
age of the Straits Settlements, The Company has not yet
minted any silver coinage, as the profit thereon is small, but
in the absence of a bank, the Treasury, for the convenience of
traders and planters, carries on banking business to a
certain extent, and issues bank notes of the values of ?i, $5
and 525, cash reserves equal to one-third of the value of the
notes in circulation being mainlained.*

Sir Alfred Dent is taking steps to form a Banking Com-
pany at Sandakan, the establishment of which would materi-
ally assist in the development of the resources of the ter-
ritory.

British North Borneo is not in telegraphic communication
with any part of the world, except of course through Singa-
pore, nor are there any local telegraphs. The question, how-
ever, of supplementing the existing cable betiveen the Straits
Settlements and China by another touching at British terri-
tory in Borneo has more than once been mooted, and may yet
become a fait accompli. 1 he Spanish Government appear
to have decided to unite SuSu by telegraphic communication
with the rest of the world, via Manila, and this will bring San-
dakan within iSo miles of the telegraphic station.

Chapter IX.

In the eyes of the European planter, British North Borneo
is chiefly interesting as a held for the cultivation of tobacco,
in rivalry to Sumatra, and my readers may judge of the im-
portance of this question from a glance at the following
figures, which shew ihe dividends declared of late yeais by
three of the principal Tobacco Planting Companies in the
latter island : —

* AfenciHOf Singapore Banks K

e been eslablished sx Sanitalcan.

^^ft 74 BORNEO, ^^^^^^^H

Dividends paid by ■

The Deli
Maatschappi.

The Tabak
Maatschappi.

The Amsterdam
Deli Co.

^m t8S2

^H 1S85
^H 1886

65 per cent. ...

lOI

107

108

25 percent. ...

60 ,,

10 per cent.

?° ::

^H In Sumatra, under Dutch rule, tobacco culture can at pre-
^^M sent only be carried on in certain districts, where the soil is
^H suitable and where the natives are not hostile, and, as most of
^^M the best land has been taken up. and planters are beginning
^^T to fee! harassed by the stringent regulations and heavy taxa-
^M tion of the Dutch Government, both Dutch and German plant-
^M era are turning their attention to British North Borneo, where
^H they Und the regulations easier, and the authorities most anxi-
^H ous to welcome them, while, owing to the scanty population,
^M there is plenty of available land. It is but fair to say that the

^B first- P«pPrin,Pnt in Nnrlli Rnrnpn wa« maHp hy an Fnfrlish, nr

B rather an Anglo-Chinese Company, the China-Sabah Land
^H Farming Company, who, on hurriedly selected land in Sanda-
^H kan and under the disadvantages which usually attend pio-
^^L neers in a new country, shipped a crop to England which was
^H pronounced by experts in 18S6 to equal in quality the best
^H Sumatra-grown leaf. Unfortunately, this Company, which had
^^M wasted its resources on various experiments, instead of con-
^^M lining ilself to tobacco planting, was unable lo continue its
^^M operations, but a Dutch planter from Java, Count Gf.LOES
^^1 O'Elsudo, having carefully selected his land in Marudu Bay,
^H obtained, in 1887, the high average of $1 per lb. for his trial
^^1 crop at Amsterdam, and, having formed an influential Company
^H^ JD Europe, is energetically bringing a large area under culti-

BRITISH BORNEO. 75

vation, and has informed me that he confidently expects to
rival Sumatra, not only in qualily, but also in quantity of leaf
per acre, as some of his men have cut twelve pikuls per field,
whereas six pikuls per field is usually considered a good crop.
The question of " quantity" is a very important one, for qua-
lity without quantity will never pay on a tobacco estate.
Several Dutchmen have followed Count GiiLOES' example, and
two German Companies and one British are now at work in
the country. Altogether, fully 350,000 acres* of land have
been taken up for tobacco cultivation in British North Borneo
up to the present time.

In selecting land for this crop, climate, that is, temperature
and rainfall, has equally to be considered wilh richness of soil.
For example, the soil of Java is as rich, or richer than that of
Sumatra, but owing to its much smaller rainfall, th<- tobacco
it produces commands nothing like the prices fetched by that
of the former. The seasons and rainfall in Borneo are found
to be very similar to those of Sumatra. The average recorded
annual rainfall at Sandakan for the last seven years is given
by Dr. Walker, the Principal Medical Officer, as 124.34
inches, the range being from 156.9 to 101.26 inches per

Being so near the equator, roughly speaking between N.
Latitudes 4 and 7, North Borneo has, unfortunately for the
European residents whose lot is cast there, nothing that can
be called a winter, the temperature remaining much about the
same from year's end to year's end. It used to seem to me
that during the day the thermometer was generally about S3
or 85 in the shade, but, 1 believe, taking the year all round,
night and day, the mean temperature is 81, and the extremes
recorded on the coast line are 67 5 and 94.5. Dr. WALKER
has not yet extended his stations to the hills in the interior,
but mentions it as probable that freezing point is occasionally
reached near the top of the Kinabalu Mountains, which is
13,700 feet high ; he adds that the lowest recorded tempera-
ture he has found is 36.5, given by Sir SPENCER St. John in
hia " Life in the Forests of the Far East." Snow has never

• Governor Creagh 1i?11s me fioo.ooo acre* have now been taken up.

76 BRITISH BORNEO.

been reported even on Kinabalu, and I am informed that the
Charles Louis Mountains in Dutch New Guinea, are the only
ones in tropical Asia where the limit of perpetual snow is
attained. I must stop to say a word in praise of Kinabalu,
" the Chinese Widow,"* the sacred mountain of North Bor-
neo whither the souls of the righteous Dusuns ascend after
death. It can be seen from both coasts, and appears to reaj
ils isolated, solid bulk almost straight out of the level country,
so dwarfed are the neighbouring hills by its height of 13,680
feel. The best view of it is obtained, either at sunrise or at
sunset, from the deck of a ship proceeding along the West
Coast, from which it is about twenty miles inland. During
the day time the Widow, as a rule, modestly veils her features
in the clouds.

The effect when its huge mass is lighted up at evening by
the last rays of the setting sun is truly magnificent.

On the'spurs of Kinabalu and on the other lofty hills, of
which there is an abundance, no doubt, as the country be-
comes opened up by roads many suitable sites for sanitoria
will be discovered, and the day will come when these hill sides,
like those of Ceylon and Java, will be covered with thriving
plantations.

Failing winter, the Bornean has to be content with the
the change afforded by a dry and a wet season, the latter be-
ing looked upon as the "winter," and prevailing during the
month of November, December and January, But though
the two seasons are sufficiently well defined and to be de-
pended upon by planters, yet there is never a month during
the dry season when no rain falls, nor in the wet season are
fine days at all rare The dryest months appear to be March
and April, and in June there generally occurs what Doctor
Walker terms an "intermediate" and moderately wet pe-
riod.

Tobacco is a crop which yields quick returns, for in about
110 to 120 days afrer the seed is sown the plant is ripe for
cutting. 1 he modus operandi is somewhat after this fashion.
First select your land, virgin soil covered with untouched

* For the native derivation of this appellation see page 66 ot Journal No. 30.

BRITISH BORNEO. 77

jungle, situated at a distance from the sea, so that no salt
breezes may jeopardise the proper burning qualities of the
future crop, and as devoid as possible of hills. Then, a point
of primary importance which will be again referred to,
engage your Chinese coolies, who have to sign agreements for
fixed periods, and to be carefully watched afterwards, as it ia
the custom to give them cash advances on signing, the repay-
ment of which they frequently endeavour to avoid by slipping
away just before your vessel sails and probably engaging
themselves to another master.

Without the Chinese cooly, the tobacco planter is helpless,
and if the proper season is allowed to pass, a whole year may
be lost. The Chinaman is too expensive a machine to be
employed on felling the forest, and for this purpose, indeed,
the Malay is more suitable and the work is accordingly given
him to do under contract. Simultaneously with the felling, a
track should be cut right ihrough the heart of the estate by
the natives, to be afterwards ditched and drained and made
passable for carts by the Chinese coolies.

That as much as possible of the felled jungle should be
burned up is so important a matter and one that so greatly
affects the individual Chinese labourer, that it is not left to the
Malays to do, but, on the completion of the felling, the whole
area which is to be planted is divided out into "fields," of
about one acre each, and each "field" is as.tigncd by lot to a
Chinese cooly, whose duty it is to carefully burn the timber
and plant, tend and finally cut the tobacco on his own divi-
sion, for which he is remunerated in accordance with the qua-
lity and quantity of the leaf he is able to bring into the drying
sheds. Each " field," having been cleared as carefully as may
be of the felled timber, is next thoroughly hoed up, and a small
" nursery" prepared in which the seeds provided by the
manager are planted and protected from rain and sun by
palm leaf mats (kajangs) raised on sticks. In about a
week, the young plants appear, and the Chinese tenant, as I
may call him, has to carefully water ihem morning and even-
ing. As the young seedlings grow up, their enemy, the worms
and grubs, find them out and attack them in such numbers
that at least once a day, sometimes oftener, the anxious planter

78 BRITISH BORNEO.

has to go through his nursery and pick them off, otherwise in
a short time he would have no tobacco to plant out. About
thirty days after the seed has been sown, the seedlings are old
enough to be planted out in the field, which has been all the
time carefully prepared for their reception. The first thing
to be done is to make holes in the soil, at distances oftwo feet
oneway and three feet the other, the cart hint hem beingloosened
and broken up so that the tender roots should meet with no
obstacles to their growth. As the holes are ready for them,
the seedlings are taken from the nursery and planted out,
being protected from the sun's rays either by fern, or coarse
grass, or, in the best managed estates, by a piece of wood,
like a roofing shingle, inserted in the soil in such a way as to
provide the required shelter. The watering has to be con-
tinued till ihe plants have struck root, when the protecting shelter
is removed and the earth banked up round them, care being
taken to daily inspect them and remove the worms which
have followed them from the nursery. The next operation
is that of " topping" the plants, that is. of stopping their fur-
ther growth by nipping ofT the heads,

According to the richness of the soil and the general ap-
pearance of Ihe plants, this is ordered to be done by the Euro-
pean overseer after a certain number of leaves have been pro-
duced. If the soil is poor, perhaps only fourteen leaves will
be allowed, while on Ihe richest land the plant can stand
and properly ripen as many as twenty-four leaves. The
signs of ripening, which generally lakes place in about three
months from the date of transplantation, are welt known to
the overseers and are first shewn by a yellow tinge becoming
ap|iarent at the tips of the leaves.

The cooly thereupon cuts the plants down close to the
ground and lightly and carefully packs ihem into long baskets
so as not to injure the leaves, and carries them to the drying
sheds. There they are examined by the overseer of his divi-
sion, who credits him with the value, based on the quantity
and quality of the crop he brings in, the price ranging from
91 up togs p. ■' '■ "" ' ■

rows on sticks, head,v tioi
drv in the shed.

The

nts are then tied i'

md hoisted 1

BRITISH BORNEO. 79

After hanging for a fortnight, they are sufficiently dry and,
being lowered down, are stripped of their leaves, which are
tied up into small bundles, similar leaves being roughly sorted
together.

The bundles of le;ivcs are then taken to other sheds, where
the very important process of fermenting them is carried out.
For this purpose, they arc put into orderly arranged heaps —
small at first, but increased in size till very little heat is given
out, the heat being tested by a therinometer, or even an ordin-
ary piece of stick inserted into them. When the fermenta-
tion is nearly completed and the leaves have attained a fixed
colour, they are carefully sorted according to colour, spotti-
ness and freedom from injury of any kind. The price realized
in Europe is greatly affected by the care with which the leaves
have been fermented and sorted. Spottiness is not always
considered a defect, as it is caused by the sun shining on the
leaves when they have drops of rain on them, and to this the
best leaves are liable ; but spotted leaves, broken leaves and
in short leaves having the same characteristics should be care-
fully sorted together. After this sorting is completed as
regards class and quality, there is a further sorting in regard
to length, and the leaves are then tied together in bundles of
thirty-five. These bundles are put into large heaps and, when
no more heating is apparent, they are ready to be pressed un-
der a strong screw press and sewn up in bags which are care-
fully marked and shipped off to fiuroijc — to Amsterdam as
a rule.

As the coolies' payment is by " results," it is their interest
to take the greatest care of their crops ; but for any outside
work they may be called on to perform, and for their services
as sorters, etc. in the sheds, they are paid extra. During the
whole time, also, they receive, for " subsistence" money, $4
or $3 a month. At the end of the season their accounts are
made up, being debited with the amount of the original ad-
vance, subsistence money and cost of implements, and credited
with the value of the tobacco brought in and any wages that
may be due for outside work. Each estate possesses a hospi-
tal, in which bad cases are treated by a qualified practitioner,
while in trifling cases the European overseer dispenses drugs.

BRITISH BORNEO,

quite a small rush to the country, as the Dutch Government,
I hear, is not popular in Sumatra, and land available (or to-
bacco there is becoming scarcer."

My anticipations have been verified, and the rush is al-
ready taking place.

The localities at present in favour with tobacco planters
are Marudu Bay and Banguey Island in the North, Labuk
Bay and Darvel Bay in the neighbourhood of the Silam Sta-
tion, and Ihe Kinabatangan River on the East

The firstcomers obtained their land on very easy terms,
some of them at 30 cents an acre, but the Court has now
issued an order that in future no planting land is to be dis-
posed of for a less sum than $1* per acre, free of quit-rent
and on a lease for ggg years, with clauses providing that a
certain proportion be brought under cultivation.

At present no export duly is levied on tobacco shipped
from North Borneo, and the Company has engaged that no
such duty shall be imposed before the ist January, 1892, after
which date it will be optional with them to levy an export
royalty at the rate of one dollar cent, or a halfpenny, per lb.,
which rate, they promise, shall not be exceeded during the
succeeding twenty years.

The tobacco cultivated in Sumatra and British North Bor-
neo is used chiefly for wrappers (or cigars, for which purpose
a very fine, thin, elastic leaf is required and one that has a

food colour and will burn well and evenly, with a tine white ash.
his quality of leaf commands a much higher price than ordi-
dary kinds, and, as stated, Count Geloes' trial crop, from the
Ranan Estate In Marudu Bay, averaged 1.83 guilders, or about
Si (3/2} per lb. It is said that 2 lbs. or 2^ lbs. weight o(
Bornean tobacco will cover 1,000 cigars.

Tobacco is not a new culture in Borneo, as some o( the
hill natives on the West Coast of North Borneo have grown
it in a roufjh and ready way for years past, supplying the po-
pulation of Brunai and surrounding districts with a sun-dried
article, which used to be preferred to that produced in Java.
The Malay name for tobacco is tambako, a corruption of the

■ Raltftd in 1890 to $£ an >ere.

BRIRISH BORNEO, f*3

Spanish and Portuguese term, but the Brunai people also
know it as sigup.

It was probably introduced into Malay countries by the Por-
tuguese, who conquered Malacca in 1511. and by the Spanish,
who settled in the Philippines in 1565. Its use has become
universal with men, women and children, of all tribes and of
all ranks. The native mode of using tobacco has been refer-
red to in my description of Brunai.

Fibre-yielding plants are also now attracting attention in
North Borneo, especially the Manila hemp {Musa lexti'lis) a
species of banana, and pine-apples, both of which grow freely.
The British Borneo Trading and Planting Company have ac-
quired the patent for Borneo of Death's fibre-cleaning machi-
nes, and are experimenting with these products on a considera-
ble scale and, apparently, with good prospects of success,* For
a long time past, beautiful cloths have been manufactured of
pine-apple fibre in the Philippines, and as it is said that orders
have been received from France for Borneo pine-apple fibre,
we shall perhaps soon see it used in England under the name
of French silk.

In the Government Experimental Garden at Silam, in Dar-
vel Bay, cocoa, cinnamon and Liberian coffee have been
found to do remarkably well. Sappan-wood and ka^ok or
cotton flock alsu grow freely.

Chapter X.

Many people have a very erroneous idea of the objects and
intentions of the British North Borneo Company. Some, with
a dim recollection of untold wealth having been extracted from
the natives of India in the early days of the Honourable
East India Company, conceive that the Company can have
no other object than that of fleecing our natives in order to
pay dividends; but the old saying, that it is a diflficult matter
to steal a Highlander's pantaloons, is applicable to North
Borneo, for only a magician could extract anything much
worth having in the shape of loot from the easy going natives

* The anticipated success has not been achiered &s ^1.

84 1!R1T1?;H BORNEO,

of ihe country, wlio, in a far more practica! sense than t
Christians of Europe, are ready to say "sufficient for the day
IS the evil thereof." and who do not look forward and provide
for the future, or heap up riches to leave to their posterity.

Some years ago. a correspondent of an English paper dis-
played his ignorance on the matter by maintaining that the
Company coerced the natives and forced them to buy Man-
chester goods at extortionate prices. An Oxford Don, when
I first received my appointment as Governor, imagined that I
was going out as a sort of slave-driver, to compel the poor
natives to work, without wages, on the Company's planta-
tions. But, as a matter of fact, though entitled to do so by
the Royal Charter, the Company has elected to engage nei-
ther in trade nor in planting, deeming that Iheir desire to
attract capital and population lo their territory will be best
advanced by their leaving the field entirely open to others,
for otherwise there would always have been a suspicion that
rival traders and planters were handicapped in the race with
a Company which had ihe making and the administration of
laws and the imposition of taxation in its hands.

It will be asked, then, if the Company do not make a profit
out of trading, or planting, or mining, what could have in-
duced them to undertake the Government of a tropical coun-
try, some 10,000 miles or more distant from London, for Eng-
lishmen, as a rule, do not invest hundreds of thousands of
pounds with the philanthropic desire only of benefitting an
Eastern race ?

The answer to this question is not very plainly put in the
Company's prospectus, which states that its object "is the
carrying on of the work begun by the Provisional .Association"
{said in the previous paragraphs of the prospectus to have
been the successful accomplishment of the eomplelion of the
pioneer work) "and the further improvement and full utiliza-
tion of the vast natural resources of the country, by the intro-
duction of new capital and labour, which they intend shall be
stimulated, aided and protected by a just, humane and en-
lightened Government. The benefits likely to flow from the
accomplishment of this object, in the opening up of new fields
of tropical agriculture, new channels of enterprise, and new

BRITISH BORNEO- 85

markfts (or ihe world's manufactures, are great and incon-
testable." I quite agree with the framer of the prospectus
that these benefits are great and incontestable, but then
they would be benefits conferred on the world at large
at the expense of tlic shareholders of the Company, and
1 presume that the source from which the shareholders
are to be recouped is the surplus revenues which a wisely
administered Government would ensure, by judiciously
fostering colonisation, principally by Chinese, by the sale of
the vast acreages of "waste" or Government lands, by leas-
ing the right to work the valuable timber forests and such
minerals as may be found to exist in workable quantities, by
customs duties and the " farming out" of the exclusive right
to sell opium, spirits, tobacco, etc., and by other methods of
raising revenue in vogue in the Eastern Colonies of the Crown.
In fact, the sum invested by the shareholders is to be consi-
dered in the light of a loan to the Colony^ts public debt —
to be repaid with interest as the resources of the country are
developed. Without encroaching on land worked, or owned
by the natives, the Company has a large area of unoccupied
land which it can dispose of for the highest price obtainable.
That this must be the case is evident from a comparison with
the Island of Ceylon, where Government land sales are still
held. The area of North Borneo, it has been seen, is larger
than that of Ceylon, but its population is only about 160,000,
while that of Ceylon is returned as 2,825,000; furthermore,
notwithstanding this comparatively large population, it is
said that the land under cultivation in Ceylon forms only about
one-fifth of its total area. From what I have said of the pros-
pects of tobacco-planting in British North Borneo, it will be
understood that land is bein^ rapidly taken up, and the Com-
pany will soon be in a position to increase its selling price.
Town and station lands are sold under different conditions to
that for planting purposes, and are restricted as a rule to lots
of the size of 66 feet by 33 feet. The lease is for ggg years,
but there is an annual quit-rent at the rate of §6 per lot, which
is redeemable at fifteen years' purchase. At Sandakan, lots of
this size have at auction realized a premium of S350. In all
cases, coal, minerals, precious stones, edible nests and guano

86 British Borneo.

are reserved to the Government, and, in order to protect the
native proprietors, it is provided that any foreigner desirous of
purchasing land from a native must do so through the Gov-
ernment.

Titles and mutations of titles to land are carefully regis-
tered and recorded in the Land Office, under the provisions
of the Hongkong Registration of Documents Ordinance, which
has been adopted in the State.

The local Government is administered by a Governor, select-
ed by the Court of Directors subject to the approval of the Se-
cretar)' of State for the Colonies. He is empowered to enact
laws, which require confirmation by the Court, and is assisted
in his executive functions by a Government Secretary, Resi-
dents, Assistant Residents, a Treasurer-General, a Commis-
sioner of Lands, a Superintendent of Public Works, Command-
ant, Postmaster-General and other Heads of Departments
usually to be found in Crown Colonies, and Ihe British Colo-
nial Regulations are adhered to as closely as circumstnnces
admit. The title of Resident is borrowed from the Dutch
Colonies, and the duties of the post are analogous to those
of the Resident Councillors of Penang or Malacca, under the
Governor of Singapore, or of the Governmenl Agents in Cey-
lon, The Governor can also call to assist him in his delibera-
tions a Council tf Advice, composed of some of the Heads of
Departments and of natives of position nominated to seats
therein.

The laws are in the form of " Proclamations" issued by
the Governor under the seal of the Territory. Most of the
laws are iidaptations, in whole or in part, of Ordinances en-
acted in Eastern Colonics, such as the Straits Settlements,
Hongkong, Labuan and Fiji.

The Indian Penal Code, the Indian Codes of Civil and
Criminal l^rocedure and the Indian Evidence and Con-
tract Acts have been adopted in their entirety, "so far as
the same shall be applicable to the circumstancc-s of this
Territory."

The Proclamation making these and other Acts the law in
North Borneo was the first formal one issued, and bears date
the 23rd December, 1881.

BKITISH UORNEO. 8?

The law relating to the proleclioii of estate coolies and
labourers has been already referred to.

The question of domestic slavery was one of the first with
which the Company had to grapple, the Royal Charter having
ordained that " the Company shall to the best of its power
discourage and, as far as may be practicable, abolish by he-
grees, any system of domestic servitude existing among the
tribes of the Coast or interior of Borneo; and no foreigners
whether European. Chinese or other, shall be allowed to
own slaves of any kind in the Company's territories." Sla-
very and kidnapping were rampant in North Borneo under
native regime and were one of the chief obstacles to the un-
animous acceptance of the Company's rule by the Chiefs. At
first the Residents and other officers confined their efforts to
prohibiting the importation of slaves for sale, and in assisting
slaves who were ill-treated to purchase their liberty. In 1S.S3,
a Proclamation was issued which will have the effect of gra-
dually abolishing the system, as required by the Charter.
Its chief provisions are as follows : — No foreigners are allowed
to hold slaves, and no slaves can be imported for sale, nor
can the natives buy slaves in a foreign country and introduce
them into Borneo as slaves, even should there be no inten-
tion of selling them as such. Slaves taking refuge in the
country from abroad will not be surrendered, but slaves be-
longing to natives of the country will be given up to their
owners unless they can prove ill-treatment, or that they have
been brought into the territory subsequently to the ist Novem-
ber, 1883. and it is optional for any slave to purchase his or
her freedom by payment of a sum, the amount of which is to
be fixed, from time to time, by the Government.

A woman also becomes free if shecan prove that she has co-
habited with her master, or with any person other than her hus-
band, with the connivance of her master or mistress ; and
finally "all children born of slave parents after the first day
of November. 18S3, and who would by ancient custom be
deemed to be slaves, are hereby proclaimed to be free, and
any person treating or attempting to treat any such children
as slaves shall be guilty of an offence under this Proclama-
tion." The punishment for offences against the provisions

88 BRfTlSH BORNEO.

of this Proclamation extends lo imprisonment for ten years
and to a fine up to five thousand dollars,

The late Mr. WiTTI, one of the first officers of the Associa-
tion, at my request, drew up, in i88i, an interesting report on
the system of Slavery in force in the Tampassuk District, on
the West Coast, of which the following is a brief summary.
Slaves in this district are divided into two classes — those who
are slaves in a strict and rigorous sense, and those whose
servitude is of a light description. The latter are known as
anak mas, and are the children of a slave mother by a free
man other than her master. If a female, she is the slave or
anak mas of her mother's master, but cannot be sold by him ;
if a boy, he is practically free, cannot be sold and, if he does
not care to stay with his master, can move about and earn his
own living, not sharing his earnings with his master, as is the
case in some other districts. In case of actual need, however,
his master can call upon him for his services.

If an ^nanak majgirl marries a freeman, she at once becomes
a free woman, but a brihaii, or marriage gift, of from two to
two and a half pikuls of brass gun— valued at $20 to $25 a
pikul — is payable by the bridegroom to the master.

If she marry a slave, she remains an anak mas, but such
cases are very rare and only take place when the husband is
in a condition to pay a suitable brihan lo the owner.

If an ordinary slave woman becomes enceinte by her owner,
she and her offspring are henceforth free and, she may
remain as one of her late master's wives. But the jealousy
of the inmates of the harem often causes abortion to be
procured.

The slaves, as a rule, have quite an easy lime of it, living
with and, as their masters, sharing the food of the family and
being supplied with tobacco, betel-nut and other native luxu-
ries. There is no difference between them and free men in
the matter of dress, and in the arms which all carry, and the
mere fact that they are allowed to wear arms is pretty conclu-
sive evidence of their not being bullied or oppressed.

They assist in domestic duties and in the operations of har-
vest and trading and so forth, but there is no such institution
as a slave-gang, working under task masters, a picture which

BRITISH BORNEO. 89

is generally present to the Englishman's mind w'tien he hears
of the existence of slavery. The slave gang was an institu-
tion of the white slave-owner. Slave couples, provided they
support themselves, are allowed to set up house and cultivate
a patch of land.

For such minor offences as laziness and attempting to es-
dape, the master can punish his slaves with strokes of the
rattan, but if an owner receives grave provocation and kills
his slave, the matter will probably not be taken notice of by
the elders of the village.

An incorrigble slave is sometimes punished by being sold
out of the district.

If a slave is badly treated and insufficiently provided with
food, his offence in endeavouring to escape is generally con-
doned by public opinion. If a slave is, without sufficient
cause, maltreated by a freeman, his master can demand com-
pensation from the agressor. Slaves of one master can, with
their owner's consent, marry, and no brihan is demanded, but
if they belong to different masters, the woman's master is en-
titled lo a brihan of one pikul, equal to ^20 or $35. They con-
tinue to be the slaves of their respective masters, but are
allowed to live together, and in case of a subsequent separa-
tion they return to the houses of their masters. Should a
freeman, other than her master, wish to marry a slave, he
practically buys her from her owner with a brihan of §60
or $75.

Sometimes a favourite slave is raised to a position interme-
diate between that of an ordinary slave and an anak mas,
and is regarded as a brother, or sister, father, mother, or
child; but it he or she attempt to escape, a reversion to the
condition of an ordinary slave is the result. Occasionally,
slaves are given their freedom in fulfilment of a vow to that
effect made by the master in circumstances of extreme dan-
ger, experienced in company with the slave.

A slave once declared free can never be claimed again by
his former master.

Debts contracted by a slave, either in his own name, or in
that of his master, are not recoverable.

go BRITISH BORNEO.

By their own extra work, after performing their service to
their owners, slaves can acquire private property and even
themselves purchase and own slaves.

Infidel slaves, of both sexes, are compulsorily converted to
Muhammadanism andcircumcizedand, even though they should
recover their freedom, they seldom relapse.

There are, or rather were, a large number of debt slaves in
North Borneo. For a debt of three pikuls — 560 to $75 — a
man might be enslaved if his friends could not raise the re- -
quisite sum, and he would continue to be a slave until the
debt was paid, but, as a most usurious interest was charged,
it was almost always a hopeless task to attempt it.

Sometimes an inveterate gambler would sell himself to pay
off his debts of honour, keeping the balance if any.

The natives, regardless of the precepts of the Koran, would
purchase any slaves that were offered for sale, whether infidel
or Muhammadan. The importers were usually the Illanun and
Sulu kidnappers, who would bring in slaves of all tribes —
Bajaus, lllanuDS, Sulus, Brunais, Manilamen, natives of
Palawan and natives of the interior of Magindanau — all was fish
that came into their net. The selling price was as follows : —
A boy, about 2 pikuls. a man 3 pikuls. A girl, 3 to 4 pikuls,
a young woman, 3 to 5 pikuls. A person past middle age
about li pikuls. A young couple, 7 to 8 pikuls, an old cou-
ple, about 5 pikuls. The pikul was then equivalent to $20 or
8^5- Mr. WlTTl furlher stated that in Tampassuk the pro-
portion of free men to slaves was only one in three, and in
Marudu Bay only one in five. In Tampassuk there were
more female than male slaves.

Mr, A. H. Everett reported that, in his district of Pappar-
Kimanis, there was no slave trade, and that the condition of
the domestic slaves was not one of hardship.

Mr W. B. Pryer, speaking for the East Coast, informed
me that there were only a few slaves in the interior, mostly
Sulus who had been kidnapped and sold up the rivers.
Among the Sulus of the coast, the relation was rather that of
follower and lord than of slave and master. When he first
settled at Sandakan, he could not get men to work for him for
wages, they deemed it degrading to do so, but they said they

BRITISH BORNEO. 9T

would work (or him if he would buy them ! Sulu, under
Spanish influence, and Bulungan, in Dutch Borneo, were the
chief slave markets, but the Spanish and Dutch are gradually
suppressing this traffic.

There was a colony o{ Illanuns and Balinini settled at
Tunku and Teribas on the East Coast, who did a considera-
ble business in kidnapping, but in 1879 Commander E. ED-
WARDS, in H. M. S. Kestrel, attacked and burnt Iheir village,
capturing and burning several piratical boats and prahus.

Slavery, though not yet extinct in Borneo, has received a
severe check in British North Borneo and in Sarawak, and is
rapidly dying out in both countries ; in (act it is a losing
business to be a slave-owner now.

Apart (rom the institution of slavery, which is sanctioned
by the Muhammadan religion, the religious customsand laws
o( the various tribes " especially with respect to the holding,
" possession, trans(er and disposition o( lauds and goods, and
" testate or intestate succession thereto, and marriage, divorce
"and legitimacy, and the rights o( property and personal
" rights" are carefully regarded by the Company's Govern-
ment, as in duty bound, according to the ttrms o( Articles 8
and 9 of the Royal Charter. The services o( native headmen
are utilised as much as possible, and Courts composed o(
Native Magistrates have been established, but at the same time
efforts are made to carry the people with the Government in
ameliorating and advancing their social position, and thus
involves an amendment o( someo( the old customs and laws.

Moreover, customs which are altogether repugnant to
modern ideas are checked or prohibited by the new Govern-
ment; as, for example, the lime-honoured custom of a tribe
periodically balancing the account o( the number ii( heads
taken or lost by it (rom or to another tribe, an audit which,
it is strange to say. almost invariably results in the discovery
on the part of the stronger tribe that they are on the wrong
side of the account and have a balance to gel from the others.
These hitherto interminable feuds, though not altogether pu-
a stop to in (he interior, have been in many districts effect!
ually brought to an end, Government officers having been
asked by the natives themselves to undertake the examina-

92 DRITISH BORNEO.

lion of the accounts and the tribe who was found to be on the
debtor side paying, not human heads, but compensation in
goods at a fixed rate per head due. Another custom which
the Company found it impossible to recognize was that of
s(immungap, which was. in reality, nothing but a form of
human sacrifice, the victim being a slave bought for the pur-
pose, and the object being to send a message to a deceased
relative. With this object in view, the slave used to be bound
and wrapped in cloth, when the relatives would dance round
him and each thrust a spear a short way into his body, repeat-
ing, as he did so, the message which he wished conveyed.
This operation was performed till the slave succumbed.

The Muhammadan practice of cutting off the hair of a woman
convicted of adultery, or of men flogging her with a rattan,
and that of cutting off the head of a thief, have also not re-
ceived the recognition of the Company's Government,

It has been shewn that the native population of North
Borneo Is very small, only about five to the square mile, and
as the country is fertile and well-watered and possesses, for
the tropics, a healthy climate, there must be some exceptional
cause for the scantiness of the population. This is to be
found chiefly in the absence, already referred to, of any strong
central Government in former days, and to the consequent
presence of all forms of lawlessness, piracy, slave- trading,
kidnapping and head-hunting.

In more recent years, too, cholera and small-pox have
made frightful ravages amongst the natives, almost annihilat-
ing some of the tribes, for the people knew of no remedies
and, on the approach of the scourge, deserted their homes and
their sick and fled to the jungle, where exposure and priva-
tion rendered them more than ever liable to the disease.
Since the Company's advent, efforts are being successfully
made to introduce vaccination, in which most of the people
now have confidence.

This fact of a scanty native population has, in some ways,
rendered the introduction of the Company's Government a
less arduous undertaking than it might otherwise have proved,
and has been a fortunate circumstance for the shareholders,
who have the more unov^oed and virgin land to dispose of.

BRITISH BORNEO.

In British North Borneo, luckily for the Company, there is
not, as there is in Sarawak, any one large, powerful tribe,
whose presence might have been a source of trouble, or even
of danger to the young Government, but Ihe aborigines are
split up into a number of petty tribes, speaking very distinct
dialects and, generally, at enmity amongst themselves, so that
a general coalition of the bad elements amongst them is im-
possible.

The institution and amusement of head-hunting appears
never to have been taken up and followed with so much energy
and zeal in North Borneo as among the Dyaksof Sarawak. I do
not think that it was as a rule deemed absolutely essential with
any of our tribes that a young man should have taken at least
a head or two before he could venture to aspire to the hand
of the maiden who had led captive his heart. The heads of
slain enemies were originally taken by the conquerors as a
substantial proof and trophy of their successful prowess,
which could not be gainsaid, and it came, in time, to be con-
sidered the proper thing to be able to boast of the possession
of a lar^ number of these ghastly tokens; and so an am-
bitious youth, in his desire for applause, would not be parti-
cularly careful from whom, or in what manner he obtained a
head, and the victim might be, not only a person with whom
he had no quarrel, but even a member of a friendly tribe, and
the mode ol acquisition might be, not by a fair stand-up tight,
a test of skill and courage, but by treachery and ambush.
Nor did it make very much difference whether the head ob-
tained was that of a man, a woman or a child, and in their
petty wars it was even conceived to be an honourable distinc-
tion to bring in the heads of women and children, the reason-
ing being that the men of the attacked tribe must have fought
their best to defend their wives and children.

The following incident, which occurred some years ago at
the Colony of Labuan, serves to shew how immaterial it was
whether a friend, or foe, or utter stranger was the victim.
A Murut chief of the Trusan, a river on the mainland over
against Labuan, was desirous of obtaining some fresh heads
on the occasion of a marriage feast, and put to sea to a dis-
trict inhabited by a hostile tribe. Meeting with adversfi

94 URITISH UORNF.O,

winds, his canoes were blown over to the British Colony ; the
Muruls landed, held apparently friendly intercourse wilh some
o( the Kadatan (Muhammadan] population and, after a visit of
two or three days, made preparations to sail ; but meeting a
Kadaian returning to his home alone, they shot him and went
off with his head — though the man was an entire stranger to
them, and they had no quarrel with any of his tribe.

With the assistance of the Bninai authorities, the chief and
several of his accomplices were subsequently secured and sent
for trial to Labuan. The chief died in prison, while awaiting
trial, but one or two of his associates paid the penalty of their
wanton crime.

A short time afterwards, Mr. CooK and I visited the La-
was River for sport, and took up our abode in a Murut long
house, where, 1 remember, a large basket of skulls was placed
as an ornament at the head of my sleeping place. One night,
when all our men, with the exception of my Chinese servant,
were away in the jungle, trying to trap the then newly dis-
covered " Bulwer pheasant," some Muruts from the Trusan
came over and informed our hosts of the fate of their chief,
On the receipt of this intelligence, all the men of our house
left it and repaired to one adjoining, where a great " drink''
was held, while the women indulged in a loud, low, monoton-
ous, heart-breaking wail, which they kept up for several hours.
Mr. Cook and myself agreed that things looked almost as
bad for us as they well could, and when, towards morning,
the men returned to our house, my Chinese boy clung to me
in terror and — nothing happened ! But certainly I do not
think I have ever passed such an uncomfortable period of
suspense.

Writing to the Court of Directors of the East India Company
a hundred and thirteen years ago, Mr. Yesse, who concludecl
the pepper monopoly agreement with the Brunai Government,
referring to the Murut predilection for head-hunting says : —
" With respect to the Idaan, or Muruts. as they are called
here. 1 cannot give any account of their disposition ; but
from what I have heard from the Borneyans, they are a set of
abandoned idolaters; one of their tenets, so strangely inhu-
man, I cannot pass unnoticed, which is, that their futurt' in-

BRITISH UORNEO- gS

tcrest depends npon the naoiber of their (e)tow creatures thry
have kilted in any eogagement, or common disputes, and
count tbcir degrees of happiness to depend on the numSer of
human skulls in their possession ; from which, and the n'ild,
disorderly life thev lead, uare^jtraioed by any bond of civil
society, we onght not to be surprised if the%- arc of a cnicl and
vindictive disposition." 1 think this is rather a case of giving
a dog a had name.

1 heard read once at a meeting of the Royal Geographical
Society, an eloquent paper on the Natives of the Aoaaman
Islands, in which tE>e lecturer, after shewing that the Anda-
manese were suspicious, treacherous, blood-thirsty, ungrate-
fal and untruthful, concluded by giving it as his opinion that
ibcy were verv" good fellows and in many ways superior to
white man.

I do not go cjuite so far as he does, but I must say that
many of the aborigines are \ery pleasant good-natured crea-
tures, and have a lot of good qualities in them, which, with
care and discriminating kgislation on the pari of their new
rulers, might be gradually developed, while the evil qualities
which they possess in common with all races of men. might
he pari passu not extinguished, but reduced to a minimum.
But this result can only be secured by officers who are natur-
ally of a sympathetic disposition and ready to lake the trou-
ble of studying the natives and entering into their thoughts
and aspirations.

In many instances, the Company has been fortunate in its
choice of officials, whose work has brought them into intimate
connection with the aborigines.

A besetting sin of young officers is to expect too much —
they are conscious that their only aim is lo advance the best
interests of the natives, and they are surprised and hurt at,
what they consider, the want o( gratitude and backwardness
in seconding their efforts evinced by them. Ihey forget thai
the people are as yet in the schoolboy stage, and should try
and remember how, in their own schoolboy days, they offered
opposition to the efforts of their masters for their improve-
ment, and how little gratitude they felt, at the time, for all
that was done for them. Patience and sympathy arc the two

BRITISH BORNEO.

officers

■cted for the

qualiti cations especially requisite i
management of native affairs.

In addition to the indigenous population, tfiere are, settled
along the coast and at the mouths of the principal rivers, large
numbers of the more highly civilized tribes of Malays, of whose
presence in Borneo an explanation has been attempted
on a previous page. Tfiey are known as Brunais — called
by the Natives, for some unexplained reason, orangabai —
Sulus, Bajows, Illanuns and Balininis; there are also a few
Bugis, or natives of Celebes.

These are the people who, before the Company's arrival,
lorded it over the more ignorant interior tribes, and prevent-
ed their having direct dealings with traders and foreigners,
and to whom, consequently, the advent of a still more civili-
red race than themselves was very distasteful.

The habits of the Brunai people have already been suffici-
ently described.

The Sulus are, next to the Brunais, the most civilized race
and, without any exception, the most warlike and powerful.
For nearly three centuries, they have been more or less in a
state of war with the Spaniards of the Philippine Islands, and
even now, though the Spaniards have established a fortified
port in their principal island, their subjugation is by no means
complete,

The Spanish officials dare not go beyond the walls of their
settlement, unless armed and iu force, and it is no rare thing
for fanatical Sulus, singly or in small parties, to make their
way into the Spanish town, under the guise of unarmed and
friendlypeasants.and thensuddenlydrawtheir concealed krises
and rush with fury on officers, soldiers and civilians, generally
managing to kill several before they are themselves cut down.

They are a much bolder and more independent race than
the Brunais, who have always stood in fear of them, and it was
in consideration of its undertaking to defend them against
their attacks that the Brunai Government conceded the
exclusive trade in pepper to the East India Company,
Their religion — Muhammadanism — sits even more lightly on
the Sulus than on the Brunais, and their women, who are fairer
and better looking than their Brunai sisters, are never secluded

BRITISH BORNEO. Q7

or veiled, but often take part in public deliberations and, in
matters of business, are even sharper than the men.

The Sulus are a bloodthirsty and hard-hearted race, and,
when an opportunity occurs, arc not always averse to kidnap-
ping even their own countrymen and selling them into slavery.
They entertain a high notion of their own importance, and are
ever ready to resent with their krises the slightest affront
which they may conceive has been put upon them.

In Borneo, they are found principally on the North-EastCoast,
and a good many have settled in British North Borneo under
the Company's Government, They occasionally take contracts
(or felling jungle and other work of similar character, but are
less disposed than the Brunai men to perform work for Euro-
peans on regular wages. Among their good qualities, it may
be mentioned that they are faithful and trustworthy followers
of any European to whom they may become attached. Their
language is distinct from ordinary Malay, and is akin to that
of the Bisaias, one of the principal tribes of the Philippines,
and is written in the Arabic character; but many Malay terms
have been adopted into the language, and most of the trading
and seafaring Sulus know enough Malay to conclude a bar-
gain.

The most numerous Muhammadan race in British North]
Borneo is that of the Bajows, who are found on both coasts, but,
on the West Coast, not South of the Pappar River. These
are the orang-laut (men of the sea) or sea-gipsies of the old
writers, and are the worst class that we have to deal with, being
of a treacherous and thievish disposition, and confirmed gamb-
lers and cattle-lifters.

They also form a large proportion of the population of the
Sulu Islands, where they are, or used to be, noted kidnappers
and pirates, though also distinguished for their skill in pearl
fisheries. Their religion is that of Mahomet and their lan-
guage Malay mixed, it is said, with Chinese and Japanese
elements ; their women are not secluded, and it is a rare thing
for a Borneo Bajow to take the trouble of making the pilgrim-
age to Mecca. They are found along the coasts of nearly all
the Malay Islands and. apparently, in former days lived en-
tirely in their boats. In British North Borneo, a large major-

qS BRITISH BORNEO.

ily have taken to buildiug houses and residing on the shore,
but when Mr. Pryer first settled at Sandakan. there was a
considerable community of them in the Bay, who had no
houses at all, but were born, bred, married and died in their
small canoes.

On the West Coast, the Bajows, who have for a long time
been settled ashore, appear to be of smaller build and darker
colour than the other Malays, with small sparkling black eyes,
but on the East Coast, where their condition is more primi-
tive. Mr. Pryer thinks they are much larger in stature and
stronger and more swarthy than ordinary Malays.

On the East Coast, there are no buffaloes or horned cattle,
so that the Bajows there have, or I should say /lad, to be con-
tent with kidnapping only, and as an example of their daring
1 may relate that in, I think, the year 1875, the Austrian Frigate
Friederick, Captain Baron OesterreichER, was surveying to
the South of Darvel Bay, and, running short of coal, sent an
armed parly ashore to cut firewood. The Bajows watched
their opportunity and, when the frigate was out of sight, seized
the cutter, notwithstanding the fire of the party on the shore,
who expended all their ammunition in vain, and carried off
the two boat-keepers, whose heads were subsequently shewn
round in triumph in the neighbouring islands. Baron OES-
TERREICHER was unable to discover the retreat of these Ba-
jows, and they remain unpunished to this day, and are at pre-
sent numbered among the subjects of the British North Bor-
neo Company. I have been since told that I have more than
once unwittingly shaken hands and had friendly intercourse
with some of them. In fairness to them I should add that it
is more than probable that they mistook the Friederick for a
vessel belonging to Spain, with whom their sovereign, the Sultan
of Sulu. was at that time at war. After this incident, and by
order of his Government, Baron OesTERREICHLr visited San-
dakan Bay and, I believe, reported that he could discover no
population there other than monkeys. Altogether, he could
not have carried away with him a very favourable impres-
sion of Northern Borneo, On the West Coast, gambling
and cattle-lifling are the main pursuits of the gentlemanly
Bajow, pursuits which soon brought him into close and

BRITISH BORNEO. 9$

very uncomfortable relations with the new Government,
for which he entertains anything but feelings of affection.
One of the principal independent rivers on the West Coast —
i. e., rivers which have not yet been ceded to the Company —
is the Mengkabong, the majority of the inhabitants of which
are Bajows, so that it has become a sort of river of refuge for
the bad characters on the coast, as well as an entrep6t for the
smuggling of gunpowder for sale to the head-hunting tribes
of the interior. The existence of these independent and inter-
mediate rivers on their West Coast is a serious difficulty for
the Company in its efforts to establish good government and
put down lawlessness, and every one having at heart the true
interests of the natives of Borneo must hope that the Com-
pany will soon be successful in the negotiations which they
have opened for the acquisition of these rivers. The Kawang
was an important river, inhabited by a small number of Ba-
jows, acquired by the Company in 1884, and the conduct of
these people on one occasion affords a good idea of their
treachery and their hostility towards good government. An
interior tribe had made itself famous for its head-hunting pro-
clivities, and the Kawang was selected as the best route by
which to reach their district and inflict punishment upon them.
The selection of this route was not a politic one, seeing that
the inhabitants iL-ere Bajows, and that they had but recently
come under the Company's rule. The expedition was detained
a day or two at the Bajow village, as the full number of Dusun
baggage-carriers had not arrived, and the Bajows were called
upon to make up the deficiency, but did not do so. Matters
were further complicated by the Dusuns recognising some
noted cattle-lifters in the village, and demanding a buffalo
which had been stolen from them. It being impossible to ob-
tain the required luggage carriers, it was proposed to post-
pone the expedition, the stores were deposited in some of
the houses of the village and the Constabulary were '"dismis-
sed " and, piling their arms, laid down under the shelter of
some trees. Without any warning one of two Bajows, with
whom Dr. Fraser was having an apparently friendly chat,
discharged his musket point blank at the Doctor, killing him
on the spot, and seven others rushed among the unarmed

too BHITISH aORNEO.

Constables and speared the Sikh Jemmadhar and the Ser-
geant-Major and a private and then made off for the jungle.
Captain De FONTAINE gallantly, but rashly started off in pur-
suit, before any one could support him. He tripped and fell
and was so severely wounded by the Bajows, after killing
three of them with his revolver, that he died a few days after-
wards at Sandakan. By this time the Sikhs had got their
rifles and firing on the retreating party killed three and
wounded two. Assistant Resident Little, who had received
a spear in his arm, shot his opponent dead with his revob
None of the other villagers took any active part, and conse-
quently were only punished by the imposition of a fine.
They subsequently all cleared out of the Company's territory,
It was a sad day for the little Colony at Sandakan when Mr.
Whitehead, a naturalist who happened to be travelling in
the neighbourhood at the time, brought us the news of the
melancholy affray, and the wounded Captain De Fo.ntaine
and several Sikhs, to whose comfort and relief he had, at
much personal inconvenience, attended on the tedious voyage
in a small steam-launch from the Kawang to the Capital,
On the East Coast, also , their slave-dealing and kidnapping
propensities brought the Bajows into unfriendly relations
with the Government, and their lawlessness culminated in
their kidnapping several Eraan birds' nest collectors, whom
they refused to surrender, and making preparations for resist-
ing any measures which might be taken to coerce them. As
these same people had, a short time previously, captured a(
sea some five Dutch subjects, it was deemed that their ofTen^
ces brought them within the cognizance of the Naval autho
rities, and Captain A. K. Hope, R.N., at my request, visited
the district, in i885, in H, M.S. Zephyr and, finding ' "
the people of two of the Bajow villages refused to bold
municalion with us, but prepared their boats for action, he
opened fire on them, under the protection of which a party
of the North Borneo Constabulary landed and destroyed the
villages, which were quickly deserted, and many of the boats
which had been used on piratical excursions. Happily, there
was no loss of life on either side, and a very wholesome and
useful lesson was given to the pirates without the shedding

BRITISH BORNEO!

of blood, thanks to the good arrangements and tact of Cap-
lain HoPB In order that the good results of this lesson
should not be wasted, 1 revisited the scene of the little en-
gagement in the Zepyhyr a few weeks subsequently, and not
long afterwards the British flag was again shewn in the dis-
trict, by Captain A. H. Alington in 11. M. S. Salcllite. who
interviewed the offending chiefs and gave them sound advice
as to their conduct in future.

Akin to the Bajows are the Illanuns and Balinini, Muham-
madan peoples, famous in former days as the most enterpri-
sing pirates of the Malayan seas. The Balinini, Batignini or
Balanguini — as their name is variously written — originally
came from a small island to the north of Sulu, and the Illa-
nuns from the south coast of the island of Mindanao — one of the
Philippines, but by the action of the Spanish and British
cruisers their power has been broki;n and they are found
scattered in small numbers throughout the Sulu Islands and
on the seaboard of Northern Borneo, on the West Coast of
which they founded little independent settlements, arrogating
to their petty chiefs such high sounding titles as Sultan, Ma-
harajah and so forth.

The Illanuns are a proud race and distinguished by
wearing a much larger sword than the other tribes, with a
straight blade about 28 inches in length. This sword is called
a kampilan, and is used in conjunction with a long, narrow,
wooden shield, known by the name of klassap. and in the use
of these weapons the Illanuns are very expert and often boast
that, were it not tor their gunpowder, no Europeans could
stand up to them, face to [ace. I believe, that it is these peo-
ple who in former days manufactured the chain armour of
which 1 have seen several specimens, but the use of which has
now gone out of fashion. Those I have are made of small
brass rings linked together, and with plates of brass or
buffalo horn in front. The headpiece is of similar con-
struction.

There are no Negritos in Borneo, although they exist in the
Malay Peninsula and the Philippines, and our explorers have
failed to obtain any specimens of the " tailed" people in whose
existence many of the Brunai people believe. The late Sul-

tan of Brunai gravely assured me that thcFL' was such a tribe,
and that the individuals composing it were in ihe hnbit of
carrying about chairs with them, in the seat of each of which
there was a little hole, in which the lady or gentleman care-
fully inserted her or his tail before settling down to a com-
fortable chat. This belief in the existence of a tailed race ap-
pears to be widespread, and in his " Pioneering in New Gui-
nea" Mr. Chalmers gives an amusing account of a de-
tailed description of such a tribe by a man who vowed he had
lived with them, and related how they were provided with
long sticks, with which to make holes in the ground before
squatting down, for the reception of their short stumpy tails !
I think it is Mr. H. F. ROMIl.l.Y who, in his interesting little
work on the Western Pacific and New Guinea, accounts for
the prevalence of " yarns" of this class by explaining that
the natives regard Europeans as being vastly superior to them
in genera! knowledge and, when they find them asking such
questions as. for instance, whether there are tailed-people in
the interior, jump to the conclusion that the white men must
have good grounds for believing that they do exist, and ihen
they gradually come to believe in their existence themselves.
There is, however, I think, some excuse for the Brunai peo-
ple's belief, for I have seen one tribe of Muruts who, in addi-
tion to the usual small loin cloth, wear on their backs only a
skin of a long-tailed monkey, the tail of which hangs down be-
hind in such a manner as, when the men are a little distance
off, to give one at first glance the impression that it is part
and parcel of the biped.

In Labuan it used to be a very common occurrence for the
graves of the Europeans, of which unfortunately, owing to its
bad climate when first settled, there are a goodly number, to
be found desecrated and the bones scattered about. The
perpetrators of these outrages have never been discovered,
notwithstanding the most stringent enquiries. It was
once thought that they were broken open by head-hunting
tribes from the mainland, but this theory was disproved by
the fact that the skulls were never carried away. As we know
of no Borneo tribe which is in the habit of breaking open
graves, the only conclusion that can be come to is that the

BRITISH BORNEO. (o^

graves were rifled under the supposition that ihe Europeans
buried treasure with their dead, though it is strange that their
experiences of failure never seemed to teach them that such
was not the case.

The Muhammadan natives are buried in the customary
Muhammadan manm-r in regular graveyards kept for the pur-
pose.

The aborigines generally bury their dead near their houses,
erecting over the graves little sheds adorned, in the case of
chiefs, with bright coloured clothes, umbrellas, etc. I once
went to see the lying in state of a deceased Datoh, who had
been dead nine days. On entering the house I looked about
for Ihc corpse in vain, till my attention was drawn to an old
earthen jar, tilted slightly forward, on the top of the old
Chief's goods^his sword, spear, gun and clothing.

In this jar were the Datoh's remains, the poor old fellow
having been doubled up, head and heels together, and
forced through the mouth of the vessel, which was about
two feet in diameter. The jar itself was about four
feet high. Over the corpse was thickly sprinkled the
native camphor, and the jar was closed with a piece of buffa-
lo hide, well sealed over with gum dammar. They told us
the Datoh was dressed in his best clothes and had his pipe
with him, but nothing else. He was to bo buried that day in
a small grave excavated near the house, just large enough to
contain the jar, and a buffalo was being killed and intoxicat-
ing drink prepared for the numerous friends and followers
who were nocking in for the wake. Over his grave cannon
would be fired to arouse the spirits who were to lead him to
Kinabalu. the people shouting out "Turn neither to the right
nor to the left, but proceed straight to Kinabalu" — the sacred
mountain where are collected the spirits of all good Dusuns
under, I believe, the presidency of a great spirit known as
Kinaringan.

Chapter XI.

The population of North Borneo, as has been shewn, is very
scanty, and the great object of the new Government should be

io6

BRITISH BORNEO.

preface to the second edition of his "Life in the Forests of
the Far East," lays great stress on the suitability of North
Borneo for the immigration of Chinese on a very large
scale, and prophesied that "should the immigration once
commence, it would doubtless assume great proportions
and continue until every acre of useless jungle is cleared
away, to give place to rice, pepper, gambier, sugar-
cane, cotton, coffee, indigo and those other products which
flourish on its fertile soil." No doubt a considerable impe-
tus would be given to the immigration of Chinese and the
introduction of Chinese as well as of European capital, were
the British Government to proclaim* formally a Protectorate
over the country, meanwhile the Company should try the
effect of the offer of free passages from China and from Singa-
pore and of liberal allotments of suitable land to bond fide
agriculturists.

The sources of the Company's revenues have been
referred to on a previous page, and may be summarised
here under the following principal heads: — The "Farms"
of Opium, Tobacco, Spirits, and of Pawnbroking, the Rent of
the edible birds'-nest caves, Market Dues, Duties on Imports
and Exports, Court Fines and Fees, Poll Tax on aborigines.
House and Store Rents, profit accruing from the introduction
of the Company's copper or bronze token coinage — a consider-
able item — Interest and Commission resultingfrom the Bank-
ing business carried on by the Treasury pending the estab-
lishment of a Banking Company, Land Sales and Quit-rents
on land alienated, and Postal Receipts.

The Poll Tax is a source of revenue well-known in the
East and not objected to by most of our natives, with whom
it takes the place of the land rent which the Government of
India imposes. To our aborigines a land rent would be most
distasteful at present, and they infinitely prefer the Poll Tax
and to be allowed to own and farm what land they like with-
out paying premium or rent. The more civilized tribes, espe-
cially on the West coast, recognize private property in land,
the boundaries of their gardens and fields being carefully

marked and defined, and the properly descending Ironi fathers
to children. The rate of the Poll Tax is usually $2 for mar-
ried couples and $1 for adult bachelors per annum, and I be-
lieve this is about the same rate as that collected by the Brit-
ish Governm ent in Burma. At first sight it has the ap-
pearance of a lax on marriage, but in the East generally
women do a great deal of the out-door as well as of the indoor
work, so that a married man is in a much better position
than a bachelor for acquiring wealth, as he can be engaged
in collecting jungle produce, or in trading, or in making
money in other ways, while his womenkind are planting out
or gathering in the harvest.

The amounts received by the Company for the sale o(

their waste lands has been

1882, ... % 16.340

1883, ... 825,449

1884, , . % 15,460
The receipts foi

1885, .,,$ 2,860

1886. ... $12,035
1887,* ...$14,505

g to the rush for tobacco lands
already alluded to, and to the fact that the balances of the
premia on lands taken up in 1887 becomes due in that year,
will be considerably larger than those of any previous period.

The most productive, and the most elastic source of re-
venue is that derived from the Excise on the retail of opium
and, with the comparatively small number of Chinese at pre-
sent in the country, this amounted in 1887 to Srg.980, hav-
ing been only 84,537 i" i882.t The next most substantial
and promising item is the Customs Duties on Import and Ex-
port, which from about $8,300 in iSSa have increased to
$19,980 in 1887.1

The local expenditure in Borneo is chiefly for salaries of
the officials, the armed Constabulary and for Gaols and Public
Works, the annual " rental" payable to the Sultans of Brunai
and Sulu and others, the subsidizing of steamers. Medical

• In 1888, 1146.457.
t In 188S, 123,755 «'
Opium Fann.

t In i88«. »aa,7SS.

led, and the Estimate (or ll

3 is #70,000 foe tbe

Services, Printing, Stationery, Prospecting, Bxperiniental
Gardens and Harbour and Postal Senices. Tht: designations
of the principal officials employed by the Company in Borneo
have been given on a previous page; the salaries allowed
them, as a rule, can scarcely be called too liberal, and unfor-
tunately the Court of Directors does not at present fee! that it
is justified in sanctioning any pension scheme. Those nf my
readers who are conversant withlhc working of Public Offices
Mill recognize thai this decision of the Directors deprives the
service of one great incentive to hard and continuous work
and of a powerful factor in the maintenance of an effective
discipline, and it speaks volumes for the quality of the officials,
whose services the Company has been so fortunate as to
secure without this attraction, that it is served as faithfully,
energetically and zealously as any Government in the world.
If I may be allowed to say so here, I can never adequately
express my sense of the valuable assistance and support I
received from the officers, with scarcely any exception, dur-
ing my six years' tenure of the appointment of Governor.
An excellent spirit pervades the service and, when the occa-
sions have arisen, there have never been wanting officers ready
to risk their lives in performing their duties, without hope of
rewards or distinctions. Victoria Crosses or medals.

The figures below speak for the advance which the
country is making, not very rapidly, perhaps the share-
holders may think, but certainly, though slowly, surely and
steadily : —

Revenue in 1883, 851,654, with the addition of LandSales,
$25,449, a total of 877,103.

Revenue in 18S7, §142,687, with the addition ol LandSales,
314,505, a total of $ 157''92'

lixpenditure in 1883, including expenditure on Capital Ac-
count, S391 ,547,

Expendiure in 1887, including expenditure on Capital Ac-
count, 820fj,86.'.

For reasons already mentioned, the revenue for 1888 is
expected to considerably exceed that of any previous year,

BRITISH BORNEO.

109

while the expenditure will probably not be more and may be
leas than that of 1887*

The expenses of the London office average, I believe,
about £3,000 a year.

As Sir Rutherford Alcock, their able and conscienti-
ous Chairman, explained to the shareholders at a recent meet-
ing, " with reference to the important question of expendi-
ture, the position of the Company was that of a man com-
ing into possession of a large estate which had been long
neglected, and which was little better than a wilderness. If
any rent roll was to be derived from such a properly there
must be, in the first place, a large outlay in many ways before
the land could be made profitable, or indeed tenantable. That
was what the Company had had to do and what they had
been doing ; and that had been the history of all our Colo-
nies." I trust that the few observations I have offered will
have shewn my readers that, though British North Borneo
might be described as a wilderness so far as regards the
absence of development when the Company took possession
of it, such a description is by no means applicable to it when
regard is had to its great and undoubled natural resources.

British North Borneo not being a Crown Colony, it has to
provide itself for the maintenance of order, both ashore and
afloat, without assistance from the Imperial Army or Navy,
except such temporarj' assistance as has been on two occa-
sions accorded by Her Majesty's vessels, under circumstances
which have been detailed. There are no Imperial Troops
stationed either in Labuan or in any portion of Borneo, and
the Company has organized an armed Police Force to act
both in a military and in a civil capacity.

The numbers of their Force do not much exceed Iwo hun-
dred of all ranks, and are composed principally of Sikhs from
the Punjaub and a few Dyaks from Sarawak — an excellent
mixture for fighting purposes, the Dyaks being sufficiently

1148.386, with addition □( Lnnd StAn, 1146,457, n lotal
.9S5, and expendi-

• Revenu.
of I39+.743-

Expenditure in i8S8, including Padas war expei

lure on Capital Account. JiS.aSj— Iwal SJ36,»68.

no BRITISH BORNEO.

courageous and expert in alt the arts of jungle warfare, while
the pluck and codI steadiness under lire of the Sikhs is too
well-known to need comment here. The services of any
number of Sikhs can, it appears, be easily obtained for this
sort of work, and some years ago a party of them even took
service with the native Sultan of Sulu, who, however, proved
a very indifferent paymaster and was soon deserted by his
mercenaries, who arc the most money -grabbing lot of warriors
I have ever heard of. Large bodies of Sikhs are employed
and drilled as Armed Constables in Hongkong, in the Straits
Settlements and in the Protected Native States of the Malay
Peninsula, who, after a fixed time of service, return to their
country, iheir places being at once taken by Iheir compatriots,
and one cannot help thinking what effect this might have in
case of future disturbances in our Indian Empire, should the
Sikh natives make common cause with the malcontents.

Fault has been found with the Company for not following
the example of Sarawak and raising an army and police from
among its own people. This certainly would have been the
best policy had it only been feasible ; but the attempt was
made and failed.

As I have pointed out, British North Borneo is fortunate in
not possessing any powerful aboriginal tribe of pronounced
warlike instincts, such as the Dyaks of Sarawak.

The Muhammadan Bajows might in lime make good sol-
diers, but my description of them will have shewn that the
Company could not at present place reliance in them.

While on the subject of " fault finding," I may say that the
Company has also been blamed for its expenditure on public
works and on subsidies for steam communication with the
outer world.

But our critics may rest assured that, had not the Company
proved its faith in the country by expending some of its money
on public works and in providing facilities for the convey-
ance of intending colonists, neither European capital nor
Chinese population, so indispensable to the success of their
scheme, would have been attracted to their Territory as is
now being done- — for the country and its new Government
lacked the prestige which attaches to a Colony opened by

BRITISH BORNEO.

ttt

the Imperial Government. The strange experiment, hi the
present day. of a London Company inaugurating a Govern-
ment in a tropica! Colony, perhaps not unnaturally caused a
certain feeling of pique and uncharitableness in the breasts
of that class of people who cannot help being pleased at the
non-success of their neighbours' most cherished schemes, and
who are always ready with their " I told you so." The mea-
sure of success attained by British North Borneo caused it to
come in for its full share of this feeling, and I am not sure
thai it was not increased and aggravated by the keen interest
which all the officers took in the performance of their novel
duties — an interest which, quite unintentionally, manifested
itself, perhaps, in a too enthusiastic and somewhat exaggera-
ted estimate of the beauties and resources of their adopted
country and of the grandeur of its future destiny and of its
rapid progress, and which, so to speak, brought about a reac-
tion Inwards the opposite extreme in the minds of the class
to w hom I refer. This enthusiasm was. to say the least, par-
donable under the circumstances, for all men are prone to
think that objects which intensely engross their whole atten-
tion are of more importance than the world at large is pleased
to admit. Every man worth his salt thinks his own geese are
swans.

A notable exception to this narrow-mindedness was, how-
ever, displayed by the Government of Singapore, especially
by its present Governor, Sir Ckcil Clementi S.viith, who
let no opportunity pass of encouraging the efforts of the in-
fant Government by practical assistance and unprejudiced
counsel.

Lord Brassey, whose visit to Borneo in the Sunbeam I have
mentioned, showed a kindly appreciation of the efforts of the
Company's officers, and practically evinced his faith in the fu-
ture of the country by joining the Court of Directors on his
return to England.

In the number of the " Nineteenth Century" for August,
1887, is a sketch of the then position of the portion of Bor-
neo which is under the British influence, from his pen.

As the country is developed and land taken up by Euro-
pean planters and Chinese, the Company will be called upon

112 BRITISH BORNRO.

for further expenditure on public works, in the shape of
roads, for at present, in the interior, there exist only rough
native tracks, made use of by the natives when there does not
happen to be a river handy for the transport of themselves
and their goods. Though well watered enough, British North
Borneo poaseases no rivers navigable for European vessels of
any size, except perhaps the Sibuku River, the possession of
which is at the present moment a subject of dispute with the
the Dutch. This is due to the natural configuration of the
country. Borneo, towards the North, becoming comparatively
narrow and of roughly triangular shape, with the apex to the
North. The only other river of any size and navigable for
vessels drawing about nine feet over the bar, is the Kinaba-
tangan, which, like the Sibuku, is on the East side, the coast
range of mountains, of which Kinabalu forms a part, being at
no great distance from the West coast and so preventing the
occurrence of any large rivers on that side. From data al-
ready to hand, it is calculated that the proceeds of Land Sales
for 1887 and 1888 will equal the total revenue from all other
sources, and a portion of this will doubtless be set aside for
road making and other requisite public works.

The question may be asked what has the Company done
for North Borneo?

A brief reply to this question would include the following
points. The Company has paved the way to the ultimate
extinction of the practice of slavery ; it has dealt the final
blow to the piracy and kidnapping which still lingered on its
coasts; it has substituted one strong and just Government
for numerous weak, cruel and unjust ones ; It has opened
Courts of Justice which know no distinction between races
and creeds, between rich and poor, between master and
slave ; it is rapidly adjusting ancient blood feuds between the
tribes and putting a stop to the old custom of head-hunting;
it has broken down the barrier erected by the coast Malays
to prevent the aborigines having access to the outer world
and is thus enabling trade and its accompanying civilisation
to reach the interior races; and it is attracting European and
Chinese capital to the country and opening a market for Brit-
ish traders.

These are some, and not inconsiderable ones, of llie achieve-
menls of the British North Borneo Company, which, in its
humble way, affords another example of the lact that the
" expansion of Britain " has been in the main due not lo the
exertions of its Government so much as to |thc energy and
enterprise of individual citizens, and Sir Alfked Dent, the
the loundcr. and Sir Ruthekkord AlcocK, the guide and
supporter of the British North Borneo Company, cannot but
feel a proud satisfaction in the reflection that their energy
and patient perseverance have resulted in conferring upon so
considerable a portion of the island of Borneo the benefits
above enumerated and in adding another Colony to the long
list of the Dependencies of the British Crown.

In the matter of geographical exploration, too, the Com-
pany and its officers have not been idle, as the map brought
out by the Company sufficiently shews, for previous maps of
North Borneo will be found very barren and uninteresting,
the interior being almost a complete blank, though possessing
one natural feature which is conspicuous by its absence in
the more recent and trustworthy one. and that is the large
lake of Kinabalu, which the explorations of the late Mr. F. K.
WlTTl have proved to be non-existent. Two explanations
are given of the origin of the myth of the Kinabalu Lake — one
is Ihal in the district, where it was supposed lo exist, exten-
sive floods do take place in verj' wet seasons, giving it Ihe
appearance of a lake, and. 1 believe there are many similar
instances in Dutch Borneo, where a tract of country liable to
be heavily flooded has been dignified with the name of Danau,
which is Malay tor lake, so that the mistake of the European
cartographers is a pardonable one. The other explanation
is that the district in question is known to the aboriginal in-
habitants as Danau, a word which, in their language, has no
particular meaning, but which, as above stated, signifies, in
Malay, a lake. The lirst European visitors would have gained
all their information from the Malay coast tribes, and the rea-
son for their mistaken supposition of the existence of a large
lake can be readily understood. The two principal pioneer
explorers of British North Borneo were With and Frank
HattoN, both of whom met with violent deaths. WlTTi'S

114

services as one of ihe lirst officers stationed in the country,
before the British North Borneo Company was formed, have
already been referred to, and I have drawn on his able report
for a short account of the slave system which formerly pre-
vailed. He had served in the Austrian Navy and was a very
energetic, courageous and accomplished man. Besides minor
journeys, he had traversed the country from West to East
and from North to South, and it was on his last journey from
Pappar, on the West Coast, inland to the headwaters of the
Kinabatangan and Sambakong Rivers, that he was murdered
by a tribe, whose language none of his party understood, but
whose confidence he had endeavoured to win by reposing
conlidence in them, to the extent even of letting them carry
his carbine. He and his men had slept in the village one
night, and on the following day some of the tribe joined the
party as guides, but led them into the ambuscade, where the
gallant WiTT[ and many of his men were killed by sampi-
tans.* So far as we have been able to ascertain the sole rea-
son for the attack was the fact that Witti had come to the
district from a tribe with whom these people were at war, and
he was, therefore, according to native custom, deemed also
to be an enemy. Frank Hatton joined the Company's
service with the object of investigating the mineral resources
of the country and in the course of his work travelled over a
great portion of the Territory, prosecuting his journeys from
both the West and the East coasts, and undergoing the hardships
incidental to travel in a roadless, tropical country with such
ability, pluck and success as surprised me in one so young and
slight and previously untrained and inexperienced in rough
pioneering work.

He more than once found himself in critical positions with
inland tribes, who had never seen or heard of a white man,
but his calmness and intrepidity carried him safely through

* The sumpitan. or native blow-pipe, has been Frequently dewribed by
writers on Borneo, It is a tube 61 feet long, carefully perforated lengthwise
and through which is fired a poisoned dart, which has an extreme range of
about 80 to 90 yards, but is effective at about 10 to jo yards. It takes (he
place in Borneo of the bow and arrow of savage tribes, and is used only by
the aborigines and not by the Muhammadan natives.

BRITISH BORNEO.

t'5

such difficulties, and with several chiefs he became a sworn bro-
ther, going through the peculiar ceremonies customary on
such occasions. In 1 883, he was ascending the Segama River
to endeavour to verify the native reports of the existence of
gold in the district when, landing on the bank, he shot at and
wounded an elephant, and while following it up through the
jungle, his repeating rifle caught in a rattan and went off, the
bullet passing through his chest, causing almost immediate
death, Hatton, before leaving England, had given promise
of a distinguished scientific career, and his untimely fate was
deeply mourned by his brother officers and a large circle of
friends. An interesting memoir ofhim has been published by
his father, Mr. JOSEPH Hatton. and a summary of his jour-
neys and those of WiTTI, and other explorers in British North
Borneo, appeared in the " Proceedings of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society and Monthly Record of Geography" for March,
1888, being the substance of a paper read before the Society by
Admiral R. C. Mavne, C.B., MP. A memorial cross has been
erected at Sandakan, by their brother officers, to the memorj'
of WlTTl, Hatton, DE Fontaink and Sikh officers and pn-
vales who have lost their lives in the service of the Government.
To return for a moment to the matter of fault-finding,
it would be ridiculous to maintain that no mistakes have
been made in launching British North Borneo on its career
as a British Dependency, but then I do not suppose that any
single Colony of the Crown has been, or will be inaugurated
without similar mistakes occurring, such, for instance, as the
withholding money where money was needed and could have
been profitably expended, and a too lavish expenditure in
other and less important directions. Examples will occur to
every reader who has studied our Colnnial historj*. If we take
the case of the Colony of the Straits Settlement!:, now
one of our most prosperous Crown Colonies and which was
founded by the East India Company, it will be seen that in
1826-7 the "mistakes" of the administration were on such
a scale that there was an annual deficit of j{|ioo,ooo, and the
presence of the Govern or- General of India was called for to
abolish useless offices and ePfecl retrenchments throughout
the 5cr\'icc.

BRITISH BORNEO.

The British North Borneo Company possesses a valuable
property, and one which is daily increasing in value,
they continue to manage it with the care hitherto exhibited^
and if, remembering that they are not yet quite out of thi
wood, they are careful to avoid, on the one hand, a loi
lavish expenditure and, on the other, an unwise parsimony,
there cannot, I should say, be a doubt that a fair return will,
at no very distant date, be made to them on the capital they
have expended.

As tor the country per se, I consider that its success i
assured, whether it remains under the rule of the Company c
is received into the fellowship of bond fide Colonies of thq
Empire.

In bringing to a conclusion my brief account of the Terr^
lory, some notice of its suitability as a residence for Eurw
peans may not be out of place, as bearing on the questic
" what are we to do with our boys ? "

I have my own experience of seventeen years' service ii
Northern Borneo, and the authority of Dr. Walkek, the
Medical Officer of the Government, for saying that in its
general effect on the health of Europeans, the climate of F
ish North Borneo, as a whole, compares not uiifavourabi
with that of other tropical countries.

There is no particular " uiihealthy season," and European^
who lead a temperate and active life have little to complaim
of, except the tolal absence of any cold season, to relieve the
monotony of eternal summer. On the hiils of the interior,,!
no doubt, an almost perfect climate could be obtained.

One great drawback to life for Europeans in all tropica! '
places is the fact that it is unwise to keep children out after
they have attained the age of seven or eight years, but up to
that age the climate appears to agree very well with them
,Tnd ihey enjoy an immunity from measles, whooping cough
and other infantile diseases. This enforced separation from
wife and family is one of the greatest disadvantages
c.ireer in the tropics.

We have not, unfortunately, had much experience as to howl
the climate of British North Borneo afTecls English ladies, I
but, judging from surrounding Colonics, I fear it will be found J

BRITISH BORNEO.

117

ihat they cannot stand it quite so well as the men, owing, no
doubt, to their not being able to lead such an aclive life and
to their not having official and business matter to occupy their
attention during the greater part of the day, as is the case
with their husbands,

Of course, it sufficient care is taken to select a swampy
spot, charged with all the elements oE fever and miasma,
splendidly unhealthy localities can be found in North Borneo,
a residence in which would prove fata! to the strongest con-
stitution, and I have also pointed out that on clearing new-
ground for plantations fever almost inevitably occurs, but, as
Dr. WAt.KER has remarked, the sickness of the newly opened
clearings does not last long when ordinary sanitary precau-
lions are duly observed.

At present the only employers of Europeans are the Gov-
erning Company, who have a long list of applicants for ap-
pointments, the Tobacco Companies, and two Timber Com-
panies. Nearly all the Tobacco Companies at present at
work are of foreign nationality and, doubtless, would give the
preference to Dutch and German managers and assistants.
Until more English Companies are formed, I fear there will
be no opening in British North Borneo for many young Eng-
lishmen not possessed of capital sufficient to start planting on
their own account. It will be remembered that the trade in
the natural products of the country is practicallv in the hands
of the Chinese.

Among the other advantages of North Borneo is its entire
freedom from the presence of the larger carnivora — the
tiger or the panther. Ashore, with the exception of a
few poisonous snakes — ^and during seventeen years' residence
1 have never heard of a fatal result from a bite— there Is no
animal which will attack man, but this is far from being the
case with the rivers and seas, which, in many places, abound
in crocodiles and sharks. The crocodiles are the most dread-
ed animals, and are found in both fresh and salt water. Cases
are not unknown of whole villages being compelled to remove
to a distance, owing to the presence of a number of man-eat-
ing crocodiles In a particular bend of a riven this happened

IlS BRITISH BORNEO,

to the village of Sebongan on the Kinabatangan River, which
has been quite abandoned.

Crocodiles in lime become very bold and will carry off peo-
ple bathing on the steps of their houses over the water, and
even take them bodily out of their canoes.

At an estate on the island of Daat, I had two men thus
carried off out of their boats, at sea, after sunset, in both cases
the mutilated bodies being subsequently recovered. The
largest crocodile i have seen was one which was washed
ashore on an island, dead, and which I found to measure with-
in an inch of twenty feet.

Some natives entertain the theory that a crocodile will not
touch you if you are swimming or floating in the water and
not holding on to any thing, but this is a theorj- which I should
not oare to put practically lo the test myself,

There is a nntive superstition in some parts of the West
Coast, to the effect that the washing of a. mosquito curtain in
a stream is sure to excite the anger of the crocodiles and
cause Ihem to become dangerous. So implicit was the belief
in this superstition, that the Brunai Government proclaimed
it a punishable crime for any person to wash a mosquito cur-
tain in a running stream.

When that Government was succeeded by the Company,
this proclamation fell into abeyance. but it unfortunately hap-
pened that a woman at Mempakul, availing herself of the
laxity of the law in this matter, did actually wash her curtain
in a creek, and that very night her husband was seized and
carried off by a crocodile while on the steps of his house, for-
tunately, an alarm was raised in time, and his friends managed
to rescue him, (hough badly wounded ; but the belief in the
superstition cannot but have been strengthened by the
incident.

Some of the aboriginal natives on the West Coast are keen
sportsmen and, in the pursuit of deer and wild pig, employ a
curious small dog, which they call asu, not making use of the
Malay word for dog — anjtns. The termaiw is that generally
employed by the Javanese, from whose country possibly the
dog may have been introduced into Borneo. In Brunai, dogs

HRITISH BORNEO. Iig

are called iuj'oi, a term said to be of Sumalran ori-
gin.

On Ihe Nurth and East there are large herds of wild cattle
said to belong to two species, Bos Banteng and Bos Gaurtis
or Bos Sondaicus. In the vicinity of Kudat they afford
excellent sport, a description of which has been given, in a
numberoftne "Borneo Herald," by Resident G. L. Davies,
who, in addition to being a skilful manager of the aborigines,
is a keen sportsman. The native name for them on the East
Coast is Lissang or Sflaiiang. and on the North. Tamhadau.
In some districts the water buffalo, Bubalus Buffeius, has run
wild and affords sport.

The deer are of three kinds — the Rusa or Samhur {Rusa
An'slotelis,), the Kijang or roe, and the Plandok, or
mousedeer, the latter a delicately shaped little animal, smaller
and lighter than the European hare. With the natives it is
an emblem of cunning, and there are many short stories
illustrating its supposed more than human intelligence. Wild
pig, thc5wj iflrAu/«y. a kind distinct from the Indian animal,
and, I should say, less ferocious, is a pest all over Borneo,
breaking down fences and destroying crops. The jungle is
too universal and too thick to allow of pig-sticking from horse-
back, but good sport can be had. wiih a spear, on foot, if a
good pack of native dogs is got together.

It is on the East Coast onlv that elephants and rhinoce-
ros, called Gajah and Badak respectively, are found. The
elephant is the same as the Indian one and is fairly abundant ;
the rhinoceros is Rhinoceron sumatranus, and is not so
frequently met with.

The elephant in Borneo is a timid animal and, therefore,
difficult to come up with in ihe thick jungle. None have been
shot by Europeans so far, but the natives, who can walk
through the forest so much more quietly, sometimes shoot
them, and dead tusks are also often brought in for sale.

The natives in the East Coast are very few in numbers and
on neither coast is there any tribe of professional hunters, or
ikikaris, as in India and Ceylon, so that, although game
abounds, there are not, at present, such facilities for Euro-

BRITISH BORNEO.

I the countries

sport as

', but is not often met

peans desirous of enga
named.*

A little] Malay bear occurs in Born
with, and is not a formidable animal.

My readers all know that Borneo is the home of the Orang-
utan or Mias. as it is called by the natives. N better
description of the animal could be desired than that given by
Wallace in his "Malay Archipelago." There is an excellent
picture of a young one in the seccind volume of Dr. Glille-
MARD's " Cruise of the Marchesa," Another curious monkey,
common in mangrove swamps, is the long-nosed ape, or Paka-
tan. which possesses a fleshy probosis some three inches
long. It is difficult to tame, and does not live long in cap-
tivity.

As in Sumatra, which Borneo much resembles in its fauna and
flora, the peacock is absent, and its place taken by the Argus
pheasant. Other handsome pheasants are the Fi'reiaci and
the Bufwer pheasants, the latter so named after Governor
Sir Henry Bulweh, who took the first specimen home in
1874. These pheasants do not rise in the jungle and are,
therefore, uninteresting to the Borneo sportsman, They are
frequently trapped by the natives. There are many kinds of
pigeons, which afford good sport. Snipe occur, but not plen-
tifully. Curlew are numerous in some localities, but very
wild. The small China quail are abundant on cleared spaces,
as also is the painted plover, but cleared spaces in Borneo
are somewhat few and far between, So much for sport in the
new Colony.

Let me conclude my paper by quoting the motto of the
British North Borneo Company — Pergo et ferago — 1 under-

n his fasciriAling book, " The Cruise of the Marchess,"
states, that two Eng'ish oRicers, both af them well-known sportsmen, devoted
(our months to big game shooling in British North Borneo and returned (o
Hongkong entirely unsuccessful. Dr. Guillemard was misinformed. The
officers were not more than a neek in the country on their way to Hongkong
from Singapore and Sarawak, and did not devote their time to sport. Some
other oE the author's remarks concetninE Bciliah North Borneo are somewhat
incorrect and appear to have been based on information derived from a preju-

BRITISH BORNEO. 121

take a thing and go through with it. Doeged persistence has,
so far, given the Territory a fair start on its way to prosperity,
and the same perseverance will, in time, be assuredly rewarded
by complete success.*

W. H. TREACHER.

P.S. — I cannot close this article without expressing my great
obligations to Mr. C. V. Creagh, the present Governor of
North Borneo, and to Mr. KiNDERSLEY, the Secretary to the
Company in London, for information which has been incor-
porated in these notes.

* In 1889, the Company declared their first Dividend.

JOURNAL OF A COLLECTING EXPEDITION

TO THE MOUNTAIN OF BATANG

PADANG, PERAK.

L. WRAV, Jr.

j N Monday, ihe 6th of June, 18R8. in accordance

•VMBl ivith instructions received, I left Taiping and pro-

^■|^K cccded to Tdok Anson in the S.S. Kinta, and

a>^ after seeing the baggage put on board a river-boat,

J^ and paying a visit to the Superintendent. Lower

Perak, started at about 10 a.m. on the 7th for Tapa.

At the half-way Resthouse I was mel by a pony, and rode

the rest of the way, reaching Tapa at 6.30 P.M.

The first four or five milfs of road from Durian Sabatang
passes through a nearly level country, which, judging from
appearances, is eminently suited to the growth of padi or
sugar-cane. The surface soil is rich and black, and, from
what can be seen of it by inspecting the ditches, is of considera-
ble depth. The upper part of the road near Tapa also passes
through some fine land, but it is of quite a different character,
being hilly and with a reddish yellow soil, light and quite
sandy in places. Its quality is shown by the luxuriant growth
of the various products which have been already planted, such
as bananas, pepper, coco-nuts. Indian corn. &c. The latter
can be planted many times in succession on the same land
without manure. The rule in other parts of the State is that
only one crop of thi.'j plant can be taken off even virgin forest
land. So that it is evident there must be in the soil near
Tapa considerable quantitii'S of some inorganic substance
which is essential to the growth ol maiio, and which is pre-
sent in the soil of other parts of Perak only in minute quanti-
ties. The rock from which much of this soil is derived is a
paleozoic schistose formation. There is also, of necessity, in

the soil a considerable admixture of the detritus of the grani-
tic formations of which the higher hilla in Batang Padang, as
in other parts of the State, are exclusively composed.

My party consisted of Mr. JELLAH, the Collector and Taxi-
dermist of the Museum, a Kling called Harison, whom I
engaged to help in the collection of botanical specimens — he
having had three or four years' experience in the same work
with the late Mr. Kunstler — a Malay called MahrASIT, and
a Malay "boy " who accompanied the late Mr. CAMERON on
many of his explorations. The two former came up in the
boat to Tapa with the baggage, and the two latter overland
with me.

The boat arrived on the evening of the i ith, having been
five days and-a-half coming a distance of about 2o miles as
the crow flies; and on the 12th the baggage was moved into
an empty shop in the village.

The great amount of impedimenta which it is necessary to
take about with one on a collecting expedition, is a most
serious drawback, when once the roads are left ; but without
it nothing can be done, and one might just as well stay at
home. The worst part of it is, that the longer the trip lasts
the more the baggage increases, instead of decreasing as it
does on an ordinary occasion.

Toh Bias, the Penghulu of Tapa, having a few days before
I arrived married a new wife, could not be induced to leave
his bride and go to Kuala Woh to look for Sakais to c;irry
up the baggage to Gunong Batu Puteh, till the I3th. and then
he went very unwillingly, and it v\'as six days more before
ihey began to arrive at Tapa, and then only ten men came.
My brother, Mr. Cecil Wrav, then sent to Chendariang for
some, but without success. The difficulty at that time in
obtaining Sakais was that they were all felling and burning
the jungle to plant rice for the next season's crop.

During thi.s enforced stay at Tapa, we went out every day
collecting, and got 32 species of plants, 27 bird skins, and 3
mammals, besides many insects. I also took some photo-
graphs of some of the most typical of the Sakais,

On the a5th we were able to leave Tapa. We then had
32 Sakais, and the heavy baggage had to be put into two boats

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO UATANG PADANG. 125

and poled up the river to Kuala Woli, which place we reached
after a walk of two and-a-half hours, the track crossing the
Batang Padang River twice. The whole way, wherever there
was an opening in the jungle, we met with swarms of yellow
butterflies. There must have been millions of lliem spread
over the country. In places they were settled so thickly that
the ground could not be seen. Some of these patches were
two and three feet in diameter, and alter driving away the but-
terflies the ground was quite yellow from pieces of their wings
and dead ones, I have never seen such a sight before, al-
most any sweep of a butterfly net would catch a dozen or
more. In the afternoon it came on to blow, just before a
shower of rain, and all the butterflies at once took up posi-
tions on the undersides of the leaves of trees and plants and
on the lee sides of the stems and roots. They were all of one
species of Terias (Terias hecabe). and the Malays said that
they had appeared about a week before wc saw them. The
whole of the next day's march they were quite as numerous,
though we rose to an altitude of 1,130 feet above sea level,
and they were also fairly common as high as the camp on
Gunong Balu Puteh, which we reached on the day after.

Almost ihe whole of the land passed through, lying between
Tapa and Kuala Woh, is of most excellent quality, a great deal
of it being covered with bamboo forest. The bamboo seemed
to belong to one species only, and is known by the Malay
name of buluh telor.

The track passes through several Sakai clearings, one of
which was in a most creditable slate of cultivation. In an-
other there was a typical Sakai house on very tall posts and
with a considerable sized raised platform on a level with the
lanti floor. There were also two Sakai graves near the
track. They were raised like the Malay ones, and well taken
care of. On them were the remains of fruit, flowers, Indian
corn, coco-nut shells, bottle-gourds, roots, &c., which had been
placed ihcre probably as offerings to the dead.

One of the boats containing the baggage arrived at Kuala
Woh at 5 p. M., having been eight hours on the way, and the
other did not arrive till about 6 A. M. on the morning of the
25th, and at 9 A. M. on that day we started up the valley of the

126 COLl.ECTlSti EXPEDITION TO BAIANG PADANC.

Woti with 21 Sakais as baggage carriers, but as they couM
take only a small part of it, I was forced to leave a great quanti-
ty at Kuala Woh in charge of Jellah and HarisON.

For the lirst few miles after leaving Kuala Woh, the jungle
is almost exclusively bamlioo. This land is undulating and of
fine quality, but it ends at Changkat Bcrchilding, ami then
the track passes over some considerable hills and down into
some valleys of which the soil is apparently good, but the slopes
are steep and the Sakais have spoiled large portions of it by
making ladartgs-

It is as well to mention that there Is no reason why the track
should go over all these hills, except that native tracks always
do go over the extreme tops of all hills which are anywhere
near the line of route.

We reached the foot of Gunong Tlatu Puleh at 12.50 P. M.,
and camped for the night on the banks of the Woh. This
place is 1,030 feet above sea level. The thermometer showed
the following lempuratures : — at 3 p. M. 70° F., and at 9 p. M.
72°, and at another visit on August 7th it showed at z, 1 5 P. M.
78°, at 5 P. M. 72°, and the next morning at 6 A, M. 68°.

At the foot of Batu Futeh, bamboo jungle again appears,
and as this is at an elevation of 1 ,030 feet, it would be most
valuable tea land if of sufficient extent, and looked at from ihe
top of the rocky spur on Uunong Batu Puteh it seems to be of
considerable area. In fact a track of bamboo jungle appears
to run right up the valley of the Woh from its kuala to the
camp, and possibly much farther.

At 7.40 a. m. on the 27th we left the camp on the Woh
and reached the south-west spur of Gunong Batu Puteh at
12.50 P. M. This spot is 4,300 feet above sea level by
aneroid, and is the place on which the previous expedition
camped.

Having set all harnls to work re-making the old huts, we

5 clouds

climbed the rock on the top of the spur, but the dri

hid almost everything, and v

3 while there. There were fi
tain plants on the tup and ■
few pretty ground orchitis,

■ had (

rs, my
of the

veral sharp showers of

rtles and other

; found a

I particular with a bunch of
large yellow flowers on a slalk two or three feet high, and a

COLLECTING EXPEU1TI0N TO BATANG PADANC,

127
Tiit of

white flowered species which is common on the s
Gunonji Hijau in Larut.

It rained the greater part of the night, and as the hut was
not weather-tight we got very wet, cold and miserable. The
next morning, the 2Sth, was cloudy and cold, with frequent
showers of rain, so that not much could be done in any direc-
tion. Eleven of the Sakais ran away early in the morning,
leaving us with only 10 men. Four of these men. and a Malay
I engaged at Tapa, were sent down to Kuala Woh to bring up
some more baggage and the remaining six with the Malays began
putting the house in order and trying to make it waterproof.

I went out into the jungle, but only saw a few birds, which
were all of the same species as those I previously collected on
the Larut hills. In the afternoon, as it seemed to be clearing
up, we ascended the rock again, which by the bye is a very stiff
climb, and got a fleeting sight between the masses of drifting
cloud of the real top of the mountain, which 1 estimated to be
at least 2,000 feet higher than the top of the rock, which is
400 feet above the camp.

From the rocky point, a splendid view is to be had, compris-
ing almost the whole district of Batang Padang, and further in
the distance Lower Perak, the Dindings and the Larut hills,
Bujang Malaka and the hills to the north end off Kluta, and
the summit of Batu Futeh itself hides the northern continua-
tion of the main range.

Looking down from this rock, there appears to be a nice
piece of planting land at about 2,000 or 2,500 feet elevation. It
does not seem steep, and there is a line stream near it. It is
situated in the valley formed by the spur on which I then was,
on the one side, and the spur extending out in the direction of
Gunong Brapit on the other. Most of the higher lands on
Batu Puteh are very steep, although of fine quality as far Ss
soil goes.

On the rocks near the summit, a quantity of a plant called
chimbuai grows. This plant is much valued by the Malays,
as it is supposed to act as a love-philter. It probably belongs
to the Ophioglossdcex, and is a delicate rush-like plant about
lliree inches high, havingils spores in little tassels on the tops
of the leaves.

128 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

The nest day, the zgth, I took a photograph of the camp
and Sakais, and took the measures of the latter, and at about
noon Mr. C. Wray and all the Sakais left. The former had
gone up wilh the intention of trying to make the ascent of the
rea! summit of Batu Puteli , but the running away of the Sakais
and the bad weather rendered this impossible.

Mahrasit and the "boy" went on with the house, but as
there were only small palm leaves to be had at that elevation,
it was not easy to make a weather-tight house, and if it had not
been for the waterproof sheets kindly lent by the Commis-
sioner, Perak Sikhs, I do not know how we should have got
on, as the preservation of botanical and other specimens would
have been almost impossible.

On the 30th six Sakais came up with more things, and on
the 1st July, Jellah, HariSON and 9 Sakais arrived. From
this day to the yth 1 have nothing particular to record. During
that time the remainder of the baggage arrived, and I had dry-
ing stages put up for sunning plants, cut a track in a norther-
ly direction across to another ridge, and collected birds, plants
and insects. 1 had one of the Malay ground bird-traps set,
first in one place, and then in another, but without any result.

I had hopes that there might have been some representatives
of the Indian hill pheasants, partridges and other ground birds
on the I'erak mountains, but if there are any we failed to catch
them. The trap that I used consists of a small hedge made of
branches and leaves with openings every few yards. On the
ground aross the openings are placed light wicker-work frames,
which being trodden on, release bent sticks, which are attached
to nooses laid on the frames and which the bent sticks draw
up, so as to catch the legs of any birds which may tread on
the frames. 1 also had an English trap, the " Rutland," but it
also caught nothing.

I was fortunate enough, on the 6th, to shoot a fine example
of the Black Eagle (Neopus malayensisjnot far from camp.

A pair of them were circling round the tops of some tall
trees in the jungle, and I brought down the female. It measur-
ed 5 feet 10 inches across the wings, and its plumage was far
darker than that of the two specimens I obtained last year on
the Larut hills, but it is evidently of the same species, In its

C0LLECT1MC EXPEDITION TO BATANC PADANG.

139

stomach I found two eggs and the half digested remains of a
rat. The presence of the eggs shows it to have the same habit
of robbing the nesls of other birds as its Indian congener.

On the 8lh I started at 8 A. M. with MahRASIT, Harison
and a Saicai along the track to the North, which I have already
mentioned, and then struck up the spur until we reached the
top of the ridge joining the western peak with the main hill,
and then followed that ridge, which runs in an easterly direc-
tion up and down hills until we came to the Batu Puteh itself,
after which it was nearly all steady up-hill work. We had
to cut a track the whole way through a particularly thick and
thorny undergrowth, and it was 2 P. M. before we reached the
extreme summit, which the aneroid made 6.700 feet above sea
level.

I took up my gun in the hopes of getting some new birds,
but only saw a tew of one species, one specimen of which I
shot, it is a Mesia of a species I have not seen before. Al-
though I was disappointed in the matter of birds, still had I
not taken the gun we should not, on that occasion, have reach-
ed the top of the hill, for a tiger had preceded us by a few
hours, from the ridge right up to the very summit of the moun-
tain, and as may be imagined, there was not any anxiety
amongst my companions to follow up the tracks, and they
would most certainly have refused to do so if there had been
no fire arms amongst the party, though for that matter, as I
had no ball cartridges, it would have been no earthly use, but
for obvious reasons I kupt this fact to myself. Only two days
before a tiger, probably the same one. was seen by HahiSON
not 200 yards from the camp in the middle of the day.

It seems strange to find tigers in such a place, for there
appeared to be absolutely no game, not a single track of a pig,
deer or any other animal having been seen by us during our
stay on Gunong Batu Puteh.

The forest near the top of the mountain is most curious,
consisting of twisted, stunted, wind-blown trees covered all
over with a dense shaggy coating of moss, the ground, rocks,
roots and dead trees being all hidden in the same manner.
The moss is of all tints of greens, greenish-yellow, browns,
red-browns and pinks, and is of many kinds, Some of them

J30 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

being extremely elegant, both in form and colouring. Sucl
luxuriant and beautiful growth o( moss f had never seen before
In the scrub near the summit, Rhododendrons o\ manyspecies
are common, one of them growing into quite a large tree, but
unfortunately no flowers of this plant could be found. Another
species has the petals of the flower yellow and the tube orange-
red, another white, and a pretty liltle round-leaved one has
crimson flowers.

An orchid of considerable beauty grows not far from the top,
and seems to be a very free (iowerer. It is a purplish flowered
Dendrobium. \ also collected some plants of a very pretty
Anxctochihis : it resembles A. setaceiis very closely, but thj
leaves instead of being dark red-brown veined with yellow, a
ralher pale velvety green, with pure white v ' '
fortunately it was not in flower, so I had to take the plant!
which when planted in baskets may, if they live, yield flowers^
and the species may ultimately be determined. In all we
collected over go botanical specimens, and had there been time
and some more men to carry them we might have got maovi
more.

It was a beautifully fine day, but the distance, as is so oftd
the case in dry, hot weather, was rather hazy. The vic^
however, from the summit was splendid, but it is quite i
possible to describe It, and owing to want of time, I could not
make any sketches. To the East, looking down into Pahang,
there is nothing to be seen in the way of mountains, as far as
the eye could reach. The country seems to consist of large
broad valleys, with a few ranges of small hills. On these hills
we could see many Sakai clearings as well as clearings in the
valleys, which are probably Malay. The thickness of the range
at this point is very little. 1 should not think it can be more
than eight miles. To the South no large hills are visible for
many miles, but to the North the hill country expands anda
broadens out, and peak upon peak can be made out stretchin
away into the far distance.

Gunong Balu Puteh is, therefore, the end of the range c
higher hills going southwards, though ihe range again rise
into some lofty peaks In Slim.

ircttv

It th^^^

"'ers, I

1 we

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG. 13I

Having collected all the plants we could carry, we returned,
reached the camp again at 6 p.m., having been 10 hours on
the tramp.

The next day, the glh, I spent in putting the previous day's
collection of plants into paper, and on the loth I took three
photographs from the rocky ridge connecting the spur with the
main mountains — one of the rocks which form the top of the
spur, one of the summit of Batu Puteh, and one of the hills
looking over in the direction of Gunong Bujang Malaka.

The next day I looked over the dried plants and put all those
which were dry into Chinese papor, and sent them down to
Tapaonthc I2lh. Up tothat time Ihad collected 241 species
of plants and 61 specimens of birds. One serious drawback to
the pl.-ice was the great quantity of blow-flies, which, unless
great care was taken, spoiled all the bird-skins, as well as woollen
clothes, blankets, food, &c. The strange thing about these flies
is the question where they can be bred in the jungle, for, as I
have already noticed, there is such a great scarcity of animal
life, and consequently there can be but little decomposing
matter for them to breed in.

Woollen things are evidently taken by them for the fur of
animals, hence dead animals are clearly the natural food of the
larvx of these flies. Last year, near the Resident's Cottage,
1 shot a krekah monkey, and hung it up to a tree till I return-
ed, which was in about one hour's time, when it was flecked
all over with white eggs ; but the blow-flies are not anything
like so numerous on the* Larut hills as they are on those of
Batang Padang, probably because they are lower. The lowest
altitude at which they are met «ith seem to be 3,600 feet, but
they are not abundant till 4,000 feet is reached.

On the 15th I went down the hill (900 feet by aneroid) and
fixed on a site for a new camp, and set the men to work fell-
ing the jungle. This place seemed to be more frequented by
birds than the higher and bleaker camp, which was not at all
a good collecting station for birds, and by that time 1 had
about exhausted all the plants that were in fruit or flower near
it. A good number of the trees felled were either in fruit or
flower and I was able to add them to my collection.

'J2

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO UATANG PADANC.

On the top of one tree was a rather pretty Vanda \
flowers spotted with a darker shade of the same colour ; a
on another was a wild raspberry in full fruit, A tree top]
(.ertainly one of the last places on which one would have loi
ed for raspberries.

On the 17th sixteen Sakais came up to carry my thing:
down to Tapa, and I arranged with them to get attaps and
finish felling th<r jungle on the new site on the iSth, on the
morning of which day 1 went down wilh them, and then up
again to the camp and from there to the rock on the top of the
spur and afterwards to the gorge to the North of the camp to
collect orchids and ferns to lake down for the Resident.
Then packed them up in baskets and also packed up tlH
bird-skins and put the day's collection of botanical specima
in paper, cleaned guns, and made other preparations for lei
ing on the morrow.

L'p to that time 77 birds and 320 species of plants hd
been collected, and the object of going down to Tapa was f
properly dry and pack away this large collection, and free t
pressing paper, so as to be able to use it again.

1 had been away from Tapa about a month, and I must sa^
it had been anything but a pleasant lime ; for the hut was G
the leakiest, draughtiest and most uncomfortable description
for the bleak climate at that altitude, it being made of rattan
and small palm leaves— the only material available within a
distance of three or four miles. The temperature ranged from
56° to 68" in the house, and the wind, rain and mist drifted
right through it.

Most of my party were out of sorts, and I rather hesitated
as to leaving, but transport is so difficult to get that 1 decided to
risk it. JelLah had ague, Mahrasit nettle-rash and swollen
legs and feet, Harison bad legs, and the '■boy" a very much in-
flamed and swollen eye. 1 gave a supply of medicine to Jel-
LAH, and the boy and Harison were doctored at Tapa.

While at the upper camp 1 had an attack of what is known as
hill diarrhcca. a disease often met with at the Himalayan
hill stations of Simla and Nynee Tal, but 1 do not think that iba
has been recorded in the Malay Peninsula before.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANC PADANC.

133

At about 8 A. M. on the 19th I left the camp with Harison,
the "boy" and 18 Sakais, and reached Kuala Woh at 2 P. M.
The Sakais were too tirtrd to go on any farther that day, and so
1 forded the Woh and went with the " boy " only to Breumen,
and after much trouble got a boat and reached Tapa at 7 p. M.

The exposures of rock along the banks of the Batang Padang
River from Kuala Woh to Tapa are all, as far as I saw. of the
ancient stratified series. The beds are much twisted, contort-
ed and upheaved, in places the strata being nearly vertical.

Overlying these rocks are usually thick beds of river sands,
similar to that on which the village of Tapa stands. In places
these beds rise to 30 feet above the level of the river.

The rock exposures on the Woh are all apparently granitic.
The granite there and on Gunong Batu Puteh from base to
extreme summit is a coarse grained rock, with large white
felspar crystals and largely mixed with dull blue quartz. The
sand in the streams derived from this rock is very characteristic,
being quite blueish in appearance. The subsoil formed by its
decomposition is also much redder than that formed by the
granite of the Larut hills. The surface soil both there and in
other parts of Perak seems to depend, in a great measure, as
regards its vegetable constituenis or humus, on the presence
or absence of white ants (i'c*'mi'/«)- When the height at which
these insects cease to thrive is passed on the hills, a very mark-
ed difference in the colour and depth of the surface soil is notice-
able, and the same thing is to be seen in the low country in
swampy land which is unsuited to their existence.

That the soil is really any poorer for its loss of vegetable
matter is not at all certain, for the inorganic constituents of
the humus are still present, though they have been altered by
passing through an animal organism. This may account for
the fertility of some of the apparently very poor soils to be
seen in some parts of the State.

Nothing particular happened during the walk down from
Gunong Batu Puteh beyond the usual experiences of a long
jungle tramp, except that near Kuala Woh I saw in the middle
of the track just in front of me the head of a black cobra look-
ing out from under a root; a knock on the neck with my walk-
ing stick rendering it powerless. 1 got it out of its hole, and

while the "boy" way looking for a piece o{ jungle root to carry
it by, another smaller one glided out of the same hole, passed
me and took to the river before 1 had time to slop it.

The first one being a fine large specimen and quite unin-
jured, I took it to Tapa and put it into spirits. These black
cobras are fairly common in Batang Padang, but are very
scarce in other parts of Perak, so scarce that ! had never seen
any til! I went there.

I have called it a cobra, but it is not quite certain that it is
referable to the genus Naga. Possibly it may be a black varie-
ty of the Hamadryad, but if so it must either not attain a large
size, or it must quite change its livery as it grows older ; for I
was informed that it is unknown of a larger size than between
5 and 6 feet.

The next day, the 2oth. the Sakais brought on the baggage
from Kuala Woh, and I had ihe plants unpacked and put out
inlo the sun to dry as soon as possible. They seemed in good
condition, and there was no sign of their having heated, as
half-dried botanical specimens have a very unpleasant way of
doing, when packed up for long in this climate. 1 then went
to work on the live plants, which I brought down with me, and
by the next day they, together with a quantity more that Mr.
C. WrAY had collected, were all planted and packed up and
sent down the river in a boat to Telok Anson.

Mr. C. Wray and I went on the 22nd to see the new mine
at Chcndariang. We left at between ^ and 8 A. M., and reach-
ed Naga Bharu at 1 1 A. M., and from there went to the Sri
Muka mines. There are two very distinct varieties of tin-sand
obtained from these mines. The one being black, fine-grain-
ed and bright-looking; while the other is reddish, brown, or
while and very coarse-grained, varying from pieces the size of
the tip of the little finger to masses 100 or so pounds in weight.

I think it may safety be predicted that when tampan work-
ings are earned on, on the hills near Sri Muka. that some lodes
of considerable size and richness will be discovered ; for un-
doubtedly these large blocks of tin ore must have come from
such lodes, and probably at no very great distance from their
present resting place. The fine-grained biack tin-sand, 1
imagine, has been derived either from another formation, or.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANC. 135

more probably, it may have been disseminated through the
body of the rock, and the pale-coloured coarse-grained sand
and blocks of ore from lodes running through the same forma-
tion.

I bought one fine large lump of tin ore besides some smaller
ones for the Museum, and engaged a Chinese cooly to carry
them to Tapa.

The mine which is turning out so well, is that which former-
ly belonged to the Shanghai Company, and is within a hundred
yards of the Manager's old house. We saw a large quantity
of tin. sand and also a good many slabs of tin, and we were
informed that the owners estimated the sand then raised would
yield 70 bharas of tin.

There seems every reason to suppose that there is a very
large extent of land equally as good as this piece has turned
out to be, and that this valley will take many years to work
out, the area being quite as large as the Larut tin mining
districts of Tupai, Taiping and Kamunling,

The only drawback to the place is the transport. At the
lime I was there, the river was so low that boats could not go
up it, and the road to Tapa was little more than begun.

In consequence of this, the shops were all shut up, as they
had nothing left to sell, and the chief Towkay told us he only
had 30 bags of rice left, and that he had joo coolies to feed,
and in a few days if the drought continued he would have to
begin carrying rice from Tapa, a distance of between 8 and g
miles over about as vile a track as can welt be imagined. The
usual price of rice is from ^i to ^ gantangs per dollar, but at
the time 1 am speaking of, it was not to be had cheaper than
3 gan tangs.

The opening up of this district depends entirely on the
completion of the cart-road from Tapa, for at all times the
Chcndariang River is very difficult to navigate, and in times of
drought it is shut up altogether, it usually takes a cargo boat
20 days to go from Telok Anson to Chendarlang, a distance by
road [when made) of only twenty-nine miles. The high price
of provisions, consequent on this expensive transport, is a
serious tax on the miners, and it speaks a great deal for the
extreme richness of the land, that any mining can be carried

on with profit. Though at llie same time it is evident that only
the best of the land can be now worked, and that therefore
the State is the loser of a great deal of revenue, as land which
has had all the best parts of it worked out will not pay to
re-open and will probably be unworked (or many years to come.

With the exception of the first two miles, which has in great
part a laterite subsoil, lithologirally identical with the expo-
sure on the road to Kamunting near Drummond's house,
the land the whole way along the track from Tapa to Chen-
dariang is of splendid quality and admirably suitrd for any
low country cultivation. A great part of this land is covered
with forest (n'mba), and only a small part with bluta. The
Chendariang valley above Naga Bharu is well suited to wet
padi cultivation, and there are now in existence some consi-
derable bendmigs, which as there is an abundant supply
of water and level land, may be enlarged to a great extent
without much trouble.

Before leaving the mines, I looked over the heaps of mining
metal, and found a few interesting mineralogical specimens,
and on returning collected a good many botanical specimens.
At one place along the road the telegraph line was hanging
near the ground and touching a small sapling and at about
60 feet distance it was attached lo an insulator fastened to
the trunk of a tree. Running up the sapling and along ihe
wire to the distant tree, were hundreds of red-ants (keringa)
carrying green caterpillars each about one inch long; six or
eight ants 10 one caterpillar. The caterpillars were very
numerous, and all of one species.

On the 23rd I was all day shifting plants that were dry
into Chinese paper and tying them up ready to pack up in
boxes.

1 did not collect any more plants, as my object was to get
as large a stock of empty paper to take up the hill again as
possible, because the hill plants are more likely to be unknown
than those of the plains.

From this date to the jnd of August, I conlinued drj
botanical specimens and transferring them into Chinese papej
when dry enough, and dried and packed up the bird-skins.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG. t^-J

On the 3rd August I sent off the baggage up thi; river from
Tapa in a boat, and then followed overland to Kuala Woh.
On the road near Brcumen I collected flowering specimens of
the bamboo which forms the greater part^of the bamboo
forests. It goes by the native name of buiuh telor, and has
a stem usually striped with pale greenish white of 2\ inches or
so in diameter, and forty to sixty feet long.

1 reached Woh at about 4 P.M., and the boat half-an-hour
afterwards. On arrival i was greatly disappointed to find
that though Toh Bias had assured me there were Sakais at
Kuala Woh awaiting me, not one man was to be found. I
was told that Toh Bias had neither been there himself to
collect them, nor had he sent any one else to do so. It was
not till Sunday, the 7th, that enough Sakais were got together
lo carry up the baggage. During these three days I collected
plants and visited some of ihc Sakai ladatigs near Woh.

The parcelling out of the baggage to the Sakais is always
a work of time. They all, of course, look out for the lightest
packages, and you find them going off and leaving a good
half of it behind. Then comes a re-arrangement and perhaps
a second and even a third before it is equally divided, but
afterwards there is no more trouble, each man keeping to his
own load. I had one little box of shot which took some of
the men in in a most ridiculous manner. They all thought
it a charming little package until they came to try its weight.
At 9.45 on the morning of the yth, having distributed the
baggage, we left Kuala Woh and reached the camp at
L'lu Woh at I J. 30 P.M., and on the following morning at 7.30
A.M. started again and passed the new camp on Batu Puteh
at 10 A.M., and reached the higher one at noon.

On the morning of the Qth we found that eleven of the
fifteen Sakais had left during the night, so that we only had
four left to help carrying the baggage up to the top of the
hill. We left the camp al 8 a.m., and halted at noon at a
cave 1 had noticed on my first visit, and which seemed likely
to form a shelter from the rain. It was not exactly a cave,
but a cavity formed by one huge rock lying on and supported
on either side by two other masses of rock. The space
beneath it was about 30 feet long by 10 feet wide, and from

5 (et't higli on one side to about one foot on the other.
Having set the men to work to cut wood to make a lanti floor
and a wall of sticks and leaves to keep out some of the wind,
we went on up to the summit, but it was ho thick and cloudy
that nothing could be seen. However, we collected a quanti-
ty of plants and returned to the cave at a quarter past three
and shortly afterwards it began to rain, and continued rain-
ing nearly the whole of the time we were up there.

1 have before mentioned that the fresh tracks of a tiger
were seen on the first ascent of this hill and on the second
they were again seen. In fact the tiger had been right through
the cave in which we camped. The presence of fresh marks
on two occasions with an interval of a month between them
seems to show that the higher hiils of Perak are regularly
inhabited by tigers. I have previously often seen tracks on
the Larut hills, but then they are more than two thousand feet
lower. The last time I was at the Resident's Cottage I noticed
that the same habit which is common amongst domestic cats,
of eating grass as an emetic, is also in vogue amongst the larger
felid^; but as grass was not at hand, rattan leaves had been
eaten instead, and apparently with equally satisfactory results
as regards the patient.

A fact which does not seem to be in conformity with the
generally received ideas of the habits of the gibbons, is thai on
both of my ascents of the summit of Gunong Batu Puteh I heard
the cries of siamangs at between 6 and 7,000 feet altitude.
One would have thought that the climate was too cold and
bleak for such delicate animals, but it appears that they can
and do voluntarily stand a considerable degree of cold with-
out any inconvenience. It is, therefore, probable thai want of
exercise and proper food has been the real difficulty in the way
of sending them to Europe, and not the climate.

At the higher camp they were to be heard nearly every day,
and on one occasion they were makingagreat noise inthe mid-
dle of the night, which, by the bye, was a moonless one. On the
other hand the whole time I afterwards stayed at the lower
camp I never heard them once.

In the evening the wind rose and howled through the cave,
making us all shiver again with the cold.

139

The Sakais made a large fire in the end of the cave opposite
to that from which the wind came, and they and the Kling sat
shivering and groaning round it all night and the rest of us had
very little sleep, for besides the cold and wet, the /(7«/(' floor
was slanting and made of the most crooked, windblown and
uncomfortable pieces of wood that could be well imagined.

When it began lo get light on ihc morning of the lolh Uie
wind and mist were still drifting through the ca\f, everything
inside it was glistening with dew-like drops of water, and the
rain was still falling outside. Then that most trying of all
trying jungle operations had lo be gone through — that is, get-
ting out of bed and into one's cold sopping wet clothes of the
day before.

At about 8 A. M. we again went to the summit and stayed
there about an hour and-a-half, but instead of clearing, the fog
got thicker and the rain heavier and so we returned to the cave
and packed up the plants and the Other things and then as the
rice was all finished proceeded down the hill to the camp, the
rain continuing heavily the whole way.

The summit, looked at from Tapa, gives the Impression that
it is rounded in outline and of considerable area, but in reality
it is a sharp, thin ridge running in a N. N, E. & S, S. Wester-
ly direction and if viewed from cither of these directions it
would probably present a pointed, conical appearance.

The following temperatures were taken at the cave ; — 1 3,^o
P. M. 58°, 3.15 P. M,57°,6P, M,56'', 7 A.M. 55°, 9.30 A. M. 56^
1 am sorry I had no minimum thermometer with me, as it
must have gone down in the night several degrees lower than
the reading here recorded. 1 should think that on the grass
on the summit, during clear, calm, starlight nights, the freezing
point must sometimes be reached.

On our arrival at the camp we found letters containing the
sad news of Mr. EVANs' death from cholera at Tapa on the 7th
and in consequence Mr. C. Wray, who had joined me at Kuala
Woh on the ftth and made the ascent of Batu Putch in the
hopes of getting a view, went straight on down the hill to the
camp on the Woh. Mr. EvAXS arrived in Tapa on the day I
left, and I saw him for a few minutes at the Rest House. Al-
most all those who have been engaged in the work I have been

140 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

doing, have died within the last nine months. That is, Messrs.
SCORTECHINI, KUNSTLER, CAMERON, and now Mr. EvANS.

I found when I came to put the collection of plants into
paper, that they numbered 34 species, so that although owing
to the state of the weather we were not able to make any
topographical notes, the number of plants compensated, in a
measure, for the discomforts of the trip.

In the evening Harison was taken ill with diarrhoea, and
was writhing and groaning with violent pains in the stomach,
which w'e thought might be the beginning of an attack of chole-
ra, but it fortunately passed off after one dose of chlorodyne and
brandy, which quieted him and sent him off to sleep.

Six Sakais had come up in the afternoon with the remainder
of the things, which they left at the lower camp, and on the
1 ith they carried down the baggage from the upper camp, and
we all moved down in the afternoon. Unfortunati ly Jellah
had an attack of fever, and Mahrasi T was laid up with swollen
feet and legs, thus reducing the workers by two. Quite close
to the house was a tall tree which had been partly cut through,
but had not fallen, so 1 got the Sakais to go on cutting it, as
the cut had been begun so high up the stem that my remaining
Malay would not attempt it, for it required the agility of a
monkey to climb down from the stage to get dear of the tree
when falling. The wood was very tough and hard and it was
not till about 8 o'clock that it came crasliing down. For about
an hour or so the Sakais had to work by the light of dammars.
Next morning (12th) I found it was a species of oak, and
obtained fruiting specimens of it and of three other trees
knocked down by it. I also collected 21 other species of
plants, and caught a butterfly, a new specit-s of the genus
Loxura^ besides several other insects. That rare and beau-
tiful butterfly Cleromc fannula seemed to be [quite common,
and also a Delias nearly allied to D, parthcuopc. The latttr
extends up to the summit and was the only butterfly I noticed
there. Clerome fannula I find to be a very variable species,
the variation being present in both sexes. The extremes
of variation I took at first to be distinct species, but a larger
series of specimens showed that there were intermediate,
connecting links, joining the two.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG. I4I

I found that a considerable portion of the flora of the
higher mounlains was continued down to quite moderate
attitudes, but wliercas on the summits of the hills it grows in
the ground, lower down it grows on the tops of tall trees.
In felling the jungle for the lower camp many rhododen-
drons, nepenthts, myrtles and other plants which occur on
the extreme summits of the hills were found. This seems to
show that temperature is not so essential to their growth as
free exposure to the sunlight and air. and that epiphytism
may be onlv an acquired habit in many and perhaps in all
plants.

On the 13th and 14th the house and drying stages for
sunning the botanical specimens were finished, and collecting
was carried on. I obtained a snake that I have not seen
before, in the attaps of the house, with a sharp dorsal ridge and
light red eyes ; also a tree frog of the same species as the one
J collected on the Larut hills last yf^Tux (Phrynella putchra,
Blgr.). These little creatures live in holes in trees, and at
night make the whole jungle of the hills resound with their
pretty flute-like notes. They are in appearance something
like little brown bladd<-r5 with four legs, the head forming
only a slight projei lion between the front legs. They are
very difficult to collect, as they refuse to quit their holes, which
by the way are usually high up in the trees, and it was not till
I hit on a method of expelling them that I was certain as to
what produced the nightly chorus ol musical notes, This
method is to climb up the tree and fill the hole with water, then
drop in some salt. In a minute or two out hops the little frog,
ana if it is well washed in fresh water it is none the wor:-e for
its saline bath, as I have proved by keeping several of them
alive for some weeks afterwards to watch their habits, At the
higher camp on B.ilu Puteh they are very scarce, apparently it
is the top of the zjne inhabited by them and the bottom seems
to be reached at a little beluw 3,000 feet, sj that it may be said
that their range is from slightly below 3,000 feet tn a little
above 4,000 feet. Higher up the hills their place is tak^n by
a species with a loud, deep, luw-pitched booming but musical
note, and lower down by a specii-s with a note resembling that
uf the common crow, repeated twice. The lower limits of this

142 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANC PADANG.

species 1 have not ascertained but I cannot recall hearing!
below 2,000 feet. These heights hold good both here and s
the Larut Hills, and, therefore, I presume generally in this part
of the Peninsula, and as these zones seem to be much more
constant than those formed by various plants, in the absence
of an aneroid, the "frog barometer" may be very advan-
tageously employed in the rough estimation of altitudes.

I captured an extremely beautiful leaf-like grasshopper.
It was pale emerald green with claret edging to the wings
and claret legs and cheeks. On the body and wings were
rows of dark centred blue spots and the feet were bright
yellow. It measured 4J inches in length and had black and
white banded antenna, 8 inches long. It was one of the
most elegantly coloured insects that could be imagined, but
the colouring is almost certain to fade in drying, as it unfor-
tunately nearly always does in this class of insect.

I caught a specimen of a rare Mycalesis and a very hand-
some Elymnias ; An almost perfect mimic of the common
EupltBa midamus. I watched it for some lime flying about,
but fancying it a common insect left it alone. Afterwards
when it was settled 1 ex.imined it more closely thinking it
might be the rarer E. mulciber which is distinguished by
having no marginal row of white spots on the posterior wings,
but the row of spots was there; then I noticed that the mar-
gins of these wings were serrated, which being a character
absent in the Dnm<Pilx, I at once caught it and found it to be an
Elymnias. Two other rare butterflies were also obtained, a
Stibo^es nymphidia and a species of the genus Prioncris.
The latter being almost certainly a new insect.

From the 15th to the 2jnd we continued collecting as well
as possible, but owing to the rain we could not go out much,
and the rain also caused much trouble in our attempts to dry
the botanical sjjecimcns. All hands being conlinually at
work putting them out in the sun and bringing them in again
to escape the frec|uent showers of rain.

Amongst other plants that were collected during this time
was a singular anonaceous, tree, which had long, flexible,
leafless branches on the lower part of the stem.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANC PADASC.

These branches reached down to the earth and. for a great
part of their length, were buried and out of sight, bwt the
extreme eods stood up nearly vertically from thi- ground at
perhaps 6 or 7 feet from the tree and bore pretty sweet scented,
cream coloured flowers and bunches of dark velvety brown
coloured fruit. The object of such an arrangement and the
causes which have led to it form a sctenlihc puzzle well worthy
of solution.

Onthe2ist I went up to the highercamp, and from thereto
the rock on the top of the spur, and found a verj- handsome
Rhododendron in flower; it was quite a small bush and was
growing on apiece of moss-covered rock. The flowers, which
were nearly two inches across, were borne in large bunches
and were of a colour resembling the yellow Ailamanda com.
monly grown in the gardens in the Straits. I brought down the
root and planted it in a basket and i also brought down young
plants of 5 or 6 other species, some of which I had previously
planted in baskets while living at the higher camp. Near the
place where the Rhododendron wasgrowing were three roots
of a large and pretty fern, the fronds were about sixteen feet
long and the s:em was covered with a blueish bloom. The
spores were contained in small oval capsules, which opened
by a single slit along their greater diameter. These were the
only three plants of this beautiful fern 1 had then seen, though
on the hills near Ulu Batang Padang 1 afterwards saw others,
On the way down while going after a monkey 1 came upon a
large fir tree of a different species to that which is so common
on the summit. It had light, graceful, feathery branches and
the leaves were extremely minute. In appearance it is much
like the Casuarina that is so much grown in I'enang. Unfortu-
nately it was not in fruit, nor did a prolonged search beneath
it reward us with any old cones.

1 had the bird trap set again, but without success. Among
other birds shot during this time was a large and handsome
red-headed trogon. 1 his may be Harpactes erythrocphalus,
Gould., which is recorded from the hills of liastern Bengal, the
Himalayas and the hills of Tenasserim, but has not been met
with in the Malay Peninsula as yet. Another was a broad-
bill, closely allied to, but apparently distinct from, Corydon

144 COLLECTING EXPEDlTiON TO BATANG PADANG.

sutnatranus. Kaffl., also a blue-backed flycatclier. a red and
a grcen-backcd, yellow-cre.stfd woodpecker. Most of these
will, I hope, turn out to be either new or at least new to the
Peninsula. I also succeeded in catching two more oC the little
tree frogs I have already mentioned, and three of a much larger
frog which, however, has nearly the same habits and vocal
powers. It is of a very rugged appearance and of a chocolate
colour with cherry red hands and feet and beneath it is mottled
with black and white.

It has been identified provisionally by Dr. A. GOnTher as
Polypedates leprostis. When on the trunk of atree it is quite
invisible, from its exact resemblance both in colour and texture
to a piece of reddish brown bark, and is a very good example
of mimicry of an inanimate object. '1 his frog was spawning,
and last year near the Resident's Cottage on the Larut Hills,
in the month of September, I found a quantity of its tadpoles.
The spawn is a jelly-like mass deposited just above the water
line on the wooden sides of the hoie.

There is on Batu Puteh a rather pretty snail. The shell is
light brown with a white stripe running round it, bordered on
each side by a band of green. It appears to belong to the
Helicidx and in a full grown specimen, measures nearly 2
inches in diameter. It is evidently nearly allied to the lari^e
Helix which occurs on the higher parts of the Larut Hills.
Near the extreme summit of Batu Puteh I found a snail of a
species I have not seen before.

At this time I suffered a good deal from the bites of a minute
mite, probably a Telranychtis, which produced inflamed lumps
all over me, each lump lasting for several days and itching ;)nd
smarting intolerably, particularly at nights. This insect has
much the same effect as the well known English "harvest
bug" which is al.so a Tetranychus. Ticks of both the larjje
and small variety were unpleasantly abundant in the jungle
near the camp, but fortunately leeches were seldom met witii.

On the 23nd in climbing up out of a steep rocky ravine, with
a gun in one hand and some fungi I had just been collecting
in the other. I slipped and fell, giving my back a strain which^
kept me in for the next two days and hurt more or less lor ove(
a month afterwards.

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG. 1 45

The 23rd and 24th were both very wet days, and on the latter
it hardly stopped raining at all, so that not much could be done ;
but I had some trees cut down to get a specimen of the gigantic
rattan known by the Malay name of rotan kiimbah.

It was about 200 feet in length and at the thickest part of
the cane, which is near the top it measured 5 inches in diameter.
Near the root, however, the cane only measured J of an inch.
The leaves were 24 feet in length and armed with most
formidable hooked thorns. The fruit is borne on the terminal
shoot and forms a tassell-shaped bunch some 8 or 10 feet in
length. From what 1 have seen of this rattan I believe it only
fruits once and then dies. Four of the trees that were felled
were either in fruit or flower so that the work was not thrown
away. We also collected a rather handsome bird, with a bright
orange-vermilion bill. It appears to be a species of the genus
Rhinocichla, In the evening of the 24th we got a second
specimen of the large red-headed trogon.

The weather from the 25th to the 31st continued very wet
and cold, with the exception of one day, the 26th ; on the
preceding evening the thermometer went down to 62° in the
house at about 8 P. M., the coldest I saw at the lower camp.
The highest temperature 1 noticed while there was 78°. The
climate, therefore, corresponds very closely with that of Max-
well's Hill in Larut.

I had a great many trees felled during this period and pre-
served specimens of all that were either in fruit or flower.
By this means 1 secured specimens of some of the larger trees,
which, of course, it is hopeless to get in any other way. Had
i had a telescope or a binocular this work would have been
much easier. As it was many of the trees when felled were
found to have neither fruit nor flower. However on some of
these I found epiphytes, parasites and creepers of interest.
Among the parasites were two plants closely allied to the
English mistletoe, one being an almost exact resemblance of it
but slightly smaller, the other had rather rounder leaves.

In the jungle near the camp I found a line fir tree. It was
fully one hundred feet in height and had a trunk of between 4
and s feet in diameter. From what I could see of it I fancy it
is a different variety to that I mentioned a short time ago, but

146 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO UMANG PADANG,

again a carpful search under it gave 110 results in the shape I
cuiies.

I found 4 or 5 species oi Burma niiincej7 on Batu Puleh, ,,
different elevations. They are small, mostly h-afless plants
often parasitical on the roots of other plants. Burman
longifolia is very plentiful with prelty pale bluish flowerj
This species is also found on the mountains of Borneo, Amboina
New Guinea and on Mount 0|ihir in Malacca. The Oth^
species are very much smaller and require diligent searchin
amongst the dead leaves before they are discoverable. Th
flower of one was primrose yellow, another dull crimson, on4
purple and another pale straw colour. .Ml these latter an
delicate, fragile, semitransparent little plants.

On the 27th [ sent down two men loaded with bundle!
dried plants and I sent letters asking for coolies to take all thj
baggage down to Tapa on the 3rd or 4th of September
which time I considered we ought to have about exhausted it^
place. Early on the mornings of the 26th and 27th a tJgefl
was heard quite close to the camp making that peculiar noisa
which cannot be properly described as growling. I must saW
it would have been far pleasanter if the tigers had not kepB
hanging round our camps in the way they did.

Some way below the camp I caught three specimens of 4
very handsome butterfly. It was a species of the genu
Thaumantis. Above, it is various shades of rich brown witbJ
a diagonal band of azure blue on each fore wing. This lovelyB
insect only frequents ihe forest of the higher hills as far as myT
observation goes, and like all the members of the genus i
difficult to catch, because the undersides of the wings are,l
although when examined closely of singular beauty, still whei
seen from a little distance so like the tints of a dead leaf that
it is usually not seen till with a flash of brilliant blue light it
flics off perhaps from almost under your feet. There is no
doubt that insects are well aware of the colour on which they ,
will be least exposed to the observation and attacks of en^
This 7'/iatt;«fln^(i always settles on dead leaves or in a posi-
tion when it may be mistaken (or one. There is a moth,
common in the jungle near the lower camp on Batu Pi
which is of a pale fawn colour and it is perfectly astonis

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANC PADANG. I47

how it always alights on a leaf of its exact shade of colour.
Although so plenliful I had great difficulty in capturing a few
specimens from this habit of rendering itseU invisible.

On the 1st and 2nd of September tree felling was con-
tinued, and 1 obtained 41 varieties of plants, a considerable
portion of them being large trees. Growing as a creeper on
one of the trees was a very pretty fruited Chilocarfius. The
fruit of which was of a bright orange colour. The effect of the
brilliantly coloured fruit amongst the shiny dark green foliage
was very striking, and was increased by the yellow flowers and
blight red terminal buds to the shoots. These terminal buds
are very curious. The colour is caused by the buds being en-
cased in a seniitransparent cap of bright red resin. These caps
may be detached and are found to be slightly flexible, but at the
same time so brittle as to be easily crushed up into powder.
They lake ihe form, in a great measure, of the enclosed buds,
which the flexibility of the material under continued pressure
renders possible.

A plant which deserves to be grown is a small tree with
large velvety green leaves, bright crimson beneath. ! saw one
tree here and several more afterwards in the valley of the
Telum. The flowers though inconspicuous are very sweet
scented, smelling like sandal-wood. This tree if it would
grow in the lowlands would be a great addition to the orna-
mental trees now grown in the Straits and though more brilli-
ant, would have much the same effect as the copper-beach has
in a group of ornamental trees in an English garden.

Of other plants that I met with on Batu Puieh which would
repay cultivation I may mention six or seven species of
Didymocarfus and allied genera, with flowers ranging in colour
from white to primrose yellow, and from that to shades of
violet and deep claret. Some of the leaves being also very
ornamental, both in culour and form. The various species
oi /Es(hynanthus with their riih red flowers and almost equal-
ly beautiful bell-like calyxes di-servc far more attention than
they receive in the Straits; and some of the Sonerilas with
quaintly white spotted leaves, from the lower hills, are also
worth cultivation.

148 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANC.

Of birds we got a specimen of a fine large green wood-
pecker and another woodpecker of lar^e size that 1 have not
seen before, a handsomc-plumagecl, yellow-breasted trogon
(Harpactes oreskios) and a species I do not know, besides
three specimens of the pretty little yellow-crested sultan tit.
This bird does not seem to differ from that met with in the lew
country. While hunting in the undergrowth for one of these
birds I wasstungon the fare and hand by one o( those handsomely
coloured hairy caterpillars. The effect is like receiving several
stings from a wasp, and for a few hours is extremely painful.
The stinging is apparently produced in the same way as in the
common slinging nettle, that is to say, the hairs are hollow and
have near their bases enlargements containing a poisonous
fluid which is expelled from the points, when the hairs enter
the flesh. Other caterpillars have slinging powers, but then
the irritation is mechanical and is produced by ihe hair being
barbed and breaking off into the flesh. The large scarlet
caterpillar met with in the jungle of the low country and much
dreaded by the natives is of this latter class. The Malayan
stinging nettle known s&jelatang, 1 have examined under the
microsiope. and it stings in the same way as its English
representative.

While writing this I was interrupted by Jellah, who had
just found a large dark metallic green scorpion ( Buthus
spinigerj in his bed. A chase ensued with the aid of lanterns,
but the disagreeable bed fellow escaped through the /anti
floor of the house.

On the third we got one new bird, and on the fourth 1 shot
two small brown barbets which I have not seen up so high on
the hills before. On the 5th another new bird was shot besides
a male yellow trogon and several others.

Some more trees were felled, among them being a fine oak
with very large acorns. I shot down a specimen of the fir tree
I have previously mentioned and found it to he, as I thought,
another species. There are, therefore, three species on Batu
Puteh and a fourth on the Larut Hills ( Dammara alba) , but this
latter has large broad lejves unlike those on the main range.

Seven Sakais from Cheroh came up to carry down baggage,
so I packed up things that were not wanted, as it seemed un-

COLLECTING BXPBDITION TO BATANG PADAKC. I4<}

certain when the remainder of the men were coming up. In
the afternoon ! measured them and tested their eyesight. 1
have now tested the sight of between thirty and forty of both
sexes, and there seems to be no doubt that they have very
good sight as a race. Of those tested in Batang Fadang, the
shortest distance that the Army test spots could be seen was
32 feet, and the longest gi feet. In testing recruits for the
British Army 20 feet is considered an average distance for
these spots to be read, and a man reading at over that distance
is classed as long-sighted, and under as short-sighted. In
measuring the women there was great difficulty, as they did
not know Malay and coutd not count. This same difficulty
has been met with by observers of other savages, but I got
over it by giving the subject a handful of matches and explain-
ing by signs that 1 wanted a match for each spot on the card

held up.

Early on the 5th these Sakais went down the hill and reach-
ed Tapa on the next evening.

All the botanical pressing paper was finished by this time,
so I had to stop collecting plants.

On the evening of the 6th I shotavery handsome bird, with
a snow white head, yellow breast and brown back, wings and
tail, the latter being white tipped. The eyes were bright
yellow and the bill pale flesh colour. It appears to be closely
allied to the white-headed shrike-thrush of Burma and the
mountains of India ( Gampsorhvnchus nifuhis, BL). Tliis
bird gave us a great deal of trouble, for every night and early
each morning a small party of them used to pass the camp,
sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other. Tliey
made a loud, shrill noise something like the krekah monkey,
and flew quickly from tree to tree. Day after day we went
out into the jungle to walch tor them, but as there was no
certainty which side of the camp they would take, and as they
always passed when it was so dark in the forest that neither
they nor the sight of the gun could be distinguished, we were
never successful until this night in shooting one. although we
fired at them on five different occasions. The strange thing
was that we never saw these birds in the dav time. They
passed up the htll to roost at nightfall and d^own again the

150 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

first thing in the morning. Their note is so loud and distinej
tive and they are so noisy that they could not be mistaken fol
any other bird, or overlooked.

From the 7lh to tlie loth we continued collecting, but g
nothing of special inlerest. I had some trees felled so as tq
get a view of two fine dudok palms, and then took a photogra
of them and afterwards had one cut down to get specin
it happened to be in flower.

On the 7th and 8th I saw the (resh marks of h bear on thi,
trunks of two trees, one above the camp and one beloW
These are the only animal marks, excepting those of tigerf
which I saw on Batu Futeh.

At about 10 A. M. on the toth some Sakais and Malay!
began to arrive, and so we all set to work packing up the
collections and other things, and at 7.30 on the i ith we start-
ed for Tapa. On the way I stopped at the camp on the banks
of the Woh at the foot of the hill and took a photograph look-
ing down the stream, with some Sakais crossing the tree trunk
which forms a natural bridge over the river at (his point. 1
reached Kuala Woh at about i p. M,, but the men with the
baggage did not begin to arrive till about 4 P. M., and it was
not till nearly 5 that I set off down the river in the smaller of
the two boats, a dug-out, which had been sent to meet us, with
MahrASIT, my Malay boy and a Sakai to pole, I was just
preparing to have something to cat when ihe boat shot down
a small rapid, then across a pool so deep that the poles could
nut touch the bottom and alter her course and the next instant
she ran on to a rock and turned right over and we and all the
baggage \\-ent floating down the stream, 1 made for the
photographic apparatus and shouted to one of the men to catch _
the gun cases as being the most valuable things. After a del
of about half-an-hour. occupied in collecting the various float^
ing things, catching, turning over and bailing out the ca
made a fresh start, and, with the exception of ground ing several
times, reached Tapa without further mishap at about 7 P. M,
The river the whole way is a succession of small rapids with
here and there deep pools. I heard that the place where our
canoe capsized has been the scene of many a similar misfortune^

The next day, the i2th| the rest of my party and the remain^

der of the baggage arrived, Rnd [ was busy in cleaning and
drjing the )jhotographic inslruments, guns and other things
which had been wetted in the river, and in the evening, when
I opened the dark slides 1 was sorry to find that the water
had got into them all and spoiled the plates.

On the 13th I had a quantity of Chinese paper cut to siic
and began shifting dried plants from the pressing paper Into
it, and early the next day, ihe 14th, some men were sent with
my boy to dive for the things which had been lost when the
dug-out upset. They recovered some of them, but a good
many still remained at the bottom of the river, though, fortu-
nately, they were of no great value.

Shortly after seven the same morning, I accompanied Mr.
StaixarI) and my brother to the valley oi the Sungci Kiian
Mas. We struck the stream near its junction with the Batang
Padang River and waded up it for three or four miles. We
made several trials of the earth forming the banks, and in
nearly all obtained good shows of not only tin-sand but also
of gold. Some fifteen years ago or so there was a Malay
kampoHg on the banks of this stream, and the inhabitants
subsisted principally by mining, but as they refused to pay
blackmail to Sheik MahomKIJ of Lower Perak, he came up
with some fighting men, and burned the houses down and
drove away the inhabitants.

We saw many of the old workings in our progress up the
river, which we followed to near its source, and then ascended
a low range of hills which forms the watershed between the
streams flowing into the Batang Padang above the River Tapa
and the streams flowing into the Bidor River, We then fol-
lowed along on the top of this ridge until we came to another
river, and from there we went to a place on a tributary of
it called the Sungei Chuchu, where some Malays were going to
begin mining. We washed some of the earth of the banks
of the stream, and obtained samples of very good coarse
grained tin-sand containing gold. The tin was found to
occur from the surface of the ground down to the bed rock,
which, both here and in the valley of the Sungei Klian Mas,
consists of beds of slates and clay states with frequent veins of
quartz intersecting them. No trace of granite is to be found

152

either on the range of low hills from which these streams take
their rise or in beds of the streams themselves, so that it seems
clear that the minerals found in the " wash " in these valleys
must have been derived from these stratified formations. The
more I see of this district, the more I feel convinced that all
the gold has come from these rocks and that if any auriferous
lodes are hereafter discovered, they will be found intersecting
these ancient stratified beds. 1 have seen specimens from
the gold mining district o( Patani, which could not be dif-
ferentiated from the rocks of the gold mining districts of Batang
Padang, and 1 have no doubt that the same formations will be
found in ihe Pahang gold fields as well.

The grains of gold arc not much waterworn, and some of
them have adherent fragments of quarlz. The tin-sand is
coarse grained, blackish, dui! and considerably rounded, and
would give from 65 to 70 per cent, of metallic tin, according to
to the care taken in cleaning the sample.

After having well examined the wash and also the bed rock
and its contained veins of quartz, and obtaining sufficient tin-
sand to make a good sample, we returned to Tapa, reaching
that town in one and three-quarter hours. The track is
extremely crooked and much longer than there is any necessity
for it to be, and 1 do not think that this newly found tin and
gold land can be more than 3 or 4 miles from Tapa.

There seems to be every reason to suppose that on both
sides of the Batang Padang, between Tapa and Kuala Woh,
auriferous tin mining land will be found to extend, for, as 1
have already mentioned, the geological exposures along the
river between these two places are all of one formation and of
that formation from which it may be with certainty said that
the gold, at least, has been derived.

Some time ago I made a series of experiments on some
quartz specimens from Klian Mas, and in every case, except
one, gold was obtained, though in unremuneralive quantities
(one to two pennyweights per ton).

From the i6th September to the 4th of October, 1 remained
at Tapa and, as many trees and plants were in flower, did a
large amount of botanical collecting. I also looked over and

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO HATANG PADANG.

"53

dried all the colleclions from the hills and packed them up,
and made preparations for the trip to Ulu Batang Padang and
Gunong Brumbum.

Jellah had an attack of ague and then dysentery and was
unfit for work most of the time, so that not many birds or
animals were collected. Mahrasit was also in the hands of
the Apothecary most of the time, and MAHMOTwas so ill with
fever that 1 paid him off and engaged another man in his
place. I paid another visit to Chendariang and also to Klian
Mas and Sungei Chuchu, to which a new track had been
traced, suitable for a cart-road, and was found to measure
only two and-a-half miles from Tapa.

On the 5th October we left Tapa and proceeded to Kuala
Woh and put up for the night in an empty house at that place,
and at 8.15 A.M. on the morning of the 6th continued our way
up the valley of the Batang Padang. The party consisted of 60
in all and even then we had to leave a quantity of rice and other
things at Kuala Woh for want of transport. The difficulty
on these expeditions is that the rice, lish and other necessaries
for the transport coolies, employ more than half of their num-
ber and so leave only a few men available for the baggage of
the rest of the party.

Both branches of the river having risen about 4 feet during
the heavy rain of the preceding night, the Batang Padang
was not fordable, and so we all had to cross it in boats, which
was safely accomplished with the exception that one Sakai
with his load tumbled head over heels into the river. There
was great excitement amongst our Malays, as it was thought
that his load consisted of the salt and sugar, but an investiga-
tion showed it to be only rice.

We then followed a N. E. and subsequently a N. W. course
keeping close to the river all the way. The river is practicable
for boats only for about half a mile above Kuala Woh, beyond
that there are many small waterfalls and boiling rapids through
which no boat could pass. At Lubo Tiang, where we camped
for the night, the angle at which a long reach of the river is
falling is l.io' or about 1 in 45.

After leaving Kuala Woh we passed over many exposures
of stratified rocks and it was only in the latter part of the

154 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

day's march that we met with granite, and then only in patchg

The granite is very like that of the Larut hills and quit

distinct from that of Gunong Batu Puteh and the Woh valley,
but there are in the river rolled pieces of granite with the
bluish quartz in them. These are probably derived from
tributaries flowing into the river from the South-East, which
have their sources near Batu Puteh and Brapit. At the camp
we made a washing of some of the surface soil, and got a very
fair show of tin-sand.

On the jlh. wc reached Ranlau Tipus and camped on the
banks of the river after a six hours' march. The height of this
place was 1,520 feet above sea level.

During the day we saw a quantity of that most graceful of
all bamboos, known by the native name of buhth arker, as well
as an abundance of buluh telor. and several clumps of buluh
bersumpil. This latter is the bamboo which Is used by the
Sakais to make the long straight tubes of their national
weapon — the blow-pipe, During the latter part of the day we
came on the gigantic bamboo, buluh betom, with stems six to
eight inches in diameter and sixty to eighty feet high.

The young shoots of this plant are edible, but not very nice
to an European palate, though both the Malays and Sakais
greedily devoured them, cooked and uncooked. Many of our
Sakais made boxes of these bamboos and crammed into them
all their clothes, and thenceforth appeared clad only in a two-
inch wide strip of bark cloth.

The next day's march (the 8th) took us to the Kuala of the
Sengum, where we camped. With the exception of a few
patches of stratified rock, all that we passed over during the
previous day's march was granitic, and granite again was the
most plentiful rock met with between Rantau Tipus and Kuala
Sengum. with here and there a patch of gneiss. Several large
quartz lodes were seen, but they contained no indications of
being metalliferous. One washing was made during the day
in a ravine, and a fair show of tin-sand obtained.

A great part of the track lay in the bed of the river, and
wading through the cold water, and climbing over the slippery
stones and rocks was anything but pleasant when continued
for hours at a time.

COtlECTWC EXPCDTTION TO BATANC PADANG.

"35

The flora of this part of thi- vallcr of the DnUng Psidang
seems vcrj- different to anything ! h.ivc yet seen on the hitls
of Perak. ' The height of this part of the valley is about J.ooo
feet. One noticeable plant was a very handsome member of
the Melastcwaretr with large bunches of coral pink flowers,
succeeded by equally handsome bunches of bright red or
purple fruits. 1 collected 30 plants during the day, and could
have got many more, but considerations of transport and
preservation deterred me. In an evil moment we were induced
by assurances and example of some of the Sakais to eat some
pretty apple-like fruit with which a tree, (jrowing by the side
oftheriver, was laden. The fruit, though pleasant at first, left
a very disagreeable aftertaste, and wc suffered for the re-
mainder of the day with sore mouths and lips. It was a species
of the genus Oarcinia, of which the buafi ^iuga is a wril-known
and closely allied example.

On the 9th we did not break up the camp, as wc had decided
to await the arrival of Kalana and the Sakais with him.

I sent Jellah out shooting, and then we went up (iunonf;
Cbunam Prah, and reached a height of 3,350 feet. I saw a
considerable number of new plants, and collected iS specie* —
some horse tails (EquisftumJ an Arundiiia iA.bamlmsifotiii)
(?), a large cream-coloured Dtndrohium, &c. 1 then saw for
the first time a blackberry, whiih grows amongi*t the hluka
on the old Sakai ladangs. The berry i(t red and lon^ and
has something of ihe same llavour as its Knglish ulty. The
leaf and method of growth is also very similar, KaRpbcrrim
were also common in the same situationK. hut the fruit w««
small and nearly tasteless. Fan palms of a siie exceeding a
coco-nut tree were very plentiful, and formed quite a Icature
in the jungle of the surrounding hills and valleys. The leavcH
are used by the Sakais to thatch their houses, and, owing to
the extreme hardness of the stems, they arc not in the habit
of cutting the palms down when felling the jungle for their
ladangs, which probably accounts for their great abundance.

A great part of the lops of the ridges running up to G.
Chunam Frah are hare of treen and covered wilh (ernit, grJU*
and the handsome Arundina I have already mentioned.

On returning to the eamp I found that Jr'llah had not teen

COLLECTING EXfEDITIl

any new birds, and all those 1 had seen during the day werefl
the same species as those we had previously collected C
GunongBatu Puleh. Later on in the afternoon, Kalana a
14 Sakais arrived with more rice and stores.

Early on the morning of the lOlh we sent back KarEM s
16 Sakais to Kuala Woh to bring on more baggage and stores,
and then started on again up the river. Mahrope having a
bad foot we had to leave him and a Kling, who came up with
Kalana the day before at Kuala Sengum, until he was well
enough to follow us. We passed a pretty waterfall during
the day, formed by a tributary falling into the Batang Padang
from the right, as you go up stream. There was a fine rain-
bow formed by the spray, which the Malays would have it was
a hanlu.

We camped again on the banks of (he river, and on the nth
followed it up for some hours. The track taking us over some
places which were anything but easy walking, or rather climb-
ing. We then left the river, shortly after passing a fine water-
fall, or more properly succession of falls, and ascended Gunong
L'lu Batang Padang, and camped on its N, E. face at a height
of 4,170 feet above the sea.

On the 1 2lh we went up to the summit of the mountain, and
from the " Crow's Nests ' on the top of the trees, that were
made some six months before by Kalana during the first expe-
dition to these mountains; and were so fortunate as to obtain
fine views of the Kinta Hills and the intervening country. I
took two photographs, from one of these unsteady and perilous
perches, of the hills and valleys which constitute what is so
inaccurately described as '• Cameron's Plateau."

We decided thai the route taken by the late Mr. CAMERON
must have been through the valley next to that of the Batang
•Padang. and divided from it only by the Laut Tingal ridge,
and not more than four miles distant, as the crow flies, from the
mountain we were then on.

On the i3lh we again went up to the " Crow's Nests " to
make sure of some of the hills which we could not make out on
the previous day, and to settle on the course to take to reach
Gunong Brumbum. This day we distinctly saw Batu Gaja In
Kinta, bearing 283.30. This sight removed all doubt as to the

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BAIANG PADANC. 157

course taken by Mr. Cameron in his journey from the Sungei
Ryah to Pahang. Gunong Brunibun was exactly E. S. E.
from us. but there was a valley and then a mountain, rather
higher than the one we were then on which was 5,270 feet high,
and then another deep valley to be traversed before the real
ascent of it could be commenced.

On our return in the afternoon to the camp, we found
MahropE had arrived. His foot was nearly well again, we were
glad to see. With him were the Sakais who were sent back
on the I2lh to bring on the baggage left at Kuala Ser-
gum.

On the 14th we moved to a new camp which had been pre-
pared during the two preceding days on a better site than
that occupied by the old one and with a small clearing round
it, so as to allow of the sun drying off the numerous botanical
specimens we had been collecting.

Early on the morning of the i5lh we, that is, 3 Malays, 2
Klings, 16 Sakais and ourselves, left the new camp in charge of
Jellah and a Malay, after having discharged all the other Sa-
kais, and ascended nearly to the summit of Gunong Ulu Batang
Padang, then struck down the S. E. face of it, passing the old
camp made by the previous expedition, and skirted round the
hill till we came to the Gunong Ulu Sekum, round the eastern
face of which, we also went, then crossed two long projecting
spurs of it, and descended by a gully to the valley of a tributary
of the River Jalai, on the banks of which we camped, at an
elevation of 4,590 feet. This stream takes the drainage of the
N, W. slopes of Brumbun and the S. E. slopes of Gunong Ulu
Sekum and flows down in an E, N. E. direction to join the
Jillah, as the upper part of the Pahang River is called.

Near our camp I again saw the same handsome yeilow-
fiowered Rhododendron that 1 previously met with on Batu
Puteh, but this time it was growing as an epiphyte high up on
a huge tree.

I captured in the evening a particularly handsome member
of the Glomeridas family, probably belonging to the genus
Zcphronia. It was one of those creatures much like a large
woodlouse, but really nearly related to the JuUdx {Millepedes).
It was black striped transversely with pale blue-green and

IjS COI-LECTINC EXPEDITION TO EJATANG PADANG.

orange. Each pale blue-green stripe having three spots uf j
deeper shade of the same colour on it.

During the night the rain came down in torrents, and I
the roof leaked badly we had a very disturbed and uucoq
fortable night.

On ihe i6lh we ascended a ridge near the camp, and aCtq
many hours of climbing, through a singularly del
thorny undergrowth, we came to a sort of saddle where thci|
were some small pools of water, at a height of 5,890
where all decided to camp.

While the huts were building we went on up the hill s
reached the lower of the three points of tlie mountain, as s
from Tapa, but everything was wrapped in thick drifting foj
so we could see nothing of the view.

Again we had a miserable night, as the hut leaked w
than that at the last night's camp, and there was nothing for fl
but to roll up our bedding, place it so as to escape the worf
leaks, and sit on it, while the rain lasted, which, unfortunatelM
was a good many hours. Next morning, the i/lh, we agai
ascended the hill, and reached the highest point, and left!
bottle there with a record of the ascent. We had ourbeddinf
and other things brought up, and laid out to dry, but it so(
began raining and after waiting till between i \ and i2o'c!oi _
and seeing no indication of the clouds either lifting or drifting
away, we reluctantly returned to the camp and packed up,
and started down to the permanent camp on Ulu Batang
Padang, which we reached at a little before 6 p.m.

On making this ascent I fully expected to see a great change
in the flora as the summit was reached, and was much disap-
pointed to find it nearly the same as that on Gunong Batu
Fnteh.

There was one verj' handsome Rhododendron, with lai
white flowers delicately tinged with apple-blossom pinlg
growing freely and plentifully on the extreme bush eovt '
summits. Another member of the same family had
bright yellow, bcll-shaped flowers and small roundish, sh
dark green leaves. One very marked difference between
flora of Batu Puteh and Brumbun is the total absence of fill
trees on the latter mountain. The small bamboo called b

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

159

the Malays buluh pcrindu is, on the other hand, extremely
plentiful on Brumbun and comparatively scarce on the other
hill. ! was fortunate in being able to collect flowering speci-
mens of tills elegant little bamboo, which is credited with
mystic properties by the natives, and is in much request
by love lorn swains, whose mistresses are cold and irrespon-
sive, In all I added 47 species of plants to my collection, but
this number fell far short of what 1 had expected.

The height of the highest point of Brumbun as shown by
the aneroid was only 6,860 feet, but I think that there must
be some mistakes about this, but whether arising from any
fault in the instrument or from the disturbed state of the
weather at the time of the ascent, I am unable to say. Un-
fortunately we could not see Batu Puteh, and on neither of
my two ascents of that mountain was I able to get a sight of
Brumbun, but undoubtedly the latter is much the loftier of the
two. One thing is certain, that within a radius of 20 miles,
there is no otlier mountain higher than Brumbun, with the
possible exception of Yang Yop. Mr. SWETTENHAM, some
few years back published a note in the Straits Royal Asiatic
Society's Journal on a new mountain seen in Perak from
Gunong Arang Para, and from that description and the bear-
ing he gives (102°) Brumbun is most probably the peak he
then saw. This mountain is in Pahang, as the water from all
faces of it flows either into the Sungei Inchi or the Jillah, and
subsequently into the Pahang River. The valleys at the
base of the mountain contain much excellent planting land,
at' about a mean elevation of 4,000 feel. There is also good
land on the lower slopes of the mountain itself, but the higher
portions of it are very steep, though the soil appears to be of
exceptional richness.

The iSth was occupied in drying clothes and bedding, and
packing up everything ready for a start the next day, as we
had decided to try and cut across into the valley of the Telum,
and follow up that river to its source, and then cross the hills
and descend into Kinta, so as to settle beyond dispute the
situation of the planting land explored, by Mr. Cameron.

Accordingly on the 19th we left the camp on Gunong Ulu
Batang Padang and directed our course so as to reach the head

i6o

COLLECTING EXI'EDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

of the Batang Padang valley, to ascertain the height of the
pass or watershed dividing the waters flowing into Perak on
the one side, and Pahang on the other, which we found to be
3,800 feet above sea level.

Our party consisted of 16 Sakais, two Malay boys, Kalana
the Malay krant, one Kling coolie and ourselves. We only
took provisions sufficient for 5 days, besides our clothes; all
the collecting things, guns, &c., we left at the camp in charge
of Jkllah and my other two men.

The course taken to find the top of the pass was about Norlh-
East and the consequence was that we went a long way out of
our proper direction, which ought to have been W. N. W.
Our progress was very slow, as we had, as on the ascent of
Gunong Brumbun, to cut a track the whole way. We camped
by the side of a small stream, and while the banana leaf hots
were being built, Mr. C. Wray and I went up a hill near by
in the hopes of getting a sight of some hills whose outlines we
know, but beyond catching a glimpse of Brumbun we saw
nothing that could be recognised.

The next day, the 20th, we took a westerly course which led
us diagonally across the Batang Padang valley, and eventually
on to the ridge dividing it from the valley of the Telum, On
the top of this ridge there was a good Sakai track, which wc
followed for some time until it began to take a S. W. course,
when we left it and struck down a spur in a northerly direction
into what we hoped was the Telum Valley, and at about 4 p. M.
came to that river, which was about 60 feet broad at the place
we lirst saw it, at an elevation of 3,200 feet. We here camped
on the site of one of Mr. CAMERON'S old camps, and by the side
of the river was a track which was undoubtedly his track. The
elephant marks being still distinctly visible. Mahrope, who
was with Mr. Cameron on his journey through this valley,
told us that two days' march further down the stream would
take us to a place where the river was navigable for rakels.

Growing along the banks of the river, we found quantities of
violets with pale coloured, but sweet-scented flowers, which
have been identified by Dr. King as Viola Thomsoni, and are
said by him to be common to the mountains of India, Java, and
Sumatra. There were also a considerable number of species

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANC. l6l

of Composite. It was quite a surprise to us to find these
temperate forms of plants in a valley at quite a low elevation
when the mountain tops had bei-n found to be covered with
distinctly tropical vegetation. The birds I saw here were all
hill forms, but I saw nothing that I had not previously met with,
either on the Larut Hills or on Batu Puteh ; though it is pro-
bable that a stay of a month or two would be rewarded by
many new species.

This valley and those adjoining it contain some of the
finest planting land which 1 suppose is to be found anywhere
on the mountains of the Peninsula, particularly when it is
remembered that when the railway is constructed to Tapa
and the cart-road from there Up the valley of the Batang
Padang it will be within a day's journey of a fine port. Such
combined advantages of elevation, exposure, easy transport
and good soil, are, I believe, not to be met with either in Cey-
lon or in the hill districts of India.

Mr. Cameron's original description of this hill country is
fairly accurate if the Malay word "pamor," is translated cor-
rectly as "valley" instead of " plateau " land. The lofty
mountains range closing in the hili country to the East that is
montioned by him and estimated to be over 8,000 feet high is
Gunong Brumbun, and another large hill mass to the East of
it. To the North it is closed in by the Yang Vop range,
Two large tributaries having their source on Yang Yop itself
and one of them seems to be the largest of the many streams
which, flowing down from the North, West and South, even-
tually form the Pahang River.

On the 2 1 St we followed the elephant track up the valley,
but after going some way lost it amongst some half-grown up
Sakai ladangs. We then sometimes cut through the jungle
and at others followed any Sakai tracks which went in the
direction we wished to take. At about one o'clock we came
to a place where the river divided, and we followed up the
northern branch to near its source and on the top of a hill
came on a Sakai house and decided to put up in it for the
night.

The owners fled at our approach, so we sent some of our
Sakais after them, and about an hour or so afterwards three

164 COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG.

some stream and there is thus nothing to guide any one in
attempting to follow one. This, we were informed, is inten-
tional and, in times past, was a necessary measure to prevent
their being followed and hunted out of their mountain homes
by the Malays,

The last crossing of the Kampar was made on a huge tree
trunk, by the bare-footed portion of the party and then we
took a track leading to Gopeog, which we reached at about
6 p.m.. after a march of nearly 12 hours. The ragged and
travel stained appearance of the whole party seemed to afford
much amusement to the Chinese in the streets of Gopeng,
and we were received with shouts of derisive laughter by the
crowd round the gambling farm. We put up in the Rest-
house, and thoroughly enjoyed sleeping on the plank floor
{the beds being engaged) after a three weeks' spell of beds
made of jungle sticks.

After buying knives and sarongs for the guides, on the morn-
ing of the 24th we proceeded to Kota Bharu and on the 25th
continued our way, following the Kuala Dipang Road. When
about four miles had been traversed Mahrope was taken
ill with fever and became Ught-headcd, and could not walk
any further, so he had to be carried to Kampong Plikat and
left there in a Malay house, with two of the Sakais to look
after him. On reaching Kuala Dipang we sent Kalana and
live men, who had arrived by another road from Gopeng,
back to Kampong Plikat, to bring him on the next morning.
On the 26th Kalana arrived bringing Mahrope, and we then
started, leaving the Kling to look after him, and reached
Tapa in 7 hours including stoppages.

The wet weather had by this time set in in earnest, so that
1 decided not to go up to the camp on Ulu Batang Padang
again, but only to send up some Sakais to bring down all the
collections left there.

On the 2nd November, Karem and 15 Sakais therefore left
Tapa, and on the loth the whole of the party returned, and on
the 1 6th we went down the river in two boats to Telok Anson,
and reached Larut on the 19th in the S, S. Mena.

The botanical specimens collected during the trip numbered
1,200 species, and the birds 187 skins. The plants have all

►

COLLECTING EXPEDITION TO BATANG PADANG. 1 65

been sent to the Roval Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, to be work-
ed out, and the birds to the British Museum. I am informed
by Mr. BOWDLER Sharpe that there are 9 or 10 new species
amongst the collection, thus bringing up the number of new
species from the mountains of Perak to 16.

Mammals were very scarce, and did not number more than
a dozen specimens.

Of insects and other natural history objects, I made fairly
good collections, and added much to the series of Sakai objects
m the Museum as well as collecting others to send to the
British Museum.

L. WRAY, Jr.,
Curator, Perak Museum,

June, 1888.

GEMENCHEH

(DISTKICT DK JOHOD

NEGRI SEMBILAN.

Par Monsr. L. G. ISNARD,
IngSnieur Civil des Mines.

' RES-PEl' de pcrsoniies connaissent memede iiom le

pays de " Genienclieh." Ses ressources, son rap-

. -^^ procliement avec Malacca, ses facilitcs de commu-

'.J^^ nication pour I'explorateur comme pour I'exploiteur,

"^^ sa richesse en un mot, sont absolumcnt ignores du

publique. Et cependant ce pays est situ^ k 48

licures A peine de Singapore,

Ocmencheh est un dcs etats de la Confederation du Negri
Sembilan, par consequent englobi! dans le groupe des petits
(^tals actuellement sous le protectorat britannjque qui 3 pour
ville de residence Kwala Pilah.

Ce district est born^ au Nord et A i'Ouest par Johol, S I'Est
par Johor, ct au Sud par la colonic de Malacca. II est tra-
verse sur sa plus grande longueur par un affluent du Muar, le
Gemencheli, qui a donne son nom au pays. Plusieurs tribu-
taires de cette rlvitre arrosant ce pays en tous sens en ferait
une contrde d'unc grande fertility, si le nombre d'habitants
ctait en rapport avec ces immensit^s de terrain. Ses limites
de frontitre avec Malacca lui permettent de se servir des
routes de cette colonic jusqu'k Malacca m^me, soit 30 milles,
Une autre route carrossable de Batang Malacca le met ^gale-
mcnt en rapport avec Tampin, ville Trontif re du Negri Sem-
bilan, Et de Batang Malacca on peutse rendre au village de
Gemencheh par un cbemin pratiqu^ pour (acilitcr la sortie

t6S

des plantations, soit 6 milles. 11 suffirait d'une somme rela-
tivement infiine pour faire de ce chemin une route de
grand voie,

Maintenant dans I'interieure une foule de sentiers vous met-
tent & meme de vous rendre dans les differents endroits de
cette contree sans trop de detours, avantage considerable
pour I'explorateur prospecteur. 11 est certain que devant le
developpement que ce pays commence ^ prendre et la tr6s-
grande place qu'il occupera sous pcu, non seulement dans le
Negri Sembilan mais encore dans la presqu'ile de Malacca,
le Gouvernement fera le sacrifice immi^-diat d'une grosse
somme pour creer des voies de communication afin de faci-
liter I'entr^e et la sortie des denr^es ct produits des exploi-
tations mini&res et agricoles.

Ce pays de Gemencheh est essentiellement minier. Point
d'^taln, mais de Tor. 11 est situ^ dans les derniers contre-
forts de la grande chaine separative de la p^ninsule. Ces
collines quoique peu tl-levees sont tres abruptes et en forme
de c6ne pour le plus grand nombre. Couvertes de forfit de
bois de premier choixelles seront dans Texploitation minifire
un puissant auxiliaire, Comme bois de chauffage leur calorique
est suffisant pour serv'ir aux machines h vapeur, et comme bois
de constructions, menuiserie, traverses de cliemin de fer. po-
teaux telegraphiques leur r61e est tout trac^,

Un mf me soul^vement aurifSre traverse Gemencheb dans
toute sa longueur comme dans toute sa largeur, Ce soul&ve-
nient, que j'ai k maintes reprises observe, a une direction gene-
rate de N.N.W. et S.S.E. II partde la coloniede Malacca oii
je I'ai relev^, traverse tout le Gemencheh, coupe le Muar et le
Serting, enrichit leurs affluents au passage atteint Tasoh, con-
tinue sa marche k travers Pahang, ou je le laisse. Ce sou-
Ifevement, que j'ai observe dans touto sa marche, n'est point
le fait d'un hasard ou d'un exc^s d'imagination mais bien
un effet des observations conscleocieusement prises et
nettement etablles.

1^. La formation auriffere commence tr&s-avant dans la
colonic de Malacca. Sur une grande partic du parcours de la
route reliant Malacca k Tampin elle n'echappera pas i I'ceil
d'un observateur. En laissant ce chemin (au io""= mille

GEMENCHEH. l6g

de Malacca par exemple) et en en p^n^trant un peu &
I'Est dans I'int^rieur des terres A 2 ou 3 milles, vous vous
trouvez en face des travaux de lavage d'alluvions aunf&res
executes avec tant de poursuite q'uil ne taissent aucun doute
sur la valeur primitive de ces gisements. II est i presumer
que les filons qui ont enrichi ces cours d'eau ne sont pas loin,
car le peu d'eau et le peu de pente de ces ruisseaux ne per-
raettent pas un grand enlralnement de ce metal si lourd. De
ce point en prenant une direction N. S. vous arrivez dans le
Gemencheh.

2°. Le premier endroit et aussi le plus important qui
s'offre est Chendras. On peut dire que presque de tout temps
les Malais ont travaill^ k Chendras. Leurs travaux quolque peu
considerables n'en denotent pas moins une certaine liability
dans le travail des mines, surtout si I'on consld^re dans
quelles conditions d^plorables ces travaux ont ^td executes.
bans outils, sans pompe, sans poudre, ils ont fonc^ des puits
qui ont 150 pieds de profondeur. Une compagnie euro-
peenne s'est form^e dans la suite, mais ses affaires n'ont pas
repondu aux grandes esp^rances que I'on avait conij'ues;
elle liquida. Le m&me reef d'abord travailld par les Malais
fut continue par la nouvelle compagnie. Ce reef appartient au
rfseau E.-W. dont la largeur est tr&s considerable A en juger
par les travaux lagers fails Jusqu'i ce jour ; quant k la longueur
elle est encore i determiner, on n'en peut rien dire encore.
Ce soul&vement de E.-W. est de formation antf^rieure au sou-
l&vement N.-S.

Les filons dans cette derni^re formation sont, je pense, ausai
nombreux que dans la premiere, lis croisent les filons E.-W.
i peu pris & angle droit, ce qui donne lieu h de nombreux
troncons E.-W. qui rendront I'exploitation de ces filons
diificile, mais aussi tr^s-riche k cause des nombreuses points
de contact. Quant h la richesse de ces filons N.-S. elle
semble jusqu'i present ^tre trfis inferieure A celle des filons
E,-0. Leur puissance est plus grande et leur quartz d'as-
pect salin est fort dur m^me i I'afBeurement. Les filons
E.-W, etant plus decomposes k la surface et donnant I'or
visible i I'ceil nu on peut conclure que la richesse des
alluvions proviennent de la d^sagregation de ces filons.

170

GEMENCHEH.

Les alluvions de ce district de Chendras ont 6t6 en grande
partie travaill^es.

Si I'ancienne compagnie de Chendras, pour des raisons dans
lesquelJes je n'ai pas entrer, n'a pas r^ussi, ce n'est pas k dire
que celle qui se cr^ront it I'avenir auront !e m^me sort, d'autant
plus qu'il n'est pas prouve quelle ait travaillS le filon le plus
riche de ce district, ce que nous sommes appeles peut Stre S
constater avant long temps.

Des etudes s^rieuses de recherches mettront k jour, j'cn ai
la conviction, des richesses commela p^niiisule n'en a pas en-
core vues et qui recompenscront largement I'energie et la
tenacite de ceux qui ont su vouloir.

3". En continuant toujours ce voyage ^ travers le Gemen-
cheh et en suivant toujours ce soul&vement aurif^re dans la
direction W., j'arrive i Ulu Gedoh.

Cette concession appartient aujourd'hui i un syndicat, aussj
je ne m'appesantirai pas. Deux reefs sont decouverts ; le
premier d'une direction E.-O., et le second N.-S. Ce que je
viens de dire plus haut. quant k la formation des filons, peut
s'appliquer ici, c'est le m^me soulfevement. Le premier filon
E,-0. donne de grandes esp^rances, je suis persuade qu'il les
tiendra. D^s la surface, I'or est visible k I'oeil nu, les tra-
vaux en profondeur montreront que la richesse va toujours
" crescendo." Dans les travaux superficiels faits par ce syn-
dicat j'ai vu la richesse aller en augmentant au fur eti mesure
que les fouilles descendaient.

Je continue mon voyage k travers le Gemencheh dans une
direction N.N.E. et j'arrive au Muar apr&s avoir traversi^ ses
affluents, tels que " Kendong," Jelei, Klebang, &c,, &c,, tous
travaill^s en tant qu'alluvions, et j'arrive au Serting et deli en
traversant le Cheras et le Sebaiing, affluents du Serting, j'ar-
rive k la [ronti&re de Pahang.

Quant k la direction g^nerale on peut s'en rendre comptc en
la suivant sur la carte, et en relevant les points que je vicns
d'indiquer, on tombera en plein dans le territoire de la colo-
nic de Malacca apres avoir travers^ tout ic pays de Gemen-
cheh,

' Si maintenant le
jette ses regards ve

igeur plac<^ sur la fronti&re de Pahang
: pays de Pahang dans la direction de

GEMENCHEH. 17I

d^couvertes d'or de cette contr^e, tel que Raub, il verra que
tous ces points se trouvent dans le m6me soul^vement que je
vien d'indiquer.

Si j'ai pu par ces quelques lignes interesser le lecteur au
point de lui croire par ma demonstration que Tor dans la p6-
ninsule Malaise n*en pas seulement tributaire d*un pays mais
bien de troiSf qui sont la colonie de Malacca, le Gemencheh
(Negri Sembilan), et Pahang, je serai enti^rement satisfait;
mon but sera atteint.

[No. 22.] ^

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

1) E (1 E M K E 11 , 1 8 « « .

SlNiiAroKK:

PjIIMKO at TlIK G0VEU>MKliT PlMNTINti OlTICK.

. >\t:KMS OF TlIK Sofllili *.

LoikIoh oinl Ajnciii'rt. ... TnrnNKU A: Co.

Pal•i^^, ... Kknkst Lkkoix k Cii:.

Gerimuiy. ... K. F. Kokhi.eu's AxTH^AiiirM. liCM[>/i«;.

■r

[No. 22.]

JOURNAL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

DECEMBER, 1 890.

SINGAPORE :
Pbjnted at the Govebnmeut Pbdttog Office.

Agents of the Society:

London and America, ... TbQbkeb & Co.

Paris, ... Ebnest Leboux <& CiE.

Genuany, ... K. F. Koehleb's Aktiqvabivm, Leipzig.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Council for 1891, ... ... ... ... y

List of Members for 1891, ... ... ... vi

Proceedings of the General Meeting, ... ... xv

Councirs Annual Report for 1890,... ... ... xvii

Treasurer's Account for 1890,

•

zix

Baja Haji— iy W. JE. Maxwell, c.m.o., ... ... 178

Yalentyn's Account of Malacca — Contributed by the Hon^ble

D. F. A, Rervey, ... ... ... ... 225

The Law relating to Slavery among the Malays — by W. JE.

Maxwell, c.m.g., ... ... ... ... 247

Malay Law in Negri Sembilan-— ^y Han. Martin Lister, ... 299

The Ruling Family of Selangor — by W. E, Maxwell, c.h.g., 321

The Sphingidfie of Singapore — by Lieut, H, J, KeUall, b. a., . . . 325

The BurmanniacesD of the Malay Peninsula — by H, N, Ridley, 381

S^»^», JttlJtO*f ••• ... .•• ...

On the so-called Tiger's Milk, '* Susu Rimau" of the Malays

— by H. HT, Eidley, M.A., F.L.S., ... ... 341

• l

TABLE OF CONTENTS,— Continued.

On the Habits of the Caringa (iBcophjda BiDaragdina, Sm.)

— by H, N. Bidley^ m.a., p.l.8., ... ... 346

Bibliography of Malaya — hy (7. Daviea Sherborne, f.g.s., ... 849

Occasional Notes : —

Coco-nut Beetles, ... ... ... ... 429

Mosquito LarysB in the Pitchers of Nepentes, ... 480

Matonia pectinata in the Karimon Islands^ ... 480

THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

PATRON:

His ExceUency Sir CECIL CLEMENTI SHITS, £.C.H.a.

POUNCIL FOR 1891.

The Hon'ble Sir J. Fbedebick Dicksok, k.c.m.o., President,
The Eight Bevd. Bishop G-. F. Hose, Vice-President, Singapore,

D. LooAN, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang,
H. N. BiDLSYi Esquire, Honorary Secretary,

E. KoEK, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer,
W. Davison, Esquire,
A. Ekiobt, Esquire,

The Hon'ble J. W. Bonsxb, \ Councillors,
H. L. NoBONHA, Esquire,
Lieut. H. J. Kelsall, b.a.,

LIST OF MEMBERS

FOB

I 8 9 I .

Nos.

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14

Abbahamson, E. E.
Alltngham, S.

Anthonisz, J. O.
AsHWORTH, Lieut. P., b.e.
Atbe, a. F.

Bampfylde, C. a.
Becheb, H. M.
Beeston, Capt. R. D., b.a.
Bellamy, G. C, b.a.
Bebnabd, F. G.

BiCKNELL, W. A.
BiBCH, J. K.

Blagden, C. O.
Blaitd, E. N.

BoNSEB, The Hon'ble J. W.

BoTT, Dr. W. N.

Bbaddon, Dr. W. L.

Addresses.

18| Bbandt, D.

China North Borneo Co.
Ltd., Sandakan, B. N. B.

25, Grosvenor Street,
Grosvenor Square, Lon-
don, W.

Beaconsfield, Sepoy Lines,
Singapore.

Army Agents, Craig Court,
London.

Public Works Department,
Singapore.

Kuching, Sarawak.

Almeida Street, Singapore.

Sandakan, B. N. B.

Kwala Lumpur, Selangor.

Woodleigh, Saranggong
Eoad, Singapore.

Audit Department, Penang.

Senior Magistrate, Penang.

South Malacca, Malacca.

Land Department, Singa-
pore.

Burnside, Tanglin, Singa-
pore.

The Grange, Grange Eoad,
Singapore.

Kwala Lumpor, Selangor.

Woodneuk, Singapore.

Vll

MEMBERS FOR \%gi ,— Continued ,

Nob.

19
20
21
22
23
24

Names.

Bbowit, L. C.
Brown, Dr. W. C.
Bbyant, a. T.
Buckley, C. B.

BuilBIDGE, W.

BuKKiNSHAW, The Ilon'ble J.

25 BunToy-BnowN, Col. A., b.a.,

Addreeses.

26' Camebon, Capt. M. A., b.k.

27 Camus, M. de

28 Cebbuti, G. B.

29 Claine, J.

30 Cliefobd, H. C.

31 Copley, Geobge

32 Cbeaoh, C. Vandeleub

33 CbOIX, J. EUBINGTON DE LA

34 CuBBiE, Andbew

35 Dayison, AVm.

36, Denison, N.

37 Dent, Sir Alfbed, k.c.m.g.

3S Dew, A. T.

39; Dickson, The Hon'ljle Sir J.
I Ekedebick, k.c.m.g.

40 DlETHELM, AV. H.

41 Down, St. V. B.

42, DuNLOP, C.

43| DuNLOP, Colonel S., c.m.g.

Brown & Co., Penaug.
Beech* Street, Penang.
Dindings (on leave).
Orchard Road, Singapore.
j Sophia Road, Singapore.
Mount Elizabetli, Orchard

Road, Singapore.
Balmore, Singapore.

Colonial Engineer's De-
partment, Penang.

Wilkie Road, Singapore.

Bangkok.

21, North am Road, Penang.

Kwala Lipia, Ulu Pahaug.

Municipality, Malacca.

British North Borneo.

Pahang.

28, Eenchureh Street, Lon-
don.

Raffles Museum, Stamford
Road, Singapore.

Lower Perak, Perak.

11, Old Broad Street, Lon-
don, E. C.

Matang, Perak.

Colonial Secretary's House.

Hooglandt & Co., Singa-
pore.

Holme Chase, Grange Road ,
Singapore.

Powell & Co., Singapore.

London.

VUl

MEMBERS FOR iSgi, -^Continued.

Nos.

4A
45

46
47

63
64

61
62
63

Addresses.

EsHi^EDT, Haits
EoEBTON, Walter

Elcum, J. B.

ESCHKE, H.

Eteeett, a. Habt

EVEBETT, E. E.

Evebett, H. H.
Febguson, a. M., Jr.
Fbaseb, John

Gaooino, G.

Gatnob, Lieut. H. P., b.e.

Gentle, Alex.

Gosling, T. L.

Gottlieb, F. H., f.b.g.s., f.a.s.

Gottlieb, G. S. H.
Gbaham, James
gulland, w. g.

Hale, A.

Haughton, H. T., b.a.
Hebvet, The Hon'ble D. F. A.

Hill, Fenton Walteb

Hilty & (Do., Singapore.

Magistrates' Court, Pe-
nang.

Dindings.

German Consulate, Sin-
gapore.

41, York Terrace, Regent's
Park, London.

The Central Borneo Com-
pany Limited, Labuan.

Sarawak.

18 & 19, Baillie Street, Fort,

Colombo.
Eskbank Cottage, Singa-

pore.

Gaggino & Co., Singapore.

Tangiin Barracks, Singa-
pore.

Eskbank, Tangiin, Singa-
pore.

River Valley Road, Singa-
pore.

The Priory, Northam Road,
Penang.

(F. H. Gottlieb), Penang.

London.

Paterson, Simons & Co.,
London.

Kinta, Perak.

Singapore.

Resident Councillor, Ma-
lacca.

Kwala Lumpur, Selangor.

MEMBERS FOR 1891,— Continued.

N08.

67
68

71
72

73
74

76
76
77

78
79
80
81
82

Hill, E. C.

Hose, Bight Bevd. Bishop G. F.,
M.A.,D.D. (Honorary Member)
Hose, C.
houthutsen, c. l.

hullett, e. w., m.a., f.l.s.

Hutchinson, E. B.

Ibbahim Bnr Abdullah, IncLe
Ibyino, C. J., C.M.O.

JOAQUIM, J. p.

JoHOB, H. H. the Sultan of the
State and Territory of, o.c.M.o.,
Q.c.s.i. (Honorary Member)

E^EHDINO, F.

Keith, Dr.

Kellmann, E.

Kblsall, Lieut. H..J., r.a.

Kennedy, Abchibald

Kennedy, E.

Keb, T. Bawson

Knight, Abthub

Koee, Edwin

Addresses.

84 Kbo3i Mun Dewawongse Vabo-

PBAKAB, H. B. H. Prince

85 Kyiwebsley, C. W. S.

Insnector of Schools,
Mt. Pleasant, Singapore.

Sarawak.

Baram, Sarawak.

Netherlands Trading So-
ciety, Singapore.

Eskbank, Tanglin, Singa-
pore.

Penang.

Johor.

Tiverton, Devonshire, Eng-
land.

Buitenzorg, Paterson Bead,
Singapore.

Johor (now in Europe).

Labuan, Deli.
Bangtaphan, Siam.

Fort Canning, Singapore.

Batu Qajah, Kinta, Perak.

Penang.

Johor Bharu, Johor.

Grassdale, Biver Valley

Bead, Singapore.
Clare Grove, Orchard

Bead, Singapore.

Bangkok.

MEMBERS FOR i8gi,— Continued.

Nob.

Names.

Addressos.

91
92

93
94
95
96

97
98
99

100

101
102
103
104

105

106
107

Laugheb, H.

Latino, Gt,

Lawes, Eevd. W. G. (Honorary

Member)
Lease, Dr. J. T.

Lees, F. Balfoub

LempbiIsbe, E. T.
Lewis, John E. A., b.a.

LisTEE, Hon. Mabtin
Little, E. M.
Logan, D.
Low, Sir Hugh, g.c.m.g.

Macbean, W.
Mabtens, Dr.
Mabtin, Dp. L.

Maxwell, R. W.

Maxwell, W. E., c.m.g.

McKlLLOP, J.

Mebbwetheb, E. M.
Milleb, James

Muhby, O.

NaNSON, AVm., B.A., F.S.A,
NaPIEB, W. J., M.A.

Baffles Institution, Singa-
pore.

Spring Grove, Grange
Koad, Singapore.

Port Moresby, New Guinea.

Waterloo, Kiver Valley
Hoad, Singapore.

Singapore Insurance Com-
pany Limited.

Labuan.

Government Printing
Office, Sarawak.

Negri Sembilan (on leave.)

Gaya, Sandakan.

Solicitor- General, Penang.

England.

Straits Insurance Office.

Mabar Estate, Deli, Suma-
tra.

Inspector-General's Office,
Singapore.

Kwaia Lumpur, Selangor.

P/ilau Brani, Singapore.

Singapore.

Giiailan, Wood & Co.,
I Singapore.

Behn, Meyer & Co., Singa-
pore.

Craigton, Tanglin, Singa-
pore.

Mount Alma, Dalvey Road,
Singapore.

MEMBERS FOR iSgi, -^Continued.

N08.

108
109

110

111

112
113
114

116

117
118

119
120

121
122

123

124

125

126
127
128

Addresses.

Neive, D. C.
Newton, Howard
noboitha, h. l.

Cluny Boad, Tanglin,
Singapore.

G-rasslands, St. Thomas
Walk, Singapore.

Devonshire Eoad, Singa-
pore.

O'SuLLiVAN, A. W. S., B A. England.

Pateeson, D. W.
Paul, W. F. B.

Pebham, Kevd. J. (Honorary
Member)

Piceebiko, W. a., c.m.o.

Raffbat, a.

Read, W. H. M., c.m.g.
Reitu, Revd. G. M., m.a.

RiCKETT, C. B.

Ridley, II. N., m.a., f.l.s.

Rodger, J. P.
RosT, Dr. Rein HOLD

RowELTi, Dr. T. Irvine

Sarawak, H. H. The Raja of,
K. C.M.O. (Honorary Member)

Satow, E. M., c.m.g. (Honorary
Member)

Schaalje, M.

Scott, Dr. Duncan

Seah Liang Seau.

Guthrie & Co., Singapore.
I Sungei Ujong.

River Valley Road, Singa-
pore.
England.

French Consulate, Singa-
pore.

c/o A. L. Johnston & Co.

Mount Elizabeth, Singa-
pore.

Botanic Gardens, Singa-
pore.

Pekan, Pahang.

India Ofiice Library, Lon-
don. S. W.

England.

Kuching, Sarawak.

Monte Video.
Batavia.

Batu Gajah, Elinta, Perak.
Chop " Chin Hin,'' Singa-
pore.

MEMBERS FOR ligi, -^Continued.

Nos.

Names.

Addresses.

129

Seah Soitro Sbah

Chop " Chin Hin," Singa-
pore.

130

Sebosl, V.

Brinkmann & Co., Singa-
pore.

131

Shelpoed, The Hon'ble T.

Broadfields, Paterson Koad,
Singapore.

132

SiTTTfKEB, The Hon'ble A. M.,

G.M.G.

Eesident Councillor, Pe-
nang.

133

Smith, n. E. Sir Cecil Clementi,

H.A., E.C.M.G.

Government House.

134

SOHST, T.

Mount Bosie, Chancery
Lane, Singapore.

135

SouBiNDBO MoHUK Taoobe, Baja,

Mu8. Doc.

Calcutta, India.

136

Stbiktgee, C.

One Tree House, Orange
Koad, Singapore.

137

St. Claib, W. G.

Singapore Free Press
OflBce, Singapore.

138

SWETTBNHAM, P. A., C M.G.

Resident, Perak.

139

Sted Mohamed BIX Ahmed

AL SaOOFP

140

Syebs, H. C.

Kwala Lumpur, Selangor.

141

Syed Abubakeb bin Omab

AL JUICIEB

142

Talbot, A. P.

Assistant Colonial Secre-
tary's House, Singapore.

143

Tan Km Chino

Siamese Consul-General,
Singapore.

144

Thompson, A. B.

Deli, Sumatra.

145

TnoBOLD, F. Thobold

Perak.

146

TbEACHEB, W . H., C.M.G.

Secretary to Government,
Perak.

« • t

Xlll

MEMBERS FOR i%giy^Continticd,

N08.

147
148
149

150

161

162
163
154
156
156

157

Names.

Trubneb & Co.

Van Beninoen van Helsdin-

GEN, Dr. R.
Veemont, The Hon'ble J. M. B.

Walkeb, Lieut.- Col. R. S. P.,

C.M.O.

Walkeb, H.

Watson, E. A.
West, F. G.
Wbat, L.
Wbat, L., Jr.
Wbench, W. T.

Yule, Colonel Henry, b.e., c.b.
(Honorary Member)

Addresses.

Ludgato Hill, London, B.C.

Deli, Sumatra.
Batu Eawan Estate, Pro-
vince Wellesley.

Perak (on leave).
Land and Survey Depart-
ment, Sandakan, B. N. B.
Bentong, Pahang.

Perak.

Perak Museum, Perak.
Raffles Institution, Singa-
pore.

Penvwern Road, London.
S. W.

Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any change of address
or decease of members in order that the list may be as complete as possible.

All communications concerning the publications of the Society should be
addressed to the Secretary ; all subscriptions to the Treasurer.

Members may have on application forms authorising their Bankers or
Agents to pay their subscription to the Society regularly each year.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ANNUAL QBNBEAL MEBTIN&

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

HELD AT THE

RAFFLES MUSEUM

FKIDAr, IGth JANUARY, 1891.

Present :

The Hon'ble Sir J. FREDERICK DiCKSON, K.C.M.G., Presi-
•iient, the Right Rev. Bishop G. F. HoSE, D.D., Vice-President,
E. KOEK, Esq., Honorary Treasurer, the Hon'ble J. W.
BoNSER, W. Davison, Esq., H. L. Noronha, Esq., and A.
Knight, Esq., Councillors ; A. Raffrav, Esq., H. ESCHKE,
Esq., J. Mackillop, Esq., the Revd. J. Perham, the Revd.
<}. M. Reith, W. G. St. Clair, Esq., Dr. W. Bott, W. J.
Napier, Esq.; and H. N. Ridley, Esq., Honorary Secretary.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The Annual Report was read by the Honorary Secretary,
and, on the motion of Mr. EsCHKE seconded by Mr. St. Clair,
was unanimously adopted.

XVI PROCEEDINGS.

The list of Members elected by the Council was then read,.,
and their election confirmed.

The President addressed the meeting, referring to the.
improvement upon last year's publications and to the improved
state of the funds of the Society.

A ballot was then taken for the election of Officers and
Council, for the year 1891, with the following result : —

President, — The Hon'ble Sir J. FREDERICK DiCKSON,

K.C.M.G.

Vice-Presidents, — Singapore : The Right Rev. Bishop G. F.
Hose, d.d. ; Penang: D. LOGAN, Esq.

Honorary Secretary, — H. N. RiDLEY, Esq.

Honorary Treasurer, — E. KOEK, Esq.

Councillors, — ^W. Davison, Esq., A. Knight, Esq., the
Hon'ble J. VV. BONSER, H. L. NoRONHA, Esq., and Lieut.
H. J. Kelsall, r.a.

The meeting then closed.

-)o:o(-

xvii

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL

OF THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

In presenting this report, the Council are happy to state
that the affairs of the Society arefinancially quite satisfactory,
and further to congratulate the Society upon its renewed
activity, as evinced by the larger accession of members than
during previous years, and by the increasing numbers of
papers of good quality brought before the Society.

Since the last General Meeting, thirty-one members have
been elected by the Council, subject to confirmation, under
Rule XI, by the General Meeting. They are the following: —

Mr. H. H. Everett.
Mr. E. E. Everett.
Dr. W. L. Braddon.
Mr. E. R. Hutchinson.
Mr. W. J. Napier.
Mr. G. Gagging.
Mr. H. Eschke.
Mr. J. E. A. Lewis.
Mr. A. Raffray.
Mr. D. C. Neave.

Mr. S. Al.LINGHAM.

Mr. Howard Newton.
Rev. G. M. Reith.
Dr. W. N. BOTT.
Dr. Keith.

Col. A. Burton-Brown,
r.a.

Mr. J. McKiLLOP.
Mr. F. Balfour-Lees.
Mr. D. W. Paterson.

Mr. C. L. HOUTHUVSEN.

Mr. F. Walker Hill.
Mr. H. Ebhardt.
Mr. Seah Song Seah.
Hon. Martin Lister.
Mr. W. Macbean.
Dr. Martens.
Dr. J. T. Leask.
Mr. W. T. Wrench.
Lieut. H. J. Kelsall, r.a.
Mr. J. Claine.
Mr. F. G. West.

XVlll ANNUAL REPORT.

The following gentlemen resigned at the end of the year: —
Mr. W. Adamson, Mr. S. Gilfillan, Mr. van Langen,
Mr. S. L. Thornton.

At the last General Meeting it was agreed to institute
Corresponding Members for the different out-lying districts,
who should assist the Society by forwarding contributions to
the Society's Journal and other publications, procuring ad-
ditional members, and otherwise looking after the best
interests of the Society in their districts.

The following gentlemen have kindly consented to accept
the position of Corresponding Members : — Dr. MARTENS
(for Sumatra), the Hon'ble D. F. A. Hervey (for Malacca),
Mr. W. E. Maxwell, c.m.g. (for Selangor), Mr. L. Wray (for
Perak), Dr. Treub (for Batavia), Mr. Hale (for Negri Sem-
bilan), Mr. H. H. Everett (for Borneo).

The new edition of the map is still in the publisher's hands,
but will be very shortly before the Society. Much new
material has been added, especially from the districts of
Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor, Perak and Kedah.

The old edition of 1887 has been almost entirely sold out.

During the year, Journal No. 21 was published, and No. 22
will be in the hands of members in a few days ; with this
number will be published a complete list of the literature
dealing with Malayan subjects brought out during 1888, 1889
and up to June, 1890, compiled by Mr. C. Da VIES Sherborn.
It is proposed to publish a similar list every year.

A Conversazione given by the President and Council was
held in June, when Professor Vaughan Stevens exhibited a
collection of ethnological specimens from the Sakeis ; there
was a large attendance.

The Society's library has been sorted and re-arranged, and
a Catalogue of it will shortly be made.

Through the liberality of the Government the sum of $500
has again been placed on the Estimates to assist in the
publication of the map.

H. N. RIDLEY,

Honorary Secretary^

Singapore, i$th January, iSgj ,

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JEING ou a visit to Siiigaport! iu Oct()bor lasl I fonud
iii_v8clf Olio day iu the Raffles Library, and it occiirri-i]
to me that il would be interosling to look over the Malay
manuscriptH on the alielves of the Logan CoUoi-tion of pliiloloKiiral
books. Guided by a catalogue, I selected a thin, diseolourDd nuuiii-
script described as " Sha'ir Acheh," wunderiu}; thai there should
Imvi- Iieen a poem about Acheh in Loan's tune, though the Dut<;h
c«In'ilitions to Acheh have made us familiar with the effusions of
Maliiy poetastera thereon in later days. The first verse iMiutained
an allusion to Selangor, aud it soon became apparent that Uie
document had nothing to do with Acheh, but was a ballad relating
the adventureii and doath of a certain Raja Haji in Malacca, Thu
names of persona, including those of the Dutch conunaudcrs who
led the attack in which the Malay hero of the ballad lost his life,
were given, so it was evidently a worfc oontemponuieoua with tho
events which it described. I borrowed the manuscript from the
Libi-ary and sot to work to collect all avathkble information about
Baja Haji's attack upon Malaci'a in the lant century. Materials
were plentiful; Begbie ".devotes five (>ages (pp. 65 — 60) to the
subject and Notspiier t has published (in Duti'h) the text of tlio
official diary kept iu the fortress of Malacca from day to day
during the stirring events of 1783-i, the source, apparently, fmni
which Begbie got his iuformatiou. And Iwsides the English and
Dutch accounts I found a long description of Raja Haji's iuvasiuu
of Mahii-'ca iu a Malay historical work called ■'Tuhfat-el-nafis."
which treats of the Malay Rajas of Btigis pxtniction in the
StrailB of Malacca.

I subjoin the text CRomanised) of the Malay liallad preserveil
by Logan, and probalily acquired by him during one of Ms visits
to Miuaeca some forty years ago. It is evidently the work of a
Malaeca Malay, friendly to the Dut^h and perhaps iu their service,
who looked upon the Selangor invaders aa robbers and llic Bugis

174

RAJA HAJI.

as pirat-es. I have not Tootured to atlempt to tratiBlate it. The
chanuiter of Malay poetry makes it almoet impossible to make
pafitKTU readable in an English dresB. The story is carried on in
the third and fourth lines of each stanza onlj-, the first two Unea
being either mere tags on which to hang the rhyme, or, at the
best, some figurative statement, a kind of background against
which to set the picture. To read ninetj-five stanzas like the
following would give little idea of the effect of the original; —

Star the houie qf Iitche Baiit'a.

The liyakap fiah from the aea qf Banca,

The corpse waa oust into ft cleft ot the rocks.

Of him who had boasted he would laJce Malacca.

Tht tiyaiapfitkfrom the ica of Banco.

Si TUah runi aHrai; wiik the tray.

GU intention wns to take Malacca,

Little aware that hie life wonld be lost.

Si Taah rum off with the tray.

Wood ii lv.med by Si Naga Wangaa.

Little thought he that his life would be loat.

The body was romoved b; the Govetnor of Malacca.
The litemry merit of the poem is not great, but it is of con-
siderable historical interest and will be valued in Malacca as the
work of some local bard of the last century, who celebrated in the
best language he could command the successful repulse of tlic raid
attempted on his native city.

Begbie's accotmt of the cause of the quarrel between the Yang-
di-per-tuan Muda of Riouw and the Ihitch, and of the fighting
that ensued is an appropriate preface to the Malacca ballad *: —

"At this period (a.d. 1782; Heg. 1194) Pieter Gteraldas de Brigu
was the Governor of Malacca, being assisted by five other indi-
viduals as Members of Council:. these were (1) the President of
the Court of Justice, (2) the Commaudiag Officer of the Troops,
(3) the Master Attendant, (4) the Fiscal, and (5) the Winkellier,
or Superintendant of the Company's trade. Few readers need to
be reminded that a severe contest was being maintained at this
epoch by the English against the united strength of the French
and Dutch nations, Oerrid Pangal was also Kesident of the island
of Rhio. another Dutch settlement in the vicinity of Singapore,
Rajah Hadgi was the Rajah Moodah, ov lyaug de Pertuan Moodah,
of the same place, and Sulthaun Mahomed Shah, Sulthaun of the

* The Bi>elling of the original baa been retained.

176

small island of Lmgpjiu. An Bnglisli merchantman was attackt^d
by a French inan-of-war somewhere in the Indian Archipelagu,
but, managing to make her PBcajH.', put into Rhio for protection.
It muHt be remembered that, although the Dutch poaaeaHed a
Colony here, it was as yet but iii ita infancy, and their authority
merely nominal. The Knglishmau consequently relied upon the
neutrality of the Rajah Moodah."

" Pangal, anxious as he waa to obtain the merchantmoa as a
prine, was therefore onable to aeize her without the permiaBion of
Kajah Hadgi. which he accordingly sought and obtained upon con-
dition that he ahould receive a fair proportion of the booty.
Fongal loat no time in communiewting with the Gtovemor of
Ualaeca, who forthwith deapatched a fast sailing French corvette
that waa lying in the roads, by whom she was seized, carried to
Batavia, and sold, the French and Dutch dividing the proceeds
between them."

" Rajah Hadgi in vain demanded his proportion of the prize, for
the more powerful confederates laughed at bia pretensions. In-
dignant at this shameless breach of agreement by the Dutch, who
were nationaUy concerned in it, the disappointed Rajah Moodah
declared war against them the following year. To meet this declara-
tion Francis Lenckner. the President of the Court of Justice, was
despatched to Rhio from Malacca at the dose of the year in
command of about eeventeen small veasela and six hundred troops,
a most incongruoua appointment for a man of law. Lenckner's
expedition terminated as niijfht have iwen foreseen. He was not
only totally defeated, and obliged to crowd ail canvas in his
retreat, tuking with him the aetttera of Khio, but also to leave
behind one of his vessels, which bad lieen stranded ou the bar,
and could not be Seated off."

"Fhished with this success. Rajah Hadgi detemuned the
ensuing year to attack Malacca ; he therefore equipped a, fleet of
one buDdred and seventy vessels, carrying a large Iwdy of men,
with which he sailed for the Moar River."

" The Dutch, as timorous in the hour of peril as they had been
l)erfldiouH when the mle of the strongest was theirs, despatched
one of their numlwr. Abraham D'Winil, a gentleman whose
influenci' with the natives was very umsiderable, to espostulato
with the exasperated Kajah Moodah. and deprecate his vengeance,
But if the Dutih really hoped that they could again cajole him,
they were quickly undeceived by the rapid return of their

I7(i

ambassador, who acooimteii liiiusi^lf but U)o hapjiy in hiivmg been
able to t-ffeut liie escape with bia life."

" Hamli Hadgi, having weif^hed aochur. now came off Katapang,
u smtill Tillagre Hitiiii.ti>d a)>out five miles eaeterly of Malaiva, imd
opposite the Water islands; here he diaembarked and erected a
stockade on the sea. shore, in which he took up his head-qua.rt43T8,
having with him about 1,000 armed followers, and 300 women.
Close to this village is a spot called Poongoor, where Mr.
D'Wind had a house and grounds, but, the communication
lietweeu it aud Malacca being merely a narrow footpath leading
through a dense jungle, Rivjah Hadgi was convinced that regular
troops would never think of passing through so dangerous a defile
us long as there were more eligible points of atta<!k. He tlierefore
left the stoi-kade open on this face,* throwing up a simple pagifah,
or stout bam1>oo fence, iu heu of it: as an additioaul source of
security he advanced a party to Mr, D'Wind's house."

" Meanwhile, the Bajah of Salaugure, an independent Stat«
about forty miles to the westward of Malacca, who had married
a daughter of Rajah Hadgi, sailed up the Linggy river, which
disembogues itself about twenty-five miles from Malacca, and
having captured some Malacca Klings (or natives of Coromajidel)
who were residing at Rumbow, returned down the river ; he then
sailed along the coast, reducing the whole country to the westward
as far as Taujong Kliug. seven miles from Malacca."

"At the period of which 1 am treating, the now populous
neigh Ijourhood of Tronquoirah, which forms the westt-m suburb of
Maiaci^, consisted mi'rely of a few houses spotted here aud there
in a thick jungle, which was jwculiarly favourable for the opera-
tion of a Malayan enemy ; the Dutch, thus belea^iucrcd both
eastward and westward, were unable to prevent the appninch of the
Rajah of Salangore tt) the seooud Tnujqueirah bridge whiih is only
about one miL' from the fort of Malacca, whilst Rajah Hadgi
advanced as far iia Oojong Passir, the whole of the countiT to tie
northward, as far as Paugkallaug Bammab, lieiog in tlie Irnuds of
the confederates."

* "Oocaide of a Mslajui stoakude is alivayB l?ft open for tho uonvi'Dit'iice
of retraat, be tbo defenders never wait for the bayonet. Aa thia j.Uio is

SenarBlly resting on the jungle, aud all ibo paths, except thojc tli''^' n-to'iit
y, are planted with ranjowa, thuir losa is gt-nemlly triBing, Ix-in^- .iiiri.iiL-d
hy tlieir works from tbo ouciuy'd fire in tlio Erst matanve, und miSi- fruui
pursuit in thu seoond,"

KAJA IfAJI.

" At this crisis of their iiffaira, thy I>ut::h were unliappily at
Tariauw amongst themselves. Togar AImw. the commauder of
a 3K-gun frigate, tlien Ijing in the MaWi« roads, roundly charged
D'Wiud with treachiT^, and the hitter was at^oordingly arrcBtt'd.
The charge not lieiii)r substantiated he was suliBcqueutly set at
liberty by order o£ the Biituvian Qoveriinient. and shortly after-
wards the frijfato accidentally bltw up. thus adding to the
difficulties of the Dutch,"

■' They were at leugtli considerably relieved by the appearance of
a fleet consiating of thre« ships and two brigs from Batavia under
the command of Admiral Van Braant. who dropped anchor between
the Wat*r islands and Kalapang on the main land and mainlained
a constant fire on the stockade of Bajah Hadgi, who returned it as
briskly. Van Bmam, takiug advantage of a c^rk night, laid down
a succession of anchors, with hawsers attached to each, Iwtween bis
vessels and the shore. Having on board six hundred Javane^ae
Ixivonets, he landed this party about four In the morning without
uoiBe by means of the hawsers, aud directed it to remain conwaled
at Pumoo till daybreak. In order to divert the enemy's attention
from that quarter, the fleet continued its cannonade until the
signal was made for the attack of the land column which, falling
suddenly upon the stockade, dispersed the enemy with the loss of
450 killed, Kajah Uadgi was numbered amongst tlic slain having
been killed by nearly the last round shot fired from the fleet."

" Directly that the Admiral saw the Dutch colour flyiitg over
the stockade he lauded, but. not having as yet learned the death
of the Rajah, he concluded that he had marched for Malacca aft^^r
having evacuated the stockade. He therefore put his troops in
ra[iid motion for that place, but discovered the real sttito of affairs
on arriving at Poongoor. Rajah Hudgi's body was found after
some search, and brought into Malacca, where it was interred on
8t, Paul's HiU,"

The followiu

s the Ho

scd text of Ihc Mality ballad :—

SUA- IK lUJA HAJI.

Ilcntungnr liatAng uiorboti

Perljn^ ili-Uivlam pi'iiuigkiip
Kuja tSiiltineur tilia kn lieiubnu
Oran^ Kliu^ baljis l«r-tun^kap.

178 KAJA HAJI.

Porllng di-dalam perangkap

Baya di hula be-rampas-an
Orang Kling lain ter-tangkap

Dato' Pengholu me-lopas-luii.

Baya di holu be-rampas-an

Ter-layang batang lembing
Dato' Pengholu me-lepas-kan

Di-Roroh Pa'Sayang * membawa Kling

Ter-layang batang lembing
Bampun temu di-dalam raga

Di-suroh Pa'Sayang membawa Kling
Lalu ber-temu pada Wolanda.

Bumpon temu di-dalam raga

Benang di kayu laka
Sudah ber-temu pada Wolanda

Pa'Sayang ter-bilang di Malaka.

Bilang pinang di kayu laka
China mcnampi di-dalam prahu

Pa'Sayang ter-bilang di Malaka
Shina Tambi t di-jumput men- jama.

China mcnampi di-dalam prahu
Di-dalam dulang ikan belanak

Shina Tambi jumput men-jamu
Pa'Sayang pulang meng^ambil anak.

Di dalam dulang ikan 1>elanak

Bontangor kayu bor-batang
Pa'Sayan;]^ pulang mengambil anak

Orang SaJangor pun sudah datang.

Bentangor kayu ber-batang

Bunga tanjung ber-tali-tali
Orang Salangor pun sudah datang

Baiyat Taujong X pun sudah Ian.

Bunga tanjung ber-tali-tali

Bentangor batang ber-duri
Orang Tanjoug pun sudah lari

Baiyat Salangor masok men-churi.

* Pa'Sayang : apparently an influential Malay. Baha Sayang is stiU
the favourite burden of Malacca songs,
t Shina Tambi : a Malacca Kling.
X Tanj<mg : Tanjong Kling, about seven miles from Malacca.

RAJA HAJI. 179

Bentangor batang ber-dori

Sungei Raya negri Asahan
Baiyat Salangor masok men-churi

Sakalian kunpong di-binasa-kan.

Sungei Baya negri Asahan

Merbu ber-bunyi di kayu ara
Habis raiyat di-binasa-kan

Kerbau di-churi muntah-kan darah.

Merbu ber-bunyi di kayu ara

Tetak akar pisang rajahan
Kerbau di-churi muntah-kan darah

Hilang asal ka-raja-an.

Tetak akar pisang rajahan

Bakul lama ber-isi duri
Hilang asal ka-raja-an

Tinggal-kan nama Baja penchuri.

Bakul ber-isi duri

Deri Ligor ka Manja Sanun
'I^gg&^'l^ nama Eaja penchuri

Baiyat Salangor masok menyamun.

Deri Ligor ka Manja Sanun

Bandera ber-sri-sri
Orang Salangor masok menyamun,

Orang Tangkcra * masok negri.

Bandera ber-sri-sri

Serindit ber-duyun-duyun
Orang Tangkcra masok negri,

Orang Peringgit t pnn Imbis turun.

Serindit ber-duyun-duyun

Tempurong di-buat sendok
Orang Peringgit habis turun

Orang Duyong X pun sudah bilok.

Tempurong di-buat sendok

Buah laka di-dalam kedut
Orang Duyong pun sudah bilok

Di-dalam Malaka baharu gelut.

* Tangkcra : Tranqu6ra, a suburb of Malacca,
t PeringgU : a Malay kampong near Malacca.

X Duyong : a river and sea-coast village south of Malacca, the inhabit-
ants of which apparently joined the inyaders.

180 KAJA HAJl.

Buah laka di-dalam kodut

Porgi ka tclnk menarah papan

Di-dalam Malaka baharu gelut
Nasi tcr-sondok tidak tor-makan.

Pergi ka teluk menarah papan
Q^rgaji belah-kan tampang

Nasi ter-sondok tidak ter-makan
Baja Haji tiba Teluk Eatapang.

Gtorgaji belah-kan tampang

Ikat pita tuntu-tuntu
Baja Haji tiba Teluk Katapang

Pasang palit-a sagonap pintu.

Ikat pita tuntu-tuntu
Pijat-pijat banyak mc-lata

Pasang paJita sagenap pintu
Mahu di-lihat dengan nyata.

Pijat-pijat banyak me-lata

Tolepuk di tiidong saji
Mahu di-lihat dengan nyata

Takut-kan raiyat si Raja Haji.

Telepuk di tudong saji

Handak menyiram ka perigi

Takut-kan raiyat si Baja Haji
Masok nienyclap di-dalaui nogri.

Handak menyiram ka pcrigi

Kilat datang dengan chuac^ha-nya

Masok monyelap di-dalam nogri
Kalau tidak dengan nyata-nya.

Kilat datang dengan ehuacha-nya
Di-dalam bilek jKjrmeisuri

Kalau tidak dengan nyata-nya
Membawa fa*il * seperti pcnohuri.

Di-dalam bilek i>ermei8uri
Hiyu di Pulau Indra Giri

Membawa fa*il seixjrti pencliuri
Mati bulur f dia sendiri.

• Fa'U: behaviour.
t Bulur: hunger.

RAJA HAJT. 181

Hiyu di Pulau Indra Giri

Punggor pinang rumah To'Alu
Mati buliir dia scndiri

Tiada keniang mcinakan sagu.

Punggor pinang rumah To'Alu

Tali layang ber-penit-perut
Tiada keniang memakan sagu

Minum-kan ayer sakit perut.

Tali layang bcr-porut-porut

Kembang pudak * bunga sena
Minum-kan ayer sakit perut

Serta pula tidor di tanah.

Kembang pudak bunga sena

Bunga chempaka di-dalam chcmbu
Sudah pula tidor di tanah

Tanah Malaka apa di-tunggu.

Bunga chempaka di-dalam chembu

Kranji di-dalam lukah
Tanah Malaka apa di-tunggu

Kaja Haji yang punya suka.

Kranji di-dalam lukah

Ubur-ubur dori China
Kaja Haji yang punya suka

Handak bor-kubu di Bukit China.

Ubur-ubur deri China

Tetak tonggiri di-bawah batang
Handak ber-kubu di Bukit China

Maka sendiri garangan datang.

Tetak tengg^ri di-lmwah batang

Salah nauia orang mcngaji
Patut sendiri garangan datang

Sudah Ixjr-nama si Kaja Haji.

Salah nama orang mengaji

Kumbu di-dalam jala
Sudah ber-nama si Raja Haji

Maka ]>er-tomu pada Wolanda.

Kumbu di-dalam jala

Handak menangkap ikan scmbilang
Sudah ber-tcmu pada Wolanda

Ka-asa dapat ka-dua hilang.

• Pudak : pandanus inermis.

182 RAJA HAJI.

Handak menangkap ikan sembilang

Sudah ber-galah lagi ber-tali
Ka-asa dapat ka-dua hilang

Ayoh Allah apa-kan jadi.

Sudah bor-galah lagi ber-tali

Ular naga panjang ch\ila-nya
Ayoh Allah apa-kan jadi

Malam ber-jaga siyang ber-kubu. •

Ular naga panjang chula-nya f

Terendak ber-jari-jari
Malam bor-jaga siyang ber-kubu

Ini-lah kahandak si Baja Haji.

Terendak ber-jari-jari

Sikojang bunga sa-pagi
Ini-lah pcr-buit-an si Raja Haji

Seperti anjing dcngan babi. f

Sikejang bnnga sa-jmgi

Tetak batang di-dalam padi
Fa'il bagei anjing dan babi

Tiada berani masok negri.

Tetak batang di-dalam padi

Priuk bcr-isi arang
Tiada berani masok negri

Raja Bru X Raja Siamang.

Priuk ber-isi arang

Si Kilang deri Rumbia
Raja Bru Raja Siamang

Hilang asal dengan mulia.

Si Kilang dcri Rumbia

Menggulei kapala todak
Hilang asal dengan mulia

Antah-kan dai)at antah tidak.

* Sic in original. The second and fourth linos do not rhyme ; Siyang-
herkubu malam ber-jaga wotdd bo better.

t The Dutch sympathies of the author are here evinced. Raja Haji (who
is still looked on as a hero and martyr in Riouw and Selangor) being described
as behaving like a dog or a pig, words abhorrent to Muhammadan ears.

X There is a pun here on the name of the Dutch Goyemor, de Bruijn.
Baja Hail is described as hesitating to attack the fort from fear of the big
monkey (jbruk) there.

BAJA HAJI. 183

Menggtilei kapala todak

Buah laka di atas tu *
Antah-kan dapat antah tidak

Baja Malaka handak di-tipu.

Buah laka di atas tu

Inche Usoh memasang lilin
Baja Malaka handak di-tipu

Musoh sudah ber-koliling^.

Inche Usoh memasang lilin
Bandahara mandi cu tepi kota

Musoh sudah ber-koliling
Apa-kan jadi garangan kita ?

Bandahara mandi di tepi kota

Banyak lontar di Indragiri
Apa-kan jadi garangan kita

Seperti onta menyerah-kan diri.

Banyak lontar di Indra p^iri

Dalima pagar-kan dun
Sa-bagei onta menyerah-kan diri

Pa'Sayang ber-jalan sendiri-diri.

Dalima pagar-kan duri

Inche Ayat pergi ka-pantei
Pa'Sayang pergi mengantar-kan diri

Baiyat pun sudah habis lari.

Inchu Ayat pergi ka par it
Pot'mj^ bachang Inir-jari-jjiri

Kaiyat pun sudah habii l)or-balik

Pa'Sayang pun datang sambil ber-lari.

Poiong bachanj^ ber-jari-jari
Batang laka buat chuchur-an

Pa'Sayang datang sambil ber-lari
Ayer mata ber-chuchur-an.

Kayu laka buat chuchur-an
Mengkarawang kayu meranti

Ayer mata ber-chuchur-an
Tiada ka-tahu-an di-dalam hati.

Mengkarawang kayii meranti

Mayang di-dalam kumbu
Ticula ka-tahu-an di-dalam hati

Pa'Sayang ber-balik masok kubii.

• Tu : sic in original. Piniu f

184 KAJA UiUl.

Mayang di-dalam kombu

Baga ter-sirat deri laka
Pa'Sayang ber-balik masok kubu

Baja Siak datang ka Malaka.

Baga ter-sirat deri laka

Bandera di jati merah
Baja Siak datang ka Malaka

Di-bawa pergi ka Tangk6ra.

Bandera di jati merah

Bunga China di Bukit China

Di-bawa pergi ka Tangk^ra
TinggaJ di gedong Nyonya Makinya.*

Birnga China di Bukit China

Kayu di-beli buat cherpu
Tinggal di gedong Nyonya Makinya

Malayu pandei membuat tipu.

Kayu di-beli buat cherpu

Kapas-an Pulau Langkawi
Malayu pandei membuat tipu

Kapal pun tiba deri Batawi.

Kapas-an Pulau Langkawi

Pulau Hantu laut Malaka
Kapal pirn tiba deri Batawi

Handak mem-bantu tanah Malaka.

Pulau Uantu laut Malaka

Chuka di-diilang Dato' Mantri

Uandak mem-bantu t^nah Malaka
Suka-lah raiyat di-dalam negri.

Chuka di dulang Dato' Mantri
Oran}^ menyuloh chai'ana papan

Suka-lah raiyat di-dalam negri

Ka^ml di-3uroh ka Teluk Katapang.

Orang menyuloh chai*ana papan

Sungei Kaya Tanjong Jati
Kapal di tiba ka Telok Katapang

Kaiyat di-suroh jalan kaki.

Sungoi Ray:i Tanjon;^ ,fati
Tanam chom])eilak rapat-rapat

Raiyat di-3ui-oli jalan kaki

Satu pim tiada dapat muafakat.

See entry in the Malacca Journal under date May 14th.

KAJA HAJl. 185

Tanam chempedak rapat-rapat
Incho Usoh meng-ganti tikar

Satu pun tidak dapat muafakat
Musoh pun sudah ber-hinti bcsar.

Inche Usoh meng-ganti tikai*

Tetak buah di-atas galah
Musoh pun suda ber-hinti besar

Minta-kan do'a kapada Allah.

Tetak buah di-atas galah

Banyak lintah di Kalkati
Pong-gali gali-kan pinang

Minta tiUong kapada Nabi.

Banyak lintah di Kalkati

Peng-gali gali-kan pinang
Minta tidong kapada Nabi

Tiga hari sunto' ber-parang.

Pong-gali di buat parang

Buah labu deri Jelebu
Tiga hari sunto* l^er-parang

Kapitan Abu * lalu mcngerbu.

Buah labu deri Jelebu

Buah kranji deri hulu
Kapitan Pamoram f naik mcngerbu

Raja llaji kena peluru.

Buali kranji deri hulu

TeroiX)ng ter-guling-guling
Kaja Haji kena peluru

Chompong tumpaa lari merauting.

Teropong ter-guling-guling

Inclie Abit lari ka pantei
Chompong tumpas lari memuting

Habis raiyat mati l>er-tindih bangkei.

Inclie Abit lari ka pantei

Handak mongambil kain hijau

Raiyat yang mati ber-tindih bangkei
Ada yang mati ada yang hidop.

* Foger AIk), a naval officer. — See Malacca Journal under dates February
22nd and March Gth.
t Admiral van Braam.

186 RAJA HAJl.

Uandak meng^nti kain hijau

Tudong saji bcr-isi keladi
Ada yaiifi; mat! ada yang hidop

Raja Uaji di-bawa Ian.

Tudong saji ber-isi keladi
Orang Tanjong akan meng-galaa

Uaja Haji di-bawa lari
Lalu di-8uro' di Tanjong Palas.

Orang Tanjong akan mcng-galas

Dekat rumah Incho Sabtu
Mayat di-1)awa ka Tanjong Palas

Lalu ter-solit di chola batu.

Dekat nimah Inche Sabtu

Ikan siyakap deri Bangka
Mayat ter-champak di chelah batu

Chakap mengambil tanah Malaka.

Ikan siyakap dori Bangka

Si Ihiah me-lari-kan dulang
Uandak mengambil negri Malaka

Tiada sedar jiwa akan hilang.

Si Tuah me-lari-kan dulang
Papan di-larik Si Naga Wangsa

Tiiida sedar jiwa pun hilang
Mayat di-aiiibii Raja Malaka.

Papan di-larik Si Na«^a Wangsa

Minutn ayor di-dalam kota
Mayat di-ambil iileh Wolanda

Di-bawa inasok ka-dalam kota.

Minuiii ayor di-dalam kota

Ampelam buat kolikir
Di-bawa mnsok ka-dalam kota

Di-tanam pintu mengadap ka-hilir.

AmixiLam buat kelikir

Oraiig meratap di-tanah rata
Di-tanam pintu mengadap ka-hilir

Ratu \mn^ pun til)a di Malaka.

Orang meratap di tanah rata

Inche Pandak jual keladi
Ratu Amas tiba cU-dalam Malaka

Uandak l^er-kahandak mayat Raja Haji.

RAJA HAJI. 187

Inche Pandak jual keladi
Banyak ndang di-dalam knali

Handak di-chori mayat Baja Uaji
Blanda ada men-jaga-i.

Banyak ndang di-dalam knali

Si Dapat bangun menari
Wolanda duduk men-jaga-i

Patck tidak dapat mon-churi.

Si Dapat pandoi menari

Di gaiing busut banyak kembili
Patek tidak dapat menchnri

Lain moratap anak dan bini.

Di gaung bnsnt banyak kembili

Puan di-letak atas rantaka
Lalu me-raimg anak dan bini

Istri pun tiada dapat ter-kata.

Puan tor-letak di-atas rantaka
Orang ber-padi di tanah liat

Istri pun tiadia dapat ter-kat{i

Mayat-nia pun tiada dapat di lihat.

Orang ber-padi di tanah liat
Di Mekah banyak buah pedada

Mayat tiada dapat di lihat
Seperti merekah rasa-nia dada.

Di Mekah banyak buah pedada
Bunga tanjung di-atas rakit

Bagoi me-rekah rasa-nia dada
Tor-kcnang-kan imtong dengan nasib.

Bunga tanjung di-atas rakit

Sarabei di muka pintu
Sudah untong dengan nasib

Maka sampei sa-hingga-an situ.

Sarabei di muka pintu

Pergi ka-parit handak me-riau

Maka sampei sa-hingga-an situ
Ratu Amas lalu ber-balik ka Riau.

Porgi ka-parit handak me-riau
Situ-lah banyak buah kembili

Istri ber-balik ka tanah Biau
Serta duduk mcm-diam-kan diri.

188

Fortimatelj for liistoriaiis, the Duk'h administration in Malacca
observed the cKoelleut practice of kci'ijing an official record of
passing erents. proliably for the information of the Government
in Bataviu, and tliia diary is still iireaer\-ed in the amliivos of tho
Ri'sident Councillor at Malacca. Some thirty years ago Mr.
Netscher, the Dutth RcBident of Eiouw, obtained the ]jermiBaion
of the Governor of the Straits Settlement* (Colonel Cavenagh,
now Sir Orfeur Cavenajrh, k.c.b.i.,) to examine and make extracts
from them, and he published under the title of •' Two Sie^s of
Malacca" a little pamphlet containing the text of the, Dutch
records relating to the attack on Malacca by Daing Eamoja in
1756 and the invasion of Eaja Haji in 1784. In each caae the
invaders were Bugis from Kiouw aided by their friends and
relations from Selangor, where a Bi^is colony had been success-
fully ealabliahed. Portions of the hiatoiy of the attack of 175C
have ab'eady l>een published in this Journal (No. 12, December,
1883, p. 261), and I now give the Dutch official account of the war
of 1784, which has been kindly translated for me, from Netscber's
" Twee Belegeringen," by my sister Mrs. Isemunger :—

THE SIEGE OP 1784.
Extracts from the Malatca Jovrnai of Hie year 1764.

Jan. 7. — There returned from Linygi the ship Meerenherg and
the private bark Anthonetta ElinaJteth, whieJi had left for that
place on the 2nd instant. The Captain of the first-named boat,
Jan Montanje, produced a copy of the journal which ho had kept
during the expedition, wherein amongst other things it was stated
that while lying at the moiith of the river Liuggi oa the 5th
instant he saw about fifty of the enemy's vessels come out of the
river, and sail along the coast towards the north, or Strait of
Kalang, but that on account of the calm, and the distance of the
vcHsela, he was uuable to pursue them; and taking into consider-
ation the superior foreo of the enemy, and the fact that as they
had left Linggi he could not find out the roason of their visit, he
returned here.

Jam. 14. — Arrived in the afternoon at about 4 o'clock, sis batooa,
at Tandjong Kling, and iu the evening the unpleasant news was
received, through the people of the Chinaman San Somko, that the
Selangocr vessels had landed their crews, in all about one hundred
men, in the liay of Bataug Tiga. that they had not only pursued and
fired at him and his slaves, but they had taken one slave prisoner,
and that he and the rest had saved tht'maclves by flight..

The GoTemor, therefore, immediaU'ly had a company of thirty
native soldiers detached to the Lazarusveld to reinforce the Out«r
battery.

Sxs. 15.— The detached company, sent yesterday evening to the
outer battery of Tranqui^ra, with a few armed volunteers, and a
company of fifty Malays raist:d this morning, marched from the
Lazarusveld, and by midday had reached the stream near Batong
Tiga. They encountered there the Selangoermen who had huided
the pTeviouB day, and a fight ensued. Some additional men were
sent to their assistance and ammunition, but before this rein-
forcement could reach them the first troops had been obliged to
retire, on account of the superior strength of the enemy who
numbered about 200 men, with the loss of one man who was shot
dead and two wounded. They marched back, however, the enemy
not daring to follow them, to the before -mentioned battery which
they reached as it got dark.

During the night the enemy set on fire several abandoned Malay
huts, and fired a few shots at our advanced posts, but without any
effect.

Jak. 16. — It was reported that the enemy were actively occupied
in preparing stockadea at Batang Tiga, and in burning houses at
Batang Tiga and at Tandjong Kling. Firing continued there during
the whole day, and the following night,

Jan. 17.^At daybreak, by the orders of Lieut. Anguste Gravestein,
a detachment was sent to Batang Tiga consisting of two hundred
Native and twenty I]uro]>can soldiers, besides two bombardiers
and eight musket«Gr3 with two field-pieces of 3 Iti., and one small
gun with their appurtenances. To this forco was added from two to
three hundred volunteers — Chinese, Malays and Gentoos fJeiUie-
ven) — -armed 'nith ptkes, cutlasses, and some with blunderbusses,
commanded by Abraham Couperus, merchant, and Fiscal * of this
Government.f

Marching from the Lazarusveld, they embarked there and
rowed to the bay of Batang Tiga, two eteeiibokken X commanded by

• In 1576 n Eeifiilation vraa iaaued that the Adniiralty Court ehould
eoiuUt of tbe"Fial[nal," tho Recorder (" Oreffier ") and seven mombere. This
Court gave jndjpiont on all prizoa, booties and crimua at eea, not committed
by the crew, wlucfa remnined subje<:l to the juriBdiction of tho Adiniial.

f Abraham Conperm afterwards rote to be Governor of Malacca and
held that office when Halacca was taken hy tho British In ITO.'i, — 8oo No. 7
Journal, StraiU Atiatic Sodtiy, p. 58.

X Mortara with which stone projwtilua wore used.

190

the second mate, Jan Hendrik Meiji-r, the armed hoat of tho
ship Meerenlerij, and three kakapi mouuted with ravtakm. Thesp
arrived m the bay in front of the enemy's stoiikade at about 3
o'clock and began to bombard it.

The fight continued between the stockade and the boats for an
' hour, when the liefore-mentiooed force also approached the enemy,
and attacked by lund, and the general comljat was fierce hy land
SJid sea ; and three of the guns which had been brought burst and
caused a fire, which, however, was soon extinguished.

The enemy attempted once to make a sally on our right wing,
but a few volleys from oiu" muskets obliged them to retire into
their in trenchments, from which thev oifered a desperate resistance,
and thus saved themselves from Iwing overmastered by our force.
The latter from weariness, and in order not to be overtaken by
darkness in the jungle, were obliged to ceaee fighting at 4 o'clock
and to retreat. They returned at about 8 o'clock to tho outer
battery of the Lazanisveld: the armed boats above mentioned also
returned. On our side eight men were wounded, of whom one died
this evening.

Jan. 22. — The merchant Teasel Sftau? Beyramgore, by Thomas
Manghan, arrived from China after a voyage of fifteen days. She
brought the unpleasant news that the Company's fleet, after
tho loss of a ship blown up. had raised the blockade of Riouw, and
immediately sailed away, and moreover were already somewhere
about the Formoza Kock, where the aforesaid English ship had
spoken them in passing.

Jam. 23. — At daybreak sails were noticed towards the south,
which soon proved to be a portion o£ the Company's fleet which
had bloekeided Eiouw. On account of contrary winds they were
obliged at nightfall to anchor outside the harbour.

Meanwhile, the Company's ship Mcerejthfrg sailed towards the
south to bring into the harbour a wancjkantj which had Ijcen in sight
since yesterday morning.

Jan. 24. — Anived in tho roads the Company's shi]i8 Di-lphijn,
Hof ter Liaden, De Jonge Kitgo, besides the goerab* De Sitelkcid,th.e
galwetf Cdcnrrfia.audthepantjalangiins Rustetiberg a,iid Philippine.

' Ghttrab, tho Arab namu for a galloy,a class of nivtive oruKjd VBssolPiiUed
grab by tlie English in tho Inat century. See Ynle's QlottaTy, suii tincB Qrali.

t Qalwel, gaUevnt ; a. kind of galley, or war-boat with oiws, of sninU
(Imught of wator, whifh continued to bo employed on tho west coaat of
India down to tlio Intler half of lost fentuiy. From this is doi'ived the
Kntjlish term " jolly-boat." Bee Yultfi aiosutry, sub voct Qallovat.

RAJA HAJI.

191

Two Commissioners from the Government landed from the
Bioiiw fleet lu«t uight, and also aji under- fact or, Il4.'ijnier Bemhard
HoiJDuk van PaiK?ndrcdit, who confinned tiie sad news that the
Bmall TCBBel Malacca'* Welvareji, on Itoard of which, amciuj^st others,
was Mr. Amoldus Franfiiscus Leinber. the Couunaiider of the
aforesaid expedition, had been blown up with a number of people,
and that the fleet, because of Ihia and an iiusucceHsfuI landing, was
forced to br«ak up the bloi^kade and to sail awav.

Jan. 26.— Arrived in the roads Ihe second part of the squadron
from Riouw. consisting of the Company's vessels Diamaut and
Hoitp and the eutler Patriot.

Jam. 27.^There arrived aiteix.'SBivelj' in the roads of the Com-
pany's returning fleet from Riouw the entter Onilememrr and the
sloops of war Johanna and Ciceroa-. The Commander of the lust'
DamL>d emft tliat the day before he had spoken the Inirk GertruiAa
Sutanna near the FormoEa Boek, siui'e when he had not seen her,
tJiat they were out of driukin)^- water on l>ourd, but on aeeoimt of
tJieir own scarcity he had not been able to assist them ; consequently
the above-mentioned cutter the Ondememer. with the pautjalaug
Philippine, was sent at onco to the south in seareh of the miaa-
iug bark, the QeTtruida, to render the necessary assistance,

Feb. 2. — Returned from the south the euttor Onderacmer oud
the pantjalang Philippine sent out on January 2? lost, without
having met the Gfrtniida Sueanna, the missing bark of the Com-
pany's returning war fleet.

Fbb, 4. — The eutters Palrial and Onderaemer, cruising lictween
Tandjong Kling and the Lanamsveld, together with the Handelaar
luidthe galwet ConrordiVi, having approached the shon- with the rising
tide, began at 2 o'clock to fire at the enemy's vessels wbieh were
hauleduponthebca*h,andsoonenteredintoafighl with the enemy's
batteries or stockadea all along the shore, which fight lasted until
sundown when it was observed that they were leaving the shore,
and were in pursuit of some of the enemy's vessels which had
arrived on the north side of Tandjong Kling.

Though no more could be seen of them because of the darkness,
report of numou was heard now and then until t«n o'clock in the
evening.

Pbb. 5.— a haln of the enemy's, captured last night on the north
of Tandjong Kling, was brought up by the cutter Pntriot. It was
mounted with two guns of 311)., and loaded with two chests and
sonic balls of opium, some pieces of blue and white linen, about two

192

BAJA HAJr.

koyauB of ricf iu kajauge, some bags of eunimin se<>d. ett-., at
in till' mauifcst. The master of the fifst-mentioiu'd cutti-r n _
that tho Goiu]>tuiy'B vcwtols suffered little or uothing iu jwteti
fight, and had lost doup of their trews, and of the seven of
enemy's Tessola, whirh they had tliased yestt-rday evening,
which were atrandud wt're disabled, and the hah which he '.
brought was taken after a fight, the crew having l>eeu forced 1
jump overljoard ; but thut the four others had escajK'd through t
darkness of the nip;ht.

Feb. 8. — Li the uftcmoou, under eommand of Lieut. 8t<?cher, En ~
signs Maurer, Duverfji: aud Lintucr, aud en- Ensign of the Burghera*
KUiaan, and thri:e Malay Captains, were Bent on Ijoord for an
eijiedition ajpiiust the Selangoer Bugis by the vcsaels lying off
Tandjong Kllug — T)j;.,lhu Dultihijn, thL- cutters Falrinl and Oaderne-
mtr, the hooker HandtlaoT. the pantjalangs Philippine aud Rusien-
berg, Iwaides the galwct Concordia, with thirty-one European and
184Mahiy soldiers from the garrison here, fully anned, besides a
largo number of volunteers, Heer E. Hoijuck van Papendreeht also
went on board the ship Dolphijn, he being appointed Beeeiver
and License Masterf of the expedition.

At uightfall several of the ships destined for this expedition left
the river for the roads with several oilier vessels, mounted with one
6 lb, gun, four of 3 lb., and one of I lb. ; some rantaka^ of native
manufacture, and one howitier of 4 inches. Besides skilful men
for rowing aud other ordinary work, there were also placed on board
the shijiH. one extra gunner, one bombardier, thne gimners.
and twenty-seven musketeers.

Further, in the garden of the late Soemtter Maiek Faizullali,
outiide Tranqu^'ra, were jwsted 200 Hanuingers and Achineao
from up-country, to bi> transported next day to Tandjong Kling if
the landing there was decided on.

Fed. D.^In the morning at 4 o'clock the Dolphijn and the rent
of the vessels destined for the expedition against the Selangocr

* Semi-iiiUi Inrj rank.

f In 1503 licenten nigaiCod tbe money paid (or pcnuitH to sell goods,
pnrcbtiaod in the Prinac'a territory, in the territory of the enemy. It bc-ciuiie
a sort of tax. levied as a kind of anxirt duty.

The licentinixttfTi were chitrgea with collecting these monies. T)k>
East India Company paid conuderablc amounts ftaniudly for Utenlm
(liceni^L-a) ; bttor in 1(}T7 an agreement was entered iata between the
(.'oinpiuiy and tho AdmiroltieB, by virtue whereof the Company paid a fixed
sum aiuiuolly.

BAJA BUI.

BiigiB li'ft tho roails noar Tandjuaj; Kling. lint remained ihc wliolo
dav lyinf? at aiichor Imfore tlie placi; withmit doing anything.

Meautime, at daybreak, with the opening of tlie |,'ates the news
voB received that 100 NanningerB, posted in the deceased Uaiek
Faizullah'a garden. Lad run away in tlie night, but that lUO
Aohinese who had bt».'n with tlii^ni had already gone on the ships
appointed to l.ransjwrt tUom. and had puehed off intending to go
to Taudjong Kling. But they wero sent Imck to land in tin.' after-
noon by the Couui-jl of War of thf above-mentioned expedition.

Feb. 10. — All the vessels and jieople retunied from Tandjong
Kling without having done anything.

Feb. 13. — A large numlier of native vcaaelB, large and small, were
observed to the south which all put in to Telok KalApau, and
afterwards news was reeeived that they belonged to Kadja Hadj'i
and that hia people landed at the above-named place.

Pkb. 14. — More Eioiiw vessels with men and ammunition arrived
at Telok Katapan.

Fkb. IS.^The diBaatrous news was received that the enemy who
landed yesterday and the day before at Telok Katapan, had uot
only already advanced as far as Pocngoer and Toejong and taken
poBsesiion of them and the country lying round, but that also the
inhabitants, except a few who bad fled to the hills, had put them-
selves under the protection of Bodja Hadji.

Feb. It). — ^News was brought by several Semabok people escap-
ing to the town, that the Eiouw Bugis had abeady arrived there,
and had taken possession of the hill.

Feb, 21. — Some volunteers marehing to Scmalxik (»me into
action with the enemy, on our side we lost no one, but on tho
enemy's, as for as we could see, three men were killed, and the
head of one waa cut off and brought to town to be exposed,

Feb. 22. — In the morning at 4 o'clock a detachment marched,
under command of Lieutenant Diivt-rgt, to Semabok consisting of
twenty-seven Europeans, and aiity-two Malay soldiers, besides ouo
extra vuurwerker, one l>ombardier, two gunners and twelve
miiflketeerB, from the garrison, taking with them also two cannon
of 3 lb. and a katt*;kop* of 4 inches, with all their appurtenances.
This force was also joined by the Kaval Captains Foger Abo and
Jacob Frederika, with some Malay soldiers and their officers,
together with aomo armed European sailors from their ships, and

• An obaolet« pioco of artillery.

the head adminiatrator of the pltu-e, Abraham Coupei-us, who took
with hiin between two and threi? hundred Chineso vohinteers
armed with jiikea aud other hand wt-apona.

This corps having apjiroached the enemy's stockade on this side
of Semabnk began at half -past six or break o£ day to fire on it with
the canunoB. and the h^ht beeame general and lasted till al)out
half-past nine, when although a breach had been made in the
enemy's stockade and several shells had been thrown in, our
men were obliged to retire on aecoiint of the eicessive heat and
their fatigue, and arrived together alwut 11 o'clock in tho castle
inside the town. The loss of the enemy could not' be estimated,
but that on our side eousiated of one man kUled — namely, the tiird
mate of the ship Dolpkijn, William Marse, aud thirty -one wounded,
among whom were the bombardier and foiu- European sailors;
the 2nd Lieutenant Duvergi; had three, and Captain Predcriks of
the Navy one bullet through the hat.

Feb. 26. — A force of one captain, one lieutenant, one ensign,
four sergeants, six corporals, and tifty Malay soldiers, includSig
some volunteers, marched from the town lines to the garden of the
late Soeratta Malek FaizuUah, situated outside Traiiqui-ra, where
they aimc into action with the enemy, in the course of which three
of the soldiers were wounded, of whom one died of his woimda in
the hospital, but it is supposed that the loss of the eu<^my must
have been much greater because they retired hastily Ijchind their
intrenchmenta, aud it was seen that several men were carried
inside.

Pkb. 27. — There were sent from the town lines to the outskirts
of Tranmitra, together with a few volunteers, Adrian Koek. the
Cttptain-lientcnaut of a regular eonijiany of voluntei-rs, a Malay
captain, two ensigns, four sergeants, six corporals aud fifty privatos,
besides one gunner and four musketeers with a field-piece. This
cori»s having advanced to the Lazarusveld attacked the enemy's
stockade erected there, and as it was at the same time shelled from
the sea by the Contordia the enemy were soon forced to abandon it,
taking with them, however, their ammunition, baggage, dead iiud
woiinued.

In the meantime it was getting dark and our force was therefore
obliged to return, on which the enemy soon took possession again
of the deserted and much shattered stockade. The loss on imr
Bide was one Malay soldier wounded.

Feu. 29. — At daybreak the shijis which had ^no to Telok

BAJA BAJl.

Katiiiiaii— viv:.. tliP Dolpkijn. Siamajtl, Ho'ij', Mie cutlers P«/cio(
aBil Ouihrneinfr. and the galwet Ooneoniia. ivtlncki-il tlio Kiouw
Tc'SBcla which were lying there disabled, moat of them.

March S.^On receipt of the news that a. l.wdy of St'lant^ereBe
and Manikabera had advanced as fe.r as the garden of the lat«
Malek Faizullah and were occupied in demolishing the d^^'e11ing-
hoiiso on it, and throwing up breastworks, a detachment of troops
and several volunteers were sent from the town lines to the spot,
besides a bombardier, a gunuer.aud aix native musltctccrswith a six-
pounder, etc. This force having rettchcd the garden met at lirst with
some reBietonce, but the enemy, after losing some men, deiid and
wounded, who were seen carried away, speedily saved themselves
by flight to the jungle t)ehiud the garden ; the evening lieginning
to fall, our troops marched back and reacJied the lines about
fi o'clock, not having lost a single man, as only one native soldier
and a volunteer were slightly wounded.

Ua-Bch 4.^ At daybreak a force marched out to the Lazarusveld.
consisting of a coriJs of one hundred Malay soldiers imder coniwaud
of their officers, with one extra vuurwcrker, one bomliardjer. two
giraners, imd twelve native nnisketcers, with two six-pounders,
Ix'sides about eighty volunteers under command of tlieir Captain-
lieutenant Adrian Koek. They attacked the enemy's fortifications
there, and twice drove them out, but as the enemy continually got
reinforcements out of the surrounding wood, and tlie evening was
coming on, they were obliged to retire with a loss on this occasion
of five vrounded, of whom two died.

Masch 6. — The cutter Patriot, on board of which was Heer
Poger Abo, Naval Captain, was sent to the north to attack, and if
possible destroy, tJie Selangoer vessels which were rciwrtt-d to l)o
lyiug between Tandjong Kling and Cape Raljado,

Mabch 7. — The cutter Patriot which left yesterday returned
from the north. The particulars of the expedition and its result
aro given in an extract of Captain Abo's report to the Honourable
the Oovcroment of India.

Mabch 13. — News was received that the enemy were busy
eonstructing a new stock.ide on the side of the Vricschenlierg. so
Lieutenant Siegelitz, who was posted at Bandailhcra, and the ex-En-
sign of the Burghers. Michael Kiliuan, were sentout with ouelitiudred
and fifty native and tea Euru]>ean soldiers, besides the ordinary
vuurwcrkcrDichlandoneextra.oncgunucrand six native muskoleors,
with ono six-pounder and a corps of vulnnteers, TUey marched

l*J(i

K.UA iiAJl.

there and drove tho pucmy buck into tliiir iiitrcncfiuifuts up to
Uii' side of thf road towarda St'inabok, whi^li intrenebmcDU thej
aftcrwardB ntUtked, but thct'Domy made so brave a reaisUuire tiad
our troops wero sa cxbaush^d from the great heal, that the latter,
seving no ehancc of taking the plaee. were obliged to retire. Our
h)aa wike two men killed and thirteen wounded, but that of the
enemy it was impoBsiblo to estimate, fur Ihej kept always in the
wood, and Ixihind their fortifications, but it was obsened that at
several points breaches were made,

Makch 14. — The outer batteries in the Boeuf^ Raja • were
attaeked several times last ui}:;ht by the enemy, and the Lieutenant
])oste<l there, Nicholas Christian Vetter, hearin[,''froni native scouts
tiiat they had thrown up some iutrouehmcnts on the road to Pang-
kalaniama. ho marehocl out with a corps of one hundred uien,
.attacked the enemy in thoir fortifications, put them to Might, and
ilcMtroyed their works, without suffering any loss whatever on this
occasion, while that of the enemy, as far as could be seen from those
who were carried off to the jungle, must have Ijceu, more or less,
eighteen men ; one of these who was taken by ue, was inmicdialcly
decapitated and his head was brought to town and stuck on a pole
outside the town lines.

Mahcr 19. — Nothing iiot^wnrthy happeue*!, except that, like
most uighls, Qrst one, then another of the outposts was attacked
by the euemy, but they are always re]tidBed without doint" any

March 20. ^In the afternoon a Tosael was seen towards Iho
Bonth, which seonied to be making for this port, and as it wa»
sed that it was the slou]. i.f Ueer John Henry Wiepemian. of
\iv r;iliiiil',iiii,'. the pautjalang PhitijijilHC
ii'jcu' li'f '!]' Ill the roads; but to wir ^.T.'iit
i.-.l ll.a! Ilir little ship, which afl.TWards
■t-l"iiit, ijiiidi' inanj- manceuvres to cicape
luLiuuetl to give ehaae, but the dork-
1 prevented our seeing the ships from the land,
Maecb 21. — At daybreak the pautjalang Philipiiive and the
packet-l.ioat which came in sight yesterday were seen at onchcjr in
the roads. The commander of the fii'st-mentioued craft reported,
on landing, that it was the packet-Imat of the Englishman James
Sciitt, (Muning from Kiouw and Ixumd for Sclangoer; that though he
had ordered him to strike sail, he continued to sail away, and as ho
* Thu outcm snljnrb of Atnlncuu towa.

Batavia, which had !<
was sent to the ahiji I"
astonishment it was U"
was seen to be a pii'li
from the pautjalang which i

aaw bim making all ^orts of manceuTreB to eBcapc, and the owner
wa£ a stispeeted smuggler, he forced him to come to the roads, and
had tftken Scott himself on board of tlie Hof ter Linden.*

March 22. — The armed ship Hoop and the cutter Patriot sailed in
the raoming to Telok Kaiapan to fight the enemy.

SIabch 23. — The abipa Hoop and Pairioi, which were sent
yesterday to Telok Eatapan. came back to-day ; the result of the
expedition and what ther did may be seen from the extract of
the journal kept by Naval Lieutenant Hartog.

Makch 28. — TJp to this date nothing noteworthy happened
except that abnost every night we were disturbed by the enemy,
and that a few volunteers outside now and then bad a skirmish
with somu of them.

Mabch 29. — At daybreak there marched out of the fort under
command of Lieutenant Anthouij Stechcr, Ensigns Duvcrg^ and
Lintner and cs-Ensign of the Burghers Kiiiuun, a detachment
of fifty -seven European and two hundred and twenty Malay soldiers,
besides the ordinary and extra vuurwerkers Diehl and Groenewout,
one bombardier, a konstabel, three kanonniers and thirty native and
Chinese musketeers with two 61b., and two 3 lb. guns, a howitzer
and a small gun with their appurtenances. Saving arrived in the
Bandailhera they were divided into three columns or divisions, of
which one under Lieutenant Stecher was posted at Bockit Tampoc-
rong. the second under sub-Lieutenant Lintner marthed towards
Semabok. aud the third under command of Bnsigns DuvcrgJ and
Kiliaan to the zandhoek ; both the first engaged in fight with the
enemy, while the third coming from the zandhoek right through tho
jungle fell on the enemy's battery on the rear, when tlie fight Mcame
general and desperate, so that tlie enemy were forced by Ihivergi^'s
corps twice to retire from one of their batteries, but a swamp, which
lay between, prevented them from advancing to take the battery
which was much shattered. The enemy profited by this to make some
hasty repairs, took possession again, and defended it as obstinately
as before, and this lasted until midday, when, on account
of the fierce heat and fatigue, the troops were obliged to
retire. The defences of the enemy were greatly damaged, some
shells and grenades having exploded inside them, but their loss of
men cannot be exactly estimated, but it must have been very great,
1 Capt. Lennon's iliarj (1T9&;, Journ. 8tr. £r.

T98

for at first when the fight Iwcame general it was obBervcd from
Moimt St. Jyhn that fifteen or aixteen men, who must have beeii
dead or badly woundiid, were carried away from their earthworks
further towards Semabok ; the loss on our side consiettxl uf ouc
killed, Corporal Evans Baviug, and eleven wounded, of whom one
was a European soldier.

March 31. — An alarm was sounded in the town lines on its
being signalled from Boekit Tjina that the enemy were on the
march to Boenga Raja, but aoon afterwards it was reported that
having been welcomed by some cannon shots they had turned
bock again.

Apbil 1. — Tlie enemy resumed their design of yesterday, and
mar<;;hed from all sides to Boenga Raja, proliably to see whether
they could break through these ; but after some shots had been
fired at them from the heavy gnu they I'etired in the same way.

April 8. — Up to the 8th nothing noteworthy occurred, cxwpt a
few small encounters between our men and the enemy's partisans.

Apsil 11. — In the evening at abont 10 o'clock the enemy attacked
at the same time the outer batteries of Boenga Raja and Bandail-
hera and the one under Boekit Tjina, but after firing had gone ou
for an hour with some intervals they were obliged to draw bach
without having caused us any damage or loss.

ApKiL 13, — Towards the evening the Selangoerese and their
hangers-on attacked the Achinese of the Company's service who
were encamped on the road to Qereetein, but after a fight of a good
half hour they were obliged to retreat to the jiiugle ; likewise a troop
of them wlio let themselves be seeu on the field liehind the Tron-
quera gardens, after a few rounds of grape-shot from the town,
were forced to follow their comrades' example.

Apeil 15. — At break of day there marched out to the enemy's
batteries on the side of the road to Semabok, under general command
of Heer Johan Andrea Hensel, Captain of Militia, Lieut, and Ensigns
Anthonij Stechcr. Johan Qodfried Maurer and Johan Oodfned
Lintner, with a corps u£ thirty European and two himdred and
twenty-seven Malay soldiers, a company oE negro volunteers under
their Captain -lieu ten ant Adrian Koek, the ordinary and extra
vuurwerkera Dichl aud Groonewout, one bombaidier, thn-o kanon-
njers. forty-four native and Chinese muakoteera, and the necessary
coolies, taking with them a 24-poundor canuun, two aix-poundera
and two throc-pounders together with a i-mnh howitKer and all

appurtenances. Having got oloae to the enemy's 1)att«riefi they began
to fire, but the ground being soft and muddy the 24-poundpr, after a
few shuts bad bt.>ou fired, sank so deep that it bad to lie unmounted
and afterwards taken Imck. A 12 lb. gun was sent instead, but for
the same reason — the softness of the ground — little use uould lie
mode of it and it was again with the G and 3-pounders that tliey
continued to fire on the enemy's batteries. The enemy made a bold
resistance, and the fight became general and severe, and several
bombs were thrown into their fortifications, but though it wasseen
that some burst inside, it was impossible to drive the oneniy out,

It was as impracticable to pierce the defences with our guns, from
the tbickuesB and strength of the walla, aa to make uae of the
hindering quagmire to storm it, without rectflessly sacrificing the
greater number of the mou, and as all were very exhausted by the
cruel heat, it was considered advisable at 2 o'clock to march back.
As the t.'nemy did not come out of the defences their losses in this
action could not be aseert«ined. but on our side two men were
killed on the spot, and thirteen wounded, three mortally.

In the meantime the cutters Patriot and Onderneuifr with the
paiitjalang Rnstenherg sailed to Telok Eatapan to harass the enemy
from that side.

April 16-19. — Every night we wei-e disturbed by the enemy,
once outside Tranqui'ra and the road to Gerest<?in, ouce in Boenga
Raja and the battery at the foot of Boekit Tjina. and in the Band-
ailhera, but they were always driven back without the loss of a
single man. Also there were daily akirmiahes between our mou
and the enemy.

Apbil 21, — This morning a company of our men under command
of a captain, an ensign, and three sulmrdinate officers, with fifty
Halay soldiers, marched from Boenga Raja to Priuggi where tUcy
came into conflict with a company of the enemy, put them to flight,
and got possession of one of their killed, whose head they cut off
and stuck on a pole at Pangkalanroma.

April 22, — The bark Gertruida Susanna and the hooker
Handelaar soiled to Tandjong Eling to look for some Sclangoer
vessels which were reported to l>e at author on the north side of the

Apkil 24. — A patrol of forty Malays left the Ijatteries in the
Bandailhera. and went towards Oedj on g Pus ir, where they fought
with a Itand of the enemy. Ou our side one man wub killed and one
wounded-

200

RAJA DAJl.

Apsil 25. — Under command of Lieut. Henry van Niiv»titieim a

detaclim«nt consisting of 3 offictTa, 4 aergeanta, 6 corporaJa, I drum-
mer, 170 Malar eoldicrs, 1 ex-Malay Boldier, 3 kauonniera, and 18
native aud Chinese musketeers, with two 3-pounder )^ns complete,
wax sent to Oedjong Fasir in order to attack and if possible take
poesoasion of tiio stroiifj tortifi«itious wliich the euemy had made
theru, but they met with so bold and determined a resistance that
in the afternoon a Council of War ordered retreat to be sounded.
On our side five men wert! killed aud six wounded, and though the
loss of the enemy could not be ascertained it was believed from the
circumstancea to have been considerable.

16, 27, 28.— Every night the enemy attacked our outer
a the Bandailhera, but each time were forced by our firing

Apkii. 2
batteries ii
to retreat.

May 2. — In the evening at past 9 o'clock the enemy attacked
simultaneously our batteriea iu the Boenga Raja and the Bandail-
hera, besides the one under Boekit Tjina, On account of this an
alarm was sounded in thi» town and every one was under arms.
The cannonade and musketry lasted at intervals until half -post
eleven when the enemy retired and everything became quiet,
except that now and then the whole night through there were
occasional shots. These were fired at smaJl parties of the enemy,
who were seen now on one aide, then on another, creeping along
the ground and coming close under our fortification, evidently
with the intention of setting it on fire and creating a confusion,
when a freah attack might be made from outside.

Mai 5.- — A aampau arrived from Siak, manned by five persons,
and having on board Abdul Baheer, Envoy of the old King of Siak,
Badja Mohamad All. He brought a letter from thia Prince to the
Hou'ble Heer Pieter Gerardus de Bruijn, Governor aud Director
of thia town and fortress. Also arrived vi-'i Siak from Trengano
the Malay, Abdid Moehit, who had been sent thereon eommisaion
in 1783, bringing a letter frem the King of Trengano to the
Governor.

Mat 6. — The Ambassador from Radja Mohamad Ali, who
arrived yeaterday, was sent Imck with a letter from the Governor
to the Prince.

The cutter Oiidememer and the bark Gertruida Susanna sailed to
Telok Kalapou, aud with the Patriot, which was thertj already,
bombarded the enemy's vessels lying in the bay.

IIA.U H.UI. 201

Mat 7, — Tlio ships continiiad a eaiinODailc at intervals at Telok
Katapon until susJown.

May 8. — TJnder conimand of Licuta. DuTi;rgu aud Kiliaan there
were seBl to OedjoDj^ Paair a sergeant, a corporal, a drummer and
twelve European soldiers, together with two officers, ten subordinate
officers, and seventv-eight native soldiers, a guniit^r, kauonaier and
twelve musketeers, and the necessary cooljea with one six-pounder
gun and one three-pounder. Their object was to alarm the enemy
and keep them occupied, so as to prevent them from Brttackiug onr
men who were cutting the jmigle round and making a new stookade
nearer to the enemy than those alruudy existing.

This was done with so much success that the labourers finished
their work without being disturbed, and the following night a party
was stationed in the new stockade. Besides this the enemy's works
were much damagi'd and several breaches made in them, but on our
side only two musketeers were wounded. In the night between
eleven and twelve o'clock the enemy attacked the newly erected and
still unfinished stockade at Oedjong Pttsir, but met with so deter-
mined a resistance from our men posted inside that they had to
retire.

Mat 9.— At 3 a.m. they renewed the attack, but could not succeed
in taking it. and for the second time were obliged to return to their
own fortification B, where a jiarty had been working the whole night
to repair yesterday's damage.

May 11.— The man-of-war Eof ter Linden left for Telok
Katapan in order, with the ships already there, to blockade the
place and to prevent the escape of Radja Hadji's ships as well
as to keep out hostile reinforcements.

May 14. — The old King of Siak, Radja Mohamad Ali, arrived
with 3, paudjadjap and two kakaps manned with a crew of ~8 num
from the Straits of Moerong, and in the afternoon the Fiscal, E.
Francois Tbierens, the Licent Meester, Mr. E. Hoijuck van
Papendrecht. and the first sworn clerk of the Police. Baumgarten,
went on l>oard his ship to welcome him. Thev accompanied him
tn land and as far as the Government House, and after his
HighncBS had rt;niaini.'d with the Honourable the Governor for
about half-an-hour he was conducted to the house of the widow
Verbrugge, which liad been prepared for him, outside the Tran-
qui-ra gate. On landing, a salute of nine guns was fired from the
castle walla; and from the great gate up to the st«ps of Government

202 nAJA nAJi.

House, where the G-ovemor himself received him, the road
was lir.ed by a, double lo'w of soldiera who presented iixmB as
he passed.

Mat Ifi.^Io the oTeiiing, at about 9.30 o'clock, the enemy first
attacked 9t. Jolin'a Hill aoid the outer batteries in the Bandailhem,
and soon after the stockade at the foot of Boekit Tjina and our
fortification on this hill, strotchiug towards Buenga Raja and
Pangkalanruma; the fierceness of their att-ack made every one
believe that they meant to venture on a general storm, for in 6pik>
of the shot and grape poured on them from our side the^
still held their ground and kept up a continual fire with their
blunderbusses and rantakas till about eleven o'clock, when they
again withdrew. In the quarter held by the Sclangooreso and
their [-arly on attack was made on our batteries outside the
Tranqui-ra, gate but with no liettcr success ; for our men there also
made a good resistance, and after firing on either side had lasted
till abjut twelve o'clock, the enemy had to retreat to their
defences.

May 18. — At ten o'clock at night, the enemy again attacked
8t. John'ij Hill, and the out«r battories in the Bandailhera, Itesides
tliose at Boekit Tjina, and as it was noticed from the hill that a
stroug force was marching towards Bocnga Baja, the alarm was
sounded in the town, and everyone was under arms till about
twelve o'clock, but nothing more was heard of the enemy.

Mat 23. — At nine o'clock at night the enemy renewed the
frequent but unsuccessful attack on our Iratteries in the
Bandailhera and at the foot of Boekit Tjina, and firing on both
sides lasted till about t«ii o'clock, when they suddenly aud hastily
withdri.'W, and from the lamentation which was heard from St.
John's Hill it was supposed that they had suffered some extra-
ordinary loss.

Mat 29. — In the morning at siinriHe six ships and six smaUer
vessels were observed from St. Paul's Hill, one of which was far
aliead. This vessel came to anchor in the roads at eight o'clock,
and about nine the Commanding Lieiitenant landed and reported to
the Hon'ble Heer Pieter Gerardus de Bniijn, Governor and Director
of this town and fortress, that the name of his vessel was the
cutter Batavier, that it belonged to the fleet now in sight.
which was under command of the Hon'ble Heer Jacob Pieter van
Braam, Admiiiil-in-Ohief of the East India squadron, which, con-
sisted of the warships Utrecht, Qoei, WoMetutar, Moniikendain, aud

Jnno null the Comiianv's ship HinJ^mpen, tin- liyliUirs Hnna aod Vu»,
auil llio slooji Foi/c Maan. The Ondemrmer, whitli bad bet-u
deapatdiwl from here to the soulh on the 22u(l msttiut, waa also
ffitii tltem.

JuiTE I.^ — The P/reoW, (Sop*, IFixtweMiHir, Jfowufcienrfum, uud /m«o,
with the cutter Baiaintr, BJld th.<* lighters Hook and Fim, Hiuled tu
Telok Eatapan at daybreak.

June 5. — Karly in the mornin); the fleet at Telok Katapan
began to bombard the enemy's ships lying near the ehoie. and
their fortifications, and continued this until midday. Also a
d(!ta<!hment was sent from this tn Oedjon^' Pasir and Seuialiok
under command of four European Officers, cousistinp of two Nnn-
commisaioned OfficerB, a drummer and twenty-four Eiiroixjan
soldiers ; together with four Officers, sixteen subordinate Offieera,
and five hundred Malay Boldiors, and one extra vuurwerker, three
bombardiers, three kanonniers, and forty musketeers, with one 24-
pounder cannon, two aix-poundera, one twelve- pounder, two three-
pounders, a howitzerand a katskop each of 4-inch. This detachment
having approached aiifficientlv close to the enemy's battcrioa
began the attack at the same time both on the roaS to Semalrak
ami at Oedjong Pasir ; the enemy, however, offered everywhere
a skilful resistance, and the fight became gi-iierat, aud lasted
until four o'clock in the aflemoon. when our side had to cease and
turn back, on account of the fatigue of the men. Besides, the
evening waa approaching, aud the marshy ground pn;vented
our men from getting close enough to the enemy's stoekaile to
be able to storm it.

Several sheila aud grenades were thrown inside and exploded,
aud twice it was observed that a blaze sprung up, which, h'jwever,
was soon extinguished, The loss on the enemy's side could not be
ascerf-ained ; ours waa four killed and thirteen woimdcJ

Joke 6. — Under command of a European Offii'er a detachment
of three hundred and five Malay soldiers was again sent to t)odjoug
Poair. with three bomliardiera, two kanonniers, aud fourteen
muaketeors, and two cannon of 6 lb, and 8 lb, and a 4-iuch
katskop : but the marshy ground agaiu prevented them from
getting near enough the enemy's intrenchments to fire witii good
effect. BO after annoying them a short time they retired.

JiTNK 8. — lu the Company's armed ship Diamaid were despatidi-
ed to Telok Katupau to be employed in the expedition there, two

206 BAJA EAJl.

tnwii tuid fortress, the Fiscal, E. Fraji9Di8 Thierens, Sabandar
Hoijnck van Papendreclit, and Secretary Baiimgarten went tt> Telok
Katajiau in order to couyrfttulate the Hon'ble Heer Jacob Piel«r
Tan Braam, Admiral of the East Inilia Squadron, on hia vicLory
of yeaterday, and at suarise a salute of 21 guDS wa^ fired from
the castle walls ia honour of the joyful event.

A detachment of one European officer and two non-commissioned
officers, a drummer, and twenty-six soldiers, with two Malay upper
and two under officers and forty-nine soldiers, were sent out to
jirotect the coolies who were employed to bring in siioil, and to
destroy the enemy's fortifications to the east of thia fortress and on
the road to Telok Katapan. Another detachment, under command
of Iiicut. Nicholaas Christian Yetter, marched from Boeoga Baja
to Pringgi, to turn the enemy out from there, but thoy found the
works already abandoned; so, after knocking them down and setting
fire to them, they returned.

Some of the Malacca soldiers who followed the enemy to Telok
Katapan yesterday, reported on their return, to-day. that they had
found on the battlefield a wounded Bugia. and on asking him where
Gadja Hadji had gone, he told them that not only had he heard
that Radja Hadji was kUled, but also, immediately after the attack
on the biggest stockade, be had seen a bodj' earned away bv two
men in a Imid of hang mat. and supposed it to be that of Kadja
Hadji, because it was followed by some well-dressed women.

At night about II o'clock the Selangoerese attacked our forti-
fications on the Tranqui!ra road and those near 0-crestein. but they
were speedUy forced by our gnns to retire.

June 20. — A force was sent to Oedjong Pasir and to Telok
Katapan. for the same purpose and in the same way as on the liHb,

June 21. — This detachment, retiiming to-day. brought back
with them a Bngis of the name of Akicr, whom they had found in
the jungle. This man, on being questioned, said that he had been
in Radja Hadji's stockade when it was stormed by the Europeans,
and that Hadja Hadji was killed by a shot through the brea«t ;
that his body was afterwards carried away in a hang mat on a
pole by the Panghoeloe of Padang and a slave, and followed by
some women ; that he had joined the party and seen that they laid
the body in a small thicket which he could show them, and
afterwards had tied, surely for fear of being overtaken by the
Europeans, who meanwhile had taken possession ^oH'e very thing.

RAJA HAJI. 207

The ship Hoop, the bookeir Handelaar, and the galwet Concordia
left for Tandjong Klin g where the (TrWrui'dnS'u^annahad. been lying
80 long to prevent the escape of the Solangoer veasclB from B&timg
TigaBay.

JuiTK 22. — The Bugia Akier. who was found in the jungle and
brought up here yesterday, with the Malay, Intjeh Mangsoer, and
a few men to protect them, were eeut to Telok Katupan, the
former to point out the body of Badja Hadji, and the latter, who
knew the Prince we]l,l*> identify it.

Intjeh Mangsoer, on returning in the afternoon, declared that when
he came to Telok Katapan with the prisoner Akier, the latter had
shewn him between that place and Tandjong Pallas an unburied
dead body, which he reiiogniaed unmiatakably as that of Radja Hadji,
not only by the figure and the short t«eth. in which he differed from
other Bugis, but also by the scar of a wound on hiii thigh, which
he had got at Llaggi in a previous war against the Company.

June 23. — Three European officers, and four non-comniisaioned
officers, two drummers and forty-eight soldiers, with four Malay
upper and fourteen under officers and one hundred and ninety-six
soldiers, were sent from the outskirts of Tranqut'ra to Tandjong
Kling, in order to turn out the enemy also from this side of the
town, but on coming up to the enemy's stockades they found them
deserted, so after destroying them they set them on fire.

The Malays Madjid and Amien were sent to Telok Katapan this
morning for a further examination of the body of Badja Hadji at
Tandjong Pallas, and on their return they declared that having
inspected it earef uUy, and noticed the scar mentioned by the Malay
Mangsoer, and the hare shaven head, and also a black circular mark,
pointed out by Amien, who knew that Badja Hadji bore such a
mark, they recognised the body as that of liadja Hadji, and were
convinced that it could be none other than that of the Prince. In
the evening there returned from Telok Katapan the men-of-war
Vtreeht, Qoes, Waagenaar, PrincMg Louiea, MnnnikeTtdam and Jimo,
and the Company's armed vessels Hof ler Linden and Diavtajti,
together with the smaller boats which had been there.

June 24.— This morning the Governor sent the chief of iJie
Achinese, Posaijan, with some Malays to Telok Katapan, with an
csc«rt of twenty-four native soldiers, in order to put the body of
Radja Hadji into a cofiin and bring it in. They arrived lat« in tlie
evcuing in the Bandailhera, and remained in the outer liattery till
the nest morning, when they brought the lx>dy inside the fort.

where it vsim buried at tho foot of St. Paul's Hill, behind the

artillery storu. The AchinoBe chief, Posaijan, assured tlie Govemor
that ho rt'cojjrniHod the hody ae that of Badja Hndji whura lie Lad
known during his long residence in Biouw.

June 25. — In the morning at 2 o'clock we were awakened by a loud
report, and afterwards learnt with great sorrow that the Company's
armed ship Dulphijn, which was lying in the roada, bad blown up
with all her crew on board, and only one body was found — viu., that
of the piper Bij k Adclaar. A Chinaman and four Javanese escaped,
but they could give no account of how the disaster happened for
they were asleep, and were awakened by the shock. So of this dread-
ful occurrence nothing farther is known than what is told in the
journal of the nearest ship, the BinJoopen, which puts the list of kill^
at a total of two hundred and three persons.

July 13. — There sailed for Selangoer the ships Utrecht. Che«, tho
PrincegB Louita and Wasgeitaar, besides the barks Cnnalantia and
Qertruida Susanna, the pantjalangs Bustenberg and Oedidd, the
gftlwet Coneordia, the sloop Voile Moan, * and tho lighters Haas
and Voe.f with some armed native Iwats belonging_ to the old
King of Siak, Eadja Mohamad All.

There also departed for Selangoer, distributod among these ships,
one lieutenant, one ensign, one corporal, one dnunmer and twelve
European soldiers, t^jgether with two hundred and forty Ualay
floldiera under command of their officers, thirty-one in all.

JtrLT 22. — There were sent besides to Riouw, the men-of-war tho
Hof ter Linden and Dimnant, with a further reinforcement of two
coBigne.four Doa-commissioned officers, and eighteen Malay soldiers.

Attg. l.J — Arrived from Selangoer the Company's pantjalang
Oeduld with a letter from the Hon'ble Admiral van Braam to the
Hon'ble Heer Pieter Gerardus de Bruijn, Governor and Director of
this town and fortresBiCommunicatingthenews of the defeat of Bad ja
Brubima, King of Selangoer, and his followers, and of the conquest
of that kingdom on the 2nd instant by the victorious anus of the
Company's fleet under the skilful and prudent direction of tho
said Heer van Braam ; which joyful event was made known to
the community by a salute of 21 guns from the caatle walls.

Auo, 21. — A communication was received from Selangoer by the
bark Constant ia, from the newly proclaimed king of that countrj-,

a the victory of llie 2inl isamionnccd.

RAJA HAJI. 209

Badja Moliainail Ali, beeidea one from the comnmndant there, Lieut.
QerarduB Sniite. dated 9th and 13th inBtant, and addresBed to
the Hon'ble Heer Pieter Gerardua de Bruijii, GoToraor, ete.

Ano, 30. — The men-of-war Ulrecht and Waa»enaar arrived from
Selangoer bringing a lutter from the old Prince of Siak, Eadja
MohaJiuid Ali, mm proclaimed King of Selangoer.

Sept. 2. — Hadji Mahmat, Envoy of Eadja Ali, calling himself
Regent of Djohor and Pahang, arrived from Rioiiw in n. kakap,
armed with two aiuall cannon, with a crew of fifteen men, bringing
a letter from that Prince to the Governor and Council, dated
Angiiat 19th.

8kpt, 4.— The Company's pantjalanga BlUon and Banka were
despatched to Rioiiw, with a letter from the Governor and Council
to Captains Christian Frederik Wintcrheim and Jacob Frederiks,
commanding the uicn-of-war Hof ler Lindm aud Siamant, there
at anchor, dated this day.

Sbpt. 15, — The Company's bark Conaiantia and pantjalang Oedidd
loft for Riouw with a communication from the Governor and
Council to Captiun Jacob Frederiks, commanding the Company'e
men-ot'-war and smaller ships in the roads there.

Sept. 19.^ — The Concordia, Patriot, Batauier and Ondemem^.
with the HaoM, rctnmod from Selangoer. and in the first-named
vessel arrived the King of Selangoer, formerly Princeof Siak, Radja
Mohamad Ali, who was escorted to land bv two lieutenanta of
the VtTtcht.

Oct. 7. — The Baiavier, Patriot, Concordia, with the lighters
HnoR and Y<i», were sent to Kiouw, the first named bearing a letter
from the Governor and Council to Captain Jacob Frederiks,
commanding the Company's ships in Ihc roads of Riouw.

Oct. 10. — The inen-of-witr Vtrcehl, Goe*. the WiMsenaar, Princett
Louua, Monnikendum and JitTto, with the Hinloopen, left for Eiuuw
under command of Admiral van Brnam, and were saluted with 15
guns from the castle walla, and a return salute of the same mmiljer
was fired from the Vfreeht.

Oct. 17.- — The Companv's pantjalang Banka arrived from Riouw
bringing a letter from daptoin Jacob Frederiks dated 6th inst.,
with the annexed papers according to the accompiuiying Register,
luid one from Lieut. Johanues dc Frein, commanding the Hnf Irr
Idmlen, dated 5th iiiat., both addressed to the Governor and

210

p ship arrivwl Ca]i(ain Cliristiau Freiierik

Council. By
Wintorheiui.

Oct. 20,— The Conipanj's ship Mara arrived from Batavia with
the Hon'ble Naval Captaina Egidiua van Braam and J. C. VcrheiU,

Not. 2.— The ship Man was sent to Riouw to convev provisions
and stores to the Batavia fleet and to the Coniitany's shi|>s Patriot
and Concordia. By her also loft Captains Egidiua van Bnwm and
J, C, Verheul, who had arrived on October 20th.

Nov. II. — A fishing lioat sent out to the OmUrnemer, whicli
since yesterday had been in sight, brought liack a letter &oui
Lieutenant Hasa with the pleasant news that Kiouw had been
taken by the Company.

Nov. 12. — The Chiderne-ine^' came in, with a desjiatch from
Admiral van Braam to the Governor Pietcr Qerardus de Bniijn,
communicating the news of a severe battle on tlie 29tli Oetolier.
in which the Netherlands arma, under the skilful and ]>rudcnt
direction of the said Eon'ble Heer van Braam, had been a glorious
victory; and that in the night of the 30th-3l8t, the Bu-iia with
Radja Ali at their head had taken flight, and afterwarda the
legitimate successor of the Djohor house, Radja Machmoed, with the
Chinese and Malays resident in Riouw, had capitulated. This
joyful event was made generally known by a salule of 21 guns.

Nov. 15. — The Mart, which had left on the 2nd, returned from
Riouw.

Dbo. 10, — The Company's Irnrk Conalanliv , the* On(?eri(emer and
the lighters Haa» and Von arrived from Riouw. bringing a letter
from the Commandant there, Jacob Christian Vetter. and one from
tho King of Djohor and Pahang, botli directed to tlie Governor
and Council, and dated, respectively. November 30th and 1st
instant.

Dec. 23. — The Com^iany's pantjalang BUton left for Riouw, and
by her was aent a letter dat*?d yesterday from the Hon'ble Heer
Pieter GerarduB de Bruijn, Governor and Director of this town and
fortress, and the Council, to Lieutemiut Jacob Christian VettiT,
Coinnmudant, and to Secretary Abraham Maurits FabricJus, second
in the Comjiany's garrison at Riouw, and sent over by this veaaul.

Iiipw D'liimiint and the Hof Icr Linden

EAJA HjUI.

The inTHsJou of au European scttlpineut bv (v Miklnr force and
ou a.tla<-k ujMm a fortified town, lu wlik-h tbfrf wero somi-, if only
a, tew. <litH;i]iliu(.'d IruopB, seem to us. fortiiuu-tel^F'. ut (Lis JicriiHl, to
be evvnU whit-h arc Ijcyund the bounds of puBsibUity. It ia note-
worthy. howoTer, that the iuvader» found su[iporli'r8 aiiiou|; the
Malacca Moluys. The villagers of Duyou^ (see verso ei^hte«ii of
the ballad and the entry under February 15th in the Dutch
record) joined Haja Haji, and a first sui^euBS on tho part of n
Muhommadan enemy might at any time influenco tJio lnyulty of u
Malay peasantry.

The arrest of Dc Wind mentioned by Bef^tiie is not alluded to
in the Kutch official diary, and whereas from Beghie's airt^nuit i>u<3
would gather that Captain Abo's ship was blown it]> 1<e(ure tlio
relief of the town by the arrival of Admiral van Braam's fleet,
it is elear from the diary that the 1oh8 of the DotjiMjn did not
oceur until Kaja Haji had been defeated, killed and btiricd, and
not until nearly a month after the arrival of the fleet from Kiuuw.

A jmjioii ot the arrival of Raja Mobamed Ali. of Sialt, the Miday .
author says ifn/jf^H j<andei mem-hmit fipu, "The Malay im skilled
in fraud," and it is elear that the Dutch felt very iincertiuu of Ihi.'
value of his professions of friendship and supposi'd that he would,
if admitted within the fort, intrigiie with the enemy outside.
He was therefore lodged in the Tranquera suburb, with " the
widow Verbrugge"— the widow, perhaps, of Mr. Ary Verbrugge,
whose name api>ear8 aa an envoy to Perak in the native ehrontcles
of that State (see Journal Str. Br. S.A.8.. Notn and Qwrriw,
l>. BI). Begbie says, "Tuoukoo Mahomed Alii came over from
Siak during these rommotionn ostensibly to aHHiMt the Dutch, by
whom he was kindly received and allotti-d a ri'sidence in Tron-
queirah, it ci)t being deemed prudent to admit hiin within the
walla of the fort."

Raja Mobamed All's retention of the position given to him by
the Dutch (see entry in tbo official record under 2lRt August),
as Eing of Selaugor was a very brief one. Kaja IbnUiiiii re-took
his fort und kingdom in 1785 and the Siak adventurer relumed to
Sumatra and is not recognised by the Molayit as uver having really
been Eaja of Selaugor.

The Malay hallacl roiieludes with
the widow of llaja Haji from Riouv
husband. This wuh app

, refereuei? to the arrival of

to iM'g for the corjtse of her

refused and a guard placed over

212

the grave to prevent llio abatraction of the body. Begnrding tiiis
the Dutuh rcL'ord is silent. It waB not untO n fow years iigo, when
the new High Strhool was heing built, that Ihe bones of the
deotiawMl warrior were disinterred and taken Ut Riouw wht-re they
now lie. With their removal the Ualaeea Malays lost a I'hice of
pious visitation and payment of vows (bayar nial).

This paper would not be complete without a translation of the
Malay prose account of Raja Haji's war with the Dutch, which is
ta be found in a MS. chronicle of the Matayu-Bu^s Rajas of the
Straits of Malacca. wTitten by Kaja Ali, of Riiiuw, in A. H. 1288,
and called by the author " Tuhfat-el-nafis." It is always inlcreat-
ing to note the point of view from which the native historian
regards events. The version which the Malays possess as history
is as follows : —

" Sultan Mahmud was reigning in Biau * and Raja Haji hitd not
long been Yang-di-per-Tuan Muda when the Yftug-di-jier-Tuan
of Selangor. Sultan Saleh-ed-din fell ill and soon afterwards died. "

■' Information of this event was duly forwarded hy his ihiefs to
Riau and Raja Haji appointed his successor. Raja Ilirahim, sou
of the deceased Sultou, Ijccame Yang-di-per-Tuan Besar and Raja
Nala was made Yang-di-per-Tuan Muda."

" Raja Haji had governed Riau and its dependencies as Yaag-
di-per-Tuan Muda for about eight years when Ihcro befell an
ordinance of Gtid. who is all-powerful and who causes His will to
operate upon all His servants according to His plans and mabes
them know how despicable is this ti-ausitor^- life with its i>as8ing
pleasures, so that they may not love this world but set their
afEeetions on a hereafter which shall be enduring and the pleasures
and kingdom of which shall be exceeding great, as Oud says in
the Koran : ' When ye shall see it — that is. the life hereafter — ye
shall see dehghts and a kingdom that arc exceeding great.' In
several succeeding verses are described the iusignificsncc of this
world and the pleasures of the life to come."

* itinu is the trtuislit«ration of

y-i

the town which tlteDtttoh

uall "Itioiin" anil the Engliah "Bhio," This is probably cMioected in
derivation with »j-i j Hyiift or riouA, noiae. noisy, loud aonnds (of y>y or
diatreas), but in Von De Wall's Ualay Oiotionury the Tvords are ({iven as
quitp distintt j^j rijau, naam der tcienrfc hok'/dpliuxls, and d— ij rijanh.
IjiidntcMig: txioeb'j.

218

" Tho beginning of the events ■whivh led to Riau being embroiled
in war. and eventually being captured, is ascribed to two different
causoB, The first account, whieh I have obtained froni tho local
hietoriefi of Siak and Selangor, corroborated by the statcuients of
old men who were alive at the time of the events about tj) bo
described and toot [lart in them, is aa follows: — Raja Haji, the
Yang-di-per-Tuan Muda of Biau, made a convention with
tlie I>ut«h East India Company by which it was agreed that
tie enemies of the Comimny ahoultl be the enemies of Raja Haji
also, and that all prizes and booty should l>e divided equally
between the allies, if Raja Haji took part in the opemtions. Sub-
Boquently there eame to Riau a vessel, belonging to enemies of the
Dutch, and she anchored at Pulau Bayan. Thereupon Rtija Haji
caused information to bo given to the Governor of Malacca, and
there came a Dutch ship from Malacca whieh attacked the one
anchored at Pulau Baran and the latt«r waa captured and taken
away to Malacca with all her cargo. There she was adjudged to Iw
a pri^e aticording to the ouatom of war. Nevertheless, Rtja Haji
did not get any stiarc. He startJid for Malacca to eaqiiire as to
Uiis and got as far as Miiar, where he was met by a Dutch official
sent liy the Governor of Malacca to discuss the matter with him.
The name of this gentleman, as given in the chronicle of Selangor,
was Senor Bram, but some people say that his real name vros
Abraliam Vergil.* The Capitau Malayu of Malacca accompnnied him.
Raja Haji represented to the two agents of the Governor of Malacca
that the prize had been taken in consequence of inri>rinatiiin given
by htm, and further that she had been taken in the harbour of Htau,
ill his territory, and demanded his share. Tlie agents of the
Governor of Malacca refused to entertain his complnini and heu^
arose misunderstandings and dissatisfaction which c'ulminatcd m
war. This is one account of the origin of tho war, as set out in
the chronicle of Selangor and as given by old men who have related
what they knew,"

" But there is another account which I have found in the chronicles
of Linggaand Riau, compiled by TTngUu Busu, the father of Ungku
Awak of Dungun, According to this. Raja Kochil, Tfin Dolam. the
Yang.di-per-Tuan of Trengganu, took counsel with Captain Klasi t

* Vergil is evidi^ntl; an attempt at Vtlge, the itanio of a veil-known
Malacca funily. But tlio emiasar; wns not called Abniliam VvJ^, but
Abraluuii ile W ind. 8e« Begbie's narrative above.

t Captain Gloss, on EniflisluDaii, is montionod in connection with
TfcngijAnu bj Bogbie, The Malayan Ptnimulo, p. 88,

214 UAJA UAJI.

how to briug about the destruction of Riaii. Now the Tanp-di-per-
Tuan of Trenggi'inu had a Chinese girl whom he had juet wvueed to
become a Muhammadan, givinfj ^^^ the name of Si Jamilah. Captain
Elasi aBlced for her and Raja Kechil, TQn Dalam, gave her to him,
asking him in return to do something to bring about a fight at Kwala
Biau, so as to set the people of Riau against the Dutch Company.
Captain Ehtsi cohabited with Jamilah who became eiicei-nte, and
when ho left for Riau to provoke the promised diBturbaneelwith
the French* at fiTwala Riau he left JamOah under the charge of Ma
brother, Captain Oadis, and directed him to convey her to China.
While Captain Klasi was away at Riau Captain Qadia sailed for
China, but by the decree of God most high, when he was off Tanjoug
Lalabi on the ooaat of Trenggilnu a tremendous gale came on and his
ship was wrecked and all the Hollanders on board were drowned,
not one being saved, and Si Jamilah perished with the rest. Besides
this sfaip.about one hundred and ten prahus were lost in this storm,
including a number of prahua from SamVma of various fiizes and
the boat {mdvh, Dut«h doey') of the Yang-di-per-Tuan, Raja Kechil.
Ti)n Dalam, himself. This, it is said, is the story of the secret
cause of the troubles."

"To return to our history, when the Governor of Malacca refused
to entertain the claims of Raja Haji the latter sent back his con-
vention with the Dutch Company, saying that one side observed it
and the other side did not, and having done this he returned to
Riau. The Governor of Malacca was angry at the retiim of the
documents and he took counsel with the Admiral {Baja Latit),
named Pieter Jacob van Broam. Another version, however, gives
the name of the Dutch Naval Commander as Tuan Alio, During
tlie consultations, calumnies and injurious reports of all kinds
were carried to the Governor of Malacca and to the Admiral to
the effect that the Tang-di-per-Tuan Muda of Riau, Raja Haji,
was about to attack Malacca and had fitted out an expedition for this
purpose. Then said the Governor of Malacca to Admiral van
Braam, ' Raja Haji is going to attack Malacca — let us go and attack
him first." So a Dutch ex]>edition set forth with ever so many ships

• It wag a French ship that took the Engliah morehaatman, according to
Begbie. The Htory of the coaniviuice of the master at the latter is, of
course, absurd. The surname Ocddts would corrospoDd with whnt ia written
in Mnlnj Oadit. Thu Malay author would not unilerBtaDd that Qi^des
could not be the brother of OIubb. If tho ship that went down o^ Trenggilnn
was an English vositol, na seems [irobnble, the author makes a mittake in
describing her crew as " HoUandera."

215

of war and armed ketches (klchi prang) to invotlc Riaii and bloek-
ade the port, hindering the entrj' of troding-lxiats. Raja Haji was
furious at tiis. and he iaaued forth with a number of boats and
there was a great fight. Lagum .' lagam ! terrific was the noise of
the cannon, just hke a thunderbolt ch'aving tliu inouuliuns, and
the smoke from the muskets obscured Kwala Riau Uke a mist, and
loud were the shouts of the combatants, and the war-cries of the
Bugis (kilong muaong)."

" This went on till the evening when both sides ceased fighting.
and at nightfall the ships stood out to sea and half of the
penjajapa re-entered the Riau river. Next day the fight was
resumed with a treineudaus cannonade from guns and hlai and
raiUoias on both sides and at night they again Btoppud, This went
on daily for ever so many months without either aide giving in and
rice and all kinds of provisions were dear, for trading-boats could
only enter with difiieidty, being intercepted by the ahi])s of war,
sometimes they got through and aometimes they did not."

"Raja Haji caused stockades to be erected at Tanjong Finaiig and
Talok Kreting and Pulau Feningat and manned each with a
sufficient force of defeudcra. The stockade at Peningat was manned
by Siunlan men and the hurge penjajapg which carried cannon were
ranged iJong the coast; of those there were about one hundred and
fifty large and small down as far as Tanjong Uban, and aome were
stationed behind Riau to help to bring in the trading craft from
Si am and Cochin China and other places bringing rice and other
provisions."

" So the fighting went on day after day in the harbour of Riau.
Raja Haji himself directed the operations in person and he used
to paddle about in a long canoe (sampan bidor yang pan jang)."

" He used to paddle aljout from one penjajap to another enquiring
if the equipment waa deficient in any way, and he used to do this in
the thick of the fighting when bullets were flying from both direc-
tions. The followiug story I have from an old man of Bugia
extraction named Inche Sumpo" who was a youth just old
enough towearains at the time of these events: — He remembeiod
being with a number of other youths of good family, of almut the
same age as himself, in a Ixiat in whicli they were conveying Raja
Haji during a fight. They were paddling across from one penjajap
to another when a shot was fired from a war-ship painted black and
the ball struck the water, close to the boat and ricocheted lo one
side. The splash wetted the cloth which the yang-di-per-Tuaii

216

RAJA haji.

Mnda waa wearing, but he did not fate any notice and merely told
the hnya to poddlo oti, and if any of tliem ducked their heoids when
bullets flew by be struck them with a rattan whip whieh he carried."
" One day a long tetcb belonging to the Dutch approached the
shore at Pulau Alus and was becalmed there. Six or soveu penja-
jape immediately came out and attacked her, ami then there was
lagum! lagam! a tremendous cannonade — and that ketch very
nearly had to yield, and wu very nearly got her. The Commander
of the party who attacked her was a Panglima, named Inche Kuliu,
who had a ghurtth fifteen fathoms long. During the fight the poop
(haranda) of the Dutch vessel caught fire and a number of
her crew hod got into their boats and were ready to pull out
to sea, but a strong wind got up and Bcvenil vessela were
able to BoiJ up to her asstetmice, so the pc^jajjips had to sheer
off and the koteh got away. Then nif;ht came on and fighting
ceased, only to begin again next day, an'l so it west on day
after day ; if there was plenty of wind the ships stood in, and if it
was calm the pfiijajapi went out and gave battle and at night all
fighting stopped. The vessels of both sides were so close some-
times that conversation took place between thoso on board; for
among the crews of the Dut«h ships there were here and there a
few men of Bugis descent, bom in Malacca and related (fmr-kerabat)
to the Sugis of Riau. The former would perhaps call out ■ Wliat
is one to do ? One takes employment where there ia food to be

git; but that need not interfere with our relationship.' Or a
utch sailor would sing out ' Hi ! you Malay (or Bugis), to-morrow
we '11 have a good fight, eh ? ' And the Malay or Bugis would
answer back ' All right.' This is what I myself have heard from
the lips of old men."

'■ One day the Dutch attacked the stockades of the Siaatan men
on Pulau Peningat, having landed a force of soldiers by means of
boats at the back uf the island. They fell upon the Siontan men
unawares during a heavy shower of rain and took all the stockades,
the defenders scattering and taking to the jungle. Then the Dut^
landed a quantity of dogs and hunted down all thoae who had
escaped and were hiding in the woods. When the dogs found one
they barked, and tlien the soldiers came up and shot him., and the
musketry fire was like tho popping of the rice- grains when berlih is
being roasted. Thus, all the Sioutau men on Pulau Peningat were
killed, not one was left, for there waa no time to rim away."

" Attracted by the crackling (vien^-ki'riitup) of the musketry fire
at Pulau Peningat, the penjajajig at Kwala Hiau made for that

HAJI.

place and arrived there jiiat as the troops had re-em liorked to
teturn to tlieir ebipa. A fight then took place between \\n.' peitjajapg
and the boats and there was a great deal of firing with muskets
and blunderhuBsCB, during which three of the boats were sunk and
a number of men were killed, but the rest of them got away. Tlien
the ships and ketches sailed up and opened fire upon the jj&njajapt,
to which the latter respouded. The Sght ended without a victory
for cither side, and at nightfall the ships stood out to sea again
and the Malays and Bugis landed at Pulau Peningat to scArch for
the bodies of the Suintjui men, Those that were found were buried
hurriedly, two or three together in one grave, and when this was
done the penjo/ojis left again and fighting recommented next day."

" After the war had gone on for nine months (some people say
el&»en months, God knoweth the truth) there was a parley between
the eombatiinis — that is to say, between the Tang-di-per-TuanMuda,
Raja Haji. on one side and Fiet«r Jacob van Braam (or. as some
say. Captain Abo) on the other, and there was a truce in order to
allow of negotiations. The Dutch wanted to bring one large ship
of war into the Riau river, but Raja Haji objected to thiB, saying
that if the object was a conference vrith a view to an understanding
MO ship must be brought in. to which the Dutch replied that they
had no sinister intention. Raja Haji still objected, and the Dutch
said that they could not be expected to come to Riau without
soldiers with them during a time of war, Their war-ship per8ist«d
in trying to get in, bo fighting recommenced, fire being opiened on
her from the stockade at Telok Ereting. Then there was a
tremendous cannonade, the fire from the ship drowning every other
noise. The stockade was very near falling, owing to gunpowder
running short, but the Yang-di-per-Tuau Muda sent them a supply
in a boat. The man who took it across was Shahbandar Bo]]cng
and the lad who paddled him was Inche £aiik. the head of alt the
youths of good family at that time. The boat was fired on by the
ship with ball and canister and was sunk. Init her men got on
shore with one barrel of powder and took it up to the stockade at
Telok Kreting, which was able thus to fire four or five rotmds."

" Then, by the decree of Qod most high, the ship took fire and,
by the explosion of the gunpowder on lioard, she was blown into
the air and fragments were sent flying over land and sea and all her
crew perished. According to one account, they numbered eight
hundred and, according to anotlier account, five hundn'd, and t here
was a Kommissaria among them. I have learueil from old Dutch

218

nAJA HA.n.

inhabitantB of Malacca that, her oamc was Malacca's Welfaren.*
After this ocourrunce there waa a cessation of hoetilities, during
whicli ntfjotiations were contioued."

" Now tho Tang-di-per-Tuflu of Selangor, Kaja Ibrahim, and Mb
brother, Raja Nala, the Tang-di-per-Tuan Muda of the same Stat«,
when they heard that their relative, Kaja Haji, was at war with
the Dutch at Biai), took counsel together, willi the Dato' Puiiggawa
and the ChiefB and elders in Selangor, how they might co-operate
with the Yang-di-per-Tuan Muda of Biau. When a plan of action
had beeu decided on, the Raja of Selangnr set out to invado
Malacca. He halted at Rembau to consult with the Penghulu and
the four Sukus, and a conference having been held there he went on
toPendas t and ixincerted tneaaureH with the Penghulu of Pendas and
the four Sukus there. When thia was over he went to Sungei
Bahru and eatabbshed himself there, and then marched to Batang
Tiga. There he constructed a large stockade, which was soon
attacked by a. force sent out from Malacca, composed partly of
soldiers and partly of Malacca people. A fight then took place
betwi>en the Selangor men and the Malacca force and there was
slaughter ou both sides. A niunber of soldiers and Malaet^ jieople
were killed, and the head of one of their leaders was cut off. The
Malaeca force was defeated and retreated to the town again. The
Governor of Malacca then summoned all liis ships of war to retnni
to the port, and sent a letter to Pieter Jacob van Braam at Riatl
informing him that Malacca was invaded by the Yang-(U-per-Tnan
of Selangor. The Admiral at once gave ordei-s that all his ships
should sail back to Malacca, and the harbour of Riau was soon left
quite clear, all the Dutch ships having gone. The Tang-di-per-
Tuan Muda of Selangor, Raja Nala, theu set out for Riau with a
Jcakap, mauned by thirty men, to invite Raja Haji to come to
Malacca. There was a great difference of opinion among the
yoimg Rajas in Riau, some being in favour of his going and somo
being altogether against it, which ended in a serious misunder-
standing between the descendants of Marhum Janggut, Raja Ali J

\\i i\i-Ji , ^''^ 1'^s ConmiisBory who lost hia life wels Mr. Lemker.

t Fmidaa, theplaco whi^ro the Lingsi rivci' divides, onulirnnch i^oingnp
to Buni^i Vjoni; and tho othor to Rombau, now ^nerally callud Sempang.

X Kaja All afterwards succoedcd Eaja Haji as Vang-di-por-Taan Mnda
of Riau.

and Raja Abdul Samad.* Eaja. Haji himst^lf was bent upon ^ing:
first, b«oauso the Selangor meii were actually fighting ; seirondly,
because his royal relative had personally come to ask him ; oaA
thirdly because he hoped for merit in the sight of God (iJi„.^J
by wa^Djj; a religious war. For these three reasons he could not
restrain htmself. When all his preparations were ready he set out
for Malacea. His nephew, the Yung-di-per-Tuan Bosar, Sultan
Mahmud, iasiBt«d upon accompanying his uncle as far as Muar,
where he was left behind, while Eaja Haji pushed on to Malacca.
The. latter established himself near Telok Katapang and built a
stockade at Tanjong Palas, at the some time ordering Punggawa
Puna Satj to attack Sumabok, There was fighting at Semnbok for
some days between the Bugls and the Dutch, many being killed
and wounded on both eides. The latter at length gave way, a
number of soldiers having been killed and the Semfibok people
having lost several Paughmas. Not long after SemAbok had been
taken by Raja Haji, Sultan Mahmud came to Telok Eatapong to
see him, but his uncle induced him to return to Muar. ' Do not,'
said he, ' take iiart in this campaign, but leave it to me, for it may
be that God most high has predestined that my time shall end in
this war, and in that case it is first to God, next to the Prophet of
God, and thirdly to your Highness that t desire to commit the
care and protection of my people and my Bugis dependents. And
I should accept this fate with joy, for I should die in the hope that
all my past ains would be forgiven by God most high, by reason of
my death in battle."t

" Sultan Mahmud wept bitterly at hearing these words and hu
uncle wept also. The Sultou then returned to Muar to await there
the issue of the operations."

" Raja Haji visited Batang Tiga, together with the Yang-di-i>er-
Tuan of Selangor, and made a stockade there and ordered an attack
€>n Malacca on the land side. A detachment of Malacca men and
Dutch soldiers came out and when the two forces met there was a
fight, with a tremendous discharge of muskets and blunderbusses,
and when they got to close quarters swords and spears and Umeangi
and kritet were used. Many were killed and wounded on both

' Knja Abdul Sanmd (afterwards fcillod in battle with the Dutch) was
in favour of Baja Uaji invadiDy; Malacca, Baja Ali oppoaoU tlie propoaal.

t " War ftgainBt fmemiea of EU-Idim, who have been tho flrat n^gremotm,
is enjoined as n sacred datj; and he who Iobm hiB Ufo in fulfilling tus duty,
if impaid, is promisi-d tbu rowarda of a martyr. "—Laoe'i Modem Egypliatu,
I. 13a.

220

RAJA HAJt.

sides. Before long the Malauta force wiis defeated and retreated
to tlie town, After this there was no fighting for some days, aud
then the yang-di-per-Tuan of Selangor sent fifty Selangor men to
Telok Katapang to fetch a large boat, whifh had been presented to
him by the Yjuig-di-per-Tuan Besar. and to bring her to Bataog
Tiga. She was, however, attacked by the Dut<-h and was struck by
a cannon-ball and sunk i but she was not burnt. The S
men returned to Batang Tiga again."

" When Eaja Haji was estabhshed at Tanjong Palaa, near Telofc
Katapang, he ordered an attack to be made on the east side of
Malacca by some hundreds of Malays and Bugis. Again the Malacca
men sallied forth, with hundreds of Dut-ch soldiers, and wheu the
two forces met there was a great fight.* The Punggawa led his
men to the attack of a gun upon a carriage, and after a bAnd-to-hand
fight it was captured by the Bugis and Riau men, and the Malacca
people retreated to the town.t Then hostilities ceased for a month
or half a month, and then there was another engagement, then
another period of quiet and then another tight. As time went on
the Malaci-a people were defeated more and more, until the whole
of the territory round the town had been reduced by Eaja Hajt,
and nothing remained to the Butch but the Iowa of Malacca itself
with its fortress."

" It is related that the war had lasted for about a year without any
decisive defeat on either side and the Governor of Mahicca was
becoming verv ansioua, hecauae assistance was so long in coming from
Batavia. He brought into the fort, with their wives and families, all
the Kuropoans who lived outside the walls, and a vorr strict watch
was maintained by patrol (tambaiufj day and night. The Governor
also sent messongors to the ncighlxmnng Malay States to say that
if the Company were victorious a reward would be given to those
Bajas from whom support was i-eceived."

"When the Governor's letter to this effect reached Siak.tho Yam
Tuan, MohamedAli, took counsel with his nephew, Saiyid Ali bin
Osman, and then started for Malacca, tempted by the riches of
this world, to assist the Governor. (Nevertheless, it is stated in
the chronicle of Selangor that when the Dutch attacked and took
Telok Katapang, Tam Tuan Mohamed All and Sai>-id Ali were not
present)."

* Described in languago already used ; tt'onslation omitted tu nvoid
tucmotany.

t 'Inu Dutch account does not admit Uiu cuptura of the ^un. It iras
" unmounUid and taken back,"— See p. 27.

" "Hie Tang-di-por-Tuan of Selangor made a journey to Bembau
for amusement and spent some time tliere. Thence be returned to
Sungei Bahru with a large following of Kembau men. He then made
arrangement* for a serious attack upon Malacca."

" At last the reiiiEorcementa expected liv the Governor from
Batavia arrived, cousiHting of about thirty veaaels, large and small,
ships of wax and armed ketches, with thousands of troops both
whito and black. As soon ae they arrived, about nine large ships
attacked Tctok Katapang, and there was a sovere engagement
between vhe stockades and the ships, which ended at nightfall and
watt renewed next day for several days. Even in a time ot danger
like this Baja Haji amused himself every night with plays and
dancers, and feasting and giving feasts to the Princes and Chiefs ;
but, neverthclesB, hia piety was no pretence and bo never discon-
tinued ropeatiiig his prayers ; hts Ix'jids • never left his hands, and
on Thursday nights ne never failed to celebrate the festivalf of the
birth of the Prophet Muhammad, on whom be the blessings of Ood
and His peace, just as if his situation was that of a perHon free from
anjiety.'

" At last when Ms hour had come and the fulfilment of the
measure and quantity of time allottod to him by God (who is ever
to be praised and most high) in the furtherance of His designs, an
attack was made by a body of some thousands of Dutch troops from
the land side, who had got behind the small stockade. It should
be explained that the large stockade, — namely, the one held by Kaja
Haji himself ^was at Tanjong Palas, and that a smaller one further
inland was commanded by Incho Ibnihim, the sou of Bandabara
Hassan. The Dutch made an assault upon Inche Ibrahim's stockade,
and after a hand-to-hand Sght the stockade was carried and Inche
Ibtabim mode his escape to the large stockade in wliich Raja Haji
resided. Then Baja Haji ordered his panglimat lo sally out and
attack the Dutch. He himself did not cease reading a religious
book. The panglimas who went out engaged the Dutch troops, and
there was a fight in which there were losses on both sides. The
Dutch soldiers, of whom there were thousands, kept up an incessant
fire ot musketry, which crackled like the popping of rice l)eing
parched. Numbers of Bugis were shot down (martyred in Ood's

• Eiproasiona in prbiio ot God often foUi>w the ordinttry prayers and
are counted witL the beads,
t Hnlid-en-Nabi.

^■^^HBi

222

cause) before they could reach the euemy, but those who could get
up to the Dutch attacked them baud to band, and there naa
tremendous shouting and noise and many were killed and wounded
on both aidea. During thia engagement the Dutch troops completely
surrounded the large stockade, standing in rows, one row behind
another. Then Kaja Haji ordered a, general attack t« W made.
Arong Lenga, who had to ride a pony bet'auBe he was suffering from
a kind of boil on the breast {paipa), charged the Dutch line with
his mon and was killed, he and his pony j of the Dutch, too. many
were killed. A uuml>er of Dutch officers and soldiers then entereii
the stockade, and were encountered by Daing Selikang, with his
PaiiqliiiKu, Talisang and Haji Ahamad, who threw themselves upon
the advancing lines of the Dutch troops and perished, all three
of them, martyrs in God's cause, like brave men. Many others,
too, there were, men of high standing, who died similarly and
scorned to turn their backs. Tbo Dutch lost about seventy men
killed in this action, including three officers."

"Then Raja Haji arose and drew his dagger (badek), holding
in his other hand the religious book which he had been reading.
He was instantly seized by a number of his own followers who
were trying to hold bim back, and while this waa going on he i\'as
bit by a miisket ball fired from the Dutch ranks, and lie fell itud
almost immediately expired,"

"When the Dutch saw that Raja Haji had been killed they
stopped firing and remained drawn up in ranks ; all the followers
of tbe Tdng-di-per-Tuan Mitda, male and female, quitted the
stockade and made their escape unmolested by the troops. Among
these were the two sous of Raja Haji, Raja Jafar and Raja Idris,
and his nephew, Raja Suleiman ; tbe latter was wounded and was
carried off by his people. Raja Jnfar was carried by a man named
Iijcbe Layar. a descendant of the family of Magat Inu. In this
way, all the surviving followers of Raja Haji got clear away from
Telok Kalapang and made good their escape to Muar. without
further molestation from the Dutch. Thus was Telok Katapang
taken by the Dutch."

"It is related that after this the Governor of Malacca directed
tbo Capitan Malayu and the elders of the city to go out and bring
in tbe body of the late Raja Haji. A procession of men and

women, with lamentations and weeping, conveyed the body within
the walls of the fort in the manner customary at royal funerals,

n.uA HAji. 223

and u it paseed the gate the Dutch fired minute guns. The whulu
espense of the iutermeut was paid by the Governor of Malacca,
and alms were distributed by the Capilan Afaiayu uuder his '
orders."

"Raja Hftji was buried within the Port of Malacca, behind the
Company's garden. Eventually his remains were removed by his
son and were taken to Riau, where they were buried on the hill of
Pulau Peuingat — that is to say. the hiU at the south of the ialanil.
I have been told by old people that l>efor(; Raja Haji was buried,
his body was placed in a coffin ready to be transported to Batavia,
and a ship had tx'cn got ready for the purpose. The very night
before she was to start a jet of light like fire was seen to issue
from the cofBii, aud while all the people of Malacca were in con-
fusion at seeing this occurrence, the ship which was to have
conveyed the body took fire and blew up with all her crew, not one
soul being saved.' On this aecount, said the relaters of this story,
the removed of the body of Raja Haji to a foreign country was not
accomplished. He was buried in Malacca and his remains rested
there until they were removed to Eiau. But it was because of
thia story that the Dutch of that generation gave bim the name
of Raja Api,t by which they used to speak of him."

I have, I think, reached, perhaps exceeded, the reasonable limits
of a paper in this Journal, and will not, therefore, follow the
Malay chronicler further, though he has much more that is
interesting to say about the blockade of Ewala Selangor by
Admiral Van Broani; the flight of Sulfaa Hirahim ti» Paliang; the
occu|Jation of the fort by the Dutch; the brief and nomimtl tenure
of power of the Siak adventurer. Raja Mohamed Ali, and bis son,
Saiyid Ali, in Selangor; the recovery of his fovt by Sultau Ibrahim,
aided by reinforcements from Pahang; the eipulsion of the small
Duteh garrison, and the eventual conclusion of a treaty of peace.

These events, though they hod their origin in the quarrel
lietwoen Raja Haji and the Duteh, belong to the history of
Selangor, and the episode which is described in the Malayan
1>a11ad preserved by Logan is purely a Malacca one, and appro-
priately ends with the death of the Bugis Chief.

t The Malay poem, vhich ia the (object of thie paper, is evidontly, as
alrmd; pointed out, the wort of a Malacca Malay, hcKtilo t« the Ki«u
invaders. Hence the ejitire oiniBsion by the poet of thia aaperatitions
ci:|iliu)ation of the losg of the Dolpkijn.

EAJA HAJI.

A word may be added as to the removal of the body of Baja
Haji from Malacca, to Riau. as to TThicIi the Btatement made (on
p. 2 1 2 supra) is perhaps not quite correct. If, as the Malay chronicler
says (supra p. 223), the remains of Raja Haji were transferred to
Itiau by his son, the bonea which were removed in recent years
must have been those of other persons. Interments, according to
Malay usage, had perhaps occasionally been practised near the
place, which had been rendered specially holy by the burial of one
whom the people regarded as a Muhammadan hero. Exact par-
ticulars are wanting.

It would have been interesting, if possible, to supplement the
records, both Dutch and Malay, of the war of 1784. by local traditions
collected in Malacca. Stories of the Bugia invasion are, no doubt,
preserved here and there by the Malay peasantry ; and the lines of
the stockades at Tanjong Palas and Teluk Katapang can, |>erhapa,
bo pointed out. But I have had no leisure for any such investiga^
tion ; and additional facts, if any be forthcoming, must 1}eleftto
be supplied by other hands.

I have only to add that if this imperfect attempt to record an
important event in the history of Dutch domination in the Pen-
insula should be read by any of my learned and valued colleagues,
the members of the Koninkbjk Instituut voor de Taal-L&nd en
Volkenkundc van Nederlandsch-lndie, I trust that it may serve to
assure them that that history is studied by Englishmen of to-day
in a very different spirit from that which is evinced in Begbio's
narrative.

The materials for a good account of Dutch rule in Malacca, the
most ancient and famous city in these seas — now how sadly
eclipsed by younger rivals — are gradually being supplied by the
publication of selections from the Batavia records," and it mav be
hoped that before long a competent historian may be found to
undertake it.

W. E. MAXWELL.
The Besidehct, Selakoob,
January. 1891.

1 J. 4. Van der ChiJB,

VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

[Continued from p. 301 of No. 16 of the Society 's Juurnal.)

The Hon'ble D. F. A. HERVEY.

[ I attach a continuation of [orraer translations, which will
complete this account.

I have to acknowledge valuable help given by Mr. J. R.
Innes in revising this translation.

This paper is accompanied by a copy of Valentvn's map
of Malacca.

D. F. A H.]

|T was in 1627 that the board of administration
at Batavia Intended to make the next attempt, of
which expedition one Karel LlEVENSSOON was to
be the Commander, but for some reason or other
this plan had likewise to be given up. So it hap-
pened that it was not until 1640, in the reign of the
ince Abduljalil Sjah 11, and whilst the Hon'ble
VAN DiEMEN held the Governor-Generalship of
I India, that this matter was taken up in good earnest, detailed
I account of which we will give in the following chapter; —
Exact Account of the Siege and Conquest of the strong
and famous Town of Malacca under the Adminis-
tration of the Hon'ble Antoni van Diemen,
Governor-General of India.
For several years Malacca and the trade of the Portuguese
with that place and in the southern part of India had been much
I hinderedand troubled by the navigation of our war-vessels. We

VALENTYN'S account of MALACCA.

shall see later that in 1640 andi64i,asquadron under the com-
mand of Jacob Koper, together with some vessels of the
Johor Malays, blockaded the place so as to prevent it from
being properly supplied with the most urgently needed provi-
sions. That same year then, the Hon'ble A.NTONl VAN DlEMEN,
jointly with the Hon'ble Council of India, resolved to attack by
main force, and, if possible, to take that strong and famous
town, which, next to Goa, was the most important town of Por-
tuguese India.

Their Honours intrusted the execution of this important
business to Sergcant-Major Adriaan AntONISSOON, an oid,
experienced and bold soldier. He left Batavia for Malacca in
May, 1640. with three well-manned vessels, with orders to take
over the command of the fleet from the Commander KopER, to
blockade the town on the seaside as closely as possible, and
on the arrival of more troops from Batavia and of the auxiliary
troops from the Kings of Acheen and Johor, to land with all his
forces, and, according to circumstances, to try and take the
town either by arranging terms, by siege, or by storming it, as
he thought best.

In accordance with this plan, in the beginning of June, twelve
ships and six boats so rigorously blockaded the town on the
seaside, that its supply of victuals was almost entirely cut off,
and hardly any one could succeed in leaving or entering the
place; hence several vessels with provisions and one barge
with fresh supplies from Goa were also taken by our people.

Meanwhile the King of Acheen refused us his assistance ; but
our fleet was constantly relieved by ships and troops ( sailors
and soldiers). In short, when at the end of July, the King of
Johor's fleet of some 40 sail with a force of 1,400 or 1,500 men
had joined our troops, which were partly Dutch, partly German,
and of about the same strength, our Commander, on the 2nd of
August issued the order that the combined forces should land
at about one-third of a mile on the north side of the suburb of
Malacca. (') No sooner were the troops landed than they ex-
pelled the enemy, several hundred strong, from the first
bastion and were so close at their heels, that they entered

(■) i.f; Tranquerah,

VALENTYN S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

the suburb soon after them and drove them back within the
fortress.

Our troops then encamped In the conquered suburb, and
after having built two batteries there within a pistolshot of
the ramparts of the fortress, they battered them so fiercely
with sixteen 24-pounders, that finally, notwithstanding the
brave resistance of the enemy, several large breaches were
made. These breaches exposed the enemy to a great danger,
but they were able to meet it for a while by their extraordi-
nary courage. The siege of the river preventing us from
storming the town as yet, we could do nothing but blockade
the town (within gunshot) from the seaside as closely as pos-
sible with our ships drawn up in ha!f-moon form and
harass the enemy by an uninterrupted cannonade and a
constant throwing of bomb-shells, to which they did not fail
to reply bravely and patiently from their heavy guns. This
cannonade not only killed many people and wa-sted much
powder and lead, but proved plainly that this siege would
last a very long time, unless their Honours resolved to send a
larger fleet than they had yet done to besiege the town.
Though great scarcity of provisions prevailed in the town,
and the Johorians assisted us in many ways, as, for instance,
in supplying us with all sorts of materials, in building some
of our batteries and other works, in preventing the enemy's
small crafts from entering or leaving the town, and in hinder-
ing them in a hundred other ways, still it would have been
impossible for us to take the town, if no other expedients had
been adopted.

The pride of the Governor of Malacca, Manuel de SouZA
CouTiNHO, and the stubbornness of the besieged Portuguese
contributed not a little to the long duration of this siege, for
several offers of a reasonable capitulation were rejected with
contempt. Add to this the self-willed conduct of our Com-
mander Adriaan AntonisSOON and the lickleness of his
successor JACOB Koper, and it is no wonder that five months
passed without the smallcBt improvement and with great
expenditure and loss on both sides. Many remarkable en-
counters by sea and !and occurred during this space of time,

VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

in which our people generally carried the day ; the enemy,
exasperated from want of provisions, used his utmost efforts
to bring them by water into the town, which our people tried
to prevent, and which caused bloody battles; also similar
attempts by land were made at the same time in a deter-
mined manner, but were everywhere repelled by our men
with the utmost courage.

The natural strength of the place itself, which was greatly
increased artificially, conduced to enable it to withstand so
many thousands of cannon-balls fired at it from our Artillery,
especially from the sixteen 24-pounders. Yet, by this in-
cessant battering not only were large breaches made in the
strong bastions" Curassa " and "St. Domingo,"(') but even
the dome of the " Hospital des Pauvres " was levelled to the
ground, and the tower of the old fortress, the church, and
several large buildings were so badly damaged, that they
were hardly recognizable. The hard-pressed Portuguese on
the other hand did not fail to do us damage from their battery
of extraordinary heavy pieces on St. Paul's Hill, so much so
that not one house in our quarters in the suburb remained
intact.

The protracted siege and the great want which followed,
not only in the distressed town, but also in our army, caused
a bad plague, with great mortality among the troops of both
parties ; more of the Iroops were destroyed by this disease
than by the hand of the enemy. Hence, notwithstanding the
many fresh supplies forwarded from Batavia with the neces-
sary provisions, our troops were quite unable to invest the
town on all sides in such a manner as to cut off all supplies
of victuals to the enemy. Some deserters also gave us a great
deal of trouble, as they informed the enemy of the bad condi-
tion of our army and so encouraged him not to yield for some
time longer, till, perchance, relief might come from Goa, or
we might at last raise the siege, to which suggestions they
gave so much credit, that they resolved to persevere to the

(I) Thiswasatlhe N. W. corner of l he ton facing what is new ihc New
Market. (See "Plan of Portguese Forlrtii-. in Malacca," in vol. Ill of Ihe
Cortimentarics of Albuqutrquc translatud bj Mr. i>e Gbav Birch for the
Hskluyt Soeieiy.)

VALENTVN'S account of MALACCA. -

last, notwithstanding Ihc wretched stale in which they were.

This stubborn, nay savage resolulion of the enemy, caused
the destruction in the month ol December. 1640, and January,
1641, of a great number of people: besides which, many of
the besieged, emaciated with hunger and unable any longer
to resist, fled to our army. They informed us that there
were in the town not more than 200 Europeans and only 400
or 500 Eurasians, and that victuals were so scarce that ^gan-
tattg{^) of rice was so!d for 10 rix dollars, and a pound of dried
cow's or buffalo's hide for 5 or 6 crusados,(") and thai it was
very hard to get them even at thai price. This want compel-
led the enemy to expel most unmercifully from the place many
women and children and all useless mouths; (amine was so
prevalent that a mother actually exhumed the body of her
own child and after having kept it for two days was driven
by the pangs of hunger to cat it, to the consternation of all
who heard of it.

Notwithstanding the wretched state of things in our camp,
our people, greatly encouraged by ihe consistent reports ol
the extreme distress of the town, kept up their courage pretty
well, though we had not only lost a large number of common
soldiers, but also several brave men and chief officers of the
army. Among these last ones were the Commissioner {Komis-
sariss) JOHAN DE Meere (who died on the 8lh October), the
Commander AUBIAAN AntonissoON (in November), and his
successor Jacob Koper (in the beginning of January, 1641).
and Captain PlETER van den Broek (the same who, as Direct-
or of Suratte and as the founder of the trade with Persia and
the Red Sea, had retired to his native country with the rank
of Chief Admiral, but, not having come very well out of
ihese affairs, was sent here by his friend General VAN Diemen).
Most of these men died from lingering diseases, and from the
great hardships ihey had suffered here.

By this successive decease of our Commanders we soon
felt the want of proper men for Commanders of our troops,
and in the absence of more distinguished officers (the whole
of the Secret Council having died and a new one having been

230

VALENTVN'S account of MALACCA.

appointed from among the officers of the army and the fleet)
Captain M[ME WillemssOON Kaartekoe was approved as
the Hon'ble Company's Commander of the land and naval
forces before Malacca {though I cannot understand why
others more suitable than Heer Kaartekoe, as, for instance,
Heer Lamotius and Captain Forcenbukg were over-
looked). Kaartekoe then, in conformity with the advice of
the Council (which, at that time, was composed of experienced
and valiant Captains and seamen} to prevent our army further
dwindling away from the ever-increasing pestilence, resolved
to storm the moribund town of Malacca {which now scarcely
offered any resistance) and to compel its inhabitants in this
manner to surrender. After having held a day of public
prayers, preparations were made for the storming of the town
on the morning of the 14th of January, and, by the grace of
God, that rich and important town was taken in the following
manner ; —

At daybreak of the 14th January, Sergeant- Major JOANES
Lamotius formed three columns of all our healthy troops
(both soldiers and sailors), numbering about 650 men altoge-
ther, of which Captain LAURENS FoRCENBURG commanded
the first column, Captain Hurdt the second, and Captain
NicOLAAS Janssoon Holtkooper the third. These troops,
partly armed with muskets (the sailors carrj'ing ladders),
marched towards the Bastion "St. Domingo" and shouting
the war cry " Help us God" they stormed that part of the
town with irresistible courage. For a time the enemy offered
a brave and unexpected resistance, but after a fierce hand to
hand fight we became masters of this point, drove the flying
enemy from there along the skirts of the town to the point
" Madrede Dios," took that also after a weak resistance, and so
successively the points " Our Mille Virgin es," " St, Jago,"(')
"Curassa " and the "Hospital Bulwark." Butatthe '■ Forti-
lessa Veiha" our men met with such a brave resistance, that
they had to retreat with a loss of twenty men to Ihe said Hos-
pital, where they were beyond the range of the enemy's guns
of heavy calibre and from where we could sweep them with our

(1) This, frum the plan, tnusl have been near where the old gatcwaj' is.

VALENTVN'S account op MALACCA.

Artillery.

At that moment Commander KaartekoK having risen from
his sick-bed and raaidng his appearance on the town ram-
parts, most inopportunely preventt-d, by his want of judg-
ment, the successful completion of the attack which our troops
had now entirely in their hands, for (most unwarrantably and
contrary to the custom of war) he entered into an agreement
with the Portuguese Governor and (at his request) some
priests, promising them and all the inhabitants of the town
(with the exception of the King's soldiers) a free and safe
retreat, The enemy then having abandoned that strong
bulwark " Curassa " and the old fortress, our troops marched
into those places and occupied them and all the other points.

The soldiers of the enemy were then immediately lodged
in our camp, and ours in the town, whilst the respectable
Portuguese inhabitants and their families were left peaceably
in their houses, but ordered to carry all the gold, silver, jewels
and money which they possessed to the Church of St. Paul.(')
Such good order was maintained that nothing was heard of
murder, brutality or ravishing, though some of our soldiers
(after having endured so much want and misery) in their
first transport plundered some churches and brothels.

The Johor Malays, who had been ordered at daybreak to
raise a false alarm near the bulwark " St. Jago," did not show
themselves till after sunrise, when most of the bulwarks had
already been taken by our soldiers; they then meant to get
into the town by the conquered breach, but Heer Lamotius
wisely stopped them to prevent the further shedding of
Christian blood, especially by the Moors, who intended to
plunder and to destroy the whole town. Thus, not without
great loss of men and money to the Hon'ble Company, we at
last conquered that famous, strong and powerful mercantile
place of the Portuguese, the matchless Malacca, which they
had possessed 120 years. This being a strongly fortified and
large place, superior to any other place in the East (save
Goa), for its importance and many other advantages for
which reason it was' of old selected as the seat of the Malay

<i) On Ihe top oi the hill.

2^2

VALENTVN'S account of MALACCA.

Kings, posterity may safely look upon this conquest as a
proof of the valour of the Batavians. The ramparts and
bastions were armed with 64 brass and 4 iron guns, 43 brass
swivel guns and 31 iron ones, and the place was well pro-
vided with the best war materials.

The great number of inhabitants, the long duration of the
siege and other unexpected misfortunes compelled the gal-
lant Portuguese (for nobody will say that they did not behave
gallantly during the whole siege), finally, when in want of every-
thing and when no rescue appeared, to surrender the town.
It had at that lime several pretty broad and properly laid out
streets, a small hill in the middle with the Church of St. Paul
at its top and the beautiful Convent of the Order of Jesuits on
its slope, besides many other churches and convents and very
line lofty buildings and houses; and, having been built in an
exceedingly fertile tract of land, it was situated as advan-
tageously as possible for the trade in the southern part of
India.

But we must say that, if the Portuguese during this siege
suffered such great calamities, they deserved it as a righteous
punishment of God ; for having led here for so many years
such an incredibly godless life, they really could not be
astonished at the terrible destruction of this town by war,
famine and pestilence (the three scourges of which God so
often makes use to punish similar places).

It is supposed that during the siege more than 7,000 per-
sons died in the town, but that, in order to escape famine
and pestilence, a much greater number fled from the town
and were scattered all over the neighbouring country ;(') for
of its population of more than 20,000 souls before the siege,
no more than 3,000 inhabitants were left.

We lost before that place more than 1,500 Hollanders,
mostly, however, of contagious diseases.

The Portuguese Governor died of disease two days after
the surrender of the town, and was buried in the Church of

(1) This will probably account for signs of Ponuguese lype lo be noticed
occasionally both amongsl Malays and jiboHgines, and apparently Chrislian
legends found amongsl the latter by Pile Borie and refetied to by him in a
paper in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute.

VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 233

St. Doniingo(') with much pomp and a guard of honour from
our troops after the manner of his country.

The OvidSr-General (i.e., their Fiscal of India) . the Jesuits,
the other priests and the principal citizens with their wives
and children, left Malacca a few days afterwards in a vessel
(which we lent them) for Negapatam; and since we did not
visit and search this ship most probably he (the Ovidflr-Gene-
ral) carried away a treasure of money of at least several hun-
dred thousands of nx dollars, besides what the others took with
them.

Louis Mathias de Sousa Chvsorro, the Commander of
the troops, and the other officers and soldiers o( the King of
Spain were sent to Batavia, together with some priests and
citizens. A few married Portuguese and the Eurasians with
their families were left, so that the town might not be depopu-
lated after its surrender, and so that we might be in a position
to open it up again in time, as we afterwards did.

On the 1st of February, 1641 (i.e., 17 days after the con-
quest of the town), Heer Johan van Twist, Extraordinary
Member of the Council of India, and the Commissioner Heer
Justus Schouten, arrived in the ruined town.

The former (first Dutch Governor of Malacca), after having
inspected the whole town and its surrounding territory, made
the necessary arrangements for the right administration of
this conquered country, altering many things that had been
badly and rashly managed through the ignorance of Command-
er Kaartekoe, who, soon afterwards, returned to Batavia
together with the superfluous officers and troops to bring to
their Honours in person the news of the conquest of this town.
This account of the siege and conquest of Malacca in all its
details may merit so much more credit, from the fact that it
is taken from a report dated 26th October, 1641, drawn up
in Malacca by the Commissioner Schouten in person, and
forwarded to their Honours at Batavia, though I doubt very
much if that report can be found among the official records,
either at Batavia or at Malacca, since many old papers (espe-
cially at Batavia) have been lost by the length of time and

234

VALENTYN S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

through accidents, and that at present but very few records,
reaching beyond 1650, are still to be found.

One of the first matters taken in hand by Heer VAN TwiST
was the constitution of a Board of Town Magistrates.
The Factor and Fiscal, GERARD Herberts, arrived here
with his family per the storeship Gragt on the 15th of
May. According to letters from their Honours at Batavia
there arrived at that place from Malacca on i ith December,
1640, the ship Rynsburg ; on i6th January, 1641, the ship
Langerak ; on 24th January, the Kleine Zon with the news
of tlie conquest of Malacca; on loth February, the ships
Goes and the Taljoot de Jager and the Que/pari and the
Brak ; on 13th February, the £^mc»rf,- on 18th February, the
ship Klein Zutphen ; and on 3rd April the Wassenaar
with the late Commander M[ME WiLLEMSSOON Kaartekoe.

Their Honours received with these ships all the papers
treating at large the matters of Malacca.

Several necessaries, to the amount of 3,801 rix dollars,
had been forwarded per the said storeship Gragt and per
some other ships, whilst different sorts of calicos to an amount
of rupees 31,341 had been sent with the Factors Jan Dtrks-
SOON PUYT and JORis VermEEREN for the tin trade at Perak,
Kedah, UjongSalang(') and Bangeri, besides 1,000 rix dollars
in specie. 31,341 guilders were also sent for the use of the
above-named places, with orders that as much tin as could be
got was to be sent to Batavia for the trade with Suratte and

Their Honours sanctioned all that had been done by the
Governor and the Council and ordered them to continue to
govern in the same way and to levy no other taxes, duties or
money than those that existed under the Portuguese rule, so
as to prevent further trouble, but, at the same time, to take
full revenue which the King of Spain had enjoyed and not to
surrender anything that they were properly entitled to.

On the 22nd May Heer GERARD HERBERTS, the new Fiscal
(Attorney-General), examined and sentenced lor the first time
several criminal prisoners, whilst the first repairs of the
(0 Now known u ' Junk Ceylon."

VALENTVN'S account of MALACCA.

■^35

Bastion "Victoria" or "St. Domingo" were started on 33rd
May, 1641. On 13th August, the Sjahbander Jan JaNSZ MenIE
returned from Maccam Thoheet with letters from the Orang
Caia Laksamana to the Governor, containing the news that
the Achinese accepted peace and promised to slop all enmity
and robbery. From the letter of the Laksamana to the Gov-
ernor it appears that Acheen was ruled at that time by a
Queen. (') The Governor of Malacca then requested the said
Laksamana to send him ten boat-loads of timber for the repairs
of Ihe bridge of Malacca, some 200 Malay carpenters and oars
and paddles.

In a letter to their Honours at Batavia forwarded per the
Amboina the Laksamana of Johor complained very much
of the want of fulfilment of the promises made to him and to
his King by former Commanders before the conquest of
Malacca, and according to an agreement, made before the
siege of Malacca, he requested the Company to return to the
King of Johor all the big and small guns, which the Portuguese
had taken from him.

On the 14th of August the Nefitunus arrived from Coro-
mandel with a cargo of purchased goods, amounting to rupees
265,975, viz. :—

250 bales of different calicos from Palliacatte

at ... ... ... Rs.86,028

482 bales of calicos, sugar, indigo, salpetre,

thread, &c., from MaauUpatam, at ... i79i947

732 bales of different goods, at

Rs.265,975

The storeship the Duyf with 28 hands, despatched from
Acheen by the Commissioner JUSTUS SCHOUTEN, arrived at
PalHacattc in a very damaged condition, with broken main and
fore-mast and lost mizen-mast, for which reason, Heer ArenT
Gardenvs, Governor of Palliacatte, ordered it to Bengal to

CO Sekander Muda, thi
prosperity, and who began
aided (he Dulch in their siege o
with his enemy — Johor. Achi

ting in whose lime Achin attained its grealcst

I rei^ in 1606, had just died. He was 10 have

ot Ualacca, but declined, owing to their alliance

ruled for the next sixl}> years by Queeni,

236

VAtfiNTVN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

have it repaired there. There being a great demand for
cloves at Mazulipatam, the Factor, ARNOLD HENS5EN, and
BarTHOLOMUS DE Gruiter were convinced that, if their
Honours liked to sell them at 4 or 5 Pagods [ A Pagod is an
Indian golden coin of $3.20. — Translator,] a basket of 24 lbs,
they could easily sell 100,000 lbs. in a short time. All the other
goods and produce of the Company were also pretty well sold
during the past year, notwithstanding the uninterrupted wars.

The enemy who had been lying several days witli his army
before Galle, having decamped on the 23rd May, 1641, march-
ed to Billegam, Mature and Gindere(') laying hand upon every-
thing that he could catch and laying waste the whole country
about Galle in order to intercept the provisions to our people.
At that time Raja SiNGAH forwarded from Ceylon to
Coromandel five wretched elephants which were not worth
sending. Among the home freights were 422,304 lbs. of indigo.
The vessel Danish President Barent Passaart took some
tobacco to Bengal.

Heer JOHAN VAN TwiST, Governor of Malacca, wrote on 8th
September, 1641, vid Palembang to Jambiand sent this letter
per the English ship Anne to have it forwarded to the
Captain HeNRIK VAN Gent. The said English ship Anne
arrived at Malacca on the 8th of August, together with the
Franiker bringing the Commissioner Justus Schouten.
Twenty persons died of a contagious disease on board the
Franiker on its voyage to Malacca.

The old King of Atsjien, hearing of the resistance made by
Malacca, was very irresolute and much inclined to make
peace with the Portuguese; but he fortunately died in 1641
and was peaceably succeeded by his spouse as Queen, which
was for the advantage of the Company. Peace was made
with Djohor on reasonable conditions, and the Portuguese Am-
bassador, Francisco de Zouza, who had been detained in
prison for a very long time, was released and forwarded as a
present to the said Commissioner SCHOUTEN. And everything
would have turned out to the best of the Company's wishes
but for one thing, viz., that the Company suffered a heav-y loss
through the sale of the deceased King of Atsjien jewel-
(0 Weligama, Matara and Cintata.

VALENTYN'S account of MALACCA.

237

lery, since but 5,025 tahils of the said jewellery were taken
over by the Queen, and this amounted only to guilders 60,300,
since Her Majesty said, first that it was not right to transfer
to the living the debts of the dead and besides that the said
jewels could not be worn with a Queen's dress and that the
King had squandered much money and drained his country
to purchase them, with a hundred other excuses too many to
recount. From which it may be seen how dangerous it is to
trust to fickle Indian princes in such matters, the more so as
there was here nowhere else to send the goods to and they
must either be sent back to the Netherlands with great loss or
else sold at a loss.

The Queen reigned very peacefully, but she did nothing
without the knowledge of her four chief Counsellors, who made
a secret alliance, never to be ruled by a foreign King, and in
order to realise that purpose, and to prevent a marriage of
the Queen with a foreign Prince, they had inserted in the
said treaty of peace, concluded with the King of Djohor, the
express condition, that they should never send Ambassadors
to each other, but that each of them should remain within the
boundaries of his or her territory and refrain from all hosti-
lities. This peace, therefore, was not at ail disadvantageous
for Djohor, its jurisdiction being properly and legally settled,
whilst the averting of Ambassadors became a tacit excuse
for being exempted from paying homage to the Atsjien crown
generally, the first and chief cause of war between the
said two Kings. But fearing that Djohor might get annoyed
by the Queen's letter to us, in which the proud Achinese
nature made it appear as if vie had asked pardon for the
crime committed by Djohor, we refuted this misrepresentation
immediately in the presence of the Achinese and Djohor
Ambassadors, and we sent, moreover, the Shabandar jAN jANS-
ZOON Menie with a letter to the Laksamana of Djohor, in
which we made a clear report of the matter and of the
arrogance of the Achinese to which we added, that it ever
had been and would be our principal aim to maintain peace
between these two Princes. (Time, however, will show U
Djohor will keep peace.)

238

VALENTVN'S account of MALACCA.

The day after the arrival of Commissioner ScHOUTEN. tlie
vessel D'Eendfacht arrived at this place from Coromaodel,
with a freight of calicos worth guilders 165,000, and on the
1 0th ditto, the (sloop) Amboina quite unexpectedly entered
the river here. Having left at 6 degrees Northern latitude
the vessels under the command of DoMiNiCUS BOUWENS (sail-
ing from Ceylon to Java) she had touched Acheen and
brought first the news of the demise at that place of the
Underfactor, Henrik VAN Rendorp, Assistant to the Factor.
Jan Compostel, and further that on account of the close
occupation till the and May, but one Portuguese vessel had
arrived at Goa, which brought the news that the two caracks,
with the new Viceroy, Joan de Sylva, on board, which left
Lisboa in September last, were still lying under the protec-
tion of the Fortress Aguada, and that it was most likely quite
impossible to return this year to Europe. Leaving Goa, the
said Commander Bouwens sailed to Ceylon with the vessels
Amboina, Artiemuyden and Valkenlurg; on his arrival there
he heard that Punto Galle was besieged by the Portuguese,
about 700 or 800 strong, under the Command of Don Phi-
LIPPO DE MasCARENHAS, but that the place was not in dis-
tress, since the President, jAN Thyssen, held the fortress
with a garrison of 500 men well provided with all sorts of
necessities. As Mr. SCHOUTEN had to remain here still a
little longer, he thought it better to despatch D'Eendracht
first, so, after having shipped on board the Coromandel
freight, worth guilders 165,000, the unsold jewels, cash rix
dollars 1,009, ^our undamaged brass guns from the ramparts of
Malacca and a big bell for the church of Batavia, of a total
value of guilders 139,431-17-8, it sailed from here on 14th Sep-
tember last.

On 24th September the Franiker, with Commissioner SHOU-
TEN on board, left this place with a freight of Achinesc pepper,
some rice, 27^ bhara of Andragiri pepper ( purchased of the
British Anne at rix dollars 25 a bhara), besides 7 damaged
guns and other rubbish, altogether worth guilders 2,273.14.

He hoped to arrive soon at Batavia, so as to be able to give
their Honours a thorough report on the condition of this place

VELENTYN'S account op MALACCA.

239

and to forward there the things that most reeded, viz., a
sufficient number of soldiers to reinforce the garrison, some
workmen to repair the fortifications and breaches and, what
was most important, some Chinese to cultivate the fields and
gardens. He expressed his hope to be back here in September
of next year and then to complete the arrangement of matters
in the stronghold.

On the 15th of October Commander PiETER Baak arrived
at Malacca with the vessels Welsing and the Franiker and
Bergen op de Zoom with 100 soldiers and a freight of guil-
ders 44,144. and. according to letters from their Honours, the
following ships had arrived there (Batavia) from this place
(Malacca) viz.: —

On 25th July, 1641, the vessel Kleen Zutphen ; on 17th
August the Breedam and the d'Eendracht with the garrisons
of Mazulipatam and Palliacate; on 7th September the Frani-
ker with the Commissioner Heer SCHOUTEN and the Achi-
nese Ambassadors ; and on the gth September the yacht Lim-
men with a full freight of rice.

On the arrival of the said Commissioner, their Honours
received an exact report of the whole condition of Malacca,
and granted their approbation to all that had been done;
they sent first the said two vessels, which 8 or 10 days after-
wards were to be followed by the Arnemuyden, Bredam and
the yacht de Sterre, first to assist in the action against Cey-
lon, and then to reinforce the fleet under the command of
MatHVS QuAST, which had sailed to Goa on i8th July last.
The vessel Akkersloot was to follow next with a cargo of
different cloths, nutmegs, cloves and mace for Persia, and to
take thither also the tin bought at Peirah, Keidah, Salang
and Bangeri and brought to Malacca per Gragt. We
received from Gamron 700 bales of silk, and expected daily
some 200 bales more per Sandvoort and de Paum which
both had left that place on 3nd June: we will mention after-
wards the reason why Factor Auriaan van Ostende had
been induced to purchase that silk. The Company's factory
at that place being burdened with a sum of guilders 300,000,
their Honours gave orders to take the said tin to Persia and to

240 VALEVTVN's account of MALACCA.

sell it there. After an administration of one year and ten
months Heer van Twist was succeeded in 1642 b)' Hecr
Jeremias van Vliet as 2nd Governor of Malacca, who
arrived there from Palembang and Jambi on 7th November
per lie Luypaard ; his installation as such took place on 15th
December by the Commissioner PlETER BoREEL, whereupon
Heer VAN TwiST left this place with the vessel on aist
December,

On 27th April, 1645, a letter from their Honours arrived
here in which they offered Mr. VAN Vliet 200 guilders a
month, and the honorary title of Extraordinary Counsel of
India, if he would sign a new agreement for 3 years ( to count
from 1 8 ih August, 1644), but mentioning at the same time,
that, if he did not wish lo make a new agreement, he had to
transfer the administration to Heer Arnold de VlaminG
VAN OUDTSHOORN, who was on his way as Commissioner to
Atsjien.

The said Heer DE Vlaming arrived here with that letter on
i5lh May, left as Commissioner for Atsjien via Peirah on 2znd
ditto, and returned herefrom thereon istli October. Heer
VAN Vliet accepted the new agreement, but their Honours
granted him, by a letter dated 2nd September, a leave to
Patavia, as he had to see their Honours on different matters
of importance and to give account of his first administration.
The Commissioner Heer Arnold de Vlaming van Oudt-
SHOORN was then appointed acting 3rd Governor of Malacca
on 6th November, 1645. with the charge to remain here until
later orders of their Honours, whilst Heer VAN Vliet left for
Batavia on 1 ith ditto, after an administration of about 3 years.

Whereas the said Heer DE Vlaming had assumed in the
meantime the title of Governor, their Honours not only ex-
pressed their dissatisfaction in a letter of 6th December, but
told him that Heer VAN Vliet still being Governor, he ( DE
Vlaming ) should assume the title hencefonvard of President
only. He was succeeded in 1646 by Heer JOHAN ThysSOON
PaijaRT ( who arrived here on 22nd November) as the 4th
Governor of Malacca and who was introduced as such on 24th
ditto by the Commissioner Heer JOHAN VAN TeylINGEN, who

VALENTVN's account of MALACCA.

341

arrived here on 21st November, whilst Heer DE VLAMlNC left
for Batavia vid Andragiri on 15th December next per the
de RyP- It was during the administration of the said Heer
PAIJART in 1651 that the Malays of Kedah and Perak murder-
ed nine Netherlanders, The said gentleman held the ad-
ministration of this place for 16 years (something very rare)
and was succeeded on ist November, 1662, by Heer JOHAN VAN
RiEBEEK (who arrived here on iSth October per the Slot
Honingen as 5th Governor), but with the titles of Commander
and President only, whilst Heer PaiJABT, after having intro-
duced the said gentleman as such, sailed for Batavia on 8th ditto
per the same vessel.

On 22nd September, 1665, arrived here Heer BalTHASAR
BORT per the Meliskerke. Having been here before (or
several years in the service of the Company, he was introduced
on i6th October by Heer VAN RiEBECK as the 6th Commander
and President, whereupon van Riebeck sailed for Batavia
on that very night after an administration of about 3 years.
On the 6th August, 1668, their Honours wrote to Heer BORT,
that the " seventeen gentlemen "(') had appointed him to be a
Governor and granted him this new title.

In 1669 the expenditure of this Government amounted to
fix dollars 201,443 with a clear prolit of rix dollars 56,926.

On 4th February, 1670, their Honours wrote again that the
" seventeen gentlemen " had made his Honour a member of the
Extraordinary Council of India with a new agreement of 5
years,

Abduldjalil Sjah II, Kingof Johor, died in 1671 and was
succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim Sjah, as the jolh Malay and
the 14th Muhammadan King and the 8th King of Johor. He
reigned 11 years, viz., from 1671 to 1682.

On 14th May, 1678, Heer BoRT received a letter, mentioning
him that the "seventeen gentlemen" had made him Ordinary
Counsel of India.

On 30th April, 1679, arrived here Heer JACOB JORISSOON
Pits, Extraordinary Counsel of India, who was introduced by
Heer Bort on loth October as the 7th Governor of this place^
(1) The Oiiectors ol the CompODy.

242

VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

whereas Heer BOBT sailed from here with the Ni'cuwe
Noordiuyk on i6th ditto, after an administration of 4 years.

On 22nd November, 1680, arrived here from Batavia per
Dett Briel Heer COMELIS VAN QUAALBERC, who succeeded
Heer Pits as the 8th Governor of this place on 33rd December,
whilst the said Mr. PiTS left here on 14th Januarj-, 1681, with
the vessels de Veluu-e and Kroonenburg as Commission-
er for the Coast of Coromandel and Benga! to succeed
Heer WilleM Karel Hartsing as Governor of those places.
By a letter from the " seventeen gentlemen," dated 30th Nov-
ember, 1681, the said Heer Van QUAAUiEKC was appointed
Extraordinary Counsel of India on 2nd November, 1682.

In the same year IBRAHIM SjAH, King of Johor, died and
was succeeded by Sultan MohammeD Sjah II, who was the
2ist Malay and the rsth Muhammadan King, and the 9th
King of Johor, and who reigned there till i6gg, i.e., 1 7 years.

On 20th September, 1684, arrived here per the Silversteyn
Heer Nicolaas Schaghen, Extraordinary Counsel of India,
who was introduced on ist December by Heer VAN QuaalberG
as gth Governor, whilst the latter one sailed from here per the
Japan to Batavia on 6th ditto. Their Honours wrote on 30th
October, 1685, to Heer SCHACHEN, that they had appointed him
by decree of 23rd ditto Director of Bengal, and that they had
elected as his substitute Heer pRANgoisTAK, then Ambassa-
dor and Commissioner to the Emperor of Java; but as the
said gentleman would not arrive here before April next, he
(Schaghen) had to transmit the administration to the Secunde,
Heer DiRK KoMANS, who was then introduced by Heer
Schaghen on 5th January, 1686, as Commander of this place,
whilst Heer SCHAGHEN left for Bengal on 12th ditto per
de S try en.

On igth November arrived here from Batavia per the
Hoogergeest Heer Thomas Slicher, Extraordinary Coun-
sel of India, who was introduced by Heer ROMANS on 26th
ditto as the loth Governor of Malacca. That worthy gentle-
man, who held the Governorship of this place to the general
satisfaction from i6S6to i69i,sufferedbadly from a sad disease,
which made him commit suicide on 18th October by jumping

VALENTYn'S account op MALACCA. ^43

out of a window. After his death Heer KOMANS again acted
till he was relieved by Heer Gelmer Vosburg, who was in-
troduced by Heer KOMANS on ist October, 1692, as the iilh
Governor of Malacca.

Their Honours wrote on 15th April, 1696, that, by their de-
cree of lOth ditto, Heer Vosburg had been elected Commis-
sioner for Coromandel and that Governor Govert van
HOORN had been chosen to relieve him here. He arrived at
this place on 2nd November per the Sfu'erd^k and was
introduced on ist January, 1697, by the Secunde, Heer ABRA-
HAM Douglas ( Mr. Vosburg being ill), as the 12th Govern-
or of Malacca.

tn the meantime their Honours had written already on igth
October of the year before to Heer Vosburg, that on account
of iil-health he was discharged from his commission to
Coromandel. He died here the loth January, 1697, after an
administration of 4 years and 3 months and was buried in the
St. Paul's Church.

Mohammed Sjah II. King of Johor, died in 1699, and was
succeeded by Sultan AbduldjalIL Sjah 111 as the 22nd Malay
and the i6lh Muhammadan King and the toth King of Johor.

I have not been able to trace how long this Prince has
reigned, and who succeeded him, but after a reign of 9 years
he was still alive in 1708, so, if we begin to count the Rule of
the Malay Kings from 1160, the reign of these 22 Kings had
lasted in the said year 547 years and 1 1 months.

On I ith November, 1700, Heer Bernharu Phoonsen
arrived here per the Ellemeet from Batavia, Avho was intro-
duced on 24th ditto by Heer VAN HooRN as the 13th Gov-
ernor of Malacca, whilst on the same day the late Governor
went on board of the Carthago and left for Batavia after
an administration of about 4 years.

On 1 7th June. 1703, HeerPHOONSEN received the news that,
according to a letter dated iSth September, 1702, their Hon-
ours the "seventeen gentlemen," had appointed him Extra-
ordinary Counsel-ot India and a Commissioner for the Coast of
Coromandel. But unfortunately, both he and his splendid
vessel de Vogel Phetiix were taken by the French in 1705,

244

VALENTYN S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

on his way thither, for which fact he was prosecuted after his
release, but, though with much trouble, finally acquitted.

On i8th December, 1703, the Japanmen arrived here under
Heer JoHAN GroOtenbuys' colours escorted by a squadron
of men-of-war.

On i8lh January, 1704, the said Heer GroOTENbuYS was
appointed hy Heer PhoonSEN to be provisionally Commander
of this place, whereupon he ( Heer PhoONSEN ) embarked that
very evening on board of de EHemeet and left this place
with the whole fleet on the following day.

On loth May Heer Karel BolnER arrived here per de
Schoondyk from Punto Galle, who was introduced on 22ad
ditto by the said Heer GroQTENBUYS as the i4lh Governor
of Malacca.

The loth January, 1707, Heer PlETER ROOSELAAR, arrived
here per the Serjantsland, who was introduced on 7th March
by Heer BoLNER as the 15th Governor of Malacca, whilst the
said late Governor left this place in the afternoon of that day.

On 6th September of the samey ear the said HeerROGSELAAR
received the news that, according to a letter dated 30th Octo-
ber, 1706, their Honours the " seventeen gentlemen " had ap-
pointed him Extraordinary Counsel of India.

Shortly afterwards (1708) the solicitor and advocate, Mr.
Abraham van Kervel, arrived here, who after having had
a dispute with the said Governor and { if I am not mistaken )
having been put in jail by him, wrote to Batavia and brought
about that their Honours sent to this place in 1709 Heer
WlLt.EM Six to succeed Heer RooSELAAR, who was sent up to
Batavia together with the whole board of administration with
the exception of Captain PalM. Heer Six arrived here on 7th
November, and was introduced on i6th December as the i6th
Governor of Malacca hy Heer RooSELAAR who left this place
for Batavia a few days afterwards per the Nichtevegt.
Hoping that he had been cured Heer Six released the said
Heer Van Kervel, but he became so troublesome that he was
obliged to .send him up to Batavia in 1710.

By order of their Honours he { Heer Van Kervel ) returned
to this place in 171 1, but 1 have heard that the board of ad-

VALENTYN'S account of MALACCA.

245

ministration did not allow him to come on sliore, but sent him
back again to Batavia, at which their Honours were so greatly
offended, that they summoned the Governor, Heer VAN
SUCHTELEN { the Secunde ), Captain TrekmeyER and RvKLOF
JUSTUS CosTERUS ; when sued at law by Heer Van Kervel in
1 7 12 both Heer Six and Heer VAN SuCHTELEN were not only
dismissed from their office, but Heer Six was lined in rix-
doUars 400 and Heer Van Suchtelen in rix dollars 300 where-
as the two others were acquitted.

On 2ist May, 1711, per the Venhuisen, Heer Wif.LEM
MoERMAN, arrived here, who, in compliance with their Honours'
special order, was introduced by Heer Six as the 17th Gov-
ernor of this place on the day of his arrival, whilst Heer Six
sailed from here to Batavia per the same vessel on i6th July
next.

It is a strange fact, that the said Heer Six and VAN
Suchtelen, although fined and ordered to pay all costs, short-
ly after having received the above-mentioned punishment, were
completely rehabilitated by their Honours and admitted not
only anew in the service of the Company, but declared also
re-eligible for their former offices, a fact susceptible of several
interpretations when it is remembered how long these men had
openly made light of their Honours' authority.

Heer Moerman, too, who arrived here with several other
members of the board of administration, could not agree with
Heer Van Kervel, who arrived in the same vessel with him ;
he (Van Kervel) remained here till the end of 171 1, returned
then to Batavia and was by order of the " seventeen gentle-
men "sent up to Patria in 1712.

Heer Moerman had the administration of this Government
till nth May. 1717, almost 6 years, at which date he died here.
That year he was succeeded by Heer Herman VAN SUG-
telen as the 18th Governor of Malacca, who is there still at
present, viz,, 1725,

The above then is an account of the most principal worldly
matters of Malacca ; before passing to the ecclesiastical matters
we will attach first a list of the Malay Kings and those of Johor.

But first I must add to this a few words, viz., that the reader

^46 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OP MALACCA.

will never find in any work, written about Malacca or about
those Kings, anything resembling our account, or any account
worth mentioning, and this for the simple reason, that we have
had the opportunity of drawing everything from the personal
writings and historical notices made by the Kings of Malacca
itself, which have never been seen by any previous authors or
which could not be read or understood by them, and we hope
that we have written something which will meet with the at-
tention of observing and learned men, since we have had a
great deal of trouble in digging up this from the dust of an-
tiquity with much scrutiny and caution ; but at the same time
it has never tired us, as we were convinced, that this account
would be agreeable to posterity and would acquaint it with
many things of which it had never heard nor read of. To com-
plete my account I have attached the list of the Kings of
Malacca.

ip^i^

THE LAW RELATING TO SLAVERY
AMONG THE MALAYS.

[Among the papeis which were prinled and laid before PailiamenC in
1883 on the subject of Slavery in the Protected Native States svas a minute by
Mr. W. E. Maxwell, then Assistant Resident, Perak, in which the existing
system was described, an emanci|>alion scheme wn proposed, and a translation
otthe Malay law relaiing to Slave it was promised. Mr, MaXWKLL having now
presented to the Straits Gianch ot the Royal Asiatic Society his extracts from
the Perak. Pah.ing and Johor Code, transliterated and translated, these are
here printed for the (irst lime, and are fitly prefaced by the official minute above
referred to, (Sft Parliameatary Papen. €.—34*9. p- 16. ) That portion of il
which deals with the em:incipation scheme is omitted, the llbeiation of slaves
anddtbtora in Perak having long since been eflecled. The nativelaw, though no
longer ia force in the soutnern portion of the Peninsula, Is probably not di><
similar to that which is still carried out in sam« of the islands cf the Eastern
Archipelago, more or less remote from European influence and authority,]

>v2'flSw^^ iuatitulion of slavery as it exists amon^ the Ma-
lays, in places where it Las not been nbulished by
European influence, is a national ciiatom which thoy
have in commdn with other Indo-Chinese races,
and it is a mistake to suppose that it is the offspring
of Muhamniadan law and religion, the iutroductioa
of which among the Malays is of comparatively
modern date.

Muhamraadan law has, however, largely influenced Malay
custom respecting slavery, and Arabic terminology is notice-
able in many of the details incidental to the system. So far
from being identical with the slavery lawful among Muslims
in Egypt, Arabia, etc., the Malay institution is, iu some respect,
completely at variance with it, and in this parlicniar. as in
many others, there is n never-ending struEgte between the Ait-
kuvi 'adat, the " customary law " of the Malays, and the hul.um
shai'* a or " religious law " of the Koran. Muhummadun priests,

24S

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

who would sometimes seek, if they could, to enforce the latter,
are met by the plea that the practice denounced is lawful by
Malay custom, and it is thus that debt-bondage, like opium
smoking, gambling,* etc. is always defended.

Slaves ( hninba and hawan ) in Perak are of two classes : —
(1) Slaves CabiU).
( 2 ) Debtors ( orihug her-hulitti;/ ).
A slave ('abdii is either : — (I) A captive taken in war ; (2)
an intidel captured by force {e.g., a Batak of Sumatra or Sakei
of the Peninsula); (3) A raan-slaycr 'hH'iff iiawa durah matt},
or other criminal who is unable to pay the price of blood, or
other fine (iHual), and who surrender.s (hulurj himself and
family to the Raja as slaves ; (4) the offipring of a female slave
{except whi>n the owner acknowledges himself to be the father).
Httln: — The Raja'a privilege of retaining as slaves all per-
sons who have taken human life, and who throw themselves
upon bis protection, seems to be purely Malay. In other
points the definition of the status of slave given above is in ac-
cordance with Muhammadan law.

Dtbt-bandaije. — \ debt- bonds man, although often called ham-
ba (slave), is more correctly termed kawaii (companion). He is
a free man (mardabika) us opposed to a slave ( 'a'j'^i ) tliough
from his being obliged to serve his creditor in all kinds of
menial employment, the two conditions are not always readily
distinguishable.

The K'tran, Sale's frantlation, C. II. — Thisinstitution of debt-
bondage is a native Malay custom, and is wholly opposed to
Muhammiidan law, wliieb is mojt leuicut to debtors. " If,"
ays the Kuran, " there be any (debtor) nnder a difficulty (of
paying bis debt ) let ( his creditor ) wait till it be easy ( for
him to do it); but if ye remit it as alms it will be better for
you, if ye knew it. And fear the day wherein ye shall
'■' return nnto Gud ; then shall every soul be paid what it hath
" gained, and they shall not be treated nnjnslly,"
Pecuniar!/ limit uf fiae. — Malay custom in Perak used to fix

• At Eota Lama in Perak, vt Arab Htiji, who rentored once to denotuioa
gjxmliling aa irreligitme ftid wiokel, wm driven from the haiajiang and uarrow-
fr eaoBped with liu lite.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

24$

the value of a free man at 825 {100 iiilor). Theoreticnlly, a
man could not be fiueil more tlinn that sum, and was entitled
to be released from bondage, on tbe tender of Umt sum, wlint-
cver might have been the nominal amount of the line imposed bj
a Cliief, In practite, however, in a slate of society reeognis-
ing no ripht but that of the strongest, the acknowledged exist-
ence of this custom lias not prevented the imposition of lines
by Bajoa and Chiefs far exceeding in amount the sum above
named und the retenlion in bondage of persons whose relation
would willingly pnv that sum for their release.

Slaves and dtbt'boniinmcn in Perak before 1874.— The mim-
ber of slaves and slave-boudenien wow in Perak is probably
a,000, about one-sixteenth of the whole Malay pnpulntion.
Before the establishment of settled govtrnment, under the
ndmiuifitratioR of British officers, ibis form of property was much
more valuable than at present. Every Btijn and Chief was ac-
companied, when he went abroad, and was served when at
home, by numerous dependents, debl-bondsmen, and staves, who
lived in or near liis house, and belonged to bis household. If
they misbehaved they might be beaten and tortured, and slaves
fabdi) might be killed. If they ran away a regular scale of re-
wards, calculated according to distance, defined the payment
to be made by their owner to any one capturing them. The
o^vnership of a number of slaves and debt-bondsmen was a
mark of a man of rant, wealth, and influence, and the aggre-
gate amount of capital represented by Lis debt-bondsmen often
amounted to several thousand dollars. The desire to possess,
as a dependent, some particular person, sumetimes led to the
invention of fictitious debts, and people were liable, with little
hope of redress, to be dragged from their homes and taken to
the house of some great man, nominally as security for some debt,
of which, perhaps, they had never beard. No work that debt-
bondsmen performed for their creditors and n asters operated
tu lessen the debt. They served in his household, cultivated
his fields, and worked in his mines; but such service was mere-
ly a necessary incident of their position and was not accepted
in part payment. Sometimes the master fed and clothed them, but
more often they had to supply themselve* with all uecea^aries,

25t>

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

no twith standing that their labour was forfeited to the master's
scmce.

Tlic system of detaining persons in servitude as long as a
debt for ivhU'h they are liable is not dischai'ged is very gene-
rally spread among the Malay races of the Archipelago,
Through injustice and oppression it has been productive of
peculiar hardship in Pcrak. CRAWFORn, in 18^0, noticed the
custom in the following passage: —

" If a debtor ia unable to pay his creditor he is compelled to
serve him until the debtbedischarged, and heis then nearly in the
condition of a slave. Every man baa his fixed price, and if the
debt exceed this, he either loses bis liberty altogether or hia
family are compelled to serve the creditor along with him."

"The following two laws of Malacca have reference to this

Eractice ; — If a man be in debt to such an amount as to exceed
is estimated price in the country, then it shall he lawful for
his creditor to punish him by stripes or abusive language; but
after the manner of a free man, and not of slave. If a man
deflower a virgin that ia hia debtor, be shall be compelled cither
to marry her or forfeit the amount of the debt." *

This universal custom is more distinctly expros.sed in the
laws of Sumatra, as collected by the oifiters of the Uritish
Government, " When a debt," say these, "becomes due and the
debtoria unable to pay hia creditor, or haa no effects to deposit,
be shall biraself, or his wife, or his children, live with the cre-
ditor as his bond-slave or slaves until redeemed by the pay-
ment of the debt."

Among Rawa Malays of Sumatra (many of whom are
settled in Perak ) it is, I am assured, customary to detain a debt
bondsman for two years only. At the expiration of that time
the debt, if not paid, remitted as alms.

By Perak Malays, on the contrary, the national customs,
when favourable to the debtor, have been openly disregarded,
and every kind of oppression has been practised.

NotwitbBtanding the existenceof a well-defined custom that
the wife and childreu of a debtor should not be liable for his

* Mittory aj the Iiidian Archipelago, 111, 97.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

^5'

debt unle!is it were incurred wit1i their knowledge, and that tlie
widow of a debt-bondsman slmuld not be liable for more thuo
a third of her husband's debt, it has gradually become ii^uul
for creditors to claim and enforce a right to hold the wife and
family of a debtor in bondage fur the full amount of any debt,
during bis lifetime and after his death. This cannot bo justified
by law or custom.

The daughtei-s of a debt-bondsman, being In a manner the
propertyofthecreditoror master, were given in marriage by bim,
the dower (inkawin or mas kawin) being paid to him It sel-
dom happens among Malays of the lower orders that the dower
is paid at the time of marriage; the man, therefore, who mar-
ried a woman from the bouse uf her creditor usually became
liable to the latter for the dower {say about ,S30), and was
thus himself reduced to the condition of a bondsman.

No part of the dower was, however, credited to the original
debtor towards the extinction of his debt. Thus, if a debt-
bondsman owiug §100 had four daughters, all of whom were
given in marriage by the creditor to men of bis selection, the
master would receive four dowers in cash, or would get four
more debt-bondumen in lieu thereof, Uut the original SlOO
would still remain. This monstrous injustice must be of mo-
dem introduction, or there would be few but debt-bondsmcD
among the population. It has been imitated from the analo-
gous practice in the case of the slaves {'abiiij, but it is an un-
just and illegal innoratiou.

Another rule, which has, I believe, been frequently evaded
in Pcrak, gave to any female debtor with whom her master co-
habited, an absolute right to the cancelraent of her debt, and
made the hitter punishable by line if he did uot give her her
freedom, *

In the district oE Kinta, the most important mining district
in old diiys before the discovery of the Lanit tin fields, debts
were swelled in amount by a species of compound interest
hardly conceivable among a people who profess to regard
usury as sinful. Debts were usually calculated in tin, and

tl>'Et

5 Acoonnt of the

253

MALAV SLAVERY LAW.

were nomiually payable in six months. Let it be supposed
that a man in Ifinta owed a biihara of tin ( equivalent in value
on the spot to $30, more or less), if he did not pay in six
months he was liable by local custom for a bhara of tin at the
Penang pricey say three times its value at Kinta. The debt
was then put down at three hbiira, and a further time of six
months given. If still unpaid at the expiration of the second
period, the debt was again increased by the difference between
the local price and that of Penang,* and so on indefiQitely.
The failure to pay a small debt in six months resulted com-
monly, therefore, in the reduction of the debtor to hopeless
bondage for life.

Debt-hondsmeu do nut labour under the legal disabilitie*;
which iu Muhammcdan law are incidental to the condition of
slave ('ahdij, but they are to a certain extent the abject of
contumely.

Slaves of the reiiiniity famlJij eapec'aillij privileged.— the roya.\
slaves (hamba RojaJ, or the slaves of the household of the
reigning Sultan, were a special elasa, regarding whom certain
peculiar rules and customs were in force. To strike one of
them wrongfully, involved the penalty of death, aud any per-
son who enticed one away had to make good fourteen timers
his value, ■

Besides the slaves purchased or inherited by the Baja, those
born in his household and those taken under his protection
under the luw of hulur, he became the master of a large num-
ber (especially females) by a most iniquitous custom which
permitted him to forcibly carry off all the young women of
certain districts, where there was no influential Chief or fami-
ly to resist such iyraxmy (e. g.,Kampar, Sungkei,aad Pulau
Tiga ), to become attendants in the royal household. A royal
marriage or the birth of a child in the royal family was the
signal for the despatch of messengers to drag from their homes
all the girls and young married women of suitable age to be
found in the selected district. These, under the name of
dayang-dayatig (maid servants), itiang aiid pengasoh (nurses)
■The Fenuig price was tlie local ptice,j/!vt ti'eightODd rapoit duLiea.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

353

remained generally for life as the Raja'd olaves. Tliose QQt
already married and accompanied in bondage by their hus-
bands, were seldom allowed to marry, and if permission was
accorded their husbands partook their fate as royal slaves,
while the dower fist kaw'in) went to the Raja. Usually they
led a life of prostitution with the knowledge and consent of the
Raja and his household, and by their means a number of male
attendants were always about tho court, and the importance
of the Raja was thereby outwardly increased.

At the time that British political officers were sent to reside
in Perak the whole of the system above described was in full
force. During the eight years which have elapsed since then,
many causes have combined to render the slave laws practical-
ly much less oppressive, and the odious institutions of slavery
and debt-bondago are now in fair way to die a natural death
in the course of a few years.

A large number of persons remain in a state of partial slave-
ry it is true, but in many cases they remain in that condition
through choice or are only slaves in name. The arrival of a Brit-
ish Resident in Perak was an encouragement to those anxious
to do so to free themselves, and some of the earliest difficulties
which (he first Rcsideut (Mr. Biiich) had with the natives of the
country had reference to certain runaway slaves whom he re-
fused to return. Since the Perak campaign of IS76-6, the
death and banishment of many influential Hajas and Chiefs
have given numbers of people their liberty, wliile sut^h men
of influence as have remained have generally been powerless to
enforce the nncient laws against their slaves or to obtain their
enforcement through the British ofHccrs employed in the State.
Many of those inclined to do bo, both slaves and debt-bonds-
men, have left the masters and have assumed the status of free
citizens without molestation, though they have been compelled
in some instances to pay genuine debts proved in a court of
law. In some cases where acts of oppreason or ill-treatment
have corae to the notice of British officers, their influence has
procured the release of suffi^rers.

Most of the owners of slaves and debtors have come to look
upon them as a comparatively worthless kind of property.

254 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

Since they can neither compel them by force to work aor pun-
ish them for disobedience or misbehaviour, the mere nomioal
ownership is of limited practical viilue. It is only in a few cases,
where family pride and a clinging to old customs prompt some
of the remaining Rnjas and heads of families of Chiefs to retain
as many personal adherents as they can, that the possession of
slaves now bears any resemblance to the old state of things,
in some of these instances, notably in the ease of Aaja Muda
Vust'F, the present Regent of Perak, there is no doubt that men
and women have been and perhaps still are detained in the
condition of slaves without any grounds, which would constitute
a right, even under Malay customary law. There is, however,
little harsh treatment and complaints are rare.

The possession of slaves and debtors is more common in the
North than in the South of Perak, desertion being ditBcult in
the more secluded districts. Most well-to-do men atEota L%£j
ma and Chigar Galah own several.

Slaves now in Perak may be divided as follows : —

(1.) 'Abdiyi.e., l]atak,Sakei, and Ilabshi (Ab^'ssinian) ^laver
and their descendants.

(2.) Ilamba Hnja, or royal slaves, who have been seized by
a Raja or have become hiilur to the State.

(3.) Debtors who have themselves contracted the debt for
which they have forfeited their liberty.

(4.) Debtors who have become so merely by marrying a fe-
male debtor and thus becoming liable to her master for her
dower.

(5.) Such wives, children and descendants of debtors as are
lawfully liable for the debt according to Malay custom.

(6.) Persons who are really neither slaves nor debtors, but
who are detained or claimed on fictitious or unlawful grounds.

Slavery in Perak eould be stamped out at once by tlie adoption,
by the Council, of resolutions founded on sections 2 and 4 of
the Indian Act V of Ifejy and providing first that "no rights
■■ arising out of an alleged property in the person and services
" of another as a slave shall be enforced " by any authority in
Perak, and, second, that " any act which would be penal of-
"fence if done to a free man shall bo equally an oSence if

MALAY SLAVERY LAW 355

" done to any person on the pretest of Lia being iu a condi-
" tion of slavery."

But the rights of proprietors Lave to be cunsiderid. Slaves
have in many cases been acquired under circumstances perfect-
ly in accordame with the law and custom of the country, and
many dobtora are bond fide iudebted for specific sums to the
person by whom they are detained in servitude. It would be
unjust to deprive pri>prictor« without compensation of this
species of property,

Any form of inquiry which would involve the cxarainaiion
of master and slave before a tribunal of some kind recording
the origin ur legality of the servitude would be most unpopular
to the u{<per clasncs, ami I have no hcsitaliou in saying that
most lilalays of good birth vould rather release their slaves
and lose their moucy than meet tbem un quasi euqal terms in
a court of inquiry.

1 believe that if it were resolved by the Council that any
slave, whether 'abtli or debtor, might become free on payment
to bis owner, of the sum of $25 ( which is, as has been pointed
out above the priie of a f rcc-mau according to Malay custom),
a large proportion of the persons now in servitude would at
once purchase their own liberty. They would be further
Gtimulated to do so, if there were a provision authorising the
Government to pay the sum and to require reimbursement by
labour on some public work of utility.

There would still remain two classes of slaves to be dealt
with — those unable to pay aud those who ought not to be re-
quired to pay. The first of these classes would hefurthersub-
divided into those able to work and those unuhle lo work.
Those unable to pay but able to work should be entitled to
claim their freedom on borrowing the redemption sum ($25)
from Government, aud giving au equivalent value in labour
on public works. Those unable to pay or to work (agid per-
sons and women and children j should be entitled lo claim
their freedom unconditionally after a speeititd time, say three
years. Those who are unlawfully detained and who, therefore,
cannot be required to pay anything should he entitled to claim
tLeir release at any time from a Committee appointed to re-

456

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

ceive and iiivestigate such applications.

After a time to be fixed by the Council, say three jet
elavery should altogether cease, and all claims upon debt-
bondsmen should lapse

Two codes of laws are known to the Perak Malays, though
copies of them are extremely scarce among them, the " ITndang-
undang ka-Baja-an,"* or laws of the monarchy (or sovereignty],
uid the Undnng-undang Menangkabau," laws of Menangkabau
sometimes called " Undani/'Undang diia-blas." the twelve laws

The former collection professes to be "the laws of Perak,
Pahang and Johor," and contains many provisions identical
with those of the Malacca code, In it I have found a number
of regulations regarding slaves and debtors, which I have
transliterated and translated.

Some are merely curious as showing from an authentic na-
tive source what was the condition of a slave in a Malay king-
dom. Others may be of practical value to those entrusted
with carrying out such measures for the abolition of slavery
and debt-bondage as may be decided upon by the Council.

Nothing of value on the subject of slaves is to be found in
the Menangkabau laws.

I trust to be able shortly to send in the translation above
mentioned as an appendix to this Minute.

Urut. May STth, 188S,

W. E. MAXWELL,

Anittant Retident, Perak.

EXTRACTS.

FROM THE

PERAK CODE OF LAWS RELATING

TO SLAVERY.

The original Text with Transliteration and

Translation.

358 MALAY SLAVERY LAW,

iy y.<k £1+- ^-U ^IjX. ^^1 ^'=, ^y i n\ j^ iif\ .iU
jy o*^ c'-^ '^ ^ ^^ -^^^

Bab yang ka-dtlapaii pada menyala-kaii hukuui ^faRiila'abdiyaug
me-niKta hair maka iileh harr itu di-pukul-nya jika iya me-lawan mati
sahaja jikalau tiada iya me-lawan jika ter-bunoh menyilih harga-nya
'abdi itu dengaii hargn tebus-an jikalau tiada ter-bunob uleb borr itu
meng-adu iya ka-pada hoktm atan akbtiar hakim dab meDg-bukiun-kan
dia jika barr itu mcng-angkara-kan akan 'abdi maka di-hiwan-nya
jika ter-buiioh 'abdi itu menyilib harr itu deDgao barga nilai yang
beoar bukuin-rya yang kapada Baja lain pula — Sabcrmula jikalau
'abdi meag-gochok harr di-kassaa-kan kemdian di-pasak laugan-nya
ka-dua me-lain-kan barr itu me-makei bini "abdi sa-hiiigga di-kaeaas-
knn aahaja juga bukum-nya.

Chap/er /he eighth. —The law for the puniuKment <i£ aiiy slave
who insults a free person and ta beaten for it by him. — If the slaye
resiatB, be may be killed ; if be does not resiBt, but is ncvertheleBfi
killed, his price must be made good, calculated according to the euni
for which he might be redeemed. If the free-man cannot kill him
he may appeal to the judge and it is then for the judge to decide
what IB to be done to the slave.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 259

If a free-man inaulte a slave and is reaiHted by hiin. hIiouIcI the
slave be killed ( in the encounter), the free-man muBt make good
hiB price according to the fuU apprainemeat, but there is a different
regulation where the slavca of a Hnja are concerned.

If a slave assaults a free-man, there ehall be retaliation in kind,
after which his two hands shall be nailed down and the free-man
shall be at liberty to enjoy the wife of the slave, but only until
retaliation shall hare been effected.

^j5yL*fj tii-iijjii ^i"i£> ^y-ii ^'y •^ o-<(Jii-^j ^1j

"wi H-** kj*^^ 6^y y' ''.j''^ ^r'^) y' lij^'y j'^^^^y

jjju ^a ^L-^j .^ijji j^ uii^ ^ij _,_,i^ ^-^
«i-ib owi --ii jjjj ys yi^ ^j^ o'.*^ cM j),) ^5)1

Bab yang ka-tianibilaii paila me-nyata-kan hukum mcngambaJi-
kan hamba orang yang ber-chela barang siapa menebua-kaji dia hingga
anam bulan juga lama-nya dspat di-kambali-kan kapada tuan-nya
ada-pun 'aib yang dapat di-kaniba!i-kan itu weperti gila atau buta
larang-an atau i«ak atau pe-lari atau pen-churi atau men-jual tuan-
nya atau buBong darah atau bunting me-lain-kan hamba itu tebus-an
bahnru dataug raaka hingga-nya yang dapat di-kambali-kau lagi aa-
kadar anak bulan pemama bulan juga jikalau lulu deri pada itu tiada
dapat di-kambali-kan lagi me-lain-kan 'aib-nya itu pada tuan-nya
ynng ber-jiial uiaka kambali ^eperti hukum yang dahulu itu.

36o MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

Chapter the ninlk. — To state the law regardiog tlie return of
slsTeB who have some defect. — Iq such a cuse whoever has boutrht
a xliive hag six montbH* time withJa which he ta^j return him to hi«
former master. The defects for which a slave may be sent bock »pe
that he ie mad, of weak sight, asthmatic, a runaway, a thief, a Heller
of hie master, or one afflicted with an aneurbtm, and (in the cane of a
woman) that she is pregnant. The time within which such a slave
may be retiirued ia from the new moon to the full moon (of the 6th
month), if that time is ejceeded the slave cannot be returned, but
as long aa the defect is the risk of the vendor, the slave is returnable
in accordance with the law previously stated.

^\ Ipijs J\^ ^\^jk ^ ^\jS y) vy_,+w ^j

ayL. ^i i^L*-y£=. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ v^^t" ^ J^r^
^ ,__j^ ^_^ 6.£^\ yLw. y^ y^S^ 4il ^^^^^ ai^

^ y,^ jK^ f^j (^ J_^ ^1^ Jyjl ^1 ^^y
_jftla-» ^j ail t*ij---y disii ,_CiL» ^y^J fcw_yS-a Jii i_,L«

jftk^ ^,j5ii^_jy ^j^iji_«^_jy jsL Jjic-^uyy ^tu

^^y ,^^ v-^Vu-^' £y:4iy,jX-i ju ><=. ^iy^/>=.w

^joclju jjji ^.xaS ^] ^ly _^U-. ^j£.j jLi i-sA^ ^ly ail
.^^ ^1 ^jSUJl- ^ly ^1 £^yaJljy

Bab yang ka-sapuloh pada me-nyata-kan sagala orang mardahika
yang metn-bawa fautaag-hutaug-an orang atau Bakei atau biduaifda
orang atau hamba orang tiada tahu dengan penghuln-nya alau tuan-

MALAV SLAVERY LAW.

nya jikalau baraag sa-suiitu bnl-nya ter-tftnggong atH9 omng yang
inem-b.twa dia yrnii ata'i diri-nya atwi atas sakei-nya ita-lagi belum
kambali padapenghulu-uyafttau tmu-nya ada-pun jikalau mem-bawa
dia seperti yang telah ter-sebut itu jikalau ka-hulu mueafir al-keeah
yani hiagga Pelak jikalau ka-laut hingga Penara dan BeHckak
jikalaubaraiigfluatu ahwal-nya tidnk-lah ter-tanggong atas-nya ada
pula BUatu kaul hukum resam jikalau taknir yang mem-bawa itu
seperti di-lalu-i-nya hingga yang telah ter-sebut itu dengan ea-tahu
yang mem-bawa dia atau mati dengan karja yang di-auroh-kan-nya
menyilih na-harga-nya maka ter-utama sakali aagala orang mi>m-bawa
'abdi orang itu dengaa »a-tahu tuan-nya maka handak-lah sagala
hamba orang pergi men-chahari itu dengan tcfehus tuan-nya jikalau
tiada damikian ter-tanggong atas tuan-nya mc-lain-kan pergi-nya itu
tiada dengan aa-tahu tuau-uya atou kamdian deri-pada tefehue
tuan-nya maka tiada-lah ter-langgoag atae tuaa-nva me-lain-kan
atas-nya juga.

Chapffr the tenth. — To declare the law regarding free-men who take
(for any purpose) the debtors, tatei, biduanda or slaves of others
without the knowledge of their penghulue or maaters. — In such a-
ca«e should anything happen the respoDsibility rests with him who
takes the slares. ett^. (both upon him personally and upon his com-
panions) until they have been returned to their penghulu or master.
If a slaFo is taken iu the manner above-mentioned and travels
into the interior as far as Pelak, or by sea a* far aw Penara and Ben-
chah, no responsibility is incurred, but according to one version of
the customary law, if there is default on the part of him who takes
him, as, for instance, if the slave passes the limits above-mentioned
with the knowledge of him who takes him, or dies in the performance
of some work which he is ordered by the latter to do, his price is
recoverable. "Wherefor it is above all thbga incumbent ou those
who take with them the slaves of others to do so with the consent
of their masters. All slaves who go forth to seek a livelihood must

MALAV SLAVERY LAW.

be examined by their maetera (aa to their intentioDB), if this ia not
done, the responBibility reata with the master, but if a alave goes
forth without the knowledge of the master, or after the muster h&s
made auch enquiry, the res-ponaibility ia no longer on the m.ister but

^1 «^1 1,^1 c^^^ ^,y,jl ^ly yuU-* oW J>-^ ^^jl ^^6

^\S S\^ j^yjl -rf^jf^ dULji djj JJji aJ y.<e. ^Aj .j<:-J-

Bab yang ka-sa-beke ^oAa. me-niala-lian hukum sagak oi-ang yaog
meng-hutang-knn hamba onuigyang tiadaNa-tahu tuan-nya ada-pim
yang hamba orang ilu atas dua bahagei suatu hamba orang itu ada ber-
punya maka dapat meng-hutang-i dia kadua hamba orang itu maflia
tiada dapftt meng-hutang-i dia me-lain-kan aa-pahii jikalau lebih deri-
padaitu hilang harta-nya ada-pun kata kami ini pada orang yang
meng-hutang Hahaja bukan pada orang me-niaga dengan dia jikalau
pada hal ber-niaga tiada liarua di-por-liilang harta-nyn dan tiada ter-
tanggungataa tuan-nya mnka handak-lnh kamu nakaliau meng-hu-
tiingk-an angala hamba orang itu meniUk pada ka-hiku-an-nva aa*
pnva jangnu ter-annyaya kemdnin.

Chapter Iheeietenih.—To declare the law regarding sufh persons a»
give credit to alayea without the knowledge of their maatera. — Now
slaves are of two kinds, fir«t, thoae who have property of their own,

MALAV SLAVERY LAW. 263

to them credit may be given ; seeoud those who are paupers, to thoiii
no credit maybe given beyond the sum of onepaha ( two dollara ).
If credit be given beyond tluB sum, the freditor loses hie property.
What we nay here applies to perBons who simply lend money to
slftvee, not to personit who trade with them ; if it ia a matter of com-
merce, it IB not lawful thai the vendor shall loac his property.
There is no responsibility on the master.

Wherefore al! ye who give credit to slaves must carefully note
their behaviour so thut ye may not suffer loss afterwards.

il5J.iB t-lU _^ly ^Jl ^A aA~8 y<e.^!ly _jftH^_^,~*.. ikSJ-jJ)

ijj ^1 uwi ^V ^jii ^ ^i>-<^ j^^' Jy ^^<(,-i-yj
^yx- ^1 ^;i? v-iiy jji^ s?"^ ^"^ **-^' o^"^ -ijyyj

6nb yong ka-tiga-blas pada me-nyata-kan sagala hukum oraiig
meng-ambil anak orang yang ter-buung uleb ibu-nya ada-pun barang
siapa men g-ambi! dia maka hand ak-Lih mem-bSri tahu tuan-nya jika.
lau eudah dengan iein tuan-nya maka handak-lah di-per-saksi-kan-uya
aila-pun jikntau ada yang izin tuan-nya itu ataa dua bagei suatu nie-
lepas-kau dia sakali-kali ka-dua me-niaga-kan pada me-melehra-kau
dia ada-pun iztu yang me-niaga-kaa pada me-melehra itu ta-per-tign

j64 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

hnrga mt-baho^ akau yang me-melehra dia dengan itu kaiQbnIi kapudff
tuan-nya maka di-bahagi auam Ra-hahagi afcan yang me-melehra dia
ada-pun pada kaul yang sah siiatu pun tiada di-per-uleh dengan itii
dengaa kambali bapoda tuau-nya karana iya me-lalu-i aiuar raja ihi
me-lain-kan sukar iya akan inem-bSri tatu tuan-nya seperti tampat-
nya jauh dan barang «a-bagei-nya maka kniubali kapada hukua
yang dahulu itu.

Chapter the thirteenth. — To declare the law regartiing jjereouB who
take the childreu of others abandoned by their parents. — Whoever
takes a child (so abandoned) must inform his (the ehUd'H) maateri
and if he obtains the pcrmicsion of the latter, must call together
witnessen to testify to it. The permiRBion of the maater may be
given in two ways, either he may emancipate the child altogether, or.
secondly, he may make a bargain for his bringing up, in which case
the charge is one-third of the (child's) value which is awarded to
him who brings him up. If, however, the child returns to his mas-
ter (who is in ignorance of hie having been brought up by another),
one-sisth of bis rulue is awarded to him who brought him up. But
according to a generally received opinion nothing whatever is to be
received in Buoh a case by the latter, for he has departed from the
command of the Eaja (in not notifying to the master the finding of
the child). If, however, it is difficult to inform the master (at the
time that the child is taken), on account, for instance, of distance,
or some other reason, the rule first laid down may be followed.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 265

*!:»*•*' s?' "iW^^i' Ijj^ ^^-^ yj^'j^-' '-"'^- y^J J^
vd'^j^ O-J*^ •— 5'j=- d^^ O^-i ^i' -jW* /^^ (**-=' J^^ ^'j-*

-^J-^J^^ ^^ "^l r*^ ^J "«1.^--' j^-1 ''-i' ^^ ^^j^W-

5;ijyx^ v-i'y jb^i J>^^\ ^w ^^ ^ ^^ ^

jK-oiJ ^jSL^X* lO— ^ ^gl tOljLJ i-sA-. a)^ ^^ lii"^' "li'j-'

^yU j-*L»y ^^S'_^ J^ ^li t«l»t-a 3ji-- t.u_j* JC
J^ ^ ^ly Jlyl ^i ^jC^ ^» dL-. ^l^l^l^^l,

Bab yang ka-ampat-belas pada me-nrata-kan sagala hukum orsng
yang meng-upah hamba orang yang tinda sa-tahu tuan-nya ada-pun
jikalau hamba omng itu maahur iya msng-ambil upah-an atauyang
mem-beri haiiil akau tuaa-nya atau aewa'iiya jihalau mat! atau barang
euatu bal ahwal-uya !ya t!ada tnenyiUh orang yang mengi^nibil iipah.an
itu jikalau tiuda sepcrti sharat itu meDyilih hal dan meuyilih sa-harga-
nya ada-pun pinjam-an Icnpodu tunn-uya seperti kayu dau barnng
«abagei-ny» jikalau barangEUatu nbwa1-uya Immba oniDg itu meDyiUli
iya ada-puu pada ^uatu kaul hukum n-nm mcnyilih itu dengnn
harga-nya juga karnna pc-karja-an itu dpngan eabilab izin tuan-uya
ada-pun jikalau sdn di-piujnm-tiya itu liada ter-kbae dcngau euatu
pe-karja-aii jikalau barang suatu ahvial-nya iya mcnyilib me-lain-kan
mati-nya itu dengau sa-sustu deugan hukum Allah Taala lain deii"

366

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

poda itu eeperri di-tjingkap harimuu atau di-patok ular dan barang
ea-bagei-nya deri-pada aagala ka-nmti-an-nya yang mati jatoh atau
dengan ikral tuaji-nya jikalau bnraiig Huatu ohwal-nya pun biar-Iah
maka tioda-lah iya raenyilifa me-loin-kan taksiratas yang me-niiii jam
pada ineinelehru diit atau dengan karja yang lain deri-pada tziu
tuan-nja jikaiau barang Huatu ahnal-nya menyilih iya dAmikia.n lagi
haodak-nya eagala benatan gyang ber-niawa oda-pun bukum iiii ber-
Halah-an dengau hukum meminjain eagala barta eeperti seujata
dan ^agala ppr-kakas perbiae-aii tclapi pada kira-kira barga-oya
jika ttT-bakar atau karain dau barang sa-bagei-nya menyiiih iya
ga-tengah deDgan harga-nya itu pun jikaiau lepas nama taksir deri-
pada-nya jikaUu barang Buatu abwal-uya menyilih iya me-lain-kan
dengau ikral tuan-uyii kapada sagala ka-benasa-an maka tiada-lab
iya menyilib.

Chapter the fourteenth. — To dedare the laiv regarding those who
hire the slaves of others without the knowledge of their master,
— If it is a matter of general notoriety that the slave ia in receipt of
hire or if he pays hia eariiingB to bis master or a rate in lieu of his
8er\-ii.'e8, then, should the slave die in such serviL-e, or should any-
thing befall him, t.ii- person who L.ivi him is not reeponaiblo fur hia
value. But if the conditions are not an hiid down here, there must
be restitution of the full value.

The loan of a slave from his master is like the borrowing of a
■tick or anything else ; should anything happen to 1 im, there must
be compensation. According to one rule of the cuitomiry law, the
compensation shall he the price of the slave, for the work he was
put to do was beyond the knowledge of his master.

If the slave in borrowed wilhuot any stipulatjuo as to the parti-
cular work he ii* to do, and anything happens to him, the borrower
must niftke compensation, but it is otherwise if the slave dies by the

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 267

Timtatioii o£ God most high ( as, for instance, if he is carried off by
a tiger or is bitten by a snake or maota his death by any kiad of fall
etc. ), or if there is an acknowledgment by his master ( that he will be
respousiblo for all accidents }, then, should anything happen to him
there is nothing to bo done, and the borrower malfoe no compensation,
but he ia bound to take tare of the slave ( if he is only injured )
unti] his recovery. Hut if the injury is reeeived during work dif-
ferent from that which was authorised by the master, and auythiug
happens, the borrower must make good the loss. The same rule
holds good of living animal, but it differs from the law regarding
the loan of (inanimate) property Kuchas weapons, utensils, orna-
ments, etc. These are to be paid for according to their calculated
ralue, and if bunit or sunk or otherwise destroyed, the borrower
muiit pay half of the value, even although no blame attaches to him
for negligence. But if there in an acknowledgment on the part of
the owner that he will be responsible for aU loss, the borrower need
not compensate.

yXa. ^<^ JJ ^\}k-i di5,>c^ v'-*^ i*-''-^ >^J^J^^ ■^' y^

ljj\.^~^ ^j^ yi ^u y-<- yi^j ^3 /^^ ^i^>* ^^

ti\_ftj^

r'j ^^ J>*

■Jl JjJtS

^^ m,0l& ej^^f-* t^^ ^^ "-^ ^y^ ,:^jiy^'^ «-<*«-•
^jj^ i—Ojt. j^ ^Ijj ,K^ «-i) ^^A*J ^j>l ■L,-~iA JC*

^j-* y^ o''* 6^ j^-^ '^^^ ^.>^ -'V-' ^.-y-j'

^jU j-^ a^i-. v-*£l^l-.j ^^ij ^ij ^^ ^/ ._S^ ^1

HALAV SLAVERY LAW.

J-Oi ^^ ^.*;^.' d-^V s3-Jl> ^^j^l}^^y~H ^l JC jli

^1 ^^y ^** ^^u ,,=a<^3i/ ^y^i ^ly ^ ji^ny

^ ^^jp^iAi ._<ifi L<ji-, ^li-) .^iiu^ ^^-^1 ,_S^ ^^

.__<itt ^-^L. ly ^J^i 3iy td^ ^y-^' J'^^" "^ ss'-^-*
ji^js ^Jii> ,j^\ 4=.y ^1 ^^ A^ ^ ^^£jj _<ii, ^^^1

._<«> ^j-^'^-' ^n<^ i_£iA ^^)-^ ^-iS ^)i<i\ Js*li AiJ

(^1 A=.y 31/ uS.ijt>) ^A rt=.y ^j^ljJ ^;i/ ^U —Sija

^aJ ^,15:::=. J~ftU dil ^X-*J ^IJJ ^U AiJ ^ ^ ,_<«*

^ ' ■ ' ' t^^ '£!~'y^ •~Jj^ ljJ._^ ^1 jj-jj

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 269

ktun-kan ija jikalaki-lakidi-iledahpatiDu telingu-nya jika perampaan
di-chukor lagi di-mannu jikalau mati aCau lari bambi orang itu men<;i-
kut Imrga-nya lagi akati kira-kira m buat-nja Ba-!ama-laraa diam ka-
pada-nya ada-pun pada auatu kaul hukuta reaam jika iya mardahika
eahuiggadi-ta'zir-kan juga maka iiii-Iahkami sobut-kan 'adat tc^bus
B.igala hainba omng yaug lari itu jikaJau di-dalam kola hitigga 'atna-
rat ucgri dua kupang dan tiuda jadi rampas-an pagala tern-
bawa-koti-iiya ada-pun di-luar 'amarat seperti di-hilir Kanchong dan
ka-hulu Sungri Lenfang tiga kupuiig teliua dan biraag pem-bawa-
kan-nya seperti pisau parang dan sagala bauda yaug tjr-korang
hargo-uya jadi rampas-au bjir.ing yang lain dcri-pada itu kambali
kapad:i [uan-nya ada-pun ha-hilir Kiealn sa-amos hiiigga Trutan
aaam knpang hiogga Benekah koning ^a-kupang dua moa biug^:k
B''ri dua mas bingga Merohiaj tigi mas aiAung^^i, Rimpatan sji-paha
Lingga Punlian lima mas bingga EiiJau tiang blah bingga Merm'itj
dua mas bingga Sfdili l«iigah tabil adnpua ka-sablah Kirnia Pahang
TunABa-amae hiiigga Panara aaam kupang bingga Kmnfon dua
mae. iTecowrtson sa-paha bingga Paid lima mas hingga Dun^irn tiaug
blah, Rarlau Wianj tujiih man bingga Tri^ngganu tengah tatii! uda-pun
ka-hulu suugei bingga Vn-TeUag sa-amae bingga Intik lima kupaog
bingga Salang aoam kupaug bingga Lubok Paka kornng sa-kupang
dua-mas, bingga Ktrala Jrmpul dua amae, bingga Meagalang dua
), ea-kupang, biugga Kmala £.'i-d tiga mas. hingga Kwala Triang
korang dua kupang xa-paha, bingga Samantan sa-paha, hingga Pa«i>
Mandi tengab lima amaa, hingga Lubok Pflang bma amas hingga
Tatnbatiifnit tiang blah, hingga Ja^a koraug dua kupaug tujoh amae,
hingga Selengiiag tengah tahil, didalam Tcinbeling lejjgah tohil,
jikalau lepas deri-pada itu sa-per-dua harga tebus-nia tetapi pada
kaul hukom euatu kbiar hukum resam kata-uia ea-per-dua harga-n^a
itu dcngan harga tebus-an juga damikian lagi sagala hujong karan"
yaug di-hut pun jikalau lepas deri-pada Sedili dan Trengganu nda-
pun yang kami »ebut-kan jikalau ka-hulu lepas deri Kaachintg dan
ka-hilir iepan deri-pada Sungei Lenlang itu barang ada pem-bawa-
kan-Dia sapulgh asa mundapat dia

a/o

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

Chapter thefifteenfli. — To declare the law regarding perrons
who harbour runaway alaveB, — "Wlioaoever lives in the forest or
in the country, or, afortiuri, in a town must, if any runaway elare
comeB to him take him at once to the judge ; any one who fails to do so
fihallbepunished, if amale, by having his care fihpped {with rotan
liga), and, if a woman, she shall have her head shaved and then be
beaten with rolan manau. If the alave dies or escapes, the owner
may sue the harhourer for his ralue and also for the calculated value
of hi-t work during the period that he was so harboured. According
to one version of the cuetomary law, he (the person harbouring the
slave) may also be punished with stripes, even though he be a free-

"We now proceed to state the customary law regarding the redemp-
tion of (recaptured) slaves who have run away, If the slave escapes
from within the fort and is recaptured witiiin the timita of the
town the reward is two kupang and the property which he takes
with him may not be soiled by the captor. Beyond the limits of
the town (Pahang), that is to say, Kanckong down-stream and Sungei
Lentaiiff up-stream, the reward is 3 Jcvpang and all that he carries
with him such as knives, choppers and all small articles of trifling
ralue may be seized and retained by the captor.

Everything else must be restored to the master,

Bi'wn the Pahang river.
As far Ds Kieala, ... ... I maa •

Tmmn, ...

G kupang

., Seitchah

2 maa, less 1 kupang.

„ Sfrd

2 „

„ Merfchang,

3 „

Eampatan,

1 paha

„ Panteian, .

5 mas

„ Endau,

half a iu«y*a/

., „ Merxang, ...

2 mas

„ SiJili,

half a tahil

• I amat^^l mayatn. A Pahang knpa

Iff W3! 12i cents, Ultra being

1,1,

SO oent« to n dullar.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

^71

Towards Kwala Pahang Tuah,
A.8 far as Penara^

Kuantan . . .

Karamasan^

Paka^

DunguUj

Bantau Abang,

Trengganu,

G-oing up stream ; as far as

.. I mas
...6 kupang
... 2 mas
.. 1 paha

5 mas

half a hungkaJ,

... 7 mas

. . . half a tahil

... 1 mas

in TreDgganu.

»»

»i

»»

))

»»

i»

»»

>»

))

»l

»>

»»

>»

»i

»>

>»

»>

Tahing^
Infiky
Salang,

Luhoh Paka, .
Kwala Jempulj
Mengalang, ..
Kwala Bffrdj ..
Kwala Triangj
Satnantan, up the

Kerdan river, 1 paha
Pasir Mandiy ... 4i mas
LuhoJc Pelang^ 5 mas

5 kupang

6 „

2 mas, less 1 kupang
2 mas

2 mas

3 mas
paha, less 2 kupang

»»

half a hungkaL

7 mas, less 2 kupang

7 mas

i a tahil

\ a tahil.

Tambangatiy .
Going up stream; as far as Jaga,

Kwala ^

Selengsing, ..
within Temheling^
If the slave escapes beyond this the sum to be paid for his recovery
is one-half of his value ; but according to the best opinion the cus-
tomary law awards to the captor the price of redemption as well as
half the value of the slave. This applies to all the reefs and rocks
in the sea if the slave gets beyond Sedili and Trengganu.

We also lay down that if the slave gets beyond Kanchong^ up-
stream, or beyond Sungei Lentang^ downstream, the captor is enti-
tled to one-tenth of whatever property the slave carries with him.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

^y ^^ j^_^ ^ ^^ l^i/^ ^ Ij^^ ^j^ l:>j\ ^j

Bab yang ka-anam belaa pada menyata-Van hultum aagalaorang
yang bcr-juai dengan oraDg deri-pada ea'-orang kapada ea'-orang
k cmdian jikalau ber-temu dengan tiian-uia jika ber-kahpndaW tuan-
nya akao dia di-tebus sa-pcnebus tuao-Dja yaag baharu itu tiada da-
pat di-per-hilang hai-ta orang yang menebus itu toelainkan deugan
tuan-nya atas yang ber-juul pertama itu juga dapat haeU-Dya,

Chapter the sixteenth.— To declare the law regarding any pereon
who sells the slave of another so that he is sold and resold from one
to another. If he should be discovered by his rightful owner the latter
must, if he wants to take him bark, pay the full sum for which ho
was bought by the last vendee. It is not lawful that the purchasep
should be a loser, but the person who originally sold the slave is tho
person to be called to account.

jKe. jU_j).S -l_j t,„*A_jJU_ tJL--^j'^ ^,yi'_j-»l? JU£> Jjjj

:^^^ ^y^j^ y^ (.p-J-r^ j^ r^b j<ijjij\^^ ^iJ'-iy

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

JJjJ ^_jiJ ,j~AJ^ ^1 ii'j jWyl V-A?_^--r.J u-ilj jLsAi

Bab yajig ka-Bambilnu-litllaa pailame-njata-konjiri ka-lcbih-an'ij^l
raja-raja di?ri-pada 'lyal knmii ada-pun barani; siapa meimilu liamba
rajalalumati jikulnu mardabika maeok ulurpada raja- raja jikalau
'rtbdi pani;gal kujut. lehor-nya jikalau ilcngan ma-tnliu tuan-nja di-
denda sa-kati lima handak-lali kamu sukaliun jaiigaa me-Iawan sagsla
hnmba raja jikalau ka-liinaiiaaakali-puii ada-puuyaiig dhaif padahu*
kum reKam jikalau hambaitiisnngat meekbur-niaakaDdiascperti atas
ka-betina-an j&ng tiada daput di-aabar-kao'iiya atau liada dnp.^t ija
berJepas dm-nya deri-pada tangan-liya jikalau ada m? ptrti eibtixat ini
maka diipat-lab iya mou-datang-kan kapada hainba raja itu atau
barang ealah-Tiya b?ri tahu kapada hakim ataii kapadn penghulu raja
meng-hukum-kau dia.

Chapter the nineteenth. — To declare the greater consideration to
be given to the households of Bajaa than to thone of ye all. — If any
one strikes the slave of a Raja, so that he diee, the offender if a free-
man roust surrender himself aa a hostage to a Raja and if a slave he
shall be strangled and beheaded ; and if the act of the slave is com-
mitted with the knowledge of his master the latter shall bo fined »
tta/t and live fiiAiV* of silver. Wherefore none of ye must resist
the slave of a Haja on any occaBion whatsoevLT. This rule may bo
modified if the slave is very insulting, as for inKtance, toWHrdu femalesi
eo that the opponent cannot restralti himself any lon<.'er or cannot
get away from him. In such a ciwe the Baja's slave may be forcibly
taken, or his offence may be reported to the judge or to the Baja's
penghulu who should punish him.

274 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

w-^ y<=K u~ft^^ ^|JA.» ^'U^j ^/i ,^j*<=. ds.y ^yL.

Bab yang ka-dua-puloh-satu pada me-nyata-kan hukum sagala orang
yang ber-jual per-hias-an raja atau sakei raja atau budak-budak
raja jikalau orang yang ber-tuntu sa-pulang-tujoh bukum-nya lagi
di-kata-i di-badap-an majlis jikalau bambarajadi-ganti-nya sa-pulang-
tujob di-8urob nista pada sakei-nya jikalau orang yang ber-tuntu
ea-bingga sa-musim lama-nia jikalau bamba raja sa-hingga sa-tabun
lama-nya ada-pun jikalau lalu deri-pada itu datang-lab bal akan dia
seperti yang telab ter-sebut itu.

Chapter the twenty first, — To declare tbe law relating to persons
wbo sell royal trnrpings or tbe Sakeis or slavf s of tbe Eaja. If tbis
is done by a person of consideration he sball be ordered to restore
seven fold and sball be publicly rebuked ; if tbe offender be a royal
slave be sball restore seven fold and shall be disgraced by the
reviling of bis companions. The former may be openly reviled,
as above, for one season (until after the next harvest) and the latter
for a whole year.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

*^l lAiJ ^1 J\^ \^ *^1^ ,^pL« J-lil ^,*lff ^__«

v~^l ^^jljj ^^L^ ^ -w ^~i> feV-«>Jj li'^j^y *-•"** "-^

^IjJ U^ Jj ^jy^ jlj ^t-^! jlj i-2 jb ^;,^^ ^Ij

yl^l^^ "-il ^^ftyiyis ^1j ^j-. jli ^y ^,b

Bab yang ta-dua-puloh-lima, pri liukum mengatnbali-kan benda
yang di-beli aebab 'aib-nya apa-bila mem-beli mata bruda ka-lihat-aii
ataa benda itu "aib yang sedia maka di-kambali-kau-nya jika lanibat
meuganibali-kan apa-bUa di-lihat di- k am bali-kan-ny a apa-bila bend i
itu di-kambali-kan engala yaiig tahu-nya di-per-cherei-nya Hcperti ta-
bu meuuju menierta mfngikut tiada harua di-pinta-nya ulch tuan-nya
yang meiicbuH uluh aku mengajar dia mari-kau aVu hak-nya jika
hamba pcrampuan di-tebus-nya bunting pada yang menebita bcr-anak
anak-nya itu akun orang menebuti tiada kambali dengan ibu-nia bi?r-
mula ber-apa perkara 'aib yang hania di-kambali-kan pertiuna
pelari dnn per-muka dan penchuri dan gila dan buBong dan burnt
dan buta lanmgan dan tuli dan Kopak dan kelu atau bamba itu bt'r-
ewauii atau 'aib yang tcr-eembuuyi kemdian ka-lihat-au ber-apa lo-
nya-pun dapnt di-kambali-kan.

llyfi MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

Chapter the twenty fifth * To declare the law relating to the re-
jection of property which has been purchased, on account of some
defect. When on the delivery of an article the purchaser discovers
in it a defect of long standing he can return it. If the defect is
not discovered at once the property may he returned to the vendor
whenever it is discovered, but this does not apply to a purchaser
who knowing of the defect has been trying in his turn to disguise
it and to sell the property. If a female slave is pregnant at the
time of purchase and gives birth to a child while she is in the poss-
ession of her new owner, the child remains the property of the
latter and is not sent back with the mother. There are a number
of defects for which a slave may be rejected. Habitual runaways,
prostitutes, thieves, lunatics and persons afflicted with aneurism,
hernia, partial blindness, deafness, the skin disease called sopak^
or dumbness, and female slaves who have husbands, may be rejected
and so may those who have some hidden defect at whatever time
^be latter may be discovered.

.^fiji t^y^^ ^/i ^Olo cJU^ ^^^.fj^ ^^ Jl^ ^^^Ij^

* Compare section 9 on p. 14 supru* It seems to be the Fahang law, while
this section is the Perak law*

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

Bab yang ka-ampat puloh dua pri hukum tueudapat oraug lari ba-
rang aiapa mcndapat iya sakiaii upah'aya aku beri barang eiapa mea-
dapat dia bctapa janji di-bcri-uya jilta kata-uya jika Sl-Zcid meoda-
pat tiga tampang aku beri jika Si-Omar mondajiat dia anam tampang
kii-b£ri jika Si- Abamad niciida]iat dia sambilati lampang aku bf ri jika
salah sa'orang mendapat diabutapa janji-nya dj-bfri jika ka-tiga-nya
inendapat dia sama-eama baliagi tiga yaDg janji-nya itu sa-babagi di-
iiuroh-nya bi:ri jika barang siupa uiendapat dia tiada dengan janji
betapa 'adat negri di eurub bih-t.

Chapter the fori ti-second. — To state the law about the finding of
runaway ulaveH.— S uppose the owner saya, "If anyone finds tny
Blare who baa runaway 1 will give bo much as his reward " be muBt
give the sum promised to ihp person by whom the slav-e is
found. IfbcBays " If Si Zeid finda bim I will give him 8 /ampon^,
if Si Omar finds him I will give him C lampauff and if Si Ahamad
finds him I will give him tumpang" he must give ac much as he
promises to that one of the three who may find the slave. If they
all three find him together, the sum of the amounts promised must
be divided by three and one third muftt be paid by the owner. If
the slave is found by a person who bae no promise of a reward, the
owner must be ordered to reward him according to the custom of
the pounlry.

^^^\ ^ JC ^y ^U-- JJ IjJ dJy ^'Kii ^Ij

ji^ tf?!>^' s/^** ■— ^ S?^^"^ d***lf^ d^Vi-Jj U-JU^

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

jlf>fe uu**^ ^i^-S K.

Bab yang ka-auam puloh dua pada meuyata-kan pri sagala hukum
orang ber-hulang menurut-kan hutang-nya mati pnda pe-karjs-an-nya
ampunya amafl tiada hams di-tembah-kan melaiDkaii di-bahagi tiga
•a-bahagi iatri-nj-a mombayar bcr-mula sagala oraog ber-liutatig anak
iatri-iiya tiada harUB di-per-nakal-nakal hi]ang harta-nya karana orang
mardabika, ber-muJa barang benda yang hilang di-silib-nya bor-mula
eagala hamba orajig di-jual orang baraugkali ber-temu deiigan ttian-
nya di-tebus sa-harga-nya bor-mula aagala hamba orang lari deri benua
Buatu ka-benua suatu harga-nya dua ratus akan orang mendapat her-
mula eagala orang lari deri benua kapada benua lain aeperti orang lari
ka-benua ini damikian-lah ajiugrah-kan akaa orang itu yang mendapat
ber-mula aagala orang mardabika meng-ambil hamba raja jadi hamba
raja hukmn-nya jika hamba orang meng-ambil hamba raja hukum-
nya di-palu Haratus ber-mula barang siapa memalu hamba-nya lalu
mati salah pada raja ber-mula barang siapa memalu hamba raja jika
tiada dengan salah-nya salah pada bumi ealah sakali-pun taugkap
bawa pada orang memegang dia bagei marJka-marika bagei salah-
salah hukum ini raja-raja menghukum-kan.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

279

Chapter the tixfi/ second. — To declare the law regarding dobtora who
give themaelveH in security for their debts and die in the performance
of their service. — In such a case it is not lawful for the creditor to
clajm the debt (from the famiiy of the deceased), but it must be di-
vided into three, and the wife (of the debtor) muet pay one third
(the otlier two thirds being lost ?). Further, in the cose of any debtor
it is not lawful to vex his wife and children to the loss of their
property, for they are free citizens ( mardaMka) and any property
of fheir'a that is lost (through such oppression) must be made good,

If the slave of one man be (nTongfuliy) sold by another and after-
wards falls in with hie real owner, the latter has a right to take him
oti paying his price.

If a slave flies from one country to another, the person who flnda
him shall be entitled to two hundred (At'rfer?),

So also, if any one nms from one country to another, as for in-
stance if foreiguers run to this country, the eame reward shall be
bestowed on him who finds him.

Any free-man who talies away one of the Baja's slaves (hamha
raja) shall himself be made a slave to the Haja.

I be punished with one

If a slave takes away a hamba raji
hundred blows.

Whoever beats his slave so that he dies is guilty of an offence
against the Baja.

Whoever stTikes a hamha raja who is not in fault is guilty towards
the earth (j. e., forfeits his life). Even if the hamha raja be in fault
let him (not be struck, but) be taken to the person who has charge
of him ; there are many kinds of men and many kinds of offences.
This offence only Bajas may punish.

l86 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

csio. 1^^ ^yLi A^ j^^ i-<^ i>)yu r^^^-* v/' ^

Bab yang ka-anam puloh tiga pada menyata-kan ber-mula jika
hamba di-churi orang jika di-dapat orang jika bamba raja sa-pulang-
dua-kali-tujob dan jika anak raja-raja Bakali tujob atau bamba maa-
tri sa-pulang-lima akan saiyid-saiyid sa-pulang-tiga ber-lnula bala
sa-pulang-dua maflis di-bunob.

Chapter the sixty-third . — To declare as follows : — ^If a slave be
stolen by a person and be be discovered, tbe tbief sball restore, in the
case of tbe slave of a Eaja, fourteen-fold, and, if tbe owner be tbe son
of a Eaja, seven-fold ; if a Mantri, five-fold ; if a Sayyid, tbree-fold ; if
a common person, two-fold ; if tbe tbief be too poor to pay be may be
killed.

^\^ iSXci, ^jSLX^ JJ C^A^^^mJLaJ cq'W^ yl JUO^I 9^«& A^^

J^ J-?^^ ^^W* s?^^y' v«;^^jl ^^ J>^^ ^^ vDt^^
uki v'l^l^^ aJjij.^ J^^^J^ ^;y y' ^^^' H--^ ^is>'-^ ^'^ ^>)j'

^Ijl^J ijIiJjJD ^l0»i Jo^ ^j^j\i ^^ ,j*^l Jiljju. $;^l

MALAY SLAVERY LAW- 2Pr

^;^1 ^jLj, ^^UiM ^.jl^ ^A*5 ,j(X-J JLI ^iW «-il ^jjl

^W- c-yl* ^If ay^Uj £^ilj_,»ly JC* J^^,) i,t;.«^
t£i^ ^j\S' ._<-J ^jiL*^ l_,l;J oW .-sAc. yljj .^V jil^i

Bab yaug ka-nnam puloli ampal pri iiienyata-tan pi-i menebus
Uamba oraiig lari jika di-dalaui kota sa-taiupang ber-mula xagala
oraog mendapat orang lari handak-luli di-bana-nya ka-jainbatan tiga
hari di-sakai-kan-nya pada Demang Khoja Ahomad atau ka-balei
di-eakei-kan-nya pada matitri jika tiada dauiikian xulah bc-r-mula jika
orang itu lari atau mati menyilih ber-muln sagala onuig datang ka-
pada-nja hauiba orang atau orang meiiiiiggal haudak-lab di-bawa-nya
padamantri di-aaktii-kaii-nya jika tiada damikian neperti meii-i-huri
ber-mulai Hagula orang mendapat maH Heperti kain baraug i^uutu beuda
di-dapat-nya hundak-)ah di-bawa-nya ka-jambatan tiga hari di-eaksi-
kan-nya jika tiada ampunya barta itu di-bawa-nya pada mantri dan
sagala orang bcr-karja Baja damikian liiula-Iah aaiah orang itu jika
tiada damikian kemdiau ka-tula-an beoda-nyaaeperti orang meu-churi
ber-mula sagala prahu dayong pengayuh kajang hauyut jangaa di-
kapar jika di-kapar jika tiada di-bawa ka jambatan tiga hari jika
tiada damikian sakb, ber-mula jika hamba orang ber-palu uleb
mulut-nya chandal lalu mati denda-nya sa harga-nia juga, Ber-mula
jikalau orang mardahika mem-bunoh baniba orang liada di-kaMttas.
kan mclaiukau so-harga-nya juga.

Chapter the tixty-fourlh. — To declare the law regarding the com.
payable for the reiitoration of runaway slaves. — If the alare

282 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

be caught within the kota (the Raja's premises or grounds) the
payment is one tampang. Every one who discovers a runaway slave
must take him to the landing-place for three days and there exhibit
him to Demang Khoja Ahamad, or else to the halei and produce
him before the Mantri. If he omits to do this, he commits an offence
and, if the slave makes his escape or dies, he must make good his
value. All persons taking refuge with another, Huch as slaves or
deserters must be taken to the Mantri and exhibited before him ;
if this is not done, the case is like one of theft.

So, any person who finds any gold or silver article or any article
of clothing or anything else must take it to the landing-place and
exhibit it there for three days and if the owner does not come for-
ward it must be taken to the Mantri or the officer appointed by the
Eaja. If this be done no fault lies w4th the finder, but if it be not
done and this be found out subsequently, the finder may be fined
in the same manner as a thief.

Again, in the case of boats, oars, paddles, mat-awnings, etc. found
floating, these must not be flung aside carelessly. If they are
treated in this way and are not taken to the landing-place for three
days, the finder is guilty of an offence.

If a slave be struck for using offensive language and dies of the
blow, the fine shall be his full value.

If a free-man kill a slave, the law of retaliation shall not be en,,
forced, but the full price of the slave must be paid.

u.-^! ^^^j^ ^^ ^^^^ ^\ «-^ u:--il ^^j^ ^'^iuS AtAjj^

Malay slavery law.

=83

jAS liU^ ^xX. ^L. ._iU( j4j ^ _,Lj ^.^JChJ ..il.

J^ <»-^ '-"■>•> ^iihj''^ j-^^ J^i li^^y V ^y

Bab yniig ka-tumin puloh tujuh, pudn mcnj-ntflkan hukmu Bagaja
omng yaiig bi-r-taruh-kaa Jiri kapadayaiig buknu ha-'aib-aii-n;a
deugaii ka-ridla-an t4agAlft waris-Dja inaka iya haodnk kambali paila
bapa-Dya handak-lah dcng»n ridU-an orang yaog tampat-njaduduk
itu jika lula ka-HoliLh-aii tampHt duduk itu maka tinggal-mi-tiyii kiar
bukum deitgan betapa sslab-nya makadi-tilik kapada kiL-Ralitli-ui-Qya
jika lalab-nya itu Hta« dun baliagi pertama handak dt-per-chabuLi
ka-dua dLnteta-nya dengan nista yang tiada harua di-kluar-kan ninka
hukum-nya pun dua perkarn apa-kala hsudak di-per-thabul-i-nya
di-dcnda hukum-oya enpuloh teugah tiga jika di-uiHta-niBta sabaja
inaka iya kamboli nagaln harta-nya eumua-nya dibawa-nyakiurBagala
hakini tiada hanio dJ-babagi apa-bila tioda ada ea-euatu ka-aalak^n-
Dja akau miirika itu maka tinggal-an ulehyang men-uroh-kan diri-
uya itu barang yaiig ada harta-nya itu kfaiar aagala hakiia di-bahagi
tiga sa-bahagi kapada orang yang bcr-taruh-ksa diri-nya dua bahagi
kapada oraug yung menarob.

Chapter the tixl^-ieeentk. — To declare the law regarding Toluntary
surrender to servitude. — If a person who bae voluntarily suireodcnjd
himself (or herRelf)toa pereon beyond the forbidden degrees
of relationBbip with eonseut of ail hie (or her) relationti, wiehe*
ttubaequently to return to bin (or bcr) porcutn, the cuuiK'nL of tlie

284 MALAV SLAVERY LAW.

person with whom he (or she) livee must firet be obtained.
If there is any fault on the part of the latter, in consequence of
which the sen-ant absconds, the law depends upon the wrong Gom<
milted. Investigation has to be made as to the nature of the wrong,
which may be of two kinds, either aa attempt to dn an improper act,
or the use of aiich insulting language as it is not lawful to use. The
punishment is of two kinds; if there has hern an attempt to eom*
mit an indecent act, the penalty ih a fine of twelve and a half (tahils ?) ;
if there has been insulting behaviour only, all the property which
the servant brought must he returned to him (or her) and the opi-
nion of all the judges is that there can be no division of it.

When, without the slightest fault on the part of the person who
accepts the charge of another, the latter, who has ToiuntarilysuTL
rendered himself (or herself) , ahscondii, the opinion of all the judges
is thathia or her property shall be divided into three portions, one
of which shall go to the person who surrendered his (or her) liberty
and the remaining two to the person who accepted charge of him (or
her).

^Jj' ^ (^ s^y c/^ -^ ^'^'^^ l^'*^ ^^

J^_rf jiM l^lj-i .^ ^i ^^^1 H-* ^1 ^^ «^l ^1 J^*^

Bab yang ka-anam puloh dolapan. pnda menyatakau pri hubum
sagalaorang mengambil annk angkat akan anak hamba oranglain
miikadi.bawa berJayarmula-niulaitu dengan sa-lahu tuan-uya kem-

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 285

dian deri itu maba di-bawa-iiya tiiuls di-bSri tiilm tuau-iiya kiar aagala
hakim maka menvilili urang yangainpunya anak angkat Ba-tengab
harga-nya jika iya mati jtka Had* iya mati maka pe-karja-an-nya
"ft-bftbagi di-bayar uleh bap« Hngkat,

Obapler the »ixfif eighth. — If one adopts the child of the slave of
another perBon and takes the child so adopted on a royage, the
first time with the knowledge of the owner of the Blave, but after-
wards without giving notice to him and (during the subsequent
voyage) the child dies, the unanimous opinion of the judges ia
that the father by adoption shall pay to the owner half of the
value of the child. If the child does not die the father hy adop-
tion must pay to the owner half of the value of the child's services.

,jj<_,,u=.yjJ4 ^^ -^ ^U=. jC^Ls Jjil J^ ^^ Ijj^

^1 ciV ^j^l .^^ ^il^ ^ ^j3 ^1 JKil ^(^ ^^^
^j^ ajUji ^W a^i '^<ij^ Ji yiij g/ Ji^^

Bab yang ka-anam puloh sembilan pada uicnyata-kaD sagalaoraug
yaug ber-hutaag pertama hutang itu dua babagi euatu hutang di-per-

386 MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

jauji-kan kaduu hutung Biibajaakaa kliiar sagala hakim jikahutang
yang di-per-janji-kaij apa-kala di-tuiggal-kau jika sa-hari sakali pun
kena pa-karja-an timah oraiig itu mana-kala lari naas jatU hamba
orang yaiig ampuiiya timah ilu jangan marika itu lari kapada Eaja
atau kapada oraiig besar iikaoraugber-hutangBahnja apa-kala iy»
lari naas jafli hamha jika iya meniiiggal-kan karja di-palu akan
marika itu lamuii jauguu ber-darah tia-beF'Uula lagi khiar aagaltt
hakim, ada tampat-uya haiidak men-chahuri timah itu pun 'aib deri-

The iixtg ninth chapter. To dei-Iare the law relating lo debtow.
Debt is nf two kinds, either re-pavabte ou a particular date agreed
upon or re-payable ou demand. In the case of a debt of the form-
er kind, if the period within which payment has to be made is ex-
ceeded even by a single day the debtor may be sent to work ia the
tin-mines of the creditor and if he runs away he forfeits his status of
a freeman and becomes the slave of the tin-miner. Let him not
run to any Eaja or Chief. If the debt is payable on demand and
debtor absconds he loses his statiis and becomes a slave. If he
leaves his work he may be beaten, but not so an to draw blood.

l^L-a il ^jIj J^ i^y. ^j^ .^jEJLfc ^^j^ ^Sj^^j-j Sl^

MALAY SLAVERY LA%V. 287

Jj^_^*-= iJy j»J Aiaii jrr-"'^ i-Jlift jJy j£-l ^j:t>\ c_j-Jt_Sjl*

c=^_j) .__Ci* u_-5^ i-JjJ^ ij^y^ >— ^^JijJ-sJ <*;J tf^i^
._XiL» d)y ._CJ ^l=._>i |_^j^ 3'_j^ ._<t» d)y I^J iM^y

^^WiLi ^^*jy dJyjA^l diJ J^_) il^j? uJCiftjj.^^ ,5?3u_X.j

,^_jS aijS^ ^W._^ jt<ii a)y f^ j:&.ji ^j:(Lft djy ^ du

S^ >/«-^ J'l f^l* jJ'' a'-^ Cl^^V >j'-> >«^i-S^J
t-tW 4)_5i ai-1 Jjj >1^? ._<iA dJji (*-J ^y £_>-) «-sf>}

^eifc* ^_r^ ^^ yuj aij^ ^Xt* aJy ^ ii^s ^wcaas

Bab yang ka-Iujoh puloh satu pada meavata-kaii pri bukum tebua
or&ng lari pertama-tama jikalau dalam Kota Iimgga Bat&ngau
(K. Kintft) lima bidor damikiaii la^i pulang-nyaderi Bntangank»-

288

MALAY SLAVERV LAW.

(^ponggong hingga Kwala Bidor delapan bidor hingga Sungei Bu]

sa-kabat barang tida pcm-bawa-kan-nya seperti pbau parang dan sor
gala benda yaug t«r-korang harga-uya jadi rampas-an barangjang
lain deri itu kamboli ka-pada tuan-nya bingga KwaJa Dedap lima
bela?, hingga Kwala Perakdua puloh, 'amaratncgriduakupang dan
tiada jadi rampftB-anpem-bawa-kan-nia hingga Kwala Diuding tiga
puloh hingga Kwalu Beruas tengah ainpat puloh hingga Kwala Larut
lengab lima puloh hingga Batu Kawan lima puloh, ka timor hingga
Kwala Beniam tiga puloh hingga If iboug Haiigua ampat puloh
hingga Paair Fan jaug lima puloh. Sabermula lagi ka tengah hingga
Polau Sambilan tiga puloh hingga Pulau Temborak lima puloh.
Sabermula lagi deri G«ronggong ka Tepua, ... 5 bidor
deri TepUB ka Geronggoag, ... ... 5 bidor

hingga Tepua ka Dedap, ... ... sa-kabal

hingga Bu kit Tunggal, .., ... 20 bidor

hingga Kwala Bcruaa ber-jalan,
hingga Kangsa,
Damikian lagi deri Bandar hingga K. Plus,
damikian lagi deri eana ka Bnudar hingga

Jeram Panjang,
damikiau lagi ka Bandar, hingga K. Rul,
per.tengah-an Pangkalan dengan K. Eul,
hingga Pangkalan Kua,
hingga Temungau, ...
hingga Prenggan,
Apakala berjalan ka Kwala Lanit
Sabagei lagi ka Kinta hingga Nior Manis
juga, lagi deri Kinta,
deri sana hingga Bukit Jinak, ... ... 25 ,,

pada Bukit A.laR, ... ... ... 50 „

ka Sungei Bnya, ... ... ... sa kabat

pada Bukit Jinak, ... ... ... 25 bidor

pada Bukit Aian, ... ... ... 50 „

damikian lagi ka Kampar dan ka Chandrahyang ilnn Balang Padang
dan ka Sungkei i<a kabat juga

a. kabat
:Q bidor

kabat dan Pari damikian

... 30 bidor

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 289

pada Bukit Jinak, ... ... ... Ba-kabat

pada Bukit Alas, ... ... ... 50

hingga Bukit Berang pun, ... ... 60

hingga Kwala Eul, ... ... ... 40

Jika ka Pangkalan Kua, ... ... 50

hingga Kwala Temungau damikian juga

hingga Prenggan ... ... ... 50

Chapfer the seventieth. — To regulate the redemption of runawaj
slaves from their captors ( in the State of Perak •)
within the capital town or as far as

Bataugan (Kwala Kinta) ... ... 5 hidor

from any place between Batangan and

Geronggong to Kwala Bidor, ... 8 „

to Sungei Buluh ... one loadf

(All articles of trifling value carried by the runaway, such as
kniors, choppers, etc. are the property of the captor and the rest
must be returned to the owner of the slave).

To Kwala Dedap, ... ... 15 hidor

„ Kwala Perak, ... ... ... 20 „

( If the slave is recapture within the limits of the town the reward
is two kupang and what be carries is not seizable ).

To Kwala Binding,

30 hidor

„ Kwala Bcruas,

»»

„ Kwala Larut,

„ Batu Kawan,

»>

Going ea.stward — To Kwala Bemam, ...

»»

To Xibong Hangus,

»»

„ Pasir Panjang,

»»

Central — To Pulau Sembilan,...

>»

To Pulau Temborak,

»»

From Gtnuiggong to Tcpus,

5 i

hidor

„ T^'pus to Gi^ronggong,

»»

• Comprvre tlie Pahang scale ol" rewards, supra, p. 24.

f Stukubat= Su-per-tamjgong-an, as much as a man can carry (of rice ),

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

•••

Between TSpAs and Dedap,
To Bukit Tunggal, •
„ Beruas by land,
„ Kangsa,
Prom Bandar tii Plus or vice vers^,
Jernm Panjang to Bandar,
Bandar to Kwn la Eul, ...
Beyond E. £ul but short of
Pangkalan Kua,
Up to Pangkalan Kua, ...
„ „ Temungau,
„ „ the boundary (with Patani)
to Kwala Larut,
To Kinta, up to Nior Manis, ...

,, ,, ,, l\j ^ Ul I, ... • . •

Prom Kiuta,

Thence as far as the forests of the Bukit

V inaK, y ... •••

„ „ the Bukit Alas,

To Sungei Raya,

„ the Bukit Jinak,...

„ the Bukit Alas, ...
To Kampar,
„ Chandrahyang,
„ Batang Padang,
„ Sungkei,

„ the Bukit Jinak, ...
„ the Bukit Alns, ...
„ Bukit Berang (Sclim),

one

load

20 hidor

>»

one

load

20 bidor

>»

»»

>»

»»

»>

bidor

one

load

the same

80 bidor

»»

one

) load

bidor

one load

one load
50 bidor
CO „

• From Geronirg'ong' ? All the distances seem t* be calculated from this
place which wan the seat of Goy^rninent in the reign of ISultan Ala-oddin
(Xnrhum Siilong) early in the 18th century, See Jourii. Str. Br. H. A. S. No. 9
p. 101.

t Bukit Jinak. aborii^inal tribes friendly lo Malays (jinak, tame) ; Bukit
Alas, wild tribes not in communication with Malays.

MALAY SLAVERY LAW

, PangkaUn Kun, ...

, Temunpaii,

, the bounJury (willi I'atani),*

. the same
tbo same

^1^1 ^L. ^ ^*<» oOj'j*-! r^^ ^ J^ ^^ ^

Bab yaiiR ka-tujoh pulob ainjiat pada meiiyatn-kan hukum 'abdi
mc-luku-i hnrr maka ktiar xagala hukiin dt-hulur-kaii hukum-nya
jikalau eayaag tuun-nia di-silUunya sa-nitai-nya.

Ch/iptrr thfi seventh-fourth. — To iloclare the law in the onso of
ilave who wouotis a freo-mau. Tlie ofFender's lifo ia furfeiled
uad he becomes a hcBta^^e lo the Haja. If his mnstor sets atuce by
bim be must pay bi» full estimated value to get him back.

4AU ^ys^ji ^^f\ f,<^ ^3S^^• -<i (^ -J^i i^j!^ <^k

V «^^ J^y -^ ^ v'^j* -^W 0>*^'j- *

sJ^^

.^lij jrfl ^^jll^ J\ d>21^j uL-il ^1 ^jjU

Bab yang ka tujoh puloh limn pada menyata-kaD hukuiu oraog
ber-hutang maka iya luati maka nuatu pun tiadu harta-nya tin^gal

bapada anak-nya maka tiada harus auak-uya Itu dt jual-kau akan
pem-bayar hutang itu bapa-nya.

Chnpter the grrrnfg-^ffh. — IE a deblordiesand lesTea no property
to bis children it is not lawful to sell them in order to recover the
debt due by their father.

• " The bciindaij- " is here plnced beyond Kwafa Rul, Pangkalan Kua and
Tritiungau. Bui the Siamtse who invaded Perak in lSi8 ncrcr rcmiilelely
titlitd out the evacLallt r> of Ulu Pviak and Palani Malaji are siill in po^^.-cs-
sion bl lliMC plxces. This rasssge is gccd evidence ihfll in the Jasi cenlory
these places were within ihe Perak booniiiy. See JoutnaJ Sir. Br R. A. S. No.
?. V- 37

292

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

[To the Foregoing quutntions from the Ma.lay Code bund in Perak. nu? b<
added the following extracts from a translation of " The Mitayan laws ^th(
Principality of Johoi. published in 1855 in Vol. IX of Ihe journal of tin
tndian Atcbipelago. There I9 no indication as to the source fcom wbich tbi
Mala./ MS. was otitained-J

Translation ok the Malayan Laws of the PrixcipA'

LITY OF jOHOR.

Hiiiiig ami Borrowing.

If a free man employ tlie slave of aiiotUer witli tlie know-
ledge of his muster aud the master receive the profits of the
slave's labour, such master shall be answerable for any pro-
perty entrusted to the slave.

If a man empltiy the slave of another without the maater*!
knowledge, tbe maitter shall cot be auswerable for auy lou
incurred by the slave's miBConduct or neglect, nor sliall the
slare himself be liable to any punishment.

If a slave be hired to climb a tree with the knowledge and
consent of his master, and he fall and be killed or frac-
ture a limb, it shall be deemed a misfortune only and no resti-
tution shall be made by bis employer.

If one borrow a slave of another aud tbe master shall ha»e
■aid " for what purpose do you borrow your servant's slave
and the borrower have answered " for such and sucb a purpose,
in this case he who borrowed shall make restitution to th«
amount of two-thirds of tbe slave's value.

If a man borrow a slave for the purpose of climbing trees
and say to tbe master " per ad venture he may be killed or
"maimed" and the master shall have replied " if he be killed
"let him be killed and if he be maimed let him be maimed,"
and this slave be killed, the borrower shall make restitution to
the extent of one-third of his value only, or in the event of
his being wounded or hurt, defray the expense of curing him
and restoration to his roaster.

If a man hire tbe stave of another and employ him in dirio^

MALAY SLAVERY LAW 293

without the knowledge of his master, and he be drowned, the
borrower shall make restitution to the extent of one-balF of the
slnve's value.

If in such a cast: the slave shall have been employed in
diving with the kuo\vled[{c of his master, the borrower shall
make restitution to the extent of one-third of the slave's Talua
only, for the slave was fairly employed for hire.

If a man borrow the female slave of another, and cohabit
with her, he should be fined, if such cohabitation be contrary
to the woman's inclination, one la/iil aad one ptiha, or with her
consent five mas.

If a man borrow a female slave of another and cohabit
with her, she being a virgin, he shall be fined ten tniia, a piece
of cloth, a coat, a dish of arcca and betel, and be directed to
make an obeisance to the owner of the slave.

If in such ease the woman have been a widow, the fine shall
only be five vias. This ia the law of the town, of the villages,
the creek and bay and the distant dependencies, thitt no one
presuming on hia own importance may oppress the unprotect-
ed slaves.

Deaeriioii.

If a strange slave from abroad run away in the country, he
shall not be restored, but through the special favour of the
great.

If a slave run away to a distant dependency of the city as
far as one or two days' voyage, he shall be sold, and one-third
of his price shall go to the chief of the district, and two-thiinls
be restored to hb master, but if such slave run no further than
the port ( kwala ], his ransom shall only be three viat.

If a slave run from within the walls of the town to the out-
side of tlie furt, his ransom shall be two knpatii/s. This is the
custom of the land.

Thtft ami Robbery.

If a maa steal the slave of another and conceal him in hit
bouse, and such stuve be there discovered, the goods and chat-
tels of Ihe offender shsll be subjected to ronfiscution.

394

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

If a thief ruDning away with a slave conceal such slave Dot
ia his house, but in a foreHt or in a boat or vessel^ he shall only
be fined 5 lakitt.

If a slave on board a ship commits theft and gives the stolen
property to his master, who does nut make tht! affair known to
the commander, the slave shall suffer arapuiatioa of bia band
and the master shall be Sued the usual fine for reeciving stolen
property.

If a slave on board a ship accuse a freeman cf a theft and
there be no witnesses and no evidence, he shall he punished as
if on shore, that is to say suffer amputation of a hand, or pay
the customary fiue ui owe {ahtl and one ;ja/ia because he has
presumed unjustly to accuse a freeman.

Khhitippinj.

If a man carry off to sea or into the interior beyond a day
and a night's journey, the retainer of another without the per-
mission of hia chief and such retainer die, the person so carrying
bim off shall forfeit the full amount of his value or furnish a
substitute for the benefit of the chief ; should the distance iti this
case not escecd half a day's journey, no penalty shall be incurreJ.
But in the case of freemen, hy the law of (Jod, no substitute nor
penalty shall he incurred.

If a man kidnap a slave belonging to the king it shall be
lawful to put him to death, and his property shall be confiscated.

If the slave be the property of the hrst minister or auy other
great officer of sliito untl the person convicted of taking him
away be the commander of the ship himself, it shall be lawful
to put him to death.

If the person so offending be one of a crew, the commander
shall he fined in the sum of ten tahils and ouepa/ia and the
offender shall suffer death.

If the kidnapped slaves belong to an ordinary person the
offender shall be cither put to death or lined in the sum of ten
la/)i/s and one poha, at the discretion of the Magistrate.

If a commander kidnaps the slave of the intendantof theport
he tball be put to death, and all his property confiscated or

MALAY SLAVERY LAW.

pty a fine of one eallt/ and fira tahiU.

Offences against the Marriage Contract.

If A slave pay liis adressea to a betrothed person of his owa
coadition he shall be finod tea mas »nd no mure.

Adultery.

If a man attempt to seduce a female sl:ivc the property of
anotliRr, be shall he fined fi^e mas, but sliouM he actually Lave
cohabited with her, he shill be fiiiG'l dimble thnt amount.

IE a man deflower the slave of another, be ahull be fined ten
mat, fur he lias committed violence.

If a free man have criminut conversation witii the slave of
another, such free man shall be thrown upon his hands and be
miidu to pay the niasLer thg slave's price tivo-fold.

If however in this case thn slave shall have been pregnant by
the master, the citfcndcrs ahull both of them l>e put to ile^th.

Even if the slave have not been pregnant but have long
lived with her roaster aa if she were liis wife, it shall also be
proper that the otfoiidcrs be put to death.

]fa slave is caught in criminal conversation with another
slave, the whnle crew shall fall npon them aud beat tlicm.
This matter rests with the chief of the midship,

Asiaidls.

If a slave cut and wound a free man, he shall be forfeited as
a slave fur life to the king.

If a free man cut and wonnd a slave, he shall bo fined half
the slave's value, or, if very poor, ten mag.

If a slave give a free wan a slap on the face, his hand shall
be cut off.

If a free man give a slave a slap on the face, without
offciic' on the part of the latter, he i-liall he fiued, if poor fire
nia«, if rich ten mas. lint if the slave should have been msolcut,
tbe free man shall not be considered in fault.

296 MALAY SLAVERY LAW-

If a slave give abusive language to a free person, he shall
receive a blow in hia face, or have a tooth extracted.

If a slave, whether male or female, hit another slave a slap
in the face, the offender shall be fined to the extent of half the
price of the slave assaulted. By the law of God he who strikes
shall be struck again, and this is the law of retaliittion and is
named justice.

Homicide.

If a slave ordebtor run amok in the city, it shall be lawful to
kill him but when once apprehended, should he he put to death,
the slayer shall bo fined ten ta/ii/s and one paha.

If a slave commit a murder it shall be lawful for a third per-
son to put him to death, when the affair occurs in a distant
situation and there is a difficulty in securing the criminal : but
if it take place near authority, the slayer shall be fined five
tahiU and one paha for having killed the slave without the
leave of hif master or those in authority ;m this last case,
however, should the slave have been mortally wounded, it shall
be lawful to put him to death.

If a free man kill a slave of the king he shall be fined in the
value of the said slave seven times seven-fold, or if he escape
the fine, he shall be put to death or become for ever with hia
family and relations slaves to the king.

If a man of high rank kill a slave of the king he shall be
fined one ca/li/ and five tahUa, and not put to death, but if the
slave shall have been killed by such great man for some crime,
nothing shall be said on the subject.

If a slave commit a theft and be apprehended and put to
death, the slayer shall be fined half his value, one-half to go
t'j the magistrate and one-half to his master, for the oifence of
not informing the magistrate.

If a person apprehend a slave of the king committing a
theft and then kill bim, he shall be fined ten taliiln and one
^>iilia, but if he put him to death in the act of committing a theft .
he shall have committed no oflence.

If a slave 8^alI be kilted by the owner of the stolen property

MALAY SLAVERY LAW. 297

by mistake^ the slayer shall pay a tine to the amount of twice
the value of the slave.

If a free man strike a slave and the slave stab and kill him
in return, he shall be deemed to have committed no offence.

If a free man give abusive language to the wife of a slave
and the slave in return kill the free man, it shall be deemed no
offence, for it is written that no married woman shall be
made light of ; this is the law of custom, but by the law of God
whoever kills shall himself be killed.

The Discipline and Rules to be observed at sea.

If a slave escape from on board the ship, the oflBcer keep-
ing the watch shall be compelled to make good his price and
the watchmen on duty shall be punished with sixty stri)ke»
of a rattan.

If the slave of any one on board the ship be guilty of burning
or destroying the ship^s ladder, his master shall be fined four
strings of the small coins of Java and the slave receive forty
dtripes.

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Hon. martin lister.

|N t8S8, I wrote an appendix to my Administration
Report on the Negri Sembilan for 1887 entiiled
" Origin and Constitution."* It has been suggested
that what was only a very brief and superficial sketch
might furtlierbe enlarged upon. What ! wrote was
explanatory of my Report, was sketchy and in many
points inaccurate, and it was not written for publication in a
Journal, This paper, however, was reprinted in the Asiatic
Society's Journal, though this had not been my intention
when I wrote the Report, and it is excusable, I think, to say
that difficulties have arisen in writing what 1 had intended
to write later, viz,, a far fuller and more careful paper for
publication in connection with this very interesting subject.
Without constant repetition of the previous paper this is im-
possible. Thus I have decided upon taking the question from
a different view, and giving some illustrations of cases and
decisions in Malay custom connected with their origin, such
custom being of a curiously complicated form and derived from
a singular origin of Muhammadan Malay occupation and are,
if not unknown, ignored in other Malay States.

First and foremost it must be understood that instead of
Bugis and other Malay pirates occupying a coast line, as in the
case of .Selangor and Perak, driving back and taking as slaves
the non-Muhammadan aborigines o( the Peninsula termed
" Sakci," "Jakun," "Semang" and "Waris laut," the people
of Menangkabau who penetrated into the Negri Sembilan vi^
* Vide " The Negri Sembilan, their Origin and Constitution," 1S89.

3°° MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

Malacca or the Muar River came as settlers. They came in
search of pastures new, possibly on account of troubles and
disturbances in the Stale of Menangkabau in Sumatra, just as
we did in leaving English shores for the continent of America.
There were no Rajas or Warriors on the look out for conquest
and plunder, merely peaceful emigrants from Sumatra who
hoped to find fertile and rich countries in which they might
quietly settle and make their home. Now it is more than pro-
bable that all these settlers came from the interior of Suma-
tra. They were accustomed to mountainous, hilly districts
where existed rich alluvial valleys in which they knew they
would find soils fertile and easy of irrigation. Thus, takinga
number of the States as instances, we have Rembau and
Naning both inland from Malacca and within easy reach of high
mountains — L^dang (Ophir) on the one side, and the range of
hills from Gunong Tampin running to the North. Those who
penetrated here were evidently not piratically inclined, they
came to cultivate, to live and let live. Then, we have Sungei
Ujong where all the original settlers are to be found at Pantei
(at the foot of Gunong Berembun ) and in the upper reaches
of the Linggi River, though later they occupied the Coast, in
contention however constantly with the Rajas of Selangor
(very piratically inclined gentlemen), who did al! they knew
to harass the people of the interior. This is a very possible
explanation of the claims of Selangor to Lukut and Sungei
Raya, which can only be viewed in connection with some such
piratical occupation, and not from any real territorial rights.
Malacca was a very ancient Sultanate dating from even before
the Muhammadan religion reached the Straits of Malacca. 1
add this, as it might be said, in speaking of territorial rights,
"Then why did not the Negri Sembilan possess Malacca?"
Again the Sultans of Malacca and of Menangkabau were ap-
parently clo-^ely related, the Negri Sembilan settlers acknow-
ledging the Sultanate of Malacca supreme, as it was, in the
Malay Peninsula, and when this Sultanate was driven by the
Portuguese to settle in Johur, they acknowledged the ancient
Sultans of Johor, of which the present Sultan is only a distant
connection,

MALAV LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

301

The inhabitants of the State of Johol, which includes UIu
Muar, Terachi and Jempol, are said to have reached this coun-
try by ascending the Muar River, The origin of the word
Muar is said to be from the Malay word " Mua," for which the
best translation may be " satiated." Thus " Suda mua mudek
sungei int" — " I am utterly satiated ( by fatigue ) in ascend-
ing this river." Thus Muar became the name given to the
district from the Segamat boundary to Kwala Jelei in the State
of Johol. The settlers, however, appear to have recovered their
strength and colonised again "UIu Muar," almost the most
populous State, at present, of the Negri Sembilan, From this
again we have Kwala Muar, the name given to the small terri-
tory on the Muar River from the Segamat boundary to the
mouth of the river. Segamat was ruled by the Sultans of
Johor, through the Temenggong of Segamat, and Kwala Muar
was never a place of any importance except as the mouth o( a
large river and the residence latterly of Sultan Ali of Johor.
UIu Klang, one of the four original States of the Negri Sembi-
lan, appears to have been principally so in origin as but very
few Menangkabau settlers went there, and it was more from
the aboriginal point of view thai it was considered one of the
Negri Sembilan, though in connection with the ancient con-
stitution there is no doubt that it formed a part. This I
described more or less in my original paper, I also sketched
the arrival of emigrants from Sumatra, and later the demand
by these thriving colonists from Menangkabau for a Raja from
that Sultanate to be suzerain and constitutional Sultan of the
Negri Sembilan, i.e.. for a number of States which had become
so populous that the necessity for a Raja and high court o(
appeal had become felt.

From what is here written and from my original paper, the
way is paved to giving intelligibly a number of political cases
and cases of custom which may go further to give a general
insight into custom from origin. Much of what occurs here in
connection with Malay laws is frequently found in other Malay
districts of the interior, such as Kinta, UIu Selangor and UIu
Pahang, where the Malay custom is closely allied with aboriginal
customs and ideas.

In order to treat the question in a consecutive form, it will
be necessary to take first the aboriginal or as here termed
'' Rai'at" cases on custom first. The ■' Baten " or chiefs are,
according to ancient usage, closely connected with the Malay
tribe from which the Penghulu of States are in nearly all
cases elected. The four principal "Baten" are of L'lu
Klang, Sungei Ujong, Jelebu and Johol. They had a strong
voice in the election of the Muhammadan Penghulu, The cause
is apparent. The Menangkabau colonists married the daugh-
ters of Batens. Their children were Muhammadans and the
female children {in accordance with Menangkabau law)
inherited and became the origin of the"\Varis" or tribe of
" Beduanda " which was declared to be the inheriting civilized
tribe, whilst at the same time they still had to recognise the
Baten or Rai'at powers in the mountains and forests and pre-
serve their position and identity in connection with the
" Beduanda " tribe. This explains the custom of female
inheritance and according to Menangkabau custom a man
cannot marry in his tribe, that is, in the tribe of his mother.
Thus a Beduanda man must marry into another tribe and thus
his children belong to the tribe of the mother.

It is often most interesting to converse with Baten and Rai'at
chiefs on their traditions and laws especially in tracing the con-
nection with the Malay Muhammadan customs. A Baten will
invariably tell you that all the forest and waste lands, called
by them "Gaung," "Guntong," "Bukit," "Bukau" as inclusive
of ever)'thing uncultivated, belong to them. This is by origin
correct, but there is at the same time no doubt that they have
parted with their rights to the Muhammadan tribe of Beduanda
m all cases of Government concession and taxation. Still the
Datoh of Johol pays to the Baten of Johol a proportion of the
revenues derived from waste lands through his minister the
Jenang of Johol, who is, so to speak, minister for the aborigines.
The Baten often collect themselves where the Beduanda are
remiss in doing so. For instance, in Muar ( i. c, on the reaches
of the Muar River above the Segamat boundary) Baten
Cemala, who is the principal Baten of Johol, told me he collect-
ed a fee that he called " panchong alas " from the Malays who

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN. 303

collected jungle produce. The amount of the fee was in-
signilicant. being 5i per man once in three years. He told
me with some pride that this was the "pelt duit orang uian "
or " the penny box of the man of the woods." The simplicity of
this for.m of taxation was most curious and shows the freedom
from guile of the aboriginal mind. He was attempting at
the time I first met him to collect this fee for the past three
years, not in advance. I tried to assist him, but my attempt
was vain. He was somewhat indignant at the falseness of
the Malay, but for my own part I was not astonished at it. In
talking of his position with reference to the Datoh of Johol he
said that as between him and the Datoh " ai/ai tiada berubah,
perjanjian tiada heraleh, setia tiada hertukar," i. e., " custom
cannot be altered, agreements cannot be changed, alliances
cannot be revoked." This is a very beautiful expression of
Malay fealty and loyalty. Sometimes a Baten or Jerukrah
who is minister to the Baten is very indignant. He will say
" the Penghulu get thousands of dollars now in selling our
forests." Then I explain to them that it is necessarj- that this
earth should be developed. I point out to them that they are
not able to govern or regulate such things and that they can-
not truly claim the forests as being theirs, but that ivhat they
can claim is to have all that they require for their maintenance
from forests. They will then reply that this is quite right and
that they are really perfectly happy as long as they have
forests reserved to them and that they do not know what to do
with money. They are delighted with presents of tobacco,
stuffs and other trifies. If you give them money they general-
ly go home to the forest and bury it, never telling any one
where, so that on their death it is lost. I know one man who
likes getting money and he always comes alone to see me
and asks for it. He comes alone so as to be able to bury
the money without difRculty. He has evidently a craving
for silver and experiences the satisfaction of a miser in
knowing that he has money, though he does not make use
of it.

The Rai'at talk in the most proverbial manner and con-
stantly quote sayings which have certainly become Malay, but

304

MALAV LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

which often and often are unknown to Malays of the present
day. It is a usual thing for a Malay to exclaim when a Rai'at
is talking " pandei sekali ckakap " — " how clever he is at talk-
ing " — and he looks at him in admiration. The Malay, however,
knows the Rai'at's intense simplicity, and if he wants any ad-
vantages from him he will get all he requires. He will also
laugh at him, though in a friendly chaffing way and it is often
amusing to hear the Rai'at get by far the best of the laugh.

The Rai'ats never object to the collection of revenues by
British Officers. They say that the English know how to do
it and that they do it riglitly and that it should be so, but they
say the Malays know nothing about it and that when money
comes into a Malay country it makes nothing but difficulties
and trouble. They arc lookers on, and it is hardly necessary
to say how correct their views are.

A Rai'at has the greatest dread of a grant for land : nothing
will persuade him to take out a grant and if pressed, which in
the Native States is unnecessary, he will leave the country and
travel away into the mountains of the interior. Anything
binding, any direct taxation or registration drives them
away.

Their real objection to taking out grants for land is because
of their custom that if there is a death in the house, they must
leave the place and settle elsewhere generally many miles
away.

The origin of land tenure here is very curious and probably
unknown in any other State of the Malay Peninsula. When
the original settJers arrived, they ingratiated themselves with
the aborigines and first of all no doubt got free gifts of forest
land from the Baten. Later on there probably was competi-
tion for waste lands in fertile valleys and presents were given
to the Baten for the land. This resulted later in the sale o(
land to the Muhammadan settlers. The price was a knife or a
weapon, a piece of cloth or some article valued by the Rai'at,
but it became an actual sale. Accordingto Muhammadan law,
land cannot be sold, it is God's land and man cannot sell it,
Thus here we have distinctly the aboriginal origin in the sales
of waste lands. Later, as the Muhammadans became powerful

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

in the country, the Muhammadan tribe of Beduanda took up the
sale of waste lands and made considerable profit by it, and du- .
ring the last twenty years, the Beduanda chiefs have sold waste
lands of. say, three or four acres in extent for eight and ten
dollars and sometimes more.

As this custom was against Muhammadan law it was easy for
the Government to put a stop to an usage which caused many
disputes, trouble and even bloodshed in the country.

In my article printed in this Journal, 1889, I have given the
dry facts in connection with origin and constitution. The
tribes are governed by the " Adat Perpatek " and by the cus-
toms derived from the aborigines. With the Raja family this
is not the case, and the " Adat Temenggon^" governs proper-
ty and inheritance.

In order to explain by practical instances the entire con-
stitution, I will now ^ve a number of political and customary
cases which have occurred to my knowledge as these may be
useful in understanding a somewhat elaborate constitution and
code of laws. I must remark at the same time that in quoting
past cases I do not wish in any way to criticize what was done
in the past, when it was absolutely impossible to make head
or tail of the intricate laws of these States and when we had
the ver)' smallest experience in the Malay Peninsula.

First of all, I would refer to the case of the Yam Tuan
Mudaship of Rembau. An Arab Syed ( Saban) from Malacca
married a daughter of the Yarn Tuan Muda Raja Ali of Rem-
bau. He learnt something of the tribal laws of Rembau and
what to him was the great thing the law of female inheritance.
He advised his (ather-in-law to abdicate in his favour. At this
the Pcnghulu and Lembagas of Rembau were furious, refusing
to have a Syed as Yam Tuan Muda. They applied for assist-
ance from the Yam Tuan of Sri Menanti and together they
drove the Syed and the other Raja out of the country. After
this the British Government quite rightly arranged with the
Rembau Chiefs that Tampin should be settled on the Raja
family of Rombau. Rembau refusing to accept a Yam Tuan
Muda for the future. Syed Saban took possession of Tampin.

Now in this case the Syed was all wrong. He learnt a little

3o6

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN,

of the laws of the country, but not enough. Female inheritance
does not follow in the Sultanate or Raja Mudaship, but only
amongst commoners in ihe tribes, and the Yam Tuan and the
chiefs of Renibau were justly incensed. The Syed after hav-
ing been the means of dispossessing his father-in-law, became
his lawyer so to speak, being a man who had experience of the
outer world. The only wrong result has been that instead of
the true Raja family obtaining Tampin, the Syed descendants
of the clever Syed Saban have inherited, and the other Rajas
of Rembau get comparatively nothing.

The case of the Sungei Ujong war is interesting. The late
Syed Aman, Klana of Sungei Ujong, was the son of another
such Arab Syed who married a woman of the Beduanda tribe
in which the Dato' Klana is elected. On the death of Dato'
Klana Sendeng. Syed Aman got himself elected as Klana of
Sungei Ujong and this led to one long dispute with the Dato'
Bandar who is the other great Waris Chief of the State. Syed
Aman cleverly sought the assistance of the British Govern-
ment, at the same time saying that he was Klana and Raja
{being a Syed) combined and that he would no longer ac-
knowledge the suzerainty of the Yam Tuan of Sri Metianti.
This brought down upon him the wrath of Sri Menanti. Syed
Aman, however, had already obtained British protection, he
was protected in his State, and the Yam Tuan of Sri Menanti,
who was really quite right, was repulsed with great slaughter,
and his country occupied by British troops. Sungei Ujong
thus became independent. This case brings to notice the law
that it is illegal for a Raja to marry in the tribe of Beduanda
for fear that the offspring might become Penghulu and as a
Raja usurp the Rajaship at the sa.miit\nK." Pcngkulu dia Raja
dia " is the phrase given, or perhaps more properly " Uniiang
dia ka' adilan dta."

The same thing happened in Jelebu. The present Penghulu
is a Syed and on the death of the late Yam Tuan Muda of
Jelebu he successfully intrigued in getting rid of the Raja
family and governing alone in Jelebu.

It is impossible that Malay States such as these should be
ruled in accordance with constitution and custom, without a

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

307

}

Raja who is independent of all the commoners of the State
and who can control the actions of the "commoner" chiefs,
and without the Raja, the whole constitution becomes a chaos.
By removing this link the chain falls to pieces, I will give an
instance of this. Ever since the Yam Tuan Muda of Rembau
ceased to exist, the Penghulu alone has had to rule a turbu-
lent people with whom he is connected by marriages and inter-
marriages, and since that there has been nothing but difficulty
-in Rembau. He was being dragged in every direction, Jiis
decisions were disregarded and not a single decision did he
give that was deemed right. He had no longer the support
of the Raja, thus the chiefs of tribes, who are numerous, at-
tacked him in every direction and would have been glad to
get rid of him in the same way as he had got rid of the Raja.

He used to say to the Chinese who took up land (or planting
in Rembau " Jikalau irt's terchabul sahaya yang sarongkan "
" If the kris is drawn 1 will replace it in its sheath." This was
3 vain boast, as he could not, being a commoner, and there be-
ing no fear of him as in the case of a Raja.

Another case in point is that of the Yam Tuan of Sri
Menanti. As soon as the Klana of Sungei Ujong became in-
dependent, by our assistance, the other States of Sri Menanti
al! thought that they would like the same thing, and the dis-
putes, the bloodshed and general chaos in these States became
simply indescribable. Seeing the Penghulu anxious to get rid
of the Raja, the Lembaga started fighting the Penghulu and
the Chiefs of families fought the Chiefs of tribes.

There are a number of cases which might be quoted, but I
think that the above demonstrate the law of " Lembaga kapa-
da Undang. Undang kapada kaadilan."

In order to put things right here in 1884 it was necessary
really to put everything back to what it was 20 years before.
To put the Raja in his place, the Penghulu in his, the Lembaga
and the chief families in a tribe in theirs, in some tribes there
were as many as six Lembaga in Sri Menanti in 1887. There
were also two Penghulu in two of the States. The only thing
to do was to bring the constitution to bear and adhere strictly
t, and very stringent measures were taken in order to

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.
308

restore peace and order and to guarantee the proper power of
each Chief of the State. A false Penghutu was deported, and
anumber of false Chiefs detained until they would acknowledge
the Chief o( Tribe, recognised by the Raja and the Penghulu.

Members of the chief families in a tribe were threatened for
bringing got up cases against the Lembaga and in a short tittle
everything resumed its proper condition. But this was not all,
the Waris tribe was clamouring for revenues, was selling land
and claiming lands from the tribes as not having been paid for
when occupied ten and fifteen years ago. The Waris were
treated asa tribe and the Chiefs of the Tribe only recognised
and they were allotted a percentage on the revenues derived
from wastelands. The sale of land and the claiming of the value
of occupied lands was knocked on the head by Muhammadan
law as already described. The Chief in each tribe was kept
responsible for his tribe and was called and is now called in
every case, in or out of Court, affecting his tribe. Every Chief
was told that, in every case the ancient usages and constitu-
tion would be adhered to, and he was warned that any de-
parture from the same would be likely to cause his dismissal
from office. The Chiefs soon saw how much better this was
and how secure each man's position had become. The Raja
was treated as supreme and all the rules o( homage and the
laws of the Istana were strictly enforced, the Raja at the same
time recognising the British Officer in the administration of
the State and of its Courts.

The above has, I think, explained a great deal which might
not have been understood except by illustration. It shows the
position of all the Chiefs, and from this 1 will pass to a number
of cases in customary laws.

The method of the election of the Raja, the Penghulu and
Lembaga have been briefly described in the original paper, 1
will, however, give an instance of the election of a Lembaga of
one of the principal tribes here, viz., that of Sri Lemak I^ahang
theChief of which is also Deputy Penghulu of Ulu Muar [fangku
Penghulu serta fiaiuan sembati). There are six families in this
tribe from which the Chief of the Tribe can be elected. These
families come in turn for the election of the Chief. At the last

MALAV LAW IN NEGRI SEMBTLAN.

election, in troublous times the order in which the families
stood for the election of the Chief had been taken wrongly.
It may be understood how this disturbed the equanimity of the
various families when the question of succession again had to
be decided. First of all it was impossible to get the six fami-
lies to arrive at an agreement or an election. This being the
case the question went on appeal to the Penghulu of Ulu Muar,
who is an old man and imagined that with a British Officer in
the State he could put in his favourite relation in the tribe
regardless of families and be supported in so doing. The
tribe however knowing that the constitution was being care-
fully adhered to would not accept the Penghulu's decision and
the case went to the Dato' of Johol who did not wish to inter-
fere openly with the Penghulu of Ulu Muar and recommended
that they should go to the Resident. The Raja was then con-
sulted. He was of course indifferent as to who was elected
Lembaga and the case was fully inquired into. One of ihe
families had been missed over and the question was whether
the chieftainship should return to that family and then go on
or whether the order of the families should be proceeded with
as if there had been no previous mistake. It was decided
that what had been, had been ("yang suduh, sudah")anA that
the next family in order should take the rank. Directly this
was decided and upheld there was no further trouble and in a
few days all the families acquiesced in this being the best; it
was then easy to elect the individual in the family to be
Lembaga.

Nothing can be more dangerous in these Slates than for any
one to practice what we call patronage. For instance, to say
" \ want this man as Chief. He is intelligent and he can read
and write and 1 won't have this ignorant dirty looking indivi-
ual." Such action throws the whole system into chaos, and
not only that but the intelligent reading and writing man
imagines that he has more power than he really has because
he has been selected above all others, regardless of custom,
and before long the whole tribe is up in arms, generally justly,
at his doings and he has to be dismissed.

In Tcrachi, in 1SS7, there were two Penghulu. One of them,

•^ MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

and the right one, was recognised by ihe Raja and by thi
Dato' of Johol. The other one had half the State on his side
but he was really wrong though he had a grievance. In th(
origin of things there were two families in Terachi who ruled;
A former Penghulu had formally renounced the office for hia
family. He was a very strict Muhammadan and did not considei
that such worldly things as office should be entertained in hi:
family. Thus the office devolved entirely on ihe other family
for election. This was ratified. The descendants, however, of
this devout Mussulman did not view the matter in the same
light. There was a good deal of trouble on this score in old
days and a settlement was arrived at of creating an officer in
the exempted family to be called " Andatar." This smoothed
matters for a time.

For some years, however, previous to 1887 the conflict be-
tween the two families had broken out with renewed vigour,
hence the two Penghulu.

The question was referred to the Resident, it was referred
to the Raja, and a decision was after considerable antagoiiisin
from the family of the Penghulu holding office, eventually
arrived at.

It was this, that the old custom should be reverted taj
that the two families should take it in turn for the Penghulu-
ship and equally so for the office of Andatar. There was ;
great feast and many rites were gone through, many proverbs,
wise saws and Menangkabau legal phrases quoted, and the
thing was done. There has been no difhcully since.

Here again is a case that has only been referred to as hav.
ing created ill-feeling, but which illustrates the Baten influence
in State matters. Baten Gemala, the principal Baten of Johol,
who lives some miles in the interior on the left bank of the
Muar River, was induced, in consequence of a number of his
people becoming Muhammadans and of other Muhammadan
settlers arriving in the rantaus ( reaches ) of the Muar River
above Segamat called Muar, to consider recently the ad-
vi.sabilily of bringing forward a Penghulu.

The Pcnghulus of States having by origin been brought into
office by the Baten, this was no doubt consliuitionally correct.

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

Baten Geniala brought the individual whom he had selected to
the Dalo' of Johol in order that the Date' should recognise
this new Penghuluship. The Dato' of Johol did so. He
thought it would conduce to a settled population in Muar,
where formerly, like on many other rivers, the people of the
" Rantau " had been nomadic, moving from "rantau" to
"rantau" and never permanently settling. The Penghulu of
Ladang, however, whose ancestors before him had alivays ruled
this district under the Penghulu of Johol, was much annoyed
at this new departure and the result was quarrels and jea-
lousies. Penghulu Muar died a short time ago and the Dato'
of Johol will not make further experiments in accepting a
Baten Penghulu.

The case of the Raja di Muda of Terachi, Lembaga of the
tribe of Beduanda, is not without interest. It was decided on-
ly recently, but may be quoted as showing how the Chief of a
tribe must recognise the Penghulu and cannot depart from the
usages and customs required of him in his office. I would
remark parenthetically that the titles Raja di Muda, Beginda
Maharaja, &c, are only titles of commoners not of Rajas.
These titles are derived from the Menangkabau customs of
" gelSran '' which I shall make mention of further on.

An important case of inheritance of personal not entailed
property occurred in Terachi, The case came to the Peng-
hulu in appeal. The Penghulu gave his decision in the case.
The decision was given against the Raja di Muda tribe. Raja
di Muda considered himself ill-treated and the Penghulu him-
self brought the case before the Resident, who decided in fa-
vour of the Penghulu's decision, but modifying the Penghulu's
decision in consultation with the Penghulu himself. From that
date Raja di Muda lias placed him.self in every State matter in
opposition to the Penghulu and has become a violent ob-
structionist. The Penghulu for some time took no notice of
this, but at last a serious constitutional error was recordefl
amongst the many acts of Raja di Muda, The mother of an
officer with the title of Mendika and of the tribe of which Raja
di Muda was Chief, died. Mendika is what is termed the
" Tiang Baici " of the Penghulu, that is, the centre post of the

MALAV LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

Penghulu's office. The Penghulu must immediately be official-
ly informed, and various rites have to be gone through. The
funeral has to be officially arranged by the Penghulu. All this
Raja di Muda ignored, carried it through himself with a high
hand and the Penghulu was never consulted. This was too
much and the whole matter was reported. Enquiries were
made, the Penghulu sent for Raja di Muda, who did not come.
and the Penghulu asked to be allowed to dismiss Raja di Muda
and that the re-election of another officer be recognised. This
was accorded. To the outside world this may appear trivial,
but to the Malay mind the Rajadi Muda had by his last action
placed himself in direct and meaning antagonism to the Peng-
hulu absorbing the Penghulu's rights in his own, and this could
not be.

A case in Rembau is one of some interest. The Chief of
the Sri Melenggang tribe became intensely unpopular in a cer-
tain section of his tribe, in consequence undoubtedly of irregu-
larities he had committed in that section. After a good deal
of seething and boiling in the tribe the whole matter bubbled
up before the Penghulu and ruling Waris of Rembau [vide
Origin and Constitution ). The Penghulu referred the matter
back to the tribe for further consultation and for proofs to be
brought forward of the complaints made. The plaintiffs went
away and not long after it was rumoured abroad that a new
Chief had been elected, the actual holder of the office not hav-
ing been formally deposed with the sanction of the Penghulu,
Then the Penghulu and Waris enquired the meaning of these
signs, such as the firing of guns, the hanging of curtains in the
house of one Mar ash ad and let the tribe explain the adoption
of such forms which were only allowed to a Chief. The dis-
affected ones in the tribe asked for a meeting of all the Chiefs
at which they would present themselves. The Penghulu ac-
corded this and ordered the Chiefs to be present at his Balei.
The day arrived. All were congregated. A message came
from those disaffected who were outside the fence of the house
in the padang or field for the Waris to come out and meet the
new Chief and escort him to the Penghulu's presence. This
created general consternation and after dt;liberation it was

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

decided that this was unconstitutional, that the Chiefs had not
met for the purpose of receiving a newly elected Lembaga, but
to deliberate on the shortcomings of the existing one. The
answer was couched in these terms. Again the demand was
made, and again it was refused. Nothing more occurred at
the time, but the Penghulu and Waris applied for the arrest
o( the ringleaders in this unconstitutional proceeding. This
was granted and the arrests were made. The defence was
that the tribe was dissatisfied with its Chief, that the tribe had
the right of elecling its Chief. Against this it was urged that
there could be at no time two Chiefs in the same tribe. That
the Penghulu had not acknowledged the dismissal of the exist-
ing Chief, that the action of the disaffected members outside
the Penghulu's Bale! was not customary, and that the pri-
soners had been guilty of attempting to make disturbances in
the tribe in no way warranted by the constitution. The ring-
leaders were comparatively heavily fined and the original com-
plaints against the Chief were again referred for enquiry to the
Council of Chiefs ( Waris serta orang yang dua bias).

In 1887, the Rembau Chiefs were all divided against the
Penghulu. The point at issue was that of revenues from
waste lands. The question commenced to assume a very
serious aspect when a force of thirty or forty armed Malays
stopped a Chinaman, to whom the Penghulu had granted
forest land for planting, from felling the forest. This act on
the part of the insubordinate Chiefs resulted in a very elaborate
enquiry. The disaffected Waris urged that they had never
received any part of revenues and the Chiefs ot tribes urged
with the disaffected Waris that they were entitled to re-
venues from waste lands in the vicinity of their holdings.
The Penghulu and his friends, however, denied the statements
of the disaffected Waris. They also brought up a point of im-
portance, viz., that if the Waris had a grievance they should
do everything they could to settle it in the tribe. If they could
not ihal they should together bring the matter to the Peng-
hulu's Balei. This had not been done and the Penghulu had
been ignored throughout. The disaffected Datohs at the en-
quiry all asked to leave the Balei of the Penghulu and urged |

314 MALAY LAW fN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

the other Chiefs to do the same. Nearly all the Chiefs left."
This was a sign that they were going out to try and arrive at

an agreement to depose the Penghulu, but in this they failed,
and returned without having been able to be of one mind in
the matter {kaffulalan). Then came the question of the Lem-
baga claiming a share of the revenue from waste lands. Now.
according to the custom a Lcmbaga has no rights in the State
except in his tribe and over the land which he bought from
the Waris ( tanah bertebtis). It was evident that the mere
fact of purchase gave him no rights to other waste lands, the
matter was discussed at great length, the Lembagas bringing
up numbers of sayings and laws that were useless by them-
selves being all governed by the main laws, viz., " Gaung,
Guntong, Bukit. Bukau Herta Warts, Penghulu prcniah loa,
Lcmbaga prentak suht", t. e., that all waste lands were the
property of the Waris, that the Penghulu ruled the State and
the Lembaga ruled his tribe, The case was given entirely
against the Lembagas. This being done and the disaffected
Waris and Lembagas having been proved to be wrong, it was
necessary to consider the crime they had committed against
the State. They were found guilty of departing from the con-
stitution and of ignoring the rules of appeal and the ancient
customs and usages of the State of Rembau. They were all
dismissed from their posts and the families in each tribe were
sent for in order that re-elections should be made. This was
done and this one decision has restored the Penghulu as head
of the State, the Waris as inheritors of waste lands, and the
Lembaga as rulers in their tribes.

This was a very leading case in reference to all the Slates
of the Negri Sembilan, and by it every State has been main-
tained on the same lines.

In Sri Menanti there were terrible disputes regarding own-
ership to mines and Waris claims. Because a Waris claimed
as a Waris he also claimed ownership. This was evidently
wrong. The Waris' claim was a Stale claim, ownership was
a private claim. Thus by giving a small percentage of tin
revenues to the heads of the Waris tribe and by registering
the various mines to the owners and legalizing a royalty to

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

3 '5

be paid to them by the Chinese miner, the difficulty was over-
come and every one became contented. The late Yam Tuan
of Sri Menanti, in order to make a last attempt at qiiieling a
very turbulent and powerful Waris faction in Ulu Muar, had
married a lady of this family, This unfortunately did not
improve matters, as although this faction became friendly with
the Raja it started terrible struggles with all the other Waris
and even with the tribes and being allied to the Raja became
more formidable to the peace of the country than hitherto.

Land cases are not very frequent here as land is so well de-
fined by custom. At the same time there have been a number
of cases which dated from previous years and had never been
settled. Directly a case was brought up again faction fights
occurred and then the case was again left unsettled. A very
old caseatAmpangSerong, about five miles from Kwala Pilah.
required immediate settlement. It was as between the tribe
of Beduanda Waris and the tribe of " Tiga Batu." The Waris
first claimed that they had never sold the land and that it had
been appropriated by the Tiga Batu tribe. This, however, they
failed to prove, as it was ruled that they could not claim pur-
chase money after upwards of one hundred years of occupa-
tion. Then they claimed proprietorship of a great portion
saying that the Tiga Batu tribe had encroached. The Tiga
Batu tribe on the other hand said that the land had been
mortgaged to the Waris for fifty dollars ( §50 ). The whole
case was investigated on the spot. It was perfectly evident
that the Waris' claim was incorrect- They claimed the paddy
land and had forgotten to consider the hill land on the side of
the valley where the houses and gardens are. Taking the hill
land in the occupation of the tribe, it was evident that in ac-
cordance with the ancient usage of selling land in straight
strips across a valley or across it up to the main stream the
land claimed actually did belong to the tribe of Tiga Batu
though in consequence of the mortgage of the paddy field to
the tribe of Waris it had been for years cultivated by the Waris
holder of the mortgage. It was ordered that the amount of
the mortgage should be paid to the Waris tribe and that the
land should remain in the possession ofthetribe o( Tiga Batu.

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

Land once held by a tribe is very seldom sold to otbe
Iribes. If debts have been incurred and a person's holdinj
has to be sold it is nearly always bought in by the tribe am
this avoids many complications in proprietorship that mighj
otherwise arise. There are of course disputes in a tribe, but
these are disputes of inheritance more than of boundaries am
are far more easily settled. The technical terms for land pur
chased from the Waris and the dry outline of land tenure ba
already been described in my former paper. I have referr
also to " herta membawa" that is, property brought by the hu»
band to his wife's house, as in these States, the women beiB
inheritors of all lands, the man always goes to his wife's hous
{'' tempat semenda"). If he divorces or his wife dies he ri
turns to his mother's house {"lierlapesaka"). Case&oi" keH
membatva " are most difficult to decide upon. I will give a
instance. A foreign Malay from Sungei Ujong married a vn
man in Ulu Muar; he was accidentally wounded by a sprioj
gun that had been set for pig, and died. His mother who live
in Sungei Ujong was informed by letter by the Chief of h
daughter-in-law's tribe. The mother arrived and claimed 9igi
worth of property that she had given to her son when he wft
coming to live with his wife here and which she stated he haJ
brought to his wife's house. The orang scmenda or male i
lations of the lady denied this saying that the property hai
never been declared to them as " herta meinbnwa " which %
necessary and that they altogether discredited the statemeol
.\fler hearing a mass of contradictor)' evidence with gooi
points on both sides, it was ruled that the mother would n(
have claimed without cause and awarded to her half the amoui
claimed.

A question of some importance and which has not yet be«
decisively settled is X'ha.X. oi " penchari'an berdua," i. e., the ffl|
tune acquired by husband and wife apart from " herta men
bawa" or " herta pesaka."

The law runs " cArt/i' b'hagi dapatan tinggal bawa kg^
balek." This cannot be translated literally, but it means thj
the money acquired by husband and wife must be divide*
each person's share remain to each, and the husband's shai

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMHTLAN.

must go back to his mother's house or to his "anakbuah."
that is, his blood relations. That properly of this kind should
not go entirely to the children made a great deal of diRicuSty,
as it is not in accordance with Muhammadan law and in Rem-
bau the Chiefs decided that all properly other than"A^r/rt
pesaka" or " herta membawa" became unconditionally the
property of the children and could not in any case return to
the man's relations. It was ruled, however, that land should
not be affected, coming as it does anAefhertrt pesaka" and that
weapons, ornaments and silver utensils which were "herta
pesaka" must be returned. yMso that "herta meiubav.a'"
could still be claimed by the man's relations. In Jempol where
the people are very Muhammadan also this has been adopted,
I will relate a case, however, which crealed great discusston.

A man died the possessor of ten buffaloes. His child was
a boy seven years old. The man's brother took the buffaloes
back to his mother's house in order, it was supposed, to take
care of them until his nephew came of age. The boy grew
Up and when lie was about fifteen he claimed these buffaloes
from his uncle, who would not satisfy his demand. The case
came forward as the Chiefs could not settle it to the satisfac-
tion of all parties.

The boy claimed the buffaloes. The uncle first said the
buffaloes had died of disease. Enquiries were made and it
was found that he possessed buffaloes. The boy said that
even if the buffaloes had died of disease his uncle should have
informed his mother's family. Then came the question of in-
heritance, trusteeship, and the guardianship of the buffaloes,
finally the question o\" herta membaiva." The uncle first urged
that the boy's father had brought a number of buffaloes to his
wife's house from his mother's house and that they should be
returned. After a considerable enquiry it was found that there
was no reliable evidence of this. Then the uncle claimed that
according to the Malay rule, he being the caretaker of the
buffaloes, was entitled to one-half of the buffaloes now that his
nephew wished to divide. The boy said that his uncle had
had no right to take the buffaloes. Then came the question
pf inheritance, The uncle said he only knew the old rule of

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN.

" c/iari bhagi dapatan ttnggal bawak kembalek " and claimed
half the buffaloes. The boy said he knew that in Jempol th<
Muhammadan custom had been adopted that property acquire!
duri:ig marriage became the property of children and na
of the " aiiat buah ; " finally it was decided that half the buffa
loes should be handed to the boy in satisfaction of all claimf
ll will be seen from this example how many rules there are ii
these States that may be brought forward in a case, in con
nection with which careful investigation is required. If, how
ever, a dispute is carefully summed up and the points fully el
plained which lead to the decision, the public here is near}
always satisfied and the individual who loses his case has t
be satisfied also.

In connection with inheritance by the children, of propcrt
acquired during married life, it is necessary for the childra
lo pay their father's debts if there arc any. If there is no pro
perty even the children are responsible for the debts of ibd
father. Where the old rule is in force the " tempal semendg
and the " tempat pesaka " would have to arrange together ti
pay, and not only that but the '• anak bitah " were suppose
to pay the funeral expenses of their male relation and not th
" orang semenda." It is still a question that has to be ver
carefully investigated in every case of debt, viz., as to whethe
one of the two should pay all.

The rules of "/a«i'(7«j[f /aran^" are important, minor law
on dress, on the architecture of houses, of covered gates to en
closures, of the firing of guns, the slaughtering of buffaloR
and many other causes, h or instance, no one but a Chief ma;
have a covered gateway. No one but a Raja may put his kit
chen behind the house, and no one but a Raja may run hi
front verandah round to the back. No man may wear allyel
low nor all black. A quaint custom is that of " gSlAranJ
When a man marries, the " orang semenda " of his wife aa

mble together. Here all property questions are brough
fonvard and decided such as " Aerfa mcwbawa," &c. TJv
" orang u-menda" i.h^n conier a title on the man, such a
" MenCri" " Si Maraja " " Peduka Raja " " Laksamana'
and many others.

MALAY LAW IN NEGRI SEMBILAN. 3^9

Itmust be borne in mind though, in connection with all these
customs and laws, that Muhammadan law is always present and
is enforced in many cases, but it requires careful handling.
Nothing is more distasteful to the people than that Muhamma-
dan law should be applied where custom provides the remedy,
and as the Kathi is generally anxious to exercise Muhamma-
dan law only, great care has to be taken to prevent him from
interfering in cases of custom.

What 1 have written may throw some light on the working
of a curious constitution.

MARTIN LISTER.

THE RULING FAMILY OF SELANGOR,

VV. E. MAXWELL, c.m.g.
(Extracted from the Selangar Administration Report for 1889,)

3. There exists, in Malay, an interesting historical work
entitled w^^UJl5iaJ '* Tuhfat-el-nafis/' written in A. H.
1288, by Raja Ali, of Riouw, which treats of the later history
of those Malay States, the royal houses of which have been
founded or influenced by Bugis chiefs from the island of
Celebes. These include Riouw, Linggi, Johor, Selangor,
Siak, &c.

4. A long table of descent is given, which is mostly fabu-
lous until it approaches modern times. In compiling the latter
portion, the author has perhaps consulted Dutch publications.

5. The admixture of Bugis blood in the reigning families
of the Malay kingdoms of the Straits of Malacca, seems to
have commenced in the early part of the i8th century. It is
related in the native chronicle above alluded to that U/>u Tan-
deri Burongj a Bugis Raja in the island of Celebes (the third
son of the first Bugis Raja who embraced Muhammadanism),
had five sons : —

(i) Dains[ Peaniy from whom (by his marriage in Sian-
tak) the reigning family of Siak in Sumatra are
descended. He also married princesses of the
reigning Malay families in Johor, Selangor and
Kedah.

(2) Daini^ Menimhufiy from whom the Rajas of Pontia-
nak, Matan and Brunei are descended.

3i^

THE RULING FAMILY OF SELANGOR.

(3) Klana Java Putra alias Daing Mefewah, first Yang

di-per-Tuan Muda of Kiouw. He married
daughter of Tumonggong Abdul Jalil, of Joho
His son, Klana In'ciie Unak. married in Selan
gor, and his daughter became the wife of her coa
sin Daing Kamoja. ihe son of Daing Perap
(No. 1), and third Yang-di-pec-Tuan Muda 1
Riouw.

(4) Daing Chela or Daing Palai, second Vang-di-pei

Ttian Muda of Riouw. He married a daughter t
Sultan Abdul Jalil (sister of Sultan Slxeimai
Badr-alam Shah) of Johor, and from the femal
issue of this marriage Sultan HusSEiN of Sing;
pore (1819) was descended. One of the sons
Daing Chela. Raja Lumu, became the first Yang
di-per-Tuan of Selangor. From him the reignio
family of Selangor is descended. Another, Raj
Haji, was ihe fourth Yang-di-per-Tuan Muda c
Riouw and fell in battle at Malacca, Hghtir
against the Dutch, in 1784.

(5) Daing Kamasi, married the sister of the Sultan c

Sambas (Borneo) and his descendants have remain
ed there.

6. Of these five chiefs, Nos. i,3and4establishedlhemselvei
in Selangor about 1718, and Raja LuMU, the son of No. 4, was
left there as rultr of the country. The principal head-quar
ters of the Bugis was Riouw, and about this time they madi
piratical raids upon all the western Malay States, one aftei
another. Raja LuMU of Selangor, on the occasion of a visit
lo Perak, about 1743, was formally invested by the Sultan c
Perak (Mahmud Shah) with the dignity of Sultan, and took
the title of Sultan SALAEtJDiN Shah. His successor. Sultan
Ibrahim, (in 1783) joined with his brother, Raja Hajl the
Yang-di-pcr-Tuan Muda of Riouw, in an attack upon the
Dutch in Malacca. Thev were repulsed, and Raja Haji v
killed, The Dutch under Admiral Van Braam then attacked
Selangor, and the Sultan fled inland and escaped to Pahang,

7. Ibrahim, aided by the Dato Bandahara of Pahang, re-
conquered his fort from the Dutch in 1785, but the latter im-

THE RULING FAMILY OF SELANGOR.

mediately blockaded Kwala Selangor with two ships-of-war
and after this blockade had lasted for more than a year the
Sultan accepted a treaty by which he acknowledged their
sovereignty and agreed to hold his kingdom of them.

8. British political relations with Selangor commenced in
1 8i8, when a commercial treaty was concluded with this State
by a British Commissionerj Mr. CraCROFT, on behalf of the
Governor of Penang, and this was followed by " an agreement
of peace and friendship." concluded with Sultan IBRAHIM
Shah, who was still reigning.

g. Sultan Mohammed succeeded Sultan lURAHlM about
the year 1S26, and reigned until 1856. - He was succeeded in
the following year by Sultan AboUL Samad, the present
ruler.

10. Sultan Abdul Samad is the son of Raja Dolah, a
younger brother of Sultan MOHAMMED, and at the time of the
death of the latter, held the rank and office of Tunku PangU-
ma Besar (CommandL-r-in-Chicf ). His election to the sover-
eignty was chiefly the work of Raja Juma'at. of Lukut. then
a flourishing miningsettlement, now decayed and abandoned,
who feared the exactions of the late Sultan's family. Sultan
MoHA.MMED had no less than 19 children, many of them ille-
gitimate, and one of them. Raja MaHMUU (now Penghulu of
Ulu Semonieh, a village in Selangor), had been recognised
as Raja Muda in his father's life-time. He was only eight
years old when Sultan MOHAMMED died. There were other
claimants in the persons of various nephews of the late Sultan,
sons of Raja I'SUP and Raja ABDURRAHMAN, who thought
their rights stronger than those of the sons of Raja Dolah.
But the influence of Raja Juma'at prevented a war of suc-
cession.

It. The strong Bugis element in Selangor earned for the
people of the State, in early days, the reputation of being the
most daring and formidable of all the Malays on the west
coast of the Peninsula. Their fleets were successful in Perak
and Kedah {Alor Star in Kedah was taken and burned in
1770), and in a work published fifty years ago, Selangor is
quaintly described as follows: — " of all the Mal.iyan States
" on ihe Peninsula, it labours under the heaviest malafama on

324 THE RULING FAMILY OF SELANGOR.

*' the score of piracy, man-stealing, manslaughter, and similar
" peccadilloes of the code of Malayan morals."*

12. Of the Malay population of the State at the present
day there is little to say, except to emphasize the contrast
noted by an eminent authorityt between " the frank simpli-
" city and humour, harmonising well with a certain grave
** dignified self-possession and genuine politeness, which cha-
" racterise the manner of the Malays of Kedah, and the sinis-
" ter and impudent bearing of the maritime and semi-piratical
" Malay of the South.^'J

There is now a large population, of settlers from Sumatra
and Java, who are influencing materially the character of the
Muhammadan population.

* * -x- *

* Moors's Notices, p. 243.

+ The late Mr. J. R. Logan.

X Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xvi, p. 321.

THE SPHINGID^ OF SINGAPORE,

Lieutenant H. J. KELSALL, r,a.

OR any one living in a place like Singapore, and who
has any spare time on his hand^, it is a great thing
to have a ho'jby. It matters little what this hobby
is, but for one whose business keeps him indoors
most of the day as happens to many in this Colony,
some hobby that will take them out of doors is
the best. Such a one is the study of enlomolog)-, which
has many advantages. It can be carried on at any time;
it incurs little expense; it employs both mind and body;
and opens up a large field for thought and investigation.
This field as well as being large is exceedingly varied, and if
worked systematically .ind scientifically will atTord unending
enjoyment to the student. In this paper I hope to give a
brief sketch of what may be done in the near neighbourhood
of Singapore in one branch only of this interesting science,
namely, in the collection and study of the hawk moths.

All that is needed in the way of gear is a net, a killing
bottle, a small pith-lined box and pins for collecting, and a
few setting boards and store boxes for preserving the insects.
Our hunting ground is the nearest flower-bed, amongst the
best flowers being honeysuckle, vinca and Barleria, and for
humming birds lantana, papaw and the tetnbusu tree [Fagrea
peregrins. Wall). Moth-catching may sound tame, but it is
genuine sport, requiring a true and quick eye and ready band,
and often is quite exciting.

The Sphingida-, or hawk moths, the finest and most inter-
esting group of moths, are fairly well represented in the Is-
land of Singapore. Like most moths they ii.re crepuscular or
nocturnal in thdr habits, few appearing before dusk.

326 THE SPHINGID^ OF SINGAPORE.

Their flight is strong and swift, and the movement of r
wings very rapid giving rise to a humming noise, which in
the case of the humming bird hawks has given them their
popular name.

As would be expected in swift-flying insects, their uings
are long, narrow and pointed, with a strong rigid cosla, and
their bodies more or less fusiform, which renders their pas-
sage through the air more easy.

In all the hawks the proboscis is of great length, in order to
enable them to reach the juice at the bottom of the long tubes
of the flowers they frequent. In the green elephant {Pergfsa
acleus) this organ attains to 2J times the length of the body.

Each species has one or more favourite flowers which it
frequents.

Irom sundown till dark — the hummingbirds appearing half
an hour earlier — ihey may be seen darting from flower to flow-
er and ever and anon pausing motionless but for the swift
movement of the wings, which appear but as a shadow on
each side before a flower from which, by means of their long
slender proboscis they are drinking the nectar. They scarce-
ly ever touch the flowers with their feet and never alight
on them, but depend entirely on their wings for support. As
soon as they have exhausted the supply of honey in one flow-
er off they dart to another, where they repeat the same pro-

Sphinx coni'olvuti has been known to come into a lighted
room and go round to the flowers in vases drinking the
honey.

Several species come to light and one or two are rarely taken
any other way, for instance, the death's head and oleander.
The latter has been taken in considerable numbers at the
beam of a powerful electric light which was being worked in
the neighbourhood of some jungle.

These moths probably play an important part in the
fertilization of the plants they frequent.

Whether they remain on the wing all night is diificult to
say. They appear to leave the flower-beds soon after dark,
as they fill themselves very rapidly with honey, I have, how-

fHE SPHINGIDiC OF SINGAPORE. 327

ever, taken Diludia discistriga at Crinum asiaticum as late
as 10 p. m.

In the daytime they remain concealed amongst the foli-
age of trees and bushes. They are sometimes taken at rest
on the trunks of trees or in corners of rooms whither they have
probably been attracted by the light in the evenings. They
seem to be very sensitive to the state of the weather and the
moon and on moonlight nights few are to be seen at the flower-
beds. Fine evenings after rain are usually the most favourable
for observing them.

Like many other insects these moths are liable to be at-
tacked by a species of internal fungus.

Three at least of this family of moths — Acherontia medusa
A, morta and Diludia discistriga — make a squeaking,
sound.

It is noticeable that all the species taken in Singapore are
larger than the same as given in Moore's ** Lepidoptera of
Ceylon," where most of them are described and figured.

The following is a list of the species recorded from Singa-
pore: —

Sub-Family — Sphingida^.

Protoparce orientalis [Sphinx convolvuli),
Diludia discistriga.

Sub-Family — Acherontiinx (Death's heads).

Acherontta medusa.
A. jnorta,

Sub-Family. — Smerinthinx.

One or two species.

Sub-Family. — Choerocampinx.

Chcerocampa celerio.

Chonrocampa Silhetensis.

C. Rafflesi.

C, they Ha.

C. Lucas a.

C. tenebrosa [?).

Pergesa acteus.

328 THE SPHINGIDit OF SINGAPORE.

C, nessus.
Calymnia pa nop us.
And two or three other species probably new.

Sub-Family. — Macroglossinas (Humming birds).

Hemaris hylas,
M. lilt eat a,
M. insipid a.

The convolvulus hawk [Sphinx convolvuli) is the com-
monest. It may be taken at almost any season, but is more
plentiful at some times than at others.

This moth may almost always be taken at honeysuckles
and when Faraday a papuana is in flower one may be sure of
obtaining large numbers at it. In fact they are so fond of it
that I have taken as many as three at a single stroke of the
net, and fifteen or twenty in one night is not an exceptional
take. The caterpillar feeds on the Tembusu tree.

Diludia discistriga closely resembles the foregoing species
in general appearance and habits, but is larger, darker and
has no red on its body and does not fly quite so rapidly. It
is not nearly so common as S. convolvuli. In fact, except at
certain limited times, it is rare.

Next come the death's heads [Acheron tiinop) represented
by two species. These are large handsome moths whose
principal colouring consists of black and yellow. They are
usually taken at light. I have not yet heard of their being
taken at flowers.

By far the largest proportion of the species recorded from
Singapore are comprised in the sub-family Choerocampinx,
The largest and one of the finest of this sub-family is
Calymnia panopus, the female of which is over 6'^ in span.

Another beautiful member of this family is Chosrocampa nes-
sus, one of the handsomest hawks, its beautiful form and
splendid green and golden orange tints rendering it conspi-
cuous. The fore wings, dark green at the costal edge, shade
off into the softest of browns, fawn and grey ; the hind wings
being deep glossy black contrasted with pale fawn. The
abdomen is green down the centre of the back with a broad
golden stripe down each side. The underside of the wings is

THE SPHINGID^ OF SINGAPORE. 329

a beautiful combination of reds, yellows and greys, which
almost rivals the autumn tints of the birch.

Then we have the beautiful Celerio^ distinguished by its
rows of silver spots down each side of the body. It is com-
mon on Barleria flava and Vinca rosea (Madagascar peri
winkle).

Isoples Rafflesii and /. Theylia resemble one another in
general appearance, but Theylia is smaller and paler. These
are common on Barleria and Vinca.

Pergesa act ens, more commonly known as the green
elephant, is a beautiful insect. Its fore-wings are of a dark
green colour. It is found on the same flowers as Theylia and

Celerio.

Of the MacroglossincC the most remarkable is Hemaris
hylasy which frequents the coffee plantations, the larvae feed-
ing on the coffee tree, where it often does much damage.
It has also been taken on lantana. The chief peculiarity
of this moth is in its wings, which are quite transparent like
those of a bee.

The other humming birds are most plentiful at lantana and
the tembusu [Fagrea peregrina) when in flower. The male
flowers of the papaw are also a great attraction. The mem-
bers of this sub-family do not remain out after dark.

There is much yet to be found out as to the form and
habits of the larvae and pupae of these moths, and there are
probably new species to be found and described, so that there
is ample scope, for any one taking up the subject to add to
what is already known.

THE BURMANNIACE^ OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA.

H. N. RIDLEY, JI.A., FLS.

4E curious liltle plants kDOwn as Burmanniaceaf,
though distributed over the whole tropical world,
seems to be most abundant in the Malayan region.
A large number of very extraordinary forms have
been described and figured by Pnfessor Beccari,
in " Malesia," vol. i, from the specimens collected by
him In Borneo, New Guinea and other Malayan islands. Only
three kinds are included in the "Flora of British India" from
the Malayan Peninsula, but these are not all that occur here.
At present seven species are known to be found within this
region, representing three genera, and more will surely be
found as the botany of the Peninsula is worked up. These
plants are constantly neglected by collectors, as they arc
usually difficult to find and very inconspicuous, and further-
more some of them require to be preserved in spirits of wine,
being indeed so t^ucculent that they shrivel up to nothing
when an attempt is made to dry them. They should be care-
fully sought for in deep forests, at the roots of large and
old trees. Frequently Hvo or three kinds grow in one spot.
Thus if Btirmannia luberosa is found growing in the jungle,
it is probable that Gymnosipkon and perh ps Thtimia are
close at hand, and should he carefully hxiked for,

The Ihree genera which are found in the Peninsula are
Btirmannia, five species ; Gymnosiphon and Thismia one each.
The Burmannias may be divided into two sections — sapro-
phytic and non-saprophytic. The latter grow in open places,
among grass, etc., the former in the dense jungle as aforesaid,

332 THE BURMANNrACE* OF THE MA! AV PENINSULA.

among dead leaves. Like all true saprophytes they have i
green leaves, but the whole plant is white or yellowish, wi
the leaves reduced lo scales. Thismia and Gymnosiphon a
also saprophytic. The plants of the formi-r g(^nus arc pec
liarly soft and succulent and very curiously shaped. Tn
species occur in Singapore.

Gymnosiphon is an exceedingly delicate and ftagile plai
wilhaslcnderwiry stem about three inches tall and little viol
flowers.

The relations of these little plants with other orders is st
most obscure. Hitherto they have been associated with orchid
Dwing to a misconception as lo the structure of the seed.
is probable that they are most nearly related to ihe LUiacti
an^l especially the curious Taccacew of which the so-calte
black Chendrian Lily {Atacca cristata) is a common plant 1
our jungles.

Bl'kmannia. — Five species are known from the Peni
sula, viz , B. longifolia (Becc). B. dhUcka (Linn) and
cir/M//j (Don.), non-saprophytes ; and B. tuberosa, (Becc,
and B. gracilis, Ridl. saprophytes. The first two of these
alpine plants growing on the high mountains of Perak .
Mount Ophir, and both are apparently perennials. B. iceles/H
(Don.), is a small annual, very common in grassy spots.

B. LONCIFOLIB (Becc), Malesia, i, 244, t. 13, fig. i-<
Flora of British India, vol. vi, p. 664.

A perennial plant with a tall, leafy stem creeping at tl
base, llic leaves are narrow and grass-like, acute, recurve*
The flower-spike erect, witli two short branches at the tQ
covered with nodding whitish yellow flowers half-an-in(
long. The wings of ihe flower, so large in B. caUs/ii, ai
very small and obscure.

Perak and also Borneo and Java.

B. DlSTICHA (Linn., Sp., PI. 287) has a distinct creeping
stem like that of the preceding, but shorter and the leaves ar<
tufled at llie base. They are about three inches long, grass)
and pointed, about i inch across. The whole plant is a tatH
and-a-half tail, and the stem terminates in an erect forked cynn
wiih branches about li inch long and almost sessile flowen
The flowers are large and blue, creel, twenty on a branch.

THE m.HMANNIACi;/E OT THK MALAY PENIN'SLLA, 333

about half an inch long, with very distinct wings. The sepals
arc fleshy, linear lanceolate. The petals nearly as large, blunt.
The stamens are sessile at the base of the petals with a very
distinct bilobcd dentate crest. The anther cells far apart, reni-
form. The style rather stout, the three stigmas fairly large.
The ovary is very large in proportion to Ihc size of the flower,
a good deal longer than the style.

This is a widely distributed plant in tlic Tropics of Asia,
occurring in mountainous districts from Nepaul throughout
India to Ceylon, Sumatra and China and Australia. At present
it has only been gathered on Mount Ophir in the Malay Penin-
sula, but it will certainly be found in other of our mountain
regions.

B, Co-LESTis (Don.) is a very widely distributed little an-
nual. It is very common in grassy spots alonp roadsides. I have
seen great plenty of it along the road towards Pasir Panjang,
and it is also very cnmmon in the turf in the Botanic Gardens.
It is not, however, always to be met with, being an annual in
the strict sense, that is, it only lives till it has flowrred and
fruited, and then immediately dies. In Europe, where the
growing season is so short, it would probably be literally an
annual, and live throughout the summer, dying down in au-
tumn or winter as so many English plants do, but as there is
really no time when plants cannot grow here, ihis little
Dragon 's-scales appears whenever the weather suits it, lives a
short life, of perhaps a month or two, and disappears ag-iin.
It generally appears after heavy rains when the weather begins
to get liner, and then the ground is often dotted all over with it.
The whole plant is about three to four imhes tali, some-
times as much as six inches, often, in poor soil, much smaller.
It has a simple slender stem with a tuft of narrow point-
ed leaves at the base, and one, more rarely two, and siill
more rarely three or more floxvers, about half an inch long at
the top. These flowers have the typical Burmannia shape,
that is to say, they are urn-shaped with three thin wings
running for the whole of the length. Al the top are three little
sepals, and alternating wiih these three minute petals. The
stamens and pistil are quite hidden in the urn. The flower is of
an exquisite lilac-blue, with yrllnw sepals. The stamens are

334 THg BURMANNIACE* OF THE MALAV PENINSOLA.

fixed to the side of the urn and t'ach consists of an anther, thi
two cells of which arc oval in shape, and split transversely
Thpy are separated by a broJid connective which is crestc(
above, and beneath ]-roIonged into a kind of tooth. The styl
is slender, and ends in three short arms letminateil by he.
shaped stigmas. The fruit is a capsule,

H CtKLESTis (Don. Prod., 44). 8. asurcaiGn^.), B.Java
Ilka (Bl.), fi. irifiora\}Aja:^.),Cyyplonemamalaccensisl^'\XTc:^^
Nefhroca-liiim nia/accrnsis ('rurcz), Malay "sisik naga'
(Dragon's scales). Widely distributed over India, Mauritiu;
China, Malaysia! and North Australia.

Common in the Malay Peninsula. Singapore- -near Pasir Pan
jang, Tanglin, Changi and other places. Malacca — Merlimai
Pulau Ilesar. Pahang— I'ekan, Kwala Pahang. Penang, — Telo
Bahang (C. Curtis). Labuan (Bishop Hose). Borneo, (Beccari]

B. TuBEBOSA (Becc.) was described from specimens foum
by Professor Bkccari in Borneo and New Guinea; nor had an;
other person, as far as I am aware, ever collected il till I founi
it growing plentifully in a damp jungle at Chan Chu Kang no
very far away from the Selilar bungalow, and I afterward
met with it at Pataling on the Kwala Lumpur Railway in )
similar locality. Wilh it, in both places, I found the very curiou
Thismia fumida and also a much commoner plant, Sdaphili
tenella. It is a verj' different looking plant to Burmannit
calestls, owing to ils saprophytic habits. It is fleshy an^
except for the sepals, entirely pure white, about three inche
long, but for fully three quarters of its length it is buried in thi
rotten leaves among which it, like other saprophytes, dwells
It has a small, oblong tuber at the base from which arise a fen
root hairs. Tlie stem has a few little lanceolate leaves like scale
upon it, and the flowers are crowded in a tuft upon tht
top. They are quite sm.-ill, and the wings, which are large ii
Burmannia car/eslis, are very obscure here and have almost
entirely disappeared. The sepals are bright cowslip yellow,
and though the flowers are small and only one or two upen J
at a time, it is really a very pretty little plant and, as
Beccari observes, is sweetly scented.

Singapore— Chan Chu Kang. Bukit Tiniah near the well
of the bungalow. Selangor— Pataling.

THE BL'RMANNIACE^ OF TUF, MALAY PEMNUSLA. 333

B. GRACILIS, n.sp. was discovered by Mr. Curtis at Tintow
in Kedah in 1889, and !s apparently an undescriticd species,
Like B, tubcrosa it is sapruphy ic and inliabils dense jungle.
The whole p'ant is from six inches to a font tall, with a
slender branched stem, on which are a few narrow lanceolate
scale-like leaves J inch long. The inflorescence is a branched
cyme, ihe branches of which are about f of an inch long, the
fliiwers few, seven or right in number, while, pedictlled. The
pedicels a quarter of an inch long with lanceolate acute
bracts nearly as long (about J of ihe length). The perianth
is a quarter of an inch long, elliptic in outline with distinct but
not very large wings. The sepals arc small, ovate, lanceolate ;
the petals very much smaller, short and blunt. The upper part
of the connective of the anther is bilubed. the lobes denticulate
rounded not very dissimilar to those of H. cx/estis, but rounder,
the anther cells are prolonged into somewhat long points,
and the central tooth docs not descend below them. The
style is long, the stigmas reniform, the ovary small, the seeds
fusiform acute at both ends.

GymnoSIPHON is also a saprophytic genus, of which a consi'
derable number of species arc widely scattered over the
tropical zones. In texture they are more like some of the
Burmannias, beingvery fragile and delicate and not fleshy like
Tliismiii. The common species here, I thought at first, might be
Bixme'S G. aphytlum, of which the description is too meagre
natly to distinguish it. But on examining the herbarium and
library of Buitenzorg, where many of Bl.CME's types are kept,
I found a little rough sketch of Bllme's plant signed by him-
self, which is quite unlike ourspecies. There was no specimen
in the herbarium. Bf.CC are in "Malcsia" (i.. p. 241,) described
and figured G. borneense from Borneo and G. pa/iuanum from
New Guinea; Blumf.'S G. aphyllum comes from Java. Ac-
cording to Bll'Me's sketch it has two large bracts at the base
of the flower, which does not occur in our species. 1 have
little doubt that the latter is Bl^CCARl'S G. i5(ir«e<f»if although
that is represented as rather fleshier and thicker in the
stem than ihe Straits plant.

G. BORNEF..NSE (Bccc.) Malci^ia, i, 24:, PI. xlv, fig, 5-9), A
slender, wiry plant, exceedingly fragile and delicate, about 2 or

33^ THE DURMANNIACE.^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

3 inches tall, branched and quite leafless except for a few scales.
The inflorescence is branched, and the flowers, which are shortly
stalked, are arranged on one side of the branches. The whole
plant is whitish, except the flower, which is of a pale violet
colour. The little flowers are tubular with no wings, and have
six small spreading oval perianth-lobes. The fruit is a capsule,
covered with the tubular part of the corolla, which becomes
skeletonised as the fruit ripens and looks like a network cover-
ing it. The seeds are very numerous, dark brown, very small,
subglobose with the ends drawn out into short points and
covered with low warts or bosses.

It grows in Singapore at Chan Chu Kang and Bukit Timah,
in Selangor at Pataling, and in Malacca on Bukit Sadanen.
It is found in the densest parts of the forest, and is very fond
of appearing on newly cut paths through the forest.

Thismia. — This genus contains perhaps the most remark-
able plants in the order, and indeed some of the most curious
of th Malayan region. They are succulent, fugacious herbs,
yellow, grey, or red, but never green, and would be taken for
fungi by an ordinary observer. About six kinds have been
described, of which the most striking forms have been met
within Borneo and New Guinea, but other species occur in
Ceylon, Burma and Tasmania. They are usually to be met
with in damp forests among the dead leaves on the ground,
and especially at the foot of old trees. As they are so fleshy
and delicate they require to be preserved in spirits of wine,
in which, however, though keeping their form unaltered, they
become pure white.

Two species are to be found in Singapore, one of which
Th. Aseroe was collected by Professor Beccar lat Woodlands
near Kranji, and has since been found by myself on Bukit
Timah. The other is an undescribed species, which I have
met with both in Singapore and Selangor, but verj' rarely, and
for which I propose the name of Th. fumida on account of
its smoky colour.

Thismia Aseroe, (Becc, Malesia, vol. i, p. 252, Plate 10).
A small herbaceous succulent plant about 2 or 3 inches tall
with a creeping white rhizome emitting at intervals small tufts
of rather thick short roots and flower-stems. Flower-stems

THE BURMANNIACE^E OF THS MAEAV PEXINSL'LA. 337

soHlary sometimes branched with a few scattered bract-like
lanceolate leaves. Flowers terminal and single on each branch,
about half an inch long, orange yellow with two lanceolate
acute bracts at the base, lower portion of flower tubular ob-
conic, yellow becoming olivaceous brown with a raised r<:ticu-
late paiti;rn in the interior, which is visible externally when
the flower is withering or preserved in alcohol; hmb of
flower, consists of six segments arranged in a circle and
spreading bases triangular from a narrow ring, flat, then sud-
denly becominfi serrate, tubulate, between each a minute extra
process. In the centre of the flower is a raised flat- topped
ring, surrounding the mnuth. The stamen are arranged
round the wiills of the tube pendulous from a short filament
at the top. so that the anlhers are on the inner surface next
to the walls of the tube. They are of the form of oblong
scales, ending below in three acute subulate processes, the
largest in the middle ; on the inner face are the two narrow
linear anthers : opening longitudinally from between them
arises a quadrate organ with erose sides. The edges of the
stamens meet so as to form a continuous ring. The style
is short reddish and scabrid with three very smalt stigmas.
In fruiting the stem thickens and lengthens. The fruit is
a cup-shaped capsule light brown, fleshy ribbed, the edges of
which project some way above the top of the ovary which
when ripe falls off in the form of a small round plate termin-
ated by the style. The seeds are very numerous elliptic ob-
long in outline and blunt, brown is ribbed.

Singapore, Bukit Timah. near the well. September, 1890;
Woodlands, Kranj! (Beccari),

Like other saprophytes, this beautiful little plant has a habit
of appearing spasmodically and equally suddenly disappear-
ing. In September last 1 was surprised to find the ground by
the stream at Bukit Tiniah doited ail over with the little
yellow stars of this plant appearing from among the dead
leaves. I brought a number of plants home and kept them
alive under a glass shade tor some months, although in the
jungle all had di>appearcd in a week. The rhizomes under
cultivation were long persistent and continued to throw up
flower stems. The flowers, however, did not produce fruit,

338 THE BL'RMANMACF-^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

but withered away, and from tliis and from the peculiar arrangi
ment of [he stamens it appears ihey require the ail of soni
insect-fertilizer. After fertilization the tube of thu flow<
falls off li-avin<; the bTsal portion in the form of a cup whic
increases in sizf. When ihe seed is ripe the whole of tl:
lop of the ovary becomes detached and with the seeds falls
upon the soil as [he fruit becomes tuo heavy and weighs dow
its stalk.

I'hiSMIA FU.MIDA. n. sp.

A small succulent herbaceous plant more slender and muC
less conspiruous than the preceding about four inches
height. Rhizome brownish with slender solitary stems beai
ing one or two flowers. Stems at first whitish, becomir
brown when in fruit, with a very small scattered lanceolai
acuminate leaves. Flowers much smaller than in Tft, Ase^i
i of an inch long ami nearly \ an inch across. The tub
almost globose, scabrid narrowed above the ovary and becon
ing broader above white with pink stripes. The limb coi
sists of six narrow lanceolate acuminate lobes becomin
subulate gradually. They rise directly from beneath th
central raised ring and there is no outer ring nor small pro
cesses a^ in T/i. Aseroc. They are greenish grey in colouf
The central ring slopes inwards and is not raised above lb
limb except by its ow.t thickness,

The style is very short with ihree small recur\'ed stigma!
The cjipsulc is shorter and broader than in the preceding
quarter of an inch each way, the edge crenulate, the outsid
scabrid, and ribbed. The opening ol the ovary half way dowj
the cup is J inch across.

Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; Selangor, near Pataling.

Rare and spasmodic at the roots of trees. It is very dJfB
cult to find on account of its inconspicuous colours, It i
quite easily distingui>hed by its more slender habit, cotou
smaller size of the flowers. And the other points mcntionn
in the description,

TABLE OF SPECIES,
Ovary three-celled, Stamens three,. ,.Burniannia.

Non-saprophytes. Leaves narrow green.

Stem long, creeping, ,. B, longitolia.

tHE BURM'.N .:\« =. -^ '- THE MALAY PENINSULA. 33$

St^' ' -ho * Ti .' ^I's numerous, ...B. disticha.

' crs few, . . .B. coelestis.

^ . '.|/!)Uo. Leaf reduced to scales.

r\' w-^cs crowded in a head, ...B tuberosa.
riowers scattered on slender
branches, ... ...B. gracilis.

Ovary one-celled. Stamens three, ...Gymnosiphon borneen-

Plant fragile whitish. se.

Ovary one-celled, Stamens six.

Plant succulent brownish. ...Thismia.

Flowers bright yellow. ...Th. Aseroe.

Flowers grey. . . .Th. fumida.

ON THE SO-CALLED TIGER'S MILK
"SUSU RIMAU" OF THE MALAYS.

BY
H. N. RIDLEY, M.A„ F.L.S.

While staying recently at Pekan I procured, through the
kindness of Mr. Rodgeh, a fine specimen of the remark-
able vegetable production, known to ihe Malays here as
■' Susu Rimau." The tradition is that it is the congealed milk
of the tiger, and it is stated to produce eventually a climb-
ing plant. It is considered a valuable medicine for asthma
and other chest complaints, and is sold in the bazaars at a
high price. The specimen given me by Mr. RODCER was
considered a very large one, being about four inches cube,
but a later one was brought in from the forests at Bukit Man-
dai in Singapore which is even larger, being six inches in
length and three inches through in the thickest part. Profes-
sor Vauchan Stephens gave me also a smaller specimen from
the interior of I'ahang.

The structure and appearance of all seem very much the
same. Each consists of an irregular white mass lobed and
cracked all over, covered with a thin rind, terra-cotta red in
the fresh specimen, browner when older. When fresh the inte-
rior is of the consistency of cheese, white, scentless, and with
a faint funguslike taste. When dryer, and in old specimens
it becanies chalky and viiner.

Under the microscope a section shows it to be a very com>
pact mass of fungus threads (mycelium) with which are mix-
ed innumerable glohose cells. In the fresh specimen from
Bukit Mandai the mycelium is very scanty, and in all it is
very much less in quantity than the while globose cells.

342 ON THE SO-CALLED TIGER'S MILK.

Through the mass runs a line whiter network visible with the
naked eye, which consists of chains of cells with more gra-
nular opaque contents. The red rind consists of a very fine
granular layer, in which I cannot perceive any cellstructure.

It is very certain from this that it is no animal structure,
and that it is very improbable that the climbing plant suppos-
ed to be produced by it has anything to do with it, but that
it is of the nature of a fungus. The Malays say that it is
found under ground, but the specimen obtained at Bukit
Mandai, was growing upon a rotten tree, and to it w^as at-
tached a fungus of the genus Polyporus, species of which are
so abundant on rotten limber in the jungles.

Some similar bodies are known from several parts ofthe
world, and have been described, but at present their origin is
very obscure, and I think it will be well to compare the known
kinds with our Tiger's Milk, and see wherein it differs.

RUMPHIUS described and figured a funj^us which he called
Tuber Regium, in the Herbarium Amboinense (VoL VI
Plate LVII 4, p. 120). The picture represents a body like
a smooth block of earth on which a number of fungi evidently
belonging to ihe genus Lentinus are growing. RUMPHIUS
gives a long account of the '* Royal Tuber." He says it is very
common in April and October when the rainy season is oq,
and that then it is quite soft and not durable, and although his
picture represents it as quite smooth, he says that when sud-
denly dried, it becomes cracked and fissured : when he planted
it in his garden and watered it with warm water it produced
the fungi, but perished next year. The Lentinus is eatable,
but hardly worth eaiing. The tuber he recommends for diar-
rhea grated and mixed with rice and also mixed with oil as an
ointment for sore mouths. Eaten raw he says it is insipid and
earthy. He gives the following names for it, none of whiqh
occur in FlLKT'S Javanese Dictionary : — Malay, Ubi Rcija^ and
Culat Batu, Amhoinese A/athala Ut/a data a.nd Uttah piitih.
In Hitoe it is called Tabalale (without heart), and in Ulias-
scns, Urupickal, In Java Djanjor bov^kang (dung of the
Python) ; in Ternate Cabavtaisse (earth-tuber). It was com-
mon in Oma, Lcyiimor, Gorama and Ternate under grass on

ON' TIIF, SO-CALLED TIGERS MILK.

343

the mountains and at the roots of tall tre^^s. Hs compires it
with the Chinese plant mw called l-'uhlitig (Pachymi Cocos).
This is a wi-U known Chinese drug of a very similar nature
to our Tiger's Milk, and which is probably also th= same as
the Tuckahos or Indian Bread of North Am-rica. I obtained
a specimen of the Chinese Fuhling in the Siiigapare market.
It is sold in the drug shops, and appears to have s^ime repu-
tation as a niedecine. The plant differs somewhat from the
Susu Rimau, and I sliouUl imagine is a different species. It
is more regular in shape, re?;emhling a large truffle: externally
with a cracked brown skin dark'--r coloured th in that uf the
Tiger's Milk, The interior is a little more mealy in texture,
but perhaps this is due to the a^e of the specimen, and the rind
is thicker. In section the microscope shows that there arc
the fungus threads as in the Susu Rimau, but thit the glo-
bose cells are represented in great measure by amorphous
granular mrtsses. The white substance of Pachyma is stated by
Professor BIiRKELEY to consist of masses of pectine traversed
by mycelium threads, and the whole thing to be of the nature
of a sclerotium, that is to say, a fungus in a restingstate. Mr.
G. Ml'HRAV, in a paper read before the Linnean Society in'
1886, described a silerolium upon which a Lenlinus was
growing somewhat as in Rl-'MPHIUS' picturs which was
brought from Samoa in the Fiji Islands by Mr. Whitmek.
This he thought at first might be identical with the Pachyma.
Microscopic examination, however, showed no pectine in the
Samoan plant, which consisted merely of a mass of fungus
threads, and in tact was a typical Sclerotium.

Our plant is, however, somewhat more than this, as the pro-
portion iif fungus threads to the white globose cells is so very
small. It is evidently more closely allied to Pachyma, but I
think is quite distinct from that specilically and may indeed
be RUMPHIUS" long-lost Tuber RegJum.

The Bukit Mandai mass was partially encrusting a piece of
rotten limber, and from it apparently grew a stalked Poiypo-
rus of large size, I thought at lirst that I had got hold ol the

lurprised

to tind it V

1 Polyporus, and not a Lentinus, but a sectic

344 OU THE SO-CALLED T1CER*S MILK.

showed that ihe mycelium of the Polyporus was growing
partly on the wood and partly over the Tiger's Milk and there
was not only no mingling of the two bodies, but their
microscopic structure was totally different. In that cf the
Polyporus there were no round globose cells, but a mere mass
of mycelium threads as in an orvlinary Sclerotium, so that the
growth of the Polyporus upon the Susu Kimau is a mere,
accident, and we have again to seek for the fungus which
produces this Tiger's Milk.

The plant is evidently not a very rare one and is well known
to the Malays, so that if some of those whose business leads
them into the jungles of the Peninsula will make enquiries
about it, we may hope ere long to obtain the fungus it pro-
duces and settle definitely its name and life history.

0>f THE HABITS OF THE CARINGA.

(FORMICA GRACILIPES, GRAY.)

H. N. RIDLEY, ma., f.ls.

Every person in the Slrails must be acquainted wilh the
ferocious red ant commonly known as the Caringa, but although
it is so abundant, and obnoxious, it seems that its ferocity and
the sharpness of its bite are almost all the facts generally
known about it. It is, however, a very interesting animal, not
only on account of its peculiar inlelligence and courage, but
also on account of ils remTrkable nest-building. I cannot find
that the methods of making leaf nests as practiced by the
Caringa has ever been described, and as it is very curious I
will here submit some account of it. The nests are built in
the leaves of any tree suitable to [he ants, provided that the
leaves are not too stiff to bend, or too small to fasten together
conveniently. Usually a tree is selected which is attacked by
one of the scale insects upon the honey-like exudalions of
which these ants live to a large extent. If possible the nest
is built over leaves or stems infested by the scale inserts, so as
to include them in the nest, and in any case other scale insects
are carried into the nest for the food supply when requisite.
When the food supply is finished, the ants leave the nest and
go to another tree.

When a nest is to be built a number of ants seize one edge of
a leaf in their jaws and by sticking the claws of the liind legs
into an adjoining leaf steadily draw the two edges together.
Usually one ant commences the work ; then others come up
and assist, till finally a larg*? number can be seen holding on
tightly. The structure of the legs is evidently adapted for
this work, as they are remarkably long and furnished wiih very
sharp hooked claws. If the edges of the two leaves are still
too far apart, and one ant cannot reach both edges a chain

.de. One ant grasps one edge with its jai

lotlier

346 ON THE HABITS OF THE CARINGA.

seizes him gently but firmly by the notch above the abdomen in
its jaws. A third repeats the operation on the second and
holds the second leaf by its hind claws. In this manner the
leaves are gradually pulled together till the edges almost or
entirely meet. The ants can remain in this strained position for
a very long time, but usually in a few minutes others come
up and commence to sew the leaves together with silk. This
is done in the following way. ( )ne or two ants come from the
interior of the nest, each bearing a larva in its mouth, the tail
of the larva pointing outwards. They then commence by ap-
plying the tail end of the grub to the edge of one leaf irritating
it by quivering the antennae over and upon it. The grub emits
a thread of silk which is fixed apparently by the antennoe of
ant to the leaf-edge. The sewer then runs across to the other
leaf drawing the thread from the grub and fixing it there, and
thus it ^oes backwards and forwards from leaf-edge to leaf-
edge till a strong web of silk binds the two leaves together.
No silk is used in lining the nest, but any holes or spaces
between the leaves, are closed with a curtain of silk. When a
grub's silk-producing power is exhausted, it is taken back to
the interior of the nest and another one fetched. The rapidity
with which the work is done is wonderful. I partially opened
a nest on a Velvet apple tree [Diospyros discolor) tearing open
a space at one end about four inches each way, by raising one
of the leaves which had previously been sewn to two others.
The ants seemed much excited, but soon recommenced to
repair the damage. First one, then another, and eventually
ten or a dozen seized the edge of the leaf in the way above
described and began to pull it back into the old position.
The operation took about ten minutes. The leaf seemed to
move by short slight jerks, but slowly and steadily. Just as
they had got it close to the other leaf, a gust of wind blew it
open again and the ants had to recommence. In less than a
quarter of an hour the leaves were again held in apposition
and the sewing had begun.

In the interior of the nest, the larvoe seem to be put down
any how, in a pile in the centre. The rest of the ants remain
in the middle of the nest crowded together, and all manner of
things, such as insects, bits of meat, etc., are brought in and de-

ON THE HABITS OF THE CARINGA.

347

voured. Scale insects loo are carried up inlo tlie neat, and
thrown down anyhow, generally wrong way up. In two or
three nests I have seen mud and gravel brought up and deposit-
ed ; in one made of the leaves of a caryota palm at the lowest
end and at a point where Ihe leaves did not actually touch, the
aperture was filled up with a quantity of small stones and red
mud agglutinated together with some wet slimy substance.
It is possible that this was destined to weight down that end
o( the ncsl.

The courage df the Caringa is mar\'ellous. It does not
scruple to attack any in-:cct however large, 1 once witnessed
a fight between an army of Caringas who tenanted the upper
part of a fig tree, and advancing crowd of a much larger kind
of black ants. . The field of ballle was a large horizontal
bough about 5 feet from the ground. '1 he Caringas standing
alert on their tall legs were arranged in masses awaiting the
onset of the enemy. The black ants charged singly at any
isolated Caringa and tried to bile it in two with their power-
ful jaws. If successful the Caringa was borne off to the nest
at the foot of the tree. The red ant on the other hand
attempted always to seize the black ant and hold on to It, so
that its formic acid might take effect in the body of its enemy.
If it g'lt a hold on the black ant the latler snon succumbed
and was borne off to the nest in thi: top of the tree. Eventual-
ly the Caring^is retreated to their nest, and the la^st who left the
field was one who had lost one leg and the abdomen in th^
fight, but notwithstanding this I saw it alone charge and repulse
three black ants one after the other, before it lelt the field.

I believe ihe^e ants are cannibal.'s, at least they carry away
dead ones into iheir nesis, and commence sucking the bodies.
When an ant is .slightly wou idcd they do not kill it, but pull it
about and nibble it, but if fatally wounded ihey bear it off
to their nests and probably eat it Boides other insects,
meat and general animal foo !, they live a^ I have saiJ, ujion
the honey of the scale insects, Th'-y si:ck this honey until
tliey become so distended as to be almost transparent and on
meeting with others not so provided they spit the honey with
much waving of legs and antennce into their mouths.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA,*
From January, 1888, to June, 1890.

C. DAVIES SHERBORN, F.z.s., f.g.s.

In compiling this Bibliography, all sources of information
have been utilized. In inserting, therefore, every publica-
tion that has come under his notice, the compiler hopes that
the entries will prove of considerable assistance ; but, as a
large proportion of the literature of this district, either never
reaches England at all, or else arrives so long after as to be
too late for examination for this purpose, he begs the reader's
indulgence for any error that may be present. His thanks are
are due to M. Martinus Nijhoff of The Hague for information
as to some of the more recent books.

Abdoellah bin Abdelkadir MOENSji. — Verhaal van de reis
van Abdoellah naar Kalantan en van zijne reis naar
Djeddah, in het Maleisch, voor de lithogr. pers geschreven
en van aanteek. voorzien door H, C, Klinkert, 4to. Lei-
den, 1889, xii, 407 pp.

Adriani, p. — Herinneringen uit en aan Nederlandsch Oost-
Indie 1877-82. Schetsen en indrukken. Pt. i,8vo. Lop-
per sum, 1889, 2, 188 pp.

De tropische infectieziekten. 8vo. Leeuwarden,

1889, 121 pp.

[Reprint from Ned. milit, geneesk. Arch., 1888.]

* By " Malaya " is here meant that part of the Archipelago enclosed in a
line drawn round the North of Siam and the Philippines, through Macassar
Strait between Lombok and Bali, round the outlying Islands of Java and
Sumatra and to the East of Nicobar and Andaman Islands.

350 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

AlTTON, D. — Nederlandsch Oost-en West Indie, ten dienste
van het onderwijs. Ed. 2, 8vo. Groningen, i88g, iv, 141
pp.

Albers, G. — Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lucaniden-Fauna
von Sumatra. Deutsch Entom, Zeitschr, vol. xxxiii,
1889, pp. 232-240.

Aldervverelt, J. DE Roo VAN. — Eenige mededeelingcn
over Soemba. Tijdschr. Ind, taal-iand-volkenk. vol.
xxxiii, 1890, pp. 565-596.

Ai.MANAK— Atau (Takwim) ja-itoe : Hitoengan Hari, Boelan
dan Tahoen Orang Mesehi, 1890; Tahoen Orang Islaam.
1307-1308 ; Tahoen Orang Tjina, Kong-si, xvi. 8vo. Bata-
via, 1889, 37 pp.

RegeeringsalmanakvoorNederlandsch-Indie, 1888.

Eerste gedeeltc : Grondgebied, bevolking en inrichting
van het bestuur van Nederlandsch-lndie. Tweede ge-
deelte : Kalender en personalia. %\o. Batavia, 1888, 1,
XX, 428 and 622 pp., II, xxviii, 906 pp.

Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-lndie,

1889. 8vo. Batavta, 2 parts, xvi, 436, 667 and xxviii, 891
pp.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 351

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352 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 355

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356 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAVA.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAI.AVA. 357

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358 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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360 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAVA. 361

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 383

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404 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OP MALAYA.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAVA.

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Korotnevium na Sondskikh ostrorakh. Trudui, S.Seter-
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Wallace, A. K. — Australasia. With ethnological appendix
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Waterhouse, C. O, — Additional observations on the Tea-
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p. 307.

Weber [van Boss e].— Madame A. — Etude sur des Alquesde
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Webf.r, Max. — Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nieder-
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-— Mammalia from the Malay Archipelago. ZqoI.

Ergeb. N. O.-lnd., pt. 1, 1890, pp. 93-114.

Ueber Themnocephala Blanchard, Zool. Er-
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Spongillidee des Indischen Archipel. Zool.

Ergeb. N. O. Ind., pt. i, 1890, pp. 30-47, pi. iv,

WeSSELS, L. — Het loon van de koffie plantende bevolking of
Java, in verband met art. 86 van het Regeeringeregle-
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422 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OP MALAYA.

Wessels, L. — De geleidelijke oplossing van de GouveriK
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— De landrente op Java. De Economist^ 188

pp. 82-100.

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Weyers, — [Extract of a letter from Sumatra on Insects-
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WljK, Jr., P. VAN. — De Roomsche Zending in onze kolonie
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WlJNEN, R. — Noord-Borneo en het tractaatvan 1824. Tiji
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WijNMALEN, T. C. L. — Statistisch overzicht van Nederlandsc
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__ Cijfers en feiten op het gebeid d<

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WiLKEN, G. A. — lets over de mutilatie der tanden bij de volkc
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'■■ Het pandrecht bij de volken van den Indij

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De verbreiding van het Matriarchaat o;

Sumatra. Bijdr, taal-land-volkenk, Ned. Ind. [53, vo!
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De verbreiding van het Matriarchaat 01

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

WiLKEN, G. A. — De couvadc bij de volkcn van den Indischen.
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■ — Ptechtigheden en gebruiken bij verlovingen

en huwelijken bij dc volken van den Indischen Archipel,

Bijdr. taal-land-volkenk., Ned. Ind., vol. iv, 1S89, pp. 380-463

lets over de schedelvereering bij de volken

van den Indischen Archipel. B jdr. taal-land-volkenk,
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Albino's in den Indischen Archipel. Bijdr

taal-land-volkenk., Ned. Ind., vol. v, 1890, pp. 105-120.

WtLLINCK. G- V.-
Seiden.,

untwezen. 8vo.

-Het Nederlandsch-Indie i
, 138 pp. (lang. Diss.)

WiNATA, Raden KarTA. — Formulieren in gebruek bij het

afslerven en het begraven in de desa Bengang, afdeeling

SoemSdang. Tidsckr Ind. taal-tand-en volkenk. vol.

xxxii, pp. 211-216.
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Nat. Geneesk. Congres, 1888, pp. 56-62.
Winter, C. F. — Verzameling van zedelijke verhalen, uit het

Hollandsch vertaald. 8vo. Batavia, 1889, 215 pp.
WiTKAMP, H. Ph. Th. — Een woord bij dc kaart van Sama-

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pp. 165-194.
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Proi. Linn. Sor. N. S. Wales, ser., 2, ii, 1887, pp.

805-810.
Geographical Notes in Malaysia and

Asia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales., vol iii, 1888.
• Malaysian Land and Freshwater Mollusca.

Proc. Linn. Nor. N. . W'«/«, vol, iii, 1888, pp. 1003.

1095, pis. xxvii-xxx.

424 A BIBLIOCftAt»HY OP MALAYA.

Wray, L. Jr. — Summary of the Report on the Pommelo
Moth. Journ, Si. Br, /?. Asiat. Sor., No. 19 [1888;
pp. 13.16.

■ Report on the Padi borer, your. St. Br. I

Asiat. Sor., No. 19 [1888], pp. 73-82 [Chile oryMaellu.

Riley.]

WObben, F. A. Ebbinge. — Die Nanuza-Inslen. Mitth. Geogi
Anst.i 1888, pp. 136-138, sketch-map.

Yate, a. C. — ^The Shan States. Asiat* Quart. Rev. vol. v
1888, pp. 309-326.

Young, J. W. — De feestdagen der Chineezen door Tsho
Tsoe Koan naar den Maleischen Tekst bewerkt. Ttjdscht
Ind. taal'land'Volkenk.y vol. xxxii, 1888, pp. 1-88.

YOUNGHUSBAND, G. J. — Eighteen hundred miles in a Burmes
Tat, through Burmah, Siam and the Eastern Shan States
8vo. London, 1888, 162 pp.

ZegERS, G. L. — De tucht in de inlandsche Christen gemeen
ten. Overz. V. Zending-confer.^ 1888, pp. 11 7-1 71.

■ De tegeawoordige stand der opium-questic

Overz. V. Zendingcon/er., 1888, pp. 48-88.

Zending. — Conferentie. Overzicht van de Vijfde

gehouden te Batavia en te Depok, van 22 Aug. tot de 1
Sept., 1887. 8vo. Den Haag, 1888, iv, 188 pp.

^«— De Missive van Z. Exc. den Minister van koloniei

d. d. 8, Mei, 1888, gericht tot het Nederl. Zendeling
genootschap en de Zendingvereenigingen hier te lande
Afed. Ned. Zendel.^ vol. xxxiii, 1889, pp. 336-350.

Algemeen Verslag van den staat het middelbaar en lagei
onderdijs voor Europeanen en met dezen gelijkgestelder
in Nederlandsch-Indie over 1887. 4to. Batavia^ 1S88
viii, 117 pp.

Cijfers en feiten uit het koloniaal verslag van 1888. Ind
Cids.j vol. xi, 1889, pp. 361-375.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 435

Gijfers en feiten uit het koloniaal Verslag van 1888 in
verbond met eenige opgaven uit vroegere koloniale
Verslagen. De Jnd. Cids.,\o\. xi, 1889, pp. 75S-791.

Die Verhouding van het Getalcijfer der Boeddhisten tot,
dat der overige godsdienstbelijders. Med. Ned- Zendel.,
vol. xxxiii. i8«g, pp. 457-459>

De Indische Tolk van Het Nieuws van den dag. Wcek-
blad aan de belangen van Ned, Indid, Cewijd. [P.
Heyling]. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1889,

Eifde Jaarverslag der Vereeniging tot voor bereidend onder-
richt aan Kinderen in Ned. -Indie van i April 1888 tot
I April i8Sg. 8vo. Batavia., 1889, 8, pp.

Een Merkwaardige Regeeringsbenoeniing, getoetst aan de
eischen der rcchtvaardigheid, aan feiten, herinneringen
en beginselen. 8vo. S' Gravenhage, iS8g, 56 pp.

Gouvernemenls-KofliiecuUuur, Rapport van de Staats-Com-
missie. 4to. S' Gravenhage, 1S89, 68, 166, 144 pp.

Handboek voor cultur-en handelsondernemingem in Neder-
landsch-lndie. 2nd year. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1889, viii,
546 pp.

Handboek van cultuur-en Handeisondernemingen in Neder-
landsch-lndic. Jaargang i. 8\o. Amsterdam, 1888, xii,
467 pp.

Jaarcijfers over 1887 en vorigeu jaren No. 7. Uitgegeven
door liet Statistisch Instituut der Vereeniging voor de
Statistiek in Nederland. 8vo 105 pp.

Observations made at the Magnetical and M eti^orological
Observatory at Batavia. 8vo. Batavia, 1888, vol. viii,

(1883, 1884, 18S5). Ibid vol, X fiSS?) 8vo.

Batavia, 1888.

Programma der lessen aan het Gymnasium Willem III Negen
en twintigste schoolj'aar. Afdeeling: Hoogere Burger
school. Afdeeling: Taal-land-en volkenkundevan Neder
landsch-lndie. hvee en twintigsle cursus 1888-9. 8vo
Batavia., 1888, 1, 63 pp.. i tabic ; II 23 pp., 1 table.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA-

Rcglement van de Vereeninging tot bevordcring der ^
kundige wetenschappen in Ncderlandsch-tndifi,

Batavia, 18S9, 8 pp.

Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie over het jaar i888i
Zalt-Bommel., 1889, xii, 92. viii.

Taaloefcningen voor de lagere school. 8vo. Soerabaya^
63 PP-

Ter hereinnering ann J. F. R. S. van den Bossche,
Eekhont. J. Millard. J. F. Mozsel, C. H. von i
berg, Qen. von Schierbrand, Th. F. Schiti,.
van Swieten, G. H. Uhlenbeck, J. A. B. Wt'seili
J. A. Wi/ieits. De Indhche Gids., vol. xi, 18I
427-443-

Traveller's Malay Pronouncing Handbook for the
Travellers and Newcomers to Singapore. Ed. 3, 1
Singapore 18S9.

Uit het koloniaal verslag van 1888 (Eeredienst Christ
' idienst). Afed. Ned. Zendet., vol
pp. I. 16.

Uitgifte in erfpacht van woeste gronden in Nederland
Indie. Memorie aan Z. Exc. den minister van Kolon
etc. Met Bijlaag " N. P. van der Berg," " Erfpad
landen en Volkswclvaart." Tijd^chr. Ned. Ind. Ma^k
Nijv. Landb., vol. xxxvii, 1888, pp. 379-431. 1

Verh. des vil. Intern. Orient.-Congr., inn 1886, 8vo., j|

1889. (Hochasiatische und Malayo-polynesische sect«
Verslag der Maatschappij " Onderlinge Hulp" over iS

8vo. Batavia 1889, 1 1 ph.

Verslag van de Commissie tot het afnetnen van het e»
der Hoogere Burgerscholen met vijfjarigen
Nederlandsch-lndie voor 1888. Svo. Batavia 1S88,

Verslag over den aanleg en de exploitalie van de stas
spoorweg in Ned. -Indie over het jaar 1S8S. 4to Batat

1890, Ixxiv, 212 pp.

]

A BIBLEOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Vierde Jaarverslag van het Uitkeeringslonds " Help u Zell"
te Batavia, Boekjaar, 1889. 8ov. Batavia 1889,40 pp.

Banguey Island. — Mitford Harbour. London, Hydrogr. Office.
18S9, No. 1220. i: 12, 800.

Topograph ische Kaart de Residentig Besoeki. i: 100,000.
Haag, i88g, 9 sheets.

North West Coast of Borneo : Muara harbour and approaches
to Brunei River, i: 31.750. London, (Admiralty), 1889,
No. 2134.

Borneo, Map of British.— By WJttie Pryer, Halton, Walter and
Waly. London, J 888, i: 640,000.

Gids voor het bevaren van de Caspar .Straten. 5" Haag, 1888.

Hydrogr. Bur. Baiavia -8,1^1 pp.
Java. Residentiekaarten Paroeroean. 4 sheels. Haag, 1888.
-Kjart van het eiland Java en omliggende eilanden en

vaarwaters, van 103° 30' tot 115° 30' O. L. vo, Gr,

1:500,000. Amsterdam, 18S7.
The Western Part of the Java Sea and the Southern Passage to

China, i: 1625,000. Washtnglon, Hydrogr. Office, 1889,

No. 1 1.70.
Java. Kaart van Java, i: 500,000, by P. R. Bos, R, R. Rijkens

and W. van Gelder. 4 sheets fol., Croningen, 1890.
Java en Madoera. Kaart van Java en Madoera, 1: 950,000

with a map of Batavia and the harbour works, l: 60,000.

By y. Dormeiffen. 4 sheets. Amsterdam, 1S90.
Malacca Strait. Approaches to Perak River, i; 73,000.

London Hydrogr. Office, i8S8,No. 1009.
Map of the Malay Peninsula. PubUshed under the auspices of

the Slrails Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 sheets.

Fol, London 1887.
Indes N^erlandaises Positions geflgraphiqucs rectifiies de

divers points. Ann. hydrogr. Pat is, 1888, p. 241.

4a8 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.

Nederlandsch-Oost.-Indie. Wandkaart. Ed. 2, 6 sheets.
Groningeny 1890, with " Handleiding" Svo. iv, 35 pp.

Kaarten en gidsen van den Nederlandsch-Indischen Archi-
pel uitgeg. door het hydrographisch bureau van het
departement van Marine te Batavia. Svo. Batavia,
1890, :6 pp.

Sumatra, Kaart der tabaks-ondernemingen op de Oostkust

van By P. de Vries and Zoon. Amsterdam^

1888.

Westkust-Sumatra van Roesa tot Melaboe. i : 250^000. Fol.
BataviUy 1889, Hydrogr. Bureau.

Plannen van Ankerplaatsen op de westkust van Sumatra.
Blad. ii, iiii. Batavia^ Hydrogr. Bureau 1889.

Noordwestkust Sumatra van Roesa tot de Bocht van Pedir.
i: 150,000. Batavia Hydrogr, Bureau, 1889.

Noordkust Sumatra van Batoe Poetih tot Diamant punt,
i: 150,000. 8vo. Batavia y 1889, Hydrogr. Burean.

Sunda Strait and Approaches i: 195,000. Washington,
Hydrogr. Office ^ 1889, No. 114.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

COCO-NUT BEETLES.

Mr. Hale of Tampin sends ihe following notes about ihc
coco-nut bt-etles, which seem worth recording : — "The natives
here (Tampin ) have the following names for this insect in the
larval stage — Lembetah and Kelemaiah. The latter means
that which tickles the eye (sight being understood), and the
former is probably derived from it." Kelemata, originally
Gelc mata, may, he thinks, be derived In the following way : —
'" Malay women are generally slightly hysterical, and seeing a
lump of these larvze wriggling about in a vessel would make a
Malay woman squirm { I can find no better word) and would
give her a feeling of being tickled which she would so ex-
press. The large millipede I have known to cause the same
sensation to Malay men who arc particularly nen'ous."
This suggestion seems quite a possible one for the derivation.
One may compare FORBES's account of his throwing a woman
into a state of latah, by flicking a caterpillar upon her, and I
have known a syce unable to look at a death's head caterpillar
which I was carrying without violent shuddering and horror.

Mr. Hale adds: — "The larvae are very much relished by
Malays, and 1 myself ate several of them and found them
particularly sweet and nice, having a flavour like a fried filbert.
The way to cook them is to put them alive into a pan over a
slow fire and fry them until they are crisp. In the process of
cooking they exude a quantity of a clear sweet nuttj- flavoured
oil ( loo larvje will yield about half a pint). This is believed by
Malay women to be a most excellent hair-oil, and is much used
by them for that purpose to encourage the growth of girls'
hair. The perfect \j\?,Gc\,\scaX\eA Kumbangjenti, Kumhang
Kalapa and Buang, but all of these names are applied indif-
ferently to other lirge beetles."

430 OCCASIONAL NOTES.

MOSQUITO LARV/E IN THE PITCHERS

OF NEPENTHES.

{

Towards the end of last year, on examining the contents
a pitcher 6i the common pitcher plant {Nepenthes antpullaa
ack) which was growing in the jungle in the Botanic Garde
was surprised to find three larvae of one of the mosquil
living aftd apparently thriving in the water of the pitch
Carefully cutting off the pitcher and keeping it in a bottle
succeeded, in two or three days, in rearing two of the lar
to maturity. That mosquito larvae are not very particular
to the water they live in is known to every one who has ei
watched them, but it is certainly very remarkable to find th(
living and thriving in the liquid in the Nepenthes, which is
speedily fatal to any other insect which chances to fall in.

MATONIA PECTINATA IN THE KARIMON

ISLANDS.

During a short trip recently made to the Karimon islan<
I came across a great quantity of Matonia pectinata, g^rowi
with Dipteris Lobbiana ai^d U, Horsfieldii, near the waterfj
which is certainly not more ^han 500 feet above sea lev
This rare fern is not known to' grow elsewhere at a lou
altitude than 2,000 feet. Dipteris florsfieldii, itself so abunda
on the shores here near Kranji, in Johor, Toas, Pasir Panjar
etc., is an alnine or subalpine plant only in Java growi
at about 4,000 feet altitude. '^^

H. N. RIDLEY.