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Royal ,

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of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

JUNE 1904

srRAn> 111

1 ASIAIIC hCXlhl V

[No. 40]

JOURNAL

June. 1004

^^fl

[No. 40J

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

JUNE 1904

SINCJAPORK :

I'RINTH) AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS

1904

' < I

JOURNAL

June. 1Q04

Table of Contents.

Jin IllustraterJ Catalos^ne of the Erhnosrraphira! (.'*,. >KZi*jji
of the Sarawak Mu.seum — Part I. Mu^ioa! Instru-
ments, liv H. Sh'-fh^r'f ij ijf^

Errata.

Pa^e 5, bottom line for " Subdived " read " Subdivided."

Page 7, 6th line „ " Plate VI " „ " Plate VII."

Page 12, in foot note „ ** Kenyah-Kyan " „ ** Kelamautan."

Page 22, bottom line „ " Stopes " „ " Stops."

Page 82, 7th line „ " Plate VIII, tigs. 11 and 21 "

read " Plate VIII, tigs. 1 1 and 12."

Page 52, 14th line „ " Plate IV, tig. II "

7eati" Plate IV, tig. 11."

Page 53, 8th line from bottom for ** tangkai kniiak "

read " tongkat krutak.''

Page 54, lines 13, 24 and 30 for ** tinical " read "finial."

An Illustrated Catalogue of the Ethno-
graphical Collection of the
Sarawak Museum.

INTRODUCTION.

The nucleus of the ethnographical collection uf the Sarawak
Museum is a collection made by Mr, Uugh Brooke Low, during
the greater part of his service under the Sarawak <TOvernnient
( lHGi^-188G); Mr. Low made full use uf his opptirtunities and
got together oearij* 300 different objects of ethnographical
interei5t chiefly from the natives of the Rejang and Batang
Lupar rivers. The eottection was sent to Cngland and for some
lime wa^ exhibited at the South Kensington Museuni. [n 1887,
however. His* Highness the Rajah of Sarawak purchased the
rtMllection^ and in 1891 it was deposited in the newly-opened
^ Sarawak i Museum. To this nucleus have been added by con-
Htant additions nearly l,.iOO specimen.s and s*} recently a^s 1891»
a competent critic was able to assert that the Sarav^ak Museum
contained •* the best and most instructive cul lection of Sarawak
etliftography extant'' (** Nature' Aug. 51st I8l*l», p. 413.)

Pufortunately the Museum is but rarely visited by serious
uludents of anthropology and as with the exceptiou of Ling
Uath'iJ ** S a tiveai of Sarawak and British North Borneo** and
one or two papers by Hein (Vienna, Ls:>0), the cuUure- history
of the Bonieans has never been ade«nuitely pictured, it seemed
adviaabte to compile an illustrat^r'd catalogue uf this tine
ethtiogTftphicat collection, so that thcis*' interested in the
natives of Borneo might have some sort oi picture of thtjm even
if a more personal iic<|uaintanue was out of the ipiesrion.

Even in Sarawak, welKprotected as it is against European
exploitation, great changes have taken place amongst the natives
within the laat thirty years ; the great incursion of Chinese has

2 SAUAWAK ETHKOGHAPIUCAL CtJl.LKCTlON,

biul its effects; the domitmnt Sea-Dyak has iiicreaaed enormously
in the Kejang River, driving the Kyan, Katiovvit arid other tribe&i
\ms robust than himself before him, ao that the ethnographical
variety of the chief river of Brooke Low's collecting area ia
now sadly diminished; lioally the iDiluence of the European on
tile change of native habits must not be ieft out of account. *
The catalogue, then, is not begun a day 1*00 aoon, reliable
iuformation on many specimens must be obtained novv, or before
many years it may be too late. As it is, the Srus, a trilx? appar-
ently allied to the Tanjongs, living near Kalaka. have fofifotten
all their old customs and culture, a fragmentary language
alone remaimng to suggest a less i^rnoble pa«t ; whilst the Tan-
jongs themselves, thanks Uj the gin-bottle and the immorality
of their womenare rapidly drawing near t<3 theabyss of extinction.
The project of such a catalogue as this was for some time in my
mind, but the ways and means of production were difficult to
tind, IJowever, at the end of 1IK12 the Council of the Straits
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society generously came Ut the res-
cue and the catalogue will be pubh'shed in parts under their
auspices.

The ethnographical collection now to be catalogued cannot
claim to be absolutely complete, and there are many specimens
scattered amongst European Museums which are unrepresented
in the Sarawak Museum* These will be alluded to in the catalogue
whenever possible and speeiuiens known ti* the writer but un-
represented iti any museum will also be noted. No particular
order in the series of objects described will be observed, but
each part will be produced as soon as it is ready, I have been
fortunate in securing the collaboration of l»r, <.\ Hose, Resident
of the Baram district, in at least < ne part of the catalogue and
other local authorities have been as generous in supplying me
with information as they have been in obtaining specimens foi
the Museum.

* To give a concrete exam jile of change; — It it no longer easy
to obtain ?*peciinen?< of the niftbar n variety of ?*bort nwuril formerly
much in una auion;j^>tt the Sea Dyaks, ihGjim/iul ajtd iUtmij Knmnrtm
are timcb more cotiimon, the furuier won invented less than 2U years
ago, the latter only last year. Nnmerous other examplei) might be
i|uote<l.

Juur. Straiil» Eraiteh I

tnti

I'ART I.

Musical Instruments.

Br R. Shelfobd. m, a,, f, us., etk\
Curator nf the Sarawak Museum.
The musical m^traments of the Rortieao tribes fnll riattimtly

1 , Stringed instrument.

2, VV^ind iTistruaients.

3, Jews hfirpK.

4, Instrunientj^ of percussion*

*rh©y are described in thb» order. KacVj ^roup can be sub-
divided into cla^!4e*» and under the clast$-headiti^<ii are described
the different *j*pe<!ie.s* freipiently represented by niure than one
jipiKrinien. In additi.>u tu dt*ijcribing^ each specimen fully, I
have quoted \l^ numb»»r in the Museum cataloo^ut* und hiive
rectirdt*d how and when it came into the pos8eH**ion of the
ain^uni; all mea^^ureuientH are uflven in centimetreH. It will ^le
ween that the Mni^eum is indebted to ujany friends for valu»ible
specimen'*; as it would Iw* tedious to detail hf^re all thi^tr tiarnos,
1 mu.Ht expre.s8 my thanks to them as a (Collective liody; the
!mtiie<t of Mr. P. .1. S. Bailey, of the Sarawak service itrMJ Mr.
K, W. Byrde, of the Borneo i\x, cannot however paN?i without
?*pecial notice, a» Ui these two f^enUemfni 1 am indebted not
only for many interesting and opportune apecimeiis but aho
for much v^aluable information concerning- thenu My friend
Mr. II. Balfour, curator of the Pitts-Hi%'ers .Museunu Oxford, ban
^ven me much Uiieful advice and help, and U\s papi*rson uai^ical
instrument's have served a?^ model?* which I fear that n**vfir*
theleA.1 I have but imperfectly copied.

K A Hor

">H.

SAKAVVAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL CULLECTrox

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS.

There are four main classes of stringed instruments io use
amongst the tribes of Borneo* t —

I. Primitive musical bow — perhaps the progenitor of

II. Fiddles and guitars.
11 L Upright harps.
IV. Cylindrical harps.

Class I.— Primitive Musical Bow.

This instrument is used only by the Tanjongs, a small isolat-
eJ tnl:>e living at Kapit, liejang River, iSarawak. It consists of
a tbttened bow (basoi) with a rattan string laid across a pot of
earthenware or metal» the rnoutb of the pc^i i>eing closed by a
wotjden diaphragm {arttn); the handle of the bow is grasped in
the right hand and the taut bow string is tapped with a short
stick held in the left hand; different notes can be prudyced
either by lingering the string or by moving the bow so that
different parts of its arc rest on the wooden diaphragm closing
the pot. A very fair volume of sound can be produced. Until
(juite recently no specimens of this interesting musical instrn-
ment had found their way to European Museums^ but there are
now examples in thp Anthropological Museums of Oxford and
Cambridge Universities. The '' Natural Ilistriry of the Musical
How" by fL Balfour (Oxford, ISi^H) should be '^consul t^d for a
full and detailed account of the geographical distribution and
evolution of this primitive type of musical instrument.

• Dr. A. W. Nieiiwenhia« fijpireti in **In Ceiitraal Borneo' Vol. 11
PI. L\'n a Kayan girl beating with a stick on a 8tnii>f Htretohed long-
itudinally across II Hliield anil hrid;LifeU up with two ('ylindrical wooden
plujj» lit the end ; iiiideriitiHtii the plate Im printed '*Het Voordragen van
zanf^en.deoverleveriii^'en van den «tam, behelzende ":— i.e, the overture
to a 3on^, delivered by the assembled tribe. '

But there in no reference to the ill nitration in the text and 1 ti«lieve
that tUiNi in merely an inipruvified niuHiral in^tmiiieut, and one seldom
in uae.

Jcmr. Stfftitw Brantlj

I
I

SARAWAK ETHNOGRArHICAL CCiLLKCTlON. 5

I Tanjoug— Z?a^or and Arau,

<T. (Plate I, fig. 1, upper specimen).

The busoi is a stigbtty bowed slat of hard black wood 93-6
cm. long and 4*4 vm, broad about \ts middle. One end is fretted
and moulded and forms the handle, the other end has one border
slightly excavated in the way shown in the li^ure. A strip of
split rattan is strung through a hole near the handle and laced
through two holes near the other end.

The arfjn is a disc of wood, 28 cm. in diam. with a large
hole in the centre ; the border for a depth of 2.5 cm, has been
sloped down and a dog's tooth pattern is cut in low relief on
it, the back ground t»eing stained black with soot ur indigo.

Catalogue No. 5'J. Brooke Low collection. — This speci-
men has been fiicured in ** The Natives of Sarawak and ISritish
North Borneo" by 11. Ling lioth, 1S86 Vol. II p. 200. and in
**The Natural History of the Musical Bow" by IL Balfour {18Ul»)
p. 6y, i^g' 41> ; the latter illustration is taken from a photograph
of this specimen in the possession of Sir Hugh Low.

k (Plate L fig. 1, lower specimen ).

The busoi is of soft white wood, 82 'ii cm. long and 4 cm.
brtiad in the middle. The concave side has a geometric pattern
rut ill l;as-relief, the outstanding background being stained
red with dragon's blood: the handle is unstained, it is moulded
and fretted forming an S-shaped curve; the opposite end has it-s
borders notched and curved, it is staiued with dragon's blood
and has a rosette {hutth trong} cut in it. \ strip of rattan is
strung through a hole near the handle and laced through two
holes near the distal end.

The aran is a disc of wood 30 cm. in diam. with an incised
phyllomorpbic pattern surrounding a central rosette ; it is ntjt
perforated. The Td,XXi\n plfxttum is 31 cm. long. The pot over
which Uie at an is laid is a common bazaar ptjt of Chimrsi^ make,
light-blue in colour and glazed: 22*5 cm. djam.; 13 ciii. high.

Catalogue No. 1230. ^iHon. 11. F. De^hon, [P. i. m]

CLASS IL— Fiddles akh Giutabs.
This main class may be suMived into two sub-el wses : —

B. a, NOCL, Hn. 4(% 1004.

HAKAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIUN

I A) buddies with simi^ht wooden stem transfixing a resonatoi?
UfiuaHy made fiom a bollowed-out t'oconut ^hell or gourd, and
with une or luore strings. Such are the one stringed fuserufim
of the Sea^Hyaks and the sn/tttufid of the Land-Dyaka and thd
two- or tbree-strinjared fmjhfthup of the Sea-Dyaka. The i^er-^
former nn any of these inHtruments sitson the ground and liold
ing the stem of the fiddle in hii!> left hand rests the resonati
against the calf of his left leg or else grasps with his toes thi
part of the stem that projects through the resonator ; the strinj
ii* sawed with a very simple b<»w {pctujaifni) held in the right hand
generally no sound can Ln- produced until the string has beei
well moistened with salivu and even then the volume of aoutid if
not great. The Sea-Dyaks imitate on the inf^rrumti Ihe dirgefl
sung at deaths and at buriaL

(ii) Guitars, cut out from a solid block of wood, the resonat-
or being hollowed out either from the back or from the front
and with from two to six s-trings, wliich are stnimmed vvith th€
lingers. Kxamples of such instruments are found amongst tin
Kayans, Kenyabs, Mulohs, Dusuns. Malays, and Sea-Uyaks, ihi
latter people having probably borrowed from the Malohs. Tb<
fiddle figured by Ling Koth Lc, V'uL I K p. 202 is undoubtedly
Chinese; numi^rs of tliese are made in Uong-Koug for export
andean be bought any day in the Sarawak laazaars. The Malay
liddle figured on p. 2*)»> Vol. 11- of IJng Rotb*s work is Javanesi
and though the instrument is descrih'd as l>»iug of Borneo make^
it camiot be regarded as typical of Borneo iMalays. A very
isumilar s|3ecimcn bought from a Hugis is in the liaffles Museum,
Singapore,

t 8ea-Dyak — Knatrmmi ^ Plate I. tie. -^v)

rt.— (Second s[)ectnieii from the left,)

*Stem straigbL trunsHxiug the resonator and projecting cor
siderably beyond ; (he head if^ flattened and slightly enlarged
its front border nt4ched and moulded. The resonator is half a'
gourd (rjetiok jfelftittff\, the bottom is peiforat^d ; a diaphragm
of monkey skin is lashed i»n with a rattan binding and tightened
up with wedges ( IMati* Vll, fig. 1 ). The striog which is of rattan

Jour. mrtUU Brand

SARAWAK ErnxOGRAPHlCAL COLLECTION.

(rotfin setju) at one eod is looped over the part of the stem which
projects bej^ond Uie resonator and passes from this point of
AtUurbrnent to the lower part of the head of the stem which
y deeply grooved long-itudinally ; the string runs along the
groove and out through a hole at the side and is then wound
round the head (Plate VI, tig, 2); a notch on each side of the
groove is endently intended for the reception of a cross-bridge.
Ther« is no bridge for the string opposite the resonator. A
brmcing string of grass is present. The bow is of bamboo with
a grass string. Total length of tiddle 66 cm.; diameter of reaon-
mtoT 1>'5 cm.

Catalogue So. 55. Brooke Low Collection.

(k Stem straight of a bard dark wood, translixing reso-
tiator and projecting considerably beyond. The head is not
expanded; the front of the stem has a deep longitudinal groove
for the greater part of its length; there are some shallow
transverse grooves and incised lines distad and proxinmd of
the longitudinal groove by way of deconitiori. The resonator is
half a gourd, closed by a diaphragm of wood lut^d on with
dauirtiar, the bottom is perforated. The rattan string at one
end is looped round the part of the stem that projects lieyond
the resonator, at the other it is wound round a slip of wood
driven transversely through the st^m (Plate VII, fig. 3) tliere are
notches on each side of the gro^uve for the reception of a cross-
bridge. Two bracing strings of grass. Bow of bamboo, with
grass string. Total length nu.o cm., diam, of resonator ll.Ti
cm.

Catalogue No. 56, Brooke Low collection. This specimen
has been figured by Ling Koth (1. c, VoL II, p. 2C»U)«

c. ( 1st specimen on right). Stem straight, hemisphericai in
section, of a brown soft wood, transfixing resonator and project-
ing considerably beyond it, the head of the stem is enlarged
tlattaned and bent forward at an angle to the sUnn. e>*ch side is
carved in low relief with a phyllomorplnc |xittern mikI piiinted
in three colours, red, yellow, and green. The restui br is httif
A cocoa-nut 5<he)l closed by a diaphragm nf wood luted on
with dammar ; one of the ** eyes "of the oucoa-nut hus Ijeen
bured forming an oriiice at the bottom uf the resoriiiloi. The

It JL Sue.. So. Ut, 19U*

SARAWAK ETUNOGHAPHICAI. COLLECTION,

stenctl

rattan string at one etid is [oo|>ed round the part of the
that projects tx^yond the re-soniitor. the other pusses into a
groove and round a tuning peg that traverses the stem just
below the head. Bridge missing; a long and stout bamboo bow
with rattan string. Total length 78 cm ; diamet**r of resonator
1 L,d cm.

Catalogue So. 1*74. Brooke Low ut>lle€tion.

(/. (2nd specimen from right). Stem straight, flattetied, of]
hard brown wo<jd ; it transHves the resonator but does nol
projf^ct much t>eyond : the head h enlarged, iti front edge i.
notch t*d and carved. The resoTiator is made from a section of
bambot), cut just abuve and jut^t below a node ; the septum of
the bamboo is perforated with a star-shaped hole : the top of
the resonator is covernd with a diaphragm of skin fashed on
with rattan ( I'late V'l I, iig. I ); the plaited band uf rattan (c.) encir-
i:les the resonator at the zone of the lejif-scar^. The single
rattan string is at one end looped over the stem in the usual
manner, at the other f»ud is lashed round the lower end oF the
heud, passing: through a hole irj tlie front Iwrder ; then^ i?s no
timing peg. There is a wooden bridge shaped !ike an in«fl
verted \\ resting on ihe diaphragn» f»f the resonator and a grass V
bracing string* The bow is of rattan with a string made from
n strand *if the stem of the bracken, /^tena fnf>tilifut. Total ■
lengtli Til) J cm.; diameter of resonator (>.3f cm.; height of reso-fl
nator 7 cm. "

Catalogue No. 12^. I*. J. j*. Bailey, Es<]. [I']; from the
head waters of the t'ndup lliver.

t\ ( 1st specimen on left). Stem of soft w^ood, almost &(juare
in transverse section; it transli\es and pr<»jects beyond the
resonator ; the bead is much enlarg<*d, llatt^ined laterally and
bent back at an angle to ihe rest oi tlie stem ; on each side
a phyllomorphic pattern {t'esum^^^Gietchttmi dichotonui) is carv-
ed in deep relief. The resonat^jr is half a cocoanut shell, one
of the ** eyes " at the bottom has been perforated ; the mouth is
covered with a diaphragm of monkey skin with the hair still on
fastened with nitt»n lashings in the usual manner ^Flate VII,
tig, I ) The single rattan string at one end passes through a hole
pierced in the part of the stem that projects beyond the resonator

Joar. SbmlU Br«ncli

SARAWAK ETIlNOfiRAPHICAL COLLECTIOX.

is prevented from clipping through by a knot ; the other end
18 attached to the tunings pe^; this transfixes the head just
•bove the angle, and in order to eK[XJse a lenj^th of peg round
which to wind the string a deep s^hort longitudinal groove is
cot in the anterior face of the head, into this the string runs, \s
wound round the peg, passes out through the peg hole and is
knotted to the peg outside the gro^ive (Plate VIL tig. 4). A
wooden inverted V-shaped bridge is set on the diaphragm and
a s^uiall slip of wixid is thtust under the string just before ir
enters the tuning-peg groove. There is a bracing string of
gratis. The bow is of bamboo with a grass string. Tota! length
8J\.ri cm; diam. of resonator 12.5 cm.

Catalogue No. V22iK D. J. S, Bailey, Em[. [IV ii. OS].
Except that there is only one string this instrument might be
called an ftujkrrltap, the shape and carving of the head of the
Stem Ijeing very characteristic of that instrument. From the
Tndup River.

2. \^n&A>yBk—S%f]iUuadQVSi(fUQL (Plate VII, fig. 7.)

intern a length of bamkio {tongim), llesonator a hollowed-
fiut coconut shell with the top third cut off, it is transfixed by a
piece of wood ( Ihimth ) which tLen passes a short way up the
cavity of the baml>oo stem ; in the bottom of the coconut shell
is pierced a «]uiruunx of holes ; the top is covered by a circular
iJieet i»f sago-j)alm leaf, which is not secured in any way. There
i.H one tuning peg {than) which transfixes the stem back to front
not from side to side as in the cit^eruiuiL The single string {ot*i)
which \si the adventitious root of some epiphytic plant is knotted
at one end of the piece of wood transfixing the resonator, at the
other it is wound round the tuning peg. A triangular block of
wood (liiiftr) stands on the diaphragm and serves to bridge up
the **«lring. There is a small bow of bamboo with a string made
from a strand of the stem of the common bracken. Plena
nqutlimi. Total length G2 cm. From the village of Krokong,
Upper Sarawak.

(.Catalogue No. 1277. E. W. Byrde, Esq. [P. vij. 03]
The instrument is of very simple construction, in fact it
was made in about half-an-hour, the taut string serves to keep
every thing together, if this is slackened the diaphragm slips off

II, A Am^ H<k 40. U<04.

10 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

the resonator and the resonator itself becomes detached fn
the bamboo stem. The Krokongs occasionally make m<
finished fiddles than the one described above, but there are
specimens of such in the Sarawak Museum nor have I ever s(
one ; in some instances the head of a sigittuad stem may
carved to resemble a hornbill's head.

3. Sea-Dyak — Engkerhap.

Stem straight of a soft wood, transfixing resonator a
projecting slightly beyond ; the resonator is half a coconut sh
with a diaphragm of lizard ( Varanns aalvator) skin, secured
rattan lashings and wedges in the usual manner. The head
the stem resembles that in the enserunai No. 1229 ; the patte
has been painted red, blue, green and yellow. I'he two strin
of split rattan are at one end tied to that portion of the 8t<
which projects beyond the -resonator, at ^e other they pe
round two tuning pegs which are fitted as in the etiserunai >
1229. (Plate VII, f\g, 4) The bow (pengagat) is of rattan wi
a grass string. Total length 97 cm. From the Batang Lupi

Catalogue Xo. 1342. D. J. S. Bailey, Esq. [P. 29. ix,0

B, GUITARS.
1. Ky-dn—Sapeh (PI. II, fig. 4.)

Two-stringed guitar strummed with the fingers. A lar^
heavy instrument cut out of a block of tapang wood. Tl
resonator has been hollowed out at the back to a depth of fro
7 cm. to 10 cm.; the cavity is not closed by a diaphragm. Tl
face of the resonator is somewhat convex ; it is decorated wi
seven white discs formed of ground Tvochus shells and at tl
base with an incised geometrical design typically Kayan
character arranged on either side of a pointed ridge. The ste
is straight, thickening to the head which is carved to represei
the head of a dragon {asu) ; a shell disc is let into the top <
the dragon's head. There are two tuning pegs, one end <
these is roughly shaped, the other is split to receive the string
which pass through holes in the stem (Plate VII, fig. 5) an
so into the split ends of the pegs. The strings are of rattai

Juur. StraitM Brani

SARAWAK ETHNOGUAFHICAL COLLECTION. \\

At their lower end« they paws throu^b hales in the fare of the
r60OU&tor and are knotted to prevent s^lippin^ tliroutrh. Bridge
lost

TuUl length, 12*5 cm,; length of stem, 46*8 cm. ; greatest
breadth of rejsonator. 28*8 eui ; breadth of resonator at the
lKitt4>ni It) ciii» : g^^reate.st depth of resonati>r 14'3 cm.

I'atalo^ue No. 52. Brooke Low collection.

\ diminutive model of a very similar instrument is hung on
the wall of a model of a Kajamau house (Helatj^a, Kejang R,)
recently pre-entt^d to the Sarawak Muauem. Ling Koth,(l c.
Vol, H, p. 2ril) tigfurea a simihir instrument in the British
Museum. M'his however wa.^ made by the Long Wai, who dwell
i>n the Mahakkam Ri^^er, they are grouped by Dr. (J, Hose
amongst the Kayacj* ; the Long Wai name for this instrument
19 impai*

2. Du^un. — Two stringed guitar (? native name) (PI. VII, tig. OK

This h carved from a block of soft white wood. The stem
i^ hmg, S4|uare in section alx)ut it::t middle, expanding at its
junction with the resionator and at the liead which is carved
and moulded ; on its front face five little block:? of wood are
pegged on « 3-3i cm. apart), apparently to mark the llngediig
of tlie >tring9, *rhe resonator which is somewhat boa i -shaped
ii» boUowed out from the back and the cavity is closed by a
;*heet of sago-pal ra leaf laced on with rattan stitchings to the
wcKjd. Both the front and tfre back of the resonator are
perforated in their centreis by two triangular holes, the apices
of the triangles being conjoined. Part of the resonator is not
hollowed but is produced distal ly as a solid piece, curved
slightly upwards. A shaped ridge of wood terniinatiTigproxim-
ally in a s^iuare block is left on the face of the resonnt^jr : the two
Irniss-wire atrings are looped through holes in the ridge, pass
ill rough the siiuare block up to the lower rnd of the head
which they pierce and then are wound round two tuning
pog«.

Total length 119-5 cm. ; length of stem. 67 cm.

Catalogue No. 1274. (*ollected by the lute Dr. A. Dennys
Acquired by exchange from the RalHes Myseum. Siugat»re.

It 4. ikiv.. No. iO, IHIH

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL C<JLLKCTION.

A somewhat similar specimen ia figured by Whitehead
Id *' Exploration of Mount Kina Balu;* (181KJ) p. 108.

3. Mabh and Sea-Dyak — Blihttt,

a, Maloh — Blikan (Plate if, fig. 3). Two-strini^ed guitar
cut from a block of soft white wtx>d. The resonator is hollow-
ed out from the front and the cavity is closed by a tightly- fit-
ting wooden ltd, securely pegrg-ed on ; this lid \^ decorated with a
geometrical design painted in indigo. The end of the resonator
lb produced and solid, it has^ been whittled and fretted to furm
a scroll. Four triangular hole^, tlieir apices conjoined are ctit
in the lid of the resonator and a block of wof>d is left attached
to the lid just distad of the four holes* The stem is quite straight,
aomewhat triangular in section, it is very deep from front to
back in i Us lower (diHtal) portion where it joins the resonator
and the back nf it here Is scrolled and decorated with lines of
black dammar ; three chevrons of dammar are painted across
the back of the stem higher up. The proximal end is expanded
into a head carved to represent the head of a hornbill {Buceroi
rhitiocrroa) with a seed in its mouth, the neck is stained
black. Two tuning pegs transfix the stem below the head.
Thetrt'u rattan strings distally are fastened to two little wood-
en spikes stuck into the wooden block on the lid of the resonator :
[Truximally they pass throuj^h holes in the stem just over the tun-
ing pegs, out throui^h the tuning-peg-holes and are gripped in the
split-ends of these pegs (Plate VII, ^i^. r»). Total length 89.8
cm.; length of stem *\2 cm,; breadth of resonator Ih.U cm.

Catalogue No. j4. Brooke Low collection, Brooke IjOw
(quoted by Ling Koth L c. Vol. IL p. 2G2), describes a Mikun in
u^ amongst iSaribas and Kalaka Sea-Dyaks ; ia this, tJie head

♦ The Mnloha whoBc headquarters appear to be tbeKapuaa river,
Dutch Itorneo, are an unsettled wandering people who freonently
couie over intc> Sarawak for trailing purposes* Dr, A. C. Hatldon, K R. s, ,
who meaRured 7 individuals lludF^ that theae had an avera^ cephalic
index of 76? : he does not group tkeiu in any of the tiTe classea into
whith he divides the natives of ^arawakt hut it is likely that they
fall into the Ken yah Kay an diviPion (cf, A fiketi'h of the Ethnography
of Sarawftk, Haddon, Archivio per TAntropologia et rEtnologia. Vol.
XXXL ItWJl),

Juur. Stmlta Branch

\ICA\VAK KTHNOGKAPHfr M

f FPTTt^V

Ftbe -^tern is actually formed from tin* fjin i^\ n nonibiii sjiued
OH to the stem, and is not a carved representation of a hornbill'a
hmi as in the Maloh specimen deiK-ribed above.

Uode and McDougall, in a paper — "* The Relations between

[en and Animals in Sarawak" (Journ. Anthrop. Institute. Vol.
CXI. 1901. p. 198) write:-*' The hornbill must be included
among the sacred birds of the! ban (i.e. iSea- Dyaks), although it does
not give omens. Ontbeocc^on of making peace between hostile
tribes, the I bans sometimee make a large wooden image of the
hornbill and hang great numbers of cigarettes on it^ and these
are taken from it during the ceremony and smoked by all the
men taking part in it." Smaller figures of the hornbill {Pfuchal-
ivmj — Bucevi^i rhinoieros) are suspended in Sea-Dyak houses
during harvest feasts aT»d food is either put into the nioutlis
oi the figures or else hung beneath them, (of. Ling- Roth K c.
Vfjj. I, p. ^r>(>). Tliere are sevei^al examples of these PfnchaUong
in the Sarawak Museum; the birds are invariably represented
x* holding t me or more seeds in their beaks. Amongst the
Kpnyahs the hurnbill AnorMnus romatas gives omens of
minor importance. It is not surprising that so important a bird
should figure in the decorative art of the Borneans.

A. Sea-Dyak — BUkan, Very similar to the preceding speci-
nen, but roughly made and undecorated with carving or paint.
The shape of the head suggests that it was intended eventually
to carve it into a representation of a hornbilTs head.

Total length, 79 cm. Length of stem, o2 cm.

Catalogue No. 13IL D. J. S. Bailey, Esq. [P. 25. viij. 03].
t'rom the I^tang Lupar.

It is highly probable that the Sea-Dyaks borrowed this
infitrument and its name frouj the Ma Jobs ; some uf them at
any rate assert so much.

5, Mftlaj — Oamhts, six-stringed mandurm, (Plate 11, fig, j).

The instrument is cut out froui a block of utiraf/oti (Af:e!ia

^hijufftt) wood and is shaped like the Kurupean mandolin, i.e. the

em passesi insensibly into the resonator and the shape of the

^Instrument is that of a pear longitudinally bisected. Both the

item and tlie resonator are hollowed out from the front; the

14 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

cavity of the stem is closed by a piece of wood nailed on,
the cavity of the resonator by a diaphragm of skin, edged
with blue cloth and nailed to the sides with brass-headed nails.
The back of the resonator is perforated with a circular hole and
the cover of the stem near its junction with the resonator is
similarly perforated. This orifice is surrounded by incised lines
forming a conventional flower design. A rectangalar block of
wood is driven into the lower (distal) end of the resonator and
through holes in this the strings pass to be attached to a cross
bar of wood at its back. The stem is expanded proximally to
form a curved head, the cavity of the stem is continued up into
the lower part of the head, but not only is not closed in front,
but the back of the head is here cut away leaving the two sides
only, these are perforated with six holes for the tuning pejfs ;
the rest of the head is solid and its sides are decorated with a
phyllomorphic pattern in deep relief, in front with a phyllomor-
phic design in shallow relief and three brass headed nails. There
are six tuning pegs (petaran) 2knd six cotton strings. An inverted
V shaped bridge rests on the diaphragm.

Total length 93 cm. ; greatest breadth of resonator IG'9 cm.
Catalogue No. 1207. [Pd. xii. 02.] It appears probable that
this instrument has been borrowed from the Arabs. There is
a similar specimen in the Cambridge Anthropological Museum
obtained by \V. W. Skeat, Ksq., in the Malay Peninsula.

Class III.— rnuGHT Uarps.

(Plate II, tig. r>.)

These instruments, which appear to be used only by Muruts
Dusuns (?) and Sea-Dyaks are roughly rectangular boxes (reson-
ators) with a handle and an upright or a handle aloie at
e^ch end. Strings are stretched in a vertical plane from one
handle oi upright to the other and are kept taut by upright
bridges standing on the lid of the box; the addition of tuning
pegs seems to be a modern development The Murut harp is
simpler in construction than the Sea-Dyak forms and its strinsrs
being looped through the handles, not tied separately as in the
Sea-Dyak harps are in two parallel vertical planes instead of in
one. The strings are strummed with the fingers of one hand

Jour, straits Branch

HARAWAK ETHXOGRAPHICAL C<»LLECTION.

whilst the lid of the resonator is tapped with the lingers of
the other,

l am ificHoed to believe thai the Sea-D3'ak ent/irntong at
any rate uj derived from a strin^f*d instrument like the
enserunni through a guitar stage. ]n my private collection i^ a
roughly made Sea-Dyak six-stringed guitar very like the Dui^un
guitar in shape but with a much longer projection distad of the
resK)uator and thb instrument is known to Sea-Dyaks as an
eugkratony. If the stem of this guitar was shortened to corres-
pond in length with the distal projection and if the string were
stretched between two uprights in a vertical plane the instrument
would become an engkratong. It is at least curious that the
guitar in thi!< form should be known to the Sea-Dyaks only under
the name of engh-nhmg, and that it should have disappe.ired
■imost entirely from use.

Ling Roth (Lc. Vol. II, p. 200), ligures a either from S- K.
liorneii in the collection of the lipyden Museuni. It \^ a Hat Ixmrd
with eight strings stret4?hed across it and bridged up with a
cylindrical piece of wood at each «*nd ; there is no information
an III the tribe from whom the instrument was obtained. I do
n«it iTon«fider that the instrument is connected in any wa^* with
tl) and have doubts as to the correctness of the

I, \iurut — Tpright Harp. (Plati*IL lij^, ti, upjier specimen),

A long narrow wooden box, truncate at one end, at the
other tapering and produced intiJ a handle ; it is cut nut of one
piiHTe of wood and hollowed out from the bottom, the cavity
iMMng closed by a wooden cover pegged on with woodf'ti (legs.
The handle is a flattened oval* Two loop* of rattan (making four
Ktringa) paes through two holes iu the handle to the opposite
end of the instrument, where they perforate a projection from
the wall of the box and are knottc^d to prevent slipping. The
four strings are raised clear from the resonator by two upright
bridge$i !<et in holes in its roof ; the bridges have two notches on
each Hide to receive the strings. The strings were originally
of bemban (Ikmoj' »p,) but having been destroy i^d by insects, are
replaced by rattan*

SARAWAK ETHXOGRAPniCAL COLLFXTION

Total length, n7'6 cm. ; gfteateat breadth, 7 cm,; depth,
6 cm. Catalogue No. 782, Or, U. D. llaviland coll. From
ihe head waters^ of the Tengoa Ri«^er., British N\ Borneo.

2. Sea Dynk. — Engkratong. \

a. — A wooden box roughly rectangular in shape, the lower
sides rounded, a projection at each end, all cut out of one block ;
the cavity iis hollowed out from the top and closed by a tightl/|
fitted lid of wood securely pegged down ; the lid is perforated
with a triangular hole in the centre, into the terminal projections
are set two large flattened handles, carved and litted int<^ a
phyllomorphic de^i^n. A slender wooden upright is stuck into
each projection ju.st where It hsnes from the resonator. Pour'
separate rattan strings pasi? from one upright to th*^ <»ther, lu (mts ,
they are knotted by slip- k nuts, ki th*^ other by dfmble hit^rhes. J
Two wooden upright bridges stand on the lid of the resoimtor,]
they are notched on one side only to receive the strings.

Total length 106 cm, : resonator II cm. x h)-t» cm. X 10*1
cm.

Catalogue No. 55. Brooke Low collection.

This specimen ha? been ligured by Ling Roth (Lc. Vol. II,,
p. 261); on the same page fjing-Koth also figures another specH
men, oue handle of which is a fowl's head, the other its taiL
and destTibes rhis as being in tht^ Brooke Low collection ; I
have been unable t^) 11 nd sldv trace of this particular iiLStrument
in the Sarawak Museum.

(Plate IL flg* *J- lower specimen).

if. — A rectAiigular wooden box with a handle at each end^
all cut from one bl<»ck; the box is hollowed from the t^:>p and
the cavity is closed by a wooden lid nailed on ; the lid is perJ_
forat^ed with a circular hole in the centre ; the handles are
scrolled, luto earh handle is set a stout wooden upright (juadran-
gular in section, their tQt>s are expanded and shaped to a leaf
foi m, one in addition has one side carved in relief. Five rattan
strin;<s pass through hoteH in one upright to tuning pegs in the
oiher, iiver nutfhes in an upright bridge. Resonator, 58 em. — _-
loll cm. — 14 cm,; height of upright, 2t^»'.'i cm. ■

Catalogue No. ri5M. [). J, S. Bailey Esq., [P. xii . 02.] ■

Jour. HtraitH Bmncli

■f1

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION,

CLASS IV.— GYLINnKICAL liJkliFS.

I (Plate in, fig, 7. Plate VI e^. H).

These are made frora a joint of a larg-e apecies of bamboo ;
the strings, four to twelve in number, are cut out from the bam-
^ boo but are left attached at their ends and are tightened with
, iHps of wood thrust under them. The septa ut the Immboo joiut
are generally perforated and to increase the resonance of the
in.Htrument a longitudinal slit or a bole Ls cut in it This class
of instrument is in use amonjjTst the Kyans, the Kenyahs, the
LougKiputs, the Kadyana, the Dusuns, and the Land-Dyaks, The
method of performing on this instrument amongst the Land-
Uyaks of the Sadong River is as fi*How8 : —

The performer sits on the ground, rests one end of the
instrument against the side of his ri^ht foot and the back of it
against his left thigh ; the strings are struck with a short stick
held in the right hand and with the left hand the player altern-
ately opens and closes the upper and open end of the instru-
ment; the strings can be toned by altering the position of the
bridges. Several men usually perform together and a sound
like distant gongs can be produced by experts ; other men accom-
pany with the lalipok and pti one hong ; the former is a portion of
faftmboo joint shaved down so that the wall is quite thin, one
end b open and is struck against some bard substance; the latter
is a piece of bamboo joint with a hole cut in the side and it is
struck with a stick (Plate VI fig. 14). The Krokong Land-
Dyaks still play on these harps at their f estiva la, the Sadong
L»od-Uyaks only occasionally play on them and then not serious-
ly, whilst at Quop these instrument?^ are merely toys made and
played on by children.

h t>u^un — Tangkungnng, (Plate III, fig, 7, left hand specimen).

Made from a single joint of bambio which is cut off flush
with thp septa so that nothing projects at either end ; both the
septa are perforated* Tfiere w«^re originally live strings arrang-
ed more or less equidistantly round the instrument ; all but two
of ^ strings broken. Total length 51*4 cm.; diameter, 10*^

B. A floe,, 3C«. 40, 1004 t

SARAWAK RTHN<JGRAPIIieAL Cra.LirTK^N.

em. ; distance between the strings, (measiired along the ciirf
of the bamboo) about 60 cm.

Catalogue No, 775. Drs G. P. and H. A. llaviland o^ill
[P. V. 92], From Kiou, Mt Kina Balu. The equidistant string
and the absence of projections bevoifd the septa sJjow tl
primitive nature of the instrument i it is roughly oiade and i
devoid of ornamentation. I have no information as to the methc
of performing on this instrument, but I imagine that it is held
upright between the feet and that the strings are twanged with"
the fingers of both hands.

In the Raffles Museum, .Singapore are two cylindrical harps
purchased from the late I)r. Denny s and said to be Duaun. These
are much more eoniplicated in structure than tho.se in the Sar-
awak M useum example. Both have twel ve f^trings. In one the,se are
arranged in groups of three, four and five, in the other in a group
of seven, with the other five strings round the r e main in g periphery i-
in both, the bamboo projects considerably beyond the septa anfl
the upper tubular projection so formed is deeply notched ; one of*
the instruments has two longitudinal slits to increase its reson-
ance.

2i Kanowit — Cylindrical Uarp. (Plate HI, Jig. 7, right ham

specimen).

At one end (the Io%ver) the bamboo in cut off almost Hush
with the septum, at the other end (the upper) the Ijamboo pro-
jects 4 5 cm. beyond the septum and at one part still further,
ll'tj cuK, to form a shaped handle 7 cm. long. Hound the top
of the instrument runs a band of geometric pattern, roughly
carved in low relief, the background stained with dragon*y bhx)^
There are only four strings arranged in pairs one on each sid<
of a longitudinal slit in the body cf ihe harp; this slit, which
enlarged at each end in the manner shown in the figure is on th<
same aspect (the front) of tht? harp as the handle, A band of
plaited rattan encircles the Karpat the levels of attachment of the
strings to prevent them splitting off. The septa are not perfor-
ated. Length (exclusive of the handle) r>:} cm.; diameter 11/8
cm. ; distance between one pair of strings and the other, measured
along the curve of the instrument in front, U cm.; measured
along the curve at the back 13-5 cm.

Jour. Hinii» Bnuii

SARAWAK KTUNOORAPnrCAL CnLLECTION.

I'&Ulo^ue So, 5C8, Brooke Low collection. From the
K&nowit Riven

Tbia instrument coald be kid on its back and whilst the
handle was grasped with one hand, the strings could be strum-
med with the finders of the other, but I have no information as
to how the Kanowit8 actual )y perfarm on the harp.

3. Long Ktput*^ — Pagang or Kantom (Plate III, fig. 7, middle
specimen).

The bamboo projects 9 cm. beyond the septa and la there
shaved down so as to be quite thin ; on these shaved down
portions are carved bands of simple design, such as rows of
triangles, rows of dots, rows of oblique bars, the background
U whitened with chalk or else the pattern itself is chaiked and the
Imckgrouud is blackened with indigo or soot. The septa are
not perforated. There are six strings arranged in groups of three,
one on each side of a middle line. A rattan plait encircles the
harp at the level of attachment of the strings to prevent them
splitting off» Down the front of the instrument run two short
longitudinal slits, end to end ; at the upper end of one slit and
at the lower end of the other are three incised circles,
between the twu a group of five incised circles; the cuticle of
the bamboo immediately bordering the slits is stripped off and
on these areas is carved in relief in one case a chevrun pattern
in the other a dog's tooth pattern, the background is black and
the relief chalked. Total length 77'5 cm. ; diameter, 9*1 cm.

Catalog ue No. 1069. R. S, Douglas Esq. [P, v. Oi),] From
the Baram River.

A l/ong Kiputharp is iigured in Ling Roth's work (I.e. Vol.
II, p. 2C2)i it is from Dr. C, Hose's collection and is called a *S<i/Ofiy,

4k Land-Pvak
fig. 14).

ii. Made from a joint of bamboo ; the bamboo is not cut
tlush with its septa, but at either end projects considerably ; one
neptum IS broken through. Three strings or rather three broad

(Monggrat sub-rribe)— 2'oh-7'oii. (Plate VI

• ThiH tribe
K^Umuitant,

ift placed by Dr A. C. Haddon, (Iv.) in hip) group of

ft. A. Soe., No. 40, li04

20 SAUAWAK ETIINOGHAPHICAL COLLKCTrO?J,

strips (I uuL) are cut out t'rofii th« b »dy of the iristruiui^nt uo
one aido but are left attached at each end and are preveiitec
from stripping off by bindinj^a of rnttan. The ceutral strip i*
bridged up with a block of wood in the »)iddle and emits a high
note; the side strips are bridged up at their ends and give
much lower note; under each side btrip a diatnond shaj>?d hoi
is cut in the body of the instrument. A short stick for striking
the strings is attached by string to the harp, Lengih 69 crn,
diam. 7.8 cm.

Catalogue No. 1295. [Pd. viij. 03.J From Ficbing, Upper
Sadong.

b, A specimen entirely similar to the preceding*
67 cm. t diam. cm.

Catalogue No. 1296. [Pd. viij, 03.]

Lengti

WIND INSTRUMENTS.

The wind instruments used by the tribes of Borneo may
grouped as follows* : —

A, -^Without special vibratory appiiratun.

Shell -trumpet

* to any wind inRtniment «ound is prodaeeil by rausiug theoDlu
of air contained in it to vibrate^ an(.l the instruments have been ulasn- '
itied Accordinj? to the inean^ employed to (Uodiict! this vibration.
An outliue of ant^h a cla^iALfiuation will hehj to elucidate that wbtck^
I have adopted for tbe wind instramentH of the Borneau peoples. ■

1. Trumpets — in these air i» driven forcibly into the in.Htrnment"
throu^^h the alinoBt closed tips of the player, the \'\\m vibrating? act a« a
partiiu vijve and tb(* air enters the iiiHtrnuient in a pulHutory manner.

2, Fliite«» panpipes, llageoletM, whi-tleM, etc. In inHtrurneutB of
thift elaatf a jet of air ii« directed u;4ainHt the ed>^ii of the aoand bole
(technically known us the ''v*nce") and ko Ik cut in two, ean8iii;^M\n
iuterfereaco which *ets the air in tbe instiumeut vibratiujc and
produceii a musical note.

a. Transverse Hutea — ^in which a jet of air is directed by tt
lips a;,^ainBt the m^e of tbf " voice. **

6, £ndflute!«, pan-pipei»--in which the iet of air la dlreetej
by the lips across the open end ut a tube so as i
impiiige againat the edge*

^our. 8tmlt« finui«li

\ nil
ind

tefl

gAHAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

IL Trail? ver^ie flutes,*

III. Nose flutes,

IV. Flageolets and bird-calls with a directive duct built
up outside the mstrument.

V. Flageolets and whistles with a directive duct formed
inside the instrument

B* With special vibratory apparatus,

YI. Pipes with single ** beating'' reed (clarionet type).
VI L Mouth organs with single** free" reed (harmonium
type).

Class L— SuELL-TuiMrET.

Some Brunei Malays recently iufurnied me ihat a trumi^et,
miule by merely knocking off the top whorl of the large
helmet-shell — Otsids tulnrotium — , i.s used by them for calling
ibeir buffaloes ti>getlier; their name for the trump<?t was
•* bu^onffy I can hear of ihj other people in Borneo who
employ a atimilar instrument

Class IL— Tuansver.se Flutes.

I know of only one example of this type of wind-ins-trument,
$h9 99dihpg aan of the hea-Dyaks ; it is more dlHicult to play than

r* WfaiAtlp^ — in wlitch the jet of air i« directed against the
eiijfe of the ** voice '* through a duvt bailt on the out*
Hi«le of the tube,
tl. Kla^eok*tn, whiMtlen, ett\ (Hiite W bee groii))) In which the
jet of air ig directed against the edge of the "voice*'
throuj;U a dutst formed inside the tube,
3. Heed iiiBtruments.

a. Clarioijet, recorder, etc, with aitigle vibrating reed (" beat-
ing reed.")
A, Ac«t!ordt»n, tiarmouium^ etr., — with single reed vibrating

L'lHiiilly on either t*ide of a frame (•* free reed.*')
r. f >h >e. ha* soon, etc.— with double valve both uidet* of which
lire liexible ('*oboe rewil.''l
(There are of roiireo many variftnts of these main typen,)
• Cltt^^c^ II— VT are all biimboo in»triimeiits,
|K» ^ Bot^p !90. 40, 1004.

SARAWAK ETUNUCiUAfHlCAL CULLECTION.

tbe nose Hute or than any uf the Hageolets and this probably
accounts for its sparse distribution.

L Sea'Dynk^SuUeuQ sm (Plate VIII fig 1.) f

Made of bamboo, one end fthe distal)* open and slightly
obliquely truncate ; the natural septum closes the other end ;
the bamboo has not been cut Hush with this but projects con-
siderably beyond it The sound-hole is a long quadrangular
slit cut close to the node of the bamboo. There are four ope a
stops all on the same side and about 3 centim. apart. Total
length, 83.3 cm. ; diameter, 2.5 cm.

Catalogue No. 62. Brooke Low collection.

None of the Bornean tribes adopt any standard of measure*
ment when boring stopes in their flutes, but bore them at
tlie distances apart the most convenient to the maker.

Class IIL— Nose-Flutes.

(Plate III fig. 8 and Plate VIII tig. 2.)

These are employed by Dysuns, K a no wits, Tanjongs, K
yana, Kenyahs and allied tribes, Sea-Dyaks and Land Dyaks*

A photograph of a Tanjong playing on a nose flute \s given
in IJeccari's "Nelle foreste di Borneo" (l*J02) p. 424 ; the per-
former id »6uted cross-legged on the ground and holds the long
bamboo flute across hia body from right tf> left and almost at
arm'js length, the left nostril is applied Ui the proximal end of tbe
instrument and directs a jet of air against tbe edge of the hole
pierced in the natural septum uf the bamboo.

Air is driven through only one nostril, the other is plugged
with cloth or tobacco or moss(cf. Ling-Roth I. c. vol. II, p, 258),
These instruments are generally long and are made from a single
joirrt <if bamrKiu, the distal end is L*pen and the proximal end is
clo8»*d by the naturwl septum which is perforated by an irreufu-
larly shaped hole ; the leaf -scars and the wall of the bamboo
immediatety nd jncont to the septum are shaved and smoothed
down. Fig 2 l'lak> VIII is a representation of the proximal end
of a nose-llute. I'he number of stopes varies«

ran ^

*I term the end near or &t wtiin^li thi^ 90niid bote t» eitaated the
primal j»ii*1 ; thi* i»|j)i(i«^it4i end* the distal end*

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

1. Du9ua — Tumli,

Made from a long joint of bamboo, the distal end is open
and cut 2»riuare, the proximal end is closed by the natural septum
and the surrounding leaf-scara have been shaved off. The flute
has been stained black with indigo. An irregular hole in the
septum. There are four open stops, one on the underside for
the thumb 34 cm. distant from the proximal end, three on the
op|X)site aide 5-5 cm. apart, bored in a flattened strip formed bj
removiiig the cuticle of the bamboo.

(jengib 70 cm, ; diam* 2*2 cm. Catalogue No. 776.

2. Kanowit — Sangoi (Plate III, fig. 8, right hand specimen).

Of large size, the proximal end closed by the natural septym
of the bamboo which is perforated witli a single irregular orifice.
There are four open stops, one on the underside for the thumb
of the right hand, distant 55 2 centiiu. from the proximal end
of the flute, and three on the upperside, 4-4 5 centim. apart
for the first or second finjfers of the right hand and the 6r»t and
second or second and third of the left hand.

The flute has been stained red with dragon^s blood. At a
distance of 12 centim. and extending to a distance of 51 centim.
from the proximal end is a design made up of four black hands
spirally twisting round the instrument, this is followed by two
circular black binds and six dogVtooth pattern bands, which are
succeeded by a repetition of the spiral design 72-8 centim, dis-
tant frnm the proximal end and 21*5 centim, in length ; there is a
terminal do g*s- tooth design, beyond which the bamboo is fretted,
eight diamond-shjiped apenurei being- formed, the rim of the
bambo<i is notched » between the notched rim and the frets is a
very rough dog's-tooth pattern. These patterns are painted on
the bimboo with indigo though in parts it is partly in low relief
a9 if the artist had first sketched out the patterns with a knife,
A small tassel of variously coloured beads depends from the
distal end of the flute*

Total length 107"3 cm.; diam. 3 cm.

Catalogue No. 60. Brooke Low collection,

Ling-Roth (L c. p. 258) figures a Kenyab nose-flute (Silingyt)
\ the cul lection of Dr. C, Uose.

24 SARAWAK KTHNOGRAFHICAL COLLECTION

3* Sea-Dyak— 5tt/i>n,^ idonff { Plate 1 1 1, fi^. S).

All these are of much less diameter than TaojoDg^, Kaaumt|
and Eeoyab examples.

(L Third specimen from right.

The proximal end is closed in the usual manner, the
distal end is closed by the septum of the joint and the bamboo.
projects beyond this ; a large oval hole is cut in the Hute jusf
proximad of the distal septum, so that the thite has one end
practically open* There U a stop on the uDder-side 51 cen-
tim. from the proximal fmd and three stops on the opposite
side 4*5-5 centira. apart. The stops have been bored with
a red-hot iron. Total length 98*5 cm, ; diam. 2*7 cm.

Catalogue No. 558. Brooke Low collection.

^. Middle specimen.

Of similar construction to the preceding specimen, but tl
distal end ijuite open and cut obliquely* One stop on the
under- side 16 centim. from the proximal end, three stops
on the opposite side, about 5 centim, apart. Nine red bands
formed by removing a strip of the cuticle of the bamboo and
staining the exposed surfaces with dragon's blood — encircle the
instrumeut ; the steeps are situated in four of these band^^
three are proximad of the stops, two distad, the last being
terminal ; the bands are about r5 centim. broad. Total length
83 cm. ; diam, S cm*

Catalogue No, 559, Brooke Low collection.

lie
ith

c. Similar to 55i) but not decorated. The note-hole on thi
under-side is 51 centira. from the proximal end, the thr<
stops on the opposite side are 3-3*5 centim. apart. Total
length 75 cm. ; diam, 2*5 cm. Badly damaged by beetle.

Catalogue Xo. 560. Brooke Low collection. ^H

d. (Fifth sped mnn from the right).

Of th^ uhubI curisi ruction : the hole perforating the septum
is regular, the distai end is cut srpiare except for a triangular
prujection. The st^op on the under-side is 40 centim. from
the proximal end, the three on the f»pposite side are about d^|

Jour. Strait* Hmnch

SAR,\ WAK lETHNOGKAPHICAL CDLLECTIOX

c«Qtim. apart Four pairs of incised lines run round the Hute, a
stop beiijfiT situnt-ed between each pair ; it was evidently the
iiitentiim of the maker to decorate the Hute like Xo, 551*. Total
length 7b cm.; dium. 2-3 cm.

Cataloj^ue Xo, 561. Brooke Low collection.

e. (Fourth apecimen from the right).

Of the Uijual construction, the distal end yblij|u»?ly truncate
and the edges curved. The ship tm the under-side is 3.t 5
ceiitiua, from the proxiiunl end, the other three are alK>ut 5*5
centim apart. The whole ini*train<^rrt, with the exception of a
band at each end. has been ^)cnlpt?d down attd .ntiiiiMtd with
dragon^M blood, a do^^'s-tuutb patti^rn h:i.'^ tuieti cut in the proximal
iiUKtained band. Total length 7«> cm. ; di*m. 2*7 cm.

Otatogue No* ^62, Brooke fjow collection.

Class IV.

riageolets and Bird-Calls. With a directive duct built up
tjn the outside of the in*^trumeot { Plate 11 K fij^. 8. and I'late
VI 11, iiJs. 3-1 U).

#1. FL.\(Ji:tiLETS.

This class of flageolet or whi>5tle is in use amongst the Sea-
iVjaks, the Land-Dyaks, the Murut**, and posinibly uome other
tribes. There are four distinct ways in which the directive
duct in formed : —

A . — A curved slip of bamboo is tied on to the tiageolet with
Siring or rattan, it occupies the space bt*t w<:en thn proximal end
of tha instrument (which may be open or clo8ed by the natural
septum) and tlie sound-hole (Plate VIII tig. 3).

A — The bamboo is not cut (>erfectly Hush with tho »eptiim
but projects tlightltj proximad of it ; the portion of the instrumtiiit
between the proximal end and the dound-bole U shaved down
atid one side in cut Hat. ov^^r thiH shaved -do w^n portion a ring of
bamboo U fittiRd. (Plate VI H tigs. 4 an i 5).

C — Similar to the preceding except that a loop of rutt^in i»
fa«U9ned round the shaved -down pjrtiou (Plate VI 11 fig. Wu

26 SARAWAK ETHNOGBAPHICAL COLLECTION,

D, — TbebanobcKjisnotcuttiush with the septum but projecte
€ons\deriihltj proximad of it, in this projecting ** tube" a hole ia
bored, a gutter runs from it to the sound-hole, and is roofed
over with a slip of bamboo luted on with resin (Plate VIII
%s 7 and S),

'*^)\

1. Sea Dy ak — Sulieng nyawa,

(Plate III fig. 8. 5th specimen from left and Plate VI 11%

Flageolet of bamboo the proximal end cut square and open
the distal end obliquely truncate with a projection and the
edgei> notched. The sound -hole is 1*7 centim from the proximal
end ; just proximad of the sound hole a blip of bamboo naturally
curved, ia lashed with cotton to the instrument and projects
slightly beyond itst proximal end. There are four 8ti»ps
the uppermost is 12*2 centim. distant from the sound-hole, they
are about 3 centim, apart from each other. The flageolet is
covered with phyllomorplic patterns carved in low relief, the
background being stained with dragon's blood. Total length
30*5 cm.

Catalogue No. 1113 [Pd. xii. 03.]

Land-Dyak (Bukar suh-tnbe)^ BanchL

Flageolet of bamboin The distal end is open, the proximal
end is closed by the naturiil septum and the Ijamboo is cut flush
with this. The directive duct is formed by shaving flat a atrip
between the sound -hole and the proximal end and tying over
this with a piece of bark a slip of bamboo naturally curved.
There are three strips situated on the opposite side to the
sound-hijie, they have been bored with a red hot iron in a
flattened strip formed by removing part of the wall of the
bamboo, they are 8,5 centim. apart. Total length 33*5 cm,
diam. 2 cm.

Catalogue No. 12'J3 [Pd, viii, 03,]

From Lanchang, Upper Sadong district.

This flageolet is played with the sound-hole downwardt»

Sea-Dyaks always bore the stops oa the same side

Joufi Sirvitu Brmu*

the

h^KAWAK ETflNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 27

the Hound*hole which ia therefore directed upwards when the
Hageolet is played.

/?.

3. Land-Dyak (Krokon^ sub-tribe)— yVIrtfli. (Plate VIII 6g. 4
aod 5.)

a* Distal end open and obliquely truncate, proximal end
clo«»ed by the natural septum, the bamUio not projecting much
beyond it. The wall of the bambcju distad uf the septum is
obliquely sliced on one bide and in tbe exposed surface the
nound'bole is bored : between the siuund-htjle and the proximal
enda the wall of the bamboo is shaved down and one side (that
corresponding with the sound-hole) i> cut iht: over this portion
of the flageolet a rinjf uf bamboo {ftai) is fitted* On the side
opposite the sound-hole are live stops bort^d with a red-hot
iron in a flattened strip formed by cutting away the cuticle of
the bamboo; the distances between the sU>ps range from
3f'3 centim to 3"7 centim., the uppermost is 111 centim, from tlie
§ound-hole. This form of Hageolet is known a.«» laki, i. e. male,
it 18 played in the same way as the bancht^ with the sound-hole
downwards. Total length 43 cm.

Catalogue No. 1280, E. \V. Byrde Esq. [P. vii. 03,]

From Krokong village, Sarawak River,

L Much the same as the preceding but the distal end is
not obliciuely truncate; there are only two stops and these
are on th*^ same side as the sound-hole, they are 4-5 centim-
apart and the upper one is 25*5 centim from the sr mud- hole,
Tbi*» form 18 known as/>iian, i.e. female. Total length 4*5 cm*

Catalogue No. 1281. R VV. Byrde, Es^i. [P, vii, 03.]

From Krokong village ; Sarawak river,

— ftgeolet

Distal end open and cut sfjuaret proximul end closed by the
natural septum and the bamboo cut Hush with it; the sound-bole
h bored 4*.^ centim. from the proximal end and the iatervening
portion of the bamboo wall is shaved down and one -^ide is

28 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

flattened, over this is fitted a ring of bamboo. There are two
stops bored in a flattened strip on the same side as the
sound-hole. Thev are 5*5 centim. apart, the upper one is 44*5
centim. from the sound-hole. The flute is decorated with an
incised phyllomorphic design roughly executed. Total length
64*5 cm. ; diam 1*7 cm.

Catalogue No. 1292. F. J. D. Cox, Esq. [P. viii. 03.]

From the Trusan river.

5. Sea-Dyak — Sulieng nyaiva.

(Plate III tig. 8, second specimen from the left).

Distal end open and cut square, proximal end closed by the
natural septum, the bamboo projecting slightly beyond it.
The sound-hole is bored just distad of the septum and the
bamboo wall between it and the proximal end is shaved down
in the usual manner ; the bamboo ring that tits over this
portion has been loet There are three note-holes about 3 centim.
apart from each other, the uppermost being 25 centim. from the
sound-hole. Total length 41*3 cm.; diam. 2 cm.

Catalogue No. 64. Brooke Low collection.

It is quite possible to play on this flageolet and the three
preceding ones even if the bamboo ring is removed, the upper
or lower lip in that case helping to form the directive duct ; it
is therefore just possible that the Sea-l)yak flageolet never
was furnished >^ith a bamboo ring but I think that this is
unlikely and at any rate the Sea-Dyak specimen falls naturally
into position with the Murut and Land-Dyak ones.

«. Land-Dyak— AVofo (Plate. VIII fig. 6.)

Distal end open and slightly obliquely truncate, proximal
end closed by the natural septum, the bamboo projects slightly
beyond this; slightly distad of the septum the bamboo is obliquely
sliced and in the exposed surface the sound-hole is bored with
a hot iron ; between the sound-bole and the proximal end the
bamboo wall is shaved down and has one side flattened in the

Juur. straits Branch

SARAWAK ETHNOGHAFUICAL CULLKOTIOK,

u^ual wa>\ Instead of a bamboo ring fitted over this portion a
strip of splif rattan is wound round it, knotted once, ihen car-
ried dowa the buck of the instrument and tied round it six timesj
in the manner shown in the drawing. There are live stops
on the opptjsite side to the aound-hule bored with a red-hot
tr«>n in a strip flattened by stripping o^ the cuticle of the bamboo.
They are 2'5 centim. apart Total length 3y cm.

CaUlog-ue No, 1282. E. W. Byrde, K4.1. (Pd. viL U3).

From Sambas, Patch Borneo.

/>•

Marut— Flageolet (Plate VIM figs. 7 and 8.)

Distal end open and cut stjuare, proximal end cloi^ed by thf^
itttral septumt the bamboo hats not b^en cut UlisIi with this but
projects consideralily beyond it; in the wall of this projeutirig
part a small hole is bored r|uite close to the septum, and a groov^e
runs on the outside of the tluU? from this hah- \ t the souud-hole,
the groove being covered by ti slip of bamb ><> luted t>u with
dammar. The fjdge of the sound-hole is sharptMied by a piecf^
of palm-leaf stuck on to it. The sound-hole is 5 rentim. from
the proximal end ; there are two stijps 8'5 ^ceutim, apart
bored with a red-hot iri>n in a flattened strip on the same side
as the sound-hulei the upp^r one is 32 centim, from the sound-
hola Total length 5 2 a cm, ; diam. 2%> cm.

Catalogue No. 12111. F. J. D. Uox, Karj, (I*, viii. 03). From
the Trusan river.

L (Plate in Hg. 8, second specimMi fr j a right).

Very similar to the preceding; th**re are two lashings of
fipiit rattan round the distal end of the in^jtruinent hi keep it
from splitting ; the slip of bamboo rooting over the directive
groove has been lost. Some rude represeutntives of animals
(? buffaloes) have been scratched with the point of a knife on the
w&U uf ilie instrument but there in ntj attempt at a decorative
pAlU^rn. The two st^ps »re 7%'i cnntim. apart; the upper
119 15 centim. from the sound-hole, which in 7*b centim. from the
praximtil end. Length 72 cm. ; diam. 3 cm.

30 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAI. COLLECTION.

Catalogue No, 7S3. Dr. G. D, Havibnd (P, 1890>
the head of the Tengoa valley.

A. Bird-Calls,

From

Though these are not musical instruments in the strictest
sense of the word they deserve noti ce here since morpholo-
gically at least they are muaical instruments. I know of two
distinct forma of bird-calls used in Borneo : —

1. Kyan— J?w/o wok, (Plate VIII fig, 9,)

These are constructed on the same principle as the bamboo
flageolets of type D, but they are made of a larger species of
bamboo and are much shorter* With these the Kyana imitate the
cry of the owl Ninor scutulata and the cry of the gibbon /////o-
bales mutlefi,

a. DiHtal end open, proximal end closed by the natural
septum, the 1mm boo not cut flush with this but projecting almost
as far proximad of it as it does dlstad ; in this proximal portion
a large hole iii lx>red, the very large sound-hnlp is bored just
distad of the septum and leading tt> it from the other hole on
the outside is a wide g^utter or groove roofed over with a slip
of bamb)0 luted on with dammar* The insirymentis decorated
with a characteristic Ky an design carved in low relief. Length
12*7 cm. ; diam. 5-1 cm. ; diam. of sound hole 2-3 cm.

Catalogue No. 1289. [Acquired by exchange from Dr. C,
Hose, ix, 03]. From the Baram river.

k The distal end open, proximal pud closed by the natural
septum . The bamboo projected considerably proximad of this but _
nearly all has been cut away leaving only a small flange ■
in which a hole is bored (see %ure) ; the sound hole and direc- ■
tive duct as in the preceding example. The instrument, which
is not ornamented in any way^ is illustrated on Plate VIII,
fig, 9. Length (including flange) 18^5 cm.; diam, i'9 cm.

Catalogue No. 1290. [Acquired by exchange from Dr. C.
Hose ix 03]. From the Baram river.

The Sea-Dyaks» Kenyahs, Kadyans and Muruta employ ao
interesting form of bird-call for attracting within reach pigeona

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLBCTIOX.

and p-ouDd-doves. It consists of a sectioQ of s Urge species
of bamboo, with a sound-hole bored in it and with one end open,
the other closed by the septum ; to this section of bamboo a
long bamboo stem, with the septa broken through 50 that a long
tube is formed, is obliquely attached so tht»t a current of air
directed down the tube impinj^ea against the ed^e of the s*jund-
hole bored in the bamboo section. The hunter conceals him-
elf amongst herbage or in a leafy shelter and scatters some
grain around, and then blows his call; if any bird comes within
reach it is captured by a noose at the end of a long atick, the
xioose being generally spread round the mouth of the bird-call ;
eometimes the birds are limed. The bird*calt i^, in fact, a wind-
instrument with a directive duct (the bamboo tube) attached to
it and falls into Class I V in the cla^^isificAtion given above. Ling-
Roth (K c* vol. p. 44) gives a good figure of a Murut Inrd-call
and quotes Burbidge's account of its use,

2. Sea-Dyak— awwAi/i*. (Plat^ VIII fig- 10 }

a. Bamboo section of 6 cm. diameter and 51 cm. in length
with one end closed by the natural septum the wall not cut flush
w^ith this but projecting considerably proximad of it» the oth^r
end open and very obliquely truncate so that a projecting spout
is produced. The sound hole is bored at a distance of I0'5 cm*
from the septum on the distal sida The portion of the bamboo
projecting proximad of the septum is vertically tran^^ied by a
wooden upright with a large circular hole in it. The bamboo
tube is 2^3*5 cm. long ; it passes through the hole in the wood-
en upright aud is lashed to the bamboo section by rattan ;
\li» distal end Is obliquely truncate and tits the curvature of the
bamboo section lenving only a narrow passage through which
the current of air passes to impinge against the edge of
the sound-hole; the joint is made secure by a luting of
dammar.

Catalogue No. 686, Ven, Archdeacon J, Perham [P.]

L A very similar specimen, but the spout-like projection of
the bambor> section much more pronounced. A long bamboo
tod to which a noose should be attached is tied to tfa^ bamboo

ft.A.aoft^ SiK*%. 1004

32 SARAWAK ETHNOGHAPHICAL COLLECTION.

stem of the instrument Length of bamboo section 51 cm ,
diam. 6 cm. Length of bamboo tube 221.5 cm.

Catalogue No. 1035. J. E. A. Lewis, Esq. [P. ix. 98.]

Class V.

Flageolets and whistles, with a directive duct formed on
the inside of the instrument. (Plate III, fig. 8, and Plate VII,
fig. 8 and Plate VIII, figs. 11 and 21).

This type of flageolet ^eems to be in use amongst the Sea-
Djaks only.

1. Sea-Dyak— iS'w/ie/i(7 ni/awa. (Plate 111, fig. 8, and Plate VIII,
figs. 11 and 12).

a. (First specimen on the left). Distal end open and
obliquely truncate, proximal end cut square atid closed by a
disc of wood ; the sound-hole is quadrangular and is cut quite
close to proximal end ; the disc of wood closin^^ the proximal
end is narrowly grooved on the side corresponding to the
sound-hole. There are four stops, 1*9 centim. apart, the upper-
most 18.8 centim. from the sound-hole. Length 37 cm.; diam.
1-8 cm.

Catalogue No. 63. Brooke Low collection.

h, (Fourth -specimen from the left). Very similar to the
preceding ; one stopon the opposite side to, and distant
from the sound-hole 31*3 centim. three stops on the same
side as the sound-hole aboutS centim. apart Length 51*5 cm.;
diam. 1*9 cm.

Catalogue No. 65. Brooke Low collection.

c. (Third specimen from the left). Very similar to No.
63, but proximal end slightly obliquely cut in a opposite direc-
tion to the oblique truncation of the distal end. Four stops
3-3*5 centim. apart, the uppermost 19*2 centim. from the sound-
hole. Length 44*6 cm.; diam. 2 cm.

Catalogue No. 66. Brooke Low collection.

Jour. Straits Branch

SAIIAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

d, A long slender instrument; proxiuial end sU^httjr
obli(juely truncate and closed by a dbc of wood g^rooved as tn
the preceding specimens. Sound-hole quadrangular, cut close
to the proximal end. Three stops about 4 centinu apart,
the uppermost 38 centim. from the sound-hole. The instrument
\s elaborately carved ; the distill third is ornamented with bands
of phyllomorphic patterns in low relief, the background being
stained red with dragon's blood ; proximad of this is a zone 10
centim. broad of tive bands of phyUomorphic patterns in low
relief, the background composed of hatched incised tines (very
unusual in Sea-Dyak carving) ; proximad again of this zone is a
zone 12 centitn, broad of bands of phyllomorphic patterns which
hive just been skek^hed out with the point of a knife and never
completed- I^engths 54 cm,; diam* 2 cm.

C&talogue No. 556« Brooke Low collection*

Somewhat similar to the preceding specimen^ but much
Proximal end very obliquely truncated, the opening
l\^ a plug of wood which has be^n grooved to form the
dir*»ctive duct ; distal end cut stiuareT the wall of the flageolet
proj**i!tft beviind the nc»de but the septum has been broken
thruusfh. Sound-hole large ; there are eight stops, seven
cm the same side as the sound-hole^ one is on the opposite side,
thi*y are about 1 5 centim. apart, uppermost 17 centim. from
sound-bole. Pive bands of tin encircle the instrument in the
interspaces between stops 2 to 7 ; the rest of the instrument
IS covered with phyllomorphic patterns carved in low relief, the
biickground being stained red with dragon's blood. Length 32
ceoiim.; dsam. TG centim.

Catalogue No. 1044. Presented to the Museum by a Sea-
Dyiik boy at the S. P. G. Mission School,

It is more than likely that this specimen is copied from a
Kurnpean model ; the number of stops and the very oblique
truncation of the proximal end are most unusual : still No. 556
is more or less intermediate between this school-boy*s specimen
and such a one as No* 63, so that I have thought it worth
while to include a notice of it.

34 SARAWAK ETHNOGKAPHICAL COLLECTION.

The next instrument of this class is of a different type, it
\s a clay whistle not unlike the ^' Ocarina *' of European manu
factare.

2. Sea-Dyak— Ptfw^tpi/. (Plate VII fig. 8).

A hollow ovoid of white clay, sharply pointed at one end,
truncate at the other. There is a large sound-hole putting the
cavity of the instrument in communication with the exterior. A
narrow duct runs from the closed truncate end through the
wall of the whistle to the lip of the sound-hole ; it has evidently
been bored with a fine piece of wire or grass stem whilst the
clay was still soft. There are two key-holes of narrow
diameter on the opposite side to the sound-hole. Length 13*3
cm.; greatest diam. 5 cm.

Catalogue No. 990. D, J. S. Bailey, Esq. [P]. From
Kabong, Saribas River.

Class VI.

Pipes— With single " beating" reed (Clarionet type).*

(Plate VIII fig. 13.)

I long believed that this extremely primitive form of
reed instrument was non-existent in Borneo ; it is true that St.
John (quoted by Ling-Roth I.e. Vol. IJ. p. 259) describes a
musical instrument in use amongst the Muruts^f which appears

* For an interesting account of wind-instruments of this class see
H. Balfour '* The Old British Pibcorn or Hornpipe and its affinities'*
(Journ. Authrop. Inst. Nov. 1890). Mr. Balfour figures and describes
reed-pipes from England, Grecian Archipelago, Egypt and India ;
nearly all are double pipes like the Bornean simpler instrument, but
they all are probably derived from a single pipe cut from a cornstalk,
reed or bamboo. Mr. Balfour's quotations from Vergil, Chaucer,
Spenser and Shakespeare are very much to the point.

t**Two thin bamboos, about twelve inches long, were fastened
very neatly side by wide ; in one was cut four holes like those in a Hute,
while the other had a piece of grass inserted in the lower end. A
slight incision was then cut across both towards the upper portion.
The performer thrust this instrument rather deep into his mouth and
blew, and tiien, with the aid of tongue, fingers and moving the grass,
produced some very agreeable and wild tunes."

Jour. SiraiU Bru«li

SAKAWAK ETHNOGKAFHICAL CdLLKCTH^N.

to have some simple sort of vibratory apparatus, but the descrip-
tion is rather vague so that it is not easy to recogaise the
oonstruction of the instrument from it Recently Mr. E. W.
Byrde presented to the Sarawak Museum two primttive bamboo
pipes with *' beating" reeds from the Laod-Dyaks of Upper
Sarawak and later I myself had the opportunity of seeing similar
instruments played by Land-Dyaks of the Upper Sadong dis-
trict. I have now no doubt that St. John's description of the
M mit pipe applies to an instrument entirely similar to the Land-
I'Vfik examples, No'otber tribes in Borneo bit these two —
Muruts and Land-Dyaks — appear to employ thii instrument.

I . Land-Dyak ^Scruha^i or Set^une.

a, (Plate VIII fig. 13.)

Two slender tubes of bamboo bound together with a grass
strapping ; the proximal ends are closed by the natural septa and
the wall of the tubes has been pared down for a length of about
7 centim. so as to be (luite thin ; a vibrating tongue Oo*'^^) has
been cut in this part of the wall in each tube by slitting from
above downwards a slender strip) thus forming a ** beating"
reed ; a fine hair is tied round one pipe to restrict the play of
(be tongue. One of the tubes, known as the l^iki or mate tube is
provided witlt live st<jps ((^uat/et) about 2*6 centim. apart, the
oth*T, knnwn as the puan or female tultt% has none. The laki has
n nhi^Tl Jength of tmmb.io (tithu) fitted over its distal end whilst
the distal end of the puan or drone-pipe is obliijuely truncated*
Length of laki 40vl cm.; length of drone-pipe 37 cm.

Catalogue No. 127S. E. \V. Byrde, Esq. [P. 6. viL 03.]

k A very similar specimen, but each pipe has a short
length of bamboo fitted over its distal end : length of laki 46 em.
length of drone-pipe 40 cm,

(Jatalogrue No. 1276. K, W. Byrde, Esq. [P. 6. vii, 03.]

Ikith of these come from Krokong village, Upper Sarawak,
and are known aa S^nifmtfi, The note of the drone-pipe is sup-
posed tu be the same as the note of the Uiki when all the stops
but the fourtli are closed, and in order to tune the pipes either

36 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLRCTIOK,

a length of bamboo is added to one or to both or the distal end
of one is obliquely truucatedi thus practically reducing its length
If in spite of these devices the pipes are still out of tone
length of grass or wood splinter (ndjok) is pushed up the dron<
pipe and moved up and down until the correct note is hit
Mr. Byrde informs me that one of the sfjecimeim just descri
was cut to almost accurate lengths and required no tuning with'
the adjok\

c. Very similar to the two preceding specimens, the laki,
however^ has only four stops about 3 centim, apart, the drone-
pipe is pierced with five stops but they have all been plugged
up with wax. The distal ends of the pipes are cut square am"
are not fitted with lengths of bamboo, licngth of Inki 43
cm, ; length of drone-pipe 38-7 cm.

Catalogue No. 1324. [Pd. viii, 03.]

From Piching village. Upper Sadong. Known as Ser^tn
The performer on this instrument tuned it by thrusting a piece
grass up the drone-pipe nnd moving it up and down until he bit
off the correct note. As the vibrating tooLriies are cut at som<
little distance from the proximal ends uf the pipes, these ha
to be thrust well into the mouth ; a continuous blast wa*t giv
by inhaling with the nostrils and blowing into the instrume
with the mouth simultaneously, just as in using the chemist'
blowpipe.

The Land-Dyaks of Quop, Sarawak river, also play these
pipes ; they always leave the proximal ^nds open and close tbem,
when playing^ with the tonj?ue, the * lieatiug* reed is cut mudd
closer to the proximal end than in Krokonij or Sudong examples^B
sometimes three pipes are bound together, two being drone-
pipes, A good set will be kept in a bfimboo full of water, as the
pipes are generally made from fresh -cut bamboo st-ems and
when they become dry the tongues will not vibrate effectively.

Class VIL

Mouth-organs— with single ' free' reed. ( Plate 1 1 1 fig, !)).

These instruments, which are Ggured in almost every book

on Borneo, conskt of a hollowed gourd with a long neck the

Jour. StraiU Braneli

m ej[

itli

iki,
tie-
red
Ln4^

I mm
hit

SARAWAK ETriNOORAPHICAL COLLECTION. 37

mouth fnece of the instrument; into the gourd are set sis to
eight bamboo tubes, the joint being made air-tight with a luting
of dAmmar; the tubes are closed at their lower ends but into
each near its lower end • islet a stoall frame of apeng pahn wood
{Artngn sp.) or of brass with a vibrating tongue (Piate VII fig,
10); each tube has a stop and if these are not closed by
the fingers no sound can be produced by blowing into the neck
of the g*)urd ; the tubes are of unequal length and are tuned
bj being cut more or less obliquely at their upper ends^ and oue
*v& generally much longer than the others.

This form of mouth-organ seems to be essentially a Mon-
golian type very simihir instruments being found in Chifia (the
•Sirfif? or 6'ien^), Japan « lid Siara; Hein (Die Bildendeii Kunste
bei den Dayaks auf Borneo. Vienna, 1890 p» lltj fig. 78,)
figures a Chinese Seug^ a mouth-organ of the Mrung of India
ud a Kyan mouth-organ, and notes that all are constructed
on eeaentialiy the same principle, he does not, however, describe
the form of the vibratory apparatus io any of these instrumentJiJ
90 it 18 quite possible that the Mrung mouth-organ is furnished
with * beating' reeds instead of *free' or * framed* reeds.

A good figure of a Kyan youth playing on a mouth-organ
Is given in **In Central Borneo" by Dr. A.\V. Nieuwenhuis^ Vol,
IL pi, Ixxxviii.

The instruments are played more by suction than by blowing.
The Bornean tribes who use this instrument are the Kyons,
Kenyahs and allied tribes, the Dusuns^ Puuans and the Sea-
Dyaks, it is almost certain that the latter and very probable
tbftt the Punans have borrowed this instrument from the Kyans
or Kenyahs,

1 . Kym—KUrdu

a. (Plate III fig. 9 right hand specimen).

Of large size; six bamboo tubes open at the tr<p are
Utderted into a large bole cut in a hollow gourd {labu ayer
genoK\) the joiut being rendered air-tight by a luting of dammar;

* i.e. in that (portion of the tube inside Ihe gourd >

I Ho iO. 1904

SARAWAK ETHNCJGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

the gourd hm a long curved neck which forms the mouth-pie
of the instrument One of the bamboo tubes is 130 centim.
long from its point of Insertion into the gourd, its top is
slightly ubliquely truncate, its note is lower C; another is
75*0 cenlim* long with the top cut square and its note is lower
£; a third is 75 centim. long, with note lower F; a fourth 74 iJ
centim, long with uoU* lower K; a lifth 18 74 centim, long but
la so obliquely truncate that its functional length may be
reckoned as 5(>'8 centim, only, its note is middle B; the sixth is
very similar but its length may be reckoned at 55-2 centim.
with the note middle C. The bundle of tubes is bound together
by an encircling band of plaited rattan* A cap of bamboo cut
from a node, with a long projecting tongue resta on the top of
the longest tube, to the lower end of the tongue is attached a
string tit*d at its other end to a plaited band of rattan that slips
freely over the bundle of tubes, the outside of the cap has a
frill of shavings scrajied partial ly off it; when the cap is pulled
down hard over the top of the loTig tube the note of that tube
19 rendered more resonant. Total length (in a straight l ine
119-3 cm*; length of gourd (in a straight line) 23.8 cm*

Catalogue No. 1085, [Pd. 10. x. 00].

This specimen is in gdod working order and as it has not
been dissected it is inipossibl*^ to say whether the vibratory
apparatus is of brass or of palm- wood. Ling Roth (I.e. vol. II p.
2^^} figures an almost identical specimen and gives the not
produced by it.

b. Very similar to the preceding, but in bad conditio]
when received and it has been dissected to exhibit its construG-
tion. The gourd has a star-shaped hole cut in it to receive the
tubes. One of the tube^ is 72 centim. long, the rest vary
lietween 60 centim. and G0*5 centim. two are very oblii|uely
truncated at their top ends. The vibratory apparatus ia made
of upeug palm (Artu^u sp.) tho tongues have each a little knob
on their ends (Plate VII fig. iO) to increase their range of
vibration.

Catalogue So. 124G Uon. C. A. Bampfylde, [P. 26. ii.

oaH

Jour. &tr«^ni Bnuir||»

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Punan — Mouth- Organ..

The gourd of the preceding specimens is replaced by two
hollowed pieces of wood, joined together with a J y ting of
dammar And three stitches of rattan; the two halves have been
shaped to form a very fair imiution of a gourd with a long
neck. The usual six tabes are let into this sham gourd and
tut^ with dammar. The longest tube measures from its point
of insertion into the gourd 07 "5 centini,; its topis slightly
obliijuely trunc-ate and it is covered by a bamboo cap like that
of No. 1085, its note is middle A flat. Three tubei? are shorter
their lengths varying from 4f>'7 centim. to 47*2 centim, their
tops are cut S(jyure and their notes are middle B, middle C
(not quite true) and middle D. Another measures 4»i 4 centim»;
but it is very oblirjuely truncate so that its functional len^^th
may l>e reckoned at 34*3 centim.; Ma note is upper F. The
sixth tube is 43*8 centim. with function:! I length of ^i3-5 centim.
and note upper G. Total length (in a straight line) 72 centim.

Catalogue No. 12G0. [Pd. iii. 03].

The Pnnans are a nomadic jungle tribe who neither plant
nor sow ; having probably borrowed the idea of the mouth-
organ from neighbtmring Kyans ur Kenyahs, it was necessary
to make imitation gourds of wood as they have no real gourd*
of their own.

3, Sea-Dyak— ^n^Xrtffiirai'. (^late III fig, IJ left hand)
specimen.

Much smaller than the Kyan Lterdi, The Irjtjiri'st tube

ueasures 67-5 centim. the others 44 centim. tu 41%') ceotim.

vo of these arp very obli<]uely tnincate. The buii<lle of tubes

is bound round a central upriiiht of wood by a batid of plaited

rattan. The vibratory apparatus is of brass. The instrument

not in working order. Length (in straight line) 70 cm.

Catalogue No. Gl. Brooke Low collection.

The iN^a-Pyak mouth-organ is generally much smaller than
the Kyan one; the longest reed is usually provided with a cap
of bamJ»oo to act as resonator, but the most eflicieut resonat-*ir
that 1 have seen was a small tin through the bottom of which the

40 SARAWAK ETHNUGRAPiUCAL COLLECTION.

loDg tube passed, Lhig-Roth (Ix, vol* II p. 259) figurei
Dyak engkerurai with seven reeds and states: — ** Some of the
iiotes appear t<3 be FA CF — F octave nearly; two holes in one
reed* note unascertainable ; two reed 8 appear to have no note
[? defective vibratory apparatus, R,S,] Longest reed (one which
has no note) to junction with gourd, 31 in.; diam. of gourd, 3^
in, (Edinboro' Mus)."

The Kenyah mouth-organ is known as S/klttp, The Dusui
mouth-organ has eight reeds set into the gourd in two rowj
of four, four are short and equal, four are longer and unequal,
there are no stops but the fingering is performed on the ends
of the four equal short pipes, the others acting as drone-pipe
(cf. Ling.Rotb I.e. vol, II p. 260).

There is no specimen of a Dusun mouth-organ in the Sar-
awak Museum.

JEWS-HARPS.

The Jews-harp of the Borneans are made either of Palm
wood such as Arentfa Bp* (Apivff), Arenga mvcharijtfra (ijohi
and Orania macrocladxu (ihul) or else of brasa. In all, sound
i^ produced by causing the tongue of the ini^trument to vibrate,
either by jerking upon a string' attached to one end of the in-
strument or else by jarring the frame of the instryment by re-
peated taps with the finger. '"A single note h thus produced,
and, in order Ui gain a variety of notes, the instrument is held
to the performer's mouth, which also performs the function of
a resonator. To quote Sir George Grove, ' A column of air
miy vibrate by reciprocation with a body whose vibrations are
isochronous with its own, or when the number uf its vibrations
are any multiple of those of the original sounding body. On thij^
law depends the explanation of the production of sounds by the^
jews-harp. The %dbration of the tongue itself corresponds with
a very low^ sound ; but the t-avity uf the mouth is capable of
various alterations; and whvu the number of vibrations of the
contained volume of nir in any ntultipte of the original vibrations
of the tongue, a sound is produced corresponding lo the mod-
ification of the oral cavity;* " (H. Balfour Journ. Anth. Inst Vol.
XXXII p, 169, 1902). The Sea-Dyakfi employ wooden and brass

Jour. Stmlts Bnuicfa

SARAWAK ETHNOGKAPHICLA COLLECTION. 41

jew9-harp6 which are caused to sound by jeiks on a piece of string
attached to one end of the frarae of the instrument, the other*
end of the frame is held between the linger and thumb of the
other hand. The Dusuns employ a wooden jewg-harp but play
it by repeatedly striking one eod of the frame with the fore
finger of the right hand and the Land-Dyaks play on a brass
jews*harp in the same way. The Dusun and band-Dyak jews-
barps are product at one end to form a handle but the Sea*
Dyak forms have usually no handle the instrument consisting
merely of a tongue and a frame the ends of which are roughly
aymmetricaL

1 Sea*Dyak — Ruding,

a. (Plate V fig. 13, second specimen from the bottom).

Made of apeng wood (Arengasp.) with the cuticle still left
on the face of the instrument; the back of the instrument is long-
itudinally concave and the wood has been scraped down so that
it is quite thin except at the ends which are thick and almost
Hut. The tongue is 8 centim. long \ta proximal half is 0*5 oentim.
broad, it?* distal half only 0-2 centim. ; there is a marked
' shoulder 'half way down the tongue. The frame follows the
outline of the tongue. The ends of the instrument are bluntly
pointed. To one end of the instrument a short piece of string
with a slender wooden toggle is attached ; through a hole in
Uie other end passes a short loop of strijig, which is stretched
tftut by the third and fourth lingers of the left hand when
the instrument is held ready for playing l>etween the linger and
thumb of the i<ame hand* The instrument is contained in a
small ca.se of bamboo decorated with a phyllomorhic design in
low relief with the background stained red by dragon's blood.
Total length 10*8 cm. ; breath 15 cm*
Catalogue No, 204. Brooke Low collection.
A. (Plate V fig. 13, third specimen from the bottom).
Very similar to the preceeding, but the ends more pointed*
It is coHtAiued in a bamboo case decorated in the same way as
tbe caie of Xo, 204. Length 14*7 cm. ; breath 1*5 cm*

Catalogue Xo. XI 12, [Pd. xii. 00].

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKCTION,

2. Du3un — Teruding, (Plate VMig. 13 bottom specimen, and <
Plate VII fig. 9).

Made of apeng wood. It differs from the Sea-Dyak ruding \
ill the following points : — i,) the l>ack of the instrument is »»ot }
concave; ii.) one end is pruduced \a\ form a handle almost
square m section ; iii*) one half of tiie frame is shaved down ao 1
as to be very thin, the other half iii uompam lively thick ; i v.) in
order to give a greater rauge of vibration to the tongue a lump
of dammar U attached to it about ilcs middle ; the peculiar shape ■
of the tongue is shown in Plate VI 1 Og, 1^. |

The cuticle of the wood is bft on the handle, as a narrow
trans ver tie strip across the middle of the instrument and on the
end opposite to the handle^ where there also occurs a small dab
of resin. The instrument is enclosed in n small bamboo case
decorated with incised geometrical designs.

Length 13 cm, ; breadth 0*8 cm.

Catalogue No* 777. From Kiou, ML Kina Halu,

Drs. U. D. k U. A, Haviland coll iv. n [P].

LtDg-Uoth (1. c. VoU II p« 257) tiguies a similar exampf!

Laod-Dyak — Stobeong,

(Plate V fig. 13 top specimen).

Jews-harp of brass. The tongue (joyah) and frame (fcaJt)
are very thin and quite tJat, one fnd is produced to form a
slightly thicker handle {loptvomj) the opposite end is shaped and
notched. The handle is well-marked off from the frame. The
tongue has tx»en smeared with lime in order to make it heavier
and so to tune the instrument in accord with others.

Length i»*3 cm. greatest breath 1 cm.

Catalogue No. 1273, From Teringoo» Sarawak River.

E. W. Byrde. Esq., [P. 23. vi. 03].

^. (Plate V fig. 13 second specimen from the top).

Almost exactly similar to the preceding specimen, but end
opposite t4j the handle cut square. fl

Length 9*2 cm, ; greftteat breadth I cm* ^

Jour. Sti«.iU Bniii'li

fcvier

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 43

Catalogue No, From Krokong village. Upper Sarawak.
[E. W. Bjrde, Esq, P. vil 031.

The Land- Djaks of Quop call this instrument truing; the
Land'Dyaks of the Cpper Sadoog call it jingun.

These instruments are made very carefully and the owner
of a good specimen will not readily part with it. If the tongue,
when just cut out from the frame, does not vibrate properly it
is carefully filed with the cuticle of a species of bamboo and
until it vibrates freely the instrument is 8aid Ui have no ** life "
or *' souL ^* At Krokong several men wiil play jews-harpt in
concert tuning them by smearing lime on to the vibratiog
tongues.

4. Sea*Dyak — EngBulu ur Rndvig gulu,
a* ( Plate VI fig. 13 middle specimen).

Jews-harp of brass ; markedly concavo-convex longitud-
iiialiy, suggesting that it is derived from a wocMien model.
1*he tonj^ue tapers to its end. One end of the frame is cut
nut into thre^ points, the other end is bifurcated and the two
limbs of the bifurcation are rolled up into spir<ils ; a loop of string
imsaes thro igh a hole at this end. a shurt string with a braas
^^(T^^ attached to it passes through a hole at the other end.

Length cm, ; breadth 8 cm.

Catalogut^ Xo. 1261, From Lobok Antu^ Batang Lupar.

[itShelford, Esq. P. 5. iv. 03J

^, ( Plate V tig. 13 third specimen from the top),

Differs from the preceeding specimen in being nearly Hat ;
one etid is produced to form a sort of handle but it is quite thin
and flat and is fretE<:^d and cut into a pseudo phyilomurphic pat-
term The op^Kj^ite end of the instrument is '' stepped ** and a
^trin^r witJi a bamboo toggle is passed through a hole here.
Tht* tongue doe^ not t^per, its proximal half is twice as thick

BB the dlijial (cf. ruding),

fjeni^th I'M cm.; greatest breadth, 0*8 cm.
CtaUbgue No. 610. Brooke Low cotlectioo*

IMIC.50.40. IftH.

44 8ARAWAK ETHNQORAPUICAL COLLBCTION.

Ling Roth (I. c. Vol II p. 257) figures a handled braaa
jews-harp but with a etria^ attached to the frame; it is evident-
ly a Sea-Dyak eiajsulu but it has been wrongly named rodiunQ.

This is one of the musical instruments which Dyaks say are
possessed of **Jako'' u e, articulate speech; the eftserunm h
another but the ruding is not. The engsulu is played by young
men and girls who are lov^ers ; a young man desirous of mar-
rying a girl will, previous to matrimony, visit at night his inamo-
raUi in her mosquito curtains and will play to her on his jews-
harp, she will reply on her jews*harp and it is said that the
notes of the instruments can be translated by experts into artic-
ulate language in the form of a poem»

PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS.

I. Wooden resonators and harnionicums.
IL Metal gongs.
liL Bells,
IV, Drums.

Clas.^ L— VVuudkn Resonators anu Uaumukicums.

These have been superseded almot't every where by metal
gongs made for the most part in Java and China.

L Und-Dyak— /.a/i>oit. (Plate Yl fig. H).

These are merely portions of a l)am!x)o Joint with the wall
scraped <|uite thin, one end is closed by the septum the other is
open. The open end is knocked against some bard substance
such as an ironwood post They are played in accompaniment
widi the ton-ton (cf. antea p. 17), Length 24':? cm. and 37 cm.
diam. 5 cm. and 5 cm*

Catalogue Nos. 1297 a and h. [Pd, ix. 08.] From the
Upper Sadong District.

2. Land-Oyak— /^tffo«cAo/»^. (Plate VI fig. U).

Two pieces of bamboo jointa, the walls not scraped thin
but with a bole cut in one side ; one end is cloi^ed by the septum

J^^ur. 8tr&lU BrAuch

ifadi

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 45

the other is open. The
atick to accompany the
diam a cm. and 5.2 cm*

Catalo^e Nos. 129S a
Upper Sadong district.

instrumenta are
toft'toH, Length

baaten with a short
49 cm, and 43 cm.

and A. [Pd. ix. 03]. Prom the

Land-Dyak^ — Krotong — Wooden harmonicum.

A set of six slabs of hard red wood {mHlobi) ranging in
length from 49 centim. to 40 centira., in breadth from 7 centim,
to 5 centim., in thickness from 3 5 centira. to 1-5 centiui. The
notes emitted when the slabs are struck do not form a regulai
scale. Three slabs (aimkj are marked at one end with a streak
of white paint and these give higher notas than the three others
{endor) which are marked with a cross. The slabs are laid on a
block of soft wood or on the legs of the performer and are
tapped with two sticks (^oi-^n); sometimes two men play, one
striking the anak the other the endov.

Catalogue No. 1280. E. W. Byrde, Esq. [P. 9. vii. 02 J.

This example was made at Krokong, Upper Sarawak, and

in use for many years at feasts and funerals. Brooke Low
mentions similar specimens, bntmadealso of stone in \xm amongst
theSea-Dyaks. Burbidge gives an account of a Kadyan
" triangle or its music rather^ being represented by two or three
«teel hatched l«ids which were laid across laths on the floor and
beaten in time with a bit of iron '' (cf . Ling- Roth Ix. Vol. II p. 263).

i. llaloh — lenghianif — (Plate IV fig, 11, left-hand specimen).

A long narrow rectangular block of tapnng wood with a
roll handle projecting from the left-hand end (upper end in
ihe figure). It is narrower at the top (right-hand side in the
figure) than at the bottom^ the sides sloping in from a line just
below the middle line. A deep longitudinal cavity is scooped out
of the block of wood : it slopes up at either end. On one side
(that seen in the figure) there is at either end a perpendicular
border of of phylfomorphic design carved in deep relief whilst a
broad horizontal border of incised phyllomorphic design runs
along the lower half of the instrument ; on the other side the

U, iL Sor , So. to, IfKH.

46 SAHAWAK ETHNUGKAPHICAL COLLECTJON.

two perpeodicutar borders consist of incised lines bounding a .
series of diamond slia[Ded figures, tbe horizontal border is similar
to that on tbe other side.

There are two drum sticks also of tapaug {Ahauria exceha) ,
wood ; each is bored at the top with a hole and tbey were once j
joined together by a length of string ; they are slightly decorated '
with incised lines l)ut the patterns wfiich it was intended to form
have never been completed* Length 61 cm, ; breadth at top 7 '5
cm, ; breadth at Ljuttum U cm. ; height 22 cm. ; length of stick
24 cm.

Catalogue No. .i7. Brooke Low collection.

The instrument has been tigured by Ling- Roth (L c. Vol. II
p, 263.) A large block of wood shaped like a pig and hollowed
out, hangs by the antimony works of the Borneo Co., at Busau,
Upper Sarawak ; it is beaten to call the men to work and emits
a very loud resonant sound ; it was made by a Malay*

Class II— Metal Gungb.

From a native point of view these are the most important of
all musical instru merits. Formerly certain varieties of gonga
were in universal use as currency and at the present day fines
levied on natives by the l^arawak Government are paid in many
cases in gongs, brass ware, and old jars. Tbe large heavy gonga
known as Utwaks are worth any thing from $30 to $100, not
only their weight but their tone and resonance being taken into
account by the appraisers. The wealth of a chief consists chiefly
of gongs and jars, and his collection of the former, is if he is in
prosperous circumstancesj always increasing* They are played
at ceremonies and festivals of every description and the noise M
product^d by the beating of twenty or thirty gongs all at the |
Hiune time can be better imagined than described. The Land*
Dyaks of (^uop have detinite names for the different rhythms
with which a series of gongs can be beaten and I have no dotibt
that the same is the case amongst other tribes. !

The four principal varieties of gongs are : — ^

1. Gongs proper ; large shallow gongs with flat boss or
none at all.

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 47

i. Tawak\; large deep gonga with hemispherical bos**.

3. Ckanang ; medium sized ^ongs with hemispherical buss,
sometimes elaborately ornamented.

4» Kromong ; small gongs with hemispherical boss, always
Hold in sets of seven or eight and played somewhat
like a chime of bells.

All are made of brass and most are cast hy h t^re perdut^
process, though the older and more valuable ones have been
melted and hammered intt> shape.

The place of origin of some specimens is extremely doubt-
ful, but generally speaking the following nmy be regarded as
fairly accurate i^Gongt proper come from China, their value is
small and but few are bought by Dyaks and other natives;
Tawiik are made itt Java and perhaps by Malohs, as already
noted their value is considerable ; Chmmntj are made in Java, in
Kucbing by JSarawgik Malays, and in Brunei by Brunei Malays,
the latter being usually highly ornamental and worth $15 to
$25. a Javanese Chananff may fetch a very high price ; Kro-
mang were formerly made in Javn but all modern specimens
are made chietiy in Kuching by Sarawak Malays, modern speci-
mens are moderate in price.

1. Gong, (Plate IV. lig. 12, specimen in the background)
large shallow gong of (?) (Chinese origin, with a flattened boss.
Diam. 6G cm. ; depth 8 cm.

Catalogue No. 1225. [Pd. xi. 02],

2. Taumk or tetawak. Large brass gong, said to have
i made by Malobs, with large hemispherical boss and slightly

ffiibed central area. It is very deep and the sides slope io from
froflt Co back. Ithas been castand then hammered. Diam. in front
BO urn, ; at back 45 cm. ; depth 27 cm. ; thickness 0*5 cm. ;
weight 37 lbs.

Catalogue No, 1256. The Sarawak Government, [P. 14,

48 SARAWAK ETHNOGHAl'HICAL COLLECTION.

This specimen some years ago was deposited id Sibu fort as 9
pledge of good faith by a native chief but it was never
redeemed ; it has been valued by Malays at $70.

3, Brunei Malay — Chanang naga, (Plate VI' fig. 15).

Brass gong with heanspherical boss ; the face is decora
with two dragons 10 bald relief and with a geometric pattei
round the border ami between the dragons in lower relief » tl
side is also ornamented with a g*eoraetric pattern in low relief,]
The gong ia suspended by a chain with two diverging limbs,
one of the links in the middle of each divenng limb Sm
cast in the form of a bird and the junction of the diverging limbs
with the main chain is marked by a similar but larger link.
Diani. in front 49 cm. at back 39 4 cm. ; depth 12 cm. Total
length of chain 58 cm. ; of diverging limbs 35 cm.

Catalogue No. 126B. [Pd. ii. vi. 03],

These gongs are cast by a cire-perdue process ; a roug]
model of the gong is first made in wood, over this is spread
layer of wax the surface of which is carved and tooled into the
desired pattern, the wax is lifted off the wooden model iii two
pieces — the front and the siide^ — these are then joined and backed
with more wax, and a mould of clay mixed with sand is built upso
as to completely enclose the wax pattern, a small spout being
left at one point ; the whole is then burnt in a kiln and the melt-
ed wax is poured out of the spout of the clay mould and the
molten bras8 poured into it A new wax pattern has of course,
to be made fur every gong.

The dragons certainly suggest a Chinese origin for these
gongs, still the dragon is also prominent in Indonesian art so
that it would be rash to dogmatize on the subject. The signi-
iiear.ce of the bird-links in the suspensory chain I have been
unable to discover.

Sarawak Malay — Chanang,

Small brass gong with hemispherical boss and raised central
area ; cast by cire-pevdue process in Kuching. Diam. in front
3.*l-9 cm., at back 30-1 cm. depth 7*8 cm.

Catalogue No. 1208. [Fd. xii, 02],

#oif SItaito Brandi

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

-V SAmv^k Malay— A>o/»ort^. (Plate IV ^^. 12).

A set of eight smuU brass gongs, each with hemispherical
boas and slightly raised central area. They rest on strings
fftftteiaed to the cross-pieces of a long wooden frame and are
struck with two wooden beaters. Diam. of largest gong 19*6
cm., of smallest gong 17'8 cm. ; all are G*5 — <5 cm. deep.

Catalogue No, 1209. [Pd. xil 02],

These Kromong were cast in Kuching. The process is
much the same as that previously described ; the wax is spread
thinly over a wooden model {chuan) pitted all over with amall de-

Eressions, the purpose of which is to give an appearance of
ammer*marks ; the old Javanese Kromonff were all melted and
beaten into shape and distinctly shewed the hammer-marks all
ov^r their surface^ and the same appearance is simylated in the
modern article. The wax is peeled off the wooden model as
already described and enclosed in a mould of clay mixed with
stand (tanah balni) with a spout fur the exit of the melted wax
and the entry of the molten bmss When the gongs are
removed from their clay moulds they are roughly smunthed
down with a lile and are set in a row on a frame like that shewn
in the figure, the maker then tunes them by lapping them with
a hammer and tinally blackens them with a mixture of copper
sulphate and an extract of Hramj a plant uaed also medicinally
for skin diseases.

Class III. Bells.

1. Brunei Malay — Gnmong, cow-bell.

A spheroidal brass rattle flattened from side to side, cast in
biu*(i«, hollow with a slit running half way round the lower
border; the handle of the rattle is in the form of a bird with a
ring jipnuging from it« back, on each side of the rattle is a
■nake irt lx>ld relief and an outstanding ring ; there is a ring just
above each end of the slit running round the lower border of
the rattle. A small brass sphere inside the hollow of the rattle
acte as a clapper.

50 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLEGTIOH.

Length (in a straight line) 9*8 cm. ; diam. 6*1 cm. X 4*8 cm.
[Pd 6. xi. 02.]

Catalogue No. 1187.

This is the only form of bell that I have met with in Borneo
with the exception of small metal rattles that are worn as
ornaments (trimmings to kirtles, buttons to necklets, etc.)

Class IV. Drums.

These are used by every tribe in Borneo ; they are played
with gongs at feasts and funerals.

1. Land-Dyak (Bukar sub-tribe.) — Gehong,

Single membrane drum made from one and a half joints
of a very large species of bamboo ; the intervening septum is
broken through ; one end is open, the other is closed by a dia-
phragm of monkey's skin {Macacus nemestrintis ), secured by
rattan in the manner shewn in ^g. 1, Plate VII., the loops of
rattan however being connected by a transverse double twist of
rattan. Height 84 cm. ; diam. 12 cm.

Catalogue No. 1294. [Pd. viij. 03].

From Lanchang, Upper Sadong.

I noted in the rafters of the head-house (baltih) at Lan-
chang village, a very large drum known as sahanrj cut out from
a tree trunk, it was at least 5 feet high and I foot in diameter,
but I was unable to secure it for the Sarawak Museum as it was
used only at head -feasts and was regarded as " pemali.^' Similar
gigantic drums are used at Krokong, Upper Sarawak.

2. Sea-Dyak — Oendang. (Plate III fig. 10, left hand specimen).

Single membrane drum made of a hard black wood, rough -
y shaped like an hour-glass, hollow throughout, the cavity in
shape corresponding to the external form : the lower end is open,
the upper is closed by a skin diaphragm secured by rattan lash-
ings and loops; the method of lashing the diaphragm on to the
drum-head is slightly differeiit from the usual method and is

Jour straits Branch

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPKICAL COLXKCTIOV.

shown on Plate VIII tig, H, the edge of the diaphragm b not
doubled over, the rattan loops pass alf'ernately over and under
the encircling band a and then down to and round a plaited
rattan band which Is prevented from slipping bj wedjje^. Below
tlie platti^ rattan band l^^ a raised zone on which U carved in
bold relief the following patterns : —

1.) A conventional flower fmnk andu^ (Plukeniiia corm-
eulata),

24 On each aide of this a rough geometrical design, three
scfolla in a ^uare.

8.) An intertwisted double loop pattern, emilup (i. e. inter-
incking).

Twelve shirt buttons are let into the centre of (1), two
are let into each scroll of (2) and there is one in each loop of (S).
Below this xone in a circle of incised triangles, purhoL rebonfj
(^l.e. young iihooL^ of bambcx))and round the foot of the drum runs
mxk incised single loop pattern. Height 18 cm, ; diam. at top
13*4 cm. ; diam. at Ixtttom 20 cm.

Catalogue No, 58. Brooke Low collection*

The §ea-Dyaks of the Balau River and the Sibuyaus call this
instrument Katnlong, I have seen 3{>ecimen3 with a diaphragm
of rar£i7i»M skin. The performers on this instrument and the
Land-Dyjtk (hhnng sat cross-legged on the ground, the drum
lying across one thigh and kept from slipping by the opposite
foot, and the diaphragm was beaten with the tips of the tiugera
and the palmar surface of one hand.

A Murut yeuthmtf is figured by Ling Roth (1. c. Vol II
p. 2G3).

d< Bfalay — Gcndang pfimff.

(Plnte III tig. 1(1, right hand specimen).
Double merabran*? drum formerly used in warfare, but now
ed at festivals* It is almost cylindrical, hollow through-
id made of tnirahou wood {Afzdia bijutja)^ it is slightly nar-
rower in diameter at one end than at the other and its greatest
lUanieter is across the middle. Both ends are closed with dia-

52 SARAWAK RTHNOGRVPFIICAL COLLECTION.

phragms of parchment, secured in the following manner :
edge uf the parchment is gripped between two strips of apli
rattan enci ruling the dram, these gripping Imnd? are given a half-*']
turn up, a continu£»iJs loop of nplit rrtttan is laced through holeis in
the donble fuld of parchment (furmed by turning up the gripping';
bands) and passes to the other end of the drum to be similarly!
laced through holes in the diaphrngtn there ; tfie adjacent limbs
of the loup.s are braced t<jgether by bands of plaited rattan
(Plate Vlll jig, 15). \ small square hole i^ cut iu the side of
the drum to increase the reson.trnre and a string sling passes
through holes above and below this. Height 5?3 cm,; diam. at oiv
end 22 em, : diam. at the other 2U cm.

Catalogue J^o. 1227, [Pd, 2tl. L 03].

4. M.alay — Gmd'jing rehtma, (Plate I V fig. II right hand
specimen,)

Bow I -shaped drum of mirtfUm wood, the top is closed by
a diaphragm of sheep's skin, the bottom is open. Into the rim.;
of the bottom are driven ten square wooden pegs, their free enda
rest ou and preiss against a circl<^ of rattan round which pass
the rattiin loops that secure the diaphragm ; the chief function
of this rattan circle and pegs is to act as an insulator, raisin;
the drum from the j^ruund and so increasing its resonance. Th
diaphragm is secured in the same way as shawn in Plate VI L fig'^
1, except that the descending loops of rattan are in ten groups of
four or five loops, any one group being widely separated from
that on either aide of it ; there are ten such groups and
they corre8^)ond with the ten wooden pegs in the bottom rim of
the drnm ; further, the od^t^ of the diaphratfrn is doubled back to
cover the rattan hieing and this is kept in position by a single
encircling rattan laced tlirtm^h it.

Immediately lief ore use the diaphragrn is tightened b;^
pushing between it and the \ipper rim of the drum from the
inside a circle of thick unsplit rattan* known as the sidni- ; when
the drum is not in use the j^itiak is kept coiled up inside the drum.

Height 18 em.; diam. at top,44'a cm.; diara.at bottom24-8 cm.

Catalogue No. VJiil, [Pd. 28. I, 03],

Jour. ^tnibiM]

1
I

:•

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Addenda.

Since going to press my friend Mr, W, Howell ba,s sent to
the Museura a toy musical instrument used by Sea-Dyak child-
ren ; as it 13 so very different from every other form of musical
instrument found in Borneo, I cannot refrain from adding a
brief descnption of it ; —

Sea*Dyak — SuUeng — toy "squeaker."

A piece of the stem of a species of Calamus know^n as
/Cei-mong, 21 centim. long and 1 centim, in diameter; one end
18 open and cut square, the other ia closed by the natural septum,
a very narrow crack runs down the whole length of the instru-
ment on one side, in fact it is so narro?^ as to be hardly [>er'
ceptible from the outside. A blast of air driven into the tube
just forces apart the sides of the cracky but they quickly close
afifftin by virtue of their elasticity and curvature. If the pressure
of air is maintained they are foro*^ ! open again, close ai^ain and
80 on ; in other words the aides ai the tube bordering^ the crack
vibrate and constitute a "partial" valve throuj^h which the air
issues in a pulsatory manner producing a loud and penetrating
squeak. The instrument may be compared with the trumpet
class though in that class the lips of the performer constitute
the *' partial" vaU*e, not the walls of the instru nent itself.
Malaya know this instrument as stfrune, the same term as
tliat employed by Land-Oyaks of the Bukar sub-tribe for their
pipes with ** beating** reeds.

CAtalogoe No. 1363. Rev. W, Howell [P, 6. xij. 03].

The wooden clappers used by Sea-Dyaks are also worthy
of note. The«e instruments, which are known variously as tongkat
l^'igij tangkai krutak tugal be-igi^ tugat bekuroug^ and iugal klel%
are long staves of hard wood with an enlarged head, the head
t» hollowed out but a loose block of wood occtipies part of the
hollow and slides up and down when the staff is shaken ; this
block is cut out of the bead itself, the hollowing of the head
»nd the freeing of the block tieing negotiated through four
loiigitudiiKil slits in the head. The staffs are used as padi-
dibblers, and they are carried and aouuded at intervals by the

a. A,Soc,, So 40. 1904

54 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

principal celebrant at that part of the religious festivals when
the Mengap is being recited ; they are also carried and rattled
by any one when walking in the dark to give notice of his
coming to spirits, men and animals.

Sea-Dyak— 7\)w^^a< kratak.

a, A lonpr staff of hard wood, the lower end thickened and
pointed and with an enlarged four-sided head 40'5. centim long ;
the angles of the head are marked by wide slits, through which
the head has been hollowed out, a sliding block of wood 20
centim. long being left in the hollow. The passage of the stem
of the staff into the head is sudden and is marked by a little
carving and a narrow band of plaited rattan ; the top of the
head is crowned with a finical and a tuft of grass.

Total length 239 cm.

From the Krian River. L Kirpkatrick, Esq. [P. 28. xiii. 96.]

Catalogue No. 999.

h. A similar specimen, but the lower end is much thicker
and less pointed ; the head is round in transverse section and the
hollowing of it and the freeing of the sliding block has been
conducted through three slits only ; the rest of the staff instead
of being of equal diameter throughout is marked with seven
circular blunt ridges at unequal distances apart ; the passage of
the stem into the head is very gradual ; the head has a long
carved finical but no tuft of grass.

Total legth 262 cm. ; length of head 36-5 cm. ; of sliding
block 23'5. cm. From the Lamanak River. Brooke Low col-
lection.

Catalogue No. 517.

c. Much shorter specimen, the head rather slender and
without a finical, which is replaced by a stout projection ; the
staff is encircled by several narrow ridges some of which are
carved to imitate the nodes of bamboo ; there are four slits in
the head.

Jour. StraiU Branch

^^^BB^^SARAWAK EraXOGKAPniCAL COLLECTION^. SS ^^^H

^^^H Total length 1^3 cm. ; length of head 38 cm* ; of sliding ^^^H

^^^^ block 12'4 cm. From the Eogkari River. Brooke Low col- ^^^1

^H^ lection.

^^H

^^B Catelogue Na 518. ^^M

Explanation of Plates 1.— VI. ^^M

■ P>g- ^*

Two Tanjong if^^ot and aratu musical bows. ^^^|

■ Fig. 2.

Se«-Dyak rnserunat\ Addles. ^^^|

■ Fig. 3.

Idaloh blikan^ two-8trin^ed guitar* ^^H

■ Fig. 4.

Kyat) stjpeh. two-stringed guitar. ^^^|

■ Fig. 5.

Malay (jamfjus, six-stririged guitar. ^^^|

■ Fig. 0.

Murut and Sen-Dyak enffknUonfj, upright-harps. ^^^|

■ Fig. 7.

Dusun Long Kiput and Kanowit batnboo-harps. ^^^|

■ Fig. 8*

Murut Kanowit and Se^-Dyak bamboo ftutes*. ^^H

■ Fi^. 9.

Sca-Uyak and Kyan mouth organs. ^^^|

■ Fig. UV

Sea-t)yak and Malay fffjidantj, drums. ^^H

■ Fig. 11.

Maloh wooden gong and Malay drum. ^^^H

■

Malny playing od a set of krumomj^ a large gong in ^^^1

the Imck ground. V

■

pQHUn Laud-Dyak and rea-Dyak jew's-harps, ^^^k

■ Kg. n.

Laud-Dyak ton-ton, bamboo-harps, ItUpok and/»Wo/i- ^^^|

dhmg, bamboo resonators. ^^H

H Fig. :^.

Brunei Malay vh'immtj iui*ja, oruamental gong with I

suispensory chain. H

Explanation of Plate VII. ■

^r Fig. I.

Diagram illuiitrating the meth^xJ by which a skin dia- ^|

phragm is fastened over a resonator of a (iddle or ^^^^

over a druui. The skin is tightly stretched over the ^^^|

mouth of the resonator and tied witli a string (a)^ the ^^^B

ed^e \vi thi^ iskin is \\\*n\ tunu'd up and throu>jh the ^|

double fold so formed is laced a cuntinuous loop of H

split rattan {b) ; the lower ends uf the loops pass H

^V ^. il. ««<>«** Nch n 11101. ■

Fig.

56 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLBCTION.

round a band of plaited rattan (c) encireling the re-
sonator at the lower level ; wedges (d) are driven
between this band and the resonator to make all taut.
This method of securing drum-heads and dia-
phragms is common all through the Malay Archipel-
ago : I have seen a drum from Timor in the Raffles
Museum, Singapore, the diaphragms of which are
fastened in identically the same way as this.

Fig. 2. Portion of head of stem of Sea-Dyak enserunai show-
ing method of attachment of string, (cf. p. 7)
ditto. (cf. p. 7)
ditto. (cf. p. 9)

Portion of stem of Maloh blikan (cf. p. 12)
Dusun aruitar x|(cf. p. 11)
Land-Dyak avjittuad x ^ (cf. p. 9)
Sea- Dyak penyipu, clay whistle X ^ (cf . p. 33)
Dusun teruding^ bamboo jew*s harp, seen in profile
with the tongue elevated. Nat. size. (cf. p. 43)

Fig. 10. Bamboo '* reeds " of a Kyan mouth-organ. Seen in
face and in profile.

Explanation of Plate VIII.

Fig. 1. Proximal end of Sea-Dyak ^u/t^/i^ ^an-transverse

flute (s^emidiagrannnatic).
Fig. 2. Proximal end of a nose-flute (semi-diagrammatic.)
Fig. 3. Proximal en< of Sea-Dyak ^ulieny nijawa. Flageolet

with outside duct (semidiagrammatic).
Fig. 4. Proximal end of Land-Dyak telarii. Flageolet with

outside duct (semidiagrammatic). •

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of above.

o. sound-hole.
Fig. 6. Proximal end of Land-Dyak hoto. Flageolet with

outside duct (semi-diaj^rammatic).
Fig. 7. Proximal end of Murut flageolet with outside duct

(semidiagrammatic) a, luting of dammar; b, fragment

of leaf stuck on the edge of the sound-hole.

Jour. Straits Branch

SARAWAK KTHN'JGRAPHICaL C0LLKCTI«>N. 57

Fi^. 8. Dijiu:iJinunatic lonifitwdiaal section of above.

Fig, S>. Kyan hnlo tcoJi\ bird-c^ll x ^

Fig. 10. Diag^rarnrnatic lun^itudirial sHCtion of Seu-l>yuk f*ttm-
hiiK bird-call, a. imiiiboo tut>e; b, wooden upright ; t\
upturn of bainUiij joint; d. aonnd-bole.

Fig. 11. Projtitual end of Sea-Dyak jutliemj ntfnwa. Flageolet
with innide duct> (semidiagram malic).

Fig. 12. Diagra m nia ti c 1 1 >n gi t u d i na I sec r io n of alx i ve.

Fig. 13. Land-Dyak ^fnthat/i, pipe*?! with * beating' reed^s.

Fig. 14. Method uf attachmeut uf diaphragm in Sea-Dyak
ff€t$datt/ (cfip. bO) — diHgranimatic. «. encircUng
band of rattan.

Fig'. 15. Method of attachment of diaphragms in Malay
* fffndaiuj prftnt/ (ci, p. 51 ) — diagraminutic. aa. grip-
ping band^ uf rattan. The limbs. Oft. of the loupes
are braced t^3gether by bands of plaited rattan not
^liewti in the drawing.

^, tkir No. 4(1. 1004

58 SAKAWAK ETHNOtiKAlflllCAL CULLECTluN.

presented

belo

Addenda 11.

A very airaple form of wiiid-mstrmiient
Moseura and

to the Sarawak

was
IS briedy

juite

described

holetl

\m rid- Dj&k^iHisku

This is B length of ii large species of batuboo with a
circular hole cut in each ioternode (seven in number), the
facing dirferetir. directions. The instrument is fastened at the
top of a high tree and the wind blowing across one, or perhaps
more, of the holes raakey a loud howling noise.

From the village of Quop.

Total length 311*5 cm, ; diameter 5*7 cm.

Kev, F. W. Nichols [P]

Catalogue No. 1384.

Sometimes rather a ditlerent instrument is in use
internode only of bamboo is employed and a large hole is cut
in it, thn internode spins (vertically) on a pivot and is fitted
with a vane so that the sound-hole is always turned at tl
right angle to the wind from whatever direction it may blow.

]

The bull-roarer c»in hardly be omitted from a catalogue of
mnsicwl instruments, even thimgh the specimen described below
was used, like the bull -roarers of the Malay Peninsula, merely JJ
af« a scarecrow. A popular account of the bull -roarer is giveit^
by Dr, A. r. Uaddon in his book ** The Study of Man''
pp. 277-327 and some remarks on the relationship between the
ijull -roarer and other wind-instruments are given by Mr, H.
Balfour in a receni; number of the Journal of the Anthropologi-
cal Institute (Vol. XXXII. pp. 178, 174.)

JVannn — bull-roarer.

A flat piece of wood shaped something like a S|:iear-head,
27*2 cm. X 61 cm.; both ends are sharply ptnnted, but at one
end are two projecting *^ ears/' a string passes through a hole

9ARAWAK KTHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 59

ibtA end ftnd sierven to attach tlie piece of woikI to a wrxideu
stiek, 8r» cm. long. ,

a A. Oweu Ksi|. [P. 24, v. 01],

<;atAlog:ue No. 1121.

l>r» L\ tlose first discovered the bull-roarer in Borneo in a
Kenyab house up the Tin jar River, Baram district and was told
that it was used to scare birds ofT the pmlt lields ; Dr. Hoj»e
bought the uniffue specimen and subs4]uently showed it to some
Xarom, a tribe living near Claudetown. Baraui River; the Narom
stated that they were well acquainted with the instrument and
frequently used it; they made several specimens to order, one
of which 13 that described ab<ive. The Narom constitute a tribe
that falls into the Kalamantan division according to Drs. liad-
don aod Hoae — and so may be considered as amongst the most
primitive tribes of Borneo.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

JOURNAL 40, PLATE \.

RAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

JOURNAL 40. PLATE U.'

STRAITS BRANCH. ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

JOURNAL 40, PLATE III.

Straits branch, royal Asiatic society.

JOURNAL 40, PLATE V.

Fig. 13

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

JOURNAL 40. PLATE V.

Fig. 13.

SBk^B

i^i^iiC.li

STRAITS BRANCH
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

[No. 41;

JOURNAL

January, 1904

[No. 41]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

JANUARY 1904

SINGAPORE:

Printed at the American Mission Press

1904

Table of Contents.

Gonncil for 1904 ...

Proceedings of Annual Oeneral Meeting

Annual Report of the Council

Treasurer's Cash Account for 1903 ...

Obituary

viii

Two Sea Djak Legends, by the Rev. Edmn H. Oornes ... 1

New Malayan Plants, by U. y. Ridley ... ... 31

Notes oo a Cruise in the Southern China Sea, by C. Bodea

Kloss ... ... ... ... ... 53

A List of the Butterflies of Borneo, by R. Shelford ... 81

The Sakais of Batang Padang, Perak, by G.B. Cenmti ... 113

On some Hymenoptera from the Raffles Museum, Singa-
pore, by P. Cameron ... ... ... ... 119

Short Notes ... ... ... ••. ... 125

THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OP THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

COUNCIL FOR 1904.

The Right Rev. BiSHOP Hose, President.

Hon. C. W. S. KynnERSLEY, C.M.O., Vice-President

for Singapore.

Hon. Dr. W. C. Brown, Vice-President for Penang.

H. N. Ridley, Esq., M.A., Honorary Secretary.

Dr. R. HaNITSCH, Honorary Treasiirer.

P. J. BUROETS, Esq., M.A.

Hon. W. R. COLLYER, M.A., I.S.O.

H. ESCHKE, Esq., y Councillorf.

Rev. W. G. Shellabear, |

W. G. St. Clair, Esq., j

Annual Report for 1903.

The Council have the pleasure to state that the Hoancial
positioQ of the Society continues satisfactory, as may be seen by
the Treasurer's Baknce jSheeU

The number of members at present is 145, including th#
following gentlemen elected during the year.

Abbott,
EiMC Maxwell,
Gkorge Maxwell,
W. H. Crap DOCK,
A. H. Burn MuRDoce,
E. W. BiucH,

W. MaKEI'EACE
, A. S. IlAYNES,

They have to express their

Dr, Abbott, Mr. F, C\ Marshall,

Mr. Eric Maxwell, ,» R D. Hubson,

», F. ^^\ Douglas,

,, W*S. GlRSOK,

„ T. C-Htnks,
„ Hon. U. F. Deshon,
„ Rev. H. C. Izard,
,» S. Mooehouse,
{^reat regret at the loss by
death of Mr. A. W. O'^ullivan^ lonjf a member of the Society
and at one time the Secretary, and also of Mr. D. IL Wise and
Mr, James Driver.

Only one Journal No, 39 was published during the year"
but another will be shortly in the hands of the meinlM^rs. An
important article by Mr. R, Shelf ord of Sarawak Museum on the
Music^al Instruments of Borneo illustrated by a large number of
plates will follow as soon as it can be printed.

Referring to the resolution paf?sed at the general meeting
last year to procure and publish Malay Manuscripts, the Coun-
cil desire to state that they have kept the matter in view, but
up to the present no Manuscripts considered worthy of
publication have as yet been obtained. Two important Manu-
scripts however have recently been offered to the Society by
Mn iteorge Maxwell, and ii is hoped they may appear in the
course of this year.

The Library was rearranged and is being catalogued*
MftBj books, journals and pamphlets were received and a num-
ber were bound.

During the year a letter was received from the Royal
Asiatic Society of Bengal stating that the members of that
Society had decided that the members of the Straits Branch of
the Royal Asiatic Society should have the right of admission to
the Society's meetings whenever they were in Calcutta,

The Society has now attained its twenty-fifth year having
been founded on Nov. 4, 1877^ and it may iDe noted that in spite
of early prophecies of its soon becoming extinct it has steadily
thrived to the present day.

The Treasurer's statement of accounts is appended ,

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OBITUARY.

Mr. Arthur W. 8. 8ullivan.

Since the date of the last report the isocietj has had to
lament the of Mr. Arthur VV. S. 0*SuUivan, a member of our
Council for several yeara^ and at one time Secretary,

Mr. (VSullivan was bom in ISGO and after a distinguished
career at Trinity College, Dublin {scholar and gold medalliat),
he entered the Straits Settlements Civil Service in 1883.

Throughout hm service of twenty years in this Colony he
was distinguished as an able hard-w^orking officer and showed a
marked taient for languages— he was proficient in Dutch*
Tamil, Malay, and more than one dialect of Chinese, which is a
record rare amongst Europeans in this climate* He had held
the post of Assistant Colonial Secretary for live years and had
just been selecttMi by the Colonial Office for the post of Colonial
Secretary at Tnnidad when be was struck down after a brief
illness. Although he was not a frequent contributor to the
Journal, the Society* has lost in him an intellectual force — a man
who took a keen interest in scholarship of every kind. For
three years before his death be was engaged in intervals of
leisure in the translation of Dr* Snouck Ourgroyjue's Acheen — a
valuable and interesting piece of work which will shortly be
published at Leiden in Holland,

In endeavoring to open up the wide field of Dutch learning
and experience in Netherlands India to English readers, he has
set an example for which the Society may well be grateful.

R. N. Bland.

^wo Sea-Dyak Legends*

By tbe Revd. Edwin H. Gomes, ma.

There are many fairy tales and legends known to tbo
Sea-Dyaks of the present day. These seem to be handed down,
by word of mouth, from generation to generation from ancient
times.

These stories may be roughly divided into two classes: —

I. Those which are purely fabulous and related as such,
and are simply meant to interest and arause» and in these respects
resemble the fairy tales familiar to us all; and

II. Those which are believed to be perfectly true, and to
haye actaally taken place, and are the traditions respecting their
gods and preternatural beings. These form in fact the Mytho-
logy of the Dyaka.

To the first class belong a large collection of stories corres-
ponding to the Adventures of Brer Fox and Brer Rabbit. In
the Dyak tales, the Piandok and the Kekura (the mouse deer and
the tortoise) act always in concert, and their combined intelli-
gence is victorious over the rest of the animal world. To this
class also belong the numerous stories related of Apm Samu-
mtmg the Dyak type of cunning and wiliness^ — and Apai Saloi —
the typical Dyak foot i

To the second class belong the many and varied adventures
of Klieiig, the great hero of ancient times, and his wife Kumang,
the Dyak Venus, as well as the traditions relating to the gods
believed in by the Dyaks of the present day. To these must be
added certain stories which give a reason for some of the curious
customs observed by the Dyaks. The two Dyak Myths which
follow belong to this latter class.

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS.

DaniaJ and the Were-Tigefs Sister.

Once upon a time there lived a great Chief named DanJaL
He was the head of one of the longest Dyak houses that were
ever built It was situated on a hill in the midst of a large
plantation of fruit trees. Danjni was said to be very rich indeed.
He possessed much farming land, many fruit trees, many Tapang
troes» where the wild bees noake their abode, and from which
the sweet honey is obtained* and in his room there were many
valuable jars of various kinds, and also a large number of brass
vessels; for the Dyaks convert their wealth into jars and brass-
ware to hand down to posterity. Every year he obtained a
plentiful harvest of paddy much more than he and his family
could consume and he had always much paddy for sale, so much so
that the news of his wealth travelled to distant lands, and many
from afar off w*ould come and buy paddy from him. Daujai
also possessed many slaves who were ready to help him in his
work. All the people in his house had a very high opinion of
his judgment, and were ready to obey his decisions, whenever
he settled Jxny of their disputes. So great indeed was his re-
putation for wisdom, that men from distant tillages would often
consult him and ask his advice when in any difficulty. He had
also great fame hs a brave warrior, and during expeditions
against the enemy, he was the leader of the men of his own
village and of many villages around, for all liked to follow such
a brave man as Dartjai, who was sure to lead them to vict*jry.
Over the fireplace in his verandah he had, hanging together in
a bunch, the dried heads of the enemies whom he himself had
killed.

Now this man Daujai had a very pretty wife whom he had
recently married, but the marriage feast had not been held, be-
cause he hud not yet obtained a bnuian head from the enemy as a
token of his love for her : for this girl was of a good birth and a
ChiefH daughter and wanted the whole world to learn, when they
attended her marriage feast, what a brave man her husband was.

iktnjai said to his young wife, "I will hold a meeting of
the Chiefs around, and tell them that we must all get our war-
boats ready, as I intend leading an expedition against the enemy.

TWO SEA.DYAK LEGENDS.

I should like to bring you a human head as a token of my lave^
so that you may not be ashamed of your husband. And aa soon
as I return, we will have the wedding feast."

And though his wife was sorry that her husband intended
leanng her, still she did not oppose his wishes, for she wished
him to come back covered with glory.

So a council of war was held, and Danjai told the assem-
bled Chiefs what he intended to do^ and it waa decided that all
should begin at once making war-boats, which were to be ready
in two months* time.

Danjai assisted by bis slaves and followers, had been at
work at his boat for several weeks, and it was nearly finished.
It was a beautiful boat made out of the trunk of one large tree,
and Danjai was proud of his work. He was so anxious to fin-
ish his boat, that one day he started very early in the morning,
before his breakfast was ready, and he asked his wife to bring
his food to him later on to the part of the jungle where he was
working at his boat.

So Mrs. Danjai cooked the food and then ate her own
breakfast Then she made up small bundles of rice and also put
together some fish and salt, and placed all in a little basket to
take to her husband. She had never been out in the jungle by
herself before, but she was not afraid, for her husband had told
her the way, and she could hear the sound of his adze as he
worked at his boat not very far off. She hung her basket over
her left shoulder and, holding her small knife in her right hand,
went cheerfully on. Presently she came to the stump of a tree
on which was placed a bunch of ripe rambutan fruit. They
looked so tempting that she could not help eating some of them,
and as they were very nice, she put what remained in her
basket, saying to herself, *' Perhaps Danjai forgot to take these
fruits with him and left them here. I will take them to him
myself, be will no doubt be glad to eat these ripe fruits after his
hard work.*'

Now there was in that land a Were-Tiger, that was much
feared by all who lived around. He h^id the appearance of a
man, but at times would transform himself into a tiger, and
then he would attack human beings and carry off their beads as
trophies to his own house. But he never attacked any unless

TWO SEA-DTAK LEGENDS,

they had first done wroug by tiiking something which belonj^ed
to him. So thi« Were-TLger would leave tempting fruit
by the side of jungle paths, and on the stumps of trees, in the
hope that some tired traveller would take and eat them. And
if any one ate such fruit, then he or she was doomed to be killed
by him that same day. But all knew about him, and though he
placed many tempting baiti$ in all parts of the jungle, no one
touched bis fruit, for all feared the fate which awaited them if
they did any such thing. But DanjaiB wife knew nothing
about the Were-Tiger. No one had told ,her of him, and she
had never been out before in the jungle by herself, and she had
never been warned not to touch any fruit she might find lying
about.

"Oh Danjai'* she said, as soon as she met her husband, "I
am afraid I am rather late. You must be very tired and hungry,
working the whole morning at your boat without having had
anything to eat. Never mind ! Here is your breakfast at last.**
And she handed the basket which contained his food to her
husband.

Now Diinjai was really very hungry, so be was glad to see
his food had arrived* Ue thanked his wife and at once began
to empty the basket.

The first thing he saw was the ripe rambutan fruit at the
top, and he asked his wife where she got them from* She tt>ld
him she had found them on the stump of a tree by the wayside,
and she said she thought they had been left there by him. She
added with a smile, that they were very good as she bad eaten
some herself*

Then Danjai^ bi*ave man though he was, turned pale with
fear and anxiety.

*' We must not linger here a moment,'* he said to his wife.
•*Hungry though I am, 1 will not eat my food here. We must
both hurry home at once. You have taken and eaten fruit be-
longing to the Were-Tiger, so much feared by all. It is said
that whoever touches his fruit will surely die a terrible death :
and you are the first person 1 know who has done so,"

Danjai hurriedly gathered together all his tools and told
those that were with him of his trouble, and they all started and
walked silently back. Danjai was wandering how he was to

Joor, 6iTalU lh«tich

TWO SBA-DTAK LEGENDS.

avert the fate which awaited his younc^ wife. She was silent,
because she saw her husband wan troubled, and she was sorry
that she had caused him g^rtef.

As soon as they arrived at the house, Dnnjai sent for all
the men round about and told them what had happened, how
his wife had taken and etiten the fruit of the Were-'riger, lie
begged them all to help to shield her, for the Were-Tiger was
•ore to have bis rereoge, and come and take the head of his wife.

So they all prepi^red themselves for the tiger's visit by
aharpeoing their kniv&s and spears. Some men placed
theiiiselves on the roof of the house, others in the verandah.
The ladder leading up to the house was also guarded, and so
were all parts of the house by which he was likely to force an
entrance. As for DanJaCs wife, they hid her beneath some
mats and i<theetsiu the room, and twelve brave men stood round
her with their swords drawn, ready to save her life even at the
cost of their own.

Just before dark they heard the roar of the tiger in the dis-
tance. Though still a long way off, the sound was very terri-
ble to hear, and the men all grasped their swords and spears
firmly, for they knew the tiger would soon be upon them.

Once more the tiger's roar sounded, nearer and clearer,
aod then they heard him crash through the leaf thatch roof
and fall into the room. There was a great commotion among
the men^ but though all tried to kill the animal, none could see
him. ,Soon after they heard a roar of triumph from the tiger
outside the house, 'i'hey lifted up the mat« and sheets which
eovered Danjuii wife, and there they saw her headless body !
The VVere-Hger bad succeeded ia his attack, and had carried
off the head of his victim I

Loud was the weeping and great the lameatation over her
deed body. She was so young to die ! And what death could
bo Eiore terrible than hers whose bead had been carried away
by her murderer ! All in the house mourned her loss for seven
days and during that time tht^ house was very ^uiet, as all lived
in ■ |»arate rooms, and did not come out into the common

ri JO do work or to talk to each other.

I he death of his wife grieved Dattjai very much. But though
Ida grief was great, his desire for revenge was greater stilK

9L A* Hoe.. 2Ca m, I9u;,

TWO SEADYAK LEGENDS.

Very early on the morning of the next day, Danjai started
after the tiger. The drops of blood which bad fallen could
plainly be seen on the ground, and he had no difficulty in finding
out in what direction the tiger had gone. On and on he tracked
the blood till he came to a cave at the foot of a high moyntain.
The sides of the cave were splashed with blood, so Danjai walk-
ed boldly in, determined to revenge the death of his wife. It
was not very dark in the cave. In the distance he could see an
opening and he hurried towards it.

He came out on the other side of the niountaiti, and saw a
large plantation of sugar-cane and plantain trees. Beyond this
he saw a long Dyak house.

*'Thi9," he said to himself, "is surely the abode of the Were-
Tiger, and soon I shall have an opportunity of revenging the
death of my wife."

He planted two sticks across one another in the ground to
mark the opening in the mountain, so that he might not miss his
way on his return, and then he boldly walked to wards the house.

He followed a path through the 3U;j^ur-cane plantation — still
tracking the drops of blood up<3n the ground — until he came to
the ladder leading up to the bouse* He was so anxious to at-
tack his wife's murderer, that he did not pause to ask — as is the
usual Dyak custom — whether he might walk up or not, but went
straight on into the house. Men sitting in the verandah asked
him, as he passed them, where he was going and what he want-
ed, but he did not answer them. His heart was heavy within
him, thinking of his dead wife, and wondering whether he
would be able to accomplish his task, and whether he would
succeed in leaving the house as easily as he came in. But he
was determined to avenge bis wife*s murder, and he would not
shrink from any difhcnlties in the way.

He stopped at the room 'of tlie head of the honse, and a
girl asked him to ait down, and spread a mat for him. He did
so, and the girl went into the room to fetch the brass vessel
containing the betel nut ingredients which the Dyaks love to
chew. As he sat down, he saw drops of blood on the fire-place,
and looking up he noticed a fresh head, still dripping with blood,
among the other skulls hanging there. He recognised it at a
glance — it was the head of his loved wife ! I

Juur. HLmHa Bnuicli

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS,

The girl came out with the brass vessel of betel uut and
said : **Help yourself Danjai, We did laot expect you to visit
U8 so soon. Please excuse me for a little while, I have to attend
to the cooking. But you will not be alone for my brother
will soon be back* Ue has onlj gone to the plantation to
fetch some sugar-cane.*'

So Danjai sat on the mat by himself, thinking what be was
to do next and what he was to say to his wife's murderer when
he came in. Soon the VV^re-Tiger arrived, carrying on his
shoulder a bundle of sugar-cane.

**I am very pleased to see you Danjai*^ he said, '*would
you like some sugar-cane ? If so, help yourself."

Danjai was so sad thinking of his wife, that he did not
notice how curious? it was, that they should know his name when
they had never seen him before. He didl not feel at all inclined
to eM sugar-cane, but lest his host should think he had come
to kill, and to put him off his guard, he pretended to eat a
little, lie heard the Were-Tiger say to his sister in the room,
that she was to be sure t-o have enough food cookexi, as Danjai
would eat with them that evening. Then he left them and
went to the river to bathe.

The sister came out of the room, and spoke to Dm\jm^ who
was still sitting in the verandah, and asked him to come into the
room as she had something to say to him.

"Yes, Danjaiy she said to him in a kind tone of voice, **I
know of your trouble and 1 am sorry for you. However, if
you follow my advice, all will be well. You must be careful, for
my brother is easily put out, and has no scruples about killing any
who displease him. Even our own people here hate him, for
be is so merciless ; but no one dare attack him, for all fear him
greatly. Now listen attentively to what I have to say. When I
put out the platea of rice in the room presently, do not take the
one he tells you to have : take any of the others, for the one he
wishes you to have is sure to contain some poison. Later on,
when you retire to rest, do not spend the night on the mat
spread out for you, but sleep somewhere else, and put the
wooden mortar for pounding paddy on the mat in your stead :
and so again on the second nighty place the wooden mill for
husking the paddy on your mat: and on the third night a roU of

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS.

the course mattiDg: used for treadingr paddy. If his three at-
tempts to kill jou are misuccessful, then he will be in your pow-
er and will do what you command. But even then there is stil!
danger, and you must not do anything rash, but ask my ad%ice
again later en. But go outside now into the verandah, for I
think I hear my Irotber returning from hia bath. I must make
haste and put out the food for yoii all to eat/*

Soon the Were-Tiger came in and sitting on the mat by
Datijat asked him the news and how matters were in his couotry.
Vanjai answered little for he was very sad, besides bis host
always laughed at him whenever he spoke. The fact was that
he was amused at the idea of ihe man, whose wife he had killed,
sitting in his verandah and talking to him in a friendly way.

The sister came out of the room and asked them in to have
their meal. All happened as abe said it would. Dunjai re-
membered her advice and did not take the plate of rice his host
offered him. Bat he was too sad to eat.

In the evening Danjai and the Were-Tiger sat by a lire in
the verandah. Over this tire hung several human heads. The
tears came into lhvtjai*s eyes as he sat there and saw the head
of his dear wife being scorched by the lire. lie felt inclined
there and then to grasp his sword and attack the murderer of
his wife ; but he restrained himself remembering the advice of
the TSger's sister.

The Were-Tiger said to him with a nasty langb, ** What is
troubling you that you should weep?"

**I am not troubled about anylliing," said Daitjai, *'but the
smoke of the tire is too much for my eyes, and it makes them
water and feel sore."

**If so, " said his host, "let us put out the fire and retire to
rest, as it is very late/'

Two mats were spread out for them, one on each side of
the fire-place, and they lay down to sleep. But Davjai kept
awake, and when his companion was asleep, he rose and placed
the wooden mortar for pounding paddy on his mat, and covered
it over with a sheet ; and he himself retired to a safe place as he
was advised to do by the Tiger's sister. He watched to see
what would happen and he was not di^appcnnted. Not long after,
he saw the Were-Tiger wake up and fetch a sword, and walk

lour. 8iral(# BmhcU

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS,

up to the place where he was supposed to be asleep. With the
sword he made two or three ricious cuta at the wooden mortar
and said:

**Now Danjai^ this will settle jou. You will not think of
revenging yourself on me any more.'*

Then i)aii;W cried out from where he was, *'VVhatisthe
matter ? What are you doing ? "'

*'0h Danjai! Is that you ? " said his host, ** I did not mean
to hurt you. I had a bad dream, and I sometimes walk in my
sleep* How lucky it is you were not lyin^ on the mat! I
should have certainly killed you, and I should never have for-
given myself for doing so. Please understand I meant no harm
U) yon^ and let ns lie dow*D to rest again/'

On the two following nights the AVere-Tiger attempted to
kill DiJujt^i, but fnilt^d each time, because following the advice
given him, Ikwjm placed first the wooden mill for husking the
paddy on his mat, and next a roll of coarse matting used for
treading paddy. His host made the same excuse for his strange
behaviour each time.

On the morning of the fourth day. after the Were-Tiger
had lef rtbe iiouae to see whether any tish had been caught in
his tish trap, his sister asked Danjai to come into the room iis
she had something to say to him before he left to return home,

"Now Danjai^^* she said, **as I told you before^ since my
brother has not been able to kill you these three days, he is in your
power. After breakfast ask bim to accompany you and show you
the way back to your country* When you have both come to the
further end of the sugar-cane plantation, ask him to sit down for
a little while, and say you would like to eat some sugar-cane, be-
fore you leave him and go on your journey alone. When he gives
you the sugar-cane, a^k him to lend you bis sword, giving as an
excuse that yours is not sharp enough for peeling the sugar-cane,
or that it is stuck fast in its sheath and cannot be drawn. When
he hands you his sword, you must attack him with it and kill him.
My brother is invulnerable to any other sword but his own. When
you ha^e killed him, cutoff bis head and bring it to me, and I
will give you your wife's head in exchange for it On no
ccount are you to take his head away with you. If you do so, 1
rill follow you to your country and take my reveuge/'

ft. A* 8or., »Vo. 40. t009.

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS,

A few iDimitey aft^i^r this conversation, the Were-Tiger re-
tyrned with a basket full of (ish. .Some of tbese were soon
cooked, and they sat down to breakfast.

Soon after they bad eaten, baitjai told his host that he
must be returning to his own country, and asked him to accom-
pany him and show him bis way back. So they started together
and walked through the sugar-cane plantation.

Jnst as they came near the end of it, Danjai asked his com-
panion to stop* He said he would like to have aome sugar-cane
before going on*

** 1 am sorry I did not offer you any," said the Were-Tiger:
*'it was very forgetful of me. Never mind, I will at once cut
down some sugar-cane for us."

When he had brought the sugar-cane and had finished peel-
ing the piece he wanted for himself, Danjai said to him,

** Please lend me your sword, for mine is stuck fast in its
sheath and I cannot draw it out."

The Were- Tiger suspecting nothing, handed the sword to
him, and Danjai began peeling his sugar-cane.

tfust then the We re -Tiger turned round to look at his
bouse* and />f//j/f/i seizing hisopporttinity, gave him a blow with
the sword in his hand and killed him. Then he cut off the head
and carried it back with him to the house he had just left.

When he came near, be saw the sister watching for bis re-
turn, and standing at the top of the ladder leading up to the
house, lie followed her into the house, and gave iier the bead
of her brother.

** You ought to be <|uite satisfied now, Danjai ^^ she said,
** for you have killed my brother, tind have taken your revenge
for the death of your wife. 1 want you to promise me certain
things before you go. First of all, you must not let anybody
know that you have killed my brother. Next, on your return,
you must go on the war-path and bring back to nie the bead
of a woniaii, to enable me lu put away the mourning of
myself and my relatives, for the death of my brother. And
when you return, I hope you will take me with you to be your
comforter in the place of your dead wife : so that 1 may have
some one to care for me, now that my brother is dead* And I
give you now some I •:kH of luy hair, to be used as a charm to

JuUT. Straiti* 6miK-li

TWO SEADYAK LKGESDS.

malce you invisible to the eiietny, wben you are on the warpatb.
Lastly, I advise you aod your people, never tu eat or to take
away any fruit you may find lying about iu tbe jungle, on the
stump of a tree, or on a rock, witboot knowing for certain who
put it there and to whom it belongs, or making sure tbat it has
fallen from some tree near. This must be remembered from
generation to generation. Whoever disobeys this advice vpill
be punished either by death, as in the case of your wife, or in
some other dreadful way. You may now have the head of your
wife to take back to your country ; and as you may bave for-
gotten the way, I will send one of my slaves with you, to show
you in w^hat direction you are to go."

As she finished speaking, she handed him his wife's head,
and Daitjtti started off at once for he was anxious to get back.

He reached his house late that same eveiiintf* AH his friends

rere glad to see hini come back safe and sound. They had

Iven up all hope of seeing bim again. They were also pleased

t<!i see he had been successful in bringing back the head of his

dead wife.

Soon after Danjufjf return froui the Were-Tiger*s country
he gathered all his fullow^ers together and told them that be in-
tended going on tbe war-path. As soon as they wete able to get
everything ready, they started for tbe enemy's country. They
were very successful and succeeded in talking many beads ; but
DttH/aij protect4?d as he w^as by the charm which he had received
from the Were-Tiger s sinter, was more successful than the
others. They returned with much rejoicing, and a great feast
vviis held in honor of their victory. Tbe human heads were
placed on » costly dish, and the women carried tliem into the
house, with dancing and singing.

A few days after, Danjai started to fulfil his promise to the
Were-Tiger s sister, lie brought her back with bim as his wife,
and they lived very happily together for many years.

Thi8 story explains why the Dyaks, even at tbe present
day, dare not eat any fruit they may find l>ing on the stump
of a tree, or on a rock in the jungle. They fear tJiat evil will
happen to them, as it did to Danjai* s wife.

|»X»oc,, 50. 10^1109.

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS,

The Story of Siu,

Who first taught the Dyfiks to plant Paddy and to observe
the Omens of Birds.

Many thousand?? of years ago before the Paddy plant was
knowu, tie Hyaks li\^ed on tapioca, yam;*, potatoes and such
fruit as they could procure. It was not till Siu taught them
how to plant Paddy that such a thing as rice was known. The
story of how he came to learn of the existence of this innport-
ant iirticleof food, and how he and hi:^ son ^eragunting introduc*
ed it among their people is here net forth.

Siu was the son of a great Dyak chief, but his father died
when he was quite a child, and at the time this iiitory begins* he
lived wirh his motlier and was the head of a long Dyak house
in which lived some three hundred families. He was strung and
active and handsome in appearance, and there was no one iu the
country round who was equal to him in strength or comeliness.
When he was ready to go on the warpath, he was the admira-
tion of all the Dyak damsels. On such occasions he appeared
in a many coloured waistcloth, twelve fathoms in length, which
was wound round and round his body. On his head was a plait*
ed rattan band in which were stuck same long feathers of the
hurubilU His coat was woven of threads of bright colours.
On each well-shaped arm was an armlet of ivory. To his
belt was fastened bis sword and the many charms and amu-
lets that he possessed. With his spear in his right hand and his
shield on his left arm, he presented a splendid type of a Dyak
Wariior. But not of his bravery nor of his deeds of valout
against the enemy does this tale relate. It only ^ives an ac-
count of an adventure of hia which ended in his discovery of
Paddy.

One day Siu proposed to the young men of his house that
they should take their blowpipes with them and go into the
jungle to shuot birds, So one morning they all started early.
Each man had with him his bundle of food for the day, and each
went a different way, as they wished to see, on returning in the
evening, who would be the most successful of them all

Siu went towards a mountain not far from his house. He
wandered about fhe whole morning in the jungle, but strange to

TWO SKA.DTAK LEGENDS.

mj, he did not see any bird nor did he meet with any animal.
Everything was very quiet aad ati!!. Worn out with fatigue,
h^ sat down to reat uuder a large tree, and feeling hungry, he
ate some of the food be had brought with him. It was now
long pa3t midday, and he had not been able to kill a single
bird ! Surely none of the others could be so unfortunate as he !

He determined not to be beaten by the others, and after a
short re5t, he startel again and wandered on in quest of birds.
The sun had gone half-way down in the western heaven, and he
was beginning to lose heart, when suddenly he heard not far off
the sound of birds. He hurried in that direction, and came to a
large wild fig tree covered with ripe fruit, which a large number
of birds were busy eating. Ne%^er before had he seen such a
sight! On this one large tree, the whole feathered population
of the forest seemed to have assembled together ! On lookinjr
carefully, he was surprised to see thit the different kinds of
birds were not all intermingled together as is usually the castv
Each species was apart from the others. Here he saw a larg*
flock of wild pigeons oa one branch, and next to them were the
parrots, all feeding together but keeping distinct from them,
rpou this tree there were hornbills, wood-peckers, wild pigeons
and all the different kinds of birds he had ever seen.

He hid himself under the thick leaves of a shrub growing
near, very much pleased at his luck. He took a poisoned dart
and placed it in his blow-pipe, and taking good aim, shot it oot.
He had aimed at one bird in a particular flock, and he hit it.
But that bird was not the only one that fell dead at his feet.
To his astonishment, he saw that many of the other birds that
were near it were killed al^io. Again he shot out a dart, and
again the same thing happened. The bird that was bit felt down
dead, and with it the birds that were near it In a very short
time, Siu had killed as many birds as he could carry. As the
little basket, in which be had brouijht his food, was too small to
hold them all, he set to work and made a large coarse basket with
the bark of a Pendok tree growing near. Then he put his load
on his back and started to return home, glad that he had been
so 8acce88fuL

He tried to follow the way by which he had come, but as he
had not taken the precaution to cut marks in the trees he passed,

^ a. 8oe., No. to, wm

TWO SEA.DYAK LEGENDS.

he very soon found himself in difiiowlties. He wandered about,
sometimes passing by some large tree, which he seemed to re-
member seeing" in the morniner. He climbed up a steep hill and
went several miles through a large forest, but did not find the
jungle path which he had followed early in the day. It was
beginning to grow dusk and the sun hud nearly set

'*! must hurry on,*' said Siu to himself, **in the hope of
finding some houfle where I can get food and shelter. Once it
is dark, I shall be forced to spend the night in the jungle."

He hurried on and luckily came to a part of (he jungle
which had lately been a garden,

"There must be some path from this garden," said Sin to
himself, ** leading to some house ;" and he began to walk round
it

He soon fownd an old disused path which he followed and
which led him to another path. By this time it was quite dark,
and Sin made haste to reach the Dyak house which he felt sure
was not very far off. He soon came to a welL and not far off
he saw the lighten and heard the usual sounds of a Dyak house.
He was glad txD think that he would not have to spend the night
in the jungle, but would be probably able to get food anc>
shelter at the house.

He stopped to have a bath and hid the birds he was carry-
ing and his blow-pipe and quiver in the brushwood ne^r the well,
hopinfc^ to take them with him when he started to return the next
morning.

* As he approached the house, he could hear the voices of
the people tiiere, When he came to the bottom of the ladder
leading up to the bouse, he shouted, **0h ! you people in the
house, will you allow a stranger to walk up?** At once there
was dead silence in the house. No one answered. Again Siu
asked the same question, and. after a pause, a voice answered,
*'ye8 : come up 1"

He walked up into the house. To his surprise, he saw no
one in the open verandah in front of the different rooms. That
part of a Dyak house, usually so crowded, was quite empty.
Nor did *Siu hear the voices of people talkin^f in any of the rooms.
All was silent, Kven the person who answered bim was not
there to receive him,

Joiir* StmiU Branch

TWO 8EA DVAK LEGENDS.

He saw a dim light ia the verandah, further on, in the mid-
dle of the house, and he walked towaids it He wondered
what cculd have happened to all the people in the house, for not
long before he heard many voices,

*'This seems to be a strantje house," he said to himself.
** When I was bathing and when I walked up to the house, it
seemed to be well inhabited, but now that I come in, 1 see no
one, and hear no voice/'

When Siti reached the light, he sat down on a mat there.
Presently he heard a woman*9 voice in the room say, '* Sit down
Sin : 1 will bring out the pimmff and sitrh to you,**

Siu was very pleased to hear a human voice. Soon a young
nd remarkably beautiful girl came out of the room with the
hewintf ingredients, which she placed before him.

** Here you are at last, Siu,'' she said. '* I expected you
would come earlier. How is it you are so late ?^'

*'^ I stopped a little while at the welt to have a bath, as I
was hot and tired/*

" You must be very hungry as well,** she said, **wait a mo-
ment while I prepare some food for you. After you have eaten
we can have our talk together/'

When *SV« was left to himself, he wondered what it all
meant. Here was a long Dyak house, built for more than a
hundred families to live in, atid yet it seemed quite deserted.
The only person in it appeared to be the beautiful girl who was
oooking his food for him. Then again, he wondered how it was
she knew his name and expected bim that day. All these things
filled him with wonder and surprise.

**Come in, Sin,** said the voice from the room, **your food
18 ready."

Sitt was very hungry and went in at once, and sat down to
©at his dinner.

When they had done eating, she cleared away the plates
and put things back into their places and tidied the room. Then
she spread out a new mat for him, and brought out the pinaitg
and nreh^ and bade him be seated, as she wished to have a chat
with him.

Silt had many questions to ask, and as soon as they were
both seated, he b^an : —

R. A. Svc, Xo. 40, 1908*

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS.

*' Why are you all alone b this house ? This is a long
bouse, and many families must live in it ; where are the others?
Why is everything so silent now ? I am sure I heard voices
before I entered the house ; but now I hear no sound.*'

^*Do not let us talk about this house or the people in it
for the present, I wotild much rather talk of other matters.
Tell me of your own people, and what news you bring from
your country."

" There is no news to give you," Siu replied. " We have
been rather badly off for food, as our potatoes and yams did
not turn out so well this year as we hoped. '*

*'Tell me, what made you come in this direction and how it
-was you found out this house.**

"While I was hunting in the jungle to-day, I lost my way.
After wandering about a long time, I found a path ivhich 1
followed and came to this house. It was kind of you to take
ine in and give me food. If 1 had not found this house, I
must have died in the jungle. To-morrow morning I must ask
you to show me the way to my country, and also I must beg of
you some food for my journey back. My mother is sure to be
anxious about me. She is left all alone, now that I am away.
My father died a long time ago, and I am her only son.**

**Do not go away as soon as to-morrow^ morning. Stay
here a few days at any rate."

At first ^iM would not consent, but she spoke so nicely to
him that she succeeded in persuading him to#tay there at least a
week. Then he went out to the verandah, and she brought out
a mat for him to sleep on and a sheet to cover himself with.
As Stu was very tired, he soon fell sound asleep, and did not
wake up till late on the following »mormng»

lie saw some little children playing about the next day,
but ho did not see any grown up people. lie went into the room
to have his morning meal, but saw no one there» except the girl
he had seen the evening before. He felt very much inclined to
ask her again where the people of the house were, but he did
not do so, as she did not seem inclined to speak about them.

Now though Siu knew it not, this was the house of the
great JSiugalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit VV^orld, He
was able to metamorphose himself and his followers into any

Jour. Str»it9i Braach

TWO SEA-DTTAK LRORNDS.

form. ^Mieo going forth on an expedition against the enemy,
he would transJorni bim>ieif and \m followers into birds, so that
they might travel more ijuickly. Over the hi^b trees of the
jungle, over the broad rivers, sometimes even across the sea
Singalang Bnronff and his flock would Hy, There waa no trouble
about food, for in the forests there were always some wild
trees in fruit, and while assuming the form of birds, they lived
on the food of birds. In his own house and among^ his own
people Singalang Burong appeared as a man. tie had eight
daughters, atid the girl who was cooking food for Sin was the
youngest of them.

The reason why the people of the house were so quiet, and
did not make their Appearance, was because they were all in
mourning for many of their relatives who had been killed some
time back. Only the women and children were at home, be-
cause that same morning all the men had gone forth to make a
raid upon some neighbouring tribe, so that they might bring
home some human heads to enable them to end dbeir mourning.
For it was the custom that the people of a house continued to
be in mourning for dead relatives, until one or more human heads
were brought to the house. Then a feast was held, and all
mourning was at an end.

After Siu had been in the house seven days, he thought he
ought to think of returning to his own people. By this time
he was very much in love with the girl who had been so kind
to him, and he wished above all things to marry her, and take
her back with him to his own country.

** I have been here a whole week,*' he said to her, ''and
though you have not told me your name, still I seem to know
you very well. I have a re<|uest to make and 1 hope you will
not be angry at what I say/'

** Spe*ik on ; I promise I will not be angry whatever you
may say."

**I have learnt to love you very much,** said Siw, "and
I would like to marry you if you will consent, so that I shall
not leave you but take you with me, when I return to my
own land. Also I wish you to tell me your name, and why
this house is so silent, and where all the people belonging to
it are/'

%, A. Soe., Ha, a, ^ws

•2

TWO SEA DYAK LEGENDS^,

**I will consent to niarrj you, for I also love you. But you
must fir^t promise uie certain thing^s. In tbe lirst place, you
must not tell your people of this house and what you have seen
here. Then also you must promise faithfully never to hurt a
bird or even to hold one in your hands. If ever you break this
promise, then we cease to i^te man and wife. And of course, you
must nev^er kill a bird, because if you do so, I shall not only
Ipiive you but revenge myself on you. Do you promise these
things?"

**Yes** said 5tii, '*I promise not to speak of what I have seen
hnre until you g'ive me leave to do so. And as you do not wish it,
1 will never tuuch or handle a bird, and certainly never kill one."

**Now that you have promised what I wish, I will tell you
about myself and the people of this house/* said the maiden.
*'My name is l^^ndu-Sudan-Gatini/fpnn'l mt-hin- Mas {the ^ir\ Sudan
painted like a gold ring-), but my people call me by my pet names
Bamu Burmg (the youg-est of the bird family), and Bansu
KaUtpomj (the youngest of the Katupong family)* This house,
as you noticed, seems very empty. The reason is that a month
ago many of our people were killed by some of the people of
your house, and we are all still in mourning for them. As you
know, when our relatives have lately died, we stay silent in our
rooms, and do not came out to receive visitors or Xaj entertain
them. Why are your people so cruel to us? They often kill
our men when they go out fishing or hunting. On the morning
of the day on which vou arrived, all the men of this house went
on the war-path, so as to obtain the heads of some of the enemy
to enable us to put away our mourning. With us as with you
it is necessary that one or more human heads be brought into
t!ie house, before the in ma teg can give up sorrowing for their
dead relatives and friends. You see us now in the form of hu-
man beings, but all the people in this house are able to trans-
form themselves into birds. My father Siuiiulang Burong is the
head of this house, I am the youngest of eight sisters : we
have no brother alive. Our only brother died not long ago,
and we are still in mourning for hitn, and that was the reason
why my sisters did not come out to greet you."

Siu heard with surprise all she had to say. He said to him-
self that it was lucky he did not bring up to the house the

Jour. StTfttti Br»ticli

TWO SEA-DTAK LEGENDS,

sket of birds which he bad kitled ia the jungle, and that he

"tlttd'MJdlfiL them with his blow -pip** and i^uiver cootaiuing ptn-

BcuM^idifk, in the brushwood near the well He determined

to say nothing about the matter, a.s probably nome of her

friends or relations were among the birds that were killed by him.

So Sin married Bunsu Btipotiff and coDtinoed to live in the
house for sev^eral weeks.

One day he said to his wife ; — ** I have been here a long time.
My people must surely be wondering where I hjh, and whether
I am still alive. My mother too must be very anxious about tne.
I should like to return to my people, and I want j^u to accom-
pany me. My mother and my friends are sure to welcome you
as my wife/*

** Ob yes : I will gladly accompany you back to your home.
But you must remember and 8ay nothing of the things yuu have
seen in this house. When shall we start f"

" We can start early to-morrow morning, soon after bre«k-
faf»t/' answered Si a.

They started early the next day, taking with them food
enough for four days, as they expect*^ the journey would last
ma long as that, Si*t's wife seemed to know the way, and after
journeying for three days, they came to the stream near the
house^ and they stopped to have a bath. Some of the children
of the bouse saw them there, and ran up to the house and
said: — **>i« has come back, and with him is a U*autiful woman,
vrho »t*ems to be his wife/'

Some of the older people checked the children, saying : —
** It cannot lie .Sim : he has been dead for a long time. Don't
mention his name, for if his mother hears you talk of him, it will
Qinke her very unhappy/'

But the children persisted in saying that it was indeed Siu
that they had seen. Just then Stu and his wife appeared, and
walked up to the house.

Sill said to his wife : — **The door before which I hang up
my sword is the door of my room. Walk straight in. You
will find my mother there, and she will be sure to be glad to
welcome you as her daughter-in-law."

When they came into the house, all the inmates rushed out
to meet them, and to congratulate Siu on his safe return.

It A S..

V.i, ii i«ii»r,t

TWO SEA-DTAK LEGENDS*

They asked him many questions: — where had he been ImagaU
this time ; how he came to be married, and what was the name of
his wife's country* Btit Siu answered little, as he remembered the
promiae he had made to his wife, that he would not speak of
what he had seen in her house.

When they reached the door of his room, Siu hung up his
sword and his wife went into the roonu But she did not see his
mother as she was ill and was lyin^ in her curtain. Then Siu
followed his wife into the room and called out " Mother, where
are you ? Her is your son Siu come back I"

But his mother made no answer, so he opened her curlain,
and saw her lying down, covei^ed up with a blanket. She had
been so troubled at the thought that her son was dead, that she
had refused to eat and had become quite ill.

She would not believe that her son had really returned
alive» and she said, *' Do not try to deceive me ; my son Sin is
dead."

** I am indeed your son Siu^ and I have come back alive and
welir

" No ! " she replied, " my son Sin is dead. Leave me alone,
I have not long" to live. Let me die m peace and follow my
son to the grave.'*

Siu then went to the box in which his clothes were kept,
and put on the things that bis mother had oft^n seen him wear.
Then he went to her again and said, '' Even if you do not be-
lieve that I am your sun, at any rate you might turn round and
look at me, to make sure that 1 am not your son/'

Then she looked at him, and saw that it was indeed ber
son. She was «o pleased at his return that she soon recovered
from her illness, which was really caused by her sorrow and
refusal Ui eiit. Siu told his mother of his marriage^ and she wel-
comed his wife with joy.

The women all crowded round ^SVn'* wife and asked her
what her name was. She answered Eudu-Sudan'GaUfkgam'
Tinchin-Mas, (The girl Sudan painted like a gold ring). They
looked at her in surprise ; they had never heard of such a name
before.

*• UTiere do you come from ?*' they asked t ^' What is the
name of your country ?"

Jour, Stmiti Emtich

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS,

*^NaHga Xif^a Btkurofig litahad nt/atU Tnkutfotu] Muftonff,^
(The mouth of the hidden Niga stream chaDged into the Mabong
snail),* was the reply*

They were a^jtonlsh^d at her an^^wer I They had never
heard of such a country. They aaked her of her people, but
abe would not say anything more of herself or speak about her
people*

Everybody admired the great beauty of Sius wife. No
more questions were asked of her, as she seemed unwiUin^ to
answer. Her parentajije remained a mystery.

In process of time Sinti wife bore him a son whom they named
SfTdguniinrf^ Ue was a fine child, and as betitted the grand-
son of Sin^jalinff Burong^ he grew big and strong in a miracul-
ously short time, and when he was three years old, he was taller
aad stronger than others four times his age.

One day as Serw/ttrtdttfi was playing with the other boys, a
man brought up some birds which he had caught in a trap* As he
walked through the house, he passed Siu who was sitting in the
open verandah. Sin forgetting the promise he had made to his
wife asked him to show him the birds, and he took one ru his
bauds and stroked it. His wife was sitting not far off, and saw
him hold the bird and was very much vexed that he had
broken his promise to her.

She get up and returned to her room. Xiw came in and
noticed that she was troubled and asked her what was wrong.
She said that she was only tired.

^be said to herself: — ''My husband has broken his word to
mei Ue was done the thing he promised me he would never
di>« I told him he was never to hold a bird in his hands, and that
if he did such a thing, I would leave him. I cannot stay here in
this house any longer. I must return to the house of my father
Singalang BurongJ'*

She took the water vessels in her hands, and went out as

if to fetch water* Hut when she came to the well, she placed

the water vessels on tlie ground, and disappeared in the jungle.

In the meantime Seragyittiufj^ tired vvitu hia play came back

in search uf his mother, ^he was very fond indeed of him, and

•The Dyakrt are ft>n4 of rh^'ming nntiH'^.
^pc>c)Al meaning.

\\\\\v\\ often have na

TWO SEADYAK LEGENDS.

he expected her to come to him as soon as he called out to her.
Hut he was dbHppc/mted. No one answered his cal!. and when
he (ooked in the room, she was not there, lie asked his father
where his mother was, and he told him that she had just gooe
to the well to fetch water and would soon be back.

Hut hoor after hour passed, and she did not return to the
house. So St^rngviiHuf} be^an ^to be anxious, ftnd asked bis
father to accompany him to the well to look for her. At first
his father refused to do so, but when he saw his ?ou crying" for
his mother, he went w^ith him Xa> the well. They found the
water vessels there, but saw no signs of her.

"Your mother is not here, SeTaijunthi(ir said Sitt^ '"^ Perhaps
she has gone to tlie garden to get some veg'etables for our
dinner. Let us go back to the house. If your mother is not
liacb, early to-morrow morning, we %vill go and look for her."
So they both returned to tho house, taking Ijack with them the
water gourds which Sins wife had left at tht^ well.

Early the next morning, Sernt/uutinif and his father w^ent in
Bearch of her. They took with them only a little food, as they
expected to find her not very far otT, Hut they wandered the
whole day and saw no signs of her. They spent the night under
a large tree in the jungle. Early the next mornings they were
surprised to find a small bundle of food, wrapped up in leaves,
near Seragmttiutj, This food w^as evidently meant for him
alone, as it was not enough for two, but he gave some of it to
his father, who ate sparingly of it, so that his son might nut be
hungry. They wandered on for several days, and every night
the gtame strange thing occurred — a bundle of food w^as left near
Sivoffvutivif* Sill suggested to his son that they should return;
but Stnttjutitviff, who during the journey had grown up into a
strong lad with a will of his own, would not consent to do so,
as he was determined to find his mother.

They wandered on for several days, deeper and deeper
into the jungle; but could find no signs of her whom they
sought. At last they cauae to the sea-shore. Uei-e they rested
for some days, in the hope that 9ome boat might pass. StilU as
l)efore, each morning a bundle of food was found by Scrtif/untin^,
If it were nut for this focKJ, they would have long ago died
of starvation. On this* food they managed to .live^ waiting

Juut straits Bran*:

TWO SEA-DVAK LEGENDS-

nopefully to see some boat appear to take tliem on their
journey.

One day ^h S^Tuffiintuuf was watching, he beard tht.' tiound
of paddles, and saw in the distance several long boats approach-
ing. He hailed the first, and asked the men in it to take
him and his father with them. The boat made for the shore»
but the man in the bows recognised the two wanderers, and
shouted out:^ — **It is 5i"tt and bis son Seraguntin^i do not let
them come into the boat." The boat went on and left them to
their fate* The same thing happened in the ca«e of each of the
other boats. As soon as Sin and his sorj were recognised, no
one would help them.

Now these were the boats of the sons-in-law of Sinffalanff
Jinrong :^fCatnponff^ BtTagni^ Brjampouff^ Papnii^ Nendak\ Pang-
has, and Embuns. They w^re not pleased at their sister-in-law
marrying a mere mortal like Siu^ and ao refused to help faim
and bi» sou.

The next day Strfrgunting saw what seemed to be a dark
cloud come towards him over the sea. As it came ne^irer, it
took the form of a gigaittic spider, carrying aome food and
clothes*

•* Do Dot be afraid," said the Spider, *^ I have come to help
you and your father. I have brought you food and clothing.
When you have had some food and changed your clothes, I will
take you ncross the w^ater to the Und on the orher side* My
name is Emplawa Jawa (the Spider of Java), I know your his-
tory, and 1 will lead you to your mother whom you seek."

After they had eaten and put on the new clothes brought
them, the spider t^ld them to go with him across the sea. They
were not to be afraid, but to follow his track, not turning to
the right hand nor to the left. They obeyed his words. Strange
to say, the water l^ecome as hard as a sandbank under their feet
For a toug time they were out of sight of land, but towards
evening they approached the opposite shore, and saw a landing
place where there were a large number of boats. Not far off
where fsieveral hotises, and one longer and more imposing than
any of the others. To this house the Spider directed Serngunt-
ing, telling him that he would tind bis mother there. The
Spider then left them. As it was late, they did uut go up to

B .i. Sue, no. 4i« vm.

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS.

the bouse that evenin^^ but spent the night in one of the boata
Hi the landing" place. Among the boati* were ihose belongring
to the S<^ns-in-law of Sf/iqnlitnff Jiuronr/ which had passed *s'mi
and his son as they waited on the Hea^shore for some boat to
take them across the sea.

When Serwpoittfiti and bis father woke up next morningr.
they saw that the road leadino: up ta the house had sharpened
pieces of bamboo planted close together in the patb^ to prevent
their walking: up Jt» Aa they were wondering what they were
to do next* a My came to Seragnnting and said :—

** Do not tie afraid to walk up. Tread on the spikes that I
alight on ; they will not Hurt you. When you come to the
hous*» you will tind swords with blades turned yp wards fastened
to the ladder. Tread on the blades that 1 alight on and walk
boldly up into the house/*

They did as the Hy advised them, and were not hurt The
bamboo spikes crumbled under their feet» and sword blades they
trcd on were blunt and harmless.

The people of the bouse took no notice of them, and they
sat down in the verandah oi the house. Then the \\y came to
Srrwttwtinff and whispered to him : — ** You must now follow
me into the room. Your mother is there, lying in her curtain,
I will point out to you which it is, and you must wake her up
and tell her who you are. She will be very pleased to see you.
4'hen when you come oiit into the verandah ai»d see the sons-in-
law of SittffitlnHfj BuroHtj^ you must g'reet them as yonr uncles.
They will disown you and pretend that you are no relation of
theirs. But do not be afraid. You will be victorious in the
end/'

Stragtmiitig followed the Hy into the loom and went to the
curtain on which it alighted. He called out to his mother, and
she awoke and saw with joy her son. t5he embraced him, ftod
he «aid to her ; —

*' Uow is It you went away and left us? We missed you
80 much, and were so sorry to lose you, that my father and I
have been travelling for many days and nighta in search of you*
Now our troubles are over for I have found you/'

** My dear son," she said as she carressed him, **thongh I left
you 1 did not forget you. It was I who placed the food by you

Jour. ZStrivtU Briuich

TWO SEA DYAK LEGENDS.

every night* I left your father because he broke the promise
be made to me. But you are my own sori» and I fiave been
wishing to see you, ever since I left your house. It was? I who
sent the Spider to help you and show you your way here. My
love for you is as great as it ever was. VVe will go out now into
the verandah, and I will introduce you to your unelea and aunts
and fo your grandfather. They may not welcome you, because
they were opposed to my marriage to your father. But do not
be afraid of them. We will be more than a match for them all."

Then she spoke to her husband 6Vm, whom she was glad to
meet again. All three then went out into the verandah, which
was now full of p«»opIe. Sfr^tf/nnttnfj called the sons-iii-law ot
Sittffalam/ Bt/ronfj his uncles, but they refused to acknowledge
that he was their nephew.

They proposed several ordeals to prove the truth of his
words, that he was indeed the grandson of Sinffalanf^ Buromj,
In all of these Seratjunling came off victorious.

As the men and boys were spinning their tops, they
asked Semamiting to join them. He had no top of his own* so
he asked his mother for one. She took an k^^g and uttered
9ome mysterious words over it, and immediately it became a
top* This she gave to her son, who went and joined the others
in the game. Whenever Stra*juni\nf} aimed at a top, he always
bit it and smashed it in pieces. None of the others were a
match for him. In a short time, all the tops except that ot
Strnfjuniiittj w^ere broken in pieces.

Then they suggested a wrestling match. St-mijttntiny was
quit« ready to tiy a fail with any nf theui, old or young. Some
of their best wrestlers came forward. The first two were over-
thrown so easily by him, that the others saw it was no use their
attempting to wrestle with Seragvjitintf,

As a last trial they proposed that all should go out hunting.
Here they hoped to be more fortunate. All the sons-in-law of
Singalang Bnvong took their good hunting dogs with them,
contident of success. Sevaguntiufi was told that he could have
any of the other dogs left in the house. There he saw a few
old dogs, weak and useless for hunting. With the^e be was
expected to compete against the others, and if he w^as not
successful, both he and his father were tu be killed I SaaQUt\iih*j

TWO SEADYAK LEGENDS.

consented even to such an unfair ordeal as that He called to
bim an old sickly looking- dog, and gently stroked it. At once
it became young and strong I While the others went forth
iiiti) the jungle with a pack of hounds, Sfvafjnntituj was only
accompanied by one dog. In the evening Katnpong^ Beragni^
Bejampong and the others aH returned unsuccessfuL Six>n
after. SeragnntimfB dog appeared cimaing a huge boar which
made a stand at the foot of the ladder of the house. Seraguniintf
asked the others to kill t^le beast if they dared. The spears
cast at it glided off, and lelt the beant unharmed. Some of
those who were rash enough to go near tlie animal, had a close
escape from being ttjrn in pieces by its tU8k8.

Seragnntintj armed with nothing better than a little knife
belonging t*> his mother, walked up to the infuriated animal,
and stabbed it in a vital part, and it fell down dead at hia feet.

zUter these umrvelloua feats, all were compelled to admit
that Seraguuting was a true grandson of the great Singnlanq
Hntong* They all acknowledged him as such, and he was taken
to his grand-father, who was pleased to see the lad and promised
to help him throughout his life.

But Sin w^as uuhappy in his new* home, He could not hfllp
thinking of his mother whom he had left alone, and he was
anxious to return to his own people* lie begged his wife to
accompany him back t<) his old home, but she refused to do so.
It was decided that Siu and \m son should stay in the house of
Singafnnff liurong till they had obtained such know [edge as
would be useful to them in the future, and that then they were
tn return to Uie lower world, bringing with them the secrets
they had learnt from those wiser and more powerful than them-
selves.

All the people of the house were now most kind to Sm and bis
son, and were most anxious to t«ach them all they could. They
w^ere taken on a war expedition against the enemy, so they
might learn the science and art of Dyak warfare. They were
taught bow t*) set traps to catch deer and wild pig. They
were shown the different methods of catching tish, and learnt
to make the different kinds of tish-trap used by the Dyaks
of the present day. They remained in Singatang Ihirong's
house that whole year, so that they might have a complete

Jour. Htmitd Hnmcli

TWO 8EA DTAK LEGEKDS,

^practical koowledge of the different stages of paddy grow-

When the year was ended, St^ragttntiHffd mother took hira
and *yiM to see her father, Siugalant/ IhnoHif, go that tliey might
receive from him his advice, as Wfll aa auth L-harma a» he might
wi'sh to give them before tbey left to return to the lower world
of mortals.

Situjalantj Burotuj was sitting iti his chair of state, and re-
ceived them mo8t kindly when they came to him. He bade
them be seated on the mat at hi?* feet, as he had many things to
pay to them* Then he explained to $^iu and his son who he was,
and the worship due to him, and they learnt also about the
observance of omens, both good and bad,

** I am the Ruler of the iS^jirit World " said Singalang Bur*
miff, *'and have the power to make men successful in all they
undertake. At all times, if you wish for my help, you must
call upon me and make offerings to me. Especially must
this be done before you go to fij^ht against the enemy, for I am
the God of War and help those who pay me due respect."

** You have learnt here how to plant paddy. I will give you
some paddy to take away with you, and when you get back to
your own country, you can teach men how to cultivate it You
will find rice a much more strengthening article of food than
the yams and potatoes you used to live upon, and you will
became a strong and hardy race.

*^And to help you in your daily work, my sons-in-law will
a ways tell you whether that you do is right or wrong. In
every work that you undertake, you must pay heed to the
voices of the sacred birds: — K at u pontic Berm/ai, Btjttmponff^ Papan^
jVenrfflX, PaiKjkas, ami Eiuhmm. These birds, named after my
sons-in-law, represent them and are the means by which 1 make
known my wishes to mankind. When you hear them» remember
it is myself speaking through my sons-in-law for encouragement
or for warning. Whatever work you may be engaged in — farm
work, house-building, fishing or hunting — wherever you may be
you must always do as these birds direct. Whenever you have
a feast, you must make an offering to me, and you must call
upon my sons-in-law to come and partake of the feast* If you
do not do these things, some evil is sure to happen to youl I

H, A. Bor., X« 41, IBOS.

TWO SEA-DYAK LEGENDS.

am williug to help yon and to give jou prosperity, but I expect
due respect to be paid to mo, and will not allow my commands
to be disobeyed,"

Then Singalang Buroiuj presented them witb many charms
to take away with them. These were of varioiis kinds, isome
had the power to make the owner brave and fortynate in war.
Others were to preserve him in good health, or to make him
successful in bis paddy planting and cau8e him to have good
harvests.

Sin and Semguutimj then bade their friends farewell, and
started to return. As soon as they had descended the ladder
of tlie bouse of SingahuKj Butong, they were swiftly transported
through the air by some mysterious power, and in a moment
they found themselves at the bathing place of their own
house.

Their friends crowded round them, glad to see them back,
safe and well. They were taken with much rejoicing to the
house. Friends and neighbours were told of their return, and a
great meeting was held that evening. All gathered round the
two adventurers, who told them of their strange experiences
in the far country of tlie Spirit Birds, The charms received
from Singalaii^ Buronq were handed round for general ad-
miration. The new seed paddy was produced, and the good
quaHties of Rice as an article of food explained. The people
congregated there had never seen paddy before, by t all deter*
mined to be guided by Sin and Serafjuutintj^ and to plant it in
future. Th*^ different names of the Sacred Kirds were told to
the assembled people, and all were warned to pay due respect to
their cries.

And so, according to the ancient legend, ended the old
primitive life of the Dyak, when he lived ypon such poor food as
the frnits of the jungle, and any yams and potatoes he happened to
plant near bis bouse; the old blind existence, in which there
was nothing to guide lim ; and then began his new life^ in which
he advanced forward a step, and learnt to have regularly, year
by year, his seed-time and harvest, and to know that there were
unseen powers ruling the Universe, whose will might be learnt
by mankind, and obedience to whom would bring succe^js and
bappinei^.

Jour, HimiU Brihiick

TWO SEADTAK LEGENDS. 29

Note.

On receiving the above legends from Mr. Gomes I pointed
out to him the carious fact that in the first legend the tiger — a
beastquite unknown in Borneo — plays a prominent part, and sug-
gested that this story may have been of Malay origin. He leplies
by referring to A. n. Everett's paper on the Tiger in Borneo, in
Journal 5, p. 157, and says "the 'Tree-tiger' Felts mat-morata
is common enough. The Dyaks call it by a distinctive name
'Kemaung dau* or 'Kemaung raras' (dau and raras both being
words meaning the branch of a tree). 'These would lead one to
suppose that at one time they knew of some other species they
called simply * Kemaung.' " Everett refers to traditions of the
animal also, among the Sea Dyaks. One may compare these
traditions of an animal apparently absent from the country with
those of the Mias (Mawas) of the Malay peninsula.

H. N. Ridley.

B. A. Soc, Na 41, 1903.

New Malayan Plants.

By £L N. Ridley.

The following plants apparently undeacribed have turned
up lately in rarioua collections made in the Peninsula,

SriTAMIXEiK.

Zingiber IVrfttfii, Prain ms^. A slender plat»t over a foot tall.
Leaves elliptic^ lanceolate, glabrous, t) inches long", 3 inches
wide, narrowed at the base but notpetioled* Peduncle 4
inche.s tall covered with large loose sheathing leaves,
spike three inches long, ovoid obconic. Bracts thin
elliptic li inch long I inch wide or less* Flowers soli-
tary yellow, Bracteole spathaceous, lip spotted and
marked with purple. Anther narrow linear, beak half an
inch long.

Upper Perak at 300 feet elevation (Wray 3785).
The only specimen I have seen is in poor condition but
it seems a distinct plant from any described, from its
rounded head of thin bracts, most of the allied species
having cylindric spikes.

KteitaHopsiit cffaniAcau.n, »p. Rhizome ^ inch through, violet
inside, covered with dry sheaths, stems 18 inches t^ll,
rather slender base, olivaceous* Leaves 8, lanceolate
acuminate glabrous 6 inches long 1^ inches wide, hardly
petiolate, ligule rounded short. Spike short, peduncle
half an inch long covered with long dry lanceolate bracts
1^ inches long, flowers four. Ovary oblong pubescent ^
inch long. Calyx tube 1^ inches long, pubescent at the
bise, apex long acuminate. Corolla tube narrow 4 inch
longer pubescent, lobes oblong liali' an inch long \ inch
wide lip, oblong rounded 1 inch long. All white except
the tip of the lip which is blue. Stamen oblong, crest
moderately large, stigma large cup-shapedj with pubes-
cent edges.

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

This pretty species was collected by Mr. W. (J.
Napier on banka at Bukit Tanga, Sereraban ; it is
nearly allied to E. pitl/€S€ens but haa much shorter flower
spikes and <|uite g-lahrous leavi^s. The flowers when
bruised became of a blue color, perhaps containing
indigo,

Dcndrohittm mdlitum^ n, sp, A very small epiphytic plant, stems
few 4 or o inches lon^, very slender above the lowest
two or three joints, swollen a little for J inch length.
Leaves few terete subulate^ 3 inches long ^\ inch thick.
Flower solitary i^ubterminal, from a short raceme, with
small bracts* Pedicel and ovary | inch long thick yellow.
Upper sepal ovate ^ inch long, lateral sepals ovate falcate
obtuse, mentum short broad and blunt Petals narrower
and shorter, all yellow. Lip three-lobed, lobes broad
!*hort curved tips rounded yellow veined with pink inside,
midlobe oblong truncate, edged minutely laciniate veins
and a patch in the centre pink, three parallel raised veins
white on the disc. Anther oblong hemispheric brown,
column face Hat stained pink*

Johore, at Castlewood on the Suugei Tebrau, May
lUOf^, I found a single plant of this very weak slender
little orchid on a tree, and flowered it in the Botanic
(lardeas. It is allied to Z>. cltJvatoi\ Ridley, a native of
Perak, but has the base of the «tem much less swollen,
and an entirely different lip. Considering the size of
the flower, half an inch across, it was wonderfully strong-
ly scented of honey,

Thnxspemtum crassijolium^ n, sp. An epiphyte on coffee bushes,
stem G inches tall, thick, leaves close set, thick leathery
oblong obtuse, tip rounded, 4 inches long ] ,\ inches thick,
sheaths under half an inch long purple, scapes 3 to 5
inches long Ktiff, base purple, rHceme l.J to4 inches long
Jiattened, Bracts distichous I inch long close set, ovary
and pedicel i inch long. Sepals linear caudate ifrom a
broader base | inch long, petals narrow^er linear caudate,
all bright pel low. Lip | inch long, pubescent orange

Joui. straits Btaoch

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS

Bing^ into cherry red at the tip. Spur saccate blunt,
side 1 obes a rched bl u n t , midd 1 e fl eshy b I u n t ovate . Callus
on th»*di3C tong-up-shaped rounded depressed in the centre,
column white with rounded and broad wings. Anther hem-
ispheric. Fruit linear angled » 3 inches long | inch through.
On old coffee bushes at Castlewood, Johore. This is
allied to 2'A, Arachnites which was common in the same
place, but has the short stout leaves and stem of Th,
^'cortecfanii. The flowers however are much smaller than
any other of this group.

AMARYLLIDE.Ii',

Cnt^ultgo me^ncai*pa^ XL sp. A large tufted plant with a stout
stem. Leaves dark green oblong lanceolate acuminate
glabrous 20 inches long, 3 inches wide, petiole 8 inches
longf. Peduncle 4 inches long tomentose with large
lanceolate acuminate bracts at the base, lower ones hairy
on the edge only, upper ones more hairy. Spike broad
conic-cylindric 2 to 4 inches long. Flower 1 inch acrofis«
Sepals lanceolate acute | inch long dirty yellow outside
andhairy at thetip. Petals bright yellow, stamens yellow,
(1 laments short, anthers oblong, wavy, hairy, beaked.
Fruit 2 inches long, Indian-club shaped | inch through at
the base, whita se«is very numerous angled ribbed black*
Perak, in forest.s on the Thaiping Hills at 2000 to
HOOO feet elevation.

This seems to be common on the Thai ping Hills and
has probably been hithert<i overlooked or taken for a
form of t\ tati/otia, but it can hardly be referred to that
species, variable as it is. It is larger in all parts of the
flower and fruit, the latter being very long club shaped.

Bukmanniace.t:.

Burmanrtia oblongu^ u.sp, A slender saprophyte 5 inches tall
with numerous wiry roots. Stem sparirjgly or not at all
branched. Leaves sheath-like, scales few and distant.
Flowers one or two on the ends of the stem | inch long
and i iuch broad across the wings, tube narrow wings
oblong with straight edges, angles rounded. Sepals and
petals short blunt Petals much the shorter.

A StK-: \'c>, 41 IBO."^.

• 2

34 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Penan^ on rocks at 1500 to 2000 feet altitude (King's
collector 2270.)

This plant should be sought again. It resembles the
common B, coelestis in the form of its flowers, but is
saprophytic. The very broad obloug wings of the per-
ianth tube are very striking.

Since publishing the paper, on lUnvnanniacece in
Journal 22, p. 332, I have tjeen able to add to this
group of plants: — B, Championii, Thwaites. A small
ivory white plant like B. tuberosa, Becc, but more com-
pact, with a short thick root stock covered with scales,
from the Laba river in Selangor, and two additional
species of ThUmia; Th, ^ra/u/iy^ora, Ridl., with rather
large pink flowers collected by Lieut. Kelsall on the
Sembrong river in Johor; and Th. chrysops, Ridl.,
a very pretty kind from Mount Ophir witti pink
and chocolate flowers with a yellow ring round the
mouth of the tube; and BagniHa ci-ocea of Beccari, a very
oddly shaped little brown species met with in the Perak
Hills.

DiOSCOREACEiE.

DioscoreaUennifolia, n. sp. Stems slender leaves mostly opposite
thin (i^labrouR elliptic cuspidate, base rounded 5 nerved 2
to 3 inches long an inch wide, petiole slender an inch
long. Male panicle long and slender a foot or more,
spikes slender one to three inches long, 3 or more in a
whorl, rachis angled minutely pubescent. Flowers very
small distant pubescent B racts shorter ovate. Sepals
oblong ovate. Petals nearly as long oblong obtuse.
Stamens 6, filaments fairly long.

Singapore on Bukit Timah (Ridley 4596.)
This wild yam is remarkable for its very thin leaves
and slender stems. I have only met with a male plant
but it seems very distinct from all other described species.

LlLIACE^.

Ophiopogon Malayamis, n. sp. Stem erect stout 4 inches or more
tall covered with the scarious sheaths of the fallen leaves
and emitting long woody roots. Leaves linear acumi-

Joar. Straits Branch

NKW MALAYAN FLANTH,

oate^CfifiKlEJteiate, glaucous beneath 9 inches long § bch
wid*-. Sciipe 4 inches lon^ base nude. Flowers small
white. Bracts 2, bases broad ovate^ tips linear, outer
one ^ inch lono^. Pedicel longer. Sepals and petals
ovate subacute ^ inch long. Stamens conuivent filaments
very short, anthers lanceolate. Style terete long^er.

Perak at Padan^ Ken^as (\\\ Pox) Lattkawi on Uu-
nong llaya(Curtis 2G13). The Uphiopogons are abiuidant
in the mountainous regions of North India and China, but
get very scanty further south, in fact tliis is the only one
froui the I'eninsula except the little known and doubtful
U. prolifcra from Penang. Thougli perhaps as near the
cummon and v^ariable 0* intermedium of India, it is very
distinct in its tall stout stem, broad leaves and ovate petals
and sepals.
Tttputnt vwlacea, n. sp. Terrestrial stem short and stout, leaves
broadly oblong oblanceolate acute narrowed gradually
to the base, 3 feet long, 3 inches wide, dark green stilf,
spike very dense about 8 inches high. Flowers sessile
I inch across, tube hemispheric violet, lobes oblong re-
cur%'ed darker. Anthers 6 sessile elliptic. Style cylindric
\\'hifi\ spotted with violet Stigma club-shaped rounded
Mbscurely three-lobed.

Perak, Hujong Malacca; Penang, liigh lands (Curtis)*

This Tupistra differs from the other Peninsular

J ' ies, T^fjiandiA, UidL, inits smaller lighter colored Ho w-

' i~ und the rounded club-shaped stigma which is datand

circular in 7\ grandU, Though not perhaps as striking as

that species it is a pretty plant,

Dracaena con/erla, n'sp. Stem 4 to 10 feet tall, little or not

branched* Leaves narrow linear acuminate 24 to 27

inches long | inch wide, base broadly sheathing, midrib

very strong at the base, thinning upwards and disappear-

ino- before the tip. Raceme 2 feet long, erect, simple or

illy branched, the base with numerous reduced

I ) h broad liases, and acuminate upwards, peduncle

rather ^toutwitha few 8Uia 1 1 sheathing leaves, inflorescence

long dense. Flowers white, three or four in a tuft, with

1^ery short pedicels^ and 2 or 3 ovate acuminate bracts |

NKW MALAYAN PLANTS,

inch long. Perianth tube ^ inch long, narrow lobes
linear | inch loni^. Fruit globose as large as a pea,

Perak, rielama at 3U0 to 500 feot elevation (King's
collection 3149); Thaipin^ Hills near the Tea (tardens.
There is also a specimen in Oantley's collections without
locality, either from Malacca or Sungei I jong. This
Dracaena is allied to D, Porteri^ HaU,, but has longer and
stiff er leaves with a very dense raceme of flowers. If is
known Uy Malays as ^'♦Poko San .Uiflii hutan j«otan.'*

€r, pataufjensis, n,sp. A shrub alxjut >^ or 10 feet tall, with the
stem an inch through, leaves when young oblouiij petioled,
adult* shorter. Upper leaves lanceolate acuminate 6 to 7
inches long, 1 to 1 J inch wide, petiole 1 inf h long, sheath-
ing at the base. Panicle erect 8 to 10 inches long
with abont eleven or twehe stiff branches four inches
long or less with lanceolate acuminate bracts at the base
I to ^ inch lojig. Flowers in twos and threes on slender
pedicels j inch long. Perianth lobes narrow, white.
Fruit as large as a cherry, 1 to 3 seeded, scarlet

Penang at Batu Feringhi on the banks of the stream
and at Highlands (Curtis ^3GU). Mried specimeus of
this often resemble those of IK Ifaingaiji our biggest
tree Dracaena, but the liviug plant is much smaller and the
leaves are very variable in form,

D, Jockiftfta, Wall, Cat. al45. This plant obtained in Penan?
by Wallich was confused by HakerfJourn. Linn. Soc. XIV,
5-32) with /J. aurantiarn^ Wallicli, under the name of Z>,
f^picata var. aurantiaca \ and Hooker in the flora of
Hritish India put^ it under imfjerfectly known species.
1 have not seen Wallicb's s|>eciuieus but Dr, Praiu says
that a plant collected on the Tliaipiug Hills by Kunstler
(No. 2719) is exactly like tlie Wallichian plant This
plant is I thmk identical with a plant I collected in Pahang
and described under the name of A lontjiAAvt (Trans.
Linn* *Soc, III, 388), Hooker refers the Perak plant
to Kurz's B. pntfiffphtjlht, an Andamauese plant, which
however is probably distinct to judge from his description.

i>» peminUu n.sp. A tall hhrub with a moderately stout stem
about <) feet tall, leaves broadly oblong lanceolate acum-

Jour. 8trAits BmOvli

KEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

mniB narrowed to the base and subpetioiaU^ Petiole
winged, 8 t<> J I inches lon^ 1^ to 3J inches wide, Pani-
l'Ih graceful uoddiijyf 15 incjhejs or more long with a
few distA»jt branches slonder 7 or 8 inches long bracts
sujall ovate lanceolate. Flowers in tufts of 2 or 3 distant
white on pedicels \ inch long-, slender J t^j nearly an
inch long split into segments for one half their length ;
the lobes line-ar dilated upwards^ stamens about as long,
anthers oblong.

This fine plant w rows in damp swampy spots in fare«t-s.
I collected it in the Dinding!!* on Gunong Tungal (No.
9448 of my cullectiunb) and huve it ahu from Panchur
in Malacca; and from Kwulti Dipang and (Jopeng from
King'd collections ( Nos. bi^7*J and 4G43). The Malacca
specimens liave broader and mure distinctly petiolate
leaves, and the panicle is sti>uter» but it appears to Ije
specilically the sanie. It b*.^ longs to the ntituHte$ section
uf Dracaena, in which the llowers are in long pendulous
lax panicles.

Dracaena clHpiku^ Thunb, I found this common and variable
plant growing abujjdantly in muddy swampy places aloig
the Sungei Tehran, this Ea«l<*r. In this locality it had
ijuite a dilTerent appearance from the comtnon lowland
dry forest form, being altogether a much larger and
stouter' plant, almost tt small tree in fact.

W^e have now no less than sixteen species of Dracae-
na recorded from the Malay Peninsula, but there are
doubtless more than this for I have seen several plants in
our forests which appear quiie distinct from any described,
but of which I have not been able to obtain tlowers.

COMMEMNAOE.I?.

F^tTfitia fftacilU^ n. sp, Stem creeping then a->i ^-uding for about
three feet a tjuarter of an inch through, twiggy dark
green and glabrous, intfTnodes 2 inches long t^/rete.
I^eaves lancecjittte acuminata narrowed into a winged
pfr'tiole, dark green and t^'lahrous above, velvety l:>euealh,
margined with red appressed hairs, 8 inches long 2 inches
wide* petiole and mouthb of sheaths hairy. Heads small

,A.Ke««, No. 41, ioi.t

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS*

few-flowered ; bracts ovate pubescent white with a green
keel. Sepals obloug hooded cilia te white ^ inch lung ;
petals longer lauceuJate acute white ; stamens G ; filaments
contorted with a tuft of white hairs on the top. Anthers
ovate deeply grooved white. Style filiform flexuous
acuminate. Stigma minute, ovary small covered with
white hair; capsule oblong pink.
F. mollis, Clarke, Monogr. ConmieL p, 236 (m part, not of
Hasskarl).

Very common in woods* Singapore. Tanglin, Pulau
Ubin (Ridley 413U), (Walker 1;)5); Johore: Tanjong
bunga (Ridley 6320); Paban^ : l*ulau Tijau (l>381, 23S2);
Malacca: Sungei Buluh( 10512); Selangor: Kuala Lumpor,
Suiigei Ujong: Gunoug Berumbun, (Cantley's Coll.);
Dindings: Telok Sera. Kedah Penk,

It is curious that this our commonest species haa
escaped being described till now, but it seems to have been
mixed up with the rarer K mollis. It is known as
'*Setawa betina" and the Sakais use a decoction of its
roots for rheumatism,
J*, irntans, n. sp. Stem tall and stout | inch through, leaves
elliptic lanceolate with a broad Hat petiole, acuminate 9
inches loog» 3 inches across, hairy un both aides, sheaths
14 inches long, glabrous except fur the hispid edges.
Heads large and dense over an inch through, densely
covered with red spiny hairs, sepals lanceolate covered
with similar hairs. Stamens 6^ anthers oblong « style
tiliform.

Selangor» on the Tras route at the 15th mile; Perak
Bujong Malacca (Ridley *.>7S4), SunKei Ujong, Bukit
Kupayiang (Cantley's collection.) Kather rare in woods
at an altitude of about 2^000 feet. A very distinct species,
from its large globose heads of flowers covered densely
with sharp pungent red spines. I have never seen fruit
of it.

Palm.e.

Pinanga Singaportnsiii, n* sp. Stems tufted dark green G to Ki
feet tall | inch through j inteniodes 8 inches long.

Jotir. 8traU« Bmucli

HEW MALAYAN PLAN 1%

Leaves coiicoloroufi or a tittle paler aloDg the back about
3 feet long, sheath tubular, petiole B inches Umg, leaflets
sigtuoid acuminate alxmt lo^ sub-opposite, teruiimil one
forked; 12 inches loug by 3 incl»e.s wide or leas, nerves
i) tfi 7, Sf'ike branched erect 4 inches Ion?, with b
branche?* ^S pa the thin boat- shaped papery witn a short
point brownish pink J J inch long. Rachis cream color
scurfy, flowers distichous. Malsit ^ inch long, ivory
white. Sepals very nmalt acute. Petals oblique ovate^
acuminate much larger* Stamens 14 white, tiJamt^nts
very short, anthers oblong, no pistil lode. FemRle petals
and sepals broadly oblong pink, edges ctliat«?, stigma
small, se-ssile papillose circular white.

This pretty palm occurs in Singapore io forests at
Bukit Timah^ Mandai, Stagmouut and Selitar, und is No,
1 1 267 of my col lections. I have not seen it outside Singa-
pore, and it is rather scarce there.
rtifCfiorapfiis loftgijfora, n. sp. llabit aod stems of Ft, Svff/aporeusis,
Leaf three feet or more long, rachis brown scurfy, hmf-
lets linear acuminate 5-ribbed, alternate about 4U pairs
Id inches long, ^ inch wide. Peduncle stout 1 inch long
ribbed and scurfy, branches of inllorescence slender 4 or
5 scurfy, 6 or 7 inches long. Flowers in distinct pairs,
one male and one female together about 20 pairs on a
1 ranch ; males ^\ inch long, with two orbicular gibbous
bracts at the base. Calyx lobes orbicular fringed. Petals
lanceolate obtuse much longer. Stamens 6 !!>horter than
the petals, filaments with a broad base narrowed upwards,
anthers oblong dorsidxed. Pistil lode conic stout as
long as the stamens. Female flowers. Bract single
small. Sepals orbicular ciliate. Petals ovate orbicular
imbricate, pistil ovoid.

Johore on the top of Gunong Banang at Batu Pahat,
(Rid'ey 1121). Besides this there are two other species
of this genus described. /*^ Sinffapon^mii, Becc, thtr Ko»
rintin palm, abundant in the South of the Peiiinsuta, and Pt^
nntptf'ta of the Nicobars, a plpnt of Vitally different habit.
This new species closely resembles Pt. Sittt/oporensi^^ but
the petals of the male are very much longer.

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Ifjuanura apectaftUu^ n« sp» hjtem from 3 to 8 feet tall, tufted
or solitury very sti>Qt over 1^ inch throuii^h. Leaves
entire and cuneate bilobed at the apex, margins crenulate
toothed strongl y ribbed, three or more feet long- one foot
across, petiole. Inflorescence from amon^ the leaves, ped*
uncle over a foot long with two sheath:^ (I inches long,
and a bract-like ovat<? acute leaf \ inch long above,
hraoches stout ascending, six inches long, deep green.
Flowers spirally arranged sunk in the rachis. Male,
sepals ovate. Petals oblung acute twice as long ^ inch
lung. Stamens 6, longer than the petals, filaments thick
ctmnate at the ba*?e w^ith the long cylindric obtuse
pistil lode. Females, sepals rounded, petals ovate rounded.
Fruit elliptic tip curved, black when ripe, | inch long, on
the thickened rachis.

This superb palm known to Malays as the "Teruno**
•occufiie on the llermitage Hill in IVrak, and at Bruas in
the Dindings where it was lir^t obtftined by Mr. Curtis
and I ate r by my se f f , ( N o. 84 < Kl) o f m y cu 1 1 ecti o n s. Young
livnng plants sent home by Mr. (jurns were described by
Dr. Masters in the Gardener's Chronicle (1 811 K, XX III, 258)
under the name of Geo noma Ptpi^rtxann, In the fKndings
it forms a bush with numerous short sterna, on the Her-
mitage Hill I found it w^ith a stout tull stenu It is a most
beautiful palm when well grown, the broad leaves deep
green w^hen adult, and pink when first put out, making it
most attractive.

L fm'fvgimay n. sp. Stem slender, leaves 18 inches long, petiole
four inches long, rachis red -scurfy, leaflets 5 or 6 pairs
alternate trapezoid^ base narrowed, apex acuminate,
margins more or less toothed. 6 inches long 3 inches
Uirough. Spathes 6 inches long acuminate. Inflores-
cence on a peduncle 6 to 8 inches long, red tomentose,
branches thick 9 to 1 1 so me- times branched again, 6 inch-
es long covered with red wool. Flowers scattered distich-
ous info veolie, covered with red wool. Malcflow^ersglabr-
ou8» Sepals ovat-e rounded, petals lanceolate ribbed, i
longer. Female tJowers sepals similar, petals shorter and

Jour. btmiU fiiaach

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS,

blunttr. Drape cyliridric curved, slightly narrowed to-
ward;* the tip, black, half inch hmg. St»t'd cylindric acute
rurvad rugose 3 "^ch tong- ; nlbumen equable.

On the Thaiping Hills coiuiuon from about 2000 feet
elevation upwards (10(;84; U405 of my collection) and
Bujonof Malacca (Curtis 3104). This palm has the habit
of Lpitlijmvrpha, JBecc, but the stouter inflorescence on a
longer peduncle and covered with red wool* the larger
tlowers, and curved cyliudric fruit, make it very distinct

The Iguauuras are not an easy group of palms to
separate, as they are apt to be very variable especially in
the furm of the iniloresceace. There appear to he seven
kinds at present known from the Peninsula. The com-
monest >j^>eeies is L*n'o^*om(€jormi 8 y^l^xt. A lowland i«peeies
^vith usually one simple spike. Of this there are the
followinj^ forms : (a) typiea^ with a simple stout tomentose
ttpike, (b) ramom,& similar spike but branched* with 2 or
3 branches, (c> mfdaccemh, with a slender glabrous simple
spike (occasionally branched). The leaves of all these
forms may be quite entire, /. Waflir/natm^ ilook til, with
a compound intlorescence of several ^lend^r branches, is
allied to this latter form. It also varies in the form of
the leaves. Two plants described by Hooker and Beccari
from Scortechini's collection, viz., A <it//«#aand /. parvtila,
appear to me to be forms of these speciea. The firdt is a
lar^e plant with an inllorescence more cojnpound, the
second a dwarf abnormal furm. I have only however
seen sketcht^s of them and very little of the plants appears
Ui have l>eeri collected. /, corukfdnta has also only once
been collected. The fruit is curiously curved, and ta
possibly abnormal. L polffmorpha^ llecc. including /. hevi-
pen, Uook. til., is a distinct plant, not rare on the Thaiping
Hills, L I'vnuijiiica is allied t » it but seems to me to be
distinct. /. bicomu has curiously bilol>ed fruit, and occurs
also on the Tbaipinj^ Hills, but seems to be rare.
Liristona rupivtfttt, u. sp. Stem short and thick ah nit 3 feet long
and (* inches through, densely covered with brown tibers
from the leaf sheaths. Leaves orbicular uliuut 2 feet
acroiis with about 12 leaflets rather narrow very acuud-

NKW MALAYAN PLANTS.

nate tips setaceous ; petiole slender 20 inches long nearly
tlinrnlegs. Sj^adix slender, rinuh branched. Spathes
split striate cuspidate dark br»*wn, the two basal o»es
tfiree inches lon^, upper uues slightly dilate cuspidate,
ii ranches many long slender with many very long and
slender sinuous spikes 1 tt) ^ inches long, lengthening to
4 inches in fruit, Hriicts at the base of the branches
linear narrow caducous. Flowers very small globose;
sepals rounded gibbous. Petals similar. Staminal crown
with B subulate teeth.

Selangor limestone rocks at the Kuala Lumpor caves
(8285 of my collection), Lanka wi Islands, (Curtis).

This charming palnr, the Serdang Hatu of the Lankawi
Islands, is probabiy the smallest species of the genua*
It is remarkable for iti very short thick stem densely
covered with brown fibres, the remains of old leaf sheaths.
The iullorescence is also very small for the genus. It
grows on the limestone rocks of the Selangor caves from
the lower part to the top of the cliffs.

Lictiaia Intigeptdutwuhtta, n. sp. Stem 2 tti 8 feet ta!l, 1 to 1^
inch through, leaves 4 to 5 feet h>ng orbicular, lobes 6
or more narrowed at the base and broadened upwards
with broad blunt teeih 15 to IG inches long and 3 inches
across at the tip, deep green, petiole sleuder not thorny.
Inllorescence slender 3 feet or more long, peduncle broad
^ (fattened at the base, tiuite glabrous over 2 feet long,

shea ills distant Jong, spikes 3 inches long, in fours.
Flowers scatt€»red over j^ inch long, rachis moderately
fetout, calyx urn-shaped sessile not lobed. Petals
lanceolate obtuse*

Perak, Uynong Batu Putih (Wray 254) (King's Coll
8148). 1 only know this species from the above men-
tioned collections. Beccari labels it ''L glabra^ foliis
latioribus/* but it is certainly very distinct from L. glabra,

X. (Pcriati'lii) pauiiutaifi, ii. sp. Leaf large, tobes 2^ feet long,
rather narrow, with ^hort teeth ^ inch broad. Inilores-
cence patucled wide- spreading 3 feet Unig, spathes 6 not
^lit, the lowest 8 inches long ^ inch wide, upper part
reddish, upper spatlies shorter dilated upwards. Branches

Joiir. Str,aUi!> Braudi

NEW MALA f AN PLANTS.

panicled, spikes lan^ and slender 5 to 7, j^labrou^ or
scurfy. 7 ui<'h<^8 lono^ or less* Flowers scattexed sessile
j^ inch long- Oalyx rylindric with ft broad base, truncate
ubacurely and irregularly l<*hed glabrous. Petals short
and broad uvate acute. Stamiimi ring with 6 teeth.
Pistil sometimes bilubed, sligma lateral.

I oollectt*d a specimen of this on the Hermitage Hill
in Perak, and have nev^er seen it since, and unfortunately
omitted to record the size of the plant. It is ev'idently
allied to /-, perif^ifcta^ Zipp., Penct/cln pendnliftora of
Blurae, a native of New Guinea, from which it differs in
having solitary sessile, not stalked Howers in pairs.
The panicled inJiorescence is unique in Malay Licualas as
at present known, and is the characteristic of the section
Penctfchis of which the New (iuinea spefciea is the only
other one known. It is to be hoped that any one visiting
the Hermitage Uil! will recollect this curious plant and
bring full details of its habit and size.
Calamus Uf/uatiUs^ XL sp. Stem fairly stout about 30 feet long
covered with dense bristle- like black spines. Leaf large
flagelliferous armed with copious black spines iu short
rows, petiole a foot long stout black rounded, edge armed
with spines of different sizes llatteued 2 inches long or
less, those at the base black long or slender, leaflets
numerous equidistant linear acuminate 1 foot long an
inch broad, bristles short scatt^ered along the edges mid
back, Hngellum 4 feet lof»g, hnoks in half whorb
numerous. Panicle very larg<^ and stout, lower sheaths
tubular an inch through with numerous decurved spines
single or in twos and threes black tipped, chiefly on the
back aud sides on the upper [>art. Branches about 2 feet
long, secondary spathes tubular unarmed an inch long,
male t*ranchlcts numerous 6 inches long, spathels tubular
about J inch long, spikes 8ubdistichous recurved | inch
long green. .Spathellules saijcer-sha|jed with a small
ovaki limb, sepjils oblong lanceolate*. Petals as long
oblong lanceolat^e thicker. Stamens, li laments rather
long slender, anthers long narrow. Female branchlets
2 tu 3 inches long, spathels funnel *sh aped* Spathellule^

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

small saucer-sbafted. Flowers solitary, sepals ovate as
loni^ at) the petals and ijuitn similar. Fruit small globular
beaked i inch lon^ scsiles iti J> whurltJ, rhojnboidal as
broad as Jong, yellow or brownish yellow, tips darker,
grooved.

This rattan is common in rida! river swamps, and is
known as **Rotan Hakau/' There is a trade rattan of
the same name but I am not yet certain that it belongs
strictly to this plant. The g-^nera! appearance of this
species when out of flower is that of Daemonorops
anffusti/olins. 1 1 does not seem to tlo wer very f req uently,
as I have seldom found it in flower or fruit, abundant as
it is, which is probably why it has never hitherto been
described. Professor Beccari who is engaged on a work
on our rattans to be published in the Annals of the
Botanic Hardens of Calcutta, considers it to be quite a
distinct plant from any described.

1 have met with it in .Singapore, on the Seran^oon
Rjad, and at Cbangi (6275 of my collections), Johore,
Panchur on the Johore river; on the Suugei Ttsbrau
river, and at Batu Puhat (11216), and in Pahauj^ at
Kuala Pahang.

A KOI BE.*:,

Ctyptocor^tte parptirm, n. sp. Aquatic, stem creeping stoloniferous.
Leaves ovate or elliptic ovate, base broad 3 inches long
^ Ij inch wide, petioles 4 inches lona^, peduncle short
about half an inch Itmg, spathe :^ or more inches long,
tube twinted { inch tLnnigh, wbitt^, limb ovate caudatte
^ to 1 inch long, half an inch wide deep purple brown
with a yellow mouth, pustular, tail J inch long, valve
over the inllurescence oblong truncate pale yellow.
Female Howern ti to 8 connate in a circle, styles very
short, stigmns discoid, neuters above the pistils 5 or
more, nude portion of spadix slender. Male (lowers few
yellow obcuneate, ap|>endix small elliptic clubbed.

*Iohore, Kota Tingjtii (42 II of my collections). This
plant cultivated in the Singap*-»re Botanic (Jardens for
several years, was seat to Kew Gardens where it flowered

Join. 8trftila Braficb

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

and was figured in the Botanical Magazine plate 7719
under the name of C. Oriffithiu It Is however quit«
distinct from that in its more numerous^ female Howers,
smaller appendix to the spadix, and much longer tube.
It grows very readil}* in water, and is perhaps the easiest
to cultivate. I have only seen it in the one locality
mentioned » our commonest species being the short tubed

Tffpftonium fultum, n. sp. A small herb with a short stem above
the ground prop{>ed on strung roots. Leaves 5 or 6
ovate or deltoid hastate 2 to ^ inches long 2 inches wide
deeply cordate, apex acute, lobes rounded, petiole 2^
inches long. Peduncle J inch lung, spa the witli a green
base dilated j t^> ^ inch long, limb 2 inches long | inch
broad; subacute or acuminate purple- veined, tip green.
Spadix about as long. Appendage orange brown
cylindric from a thick base tapering upwards, below a
short nude portion, Male portion of about fi rows of
oblong yellowish anthers, then a longer nude portion.
Neuters numerous horn-shaped white up-curved. Fe-
males in one whorl oblong, one ovuled.

.Selangor at the lime^t^ne caves near Kuala Lumpor
(81G5) also found in Lanka wi Islands by Curtis.

This odd little aroid is remarkable for the stem
standing up supported nm its root« above ground after
the manner of a Pandanus, a habit not observed in ojij
father species, the rest uf them having small underground
tubers.

T* fili/onne^ n, sp. A very small herb, tuber globose ^ inch
through. Leaves 2 or 3 deltoid hastate acuminate, lobes
divaricate acute 2 or 3 inches long, J to 1} inch wide,
petiole slender 2 to ') inches long. Peduncle | inch long.
Spa the 3 inches, base elliptic \ inch long olive green,
limb linear very narrow, apex eventually coiled up
yellowish spotted with red. Spadix very slender 3^
inches long, appendix ochre yellow filiform nearly §
inches long, male portion short below them a long
sleti^r nude portion, neulers tiliform contorted long,
female flowers few oblong.

t. A ^-'

Vi. 11 IW

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

1 found this at the foot of the limestone cUfTs at
Kuala Dipang in Perak. It is evidently allied to T,
hMifntitu, DaSz,, of the Concan, difteriiit^ in the absence
of any trace of hulbil!?, tht^ lunt^er appendage and neuters^
and longer haro space below the male Mowers.

Aniot'phop/ialifi» M(tlncrt>ttsii<^ n. sp. Tut>er 4 indues thrtiit^h
heinispheiic with a depressed top. Leaver not certainly
known. Peduncle 7 inches tall rough. Spa the tube
wide triimpet-shnped 3 inches long, limb broad rounded
six inches long and as wide. Spadix longer, appendage
fusiform acuminate 6 inches long rugose hollow » loose
textured and fibroua within. Male portion one inch long
anthers crowded oblong. Female portion 2^ inches
long. Flowers numerous, ovaries ovoid, style j inch
long.

I only know this from some dried specimens which
were collected by a native collector on Bukit Panchor in
Malacca. It belongs to the section including Amotpfw-
pkiUlus, Rex,, and ctmpwwlatus^ but is distinct in its long-
er p<?d uncles, and longer narrower appendage. I have
several times met with foliage of a plant very much
resembling that of a Hex with a tall stout dark green
scabrid petiole which may perhaps belong to this species,
A very large spike of fruit over a foot longer with ber-
rie-8 half an inch !ong which was obtained by Mr. Hervey
on Bukit Payong in Malacci is very probably the fruit of
this plant. It should be looked for again.

A. minor, n. sp. Tuber an inch through. Leaf petiole slender
9 inches long, blade three branched each branched again^
lealiets numerous thin green (red wheu young) lanceolate
acuminate inaequilateral 3 inche.s long by one inch wide,
nerves numerous close jjoining an inner intra marginal
one. Peduncle 8 to 12 inches long with loose brown
sheaths at the b:ise, the largest truncate 4 inches long.
Spa the 3 to 4 inches long convolute at the base lanceo-
late acuminate I t^i 1 ^ inch across. »Spadix 3 inches long.
Appendage cylindric-conic an inch long. Male portion
as long as the appendage. Flowers veijy numerous
crowded. Femalea few. btyle very short.

Joar. Str&iti Branch

NKW MALAYAN PLINTJ*,

Ferak on the Thaiping Hills ; ftnd in Province Wel-
'^Tesley at Tasek Oelugor. This is allied to -4* sparaiflorits,
Hook. fiL, differing in the shorter apperidti;^^e and longer
male portion of the inliorescence.
cnrnen n. sp. Tnbt^r hemispheric 3 inches acrosa. Leaf
nnknown. P^nlunele 3 inchen and i\ half lon^, nniooth
gray green with brown blotches, sheath at base 2 inches
hing. Spa the 5 inchea long, loosely cod violate at the
base with a broad Unib pinkish with brown blotches,
paler within* Spadix rath»n' longer. Appendix conic
obtuse 3 inches long I inch through at the base fleshed
low obscurely canceilate. Male portion 2 inchei long
stout greenish, Stamens densely crowded. Female
portion ovarie>j shortly pedicellate, broad Ha?k shaped,
style short and thick. Stigma lobed.

Lankawi Islands (Cnrti:^). This plant was flower-
ed from a tuber brought in with tubers of Ansaema
from Lankawi I^land>i, in the Pena ng Gardens, I have
only seen a drawing of it but I know nothing quite
like it

Alocojfin fivnlifoUa^ n, sp. Stem about a foot tall, leaves ovate
fx>rdiite acute dark green one to 2 feet long 5 to 12
inches wide with 2U pair^ of nerves, petiole stt:»ut over a
fmit long. Peduncle ^ix inches long or less. Spatbe 3
to 6 inches long, tabular portion 1^ inch long» limb 3
inches long J inch wide oblong obtuse, Spadix slender^
iipp«?ndi«ge cylindric J to 2 inches long, Male portion I
inch long. Flowers oblong crowded, below them a nude
portion. Female pt:>rtion 1 inch long.

Johore, bise of Gunorig Panti ; Selangor, Tras
Route at the loth mile (No. 8487), Gintiug Peras, Bukit
Kuta; Perak. Sungei Larut (VV ray 2457), Larut Hills;
Penang, Moniots Road (Curtis). Rather a dull looking
Alocasia not uncommon in the bill woods.

PothoB inaequAilis, n. sp. Stem rather slender much branched.
Leaves elliptic oblanceolate with a long point and
acuneate base intramarginal vein often far from the edge
undulate with another very Inconspicuous one close to
the edge, main nerves often lar;;ie and remote 4 to 7

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

incbea long 1 to ^ iocbes wide. Petiole ^ to 1 inch long
sheathing to the thick kn^e which is half an inch long
Bracts several, upper one sheath!ni( ^ inch long, lower
ones small* Peduncle li to 2 inches long fairly stout
curved* Spadix an inch long cvlindric dense tiowered.
Sepals euneat-e with a broad Hat triangular top. Pistil
top broad rounded, Pahaog, Pulau Tawar (23^1).

P. ellipticvsy ti. sp. Stem fairly stout leaves elliptic cuspidatj^
T) inches long 2 J inch wide, pale green when dry* keel
stout, base rounded, inner intermarginal vein some way
from the edge, out-er t.me close to the edge, parallel
nerves tine and close. Petiole 3 inches long she-athing
rather broadly to the knee ^ inch long. Peduncle stout
2 inches or less detlexed, Spadix nearly sessile | to 1
inch long thick i^ylindnc dense tiowered. Flowers fairly
large. Sepals oblong with a broad indexed top. Stigma
discoid shortly elevated. Fruit oblong i inch long.

Pahang on the Pabang river, at Kuafa Tembiling and
Pulau Tawar.

P, ijra mlisputha, n» ap. Stem slender less than J inch thick. Leav-
es lanceolate cuspidate to 8 inches long, 2 to 2^ inches
wide, cusp ^ inch long base narrowed blunt. Petiole 2
inches long sheathing rather broadly to the very short ^
inch knee, sheaths eventually bre^iking up into fibres.
Peduncle slender 2 inches long. Spathe broadly ovate
acuminate^ apparently purple in life, narrowed at the
base 2^ inches long 1 inch wide. Sjmdix very slender 1
inch long sessile. I'^luwers very small, sepals oblong
truncate, style distinct with a small discoid stigma.

Penang, West Hill (Curtis), Allied to P, brevi^ttjlus,
Engler. This plant is remarkable tor its large spathe,

Pandanace^.

Pandanus fmrnersus^ n. sp, A stout pandan growing immersed in
water, the stem rising but little above, leaves many feet
long broadly linear 4 inches across, glaucous beneathi
acuminate with a long point, thorns numerous brown.
Feojale spike solitary on a stout flexuous peduncle 2 inches
long ^ inch through, oblong thick green 4 inches long H

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

inchca tfaruugb, caqjels small with a very stout simple
curved style ^ inch long.

»Setangur in the Labu River, forming dtsust* thickets*
Xative name ''Meuj^kuang Ayer/*
/*• Ifkoftna, u. sp. Stemai short, only one or two feet tall.
Leaves dark green glaucesceiit at the top of the stem 2
feet ur more long 2 incheis wide broadly linear and lai>ermg
ijuickly into a very thorny tail 3 inches long, edge and
keel armed especially at the base with numerous recurved
thorns. Female bracts broad ovate, outer ones rather
ubruptiy acuminate »► inches long with a slender point 2
inches long thorny, inner bracts obtuse, head solitary
oblong rounded at the top 1 inches long and nearly as
broad green, carpels nearly ^ inch thntugli 4 inch long
top broad free obscurely angled. Style broad nhort with
two spreading short sharp hotnti with broad bases about
^ inch long.

Perak, Thaiping Ilills in dense forest at 25O0 to liUOt^
feet altitude.

#. unfiiHtiucm, n. sp. A large branching shrub with atenis 2 or
\\ inches through and about \2 feet tall. Leaves over 3
feet long. H inch wide, glaucous green, linear lonir acu-
minate, ti|js deHexed, witli lunnerous cluse-set short thorns
on the edge and keeL Female inllorescence with a stout
rachisabouta ftotlong and live globose oblong heads 2i
inches long 1 inch through, orange colored- Carpels
large \ inch long, apex conic ending in a long stout but
not very hard beak.

lSingapi>re, Hukit IVrandai Road ; Johore, Tanjung
tiunga {iMl%^ of my collection ); Perak. Larut ilills;
also in Sarawak*

This grows on swamps on river Ijanks ntiually near
the sea, and is known in Johore as '*Pandan Akar'\ This
may possibly be the/*. Yvani of Sol ms-Lau bach (Linnma
XL II, 20) based on a plant collected by Yvan in
Malacca, but the description is too poor to identify any
[mudan.
fmSUlligcr, n. sp. A slender stemmed pandan 4 to 10 feet tall,
branched. Leaves linear acuminate shining grey greeu

50 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

over a foot long and an inch wide, the point narrow 3
inches long, thc*rns distant except at the point which is
very thorny. Heads oblong ovoid 2 inches long and
over an inch through in a cluster of four nearly sessile.
Carpels ^ inch through the style oblong, top square with
from 3 to 6 horizontal points sharp and rough at the tip.

Selangor, on the Tras Koute at the 20th mile
(8775;) Perak, Thaiping Hills at 2500 feet altitude in
forests.

This was referred to P. fuinor, Ham., by the Kew
authorities but differs in the clustered heads of fruits
and the curious style which is quite fiat and square at the
top with from 3 to 6 horizontally spreading points.
P, yluticoplitf litis, n. sp. Stems 10 to 12 feet tall ^ to 1 inch
through. Leaves crowded at the top 1 to 2 feet or more
long 2 inches wide glaucous broadly linear oblong, tip
abruptly acuminate, edge minutely denticulate rather
flaccid, midrib prominent with very small thorns, capitulum
globose 2 inches long on a stout peduncle about 3 inches
long. Fruit rounded tapering into a stout upcurv-
ed simple spine ^ inch long grooved above the tip
acute.

Pernk, Thaiping Hills in dense forests, about 2500
feet altitude. Rather local, growing in small patches.
Allied to /^ paivns, Kidl, but very much larger in all its
parts.
P. penanf/tHifin, n. sp. A tall stout tree about 20 feet tall and
four inches through the stem. Leaves very long linear
acuminate 6 to 12 or 14 feet long 4 inches across often
especially when young marbled light and dark green,
edges and keel armed with stout thorns crowded towards
the tip of the leaves. Heads 4 or 5 together on a short
I3ed uncle, green oblong G inches long, 3 inches through.
Carpels an iuch long, free portion conic angled ^ inch
long. Styles strong simple hard dark brown polished
curved forward ^ an inch long.

J*enang Hill from the base to the top, in woods.
This resemi les P, furcalus, Koxl»., in habit but has a
compound inflorescence.

Jour, straits Braudi

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS. 51

CYPERACE^.

Mapania iriquetra, n. sp. Stem ascending or erect 6 inches tall,
trififODous broad from the very broad leaf. Sheaths 12
inch long and one inch wide green edited with pink«
Petiole green 2 to 3 inches long, T>lade oblong darjc green
above, paler beneath, base broad apex rounded ending
abruptly in a tail 1^ inch lon^, edges aculeate, whole
blade 6 to 8 inches long, 2 inches wide. Scapes slender
3 inches long red. Uead of flowers very small ^ inch
long narrow. Bracts shorter lanceolate red. Squamellas
6, two outer ones with cilia te keels. Stamens three
white anthers twisted linear oblong. ?^tyle long.
Stigmas 3 short

Woods, Bindings, Lumut (Ridley), Pangkor (Scor-
technii); Negri Sembilan, BukitTumiang (Cantley's collec-
tion); Penang Hiil (Curtis). Also in Sarawak.

This pretty and curious plant has been confused with
the common M, humlis, Naves and Villar, but is really
totally distinct in the broad triangular stem shorter and
broMler leaf blade and the very small head of ik>wers.

A. 8«c, Na 41, VUL*$.

Notes on a Cruise in the Southern
China Sea.

C. BODEN KLOS?^.

In IU(K> I spent about eleven weeks, including the months of
j^wg^ust and September, cruksing about with Dr. W. L. Abbott
in hiJ* ISchtvoner **Terrapin** which had just been launched. Our
purpose was to make collections of mammal?* and birds and of
any other objects zoological that mi^ht fall in our way. As
the ijtlandH of the Southern China Sea amongst which the time
was spent, have received either but scanty notice or none at all,
the following pages may have some interest, rnfortunntely
for the present purpose I kept only the very l*aldest log of
our voyage so that the account of our experiemes, drawn up
after an interval of three years, is far from being as satisfactory
ma I could wish.

I was; unable to accompany the schooner when she sailed
mt the beginning of July so arrancced tt^ join her at fiinga, and
in the middle of the month therefore left Singapore in the

We stopped a night at Rhio en votde and I was thus enabled
to get from the Rei^ident a permit to travel in the Khio-Linga
Dependency in which the whi^le of our cruise was to take place.
The town of Uhio i« prettily situatM and hi id out, but very small
and quiet; it passesses an hotel and a good fruit-markei: every
other one of its shopa appears to be run as a pawn- broking
establishment A long walk in the surrounding country showed
me nothing- more inviting than clayey hills covered with
bracken and the g'ndudu tree {Mdastamn pohfanthum% nnd
everywhere d*>tted with Chinese tomb«.

From Rhio to Linga — we called at Sinkep Island on the
way with provisions for the tin mines — was, I think, four
^ys steaming through smooth seas and g^reen inland!*. The
Macfiswar h an old wooden tub capable of doing about 7 knot^i
in calm water with the wind astern. The only accommodation

54 CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

she could offer was the opea bridg-e crowded with imtii^ed, where

I found rDOiii fur a deck chait\ Had this been all there would
have Ix'en nothing to kick at, but unfortuimtely the vessel
swarmed with a certain highly objectionable and active
fihtiiifJtoia that spoilt all pleasure, and whf»n I hailed with deli^'ht
the Hippearance of the *'Terrapin" lying off Tanjong Buton on the
south side of Lin^^, I wai*, after four days of an inferno, in a
state that 1 had never been in before and fervently pray never
to attain again*

Linga.

Lying akiut mid- way between iSinisfapore and Binka,
Lingais an island of irregular shape about 3:^ miles in tertgth in
a north-west and south-east direction, and is surrounded by
smaller islands of various sizes. Tnlike its near neighbour
Sinkep, it is not worked for tin, and is best known as l>eing at
one time the head <]uarter.s of the numerous pirates who used
to ravage the western seu5< of the Malay Archipelago in the
early part of last century.

The schooner had to atichor a mile or so from the land since
oflT-shore for some diiitance extended banks of soft black mud
through which we were compelled to wade when the tide was low
while at other times the sea broke on them with some force for
the roadstead is exposed to south-easterly winds. At Tanjong
Buton were a few Chinese k^dau and the hotjse of a Dutch
Assistant-liesident (now withdrawn) and from here a road had
been made to the towu of Lin^a.

1'he bpst collecting ground was on the outskirts of the
village of Maruang» Iviug two ur three miles away between the
roiid und the sea. The surrt>unding country was, fi>r the most \mri,
a sago swamp, l)ut in the fruit plantations of the Kanipong cer-
tain birds and small mamumls were numerous. The village itself
consisted of asettleujeutofSumatran Malays, the houses — about
forty in number — built in two orderly rows with ihe mosque in
the centre. The thousanrls of huge durian trees that surround
it, were just then fruiting and at the little watch-houses in the
plAntations freshly fallen durians could be had in piles at a
cent or two apiece while the few small steamers that call were
constantly taking cargoes up to Singapore.

Joun Stmita Branch

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHEliN CHINA SEA-

Learntng from the people of the village that fltxjks of friik-
\mXh visited their fruit-treej* nightly, we. one evening when there
was a little raoonlight, went up the plantation for the purpose
of obtaining specimens.

Accompanied by half tlie boys of tire Kampong^ we took
up placets beneath a huge rambutan tree — the g^athering^ point
of great numlDers of bats^but for a time made vory puor
practice at the dark bodies Hitting between the branches in the
dim fight. Swarms of mosquitoes did not help to improve
matters. At length however I hit on a plan that ^ave better
resmlb*: choosing a large bunch of fruit that was fretjently
visited, I re^^ted my gun against a convenient tre«^- trunk and
took *tareful aim at it. Jiolding the barrels steadily in position
all I had now to do was Uj ^Ukud up and watch the target ; when-
ever a bat settled on that particular bunch I pressed the trigger
and the shot w^as invariably followed by a thud on the ground
or crashing and 9i(uawking among the branched as a wounded
animal dropped slowly downwards. In a couple of hour^i the-
boys hud picked up a dozen isptK^imens of Purofftts vamjhfrtui
with which we returned to the boat, leaving sundry otherai to
bii recovered on the morrow*

On the way back a bullet was kept in readiness for wild-
' pig. None were seen, however, though nightly rootingvS along
ihe road showed their presence in the neighbourhood.

The following day was given over to the preparation of
aklns and skeletons from the specimens obtained.

The 24th of July, our last day in the island, was spent in
visiting Linga Kampong to bid farewell to the ?^ultan and to
boy supplies for the voyage ahead.

The town is di^itant about an hour and a he If from the aea and

w reached by a road constructed by the Dutch Assistaut-Uesi-

dent^ Although roughly made it \s passable for the Sultan's

J gharry and for the few local rickshaws which, old and dilapi-

^ dated, generally traverse it at a walking pace.

For the iin*t two miles it runs though a swamp planted
with sago palms, then coming out on hard clay ground \»
tx>nlerea with scrub and laliang until near the town it passes
through plaritjitions of varinuN fruit-trees, sugar-can^ and
bananas.

CRUISK l}i TOE SOUTnEHX CniNA SEA.

Although the actual control is in the hands of the Dutch
from whom he receives an income of some $>*0.000 a year, the
Sultan of Linga is nominally ruler over neighbouring: parts of
Sumatra, all the islands l>etvveen Siukep and Singapore and all
the various small gf roups in the Southern China Sea,

The town of Lin^a — his capital — is situated on the banks
of a stream navigable by small prau8 at high water, about
two miles from it^ mouth, To the north a fantastically split
peak, the highest summit of the Linga group, rises to a height
of 3^921 feet, densely covered with jungle and scrub and scarcely
ever free from clondis.

The population of the town, Malays and Chinese^ number
about il.iHMK All the houses are built on piles, those of the
Chinese on a muddy expanse by the banks of the river which
not infrequently overflows, A number of substantial brick build-
ings have at one time also been erected by them but are tiovv
in a ruinous condition.

The houses of tlie Malays, shaded by fruit trees, arecas and
coco-palms were scatt<*red ab<3Ut without regard to orderly
arrangement* Amongst them 3t<:>od the school^ which was
apparantly well patronised* and the Sultan's palace^ a large and
ugly barn- like structure of wood.

The Sultan was absent and wo proceeded at once to the
Chinese portion of the t^>wn to get through with our marketing.

The tliinese community is under a '*• Captain China** who in
the IJnga Sultanate m responsible to the J>ntch only for the
good behaviour of his charge and who collects for them the poll
tax f>f iJjH a head every year.

The bazaar was of fair size and sold the usual tnerchandise
found in such places that includes various articles ranging from
a Ijottle of scent to an onion, Uur retjuirements of rice, vege-
tables, curry stuffs etc., were soon satislied and from the sarong
shops kept by K lings we got a few European cotton sarongs for
nse on board. The Malays here were apparently like the
lillies of the lield. ''They toil not neither du they spin»" audit
was with ditTiculty that we got from them even a few eggs and
chickens.

We returned to the ** Terrapin'" by way of the river in a
canoe with a small roof of kajangs. The water was very low

Jaur. Btmlta Brancli

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA, 57

and paddling between muddy banks we were unable to see any-
thing of the country on either side. Crocodiles are said to be
numerous but none were met and after crossing the bar at the
river mouth, we got up sail and in short time reached the
schooner.

Previous to my arrival Dr. Abbott had made an expedition
to the peak. He spent eight days in a hut built at an altitude
of about 1000 feet and ascended on three occasions to 8000 feet,
but each time the mist w»s so dense that he could not proceed
higher. Animal life was remarkably scarce in the mountain
forest; the lotong, however, was seen occasionally and at the
highest elevation reached the " house " of a pig was found.
Birds were very few in number. The mountain seemed to offer
most attraction to a botanist: orchids occurred in great abun-
dance.

In order to give a complete list of the mammals known
from Linga I have included here the further material obtained
by Dr. Abbott during a second visit to the island in 1901. All
species that were described for the first time from both collec-
tions are distinguished by the addition of sp. no v.

1. Semnopithecus maurus.

2. Macacus cynomolgus.

3. Pteropus varapyrus.

4. Tupaia tana.

5. T. malaccana.

6. Viverra tangalunga.

7. Arctogalidia simplex, sp nov.

8. Tragulus javanicus.

9. T. pretiosus, sp. nov.

10. Sus vittatus.

11. Ratufa notabilis, sp. nov.

12. Sciurus vittatus.

13. Sciurus tenuis.

14. S. notatus.

15. Rhinosciurus laticaudatus

16. Mus lingensis, sp. nov.

17. M. fremens, sp. nov.

18. M. firmus, sp. nov.

B. A. Soc., No. 41, 1903.

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHIMA SEA.

The birds of Linga show no peculiarities and do not differ
ffoin those occurring^ in the adjacent mainlands. The most
(SOmp)ete coUeetiori recorded is that made by the native hunters
of the lat-e Mr. A. II. Everett. The list oV species is given in
** Novitates Zoulogica?."

Pulo Taya and the Nyamok Islets-

We left Linga at 2 aju, on the ranrning^ of July 25 th
ix)und for a gfroup of three small islands forty mil^s to the
south-pastward. With the wind ahead all the way it was not
until mid-day on the 2*Hh that we anchored off Taya the
largest of the three.

The island is fairly st>eep*to, of granite formation risiuj^ t^>
a double peak about 600 feet hi^h. It i« about a mile and
a half long north and south, oval in shape and covered with
forest,

Landing on the east side on a :^andy bay in a bight between
the hills we found at the south end of the beach just within
the jungle a spring of good water. Near the shore the bay
was blocked up with coral over whicfi at low tide we had to
scramble. A little party of Oi-ang Laut in their crazy praus,
visiting the island for ''ikan nierah* for which it is well known,
told us that rats, siiuirreis, and a '^biawak'* were U^ be got; but
during the three occasions we were ashore we saw neither.
The only birds obtained were the Nlcobar (CidiKnas nicobanva)
and Nutmeg pigeons (J/i/nV/icirom iiVvi/or), which last occurs
on nearly all islands in this region: the glossy starling
(CalorHit vhaltfhcm) with dark inetalHc green plumage and red
irrides: a gaudy little sunbird {AnihoiftrepUH thodoli^tna)^ the
Eastern reef heron {LfpUroduts stwcrh and Hakfjon dtloris^ the
blue-and- white kinglisher. I^a.^^t and best of all was one speci-
men of Cidttiiiha grism^ a bird of extreme rarity in col lectio n>j,*
In general appearance it is somewhat simitar to the cream-and-
black Nutmeg pigeon if the former colour were replaced by a
pale grey*

t>n the Nyamok Islands about a mile north of Taya, two
islets, the larger no more than two or three hundred yards in

• Tli« British Museum Catalogue and Pigeons records a single
spec line u only.

J oar StTfttta Br«iiv'

CRIJI8E [K THE SOUTHERK CfUJf A BRA,

diameter, we fthot a blue-and- white king timber and the reef
heron.

These Islets, neither of which h mote than 150 feet hi^h,
arft covered with thin juujjle in which vf^ m\v ^Hveral sp3ciuv»ns
of the N'ioubar pii^ean— the **biirang nun" or golden bird of
the Malays*

Tay» was left at midday on the 28th nnd soon after makiojJT
saii a squall from the south- west struck n^, W^e ran before it,
jro^jsewinofed with scandaliHed nnils^ the seas racing up behind
and breaking in shower?* of spray under the counter. In the
conpl«* of hours it lasted wh hid tn id>^ nearly twenty miles of
our way to Pulo Pensriki Hesnr afid afterwards sailing with a
wind that uliowed nn ei.sy ciinr'ie to he laid, finf.'lior w-is droppr^d
in a bay on the north jside of the isUnd at six o'clock on the
erening of July '^\st.

Pulo Pengiki Besar or St. Barbe Island.

Seen from a distance Pengiki appear.s like two or three
^<^parate islandn, being lower at the eet»tre than in the nurth-easfc
and went. Its height is abaut 7M\ fet^t and it is (*o veered with
l-rees except at those places on the hill sides whea-e large outcrop??
of rof!k occur. On such spots what vegetation exist^s is of a
sparse and stunted type.

For some distance from the shore a reef filled up the bay
where. ind*>ed, the conditions are most favourable for the growth
of corals, As one rowed over the pellucid green water, looking
down they were to be seen in indescribable variety — great
lieads formed like masnive boulders and tiny spniys no less
St»licate than a piece of fnoss. Corals of all shapes and shade
were there — pii»k, grey, yellow, brown, blue, gr^err, red* while
among the crevices and branches swam fish as gorgeous as their
surroundings— little fellows half an inch in length, blue, red, and
yellow and others of larger size whose brilliancy of colouring
passed almost unremarked by comparison with the grotesqueness
of their forms.

Ill the centre of the bay and connected at low tide with the
hore fittjod a rocky islet frequented by luimbers of the white
m (Stftrnt ftfrffii) with ro^e- tinted breasts fro:n which the Hush

^ immediately after death.

60 CRUISE FN THE SOUTHEllN CHINA SEA

From aev^eral snmll streanQs witliia the jting-le good water
maj be obtained ; they are, however, too weak to force a passage
to the sea and must be looked for above the beach.

At Pengiki we spent two day^ but found the island, although
of fair size — three miles long and nearly two wide — very scantily
fnrnished %vith animal life. Pioreons both Nieobar and bicoior,
were fairly numerous as were the g'lossy .starlinurand blue-and-
white kingfisher, but no other birds were seen with the exception
of an eagle and a sinj^le grey wagtail A python and viper were
obtained and a glimpse was caught of a small animal in a tree
tha 1 1 nay have bee n a m u san jj: . Macat i u e m onk ey s ( cy n omo I g us? )
were, liowever, common and a new species of squirrel (SctHrm
mimiruitmi^ a dwarf form of *S*. prevodtiit was obtained.

The jungle was of fair height but possessed scarcely any
undergrowth and all day long in the cool green light, swarms of
bats (ilippimdam hftrh^ttms, sp. no v.) Hitted about circling in and
out amongst the trees.

Wlien we left— in darkness at three o'clock one morning^ —
tlie anchor proved to lie jammed fast in the coral. It was only
by setting full sail, after all other means were exhausted, that
we were enabled to break it free.

The Tambelans*

The Tambelan group, about sixty miles txi the northward,
was the next place of call. With a wind abeam and a squall to
help we arrived in twelve hours and anchored between two
small islands, Selendang and <iilla. Exploring the former in
the afternoon we got two or three birds, ft possesses a curious
cone-shaped hill about 700 feet bigh i Uilla is much lower. The
scenery in the little strait between the two was very lovely —
jungle aiid coco palms, granite boulders and yellow sand, bright
blue sea and waves of white surf at the far end of the
pa8saK^,

Early next morning (Aug. 4th) we boated over to Great
Tambelan and met many canoes going tjff to the outlying: islands.
The sea was runuinfi: very high a few hours later and the sail
back again was somewhat exciting-

The Tambelan group consist** of the three principal islands
of Tambelan, Bunoa and Wai, with a number of smaller islands

CKUISE IN TUK SOUTHERN CHINA SEA,

Lmasi'ed fairly close together over thirteen or fourteen unlets uf
eea. Only Grent Tatnbelun W inhabited but un tlie uthers the
{>eople have numerous ImUuujs ftud pondoks. The population
consiiits of Malay*!, 500- GOO in number.

Bunoa.

As Gilla and Setendftng were too 'sumll to be productive,
lifter une more visit we transferred operationa to Fulo Bunoa
close by. The islands form roughly two parallel iinea lying"
N. K, and JS. W. Bunoa is the largest of the bouth-western
group. It is about four miles lung and two and a half wide,
on the whole gently rounded in contour with gradual forested
bill8 riiring to a height (ff IMJi) feet, (hi the northern side is a
bay that oiTern g<jod anthurage in the S, \\\ monsoon.

M'e tramped through the island for three days after birds
and Leasts, A form of '' Krah" was connnun and from those
collected here, and later orj in the Anauibas, a new species
MiKacus pumilus has been described which differs from J/,
ctfuomoff/tts in being paler and much smaller. The little pied
hornbill iAuthifKm'ni*stotiretn») was numerous: their chattering

ii.ded thruu«h tlje jui»gle like the yelping of puppies,
in stalking them 1 lost my bearings and at last crossing a
feU^ht trail fullowed it up on the wrong hand and ^xissing by a
little stream that suddenly disapppeared subterraneously, came
tMi a ladder path and In^ -slide runuiiig down a sleep hill ^!lide Uj
a .Htnin>:e Ijeach that in the qxmX proved to be on the further side of
the island. Thinking it easier lo return to the lx)at by fullow-
mg the coast than by relracing my sterns, I let myself in for a
five or six miles sci amble in mangroves and mud, over soft saud
and rocks, across coral reefs and through water breast high
before I found the schooner again.

Areuga palms are numerous in the jiiugle and are worked
for ftUgar by the natives. The trees are tapped near the top
and bamboo receptacles are fastened beneath the incisions to re-
ceive the sap. Here and I here we came across the boiling-down
furnaces that consisted of large tlat iron pans raised above the
Hre on cluy walls. Before concentration the sap is carefully
strained through a bunch of iibre to remove impurities and is
tben boiled down either to a treacly consistency or to a still

CRUI8E IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

greater den>ity when it h poured into bamboo moulds and
crystallizes into a dark brown sugar,

A coconut shell of the warm sweet \u[xnd in its early stage
is most refreshin^r during the course of a hard tramp and \vas
always offered when we paijsed a concentrator at work*

Great Tambelan,

On the 8tb of August we made sail at day-break and with
a nativt! pilot crossed to Tauibelan Island and ancliored in the
harbour three hours later.

This, the lari^est island of the group, is nearly 4| miles long
and roughly triangular. Near its north-east coast are several
hill:^, the highest of which — lam be Ian Peak— rises to an
elevation of llii\{} feet while a short distance to the easlward of
it is Thumb l*eak, a remarkahle pcjinted hill UoO feet high* The
island is nearly divided into two pirts by an inlet of the sea
which runs in a iiorth*easterly direction into its w^estern sidt\
This creek is nearly a mile in width but is fringed and choked
with reefs. The remains of a breakwater built of coral cross it
about a mile and a liulf from the entrance. A stockade once ran
behind this and a fort stixxi on the shore, all being constructed
Uj defend the village which lies higher up, from the attacks of
lllanum pirates who occasionally visited these islands years ago.

We threaded our way amongst the coral and anchored in
a clear pati-h of water near a couple of small native schmjners»
well prot(*cted by reefs from any south-westerly swell and in
si^ht of the Kanipong, Tlie conditions permitted some delight-
ful batlis in perfect safety for the Malays said crocodiles and
sharks never ventured into the neighbonrhoiid* The pilot re-
fused money payment for his services but gladly received drugs
for an ailing relative, and later when the people took to bring*
ing us specimens they always preferred medicine of sorts by
way of recompense.

We tirst landed on the southern side of the harbour and
climbed a small hill of granite and laterite. It was covered
with scanty scrub and absohitely devoid of life. A reward
however lay in the view. IJelow the slope of the hill stretched
the still green waters of the harbour, purple-patched with coral ;
on the further side sand, jungle and palms, while the Kampong — a

Juur. Stmilii Bniucli

CRUISE IS TilE SOUTH EHN CIIIXA SEA,

long line of brown houses on land and water, following the

psourse of the sihore — liiy liigher up the creek. Heyoiid rose the
Ijangle and hills, with the *(Uftiutly-!*hnped Thtirah Peak— abrupt
und sioHtary — standinj^ out prominently against the J^ky,

A white man is a bit of a curiosity in these partij and for the
re:jt of the day it was but seldom that twenty or tljirty headM
were not poked through the skylight wiudow>* watching our

[>LU^'S-OQ.

Next morning we went up to the viUasre t-o vissit tlie Pat<i
and iihow him a letter written hy the Jiultan of Linga who, und» i
the Dutch, rules all these islands.

A roofed-in platform with benches and tlight of §teps fornix
H pleasant landing and lounginj^ place before the villaice, ne:»T
which was anchored a straUirer vessel — a little prau abt*ut lli
size of uur wlialelxjai packed with a large and unpreposaeissin^^
family uf Orang* Laut.

From the JiunUttttn we were lfr*d to the Oato. The village
consit^ts of aUiut 250 houses threaded by tidy patlis und supplied
with water by numerous bambtio ^if-nchuntnfi leading frum the
higher ground in the rear. No women were visible but froui
the houiies canie the clacking uf tnimeroiis liKtms : good strong
sarongs are made here, dyed, however, with aniline colours
purchased in Singapore: indeed though Dutch ix)sscssions» the
Straits dollar was the only coin current in all the isltinJs of our
cruise, pHssing the uiosque, a pncca triple-ruofed structure K\i
wood and stone, and a number of old canuon that lay scattered
alwjut* we readied the Dato*s, a welUbuilt sliiiigle-roofed huuse,
with a long enclo«jed verandah running iUs length, in which we
were welcomed.

The Dato was an an)ia>>le old iientlemari, treated by htfe
people as he tieuted the Sultan's letter ^ — with great respect.
Chiirs %vere arranged at one end of the room and when we took
our seats the luwer end was crowded by the populace while
women stared ihrouyh the latticed windows of the itmer rooms.
An orticial, bent double with respect, read the Sultan's hukum,
which explained our object and recommended all assistance,
and then the Dato and the audience descanted on the
local fauna, its paucity in those tslttnds and how much
better o0 other places — I'ahang, for instance — were in this res-

CKULSE IN THE 8aUTIlEUN CHIXA SEA.

pect. Oil leaving, the hand -camera was brought into play
for the first time aud all the juveniles among our escort tied
screaming.

The little community appeared to be very well off and was
one of the few places remarkable for the absence of the ubiquitous
Chinaman, a solitary trader of which race seemed to have been
recently starved out. On the shores of the harbour twenty to
thirty schooners of local construction were drawn up: these
seemed to be owned by t!ie villagers in general, and with them
all the trade was done and alt the produce shipped from time to
time to Singapore direct.

bhip-building bulked large as an industry of the village and
we saw halt" a do/en or mure hulls fionj thirty to forty feet in
length, in all stages of construction. The.se vessel are built of
locally grown chengHi and merbau and are fastened with tree-
nails throughout. Iilnch seemed to be the work of about a
couple of men in ptirtnershipand takes two years or so to complete.
A few frames are first set up and completely planked and after-
wards the other ribs are fitted in until sufticient strength is
attained. It was said that a ti5 foot craft (lU-tonner) could be
purchased all conjplete for $'^M), and although perhaps their
lines were capable of some improvement they were Hue roomy
little boats strongly built of throughly sound materiaK The
local canoe, htiwever, was a thing of beauty; strongly built of
two prettily contrasting white and brown hardvvot>ds without
a single nail, with upward-projecting stem and stern and gaudily
painted bird*s-head bracket on the bow to support the lowered sail
and mast, it was as workmanlike as it washandsume. Thesjul was
a sijuare cotton lug slung by tlie middle r^f the yard and set with
the forward end of the boom snubbed down to the lee- bow well
forward.

Having sent the Da to a photo^iraph of the '*Terrapia^ we

received a call one evening from him and his understudy to

acknowledge the picture and to obtain a little medicine*

Amongst other things he tcjld us how in his boyhood the village

suffered the last attack from pirates and how all the inhabitants

were driven out by the raiders to a hill at tlie back of the island

where they built a fort of rti'uge. In those days there were

only about a hundred people on the groups

li
Jour. dtmiU Bnitte

CHinStC IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

But little was to be obtained by way of supplies from the
rilllage. Coconuts and copra were plentiful^ ^^gs And fowls
scarce: we could get plenty of bananas and one evening bought
from a canoe homeward bound from fishing, three splendid parrot
fiBh (Scarus $p,)^ weighing together between sixty and seventy
pounds for a dollar !

The jungle was intersected with paths leading to thearenga
palms and trying-down sheds and by shooting along them and in
tbecocopalms we obtained anew squirrel (.S^mirfi^ abhoUH)^ tL
pale form of S** notaUw.

After investigating the birds and mammals on several
occaaiona with good results, we devoted a morning to butterflies
getting about a dozen species round the village and along the
forest paths. The fauna of the island was neither numerous nor
diversified and on the morning of the 1 5th we moved tlie schooner
aver to Pulo Wai, anchoring off its N. E. coast.

Pulo Wai.

This island is the most north-westerly of the group. It ia
about two miles long and rises in several peaked hills attaining
near the eastern end a height of 1000 feet Being farther from
the Kampong than the others it is least visited but plantutions
of coconuts and bananas, plantains, yams and sweet pota-
toes are common on its hillsides, a good deal of which are cleared.

It provided U5 with a handsome squirrel {Scinrua mimellus
sp, nov.) with black, chestnut and white pelage — a dwarf form of
the well-known 6'. prevostiL

A walk across the island proved very bad travelling but
from the hills a distant view was obtained of Gap Rock about
twelve miles to the northeast. This remarkable islet conaiiits
aolely of two huge boulders — the larger of which is 124 feet
above the water — lying on a flat platform of rock utterly
devoid of soil or vegetation.

This was the last of the Tambelans visited and I will there-
fore conclude this notice of them with a list of the principal
collections.

Mammals.

I. Macacus pumilus, sp, nov.

^^iOi.«No. 41, IMS, 4

66 CRUISE IN THE.SOUTHERN CHIN A SEA.

2. Pteropus lepidus, sp. nov.

3. Megaderma spasma.

4. Tupaia bunosB, sp. nov.

5. Tragulus sp. (said to occur).

6. Sciurus memellus. sp nov.

7. Scinrus abbottii, sp. nov.
8* Mus taiubelanicus, sp. nov

Birds.*

1. Gracula javanica.

2. Eulabes javanicus.

3. Calornis chalybeus.

4. Ilypothymis azurea.

5. Hirundo javanica.

6. Motacilla melanope.

7. Halcyon chloris.

8. Anthrococeros convexus.

9. Cypselus sp.

10. Osmotreron bicincta.

11. Carpophaga aenea.

12. Myristicivora bicolor.

13. Chalcopbaps indica.

1 4. Caltenas nicobarica.

15. Turtur tigrinus.

1 6. E.sacus magnirostris.

17. Totanns hypoleucus.

18. T. calidris.

19. Lepterodius sacer.

The Rocky Islets.

Eleven miles in seven hours is not good sailing but it was
afternoon when we landed on the Rocky Islets — the Pulo Man-
dariki of the Malays. They consist of two small barren islets
and a rock. The sea is steep to all round and the schooner lay
on and o£f with a kedge anchor hanging down while we care-

* It is interesting to note that no birds smaller than the fly
catcher have effected a lodgement on the Tambelan group.

Jour. Straits Branch

CRUISE IN TBE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

fully humoured the swell and jumped ashore on the larger of the
two. which 19 northernmost. The central islet which is next in
8i%e Is much wore broken and is a wild confusion of little peaks
and precipices.

Climbing to the top of our islet (134 feet) we found that
quartz predominated in its formation, which prei^ented an ex-
o^edingly rough surface where grew here and there only the
scantiest tufts of coarse grass. Two or three dead bushes
crowned the summit and everywhere the ground ^fras fouled
with the guano of sea-birds that use the rock^ a* a breeding
place.

The air was full of squalling, squawking, croaking gulls
and among the crevices of the i^land^s surface we discovered num-
bers of ne^stlings, and a few eggs all addled. The birds were of
two kinds: — a black noddy with grey head {Anous stolidus) and
a tern {Stetm sp,) with black head and wings^ grey back and
grey-white breast. The remaining fauna included fishing -eagles,
crabs and a solitary bee. The mid-day sun, shining down on
the b>ire rocks, made the heat, combined with the scent of the
birds, overpowering and we soon left, having knocked over
sulhcieut specimens for the collection in a very few minutes.

Saddle Island,

Instead of proceeding straight to the Anambas we stopped
for a night and moroiug at Pulo Kayu Ara, a little island about
half a mile long covered with jungle and thus contrasting
strongly with the place we had jui^t left. It is nearly 400 feet
high and is formed of two round hills having a dip between that
make together a contour from which it has gained its English
name.

The feet of the bills were fringed with black rocks but
between lay a delightful little beach inhabited by a pair of white-
collared kingfishers, on which we landed and found the laying
places and tracks of turtles: the sea, of wonderful limpidity
invited to a bath. The only birds seen in the forest were fruit
pigeons and glossy starlings, — the only terrestrial mammal a
Si|uirrel (Sciurm kioss%i\ a smiU blue-bellied member of the notntit^
group. The trees bore considerable quantities of frait,

R, A. SiK% Sti 41 liii^ii.

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

particularly noticeable being wild nutmegs and mangosteena, the
last of which seemed to form the principal food of the squirrels.
To complete the tale of our Bcqiiinitions were the smalj fruit
bat (/*- lepidm) previously taken in the Tambelans, some geckoes
and two or three tree-anai!s.

Waiting- until the tide turned in one favour we left in the
afternoon, boond for the Ananibas, a huodred miles away.
Until sunset next eveniopf the wind held li^bt but then with a
series of s^pjallH coming up from astern we nmde from six to
seven knots an hour, the breeze constantly shiftin^r a point and
back and compelling' us to aiake continual ^y bes» Lat« at night
we entered the channel between Pulos Peling and Riabu and
dropped anchor close to the former.

The Anambas Islands.

On the morning of the 17th it was evident that we were
fortunate to have anchored when we did ; for dead ahead, just
a hundred yards away, an abrupt bit of coral reef on which the
schooner could have piled up very awkwardly, lay five or six
feet beneath the surface,

Pulo Pelinjsr* which we worked for a day» is only a small
island without inhabitants where clearings were just being com-
menced ; we saw no manimaU except many monkeys, but got a
little blue brown tly catcher i Ci/ornis tickelli) with r^^ddish breast
for the first time on the cruise.

Riabu, which vve next prospected, is much iarg:er, being
high and about six njiles in length. It possesses a very good
bay affording excf'llent harbourage in the S. W. monsoon as it
is only open between N. and \V. As we rowed along the shore
we shot a large ** baiawak '* f n)»u the boat and then landing found
the country very rocky and densely covered with forest. Our
best cat4:h was a stjuirrel — the (inly one seen — a pale and rather
small form of >Viurw^ not at us. It has been Named anambensis and
occurs on most of the islands of the Anambas group but the
Hiabu specimen dilTcrs from the others in having the audital
bullw markedly smaller.

At daylight on the 19th there was scarcely a breath of wind
and after getting up anchor we nearly drifted on to the reef

Jour Straita Bmncb

CKUISE IN TUK SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

through which we had so nearly come to grief before, but mis»-
iri^ it with the rudder by a bare yard we soon afterwards got si
fair breeze and, nnminp^ passt ei^jrht or ten small islands, made
Terempa, wblnh i^ the chief kampon^ of the Anambas, by iJ p* m.
The ADam^>as Islands are situated in lat, 3 N., lon^. lOt) E.
iind extend over an area 65 geog^raphical miles long: N- and S.
iirid hh miles wide. They practically form two groups of which,
though the western includes the larger island, the other is greater
io area. All the islands are hilly, covered with forest, and afford
numerous bays and channels where safe anchorage may be found

^m spite of the coral reefs that occur everywhere. Although the
^pulation is mainly confined to the larger islands, Mufays are

I thinly sc-attered over most of the rest and there are Chinese

ISetUemeots in either group.

Siantan.

Terempa lies in a little bay on the north coast of Siantan
which is the largest of the easterly Anambas, having prubably an
area of about 20,000 acres: it is densely covered with heavy
forest, U very hilly and rises 1855 feet*

The kaiupong is a thriving little place with a Chinese

cemetery, twenty or thirty Chinese shops with galvanised iron

roofs and a good proportion of its population Chinese. A small

L steamer the ** Banka'' calls once or twice a month and yet it is

il^alnst these islands that the dear old China Seas Directory

(.^rd edition) still contains the antediluvian warning that "it ia

dangerous to land without due precaution, for the Malays who

► reside on them may probably massacre or make slaves of strangers

if they perceive a convenient opportunity/' A propos of this

h§6rt of thing I remember once asking a Danish sailor whom I

met on tlie other side of Sumatra whether he used the English

Admiralty publications for the^e seas, but the skipper uf that

very old-fashioned little barque the *'llan3 of Fano'* shook his

ht^d and replied that he always consulted certain continental

iMiUing directions as our own w^re far too obsolete and scrappy.

Terempa is built along the head of the bay and has a small

I saltwater creek opening out behind iL As one faces it from

laeaward an orderly street of Chinese stores with the opium-

rfarmer^s place and a Chinese school tie to the left with a few

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

Malay houses at the far end. In the centre is the Dato^s house
— a wooden buildifig in civilised style; a large house belon^in|j:
to the Sultan *»l" [.ingi* and then stretching away on the ri^ht the
houses of the bulk of the Malays: behind the tint on which the
village is built, hiils covered with jungle and coco palms rise
steeply in a ball circle, the whole having a very pretty effect
which, however, is quite malched by the view presented from
behind the town from whence looking' down the long slope of
the hill one sees the roofs of the houses, the semi-circular bay
with boats lying at anchor, and then across a strip of water the
forested hills that rise opposite.

A mile and more to the no»th of Siantan We the two fairly
large islands jpf Mobur and Mata with a channel about a mile
wide between them. Between Mata and "Siantan runs a very
pretty strait which although obstructed by many islets and
shoals at its eastern end, has deep water in the west where
Terempa Bay is situated. Not only in the latter itself can a
vessel lie in deep water sheltered from all wiads^ but beyond the
point forming its eastern tihore is another bay where a ship can
anchor in 10-15 fathoms near the beach, entirely land-locked.
Better harbours on a small scale could not be wished for and
wood and water are close at hand.

The Dato of Terempa was in an advanced state of consump-
tion and in spite of possewssing a new and rather showy house
lived in a second more modest dwelling. He showed us specimens
of black iron ore of which large quantities were said to occur
in the hill behind the village.

We could get various supplies here, thanks to the presence
of the Chinese; extremely good coconuts* were plentiful
and water was at hand in a large pjol on the beach The only
practicable shooting ground near at hand was mostly covered
with small scrubby jungle in which we shot squirrels and a number
of fairly common birds and trapped plenty of rat^J* I met with

•This group of island* would appear to be n convenient place for
obtaiiiiii}* H.*i*ii liUt^ to form a cooojialm nlantatiou. The Malays
always maintain, «nil apfuiH^nllv with nomc pIiuw of reason, that i^lnrid
iiutH are far superior to tliuBC of the maitilnnd. Some of the Anamtjiis
nuts are very yc»Mi1» in (uct, alttio*l enual tho>e »tf the Nicobar«! thott^rk
«mall, they are extr^Miriely H\\eet and the deposit of iiegh i« very thick.

Joan 8tr&itA Branch

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

bees ill this place and was put out of action for a day or two in
con»e<]uence, for while chopping at a liana that crossed the path
I disturbed a 8warm that were clirrgin^ to it a little to one j^ide.
They wert* about me in an inytjint and though by retreating' to
the sea at an unaccnst^jraed pace I »hook off the majonty,
nevertheless those that had secured a btjld made things atitticiently
painful and my rig^ht hand and arm were so swollen that for a
time I could do nothing with them.

The canoes of the^se islands were very .similar to those of
the Tanibelana ; they differed principally in having a much higher
stem and stern and were shallower, lighter and narrower, with
much le^s beam forward than aft, and they were propelled
with a double-bladed paddle. The sampan used by the Chinese
wa;? of a very bulky model with an elongated and upward point-
ing prow : it sailed under a battened dipping- lug.

Having been told by a son of the Sultan of Linga who was
staying in the village, of a large waterfall on the east side of
»5iantan we set out at sunrise one morning to visit it in the
whale-boat The wind was dead ahead and we had Uj pull all
the way — ^about eight miles — but the result was well worth the
labour* The way lay right up the channel between Siantan and
Mata, then a short distance down the east const and finally an
approach by a passage through mangroves that enabled us to
bring the boat to the very foot of the falls themselves. Bordered
by junjfle these fell in a series of cascades down a bare s^trip of
n>ck alioul 400 feet high. There were twelve or thirt^t^en falls
in all and their chief charm lay in their variety abroad ribbons
of foamy water slithering over smooth faces of rock, long
threads dropping uninterruptedly from a height, and series of
little cascades tumbling down Higbta of stone steps, while here
and there in between were delightful cool-looking pools, seem-
ing 80 inviting after our hot row that we feet compelled to have
a i*wim, following the example of the iish that had somehow
found their way there.

The raja had agreed to accompany ua but wa^ late in set-
ting out, though he arrived before we left and we both started
together to sail back, as this time the wind was fair. We were
Dot lung in company however, for the other boat — curiously,
built in .Singapore in the same yard as our own — a tittle larger

CBUISE IN THE SOUTHERN COINA SEA.

and MTith more sail mon left us behind and we reached home
badly beaten.

The days between August 24th and September 5th were
passed in visiting the northern island but on the latter date we
sailed round Siantan and the islands extending from its south-
east extremity since the channel on the north was untntveraable,
drifting on a reef on the way in a calm but easily g^etting- off by
the use of a kedge anchor, and in the evening putting in at Telok
Ayer Bini, a bay on the south coast partially protected by an
island at the entrance.

The shores rose very steeply and were uncleared except in
one or two places where the people of a house there had made
gardens and planted hill rice. It was hard work climbing about
the slopes which were rendered excessively slippery by rain that
continued incessantly throughtout our stay* A stream with two
arms ran into the head of the bay and up one we rowed until
stopped by a small cascade, while the other was merely an
almost dry bed of granite boulders.

The wretched weather made specimens scarce and after
three or four unprofitable days we sailed on our final visit to
Terempa. Four more days were spent here working fresh
ground and making fairly good collections of mammals and
birds and then we left for Pulo Telaga to the westward.

Mobur

The 24th of August was the first day of our stay atMobur
Island, about 5 miles U) the northward of Siantan. Like all the
Anambag it is hilly with a broken surface covered with forest,
and on the south it U cut into by a narrow gulf with an islet at
the entrance; a notable feature of the western group is the
number of these inlets and narrow channels that occur. Good
as the harbour was with depths of 12 or more fathoms we passed
up the strait separating Mobur from the larger Mata and
anchored in a big bay on the north side, landlocked for more
than three quarters of its perimeter. Four or five miles sea-
wards we could perceive the Tokong Belauer, a remarkable
white rock bearing ata distance a most extraordinary resem-
blance to a modern battla^hip. We found coco palm and banana
plantations on the island but very few inhabitants, for the people

Joar. BinatA Btmnch

CRUISE IK TilE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA,

are mainly contined to Terempa and only isolated settlers occur

elsewhere.

One afternoon we rowed to a little island in the bay called
Langor, It was only about 100 feet high and couisisted t>f sand
and rocks covered with scrub aud a few coco pal ms. Everywhere
the ground WAS strewn with pigeon's feathers and by waiting
we found that large flocks of the orange-breitated pigeon
{Osmotreron bwincta) came off at sunset from surrounding islands
and used this spot as a roosting place in company with smaller
numbers of glossy starlings and nutmeg pigeons. The whirring
noise made by the wings of the flocks as thpy flew round and
round the island, disturbed by our shots, was very great and
continued until we departed with bags stuffed with birds that
appeared later in a most delicious stew»

Kelong, Manguan and Tobing.

We next sailed round the north end of Mata and anchored
between it and Pulo Kelong, a narrow island about 5 miles long
in a N. and S. direction and less than a mile wide : the ground
sloped upward to a ridge 600-700 feet high and every where the
soil and jungle were very poor, 51ost of the channel dividing
Kelong from Mata is filled with sand banks and coral, dry at low
tide. Fishing -stakes bad been set up here and there by the
Malays but to us the place proved a good ground for the com-
mon shore birds of this region and we also collected a number
of beautiful starfish while our crew hunted for trepan g and
chopped tridacnas out of the coraU Other animal life was scarce
and we soon moved southward to Pulo Manguan, a small island
shaped like a dumb-bell, flat and swampy in the centre; but do-
ing no better there, anchored the sobooner off Tobing, an islet
near the eastern entrance of the Siantan channel, and from thencu
again \Tsited the waterfall, and next day, previous to sailing for
we south of Siantan, rowed to Terempa and back for our mails.

Telaga.

The second stay at Terempa concluding on the 13th of
j>tember we made for Jimaja, the chief of the westerly Anam-
bas,[first however after a few hours sail stopping about mid-way,
at a group of small islands of which Tetaga is chief. This is a

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

norrow hog-backed island about 5 miles long N. and S» with a
picture«(jue peak nmng- 1740 feet near its northern end. We
spent a couple of days here and on the neighbijuring- i>jland of
Midai finding the forest fairly open except for patches of rattans
and a prickly holly-like shrnb. Only one viilafre of three or
four bouses was seen. The coconuts seemed much troubled with
squirrels and the people made use of an ingenious trap set on a
long bamboo leading from the jungle to the palm tronks,

Jimaja,

Chi the 1 Gth we made sail at daybreak and rounded the
southern end of Telnga. The wind w^iis ahead but we did most
of the seventeen miles, which is the distance between that island
and Jimaja, in one board and then working short tacks got close
to the entrance of K wala Maras Bay on the east coast by night-
fall. After that the wind fell light and the tide carried us
away to the northward so we let go the anchor in ID fathoms
about three-quarters of a mile from shore and next morning after
a couple of hours beating got into the bay. A line of rocks ex-
tends above water from the north shore and beyond them on the
other side is a coral reef: we found a good berth between the
two, well protected from all but easterly winds,

Jimaja is the largest of the Anambas with an area of
perhaps 30,000 acres. It is of an irregular Y-ahape about 14
miles N. and S. and IJ miles wide. The contour is very uneven
and there are many peaks between 700 feet and 1530 feet, the
greatest elevation attained in Gunong Tujoh, The irregularity
of the coast line has resulted in many bays, the largest being in
the north and in the south-past, but Telok Kwala in the centre
of the east coast, although smaller than these is the most imporliint
as having the greatest populatior/ and being the port of call of the
steamer. Its shores rise steeply to heights of 1000 feet in places
free from forest, but beyond the head where a river embouches is
some flat swampy land over^irown with mangroves.

The kampong lies on the north shore and consist-s of thirty
to forty houses^a small mosque, the Dato^s house and the buildings
of the opium-farmer — shop, godowns, etc., surrounded by a
stockade 8-10 feet high closely built of small safvliDgs from
whence ran a small jetty.

Jotur. Stffttti Branch

CRUISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

The Dato's was a well built bou»e, the larg:est in the place,
with a tlag staff in front We were given the rarely used chairs
brought nut, as always, from somewhere in the r«>of and seated
nn tbesie awaited the Dato who was making himself presentable.
lie was a rather big^ man with an Iriub countenance and wore a
** baju tanj^an kanching'' having a ridiculous resemblance to the
obsolete night shirt, and a purple >fmoki ng cap whose large black
tassel per?5i8ted in lying in his right eye. There were only a few
people in the audience and after the Dato had stumbled through
the Sultan*s letter and the scholar of the party recorded our visit
in the brown-paper- covered archives of .fimaja, conversation
tocjk a zoological turn and we were t^ild also of two deep lakes
with wat4?rfalls that existed up in the hills of the interior, the
description being such as to give one an idea of something
impressive.

We collected first ou the south side of the bay with no great
result; the ground was very steep and difficult and the forest
small having evidently b^en cleared at »ume former period.
However, a new species of rat — Mu.t fiavivfnter — was obtained
and we came across parrots (Pateomis lottrfiaiud't) for the firit
time* Every day tlocks crossed the bay and pasijed near the sum-
mit of some steep rucksi where 1 sev«^ral times ky hid in the vain
hope that they might stop. It was interesting Ui note how the
par rota* call as they fiew by always drew a loud response from
»ll the small birds roosting in the bushes.

Ou the other side of the bay we found a good path ranning
for some distance through a former mangrove swamp now
planted with coconuts, and afterwards up hill amongst most
beautiful jungle. It crossed two small streams of perfectly
clear wat^r one running among granite tiuulders and the other,
about a foot deep, in a c»mooth sandy bed. Toward middiiy
nothing was more pleasant after live or six hours' tramping in
the forest ihan to tind a round stone for pillow and recline full-
length in thf* fhiwing water of the latter until thoroughly re-
freshed by its coolness. But beside providing pleasure of this
sort we also obtained good specimens along its banks.

Our third collecting ground was along the river falllog in-
to the head of the bay. At lirst this w^as bordered by broad
growths of tall mangrove, but after a mile or so where the current

I A. 8oe.. Ho, iU 190$.

CRUISE IN TUB SODTaERN CBINA SEA,

b!?)(iin to nmki* itsc*]f felt thene ceased and the vegRtation became
niiin* varied with iaU^rmintfliugs of nipnhs, palms, and fruits trees.
Onward from h«ro tht* stream — the Simgei Maraa^ — runs up the
roriln^ (if a winding" vjilN-y with a narrow strip of flat land at
thn bi)tt^)m and MU»**ply rising side?^. At thr? head of navii/atioD —
aufi in fjict whi^i the tidi,* was low we had to w^do with our
dinghy for so mo distance, though all the way the stream was
broad enough to use oara — was a village of eight or ten houses
and a mo8(|ue, one or two of the former being of large aize and
well built of panels of carved wo(xi. though now old.

In the valley we jfot specimens of the parrots at last as they
fed in the I ruit tree^s bordering the river, and also a lovely little
two-toed kiugltsher (CVvr rnjidorsa) with coral red beak and
feet, yollow hu\mi and brick red head and back that were tinged
with a bmutifnl glossy lilac: the best of the bag however were
a^x»cimens of a bij^ squirrel {Ratu/a nuambtv sp* nov.) black above
with t4i wny yellow 'cheeks and underpar^, It weighs about S^lbs
with a total Itngth of 3U inches of which head and body are
1 'i incheii : thus, contrary to the general rule, it is an insular race
charatrterised by increase of sixe. In thesi» China Sea islands it
[n found that when a sj^^iecies of mammal occurs in a solitary
island, however small that may \>" in area, it is contined to that
island ttliine, but when a sj^ ii on an island of a group

it will genenilly l»e ubtiiin it the group. In the case,

how«»vcr, of the liatufa ai J, y I this is ivA so; it was neither
reporti^ mir did we tind it o 1 1 1 i w s on any other of the Anambas,

On thi^ :?rith we set out early in the morning with the in-
teiition of seeing what IruUi the»re was in the report given us of
tije ** telaga " in the centre of the i:«iand* The first stage was to
the village un river— Kaini'Ktng Ayer Maras — where the Peng-
hnlu jiTovided us with a guide. While waiting for the latter we
iuspQCtied a anihU w*aterfall aK)nt 20 ftn^t high at the back of the
viltftf^k. It was not much U\ h>i>k at however as there w^as very
tittle waUtr in it at the time. Wc were tb«a told Ihat thece
were twt> sent*^ ut Uke?j, f*o \o%i^ for ite Iftl^r set and wliea
I be ^;uide arrived stjirted him off accordiirljf.

The (>Ath imvente^i sago swamps for iKe rr«iater mri of tJie
way mud vcm wry muddy ; Ibeo |MMd tlmmili % maaSx kiaipoog
MM lotitidtnl bv f rutt treei^ and sooo mtt^i tlial tfntMigb a 8tfc«ai

CURISE IN '

^UTHRRN CHINA SEA,

igo-making apparatus was erected, next came thickets
i scrub followed by another sago plant where a number
of meo were at work. Now the track degenerated into & muddy
ditch knee deep for the most part and after croasing several
brooks we came to the bank of a small river with a cleiin sandy
bed. When we had waded upward for some distance the bed
became rocky and we then soon reached the '' lakes." These
were disappointing being merely large rocky basins in the river
bed about 60 feet long and '^0 feet wide and, as we found by
Jiving, 17 or 18 feet deep. They were connected by a fall and
here was a second above the upper pool both some 30 or 40 feet
high. The water was perfectly clear and the whole very pretty,
rock and water being shaded and hedged in by dense jungle,
never the] eBS the actual state of affairs was not tjuite the phe-
nomenon it bad been painted by our informants*

We found ihe steamer in the bay when we got back and
her serang came oBF with a message from the commander tlmt
we had stolen his anchorage ! As however we had been there
some time and the other was still under steam we returned word
that we felt no inclination to move; thereupon the steamer's
master obstinately took up a berth a few yard off until he swung
with the tide when, our main-boom end doing considerable dam-
age to his bridge dodger, he was persuaded to seek a more con-
venient anchorage.

Both in the Tambelans and in Siaritan we had made efforts
to get one of the canoes of the place without avail, people did
not want t<^ sell or would not be ready in time. Here as a last
chance one of the built up kind was to be had for $40, though
graceful dugouts on exactly the same lines were just half that
while rough models could be purchased for as little as $3. One
canoe, a good example of the type — was brouj^ht alongside with
the sail lightly rolled up and bound round and round with every
conceivable cord; undoing this tangle of course showed the
cotton to be mildewed and full of holes and the chagrined vendor
was sent off for another. There was further trouble in conclud-
ing the purchase as the islanders would not accept either Dutch
coin or Singapore notes and we had run completely out of Straits
money. Happily a couple of Tringanu men visiting the Island
in a small prau were willing to change our notes on condition that

S A Soc., No, 41,1903.

78 CURISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA.

we invested in sarongs from their trade-stock. Having with
the assistance of these men — who contrasted greatly with the
islanders in many ways — brought the canoe business to an end
we left Jimaja on September 28th and sailing round the south
of the island reached Singapore on October 8th via Tinman
where we spent a few days.

The principal result of our visit to the Anambas lay in the
first record of the animals and birds found in them, an outcome
of our investigations being also the description of many new
insular species. So far as is represented by t^e collections the
mammal fauna of these and of the other islands visited consists
of local forms of the widely distributed and characteristic
Malayan types. Each island and group of islands has its re-
presentative of the common genera and species ; but in scarcely
an instance is an insular race identical with that occurring on
another island, unless of the same group, or on the mainland.

Mammals of the Anambas.

Macacus pumilus.

Nyctecebus tardigradis.

Emballonura anambensis, sp. no v.

Rhinolophus minutus, sp. nov.

R. rouxii?

Tupaia chrysomella, sp. nov.

Paradoxurus, sp. (reported).

Trjfgulus, 2 sp. (reported).

Sciurus anambensis, sp. nov.

S. tenuis.

Funambulus castaneus, sp. nov.

Ratufa anambse, sp. nov.

Mus siantanicus, sp. nov.

M. strepitans, sp. nov.

M. anambas, sp. nov.

M. flaviventer, sp. nov.

Birds.

The birds obtained were all common peninsular forms and
are enumerated below.

Malacopterum magnirostra.

Jour Straits Brani'h

CURISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA. 79

Anuropsis sp.

Mixornis gularis.

^^thina viridissima.

PjCQOQotus sioQplex.

lole sp.

Dissemaras platurus.

Orthotomas atrigularis.

Lanias cristatas.

Eulabes javanensis.

Calornis chalybeus.

Hjpothjmis azurea.

Cyornis tickelli.

Cittocinda macrura.

Munia semistrata.

flirundo gutteralis.

H. javanica.

Motacilla melanope.

Anthothreptes rhodolaema.

i£thopjga siparaja.

M. hasselti.

Dicseum trigonostigma.

Halcyon bengalensis.

H. chloris.

Ceyx rufidorsa.

Cypselus subfurcatus.

Collocalia fransica.

Macropteryx longipennis.

M. comata.

Rhamphococcyx erythrognathous.

Graculus sumatrensis.

Pal»omis lougicauda.

Loriculus galgulus.

Spizaetus or Spilornis sp. (observed).

Hali&etus leucogaster.

Osmotreron bicincta.

Garphophaga sBnea.

Myristicivora bicolor.

Calsenas nicobarica.

Cbalcophaps indica.

B . A. Soc , No 41, 1008

80 CURISE IN THE SOUTHERN CHINA SEA,

Charadrius f ulvus.
^gialitis sp.
Esacus magnirostris.
Totanus calidris.
T. hypoleucus.
Strepsilas interpres.
Tringa hypoleuca.
Fregata aquila (observed).
Adous stolidus.
Sterna bergii.
S. media.

Lepterodius sacer.
Buteroides javanicus.

Literature.

China Sea Directory Vol II.

Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the region of
the Indragiri River, Sumatra, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., Proceed-
ings of The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, March,
1902.

Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Islands in the
South China Sea, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., Proceedings of the
Washington Academy of Sciences, August, 1900.

Joar. Straits Bran b

A List of the Butterflies of Borneo

with Descriptions of

New Species.

By R. Shelfokd, m.a., f.l.s.,
{Curator of the Saraioak Museum).

Part I.

(Danainje to Amathusiin^).

Only three lists of the butterflies of Borneo that can pre-
tend to any completeness have been published hitherto. One
by Messrs. Distant and Pryer appeared in the " Annals and
Magazine of Natural History" 1887; another by Messrs.
Pryer and Cator in the ** British North Borneo Herald" of
1894 — a list remarkable for the number of nomina nud't con-
tained in it, and a third hy Mr. E. Bartlett in the *^ Sarawak
Gazette" of 189G, reprinted in the ** Zoological Note- Book of
Sarawak" by the same author. All three lists are now out
of date and many new sjiecies have been described even since
the compilation of the last one; for example Mr. Bartlett
records only 139 Lycaenifli^, whereas the number of species
of this family now known from Borneo just exceeds 300. Con-
sequently 1 feel justified in adding to the literature on Bornean
Lepidoptera, especially as I do not expect that many more
discoveries of new species will be made in the future in an
island that has been so well explort^d faunistically as Borneo ;
in short, this list has some claim to completeness and
finality.

A few new species are described for the first time, and as
considerable trouble has been taken in consulting all avuilable
literature on Oriental butterflies and as most of the specimens
have been referred to Dr. A. O. Butler and Mr. F. A. Heron, of
the British Museum, and by these well-known authorities de-

B. A. SOC:, No. 41, 1904 5

nUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

rlared to be in every iDrolmbility undescriljed, t trust Uiat my
new species are really **gorid species/*

The i|uestion of notuenclattire bis been rather a cliflioult
one ; the systematlst has t-o steer betwenn the Sevlla of
*• lumping'* and the CharyljdLs of " splittinj^/* for t > regard all
g-eojfraphical %'arieties (topomorplks) of a w*ule-spre;»d sp<^<*ies &h
idetiticat is uiiscientifir, to regard each variety, on the
other hand, as a separate species is almost etjimily un-
stnentitic and^ further, t«nds to oljscure the problems
of jreo graphical distribtttion. There is a third alttTn^tlve
and that is, tc) adopt the cumbersome trinumial system, dis-
ting^uishing" well-marked to^xjuiurphs of a wide»sprpad species
as sub-species, givinj^ them separate name^s* and noting the
disiribution <>f the speeies as a whole* Such is tfip m*»tht>d
adopted in tins list : a spf*tries is recorded, if the typical form
occurs in Borneo that fact is noted and the distribntion of the
typical form and the sub*species (com[Joneiit parts of a species)
occurring^ on t>^ id e Horneo are also not^d ; if the typical form
does not occur in Borneo, the name of the sub-species thit doe**
occui follows ihe name of the species and the distribution of the
species «s a whole is recorded,

rnfortunately some of the families of butterfiies have not
been studied so thorouijhly as others, whilst some families
a^ain have U^en studied from a different point of view to
others : for example, Messrs. Hlwes nnd Edwards in their
** Revision of the (Irientai Hesperiidn^'* (Trans, ZooL ?^oc
VoL XIV part IV, 18!>7), do nut allow a sinjyfle suli-spc^cies^
wliereas Hon, \\\ Kothschild and \H\ K. Jordan in their
memoirs on the PapilirHiirue and on the Nymphaline o^enera,
IiuUpis, C/atiore.^, etc., regard every t^ptmiurph of a wide-
spread species as a sub-specie^t and this to my mind appears to
be the n>ore scientific method. Much woric alon^ these liues
still remains to l>e done, but it ran be done tmly by «Hie who
has frequent access to extensive collections and well-stocked
libraries, therefore though this list lays claim to some complete-
ness so far as an ennmeratian of the forms of butrerrties

• For an a hie expoKition and defence of the truiomial »y?*tem of
iioni**ni'lat»re **ee Novilates Zoulogieii* Voh IX. Supplement, 1903,
pp. xxvi et »eq.

Jour, SCnUta Br&nfh

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEf). 83

occurring in Borneo goes, it does not claim in every instance to
discuss the rel>itionships between these Boniean forms and
close allies inh i biting other areas.

At the eii«l of this li:st will be given a table showing at a
glance the geo :raphi(»l distribution of the various species. A
few field notes are put in square brackets after the records of
distribution of the. respective species.

I am indebted to Mr. F. Moore and to Ilerr Q. Fruhstorfer
for their kind help ; the late Mr. L. de Niceville was a most
valued correspondent whose sound advice and generous aid 1
sadly miss now.

Lepidoptera Rhopaloceha.

Fam. Nymphalid.e.

Sub-fam. DANAIN.E.

Genus JJestia.

1. Hestia Ipweus, Drury.

//. Itfticeny, Drury. Illustr. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 7 f. I (1773).
//. veintmrdti, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. «18.
Sub-sp. ff. IfiitcciiA drnrt/i, Moore, with a melanic form
f'umatu^ Fruhst.

Fruhstorfer (Berl. ent. Zeitschr. Bd. xlii. p. 314. 1897)
divides //. Itfuceus into five sub-species occurring in
Malacca, Penan/, Singapore, Nias, Sumatra, Meritawei
Is., Xatuiia Is., Boru'^o and Java. The species is a com-
mon one and the Burnean sub-species with its melanic
form is distributed throughout the island ; //. ///w. drnn/i
occurs also in Sumatra and the Natuna Is.

[Two males were observed courting a female in the
jungle at Suntubong: the female was situated on a
leaf about 12 feet from the ground, over her a pair of
males fluttered with a peculiar short up-and-down flight
as if they were sliding on p*»rpendicular wires; the female
slowly opened and closed her wings but otherwise re-
mained immoveable for about three minuter when she
suddenly dashed off with the males in hot pursuit, and
all three were soon lost to sight].

BtA. Roc., No. 41, 1904.

84 BUTTERFLIES OP BORNEO.

2. Hestia belia^ Westw.

II. belia Westwood. Cab. Orient. Ent. pi. 37. fig. 2
ISub-sp. H, belia ht/permnestra^ Westw,
Sub-sp. H, belia belina^ Fruhst.

The t^^pical form of H, belia occurs in Java and
Sumatra, the two sub-species mentioned above in
Borneo, another (Af. bel. linteata, Butl.) in the Malay
Peninsula, and a fourth in Java. Distant (Rhop. Malay
p. 406) records H. linteata^ Butl, from Barijermassin, but
this is probably the same as sub-sp. belina.

Genus Nectaria,
8. Nectaria leuconoe^ Erichs.

Idea leuconoe^ Erichs. Nova Acta. Ac. Nat Cur. xvi

p. 283 (1834).
Sub-sp. iV. lewo.toi nigriana, Grose-Smith.

North Borneo, Taganac Island.
Sub-ip. iV. lenconoe chersonesia, Fruhst.

South Sarawak, Malay Peninsula, Singapore and

adjacent islands, Billiton.
Sub-sp. uV. leucotioe uatunensis, Swell.

I am not at all certain that the varieties and local
races of this species are all worthy of sub-speoiiic rank;
Natunetisis in especial seems to possess no well-marked
characteristics. In the Sarawak Museum collection
there is a male from Buntal, Sarawak, which might be
either nignana or natuntJisis a.nd a. female from Trusan, X.
Sarawak is intermediate in character between niqiiana or
chersonesin. Other sab-species occur in Japan, Philippines
Palawan, Talaut, Sangir, Java, p]ngano.
The species frequents the sea- shore.

Genus Ideopsis,
4. Ideopsis daos^ Boisd.

Idea daos, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. I, pi. 24. f. 3 ( 1836).
Borneo and Lingga Archipelago, with sub-species n,
Singapore, Penang, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Niasi
China, Hongkong.

Jour. Strata Branch

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 86

The Natuna island forms appears to belong to an-
other 8ub-sp. /. dao8 perakana^ Fruhst.

[This common and distasteful species is mimicked by a
Chalcosiine moth, Isbarta pieridoides^ and by the female of
Papiiio delesserti].

Genus Danais.

Sub-genus Radena,

5. Danais (Radena) vuljaria^ Butl.

Danais vulfjans, Butler., Entom. Month. Mag. si, p. 164,
C1874).
A common and widespread species, occurring in Singa-
pore, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Nias and Natuna
Islands.

[This species and Paralitica eryx\ Fab., are mimicked
in ftorneo by the following butterflies : — Elifmnias lais^ 5 ,
Euripus halitherses, 5 &n<i Papiiio megai-us^.

6 Danais (Radena) juventa^Crekin,

Papiiio juventa^ Cramer. Pap, Ex. ii, pi. 188 B. (1779).

A common sea-side species, ranging nearly all over
the Malay Archipelago.

Sub-genus Tirumala.

7. Danais {Tirumala) septentrionis, Butl,

Danais septentrionis. Butler, Ent Month. Mag. vol. xi,
p. 163, (1874).

Occurs also in India, Ceylon, Burma, r»iam, Malay
Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Formosa.

Mimicked in Borneo by : — Papiiio macareus mamristus,

8. Danais (Tirwnala) microsticta, Butl.

Danais microsticta. Butler, Eut. Mouth. Mag, vol, xi,
p, 163. (1874).

Occurs also in Java and Nias.

Fruhstorfer considers this to be merely a sub-species
ot septentrionis,

& A. Soc., No. 41, 1904,

86 BUTTEKFLIKS OF BOKNEO.

Sub-genus Limnas.

9. Danots (Limnas) chryaipptts, L.

Papilio chrynppua. Linnaeus. Mus. Ulr. p. 263, (1764).
[This very widely distributed insect is common in N.
Borneo but of extreme variety in the more southern
parts of the island; it is interestinor to note that the
females of llifpolimnas misippus which mimic it very
closely are hnrdly ever met with except in N. Borneo
though the males are somewhat less rare in the southern
part of the island ; in other words, the local distribution
of the mimics closely fallows that of the model].

Sub-^enus Salalura,

10. Danais {Sulatara) ple.rippus L.

Papilio pUxippus^ Linuiuus Mus. Ulr. p. 2^2, (1764).
Sub-sp. D. p/e^'ippus inteusa, Moore.

The typical form ranges from Japan through India to
the Nicobars, it occurs also in the Philippines. The sub-
species inteimt occurs only in Borneo, Nias and Java;
another sub-species is found in Malacca, Singapore and
Sumatra.

11. Danais (Salatura) mtlauippuis^ Cr.

Papilio melanippiis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 127 tig. A.

B. 1779.
Sub-sp. D. mdaitippns hegesippuy,

Fruhstorfer (1. c. 1899 p. 74) has united these two old
species. The typical form of mtlanippus he restricts to
Java, Nepal, Assam and Penang? (tide Marshall and
de Niceville). '\he Unm hentsippus occurs in Sumatra,
Singapore, Natunas, Malay Peninsula, Pentrng, Billiton,
Mergui Is., and is now recorded for the first time from
Borneo. Another sub-species occurs in J^urma, Orissa
and Bengal.

12. iJanttis (Sii latum) lofis, Cr.

Popilio lotisy Cramer, Pap. Exot. p. Ill, pi. 230, Fig. D.
E. (1777).

Jour* Straitfl Bruuch

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 87

The typical form is confined to Borneo, sub-speciea
occoring in the PhilipfHnes and Celebes.

Sub-genus Bahara.

13. Danaia {Bahord) aspasia^ Fab.

Papilio nAp(i8ia^ Fabricius, Mant Ins. ii, p. 15, n. 1-15
(1787).
TiaiigHM fiom HnrmA, to Uie Philippines and Banca.
[Mitnirked by the female of Nepheronia luteacensJ]
JJ, (Baiiom) cleona. Cram., is a Moluccan species and

has been wrongly recorded from Borneo. I cannot

agree with Fruhstorfer in regarding D. aspasia as merely

a sub-species of U. cleona.

Sub-genus Parantw<L

14. Danais (ParantUa) eryx^ Fab.

Papilio ertfx, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 423. (1789).
Occurs in Borneo with a sub-species in Nias.

Sub-genus Caduga.

15. DanaU {Caduga). vTowleifi^ Jenner Weir.

Caduga crowle.,i. Jennev Weir. Entomologist, 1894, p. 109.
The species is confined to Borneo, occuiriug on Mts.
Kina Balu and Penrissen. Fruhstorfer considers this to
be merely a sub-species of I), (Caduga) meUmeus^ Cr., but
this must be quite wrong for D. tuelaneua is a typical
Caduga, with both patches of scent-scales on the hind-
wing traversed by a lengthened swelling of the vein (cf.
Moore, Lepidoptera Indica, p. 60). Whilst in D. cvowltyi
only the patch on the sub-median vein is so traversed,
the patch on the internal vein is almost obsolete, whilst
that on the lower median vein is large and spatulate as
in Parantica ; in short D, crotvleyi is not a true Caduga
at all.

16. Latiais (Caduga) luzoneufisy Feld.

Danais iuzoucusis, Felder, Wien, Ent Mon. iv. p. 398-
n. 17 (1860).

a. A. 80C., No. il, 19M.

8 S BUTTBKFLIES OF BORNEO.

Sub-sp. Z). luzotitnsis pratuacftristus^ Fruhst

From N. Borneo. (Mt. Kina Balu) and Nf t. Penrissen.
The Bomean form has been confused with the Javan
Caduga larissa^ Feld., another sub-sp. of /uzoiieusis ; other
sub-species occur in the Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatra and
the Malay Peninsula ; the typical form is confined to
the Philippines and Palawan.

[The species was common on Mt. Penrissen and often
flew in company with Caduga crowleifi ; Elifinnuta lais 5
mimicked both species.]

Gtenus EUPLCEA.

Sub-^euus Menanuu

17. Eupltea (Menama) h'za, Moore.

MeiiOrtia lorza^ Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 2^b^ pi. 31, fig 5.
Occurs in Xorth Borneo only.

Sub-genus Tronga,

18. Euphxa (Tronga) cmmeri, Lucas.

RupUxa crameri, Lucas, Rev, Zool. 1853, p. 318.
Tronga hrookei, Moore, P.Z.S. 188H, p. 268, n. 8.
Tronga laJbuana^ Moore, I.e. p. 268, n. 9.
IVotiga daatensis, Moore I.e. p. 268, n. 10.

I agree with de Niceville & Fruhstorfer in uniting the
Labuan and Daat Is. forms with the mainland species
cmmerij and with de Niceville in sinking 5/-oc;^«t as another
synomym. E, crameri tt/pica is confined lo the Philip-
pines, Borneo and the Natunas, witlhdoubtful sub-species
ranging from India to all the Sunda Islands.

[This and the following species are mimicked by : —
Ifi/poUmnas anomala 9 » Elymmas pellucida, Papilio
ptiradoj'fts ielesicUs 9 ab. russiis and ab. leucothoidcs^
Papilio lencothoe ratuaceus and the Chalcosiiue moth Jsbartu
maculfiria,']

ID. Eupliea {Tronga) breineri^ Feld.

Euploea breineri, Felder, Wien. Ent Monat. iv, p. 398,
n. 16 (1860).

Juur. Straitii Braucli

BUTrBRFLlSK OF BORNEO. 89

Tionga pryeru Moore, P.Z.S. 1883, p. 269.

The differences between specimens in the Sarawak
Museum of E. bremeri (E. Marsdeni^ syn.) from Singa-
pore and E. pryeri from British North Borneo are so
small and so inconstant that I have no hesitation in writ-
ing the two species under one name. Fruhstorfer divides
the Trongas into two groups : —

' 1. Hindwing with a prominent row of submarginal dots.
2. Hindwing with a double series of very large clear
white spots.

In the former group he places E, bremeri^ as a sub-
species of E, Crameri^ in the latter he places E, pryeri^
yet all the specimens of E, bremeri that I have seen
should 1)0 placed in group 2. In any case the species is
rather a doubtful one. It ranges from India through
the greater part of the Indo-Malnyan region.

Sub-genus Adigama.

20. Euplaa {A digaim) acuddeii^ Butler.

Crastia scudderi, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. sir,
p. 297 (1878). Confined to Borneo.
[Mimicked by the Chalcosiine moth, Amtsia hyal<i].

Sub-genus Fenoa.

21. Euplaa ( Penoii) uniformis^ Moore.

Penoa nniformis, Moore, Lepid. Ind. vol. i, p. 99 (1890).

Confined Ui Borneo ; possibly. only a sub-species of
E, alcathiif, God. or E, vteuHvieaii^ Feld.

[Mimicked by Elymnias httescens-iknd Mimenplaa trUtia],

22. Euplaa (Penoa) zonata^ Druce.

Evplrea zoiiata, Druce, P.Z.S.. 1873, p. 338. Confined
to Borneo.
[Mimicked by Papiiio slateri hewitsoni'}.

23. Evpkea {Penoa) masina, Fruhst.

Enphxa {Penoa) niaaina, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit.
XLII, 1897, p. 16. Confined to Borneo.

B. X. Soc, No. 41, 1004.

90 .BUTTBRFLIBS OF BOKNEO.

Sub-genus Trepsichrois.

24. 'EupUga (Trepsichrois) claudius Fab.

Papilio Claudia, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 263, (1777).
Sub-sp. E. claudius tnulciber, Cr.

The typical form occurs in ludia, Burma, Siam,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and some of die lesser Sunda
Island; the sub-species mulciber is confined to Borneo,'
other sub-species occur in Southern India, Java, Nias,
Mentawei Island and the Philippines.

[The pupa is a most brilliant object, of a bright bur-
nished gold reflecting like a mirror, with spots and
dashes of reddish brown and orange. It is nevertheless
not at all conspicuous, ^ince it is always suspended from
the underside of a leaf and gives the effect of a hole
in the leaf through which the sun is shining. I shall
never forget my astonishment, when, on one occasion I
attempted to thrust my finger throusch such a hole and
encountered instead the' resistance of a large and ap-
parently brilliant pupa.

The itiMgo is widely mimicked, the following is a list
of the mimics : —

Males. Euripus halitherses 9 fonna cinimmomeus^
Jlt/polimnas aiumala 9 , Elymnins borneensts, Papilio para-
darus (elesicles 5 » Pompelon sabcyaneu, ddlamesia
striata 5 .

Females. Ehptittias lais 9 , Papilio paradoxals telesi'
cles ? , Callamesia striata 9 ].

Sub-genus CailipUea,

25. EttpUva (CallipUea) adt/te, Boisd.

Euplaa adt/te, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1859, p. 156.
Sub-sp. E, adyte aristotelis, Moore.

No less than sixteen sub-species of E, adt/te are distin-
guished by Fruhstorfer, ranging all through the Malay
Archipelago to Melanesia : atistotelis is confined to Bor-
neo— na^fiie^t^i'^ occurs in the Natuna Is.

Jour, straits Branch

BUTTERFLIES OK BORNEO. 91

Sub-genus MacropUxa.

26. Eupkea {Macroplaa) cortts^ Fab.

Papilio coi-us, Fab. Ent Syst. iii, p. 41, (1793).

Sub-sp. E, corm butleri^ Moore, {Syn, E. Godmani
Moore).

This {!ub-species is confined to Borneo ; the typical
form occurs in Ceylon and other sub-species range from
Burma through the Malay Peninsula and Sunda Islands
to Palawan and Celebes.

Sub-genus Danisept,

27. EupUea {Danisepa) diocletiauiis, Fab.

Papilio diocletianna. Fabricius. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p.,40,n»

118(1793).
Papilio Radanuinthns. Fabricus, Ent. Syst. III. l,p. 42, n.

127 (1793).
Sub-sp. E. (Hocletianus lowei, Butler.

The typical form according to de Niceville occurs in
India, Burmah, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Billiton, Banka, Natuna Is. The sub-sp. loivti is con-
fined to Borneo. E. schrtiheri, Butler, has been wrongly
recorded from Borneo, it is apparently confined to the
island of Nias.

[As I pointed out elsewhere • the females of E, dio-
cUiiantts lowri are extremely rare whilst the males are
common ; in Singapore both males and females of E.
{Dan,) diotltrttanus, Fab., are oeprmon. It i» at least
curious that the female lowei should differ noticeably
from female E, diocktiauva whilst the males of I oth
form are almost identical.

The species is mimicked by: — Males: — Eui-ipus hali'
iheraes 9 Jorum pftifftra^ Papilio caiwus mtudax (J,

Females : — Euriput/ halithersta 9 fonua euplaoides^
Papilio caunus mendax 9 Mimeurplaa and also hadaman-
thtts}.

From Borneo ; it occurs in Nias.

•Joum. A8, Soc. Straits Br., No. 36, p. 31.
B. A. 8oc., Xo.41, 1904,

92 BUTTBKFLIES OF BORNBCU

Sub-genus Salpinx.

28. Euplaa (Salinnx) Uucwftietoa, GmeU

Papilio UncwtictoB (rmelin (Pap. L.) Syst Nat I. 5, p.

2289, n. 889(1788-1791).
Sub-sp. E. leucoatictaa Siffj, Fruh st.
Sub«sp. E. UHco$ticto9 kaiu. Each.

The typical form occurs in Java. I have taken the
form syra on Ht. Matang. kadu occurs in N. Borneo,
Palawan and Philippines and is another proof of tiie
Philippine element in the N. Bornean fauna.

Sub-genus Isamia.

29. Euptaa (Immw) aegtfptus^ Butl.

EupLea iegyptus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 277.

Occurs in Borneo, with sub-species in Billiton and
Philippines including Palawan. ^

[Tne species is synaposematic with E, Crameri and is
mimicked by the same species of butterflies and motbsj.

30. Euplaa (Isatnia) towei, Moore.

leamia lowei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 31G.
Confined to Borneo, possibly a sub-species of agyplus.

31. Eupfcea (Immia) vajfiesi, Moore.

Isamia rafflesi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 314.
Sub-sp. E, rafflesi aophia^ Moore.

Borneo and Sumatra, other sub-species occur in
Singapore, Nias, and Metitawei, the typical form occurs
in Java — I)e Nic^ville (J. A.S. B. vol. Ixx, 1901), con-
siders all the above species to be synonymous with
Jsumia chloe^ Guer. from Malay Peninsula.

Sub-genus StictopUva.

32. EupUsa {Stictoplcea) dufveanei^ Grodt.

JMfiaiadufresnei, Oodt Euc. M^th. ix. Suppl. p. 815 (1823).
Sub-sp. E, du/reanei tyrianiliiiui^ Moore.

Jour, Stndts Branch

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 93

The sub-species occurs only in N. Borneo, where there
is a distinct Philippine element. The typical form occurs
in the Philippines, other sub-species in Sumatra, Java,
£x)mbok, Sumba, Sumbawa, A lor, Palawan.

Messrs. Pryer and Carter in their list recorded E.
^tnototer, Butl., from N. Borneo, but this is certainly
erroneous as the species is otherwise only known from
N. India. They also record E. {Stictopbea) awc^j n. sp.
which, however, is a mere noniea nudum^ no description
of the insect being given.

Sub-fam. Satyrin^.
Genus ^ftfcale8is.
Sub-genus Satoa.

33. MycaleHa (Sato't), mniaueaSf Ilew,

Mt/caUsia inaianeaSy Elewitson, Exot. Butt, iii, p. 87

Myc. t. 5, f. 27, 28 0864).
Occurs also in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Sub-genus Orsotfiand.

3^, Mycaleiiis (Orsotriana) meiluSy Fah,

Papilio mednsy Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488, (1775).

Ranges over the Indian regions, Malay Peninsula,
Sunda Islands, Celebes, Timor, Philippines and Hainan.
The dry season form (rtz/teXra, Moore) does not occur in
Borneo,

Sub-genus Calysisme

35. Mycalesis (Cah/aisme) pevseuSy VAb.

Papilio perscusy Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488 (1775) 9

Various authors record this species from Borneo, but
I have not yet met with it. It occurs in the Indian re-
gion, the Malay Peninsula, Sunda Is., Philippines, Hainan
and Formosa. The dry-season form does not occur in
Borneo.

' B A Soc, No. 41, 1904.

94 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

3G. Mifcalesis (Calysistne) pol^decta^ Cram.

Papilio polydecta^ Cramer, Pap. Exot ii, pi. 144 Fig. e. f. 9

(1777).

In the Sarawak Museum coUectiun is a long series of

this species, corresponding very , well with the figures

lb, Id, le, Ig. of Plate 61,inMoore*s Lepidoptera Indicn

The species appears to have been previously recorded

from India and Ceylon only ; its validity is rather doutf ul.

Sub-genus Cidupi,

37 Mtfcalesis (Cultpa) mnasicles, Hew.

AftfcaUsis fimasicles^ Hewitson, Exotic Butt, iii, Myc, pi. 5,
figs. 32, 83 5 (1864).
The species is also recorded from ('pper Burma,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Sub-genus MartatujUi,

38. MycaUais {Martanda) jamrdaiiGy Moore.

MyccUesiajanardana, Moore. Cat Lep. Mus., E. I. C. i,
p. 231, (1857).
Previously unrecorded from Borneo, Dr. R. Hanit<9ch
collected two specimens at Kiou, Kina Balu. Other local-
ities : Malay Peninsula, Singapore (Davison), Java, Su-
matra, Celebes (Hose).

Sub-genus Mydosama.

39. Aft/calens (Mydosama) fuscum, Feld

Dasyomma fuscum, Felder, Wien. Monats. iv, p. 401,
(1860).
Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.

40. Mytjalesis {Mydoaamd) unapita^ Moore.

Mycalesis atiapifa, Moore, Cat. F^ep. Mus., E. I. C. i , p. 232,
(1857).
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

41. yfycaleaia (Mydo^ama) pitana^ Stand.

Mycalesis pita tia J Staudinger, Iris. vol. ix, p. 230, 181*6.

Jour. Stmitt Braiicli

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 95

Mt Kina Balu. I have onlj seen one specimen cap-
tared bj Dr. R. Hanitsch at Kiou, Kina Balu.

Sub-genus XekUira,

42. Mifcalesis {Nehd'im) amtvna, Druce.

Mycalesis nnuena^ Druce. P% Z. S. 187:3, p. 339, pi. 32,
f. 1. Confined to Borneo.

43. Mycnlenis (Nebdara) kina^ Stand.

Mifcalesis kiiia^ Staudinger. Iris. vol. v, p. 451 (1892).
Mt. Rina Balu.

Sub-genus Snralaya,

44. Mifcalesis (Siirahnfa) orseis Uew.

Mycalesis orseis, llewitson, Kxot. Butt, iii, p. 89, Myc. pi.
6, figs. 36, 37, cf (1864).
Occurs also in Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
and Nias.

Genus Neoiina,

45. Neonna loivi, D. & II.

Neorinn lowii, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p.
369. pi. 61, f. 4 (1851).

Originally described from Sarawak, sub-species occur
in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and in Nias.

Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal 1889, p. 124) sug-
gests that this species is a mimic of PapHio helenus and
writes " it may possibly he advantageous for a scarce
rather weak-flying insect of Morphid or SatyHd affinities
to resemble a common Papilio of powerful and irregular
flight "; as far as my experience goes N, lorn is much
more common than Papilio helenus, it is in fact one of
the common butterflies of VV. Sarawak.

Genus Co'lites.

46. Calites nothis, Westw.

Calitis nothisy VVestwood, Doubleday and Hewitson's
Gen. D. Lep. p. 367, pi. 66, f. 2 (1851).

B. A. 8oc., No. 14, 1904.

96 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Sub-sp. Ccelites nothii epimnthia^ Westw.

Th« typical form occurs in Slam, epimnthia in Borneo,
Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula and other sub-species
in Borneo and Tonkin.

47. CaliUs euptyehioideSf Feld.

Calites eupfychioides, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 499,
(1867).
Borneo, with a sub-species in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus Lethe.

48. Lethe mekara^ Moore.

Debts mekara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus., E. I. C. i, p. 219,
(1857).
Occurs in Sikkini, Assam, Khasias, Burma, Malay Pen-
insula and Borneo. The dry-season brood does not oc-
cur in Borneo.

49. Lethe ceranui^ sp. n.

$ Upperside; very similar to dry season forms of
Lethe ntekara^ JLoore, from Upper Burma, but of a richer
brown and the ocelli on the hind-wing:, smaller, but less
diffuse. Underside, almost exactly the same as in
Lethe deliia, Stand, but the ground-colour is paler and
the lilac suffusion less bright; the sub-marginal ocellus
on the hind-wing is smaller. Expanse 72 mm.

2 Upperside ; forewing, rufous brown merging into
fuscous at apex and external margin ; hind wing, rufous
brown with the abdominal margin pale fuscous and the
lower two-thirds of the external margin pale ochreous.
The six sub-marginal ocelli of the underside are indistinctly
seen on the upperside, the first two as ill -defined black
discs, the third as a small black pupil with surrounding
ring, the fourth and sixth are hardly visible, the fifth as a
large black pupil with surrounding ring. A black
marginal line. Underside ; as in the male, but very
much paler, the first ocellus on the hmd-wing larger.
Expanse 68 mm. Habitat: Kuching, Sarawak. Types
in the Sarawak Museum.

JTour. Straits Branch

• BUTTERFLIES 6P BORNEO. 97

The male might readily be confused with L. delila,
Staud. but the female is so very different to the female
of that species that I have little hesitation in separating
this low country form from the mountain species L.
delUa. The genus Lethe is in need of careful revision, a
. . work that is, however, only possible to one who has
access to the ^pes of the various species.

50. Lethe delila, Staud.

Lethe delila, Staudinger, Iris. vol. iz, p. 225, pi. v, f. i.
(1896)
Mt Kina Balu.

51. Lethe europa, Fab.

Papilio ewopa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500, (1775).
^"*^ Occurs in the Indian region, Malay Peninsula, Siam,
r/^Z^Sunda Is., Philippines, Hainan, Formosa, China.

52. Letheperimedej Staud.

Lethe perimede^ Staudinger, Iris. vol. ix, p. 226, (1896).
Apparently confined to Borneo.

53. Lethe davena, Feld^

Lethe darena, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 498, pi. 68,

f. 4.5 (1867).
Sub-sp. Lethe darena homeensie^ Staud.

The typical form occurs in Java ; the sub-species oc-
curs ou Mt. Kina Balu.

54. Lethe dora^ Staud.

Lethe dora, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ix, p. 226 (1896)
Borneo only.

Genus Ypthima.

55. Ypthima pandocus, Moore.

Ypthinia pandocus^ Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i, p.
235, (1857).
Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Is.

&. A. Soc, No/U, 1904 6

98 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

56. YpthimafasciaUi, Hew.

Tpthima fasciaia^ Hewitson, Trans. Ent Soc. (3) vol. ii,
p. 287, n. 12, (1865.)
Malay Peninsula, Somatra and Borneo.

57. Tpthima abnormii^ sp. n.

9 Uppernde ; fuscous, without ocelli ; the hind-wing^
is clothed with long hairs especially along the internal
margin.

Underside — pale brown with dark fuscous stri» which
on the forewing are segregated in three areas to form
indistinct fasciae — a sub-basal, a discal and a sub-
marginal ; on the hind-wing the stri» form five indis-
tinct fascism, — a basal, a sub-basal, two discal and a
marginal. There are no ocelli. The abdominal margin
of the hind- wing is rather deeply excised and the outer
margin is slightly sinuate. Cilia fuscous. Expanse, 57 mm.
Habitat^ Kuching, Sarawak.

This is a very abberrant species of Ypthima\ it
has been suggested to me that it is merely a seasonal
variation but as I shall have occasion to point out later,
die Bomean butterflies do not show seasonal variation;
all the species of M^calesifi, for instance, correspond to the
wet-season phase of the same species, from other
countries where the distinction between the fine and
wet monsoons is better marked than it is here ; the dry-
season phases of these species are not found in Borneo. —
Type in the Sarawak Museum.

Genus Ragadia,

58. Ragadia crieia, Hubn.

Euptifchia crisia, Hubner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 675,
676, (1832).
Occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Penang, Singapore.
The commonest species of the genus.

59. Ragadia annulata^ Grose-Smith.

Ragadia annnlata, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. 1887, p. 435.
N. Borneo.

Jour, straits Branch

BUTrBRFLlBS OF BORNEO. 99

60. RdgtiduL fnelita, Staad.

Ragadia melita^ Staudinger, Iris. vol. v., p. 449 (1892).
N. Borneo and Kina Balu.

Oenus Entes.

61. Entes argentina, Butl.

Erites argentina, Butler, Cat. Satyr. B. M. p. 188, pi. 5, f.
8 (1868).
Upper Tenasserim and Borneo.

62. EriUs eUgans, Butl.

Entes elegans, Butler, Cat. Satyr. B. M. p. 14*^, pi. 2, f. 4
(1868).

Confined to Borneo.

63. Erites ihetiSy sp. n.

(J. Upperside ; semi-transparent cinereous, on the hind-
wings the colour and markings of the underside are seen
shining through ; a yellow ringed, white pupilled, black
ocellus occurs between the second and third median
nervules with two much smaller but similar ocelli beyond
it.

Underside ; forewing of same colour as on the upper-
side, more transparent at base and this area is creased
by numerous irregular striae ; two indistinct ochreous
bands cross the wing, one is medial the other post-medial;
a row of five sub-marginal small ocelli extends from
below 5th sub-costal nervule to the first median inter-
space, they increase in size from above downwards; a
marginal pale band. Hind-wing; basal areas and abdom-
inal margin covered with fine fuscous striae ; a medial
ochreous band crosses the wing ; the outer half of the
wing is ochreous; a row of four black ocelli with
silvery centres extends from below the 2nd sub-costal
nervule to the first median interspace, the lowest of the
series is large and has a fuscous sufitusion bordering its
inner half, the other ocelli are minute ; a marginal fus-

B. A Soc., No. 41, 1904. I

100 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

C0U8 line. Cilia on forewin^ cinereous, on bind-wing
yellowish-white. The hind-wing is dentate and sub-
caudate. Expanse 48 mm. Habitat : Kuching, Sarawak.
Type in the ^rawak Museum.

Genus ifelanitis.

64, 3f€lanitM Umene. Cnim.

PapiUo ismene^ Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 26. figs a. b.
(1775).

This common species ranges throughout India, Ceylon,
Burma, Andamans and Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Sun-
da Js., Hainan, Formosa, Philippines, China and Japan.

[Both the dry-season form ismene and the wert-season
form leda occur in Borneo, but irrespective of the season;
I have taken both forms on the same day in the middle
of the wet-monsoon and in the middle of the fine mon-
soon, in fact the two forms fiy together. The form,
markings, and colouration of the imagines of these sea-
sonal varieties are dependent on the degrees of damp or
dryness to which the young stages (^g, larva and per-
haps pupa, are subjected, hence a spell of wet weather in
the fine monsoon — an event by no means unusual —
would produce a brood of wet-season forms and converse-
ly a spell of fine weather in the wet-season a brood of
dry-season forms. M, iamene in its dry-season phase is
remarkably leaf-like, and the insect has the habit of set-
tling amongst fallen leaves and leaning, with both wings
closed, over to one side, so that its phyllomorphic ap-
pearance is very much increased].

65. Melanitts zitenitia, Herbst.

PapiUo zitentus, Herbst, Natarsyst. Schmett. viii, p. 5,
pi. 182, f. 1, 2 (1796).

This species has previously been recorded only from
the Indian region and the Malay Peninsula. The Sara-
wak Museum collection includes one female in the wet-
season phase.

Jour, straits Branch

BUTTERFLIK^ OF BORNEO. IDl

Sub-fam. ELTMNIINiE.
Genus Elymniaa,

66. Elymiiaa nigrescena, But).

Elynmiaa nigrescena, Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 520, pi. 42,
f. 1.

The typical form occurs in Borneo, sub-species are
found in the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, Hainan,
Sumatra, Billiton, Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba.

This is a non-mimetic species in Borneo, and it is
quite the commonest species of the sub-family.

67. Elymnias hecate, Butl.

Elynmiaa hecate, Butler P. Z. S. 1871, p. 520, pi. 42, f. 2.
Confined to Borneo.
This species according to Fruhstorfer is merely a
mountain form of E, nigreacena^ howevar it is by no
means confined to mountains, as it occurs at Labuan and
Kuching as well as on Mts. Mulu and Kina Balu and I
prefer to look upon it as a distinct and good species.

68. Elymniaa parithera^ Fab.

Papilio panthera, Fabricius. Mant. Ins. II, p. 39, n. 40, 407

(1787).
Elymniaa luteacena, Butler, A. M. N. H. 1867, p. 404, pi. 9,

f. 10.
Sub-sp. E, panthera lahuana^ Stand.

Labuan, Sandakan and Kuching, Sarawak.

The typical form occurs in Malacca, Sumatra, Singa-
pore and Natuna Is., sub-species in Java, Banguey, Sulu
Archipelago, Palawan, Upper Tenasserim, Nicobars.
Nias, Bawean, Engano.

69. Elymnias dara, Dist.

Elymniaa dara, Distant. A. M. N. H. 1887, p. 50.
The male has never been described ; a description of

B. A. Sqc., No. 41,* 1904.

102 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

a specimen taken in Kuching follows : — ^ Smaller than
9 and darker. Upperside^ dark purplish-black, fasciae
on both wings as in 9 but narrower and shorter and
with a lilac tinge.

Underside, dark chocolate, the spot on the costal
margin smaller than in the 9 « fascia on the fore-wing
not so extended. Expanse 57 mm.

The species is confined to Borneo. E. daedalioiiy de
Nic^v. from Burma is possibly a sub-species. Both dara
and daedalion belong to Moore's sub-genus Melyniae,
not to his genus Elyvmias as erroneously stated in Lep.
Ind. vol. II, p. 154, 155.

70. Elymniaa brookei, sp. n.

(f . The outer margins of both wings are scalloped ;
the outer margin of the forewing is produced in the first
median interspace into a slight lobe ; the outer margin
of the hind-wing is produced at the third median nervule
to form a short tail. No modified scales on upperside
of forewing ; androconia on upperside of forewing as in
E, nigrescensy Butl. Upperside : black, on the forewing
a sub-apical macular fascia, a few indistinct stria) on
the costa and an indistinct spot at external angle, blue-
green ; on the hind-wing an indistinct marginal series
of blue-green spots. Underside : ground-colour fuscous
mottled with dark fuscous, paler along costal margin and
apex of forewing and at base of hind- wing, on the hind-
wing a sub-marginal series of degenerate ocelli, six in
number, black with white centres, the fourth and fifth
the largest, the sixth very minute. Cilia on forewing
fuscous, on hind- wing fuscous and white alternately.
Antenna reddish ochreous. Expanse 70 mm. Habitat,
Kuching, Sarawak (July). 9 Unknown. Caught in a
trap baited with rotten bananas. In colouration the
species approaches A\ esaca Westw. but the shape of the
wings is exactly like that in E, panthera Fab. Type in
the Sarawak Museum, The species is named after His
Highness the Rajah of Sarawak, o. C. M. G.

Jour. Straits Branch

■-..^kt::^"

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 103

71. Elymnias lais Cram.

Papilio lais, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, pi. 114, f. A.B. (1779).

Occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Billiton,
Java and Borneo, with a sub-species in the Indian
region.

[For an account of the habits of this mimetic species
see P.Z.S. 1902, p. 259.]

72. ElynmioB pellucida^ Fruhst.

Elymniaa pelludda Fruhst. Ent Nach. xxi (1895 No. 11

p.l) 9
'Elymnias aroa. Shelf ord, P.Z.S., 1902, p. 273. $ k q

The species is most closely related to kumaray Moore :
it has been found on Mt PenrLsen, Sarawak, and Kina
Balu, N. Borneo.

Messrs. Pryer & Cator record Elymnias annea n. sp.
from Sandakan, but give no description of it whatever!
It may possibly be the same as E.pellucida, Fruhst.

78. Elymnias penanga, Westwood.

Melantis penanga^ Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 405 J

(1851).
Sub-sp. E, pmanga trepsichroides, nom. no v.
{Elymnias borneensisj Grose-Smith, A.M.N.H. 1892, p.

428.)
There has been much confusion over this species — or
sub-species as I prefer to call it. In 1869 Dr. Wallace
described (Trans. Ent. Soc. London p. 324,) a female
Elymnias from Borneo as E, borneensis. This species
belongs to IIoore*s suh-genns Mimadelias and is a Pierine
mimic. In 1887 Staudinger figured (Exot. Schmett.
pi. 86) what he supposed to be the male of this
species, but Fruhstorfer in 1899 (Berl. Ent Zeitschr.
Bd. xliv p. 57) rightly points out that this is the figure
of a female, however he then states tfiat the male of
E. borneensis. Wall, is "ganz blau und gehort mit Afehida*
new. und Sttmatrana, Wall, zusammen in eine andere

a. A. Soc., No 41, 1004.

104 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Grappe and zwar in das sub-genus Bruasa, Moore."
This is quite wrong, for Grose-Smith in 1892 (I.e.)
described both sexes of an Elymmas, of the sub-genus
BruoMa from Borneo under the name of Elymniaa
homeenna; the male is blue above and is a mimic
of the Euploeine butterfly Trepnchroia claudius, the
female resembles the females of other species of the
Bruaaa section and is not'a Pierine mimic as is the female
of Wallace's species. Grose-Smith's name borneenns
bdng then alrmdj occupied by Wallace's species, I
ventore to propose the new name trepsichroidea. To
make ** confusion worse confounded" Grose-Smith de-
scribed as the female of his E. borneenis^ the female of
another species of Elynmias of the section Bruaaa —
E. konga — the male of which was described by him in
1899. (A.M.K.H. p. 817.) An undoubted female of
E, penanga trepaichroidea {E. bomeensia Grose-Smith)
from N, Borneo is in the Sarawak Museum collection
and is now described for the first time : — ^Very like the
female of E. penanga^ Westwood, but the sub-apical
white fascia on the upper-side of the fore- wings nar-
rower and more outwardly oblique, the costa of the
fore-wing striated with white. Underside as in the
male but less rufous and darker, the sub-costal primrose-
coloured spot, larger than in the male. Expanse 65 mm.
Hab. N. Borneo.

74. Elymniaa abtiaaj Dist.

Elymniaa abriaa, Distant A.M.N.H. 1886, p. 581.
Sub-sp. E, ahiaa konga, Grose-Smith.

As stated above, Grose-Smith's description of the
female of his E. lorneenaia is in reality the description of
a female konga ; it is very like the female of E. abriaa,
forma typica, but has more white on the upperside of
both wings.

The following is a table of the species and sub-species
of the section Bruaaa of this genus.

Jour. Straitis Branch

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 105

EUfmnias penanga, Westw., forma typica. Penang, Ma-
lacca and Singapore (syn. E, mehicUt, Hew.)

„ „ somatrana, Wall. Sumatra.

„ „ trqmchroidefi, nom. nov. Borneo.

(^=^orneensisy Grose-Smith.)
Et^mnias abrisa, Dist, forma typica. Malay Peninsula.
„ „ konga, Grose-Smith. Borneo.

75. Elynmias eaaca^ Westw.

Melanitis esaca, Westwood. Gen. D. Lep. p. 405 (1851).
Sub-sp. E. esaca bomeerms^ Wall.
N. & S. Borneo.

Fruhstorfer has done something to clear up the con-
fusion surrounding the species of the sub-genus Agrusia
(Bed. Ent Zeitschr. Bd. xliv. p. 56, 57. 1899) but 1
consider the following table to be a more correct state-
ment of our knowledge of the relationship between tiie
different species and sub-species : —

Elymnias esaca^ Westw., forma typica. Assam.
„ „ borneensis^ Wall. Borneo.

)9 )) godferyiy Dist. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

., „ anderaoni. yLo6te, Mergui Archipelago.

„ „ leontina, Fruhst. Nias.

„ „ nov. sub-spec, (fide Fruhstorfer) Batu

Is. (Mus. Tring.)
„ maheswara, Fruhst. Java.

„ egialinay Feld. Philippines.

E. esaca^ Westw., has been wrongly recorded from
Borneo. Bornean male specimens have a red patch at the
base of the hind- wing below, which males of E. esaca have
not, and I have no doubt at all but that the so-called
esaca (male) of Borneo is nothing but the male of
Wallace's species Elymnias borneensis (cf. antea). Distant
has confused the female of godferyi with the females of

B. A. Sec., No. 41, 1904.

106 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Wallace's species and so has wrongly recorded this
species also from Bomeo ; as pointed out by Fruhstorfer
E. esacoidesy de N., described from a male only, is pro-
bably the male of E. yodferyi, Dist E. anderaoni^ Moore.,
I regard as a sub-species of E. esaca. The female of E.
esaca has not yet been described, it will prove to be a
Pierine mimic.

Sub-fam. AMATHUSIINiB.
Gtenus Zeuxidia,
Sect i.

76. Zeuxidia amethystus^ Butl.

Zeuxidia amethystue, Butler, P. Z. S. 1865 p. 485.

The species appears to have been recorded previously
from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra only.

[In common with nearly all the Afnathusiifioe, this
species can be taken in traps baited with rotten fruit].

77. Zeuxidia doubledaii, Westw.

Zeuxidia doubledaii, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 pi.
52, f. 1 (1851).

Previously recorded from the Malay Peninsula and
Penang only.

78. Zeuxidia wallacei^ Feld.

Zeuxidia waliacei^ Felder. Reise Nov. Lep. p. 461. pi. 62.
f . 3.

Confined to Borneo.

Sect. ii. Zeuxaltie,

79. Zeuxidia pryen, Butler.

Zeuxidia (Zettxaltis) pi'yerif Butler. A. M. N U. 1897.
vol. 19, p. 469.
N. Borneo

Jour. Straits iBranck

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO, 107

Grenus. Amathuxidia.

80. Amathuxidia omjthaotiy Doubl.

Amathnsia amythaon, Doubledaj, A. M. N. H. 1847, p. 175,
A. aniythaon ottomana, Butl.

The typical form occurs in the Indian region, ottomana
in Borneo and another sub-species in the Malay Penin-
sula.

Genus Amaxidia.

81. Aniaridia anreliana, Hour.

Amaxidia aureliana, Hour. Berl. Ent Zeit. 1889, p. 162.

Confined to Borneo.

This may perhaps be only a sub-species of A. aurelius
Cr., from^the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Genus Anvathxuia,

Sect. i.

82. Amathusia phidippus, Joh.

Papilio phidippus, Johanssen. Amoen. Acad. vi. p. 402
(1764).

Borneo, Java, Sumatra with sub-species in the Malay
Peninsula, Burma, Tenasserim, Nias, Mentawei, Celebes,
Torres Straits (?)

83. Amathusia schonhergi, Honr.

Afuathusia schonbergi, Honrath. Berl. Ent Zeitschr. p. 347
T. vi. f. 1 (1887).

Sub-sp. A. achonhergi bovneensis, Fruhst.

Banjermassin. The typical form occurs in Pegu,
Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula.
Sect. ii. Pseudamaihusia.

84. Amathusia ochreofusca, Honr.

Pseudamaihusia ochreofusca, Honr. Iris. 1886, p. 348.
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra.

R, A. So«., No. 14, 1004.

108 BJLJTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Genus Tkaumantis.
Sect. i.

85. Thaumantia odanay Godt.

Morpho ocUxfia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 445, (1823).
Malay Peninsula, Nias and the Greater Sunda Is.
Sect, ii, Kringana,

86. Tkaumantis noureddin^ Westw.

Thaumaniis noureddiuy Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337,
(1851).

Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

87. Thaumantia lucipor^ Westw.

ThawnantU lucipofy Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337,
(1851).
Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

Sect, iii, Thauria,

8d. Thauhiantis aliris, Westw.

Tkaumantis alivis, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1856,
p. 176, pi. 17.
Confined to Borneo.

Genus Discophora,

89. Discophora necho, Feld.

Diecopkora necho, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. ifi, p. 462,
(1867).

Sub-sp. D, necho ckeops, Feld.

The typical form occurs in Java, cheopa in Borneo,
other sub-species in Sumatra, Nias, Palawan and the
Philippines.

90. Discophom tullia^ Or.

Papilio tuilia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, pi. 81, tigs. A. B.,
(177^).

Jour. Siraita Branch

BUTTERFLIBB OF BORNEO. 109

Sub-sp. D. tullia sondaica^ Boisd.

The typical form occurs in Hongkong, sondaica in
Java, Sumatra and Borneo, other sub-spNQcies in India,
Tenasserim, Malay Penmsula and the PbUippines.

91. Discophora amethystina^ Stich.

Diseophora amethystina^ Stichel, Berl. Ent Zeitschr.
xlvi. S. B .p. 4, (1901).

Borneo. I am not acquainted with this recently de-
scribed species.

Messrs. Pryer and Cator also record Discophora celinde,
Stoll. and Discophora ogina^ Hubn, from Borneo, but
without having actually taken specimens of these species,
so that the records must be regarded as extremely
doubtful.

Genus Enispe.

92. Enispe milvus, Stand.

Enispe milv^is^ Staudinger, Iris vol. ix, p. 231, pi. v. f. 4,
(1896).
Mount Kina Balu.

Marshall and de Niceville in Butterflies of India^
vol. i, p. 312, reoord Stichophthalnia nournuihal^ Westw.
from India, Sikkim and Borneo ; the latter locality is
evidently erroneous and I can find no confirmation of it
in any other publications on Oriental butterflies.

Oenus Clerome.

93. Chrome phaon, Erichs.

Papilio phnon, Erichson, N. A. Acad. N.C. p. 401, pi. 50,
figs 1, la (1834).

Philippines and Borneo.

Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1856, p. 186),
gives Borneo as one of the localities of this species,
the locality has up to the present never been confirmed ;
there are however several undoubted specimens of this

B. A. Soc., No. 41, 19(|l.

110 BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

spedes in the Sarawak Museum collection from Lim-
bangand Trnsan, N. Sarawak. As before mentioned
there is an infiltration of Philipinne forms to be dis-
cerned in the N. Borneo fauna.

94. Clerome gi'ocilia^ But!.

CUr&me gracilis, Butler A.M.N.H., 1867, p. 401, pi. 8, f. 7.

Malacca, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra.

I cannot agree with Fruhstorf er in regarding this as
a jub-species oiphaon.

95. Clerome atompkax, Westw.

Clerome atomphax, Westwood, Trans. Ent Soc, 1856,
p. 186, pi. 21, figs. 8, 4.
Borneo.

96. Clerome beea, Hew.

Clerome beaa, Uewitson, Exot Butt, iii, CL pi. 1, fig. 1,
(1863).

Fruhstorfer considers this to be merely an aberration
of the preceding species.

Borneo.

97. Clei*ome arceailaua, Fab.

Pqpilio arceaitaus, Fabricius, Mant Ins. ii. p. 28, (1787).
Indian region, Siam, Malay Peninsula, the Greater
Sunda Is. and Bali.

98. Clerome kirata, de Nicev.

Clerome kirata^ de Nic($ville, Jouni. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1891, p. 844, PI. F. fig. 3.
Malay Peninsula, Borneo (Kina Balu), Sumatra.

Genus Tenaiis.

99. TenatHs occulta, Grose*Smith.

Tenaris occulta, Grose-Smith, A.M.N.H. 1889. p. 316,
Borneo.

Jour. Straits Branch

BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. Ill

Grenus Xanthot(tnia.

100. Xanthota)ua busiriSj West v.

Xanthotania busiris, VVesc^ood, Trans. Eat Soc. London,
1856, p. 187.
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, the Greater Sunda Is.,
and Nias.

Genus Amnosia,

101. Anmoaia baluana, Fruhst.

Anmoaiabaluana, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. xx, No. 19,
p. i, (1894).

N. and S. Borneo.

Herr Fruhstorfer informs me that in his collection is
a female of this species from S. Borneo which differs
somewhat from the type female from Kina Balu ; I have
only seen specimens from Mt. Matang near Kuching and
these do not appear to differ in any way from the
published description of the Kina Balu form: Herr
Fruhstorfer's S. Borneo specimen is evidently from the
low-country.

The position of this genus is very doubtful. I follow
Fruhstorfer in placing it amongst the Amathisiina ;
de Nic^ville suggested that it should come at the end of
the SatyriniB^ whilst Felder and Schatz-Rober placed it
amongst the Nymphalina^ probably its correct position.

B, A. Soc., No. 41. 1904.

The Sakais of Batang Padang, Perak.

By G. B. Ckrruti.

The word Sakai is the Malay name for the aborigines w!io
inhabit the forest on the high slopes of the lower half of tlie
main ridge and some subsidiary ridges of mountains of the
Malay Peninsula. As the Malays were the first to come into
intercourse with these aborigines, the influence of the Malay,
as well as the fear of them, is strong upon them. Malay his-
tory in Perak reaches with certainty no farther hack thm the
16th century, and Malays have no written records relating to
the Sakais, whom they treated as slaves and less than human
beings.

The Sakais themselves have neither written records nor
signs to represent language, whatever information regarding
their origin is supplied by ihem rests solely in tradition.

The narrative of events, which is extracted from them with
difficulty, very seldom passes beyond the time of a grand-
father, and may be regarded as inexact if not incoherent.

We shall, therefore, have to look for knowledge of their
origin to the results of a morphological study of the race.

Physical Characters.

The average height of the male Sakai may be taken ap-
proximately at 5 ft. 3 in : and that of the female at 4 ft. 1 1 in :
These figures are for the present only tentative. The colour
various from a light to a chocolate-brown, the eyes are slight-
ly almond shaped, the nose is flat, the forehead straight, the
lips full and separate, but not negro like, the teeth regular
and well-formed though blackened by sireh, the hair copious,
black, somewhat wavy, occasionally crisp, but never woolly.
The senses are unusually keen and well developed. In his na-
tive jungle he sees better, hears better, and apparently uses his
sense of smell better than other races. His touch is delicate
and sensitive, as is that of most savage races, and his sense of

B, A. Soc., No 41, 1904 7

114 8AKAIS.

taste is his criterion to judge of the good or ill effects of many
objects.

The body and limbs are generally speaking well formed.
Cripples and deformed children are extremely rare amongst
the ^kais, nor are abnormalities of anatomical structure fre-
quent amongst them.

Mental and Moral Characters.

A desire for what may be called independence, but what
in reality is a dislike of restraint is remarkable in this race.
Work for a Sakai must be voluntary ; the moment that it be-
comes compulsory it becomes distasteful.

Not less notable is his distrust of strangers. The approach
of a white man will often scatter a whole habitation of Sakais ;
and even the presence of natives of other races, such as Malays,
Tamils or Chinese, is a frequent cause of their speedy removal
from an accustomed haunt. Once the Sakai confidence is
secured, he is like a child, and must be treated as such. All
obligations entered into with him must be scrupulously ob-
served, for, like the natural child, he is not prone to deceit
or falsehood. lie is also possessed of the child's simple idea of
morality, as expressed in his words and acts. Early marriage
being the custom, the immorality of civilized races, with its
literature and influence on social relations, is unknown.

Dress.

Bark beaten finely and elongated until it resembles coarse
ramie fibre, is the material from which the primitive clothing is
made. Both sexes fasten stiings of this bark, about six inches
or more wide, around the waist, by tying them in back and in
front. A thin fillet of the same stuff, dyed and coloured in a
simple pattern, is used to tie the hair, which is generally filled
by the women with combs, made of bamboo and ornamented in
various styles.

Flowers are universally worn by the women in the hair,
around their necks as necklaces, and occasionally in their waist-
belts of odorous grass. In both sexes the nasal septum is per-
forated for the insertion of straight pieces of bamboo, and the
ear only by the women for the insertion of some bamboo with

Jour. Straits Branch

8AKAI8.

115

some odorous grass, of shell, and of animal teeth, to serve as
orDamentfi.

Ornaments.

The ix^e of necklaces belongs to attire. Ornamentation of
the body is effected by painting the skin in different colours,
mostly red, yellow and black, by dyea obtained from plants,
gutta and liine. Two lines, one drawn from the vertex of the
bead over tip of nose to chin, and the other from ear to ear,
bisecting the first, divide the face into four areas, the painting
of two of which on one aide must correspond to the painting
of the two others of the opposite side.

The che8t atid body are generally divided also by a ver-
tical line cle-Jiving the trunk in two halves?, right and left, upon
which similar patterns are painted.

The object of this adornment by painting is not merely
decoration, it is what formerly would have been called dedicat-
ed to superstitious uses. The painting of the face and body id,
in fact, a species of charm and is supposed to act as amulets
and talismans are presumed to act, by warding off dangera,
driving afar evil spirits, and tilling the wearers with un-
usual courage.

Religious Sentiment.

It is a peculiarity of the Sakai that, like many of his
characteristics, his religious belief is extremely simple. The
idea of a Creator, of an all-powerful, alU just and nil-merciful
Ruler, is absent from his scanty mythology. The origin of the
world and the life of mankind on the earth present no problems
to him. Ue believes simply in good and evil spirits. The good
spirits are to him vague, indefinite beings, who manifest them-
selves rarely fatally, and about whom, therefore, he knows and
believes little. The evil spirits, on the contrary, are feared,
because they are considered to dwell in dangerous ravines, in
abandoned iampongs^ in caverns, and in places regarded accord-
ing to popular dakai leport as uncanny, whence they issue to
infect the Sakais with famine and disease. They aUo are
believed to make themselv^es felt in thunder, in lightning, and
most particularly of all in wind. The early morning breeze

E. A. 8oc.. No. II, 19(M.

116

SAKAIS.

which blows on the tropical hills after 2 a.m. is for the Sakai
the work of bad spirits. It is the hour when he faela the fall
of temperature most, and it is for him a fatal hour. Accord-
ingly^ ail true Sakais are awake at thi.n time to chat and smoke
and wait until the bitiog blast passes away. Tattooing is little
known amongst them ; and though they have a certain know-
ledge of the ways of tigers and snakes^ these are neither worship-
ped nor considered to be directly concerned with evil spirits.

SoriAL Kklatimns.

The

of a man's, and of
large in the Sakai\s

cerRmony nor a civil
union founded upon

with it have so far nut

neither capture, nor

most important circumstance
wonian*s life marriage, does not loom
mind. For him it is neither a religiwus
contract, it is merely a mode of sexua
mutual sym^xithy. Rites in connection
been prowd to be piactised. There is

purchase, nor selection. The elders, moreover, do not appear
to interfere in the choice of their sons and daughters.

It is probable that it is owing to this fact that these
aborigines are jjjradually decreasing in numbers, even though
consanguinity in matrimnnial relationship is for I bidden, about
the onl}^ prohif>ition of any kind that the Sakais know, and to
which they submit.

Polygamy exists, but it is rare, hivorce also exists, and
13 common. The mflrriage tie, being as loose as is descrilied,
ig unable to consolidute a union ; the slightest irn^ompatibility
of temper, temp^^irary sterility of the wife, lastuig about three
durian seasons, or an attack of dangerous disease, is a sufficient
cause fur a divorce, which is accomplished without resentment
orapi.>aient jealousy on either side. Deformed persons which
are very rare amongst the Sakais, or those attacked by
dangerous disease, must make a vow of celibacy. The women
give birth to their children with only old women attendants,
but in a plact^ prepared by the husband. The child Is not al-
lowed to touch the earth, either from a superstition that the child
would be injured by contact with the earth, or I hat the child
would soil the ground, but is laid upon a couch of dry leaves,
which cover a rudely made clay embankment Directly after
birth only old women and young children who are not able and

Jour, BtnUti Bnuicli

SAKAIS

117

BtTong enough to enter the }\ing\e to find their daily food are
pennittei to approach the child. All others are excluded for a
certain period, as there is a certiiii superstition among them
that able bidied persons approach! ng^ a newly horn baby will
contract Its smell and take it to the jungle with them when out
looking for food. The evil rfpirita, it is said, are always on the
luok*out for persons with this smell, and will follow them on
their return to their hut^ to the birth place of the child. At the
end of that time the child teceiveis what may bi* called a ceremonial
purilieation of water, and is presented to him at the village.

II A BITS.

The Sakais are essentially nomadic, aud clear only very
limited areas in the lull forests for cultivation ; of rice culture
they know little, for corn or maize and the Sikoi, sweet potatoes,
and tapioca, are their principal crops. The most primitive of
the Sakais still subsist by the chase, using; the Sumpitan, or
blow-gun, and poisoned darts to kill wild animals and birds.
As is well-known, the darts are poisoned by hein^ dipped in a
gummy or glutinous extract of Ipoh which hardens on the tips,
and of another and more dangerous prison extracted from tlie
roots of a kind of creeper named by the Sakais L^fjop.

The Sakai dies as he lives, surrounded by powers of nature
which he understands not. If a disease be regarded as con-
tagious, a noise is made on rude drums made of big bambino to
drive away the evil spirits. It is remarkable that tlbere are not
musical instruments to express grief ; but in expression of joy
a (lute played through the nose, and a kind of mandoline made
also of bamboo, are performed upon particularly by women.
After death comes burial in a deep ^rave, the body generally
standing erect in the grave about 4 feet deep or in a sitting
posture with tobacco, betel-nut, potatoes, fruits and also with
his blow -pipe and poisoned darts by his side. The grave is closed
by felling some jungle surrounding it and for ab<jut a week
they bring the usual food, if a feiiiale also some fltjwers, and
afterwards abandon the neighbourliood ; for a dead person fre-
<(uently drives the tiuiid Sakais miles awuyfrom promising slopes
ori which they were beginning to grow their necessary food.

B. A. i»o&,No. 4U 10U4,

On Some Hymenoptera From the
Raffles Museum, Singapore.

By p. Camebon.

Dr. Hanitsch having sent me to be named some undeter-
mined Hymenoptera from Singapore, I give a list of them as
a small contribution towards the knowledge of the Hjmenop-
terous Fauna of the Island.

Ewmia appendigaster Lin. A cosmopolitan parasite in the
egg-cases of Cockroaches.

Sfilbum splendidum^ Fab.

Macromeris violocea^ Lep.

Diacolia decorata^ Burm,

This species (which = D.Jlavopicta Lm.) is in the collec-
tion of the Raffles Museum from the Dindings.

1 think it very probable that Z>. ergenna, Com. (Journ. St.
Br. Royal Asiat Soc, 1902, p. 82) is its male.

This species is recorded by Magretti (Ann. ch. Museo
Civico di Storia Nat. di Genova (2) xii, 243) from Schwegoo,
Burma ; but it is not included by Bingham in the P^auiia of
British India, Hymen. It has been reported from Java and
Sumatra.

Salins flavits^ Fab.
Sceliphron violaceum, Fab.

Irypoxylon pttiolatumy Sm. Found in the Museum Work-
shop.

Piagetia nificollis, sp. nov.

Black the scape of the antenae, the greater part of the
clypeus, the prothorax, the mesonotum in front of the tegulee,
the tegulse, the abdominal petiole, except at the base, and the

B. A. Soc, No. 41, 1904.

120 HYMENOPTERA FROM SINGAPORE.

legs, red ; the 4 front cox8b above, the hinder entirely, the
basal point of the 4 front, trochanters, of the hinder above, a
line on the fore femora behind, the apical two thirds of the
hinder above, the greater part of the hinder tibial and the
base of the hinder coxse, black. Wings hyaline, the basal
half of the radial cellule, the apex of the 1st cubital cellule, the
greater part of the 2Dd and 3rd and the discoidal along the
recurrent nervure smoky ; the nervures and stigma black.
Head and thorax covered with silvery pubescence 9

Length nearly 10 mm.

Hab. Singapore, June.

Clypeus indistinctly keeled down the centre ; there is a
semi-circular depression in the middle at the apex, which has a
distinct margin and has a slight incision. Base of mandibles
broadly yellowish testaceous. The base of the hinder femora
is slightly thickened below, the apex of the thickened part end-
ing in an indistinct tooth.

Comes nearest to P. rufivenis, Cam. which may be known
from it by the antennce being almost entirely red, and the sides
and apex of the median segment are also red.

Rhynctiiiun hcemovrhoidale, Fab.

Vespa cincta, Fab.

Icaria Sincapurensis, sp. nov

Brownish-black, the head below the antenna*, except for a
narrow black line down the centre, a mark, twice longer than
wide and dilated above, a mark twice longer than broad, trans-
verse above, narrowed and rounded below, on the front the ey6
incision and the lower inner orbits broadly, the upper orbits
narrowly, the line dilated above to the hinder ocelli, the outer
orbits entirely belcw, the inner half of the upper part, the
mandibles, except the teeth, a line on the pronotum, the base
and the lower half of the propleursp, the ineso and nietapleura?,
except for an oblique black line on the firmer and extending
from the lower furrow downwards and with a bhort line on
either side of its top, 2 lines on the niesonotum, the base of the
scutellum, the post-fecutelluni, 2 large lines on the centre of the

Jour, straits Branrb

HYMENOPTEKA FBOM SINGAPOBE.

121

metanotum, the sides of the petiole to near the apex, 2 rouDd
marks on the centre of the post -petiole, the extreme base of
the 2nd segment, \t^ sides to shortly beyond the middle broadly,
tliG mark at the apex diverginj^' towards the middle of the seg-
ment, 2 large marks on the btsiil half of ihe 3rd, the marks
broader than lon^ and rounded on the inner side, the 2nd
yeg^raent below, except alorrg the »ides and apex, the latter
with the sides bmadly and roundly dilated and the centre
transversie, the ba^se of the l\vd segment, the line narrowed and
transverse in the middle and lines on the sides of the apical
segments, yellovv, le<^s black, all the coxit?, the lower side and
the apical half of the femora above, the underside of the tibije
and their apex above, yellow ; the apical joint of the fore tarsi
of a mi)re obacure yellow. VV'in>^s hyaline^ with a violaceous*
tinge, the nervures and stigma black.

Length 14 mm. 9

Uab, Singapore.

5cape of antennie below yellow, the Hagetlum beneath and
Its apex above, nifous. There is an indistinct keel on the lower
jMirt between the antenme. The black on the front is tinged
with rufous. Thorax smooth, the seutelltim closely, minutely
punctured, its apical half furrowed in the centre. The petiole
is longish as long as the 2nd and 3rd segments laterally
together ; the dilated apex is somewhat twice longer than
viide. Head broader than the thorax.

Comes near U> I, i-martdnta^ Cam. The present species is
more slenderly built and with a more i^lender petiole in particu-
lar being more slender and not dilated in the middle.

Icttria rnfinod€i, sp. no v.

Deep black, densely covered with white pubescence, the
apex of I he clypeus and the base of the mandibles pallid yellow,
the petiole ferruginous ; the wings hyaline, the whole of the
radial cellule and the greater part of the apex from the 2nd
transver&e cubital nervure smoky, with a violaceuus tinge, the
nervures and stigma dark fuscous, 9

Length 12 mm.

A. Qc.. No. 41* 19U4

122 HYMENOPTERA FROM SINGAPORE.

Hab. Singapore, June*

Front and vertex alutaceous, the face and clypeus densely
covered with a white pile. Thorax alutaceous, covered with a
white pile. Metanotal furrow deep, the sides oblique, the
bottom with a narrow smooth impression ; it is not striated.
Scutellum and post-scutellum coarsely alutaceous, almost
rugose; the apical slope of the post-scutellum smooth and
shining. Abdominal petiole nearly as long as the 2nd segment,
the basal third narrowed; the basal half of the dilated part
obliquely narrowed towards the base, the 2nd segment bell-
shaped, its length slightly greater than its width at the apex,
which has a distinct crenuiated furrow, the apical segment*^
with a silky pubescence* Legs primrose, the spurs black.

Comes close to I. luguhris Sm. which may be known from it
by the black abdominal petiole.

Nomia indescena, Sm.

Crocisa eniarginata, Lep.

Anthophora zonata^ Lin.

Malay Hymenoptera Addenda and Corrections

In my paper (J. S. B. R. A.. No. 39, 1903) I have omitted
to state that Mr. Shelf ord reared SpinaHa curvispina Cam.
from the larva of a species of Thosea, a moth of the Family
hiniacodidce and Dedanima longicovnis Cam. from a species of
Chavocampa,

I take this oppertunity of adding the descriptions of two
new Malay species of Bracon,

Bracon teius sp. nov.

Black ; the head pallid yellow ; the pro. and mesothorax
and the sides of the median segment on the basal half, ferru-
ginous ; the 4 front legs ferruginous, the middle tarsi fuscous,
the hinder legs black, thickly covered with black hair, the
calcaria dark le>tttceous. Wings dark fuscous, violaceous,
with an indistinct hyaline, oblique cloud in the 1st cubital
cellule. $

Jour Straits Branch

HTMENOPTERA FROM SIXGAPOttE.

123

Length 16 ; terebra 20 mm.

Hab, Teroate.

Face rugose, covered with loner pale hair. Apex of 1st

abdominal segment closely, distinctly longitudinally striated ;
the plate on 2nd segment clearly longer than its greatest width
iiregularly striated in the centre, its keel reaching to the base
of the apical third of the segment ; from its outer side a keel
runs obliquely to the apex ; the part between the keels benrs
curved, oblique, clearly separated stnoe ; the securiform articu-
lation and the furrow on the next segment striated ; in the
centre the strite are continued on to the centre of the segment,
The 2nd and 3rd abscisste of the radius together are alx>ut
equal in length to the 1st. The abdomen is narrow not dilated
in the middle and is clearly longer than the head and thorax
united.

Bracon fpilogasUt\ sp. nov.

Black, the head pallid yellow, the thorax and 4 front legs
ferruginous; the winga fuscous, the stigma and nervures
black. 9

Length 9 mm.; terebra 4 mm.

Head smooth and shining ; the face and vertex covered
with fuscous pubescence. Thorax smooth and shining; the
metanotum has 2 blackish marks on the apex. Abdomen as
long as the head and thorax united ; black, the basal 4 ventral
segmentjs pale, with 2 large black marks in the centre ; broad
in the middle, narrowed at the I'ase and apex ; smooth and
ahining; the securiform articulation stoutly striated ; the keel
on the 2nd segment is longer than broad, b broad at the base,
becoming gradually narrowed towards the apex, which is pro*
longed into a short keel with a depression on either side, but
not reaching to the ape.^ of the segment ; the furrows on thp
Srd and 4th segmentti are narrow, curved and smooth,

Tbetibiie and tarsi are thickly covered with a pubeseeun
and, more sparsely, with pale hair ; the hinder calcaria fuscous ,
the 2nd cubital cellule in front is about one-third longer than
the 3rd, Mandibles pale yellow, the teeth black.

P, Cameron,

B, A Soc„Na 41,180*

124 H7MBN()FTBBA FROM SINGAPORE.

ERRATA.

In my paper in the *' Journal " for 1902, No. 37 occur the

following printer's errors.

Page 80, 13tb line from bottom for " covered " read " curved"
„ 81 & 82 for «' Megiselens " read <' Megischus."
„ 83, 10th line from top for '^sharpened" read ''shagreeiied"
„ 84, 1st „ „ for "smoothy" read " smoky."
„ 87,17th „ „ for "Brule" read "Brulle."
„ 89, 5th „ „ for "expressed" read '* depressed"
„ 89,16th „ „ for „ read „

„ 44, 7th „ „ for acvenitini read " acoenitinu^
„ 44, 10th „ „ for acvenites read acoenites.
„ 47, 11th „ ,, for Fah. read Fab.
„ 50, 8rd line from bottom add after " smooth " peronatum.
y, 50, add after ** reticulated " in last line fusdcorne.
„ 51, above anisohtu cincticomis add Jchneumonini.
„ 52 „ BodarguB add Joppini,
„ 58 „ Diapetua add Cryptini.
j, 62 2nd line from bottom for " slope " read " shape "
„ 71 14th „ top Joppini should be placed above Zono'

jappa.
„ 78, 5th „ bottom for " are " read " are«e."
„ 81, top line for ** metapleurg " read " metapleurse."
„ 91, 9th line from top for " sharpened " read "shagreened"
„ 114, 12th „ bottom for "tubae" read "tibiae"
„ 125, 2nd „ „ for " tech " read " teeth "

„ 188, 8rd „ „ for " covered " read " curved"

P. Cameron.

Correction to Journal No. 39.

Page 54 aftec line 18 insert.

** Follow the principal noun with which they are con-
nected ; and the object."

Jour. StraitH Branch

Short Notes,

On the Flowering of Barrlngtonia racemosa.

The Barrin^tonias are trees of ra»>d»*rat4? size, belonging to
the order Mt/riac^fP and usually t\} he met with along^ tidal
rivers, or more rarely in the bill woods. The Howers are
produced in lon^ hanging nicemes, or in aome apeciea la short
erect spikes. In B, raoemom the penduloiH apikes are about 2J
feet long and bear about 30 Howers, Thej are se.^sile with a
short J inch ovary with 2 or 3 rounded ^reen sepals and four
lancnIaU* white petals, an inch lon^f. The stAinena are innu-
merable, with .slender filaraeiits an inch long and minut€f yellow
anthers, the style is nearly as long slender with a minute
capitat^^ stigma and all deep crimson.

The peculiarity of its flowering consists in the fact that it
is nocturnaU The tlowers open about 4 or 5 to IH on each spike
at a time, the buds commence to split about raid-day, and re-
main partially open till nightfall, fully expanding at about half*
past seven or eight At that time the petals are spread out
widely, and the stamens radiate in all directions, so that the
fiowers have a brush- like appearance.

Before dayliglit the petals and stamens have fallen in a
mass, leaving only the calyx and the stiffly projecting ntyle.

They exhale a rather coarse scent somewhat resembling
that of meadow-sweet, and from a tree wnth about 20 flowers
open at once I could perceive the scent distinctly at 2r> paces
oflf. The honey, abundant at night, is contained in a nectary
formed by the connate bases of the stamens. The flowers are
visited by moths, I caught a common grey Noctuid, and a
rather curious looking light red brown nociua with plicati? wings.

Moths were not very abundant at the Hamers, when I
observed them, but perhaps this was due to the strong moonlight.

E. A. 8oe.. No. 41, 19(H

126

SfKUiT NOTES.

The smaller brown moth plunged into the flower among^ the
stamens so as to reach the huney*

I have little doubt that a Jart^e tree of the ^enus Careifa
(apparently undescribed)*iti which the Howers were of situilar
shape but borne m an erect short wpike, is fertilized in the same
way, as though in full llower no open Howers were procuraijle
during the day time, but the whorls of stamens were found
covering the ground in the mornings. In this !ofty tree in the
Botanic gardens jungle the stamens were white but the base
of the ii laments critnson.

The Myrtaceas as a rule seem tX3 be day flowering plants.
The Eugenias» our biggest genus, have usually white flowers
often produced in large corymbs. Eujema Hntata and similar
species are haunted, when in flower, by abundance of bees.
Apis dorsata and A, Jlorea^ Trigona collina and other species and
the pollen*e.ating flies {Syrphidce) and also by many butterflies,

E, Ridletfi peculiar from the flowers being light apple
green in colour is visited by flies {Mu^cidoe)*

Hhodtvunia trirerna with small white sweet scented flowers
produced in great abundance and lasting but a day each, is
visited by bees, Apis, and Tritjoita^ and by the S*irpkid(je,

If. N, RidUif.

Fertilization of Webera Stellulata,

Wtl^eta Stelhtliita Hook. 111. is a small shrub 2 or 3 feet tall be-
longing to the order Ruhiacti^. It has smooth dark
green shining leaves elliptic cusijidate, and a short dense
corymb of light green t^owers. The buds are peculiar in
shape, being fusiform and narrowed towards the tip, the
joint-s of the petals instead of being pressed together at
the top into a point as in the other species of ir^A^raare
turned out to one side bent at an angle pointing from
left to right. They are green and covered with white
hairs and at the base they are connate into a short tut^e, in
the mouth of which are long w^hite hairs. The stamens
live in number have short green fllamentjiaMd long linear
anthers, which split and shed their puJleti before the

Jour. BtnUU Umnch

SHORT NOTES. 127

flower opens. The style is lon^ and cjlindrical and
covered entirely with white hairs. When the fully
developed bud is touched on the tip, the petals suddenly
spring open and lie quite fiat in the form of a star. At the
same time the pollen lying loose in the bud is thrown
upon the other flowers already open. The mechanism by
which this sudden expansion of the flower takes place
seems to be very simple. The upper part of the petals
are twisted in bud, and on the side opposite to the direc •
don in which the bent tip points a portion of the edge is
incurved so as to be tightly held by the next petal to it.
A light pressure, as of an insect, on the horizontal tips of
the petals by bending them down causes the petals to
separate and fly back suddenly, jerking the pollen out
over the other flowers, or possibly on the insect visitor.
On the top of the ovary is a brown sticky ring which may
perhaps secrete honey but I cannot detect any in the
tube. The flowers possessed a faint scent, and may be
fertilised by insects, but considering the inconspicuous-
ness of the green flowers, as compared with the sweet-seen t-
ed white blossoms of the other VVeberas and the fact that
it is quite easy for the pollen of one flower to be thrown
by the mere opening of the flower on to the stigma of the
adjacent one, it is more than probable that the plant itself
fertilises one flower by the pollen of another.

Webera stetlulnta inhabits forests, usually in rather dry spots.
I have found it in Singapore at Woodlands flowering in
June, and Bukit Mandai, also in Johore, at Panchur ;
Selangor, K uala Lumpor ; Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi.

The Malays call it Kahwa hutan and Kuruseh putih
and Pokoh Subiroh. It flowers from December to June.

//. N. Ridleif.

B A. 8oc., No. 41, 1004.

128

SHORT NOTES.

Human Images among the Orang Mantong.

I hnve lon^ suspected the existence of Berhala, or human
images, among' the " wild tiibeH " of the Rhio archipelago, but
never actually met with any until the past summer (1903)«

When at Pulo Sanglar or Lake Durian, Rhio archipelago,
in July. I found two wooden images representing women, in a
cave near the &ea shore, not far from Kampoug Telok Laiiun.

Each image is about 3 J feet hi^h. tJne of harder wood
was much mure carefully carved than the other. It had 3
wooden hums abtjuts inches long projecting upwards from the
head. These horns were serrated on one- edge. This figure
also had straight rudely carved arms of sofc wood, much de-
cayed.

The t.eeth were represented by pieces of broken shelL
A blackish line extended diagonally across the chest, meeting
a horizontal line extending across just above the position of
the nipple. A blackish spot was over the position of the
heart.

The other figure was very rudely carved of soft white
wood and was without arms.

The figures were lying face downward on the lloor of the
cave and had evidently not been disturbed for months^ as root^
were growing over thejn and the wrjod was beginning to decay,

Pulu Sanglar ia inhabited by Orang Mantong, and latterly
many Chinese have settled there cultivating gambier.

The Hatin of Telok Lamun called himself a Mfthn/, but he
was more than half Orang Laut>

No true Malays live on Sanglar, but they inhabit the neigh-
bouring small islands. These Malays call all the Sanglar
people laitibtts^ except of course the Chinamen, and say there
is not a Mussulman, All the Sanglar people eat pig. They
are certainly not true Tamhuf*. They were very shy, and I had
a lot of trouble inducing them to be photographed.

No information iji retrard to the use of the images could
be obt<jjned, Kvery one denied the existence of such things,
not knowing I had already found them.

The images cannot be regarded as true berhala or idok.
Most probably they are a sort of *' Sakkat hnmuj *' for use in

Joiir, Straits Brajich

8HcmT WCJTKS.

129

sickDess. Amoog the Orang Laut wben a man is ill« a wooden
figure of a bird, snake, fish or other animal is made, and the
patcang or bom) pxorcisea the hanto or devil in the sick man and
drives it into the figure, which is then carried out to sea and
thrown overboard. Last year we picked up a wooden bird
lloating in Durian Strait.

Very likely the human figures were used iix the same way,
being carried out into the jungle instead of out to sea. Like
lihe Ramah bantu to be seen in the woods near Malay Ram-
Ipoiigs. These images reseniLle the adu adu of Pulo Nia^.

Dn Abbott

The Orang Laut of Singapore

tn Journal 33, p, 247, Mr. Skeatand I published some notes
on the Orang Laut of ii^ingapore^ a race very nearly extinct,
and of which very little is known, I have since come across an
account of them in Finlayson's Mission to iSiam and Cocbiu
China, in 182L The author somewhat naturally mistook them
for Malays and thus describes them. *^ The condition of the
lower class of Malays in theae parts is wretched beyond what
we should conceive to be the lot of humanity in an intertropical
climate, almost the whole of their life is spent upon the water
in a wretched little canoe in which they can scarce stretch
themselves for repc)se, A luan and his wife and one or two
childreti are usually to be found in these miserable sampans;
for subsistence they depend on their success in fishing. Their
tackling is su rude and scanty that they are often reduced to
the most urgent want, when they have made a meal they lay
basking in the sun or repose under the dense shade of the man-
gro%'e till hunger again calls them into action. They have
tucarce a rag of cloth to secure them from the scorching noon-
day sun or shelter them from the damp and noisome dews and
exhalations of night. The women are not less dexterous than
the men in managing their bcmts. Their only furniture consists
of one or two cooking poti*, an earthen jar and a mat made of
the leaves of the Pandanus which serves to protect them
from the rain, lu the numerous bays inlets and creeks that
surround Singapore an inconceivable number of families live in

R. A Sue , Net 41. lUN

130 SHORT NOTES.

this wretched manner who have never possessed a house nor
anj sort of abode on the land. They are constantly roving
about from place to place in pursuit of fish. What they have
succeeded in taking more than is required for their immediate
use, they dispose of to the fixed inhabitants, taking rice, sago,
betel and cloth in return. This description of Malays goes by
the appellation of Orang Laut or men who live on the sea.

A number of the people called Orang Laut were brought
to us for inspection. They were superior in condition, in ap-
pearance more civilized than many whom we had seen in the
bays and creeks remote from the haunts of men. A portrait was
taken of one of them illustrative of the physiognomy and
general appearance of the Malay race, six of t^ese men were
more minutely examined. Their average height was five
feet three inches, average weight nine stone eight pounds,
average circumference of the chest two feet ten inches, circum-
ference of the clenched fist about eleven inches, average of
facial angle 66^, average temperature under the tongue 100*02/'

H. N. Ridley.

Jour. Straits Branch

p^-

[No. 42.]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

FEBRUARY 1905

dlNGAFOHE :

Printed at the American' Mission Press

1905

Table of Contents.

Various Methods of Computinj^ the Time for Planting

among the Races of Borneo, by />r. Charles Hose ... I

Notes of VisitH to Puket, Ohirbee and Trang, by C, W,

A'yftnerttley ... ... ... ... 7

Hunting Invocations, by B. N. Blcmd ... ... 19

Descriptions of New Species of Iphiaulitx and C?Molta

( BraconidcB) from Sarawak, Borneo, by P. Cameron ... 28

Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore

and the Malay Peninsula, by H. W, Firmatone ... 53

A New Spf^cies of Chalcis from Borneo, by P. Cameron ... 52

Addendum to Mr. Hose's Paper on Methods of Reckoning

Time ... ... ... .. ... 209

Dr. BraiidHtetter's Malayo polynesian Researches : An

Appreciation, by C 0. Blagd^n ... ... 211

Various methods of computing the time

for planting among the races

of Borneo*

By Dh* Charles Uose.

Agriculture, even if rude, is at once a token and a cau.^i
of primitive culture. The native of Borneo has uo special reasuti
to pay attention to the phenumeoa among which he lives, unless
he is a farmer. He may, like the Punan, know the lie of the
land for milen around, and l»e able to jud^e the slightest indicA-
h'oDs of the jungle, but that is hardly knowledge which leads to
civilization. The farmer, on the other hand, lias to study the
course of the seasons, the nature of the soil and the variability
of animals and plants.

There are certain special problems wltich have presented
themselves to the uncultured farmer in Burneo, which would not
cause the least difficulty to an European in a temperate clii»afe.
1(1 the tropics as everywhere else, agriculture is performed with
the yearly regularity which is so familiar that U) us it seems in
no way remarkable. Near the equator, of counse, seasons have
not as a rule the same striking characUM' that they have in hij^her
latitudes. In Borneo from ()c to her to April the wind is usually
from the nurth-east» and brings rain, more Ut Home districts than
to others, while during the rest of the year the moiisoon is re*
versed, but there is little else to distinguish one month's weather
from another. It is almost imposs<ible to tell the time of year
from temperature or moisture, and quite impossible to do so with
any accuracy.

The farmers have found, nevertheless, that certain seasons
are more favourable than others to their operations. It is not
so much the crop which requires to be sown and reaped at par-
ticQlar timeSi as the ground, whose preparation \s difficult b

& A. SOO., No. IS, 1904.

COMPUTION TIME IN BCmNKO.

wet weather. Rice will grow and ripen 'm& sufficiently warm,
sunoy climate provided there is enough water on the land, either
from irrigation or continual i*hr>wers»

III Borneo there is usually rain all round the year in mag-
nificent quantity. It is not accordint^ to the rainiest sejison,
but according to the driest that the farmer regulates his work.
For the jungle is felled and left to dry before being burnt, and
the 8uccesjs of the crop depends largely on the completeness of
the clearing. The best crop will be generally obtained on land
burnt off at the driest season.

How are these illiterate tribes to find out when a particular
season has arrived? In England this is simple enough ; we have
almanacks galore, we have clocks which can tell us the length
of time from sunrise to sunset The native does not know how
many days there are in a year, and would not take the trouble
to keep count if he did. Ue may know how many uioons there
are, but like the Malays he would probably get about eleven
day-s wrong every year, and eleven days is a large error of
itself. In two or three years the crops would be planted far
too early. Unfortunately, too, the length of the day varies very
little in the tropics, and the native has no means of observing
that variation. Ue is therefore obliged to have recourse to the
stars or the sun to tell the time of year.

The Dayaks and many of the less important tribes look to
the stars to guide them. Every day, as tliey know, these bodies
rise a little earlier, and some wise man is appointed to go out
before dawn to watch for the Pleiades. Hayiks use the Malay
expressions ** bintang tiga " for Orion's belt^ and ** hintang bantfuk*^
or A^ai andau (the father of the day) for the Pleiades. When
the " seven stars " rise while it is yet dark, it is time to l>egin.

Two of the house are sent into the jungle to tiud omens,
while the others wait In two days perhaps, or a fortnight, or at
most a month, the favourable indications will appear, and then an
end is made both of science and superstition and the Dayaks set
to work on the forest If they are so late that Orion's belt rises
before daybreak, they must make every effort to regain lost time
or the crop will be poor. What kind of land they will choose
depends on circumstances: in any case it will have lain two or
three years fallow and will be thickly covered with vegetation.

Jour, Straltt Brvirb

COMPUTING TINE IN BORNEO.

The virgin forest, though less easy to fell» haa this advantagre
over previously cleared ground, that no^rass 18 growing on the
land and much trouble in weeding is avoided. But the men do
the felling, the women most of the weeding, and whether a
choice is made of forest or scrub will depend larijely on the
courtesy and consideration shown by the men for their wives
and daughters. If the fnre.nt is chosen, the men, sometime**
helped by their womenfolk, cut down the undergrowth and
small trees with their pannes, and then begin to attack the
great trunks from slight platforms well above the ground, which
enable them to avoid bnttre'^sps and roots. The felling is usual-
ly accomplished in this ni inner. The ground being as a rule
the sloping side of a hill, each tree is cut through from one side
nearly to the core^ and on the opposite side an equal distance
a little lower down the trunk. The lower cut is made on the
side facing down hilL By dint of much labour, in which the
various memlDer^ of a village generally come to help their
comrades, a whole hill side of trees is cut through till a slight
blow will hurl tht^m to the ground* Two heavy trunks at the
summit are then felled, and made to fall on the neighbouring
trees. These fall in their turn, and carry with them those
below, till with a loud roar and a mighty rush of wind a V
nh^iped space is cleared on the slope below. Like a pack of
cards the forest monsters are laid low, to the intense excite-
ment and delight of the howling spectators*

Then again the Dayaks await the permission uf the stars
for the next operation. Only when the Pleiades are at the
zenith b<*fore dawn do they think if advisable to burn and sow.
By this time, unle-ss the weather has been wet, an unlikely
circumstance at the season of year, the houghs are dry as match
wood and the leaves aredn^vd, though still on the twigs. Some
hot day, towards noon, when a breeze is blowing, they take
down special charms to secure wind, and also endeavour to at-
tract the^^Ejlian spirits by keeping up a loud whirr. The mass
of dead wood is then set on fire. The tlames rise to the skies
and till the country with smoke, while the added heat of the
lire is almost insupportable. Insects with singed wings buzz
around, and the hawks dive into the smoke to find their prey.
The spectacle is grand indeed. Sometimes wet weather keeps

R A. Sock. Ko. IS, 1901

.COMPUTING TIME IN BORNEO,

the wood damp until the leaves fall from the twigs, and then
the land is often left until led, for it is nearly useless. When
the iire has passed over the fallen timber, deep layer of ashea
and charred trunks is all that is left. The partially burnt wood
is heaped round a stump and again incited, till little save ashes,
occasional stumps, and islands of green trees left to preserve
valuable fruit, are to be seen in the clearing. The rice is then
dropped by the women, a few grains at a time, int-o holes made
by the men with pointed sticks; perhaps cucumber, maize and
other sundry plants are sown round stumps or where the ash
is especiafly thick; and the crop is left to the weeding of the
people and the fertility of a warm, moist climate and virgin
8oiL

The Kenyahs and Kayans judge the seasons by the sun,
and the method they adopt displays a wonderful knowledge of
the precautious necessary to accuracy. The Kenyahs measure
the shadow cast at midday with an instrument the Kreeks would
have called a gnomon. It is a pole set up near the village,
guarded by a fence to keep away mischievous children and ani-
mals. In height it is more than a fathom by the span of the
thumb and first dinger. A piece of string weighted at each end
and thrown over the top shows when it is perfectly upright.
The length of the shadow is measured by a stick called '' aan
do^' which is marked with notches gradually approaching one
another more closely as they get furth<^r from the pole.

The interval between successive notches represents the
change in the length of the shadow in three days. Midday is
known to be the time when the shadow caet by the sun is at its
shortest, and the Kenyahs are also aware of ihe fact that the
direction of the shadow at noon, though sometiuies to the north
sometimes to the south, is always iu the same straight line. The
Kayan meth(>d, which differs more in practice than in theory
frcm the Kenyah, is to let in a beam of light through a hole in
the roof and measure the distance from the point immediately
beneath the hole to the place where the light reaches the Hoor.
Their measure is a plank, made level so that round discs do not
roll on it, aud fixed in position and direction by chocks placed
at the side. This shows that they know the sun to be always
due north or due south at noon.

iour. Straits Bmiicli

COMPUTING TIME IN BORNEO.

I can only sug-gest one reason why tbeae people though
they have got so far, have not io vented a sun-dial. That ia
this. In the tropica there are many days near each equinox on
which DO sun dial would be of use. When t}ie sun in its yearly
course passes from the north of the zenith to the south, its sha-
dow is due west in the morning hours, due east in the afteruoon.
Any tinie-piece depending on the direction of the shadow must
therefore faiL The difficulty might indeed be obviated^ but no
sundial could be devised which would in the tropics tell the
time in every month of the year.

lliis then is their instrument, in which no point essential to
accuracy has been neglected. The measuring stick has been
notched in accordance with the experience of previous yenrs^
mod when the shadow, after lengthening during May and June,
begins again to grow less, the house assembles and by mutual
consent they decide when to plant. The best time for planting
has not arrived until the noonday shadow is the length of the
forearm from the tip of the fingers to the inside of the elbow.
When the shadow is less than the lengtli of the hand, sowing
is not likely to prove very productive. The measuring stick is
left in charge of some old and presumably wise man, less capable
than his fellows of hard work, who sees to it that the shadow
is not measured obliquely and reports the favourable moment.
This man is excused from firming and b supplied with neces-
saries in return for his services. In good years he naturally
ts very well treated.

It would i>e pleasant to stop here, and say tliat othet
the Kenyahs care nothing about the heavenly bodies.
having given the bright side of the picture and shown how '
have acquired some accui^nte knowledge, the result of long i
genuine experience, it is only fair to state that they lay almost
equal importance on the uieiiningless mummery with which
these mysterious measurements are accompanied. Such im-
portant operations could hardly fail to be overlaid with super*
atitioD.

E, JL Soc;« Ko. H. 1904

Notes of Visits to Puket, Ghirbee

and Trang.

By C. W. Kynnersley.

Left Penang at 5 p.m, on Friday, 27th February, 1^03^
in s. s. Avagtjee^ (owned by KoeGuan,) which trades between
Penang and Rangoon calling at the Siamese ports en rouU,

Arrived at Puk^t at 2,30 p.m. on 28th. t^iace I was
there two years ago quarantine sbeds have been put up opposite
the light-house and there is said to be a good water supply
there*

The harbour continues to silt up and undoubtedly the min-
ing works have made matters worse. Where I landed last time
ia now a high mud flat which I hear is going to be mined.

The site of rhe present town is all tin land. The principal
road to the landing place has been diverted to allow a mine to
be opened. Borings are being taken by the Government Offices
and if tin is found the site will be sold and new Offices built else-
where. Everything is sacrificed to the mines. At the present
price ($97) it pays well to work mines which were given up at
my last visit when tin was about $60. SiM Bee has been very
busy laying out new roads, The road which the late Commis-
sioner was opening up has of course been abandoned as a Imd
one. A new road (60 feet) has been laid out by the edge of a
new mine parallel to the principal shop street, the land on either
side which b low !>eing tilled in with the overburden from the
mine. Shop houses will be built aod a new market erected. I
noticed several improvements since my last visit. Then the
place swarmed with pigs. The.se have been banished outside
the town. On the outskirts of the town among the brushwood
I noticed the mounds of new Chinese graves. 8lM Bee said he
was going to stop indiscriminate burying and have a Chinese
Cemetery. Th6 last Commissioner said the same. The last

8. A. doc, Xe. 4::. leoi.

VISIT TO PUKET, ETC.

Commissioner told me he had put a stop to clearing hill sidps
for hill padi. SiM BeE said he had stopped it, «luugle tires are
still fretfuent and there is oo timber to speak of left near Touf^-
kah* tSiM Bkk talks of a Forest Department under an Officer
from Bangkok, A beginning' has been made to put the main
road to Nnito (the otht^r mining centre) into repair and a mile
and a half has been done. A new road is also being made in
the direction of Fa Prak, the o!d telegraph trace made by the
former Commissioner^ with polei^ and wires still standing, being
abandoned as bad. New ptiles have been ordered and the wire
will shortly arrive. I was assured that the line would be in
working order in a few months. The trace goes tbrongb
Kesiim, Fungji, (Jhirbee and Trang to Na-kon when it joins the
line from Kedah to Siam.

Cultivation does not seem to be encouraged and no one
cares to plant so long as mioing p>»y8 so much belter. The
muies absorb all the labour. Ivice, fruit and provisions of all
kinds are imported. It is a splendid place for coconuts but
hardly any are planted. Fruit and vejietables come from Pen-
ang. I went to see the Judge sitiing in Court. lie is not over-
worked, There are about tw^o cases a day. Only five people
were present incluriing a prosperous looking Chinese inter pre ten
We then w^ent tc> tlie Court l)elow which is presided over by the
Ampiir who takes all petty cases and preliminary enquiries.
Most cases are compromised. There is said to be little crime
or disorder. Everybody is hard at work making money at the
mines. The Anif lirs are poorly jmid and it cannot be wonder-
ed at that they supplement tlieir salaries.

After lunch I started for the mining town at Naito. We
wera escorted by two Siamese armed Police mounted on
little Siamese ponies which trotted behind the carriage. At the
place where the good road ends and a bridge is to be built we
got into a Java pony -trap. From this point the slate of the
road 18 too awful for words, big stones, ruts and holes. It is
certainly the worst road 1 ever attempted to drive over but we
got along somehow — generally at a walk. When it was hilly
we got but and walked. The jolting was frightful. Naito is
about six miles off and we paissed through open grass country
with, scrub on which buffaloes were grazing. The whole couii*

Jour, ::jir&ite Bnuich,

VISIT TO FUKET, ETC.

try seems full of tin. Among the low jungle hills cuttings
have l:>een raarle and in the wet season the tin is washed down.
Naito has a large Chinese mining- pupnlalion and consials of a
lunjr street. llundreds of coolies were assembled and the
GainbiinbC Farm wag densely packed. Only Chinese are allowed
to tjamble, nut the Siamese. VV^e looked in at the Arnpiir's
llice and then walked on a mile or so along a sort of rond in
e direction of the hi;:rhe3t hills (about 1.700 feet) through
hich there is a pass where there is a wonderful aciiueduct on
'estles across the valley eonstruct^^d by Chinese for bringing
water lo the mines* We had no time to go there but I have
seen a phototfraph of it Returning to Saito we bad some tea
at a Chinese Toukeh's. I asked what be thought of the road
He seemed hopeful and said it would he all right next year.
He added that it used to be worse but this I think is impossible.
There is a great deal of traffic on it, a stream of mining coolies,
a good many buffalo carts and some gharries such as are used
in Province VVellesley. Naito is famous f<'r its water melons
which are sent to Penang. One of the duties of the Ampiir,
ho is a sort of District Ofticer, is to report on mining applica-
ioo8 and (ind out if the land is owned by any<:»ne. They get low
laries^ and are often corrupt.

After saying goodbye I entered a small dug-out which was
lauled by 8 Siamese over a mud flat (dry) into the river or
Week, whence iu a boat w^e went off to the Damvontj Hnt which
SiM Bee kindly placed at my disp<:isal. He came on b'mrd to
see me off and at 8*30 we steamed out of the harbour. The
nephew accompanied me and I felt (jnile at home once more on
the Hnt, I had been solemnly warned in writing on good
authority that the boilers of the Rat were pronounced to \^ in a
dangerous condition and I was warned not to go in her. 1 had
however arranged to go in her and it was only an additional
peril to a voyage in this rock-studded sea* I mentioned Uy *hm
KeaT that 1 had been told the builers were rather old. He said
the Engineer of the Run Ruk had patched them up and there
were to be new boilers ntJtt tfcar. This was consoling. It was
blowing fresh but was not very rough. A^ we dodged among
me rocky islands I said ** I suppose the Captain knows the
ray?** I was informed that there were two Captains, After

VISIT TO PUKET, ETC,

this I rested in peace. Passed a long island on the left of Pulau
Panjang where there are said to be »300 or 40U Malays who
plant mangostmsj the soil beiujf good, and a few Chinese who
advance money to Malay fishermeo. No signs of habitation
were visible and it was said they were at the back of the island.
Passed under some high limestone rucks with caves with rattans
banging down said to be used by edible birds-nest collectors.
No sign of life till a little North of Ghirbee where there was a
fringe of coconuts with a mountain somewhat like Kedah Peak
inland (Khaw phanum.) There were masses of limestone hills
as at Pungji but not so high. There are two mouths to the
Ghirbee river and we followed the one to the right, the usual
mangrove creek, and after two or three bends came to a land-
ing stage on the right bank about L30,

The Assistant Governor came off in a house boat and I was
received on the jetty by the Governor whom I had met before at
Trang. Utiicials and a Police guard were drawn up. This is
the new Uiwn site. The Governor took us to a temporary house
where we were served with tea and cigarettes, ile said ** This
is a poor house. I am making the new road you see and I
hoped U} move the town here but it will not be till next t/nir,''
1 said 1 should very much like to see at and we walked round
pieceded by Police with a man carrying an ymbrella over me.
Thtf Siamese seem to have a craze for moving towns. It is in-
teresting work no doubt and glve-s the Governor something to
do but when these new roads — a kind of circular road with two
roads leading to the sea and a very steep one to a wharf on the
river— are completed the tjuestion is whether, except under
compulsion, the people in the old town or %^illftge some miSea
further up the river will occupy the 3ites, The site is said to have
been approved by Prince Damkung. 1 had not time to visit the
present town so I cannot say if it is worth moving. As in all new
Siamese roads tree^ are planted at intervals on either side of the
road but the ansana stumps ( Pt^rocurpus endicus) do not seem to
grow as they do in tht^ Straits probably owing to the prolonged
drought. Other trees are doing well. The Governor is a pleasant
genial man and a sportsman. He talks a certain amount of
English, He said it was a very good country for sport. He
bad shot an elephant and another was shot a few days ago.

Jour. Sftrikitt fira..ijb

VISIT TO i*UKET, ETC-

There were mho deer aiifl rhinoceros and tigers. There is little
cultivation in Ghirbte and no tin. The revenue is very small
but no doubt it has undeveloped resources. The coal or rathoi
lignite is of no value. He said that people were afraid t<j seitl'
there till he came on account of dacoits. Two Siamese murder-
ed a Chinaman and robbed hia house and then killed an old
woman to keep her mouth shut* They were caught and execut-
ed at the place. I had heard of an execution recently taking
place and asked if that was the case. He inf ornoed me that the
affair took place over two years ago and the men bad just been
executed. The ]tkw*s delaye were in this case protracted. I
asked if it wasn't rather a long time to keep the men under
sentence but he said : *' We had to get the order from Han :kok
and then they appealed/* I told Keat if they wanted a namn
for the new town they might call it Pi Nah (next year)* On
our return w^e were re^^aled with lon^ glasses of coconut water
and cigars. At 2..*?0 we took leave as the tide was falling.
We bad intended taking a short cut through an intier channel
inside Khaw Fu and Ma Fu but they said there was only a
depth of 3 feet in places and many rocks, so we went out t<*
sea and round Pulau Lantar. This took a long time and it
got dark. We passed several rocks and islands and did m.t get
to Tel i bo n anchorage till 11.30 p.m, when I turned in on deck.
The wind had blown from the West all day but at night there
was a land wind. We found the Tongkah Police launch at
anchor She had been sent on ahead to inform the <JovernoT
of Trang of my visit.

Wtihtesdtitf^ J^th Mart:h, — Got up about 7 a.m. and after tea
landed at the (histom House— a few tSam-sam huts— fine beach for
coconuts but only one growing A Chinaman advances money
to fishermen and bark collect<3r8. Very low tide early, turned
about 7.30 when we started. Anchored at 9.30 at firewood
jetty up Trang river and waited for tide to rise — breakfast.
At 10.30 *tuck rm raud bank and waited J an hour till enouj^jh
water. Got to fCantiin at 11.30. Pepper and fowls being put
on junk for Penang. The Governor Pinu SUTHON on landing
place, Police Guard. 3 carriages Scarlet (faded) livery. Drove

^Bpaia i« the land uf j^laaana. m Siaui it U always ••?! nah."

VISIT TO FUKET, ETC.

to Sim Bee'8 house and bathed. He mentioned Yong" Setar the
chief place in Pelian and 1 asked what *Yoti^* wa». He said it
was the Siamese contraction of Tanjong^. I think there is no
doubt that Junk Ceylon is a corruption of Yong (Tanjon^)
Phaliin^ or SaUing, Phahing was the great mining place before
Tongkah mines wert^ wc^rked at the end of the promontory or
island which we call Junk Ceylon. 1 never quite believed in
the 'Ujong Salang' derivation. There la no town at Kantiiu
which is the seat af Govertinient. The former town of Kuan-
tJlni was demolished about lOyejvrs ago, 1 1 is about 6 miles
higher up the river. On the opposite side of the road faciui^ the
wharf at Kantiin is a row of about half a dozen Chinese shops
an this constituteM the town. The houses of the Officials are
built along a country road and the (jov^erriment Offices (still in
course of construction) stand on a low hill above the river and
road. After lunth we went on board the launch with the Gov-
ernor up the river which winds about till we got to the latjtliug
place near the site of the abandoned town. We might have
driven the whftle way but carringes were sent oo. Along the
banks is a fringe of jungle with ^.mdi land beyond. The site of
the old town appeared to bt* a good one, high grouhd with tine
old lotaana trees. Only a Wat and a fevv attap huts remain among
fruit trees. VV^e stopped at one place near to see 33 big cannon a
taken from Kedah when it was overrun by the J?iHmese. They are
piled up anir.ng btiishwood. 1 he road is a good one. We drove
from Kuantuni. It is simply a red earth broad road and in dry
weather dusty. There is hardly any wheel traffic but tt is
largely used by people walking from place to place. It would
be excellent for bicycling. We crossed several streams on timber
bridges, ginm a hard wood being used for supports and
planking. The village of Bong Rat was passed. Padi fields
cultivated by Siamese extended on either side where the land
was low. A drive of about .*> miles brought us to the town of
Tap Tiang. Along the main street are brick shop houses and
there is a considerable Chinese population. A great Market is
held every three days. It has been held that morning and I
was sorry to miss it for it must be an interesting sight. The
Market which is farmed for $100 a mooth is held in a large
^)uare building. Long attap sheds open at the side extend

JottT; straits Br&Qch

VISIT TO PUKET, ETC.

round the sides and there are two cross sheda. Produce from
country is brough in on Mftrket days and disposed of. Meat,
fish, poultry, fruit and vegetables have divisions of the Market
set apart for theui. It h very largely attended. Chinese So-
cieties have been suppressed and the former Kunffsi house has
been turned into the Atupiir's Office. Along the road from
KanUin newly cut telegraph posts were lyin^ and are to be set
up shortly. The telegraph goes to Na-kon. The wire from
Kedah to Singgora goes through Na-kon to Bangkok. The line
is being laid from Kan tun to (thirbee, Pungu, Kesiin to Puket.
The posts are of hard wood and cost $l.2U each where felled,
being taken to the road by Government. They are said to be
ready for putting up as fur as Na-kon and in the Eastern State
adjoining Trang the Pun palm which is said to be durable is
used, Shade trees has been planted the whole way. From
Tap Tiang we walked about :i miles till we reached the Rest
house where we were to sleep. It was built for the reception
of the King who however did not use it. It is a good house
standing high everlooking the plain with the hills in the distance.
Trang is famous for its good pepper whicn command:* a high
price and is said to have a special aroma. There were planta-
tions on either side of the load. The pepper vine is trained on
two sorts of soft wood trees, niengkudu and dedap. The vine«
are grown on red soil which is kept clean. During the dry sea-
aoD, which lasts several months, the plants are regularly water-
ed from wells. The planters are all Chinese chieliy Cantonese
and a few Ilokiens. At Yong Setiir pepper is grown in black
soil by Tiochews who do not water the plants. If watered when
young it has tt^ be continued. To the East are the hills on the
way to Na-kon, thien the Patj'itting hills with the iiighest range
Foi-dow, and further south Pelian and Setiil, The climate on
the East of the hills is said to be rpate different. Padi there is two
months later and when it is dry this side it is wet beyond the hills,
Trang, Gir bee and Pungii were formeily under Na-kon which
lies to the North of Sang-KIa called by the Malays Singgora,
Na*k6n is called by the Malays Le-giir The Malays, except
the fishermen near the coast, hardly speuk any Malay. They
are Mahomedans and don t eat pork but in other respects they
ftdopt Siamese ways. There are one or two Mosques bat they

VISIT TO PUKET. KTC.

are badly attended. The Siamese keep pigs. The Chiaese
marry Siamese girls* Xo burial grounda are to be seen, the
Siamese belrii^ cretnated at the Wats. There h a Chinese burial
ground at Tap Tiang. There are Siamese Schools abaut the
country — education being free. (.*ne with 80 boya is about a
mile bey«>tid the Rest hous-s and I mennt to visit it but had not
time. It is held at the Wat and boys from the villages beyond
walking distance are lodged at the Wat. The Kam-nstn makes
boya go to School There are also Chinese private Schools,
The upkeep of the rJovernment Schools, cost of books, etc., is
defrayed from the Market rent at Tap Tian^.

Tfie village admiiiisti-atioo is cheap and appears to be well
adapted to the needs of the country, It is the Siamese system
either based on, or like that of Burma. There is no forced la-
bonr. In Trang are o Anipiirs, 1 for Kantan, 1 for Pelian at
Yong Setiir, I for Bung Rat at Tap Tiang, 1 for Khaw Kow
(white hill) North of PatHlong and 1 forlSi Kow near Ghirbee,
The Ainpiir holds a Court for the trial or settlement of small
cases — cases of importance being sent before the Judge at
Kanttln. An Ampiir gets 100 Ticals a month and allowances and
he probably adds to his income. The only police in the country
are aL Kantjin where they are chieiiy ornamental, 12 at Tap
Tiang (Chinese town) and a few at Yong Setiir, where there
are Chinese pepper planters. The Siamese and Malays are very
law abiding and give no truble. Under the Ampiir is the Kam-
tuin or village headman < Cf these there are about 30 in Trang.
In one or to places where the Chinese preduminate a Chinaman
is Kam-nan. lender the Kam nnn is the Phoo-yai-bin or head of
10 houses. The people of 10 houses or any collection of houses
up to 20 elect the Phoo*yai-btin and Phoo-yai-bans elect the
Kam-nun, one of their mnnber. The Phoo-yai-ban receives a
badge of Oftice in the shape of 5 silver buttons which he wears on
his coat and the Kam-niin has o gilt bntfcons. At intervals along
the road are boards on which is notiOed the name of the villajfe
and the position of the Phoo-yai-Wurs house. The village headmen
look after the roads and bridges and road side trees, the road be-
ing kept up by the people except where it passes padi fields. The
coolies who sweep the road and keep it clean are paid. The
trees are planted twenty-four feet apart The only land rever

Jour, straits Branch

VISIT TO PUKET, ETC,

tiue ta a tax on padi land 8 cents a rdi=:120 square feet This
is paid to the Ampur who keeps a register. He can keep $300
IQ bia sub-treasury. Over that he must send to KantJin, The
iCam-nan and Phoo-yai-bkn get 5% com minion oti this padi-land
tax. The owners of padi land have a document of title (corre-
sponding to the Malacca *extracD*) giving the name of the owner,
the extent of the land and its position. No charge ia made for
land for other cultivation than rice, «.</,, pepper, coconuts.
There is an export duty on pepper of <iO cents a pikul (said to
be fixed by treaty). The present price for pepper is high $36
a pikul. The export duty on other produce timber, etc, is 10
per cent ad valorem and the import duty is 3 per cent. Chinese
get on well with Siamese and in the country go to the \VQ,t. I
noticed that men and women all have distinct vaccination marks,
this is done by two Siame^ doctors at the Ampur*s. There
are no taxes — no house tax — except on padi land and on Hshlng
which varies according to the tishing ground from $1 to $IU a
year. If other taxes were imposed the Siamese would leave.
There is no tax on fruit or coconut plantations or sugar or pep-
per. Land can be sold, the new owner getting the document
of title. There is no tax on felling timber — only e.\portduty.
The population of Trang is i>9,UU0^1 2,000 Malays and Sam-
sams, 4,000 Chinese and the rest Siamese, The Revenue is
about $120,000 and the expenditure $80^000. The Upium Farm
is not included in the Revenue as it is reckoned as part of the
Western States Farm. It may be taken as $65,000.

The Revenue is made upas follows; —
(fambling ...
Spirits
Customs ..,
Land, etc..,.

$25,000
25.000

6(),nuo
lo,ouu

$120,000

Including the share in the General Opium Farm the Re-
venue exceeds the Expenditure, (/. *•., what is sanctioned in the
Budget) by about $100,000 which is remitted to Bangkok to
provide for the needs of the poorer States. There is a proposal

16 VISIT TO PUKBT, ETC*

to abolish the Qambling Farm and impose a poll tax on all males
over 18. In tbe Eastern States where there are few Chinese
this has been done. Since the Siamese were prohibited from
gambling there has been scarcely any crime. Cock fighting is
very {)opular.

The expenditure may be roughly stated as follows : —
Salaries ... ... ... $30,000

Roads, etc. ... ... ... 20,000

Buildings ... ... ... 20,000

Other Expenditure ... ... 10,000

$80,000 •

(Diartf continued)

We got to the Rest house at 7.30 p.m. and had to wait for
the cook and boys.

Thursday^ 5th March. — It was not as cool as it ought to
have been. When we got there the Governor said '' It is not
cool now because there is a wind — if there is no wind it is cool."
The wind died down and then it was unmistakeably hot. We
made a start at 6.40, K I at driving' me in a dogcart and the
Governor following on a pony. The horse was inclined to jib
and was only induced to go on (except down hill) by the syce
shoving behind. 1 remarked that we should take some time to
get to our de8tination[( 1 1 miles) but KlAT said " It will go very
well when it gets tired. " There seemed to be little prospect of
this so long as the syce pushed us alonj^- but when once started
it covered the ground well. On sighiiug a bridge the custom
in Trang is for the syce to get down aud u^c the bridge to see
if it will bear. We passed through an extensive padi tract — a
good deal of it being recently cleared The Siamese, I should
say, are quite as lazy as Malays if not more so. The ground
planted with padi is only roughly cleared of timber, and stumps
of trees are left. In time these become white ant mounds which
are undisturbed — " too much trouble to remove "they say. I
saw a large number of fine damar oil trees, some standing alone
in the plain and some hundred or so together. The solitary

* Pigures only approximate not official.

Jour. Straits Branch

VISIT TO PUKKT. BTL\

are tapp€M) with burnuij^ boles and these trees would only
- about J years. They ure not allowed to be tilled when the
jungle is cleared for padi plautiuj^. The oil i^ sent U) Fenang
in titis. There are said to be many damar trees on the Xa-kou
road and on the i^ilands. SlNf Ble told me that when he went
to Trang the only talk was of dacoits and people were afraid to
settle. Now they are not afraid and land is being taken up fast
The road wa!^ being siwept like ^ drive and where there was a
collection of houses the people turuei out with their headmen
and saluted by the roadside. The road was more or less level
till we got to the foot of the hills (11 miles). At Chong
19 a rest-house and a ele^r stream from the hills* The road
to PatHlong here rises thruujd:h a pass. We walked through
jungle along a piath to what is called a Waterfall, large
slabs of rock and pools but not much fall. In the rains of course
it ia a cascade. We crossed the stream on stepping stones and
looked for orchids. We fuund a few and then had some food
by the stream. Then we drove back lo the Rest-house and
kiathed at a well in the grounds. I noticed Cungen climbing
among the brush wood- VV^e left Choug ab^iut 10 and goc
the Itest-house at 11.30. There is another Rest-house I hour
up the pass above (Jhong in the jungle wher^ the King of Diam
»*ayed two nights but he is said to have found it t/oo cold.
This would be a go^d place for collecting plants, etc. There are
trees planted on either side the whole length uf the road — Man-
goes^ ansana and a Siiimese tree with a narrow leaf and yellow
Hower from which they nmke huir oil.

As we passed through Tap Tiang to go to the landing
place at Tha Chin we saw a dead black planther by the Mtirket.
iilack j>:Anthers iire said t^j be very couimon. There is a reward
for tigers, 30 Ticals, but unie for panthers which only take
fowl-*, pigs, etc. There are too many for a reward. There
were 12 junks at Tha Chin built locally and registered at Penatig,
We had a very hot an I t^diinis ro.v in a ht>use- boat— the river
winding backwards and forwards — till at 3.K> we got to the
wharf at KuantTinf where the S. S. Arlsadofif/ comes for cargo*
Here a Malay Penghulu registered as a British subject came on
board. We got to Kantiiti at 5.0. I landed and drove with the
Governor to see the Public OlBces^still uutiulshed. The bricks

R. A. Soc, Ko iS. 1904. 1

tS VISIT TO FUKET, ETC.

ure made bj prUoners* The Offices will be fioh bed '* next year."
Left Kautaa io the Dfimrou^ Rat at 5,S0, Tbe tidt* wag faLUn^
and we tauched the Br^t bar or mad flat at the ' SiEUpang;*.

Aii we went up the river the serang had ordered firewaod
to benefit: to Kantan for us but It never came 3o in their usual
casual way we began our voyage without fuel. At the fire-
wood depdt below the bat we had to anchor for two hours
while we took in firewood* It was f^ettiag- dark and there was
no one in charge so they requisitioned boat^ passing down and
eventually our meu took a sufficent supply. It was very hot
lying at anchor and mosquitoes c*une off* We had to dine there.
As we got to sea there were very black clouds and thunder and
lightning. There was a bit of a moon but it came on to blow
and the rain drove us below.

Friday^ 6 th March, — Off the north of Lanka wis early — cool
— went very siow* Six tame porp uses came and played within
a foot of our bows and-kept it up sontte time. We took hours to
pasB Kedah Peak and it was 4,0 p.ni. before we got to the Fenang
Jetty.

}

Jour. Straits Branch

*»1P^57;«V-

Hunting Invocations.

By R. N. Bland.

In the Ootober ^'Blackwood*' there is an article by George
Maxwell on the snbject of a Malay deer-hunt in Perak. I think
he has given aome excellent translations of the ^^Elmu Pawang'*
ae applied to the rusa or sambur deer, and written a most inter-
esting account of the way in which Uie Pawang sets to work.
It may interest him and others to see an invocation I got from
a Pawang in the Negri Sembilan (Kuala Pilah) years ago. My
^Elmn Pawang** is not nearly so ornate as George Maxwell's,
bat no doubt every village and district has its own ritual in these
matters. There is a family likeness, however, in all of them.
The Pawang who is an educated man from the Malay point of
view, will produce a much more elaborate '^elmu" than the Pa-
wang of a jungle village. It is interesting to compare notes in
these matters and therefore I send you this *^elmu'* for the S.
B. R. A. S. — but I feel as if I were betraying a secret in doing
sa These matters are highly confidential. My Pawang only
admitted me to his **craft" under promise of secrecy and in pay-
ment of the customary fees in cloth, knife, coconuts, and **wang
bharu", and after following the deer on foot for many days
through the Muar jungles.

Elmu Pawang: Buru Rusa.

(Negri Sembilan,)

Hei Che' Lanang, Che' Redup,

Che' Bendang, Cbe' Merah,

Mari-lah kita berburu

Dalam kandang bhagian engkau

Luar kandang bhagian aku

A pa main kita jangan di-rosakkan

& A. Hoe., No. 42, 1901

20 HUNTING INVOCATIONS.

Aku tahu jahat-Dya
Aku tahu baik-nya
Jahat pulang pada engkau
Baik pulang pada aku
Salah sa'ekor srigala Che' Langsat
Che' raia ini ia-lah melengkah bumi
Yang lari Che* Runsing
Kaki yang mengijar Che' Rimbun
Ekor melaropat patah kaki
Menyenup patah pinggang
Menyelodok badan kau lampoh
Bukan-nya aku yang berburu
Perpatih yang berburu
Bukan-nya aku yang punya anjing
Pa sidi yang punya anjing
Bukan-nya aku yang berkuei
Nenek Batin Telang yang berkuei
Jangan engkau mungkirkan janji
Jikalau engkau mungkirkan janji
Drahka engkau pada Allah.
Hei Che' Lanang Che' Redup
Che' Bendang Che' Merah
Ambil bhagian engkau
Yang terbawa bhagian aku
Yang tinggal bhagian aiigkau.

Badi

Hei Badi aku tahu asal engkau
Jadi deri-pada Chaga
Beranjak engkau deri sini
Pulang engkau ka asal jadi
Kropek naina-nya manchong
Kianiang uauia nya kiak
Che' Lanang orang gobala
Tergak Dato' nibong salah
Mari-lah kita membalakan anjing
Bunohkan juga anjing aku
Sa'ekor sa hari bunokkan juga
Anjing aku.

JoiiTi straits Branch

HUNTING INVOCATIONS. 21

Translation,

Te (forest spirits that ^uard the red-deer)

Che' Lanang— the Twister

Che' Redup— the Dim One.

Che' Bendang (the open plain)

Che' Merah— the Red One

I summon jou to hunt with me

What comes from the enclosed field? is jour share

What comes from the outer forest shall be mine

Let nothing spoil our hunting

I know what to avoid

I know what to follow

May all the bad luck be your share

May all the good luck fall to me.

Whether it be Srigala or Che' Langsat

Or the King of the Deer himself

Yea, he who crosses the world at one leap

Or Che' Runsin^ who flashes hither and thither

May each one that leaps forth fall with broken legs

May each glider be broken across the back

May each one crushing through the bushes have broken

bones
It is not I who destroys you
It is the Lord Perpatih who hunts you
The dogs are not my dojjs
They are the dogs of Pa' Sidi
It is not I who shouts on the dogs
It is the shout of Nenek Batin Pelang
Fail ye not in your compact
If ye fail in your compactye are rebellious against Allah.

Che' Langsat — the Twister

Che' Redup — the Dim One

Che' Bendang — the "open plain"

Che' Merah— the Red One

Take what is yours

That which is carried away is mine

That which remains is yours.

B. A. Aoc., No. 42, IWH.

22 HUNTING INVOCATIONa

Badl— Invocation.

Badi I know whence thou comest

Thou comest from Ohaga

Get thee from hence

Get thee to the place whence thou cobaest

Che' Lanang the herdsman

Remember the elder of the ma^c nibong

Gome hither and make atonement for our dogs

Shouldst thou wish to slay my dogs

Slay them, yes, one every day.

Jonr. StraitH Branch

Descriptions of New Species of IphUulax

and Chdotta (Braconidae) from

Sarawak, Borneo*

By p. Camekon.

It is evident that the i^enus Iphiaultj: is, in the Tropics at
It, one of tie largest of the Parasitic Hymenoptera. Mr,
Shelford, the collector of the species here described, informs
me that he has a large number of species which still remain to
be described or named,

Ipbiaulax Poerstku.

a* LuteoiiSy the wtmjs lavffe^ yeliowUk-hijaliuc^ fhesHf/ma with
a black mark at the base. The group of leptoptents,

IphiauUtr. meffupt6rti» 8^, nov.

Dark luteous, the 2nd, a id following segments of abdomen
much darker^ almost black ; Hngellum of antennae black; wings
very large, yellowishhyaliue; a somewhat square black «pot at
the base of the stigma, commencing shortly behind the cubitus
and transverse basal, and backwards extending short y beyond
the cubitus; there is a narrow cloud on the lower side of the
wing at the ap*^x ; the bind wing has the apical fourth fuscous,
the cloud on the lower aside extending backwards to the middle ;
basal 5 segments of abdomen closely, longitudinally striated ; the
area on 2nd segment large, reaching tr^ the end ; broad at the
base, becoming gradually narrowed 't<j the apex. Apical abscissa
of radius long ; more than half the length of 2Qd,, which is dis-
tinctly shorter than the 3rd., that being not much lorger than
the basal two united ; the recurrent nervure is received in the
apex of the 1st cubital cellule ; the 1st transverse cubital nervure
is roundly obliquely curved. 9 -

tt. A. Soe.. No. i% \9m.

IPSIAVLAX AND CHAOLTA.

Length 20; terebra 17 mm.

liab. Ma tang'.

Scape of antennti? not much longer than the following 2
joints united, si ig^litl}^ gradually dilated towards the apex, which
is t-«jothed slif<htly below; the pedicle sshort, not clearly separated,
thickly pih:)se. nut half the len^:tb of :ird» joint. Front and ver-
tex smooth and slkininfj^T «lniost bare, the f^Tmer not furrowed ;
face irregularly shagreened^ thickly covered WMth long' fulvotis
pubescence; its centre bounded by longitudinal furrows; apex
of mandibles black. Tbomx shining, smooth; the middle lMi^e
of mesonotuni raised ; median segment short, covered with pie
fulvous pubescence. Legs coloured like the thorax, sparsely
haired ; the fore tibiie not quit© so long as tfie basal 3 joints of
the tarsi, Atdomen large, its middle clearly broader than the
thorax, and twice it^ length ; its first segment keeled down ihe
middle; the dilated apical pan with some stout longitudinal
strite and obliijuely ruirrowed at the base; the 2ud. segment is
closely, longitudinally striated lliroughout; the 5rd. similarly
striated to the middle, the -Ith. before the furrow; the base of
the 3rd and 4th smooth and shining ; the rest of them and the
5th closely rutfosely punctured ; the apical segmenta less strong-
ly punctured ; all the transverse furrows are deep and strongly
striated; the obliqued lateral furrows are dhorfc, indistinct.
Temples broad » rounded ; occiput roundly incised.

This species has the large yellow wings, with black spot
at the base of stignia and general colouration of /. It'ptoptrrttJt:
but it is much larger and more stoutly built ; otherwise it may
be separated from Itptopttrus and its allies by the striated, punc-
tured abdomeu, by the curved Ist. transverse cubital nervure
and by the much shorter, compared with the 3rd., 2nd. abscissa
of radius.

Iphiaitlm: ieptoptert/s Cam*

The S of this species has been taken at Santubong, 2600
feet by Mr. Shelf ord. It agrees closely with the ^ ,

Iphimtlax spUostigmm sp. nov.
Luteous; the wingn and their nervures luteous, a square
black mark, not extending beyond the cubitus, at the base of

Jo«r. Stmits Brancii

[PHI AULA X AND CHAOLTA.

the sdgma, the hiud win^s with a fuscous cloud at the apex ;
the 3rd. abscisi.sa of radius aiaiDst equal iu length to the 2iid.;
the 1st transverse cuMtJil nervure and recurrent straight,
oblique, interstitial : the bftstal twu aegcaents of abdomen
striated in part. 9 .

Length 1 2 ; terebru 6 mm,

//ak Ma tang.

Face covered wiih lonji^ bfackish hair; front deeply fur-
rowed in the middle; temples roundly narrowed; occiput trans-
veri^e* i^cape and pedicle of antenna* rufous, the rest black.
Thorax smooth and shilling ; t\u^ middle lobe of mesonotum
raised in front. Fore tibia' slicrhtl y >hnrter than the basal 3 joints
of tarsi united. Wings long, large; yellowish-hyaline; the
mark at base of sti^nna is s«iuiire, does not project beyond the
transverse basal or cubitus: the 2nd. abscissa of radius equal in
length to the 3rd.; the recurrent nervure is interstitial Abdomen
as long as the bead and thorax united. First sejjment of abdomen
broad, shorter than the second segment ; the central part round-
ly raised : irregularly longitudinally striated ; a stout keel
tnickened at the base and furrowed laterally, down its centre ;
the 2nd. stoutly striated to near the apex ; the central plate,
broader than long, narrowed to a point, smooth and shining ;
its keel extending to the smooth apical border ; on either side
is a somewhat similar smooth, broader than long, triangular
plate ; the suturiform articulation closely striated ; the other
furrows, smooth ; there is a striated transverse furrow before
the apex of the 2nd. segment ; the abdomen is as long as the head
and thorax united and broader than thp latter.

This species may be known from /. Irpfophrtts by the basal
abdominal segments being striated^ by the shorter and broader
abdomen and by the stigmal mark not extending beyond the
cubitus.

b. hnUotis, the wings large, ntUowish-kyaline, tdUwutablack
niat'k at the base of stigma; the hind femora blacky

Iphiaulax minuit sp. no v.

LuteoUB^ the flagellum of anteuna^ and bind femora black;
tb# apex of hind tabia^ blackish ; wings longer than the body,

IPHIAULAX AND CHAOLTA.

yellowish-hyaline ; the stigma and nervures luteous; the costa
darker coloured ; the 3rd. abscissa of radius nearly as long as the
basal t^o united ; the 3rd. abscissa of cubitus distinctly shorter
than the 2nd.; the 1st fully half the length of 2nd,; recurrent
nervure received cloae to the apex of the Ist. cubital cellule. 9 ,

Length 15 ; terebra D mm.

Hab, Matang,

Face distinctly ponctured round the sides and top^ the
centre smooth and slightly convex ; the front is less strongly
punctured^ its middle depressed and furrowed ; temples roundly,
obliquely narrowed. Thorax smooth andnhining; the para paid al
furrows deepou the basal half of mesonotum* Scutelluin smooth^
roundly convex. Basal two segments of abdomen strongly, longi-
tudinal ly striated; the 1st. if anything, more coiirsely than the
2nd.; the basal half of the 3rd. finely and closely striated ; lateral
furrows of the 1st stoutly ^ trans verstsly striated; the 2nd. and 3rd.
are depressed largely on the sides ; the suturiform articulation
and the furrow on the next segment narrow, deep, closely
straited. Legs densely covered with p4ile hair ; the fore tibiw
distinctly longer than the following two, but not so long as the
following 3, united.

Has the long yellow wings of the lepto ptcr m-gvou^ ; but
wants the black stigmal mark ; and htnd femora are black, this
last being a well-marked feature.

c. Head^ thorax andjore teffs rujhtu^ the ahdamen and Mad
U§$ ^kick ; wings yellowish^ obscured with fmcom ; large. The
(iODpof 1. Sadtjatts.

Iphiaulas soranns sp. no v.

Black; head, thorax and 4 front legs ferruginous; wings
hyaline, the basal half with a distinct yellowish tinge ; nervurea
and costa testaceous-yellow^ the costa black ; third abscissa of
radius slightly shorter than the 2nd.; recurrent nervure received
in the apex of the 1st. cubital cellule; the transverse median
nervure on the outerside of the tranverse basal. 9 .

Length 15; terebra 16 min.

Hob, Matang. December.

Jour. Siraits Brunch

tPUlAVLAX AND VHAOLTA.

Abdomen longer than the head and thorax united (it^ basal
segments as long as the thorax) ruit dilatf'd in the middle; the
roentre part, except at the base and narrowly at the apex,
stroni^Iy irregularly longitudinally 8triftU3d and laterally ir-
regularly reticulated; the 2nd. segment strongly longitudinally
striatttd ; its basal area small, longer than broad, smooth, shining,
gradually narrowed to the apex ; its keel atout, reaching to
the apex ; on either side the base has a large smooth s^pacp,
longer than broad and produced on the outer side towards the
middle of the segment, this part being »itij^htly curved and
aciculated, almost striated. Suturiforni articulation wvde^ close-
ly fitriated ; the lateral branch ivS narrower* closely striated and
curved ; the space between it and the articulation raised, smooth
and shining; the 3rd. segment is more tinely and closely striat-
ed on the basal two-thirds and has a keel down the centre
of the striated part ; the furrow on the base uf the 4lh. segment
XH distinct, deep and irregularly sparsely striated ; the base of
the segment is finely irregularly, closely striated and with a
keel in the middle. Ovipositor sheaths broad, densely covered
with stiff black hair. iScape of antenniB al3out 4 times longer
than wide, narrowed at the base. Temples rounded, slightly
obliiiue, as long as the tinteunal scape; occiput transversa
Face irregularly rugose, pale yellowish. Palpi dark red ; man*
dibles reddish, black at apex.

/phmttlojc ezeriaSy sp. nov.

Black : the basal 2 joints of antenme. head, thorax and 4
front legs red ; wings hyaline, highly iridescent, faintly tinted
with yellow; the stigma and nervures pale testaceous, costa
darker coloured, parastigma black ; 2nd. and 3rd abscisste of
radius eijual in length.

Length 8 mm.

Hub, Kuching. September.

Scape of antenna? about 4 times longer than wide, covered

with long glistening white hair ; 3rd. joint longer than 4th.

?ront and vertex smooth and shining ; front broadly depressed in

"he middle ; the depression roundly narrowed above ; in its centre

are 2 short, stout keels, oblique and united together above.

IPBIAULAX AND CHAOLTA,

Temples longer than antennal scape^ broadly rounded behind ;
occiput not quite transversa Face strono^ly and closely punctur-
€m1 ; its centre raised, roundly narrowed above, mure aliining
and more widely punctured. (Jlypeua clearly separated by a
furrow from the face^ smooth, except for a trans verse row of
large punctures iu the middle. Palpi aud mandibles rufo- testa-
ceous, the latter black at apex. Thorax smooth ; the middle
lobe of mesonotum clearly separated ; metanotum covered with
pale hair, punctured, its apex blackish and obscurely punctured.
Basal segment of abdomen raised in the middle; the sides
stoutly keeled ; and there is a stout keel down the centre ; 2nd.,
3rd. and 4th. setrments closel>% strongly, longitudinally striated ;
the apices of the 3rd. and 4tb, smooth ; the base of 5tb. finely
striated ; the area on the base of 2nd, segment becomes gradual-
ly narrowed into the keel which reaches to the basal third of
the segment; it is bordered by 2 oblique keels which forma
large, somewhat triangular area, which is irregularly reticulat-
ed on the inner side and irregularly loogitudiually striated on
outer; the lateral depression stoutly, closely^ obliquely striated ;
the sides of the 3rd. segments are depressed and leaa closely
ptinctuted.

Iphiaulax cyrimiiftf, ap. nov»

Black ; the 4 front legs, head, pro- and mesothorax and
lower half of inetapleune rufous ; wings fuscous- violaceous,
the nervures and sttgtna black; fore tarsi more Uian twice
the length of tibia\ their basal 2 joints being longer than the
latter ; basal pliite of 2iid, abdominal segment small, roundly,
gradually narrowed to the apex and with a smaller, smooth,
triangular plate on eilher side ; the keel extends to the apex,
where it ends in a small, broader than long, plate. 2 .

Length 13-14 mm. ; terebra 13 mm.

liab. Kuching. December.

Face smooth and shining in the centre, the centre being flat,
bell-shaped ; the sides punctured ; the sides and clyi^eua covered
with long blackish hair. Ocelli enclosed by a U shaped furrow%
from which a furrow runs to the base of antennse. Temples
longer than the scape of antennas, rounded behind ; the occiput
roundly incised. Scape of antennee thick about 3 times longer

Jour. Stralti Brmacli

iPHlAVLAX AND CRAQLTA.

than wide ; the tubercles prominent ; the base of scape incised
OQ the outer Hide to near the middle* Parapstdal furrows dis-
tinct: the middle lobe of mesonotum not much raised, Apex of
metanotum with loni^isb narrow fuveie, bounded by raised
keels ; its centre with & fovea. First abdominal ses^rnjent from
near the basal depression stoutly, ctnsel}*, 1oQt:^itudinall j striuted ;
the lateral furrows stoutly, closely transversely striated ; 2nd seg-
ment closely, stoutly striated ; a keel runs from the lateral
Ijasa) plat«s to near the apex ; the space on either side of it
closely striated : the 3rd« segment has the middle and apex
smooth, the rest closely, not very stronijly, striated the centre
of the base laterally being snKH>th ; ihere are no distinct obliijue
furrows on the 2nd. and 3rd. seg-ments ; the suturlform arttcula*
tion is closely striated. Sheaths of ovipositor broad, densely
pilose* The legs are thickly pilose, but not so densely as the
ovipositor^s sheath.

d. Luteous^ the apicaf segments o/itlfdomen blacky the Snd. and
Sfd» H^Ments »trnnglij fttriUlfd : winqi fw^vous, bvoadii/ t/ellowish'
hyaline at the baee,

Iphianlax zaractn, ap, no v.

Luteous, antennee, front broadly in the centre, the mark
continued oo to the ocellar region and becoming united to a
large black band on the vertex; this marks readies to the eyes
and extends half way down the outer orbits and on to the oc*
ciput, which isentirely black; the 2nd. and JJrd. abdominal segments
are largely marici»d with black ; the Uh> and following entirely
black. Head and le^s of a paler yellow colour than the thorax
and abdomen ; the apex of hind tibia* and the tarsi black.
Winga yellowish 'byaiine to the transverse median and transverse
basal nervures; the re^^t (except fur a hyaline cluud in the fore
half of the 1st* cubital cellule and a small one at the junction of
the recurrent with the cubitus) dark fuscous; the base of the
stigma yellow, 9 ,

i^ength U*15 mm.; terebra 4 mm*

Hah, K aching*

A ntenntiB longer than the body; the scape slightiy more
than twice longer than broad, Uead smtjoth ; almost bare ; the

ft. A. Hoe., Na. 42, 1004.

IPfflAULAX AND CHAOLTA,

face pale yellow j maiar space hollowed ; tips of maadiblea black.
Temples wide ; occiput roundly incised. Tborax smooth ; par-
apsldal forrows indistinct; furrow at base of scutelluua smooth ;
the oblique furrow on raeaopleurffi di-^tinctly defined. The rais-
ed centre of Ist* abdominal seg-ment is lonir, narrowed at the
base ; becoming y:radually wider to the apex ; the basal
depression is triangular, deep, its lateral keels stout; the central
part of the 1st, and the 2nd, and 3rd, seg-meots are closely, strong-
ly striated; there is no area on the base of the 2nd, sej^ment ; its
sides at the base, as also those of the 3rd. ^ are amooth ; the furrows
on tht» 3rd. and 4th are crenulated : 3rd. abscissa of radius about
as long a^ the basal two united ; th? 3rd. abscissa of cubitus is
distinctly shorter than the 2nd.

c. Yellow^ the abdomen and hind legs black, wings fuaeous^
hroadhi hyaline at the base,

Iphiaiifajc tht^pis, sp. nov.

Head, thorax and 4 anterior legs luteous; the antennea^
abdomen and hind legs black; the wings to the base of cubitus
and nervure yellowish-hyaline, the rest fuscous, the base at the
base of the anal uervure hyaline; the hind wings yellowish
hyaline to shortly beyond the middle; stigma black ; the 2ad.
abscissa of radius slightly longer than the 3rd, 9 .

Length ^ ; terebra 8 mm,

Hab. Matang. August

Scape of antennte about 4 times longer than wide, of equal
thickness throughout, covered with short pale pubescence.
Front find vertex smooth ; the former deeply furrowed ; face
thickly covered with long white hair. Temples as long as the
antenna I scape, roundly narrowed ; occiput transverse. Thorax
shining, the middle lobe of mesonotum raised ; the oblique fur-
row on menopleurje reaching near to the apex. Abdomen as
long as the head and thorax united and wider than the latter ;
Ist. segment irregularly striated and with a distinct keel down
the centre; the sides and apex yellowish, smooth; 2nd. segment
closely, lungitudinally striated ; its baaal area small, smooth,
broader than long, obliquely narrowed to the apex ; on either
aide of it is a smooth plate, longish, gradually narrowed to the

Jour. Strmita BrAiich

IPHIAULAX AND CHAOLTA.

ftpex; the 3rd. segment is irregularly, obscurely striated; the 2
tratisverse furruwa are rufous, striated. Recurreot nervare

interstitial.

Agrees closely with /. povtiuB Cain,i that species is larger,
has the median segment black; the plate on 2i)d* abdominal seg-
ment larger, obliquely narrowed at ba-^e and apex, the 2nd.
ab-<cissa of radius distinctly shorter thin the 3rd, and the recur-
rent nervure not interstitial.

Iphiaulojr amifrts^ sp, nov.

Rufous^ the abdomen, hind tibi^ and tarsi and antennas black;
the wings flavo-hyaline to the transverse bass* I nervure, the rest
fuscous, except for a triangular hyaline cloud in the base of the
1st, discoidal cellule; the Ist. cubital CBllule, except its lower
third, along the cubitus, the base of the radial cellule, the parts
outside the Ist. transverse cubital and recurrent nervures ; base
of stigma largely luteous; the 3rd, abscissa of radius about
two-thirda of the length of 2nd.; the sides of the 1st. abdominal
segment above pale yellow; the greater part of the 2nd. and
tlie base of the 3rd, rufous. J ,

Length 12 mm. terebra 14-15 mm.

Hab, Kuching. June.

Scape of antennjB and pedicle rufous below ; the apex of
Ipe incised ; the 3rd. joint slightly longer than the 4th. Face
impunctate, thickly covered with long white hair ; temples longer
than the scape of ant»?nna% broadly rounded behind ; the centre
of occiput transverse. The raised central part of 1st. abdominal
segment roundly narrowed behind ; the raised central part keel-
ed, the apex closely striated. The 2nd. and 3rd, segments are
closely, finely striatc^d, with distinct, oblique lateral furrows ;
the basal plate of the 2nd, minute, shining, wider than long ;
the keel dbtinct« reaching to the apex ; suturiform articulation
closely striated ; there is a narrower, less strongly striated,
furrow on the base of the 4th, segment.

The abdomen is about as long as the head and thorax united
and is not much widened in the middle ; the fi>re tibite are as long
as the baaal 2 joints of tarsi united ; thf^ transverse median ner-
vure is received on the outerside of the transverse basal.

,A. 9oc,. Kali, ISKM

fPHIAVLAX AND CMAOLTA.

/. Luteomt wings fuscous ifetlow at the h<tM, the abdomen short,
broody ovate. The group of niatangetms,

Iphianiax Sxbanensis^ 8p. Dov.

Length 9 miiL ^,

Hub, Mount Si ban. May.

Very Similar in colouration to /, matan^eusis^ having, like
it, the head, thorax and legs luteous and the back uf thf* abdo-
men for the greater pan blackt luix^d with rufous, the wings
yellow at the baae, fuscous beyond the transverse median ner-
vure ; but it is more slenderly built; the scape of the antennie
and pedicle arefulvous, not black, more slender; the 2nd. abscissa
of cubitus is only equal in length to the 3rd. not longer than it;
it has no area on tbe base of the 2nd* abdominal segment, but
there are two irregular keels uniting together shortly beyond
the middle and havin,' 2 or 3 irregular transverse ones; the
spaoe on either side uf this instead of being, as in matangensis,
widely, irregularly reticulated to the apex, is only reticulated
at the base, the rest being closely, longitudinally striated ; the
punctuation on al( the segments is closer and run more into lon-
gitudinal striie; the abdomen is narrowed compared with the
thorax and is more suffused with red, the red too, being lighter
in tint; the suturiform articulation is more widely and distinctly
dilated backwards at the apex.

Iphiaulnx ciUes^ sp, oov.

Luteous, the abdomen darker coloured, the flagellum of
antennte and the hind tibite and tarsi black ; the wings almost
hyaline, iridescent, the stigma and nervures black; the plate on
base of 2nd. segment smooth and shining, its length about
equal to its greatest width ; the apical half roundly narrowed ;
the keel extends to shortly beyond the middle ; 3rd. abscissa
about as long as the basal 2 united* 9 -

Letigth 7 ; terebra 3 mm.

Hah. Kuching. April.

Scape of antennae luteous, narrowed at the base, about 3
times longer than wide; its apex produced below ; pedicle rufous :
the 3rd. joint distinctly longer than the 4th. Front and vertex

Jour. Strafta Br&neh

IPfflAi LAX AND CffAOLTA.

jitMooth and shining, temples ilistinctly, roundly narrowed : face
ruy:u^t*ly pinietured. Middle lobe of mesonotum distiuotly sepa-
rati^d* the furrows deep. Abdomen as lon^ as the thorax, ovate ;
thf* middle lobe of 1st sieg'ment is keeled down the centre and
there is a keel on eitherside ; the lateral depressions sniouth,
*»xcept for 2 or 3 keela near the apex ; sides t»f 2nd. segment
depressed at the base and oblifjuely striated : auturiforra articula-
tion wide, crenulated ; the other furrow is les.^ clearly delined
esp«*cially at the sides; the ith. and 5th. ^iei^ment;^ have narrow,
shallow furrows on the apex. "^y

The stigma and paras ti^ma are larg^e ; the basal abscissa of
the cubitus i,s roundly curved at the ba^ie ; the recurrent nervure
is not int^^rstitifil ; the sculpture of th<i abdomen appears to %'ary
in its intensity. Characteristic are the hyaline wings and black
hind tibiie and tarsi*

Iphiauhr tetiuitineahti^ sp. nov%

Luteous, tlie ocellar region and antennie black ; wings ob*
scare hyaline to the transverse basal nervure, the rest fuscous,
the 1st, cubital celhile lighter coloured than the rest, stig;ma
blacky yellow at extreme base ; the area on 2nd. abdominal seg-
ment smalljts width at the Imse, if anything, longfer than its
length ; snjooth, thH^ides rtuinded ; the keel stout, reaching to
the base of the apical third ; the 3rd, 4th, and 5tb, segmenta
roundly projecting at the apex.

Length 1 1 ; terebra G-7 mm.

f/ah. Kuching.

Scape of antenmi^ fully 3 times longer thati wide covered
ith golden hair. Face irregularly rugose, Clypeus above
rounded. iMalru* space as long as the anteunal scape, furrowed
in the centre: teuipies as long as theui, rounded behind, not
oblique; occiput transverse ; an impressed line on the centre of
vertex behind the ocelli, Me*dian segment short Centre of 1st,
ftlKl<;minal segment rugosely punctured, keeled in the middle ;
the side^ closely striated ; the centre of 2nd. segment reti-
culated, the side?? cl^Hely striated ; auturifonn articuUtion wide
closely striated ; there is no distinct lateral apical branch, it
being only represented by a fovea ; there is a distinct irregularly

IPHIAULAX AND CHAOLTA.

crenulat+'d furrow on the apex of the 5th, seg-iuent ; the apiees
of the 3rd. and following se^fftients are narrowly pale yellow*

Allied to /. nstiochus and L //i^/^//j/;^*r/^i> ; may be known by
its larg'er size, lonjrpr oviponitiir, by th«* temples lieiiig more
rounded and tiot <ibli<|uely n?trrawed, and by the siuootrh, more
clearly defined keel on I'nd* abdominal segmenL

Iphtaulax paiernui^ sp, nov\

Luteous, theflag-eilumof antannte black; the wiag-a yellow-
ish to the trans verjje basal nervure, dark fuscous beyond, the
stigma and nervurej* black, 2nA abscissa of radius distinctly
ahort-er than the 3rd.; basal plate chi 'ind, abdominal segment
wider than lun^. ronnily narrowed t^)ward.s the ap«x which has
a narrow keel, not much more than half its length. 9 •

Length 10 ; terebra 5 ram.

Hab, Kuching. Septeml>er.

Scape of antennae fully 4 times longer than wide. Temples
roundly narrowed, not quite as long a^i the antenual scape.
Front deeply furrowed* Face rugose, t^htrhtly reticulated. Top
of clypeus rounded, it is less stron<j:ly rygnse than the face.
Tips of mandibles broadly black. The centre of middle lobe of
tat. abdominal segment with 2 stout keeis ; the sides are also
keeled ; the lateral depression wide, irregularly striated ; Sod-
segment longitudinally rugosely punctured; the part bordering
the area irreijufarly reticulated ; the sides are distinctly depressed
on the basal half and closely, strongly, obliquely striated ; su-
turiform articulation wide, deep, crenulated and with >ut an
apical lateral branch ; the apex of the 3rd. segment has an indis-
tinct crenulated furrow, there is a much more distinct one on
the ba?e of the 4th.; one on its apex and on the apex of the 5th.

The parapsidal furrows are distinct only on the basal half ;
the apical half of the mesonotum is flat ; the basal 4 points of
fore tarsi as long, together, as the tibise ; there U a distinct hya-
line cloud below the base of the 1st transverse cubit^il nervure,
the 2ud. discoidal cellule ia lighter coloured than the upper one.

Allied to /. annutitar^s^ having a similar plate on the 2nd,
abdominal segment, but may be known from it by the much
shorter ovipositor, which, in annulitarng^ is as long as the body.

Jour. SfewHi Uraucli

/FfflAi/LAX AND CBAOLTA.

IphiimUu fmtnus^ sp. nov.

Darkluteous; aiitenntB, i»ce(lar region and centre of front
the transverse furrows an tht-» abdoiueri, the base of the 3rd.
segment and of the 4th. and 5th. broadly in the centre, black;
the wings to the transverse cubital and the transverse basal
nervures jello wish-hyaline ; the bisal half of the stigma yellow ;
its apical and the parastigma black ; the apex of the wings fus-
cous, tinged with yellow and violaci^nus; the transverse median
nervure receive i shortly beyond the transverse basal, recurrent
nervure interstitial : the 3rd. abscissa of radius nearly as long
as the basal ^ united. 9 .

Length 8-9 ; terebra missing.
Hah, Mat'ang. August.

Head smooth ; clypeus clearly defined by furrows : temples
light, oblique ; occiput transvei^e* Scutellum not much
raised above the mesonotum ; its sides and apex with a long,
slightly ohlifjue 8 Kjpe, clearly raised and separated and narrowed
towards the apex gradually from the base. Raised central part
of petiole rugosely punctured, almost reticulated^ its middle
indistinctly keeled ; the depressed sides with some oblique keels.
The middle of the 2nd, segment is irregularly reticulated^ the
basal half clejirly separated, raised and bounded by a stout keel
and slightly, gradually narrowed to the apex ; the basal keel
is small, longer than broad, gradually, roundly narrowed to
a fine point at the apex and ending in a stout keel which does
not reach to the middle of the segment ; the space on either side
of the keel is smooth ; at the sides of the basal plate are some
inegular curved striw ; the 3rd. 4th. and 5th. segments are
stoutly, irregularly, closely, lungitudinally striated, the 3 fur-
rows beinji also striated ; there is a less distinct, more irregu-
larly, striated furrow on the apex of the 5th. segment

The abdomen is long- ovate and as long as the head aod
thorax united ; the base of the second segment is almost
transverse and keeled ; its sides at the base are distinctly
depressed and irregularly covered with stout striic. Scape of
anteonsB stout, about 3 times longer than wide ; the 3rd and 4th
joiutd equal in length.

36 IPHIAULAX AXD €HAOLTA.

g. Blacky short and hroad^ basal halfofwiiiQS blacky apical lac-
teotu. The group of /. trichtosanui.

-Iphiaulat pherea^ sp. nov.

Black ; anteanae nearly twice the length of the body ; the.
wings dark fuscous to the recurrent nervure and, in front, to
the base of the 1st cubital cellule; the rest . milky hyaline ;
stigma pale ochraceous, darker at the base ; the apical nervures
lacteous; basal two-thirds of hint wings dark fuscous, the rest
clear hyaline. 9.

Length 8 ; terebra 2 mm.
Hah. Kuching.

Head and thorax smooth and shining ; the upper half of
orbits with, an irregular ochraceous band; the malar space,
antennal tubercles] and clypeous brownish; mandibles rufo-
testaceous, their apex black ; palpi black, thickly covered with
white pubescence. Front obliquely depressed, furrowed in the
centre; ocelli laterally bounded by a deep furrow. Ten^ples
wide, not obliquely narrowed, rounded behind ; occiput almost
transverse. Pronotum with a curved, crenulated furrow before
the middle, the part above this bein^f narrowed and separated
from the lower. On the centre of the basal half of the me-
tanotum is a keel, bordered by an irregularly foveated furrow,
which spreads out obliquely at the apex, the foveas there
being larger and more clearly separated ; the apical slope is
smooth and shining. Apical abscissa of radius shortly, but
distinctly, longer than the basal two united ; 2nd. abscissa of cu-
bitus as long as the 3rd. ; apical abscissa of cubitus equal in length ;
recurrent nervure received at the apex of 1st. cubital ; transverse
basal nervure interstitial. Apical half of 1st. abdominal segment
rugosely, coarsely, punctured, the later depressions wide and
bearing 2 or 3 irregular keels; 2nd. segment in the centre coarse-
ly, irregularly longitudinally striated-punctured, the sides
rugosely, closely punctured and broadly depressed in the middle ;
thebasal plate smooth and shining, roundly narrowed to the apex ;
its width at the base more than its length ; its keel is stout and
reaches to the apex of the segment ; the following 3 segments

Jour. Str&its Branch

IPHIAULAX AND CEAOLTA,

are opaque* closely rugose ; their furrows distinct^ closely stri-
ated. Legs co\ ored with short fuscous hair, the fore dbise and
tarsi with a pale pile.

The abdomen is slio^htly lonocer than the head and thorax
united ; broad in the middle, narrowed at base and apex, the face
is alutaceous ; the face is bordered laterally by a wide furrow;
basal joint of hind tarjji thickened, not quite as lonj^ as the follow-
ing 2 united ; the furrow un the proDotum is continued down the
centre of the propleurH?, where it is only crenulated on the top.

Belongs to the group of L trichiosomn Cf. Journ. 6t, Br.
R. A. Soc, 1903, P. 118.

Iphiaiilcu venetui, sp* no v.

Black ; the wings hyaline, the btise of both smoky, the stigma
and nervures black ; the 3rd. abscissa of the radius distinctly
longer than the basal 2 united ; 3rd. abscissa of cubitus shortly,
but distinctly, longer than the I'nd.; recurrent nervure clearly
separated fr<:»m the 1st, transverse cubital nervure ; area on 2nd,
alxiominal segment reaching near to the middle of the segment
gradually narrowed to a sharp point ; the base smooth, the rest
longitudinally closely striated and with the sides sharply mar-
gined; Ist. abdominal segment smooth and shining in the centre*
the sides and apex rugosely punctured ; the depressed edges
aciculated outwardly, the apical half deeply depressed. The 2nd,,
3rd. and 4th. segments are closely rugosely punctured and irreg-
ularly striated ; the strm on the base of the 2nd. run into reti-
culations ; on its basal half, mid- way Ijetween the middle and
outerside. i-^a striated shallow, lon^itudiiml furrow ; the suturi-
form aiticulutiun deep, closely, strongly striated ; the other 2
furrows are not so clearly defined ; the apical segments are
smooth and shining. The abdomen is ovate, as long as the thor-
ax and distinctly wider than it. Legs closely covered with short
pubescence: the hinder more densely than the others; the basal
joint of the hind tarsi thickened, as long as the following 2 united.

Face irregularly aciculated ; clypeu? surroujided by fur-
mw.s, the upper transverse and narrower than the lateral ; 2 short
longitudinal keels run into it. Palpi black, covered with white
pubescence ; the apical 3 joint-s of maxillary testaceous ; man-

IPHIAULAX AND CHAOLTA,

dibles with the basal half rufo-teataceoas. Head and mpdian

segment covered with black hair ; the middle lobe of meson-
atum is covered with shorter puliescence ; it i.^ clearlj separated
frora the lateral lobes by the parapiiidal furrows which are
deep, clearly de lined and reach close to tlie apex. The apical
slope of the metanotum has a distiuct curved furrow on either
side, with a few irregular ones between.

The win^s in this species are li;^hter t-oloured than in tbe
others of the ^roup.

h. lU'tck ; huml^ more or less ofthora.p^ and 2 or 4 front teijs red ;
wings unt/ortuhf dark fiiscous, Tke group of L shfffordi,

Iphiaulax mohtUs, sp. iiov.

Black ; the head, thorax, fore le^s and the greater part of the
middle tibia? red, win^s fuscous, tbe nervures and stitcum black :
basal area of 2nd. abdominal seg-rnent longer than its width at
the base, opaque closely longitudinally striated, with a smooth,
shjoiDg space, lunger than broad and acutely poinb^d at the
apex, the apex of the Isst. ihe^nd. and the *^ri|, and 4th, alidominal
segments, except broadly nn tbe sid*='^at ihe base, rlosely longi-
ti*dinally striAted» the suturifonu «rticulatiun arrd tlie furrow on
the base of the 4th. segment crennJHted.

Length 16 mm : terebra 40 nun,

HaL Kucbing ; April

Face closely artd distinctly punctured: the middle of the
lower half smooth, the smooth ^>art rounded above; top of cly-
peiis tmnsver^e, tlie sides oblitiue, upper half smouth, luwer-
punctured. Front depre«{*ed and smooth in the centre and with
a longitudinal furrow ; its sides punctured. Tempies oblique,
rounded. Antennal scape as long rs the '2nd. and 'Md. joint united ;
its apex cm the lower side slightly pmduced* Middle lobe of
mesonotum clearly separated, ihe furiows reacliint^ to the apex.
Hnsal depression of 1st. abdomirjal spj^ment and tbe base of the
apical part broadly in the centre smooth, the middle with a long-
itudinal keel, with some irregular, m« stly transverse keels on
either side. The centre of 2nd, srcgment irrei^ularly reticulated
more closely on the inner than cm tbe outer side where the keels

Jour, BtraiU Branch

iPBiAULAX AND CHAOLTA,

wre much longer and not so much intermixed ; the drd* aad 4th.
segments are closely, regularly striated. The apical half of the
sheaths of the ovipositor grey.

Comes close to A reticuhituA and /. patrous ; it differs from
both in the central part of 2nd. abdominal segment not being
clearly separated and buuaded by ki?el» ; the former may further
be known by bavin if the keel on the lat. abdominal segment,
much stouter and dilated upwards at the base, the median seg-
ment too being bhck, the latter species is smaller, the abdomen
shorter compared with the thorax, the top of the clypeus is
rounded, not transverse, and is tuore distinctly separated frtim
the face; the lateral bounding keels are stouter in patvoas, with
the top only oblique*

iphiaulax reticukttus^ Cam.

This species (described Journ, St Br. R. A. Soc, r.*02, p. 105)
has been^taken at Mount Siban, and Matang, 32U0 feet. At any
rate I cannot separate the specimens taken at these placets froui
those collected at Kucbing. The species varies in size : the
scape of ao^nuie may be black or red ; the punctuation uu the
ftbdomen varies in intensity, and the apex on the sheath of
ovipositor may be black or %vhite. The dm ract eristics of the
species are the distinct, large fovea on the apex of the metauo-
tum, the stout keel on the 1st. abdomen segment raised at the
base, the distinctly raised and separated middle part of I'ud. seg*
ment* this part being l»rdered by a keel and it becomes narrowed
towards the apex; the longish, r<Minded t»?mple.s» slightly roundly
incised occiput and long narrow autennal sca|je.

The 5 is similar ; the punctuation uf the abdomen is coarser
throiijjhout ; the autennal scape red and middle femora and
tibtie red. Jn the 2 the latter may be more or less reddish.

Jp/iiauieur lotigUarsis^ sp. Dov.

Black ; the head, thorax except the greatt^^r part of the met4i-
notum, the fure legs and the greater part, of the middle
femora, red ; the wings fuscous vialaceoust the stigma and ner*
vures bUck ; the liasal 2 segments of abdomen longitudinally
striated ; the plate on the ^nd. segment smooth, \X& width the

%, A* Hoe., HiL IS. 19M,

40 IPffIAULA2t AND CHAOLTA,

length of ita greatest length ; the apex obliquely narrowed \ its
keel reaches to neAr to the apex- of the segment, which is there
smooth in the middie; on either side of it is a smooth plate,
broadlj routided on the outer side, narrowed to a point on the
inner above ; suturiform articulation crenukted except at the
sides ; its posterior Ijitera) branch, wide shallow, obscurely striat*
ed ; the enclosed part smooth and shining, broader than long,
rounded behind, ^ .

Length 10 ; terebra 10 mm.
Hub. Kuchiog, May.

Scape of antennae more than twice longer than wide ; the
pedicle clearly separated, wider than long. Face flat, smooth ;;
clypeus not very clearly separated, from it ; broadly rounded
above. Temples long, as long as the antennal scape, straight,
not obliquely narrowed behind ; occiput trans verse. Malar space
excavated. First abdominal segment distinctly longer than the
second; its basal depression longer than broad, rounded at the
apex; the striae irregular, the outer more or less curved. Fore
tarsi very long, more tiian twice the length of the tibiae. The
hair is not very thick on the legs ; the middle coxsb and tro-
chanters fuscous. The abdomen is as long as the length of the
head and thorax united. Characteristic of this species are the long
front tarsi.

Black ; the head, thorax, antennal scape and fore legs red,
the fore legs paler, more yellowish in tint ; wings fuscous, the
stigma and nervures black ; face rugose; 1st. abdominal seg-
ment with a stout keel down the middle and with 2 indistinct
ones on either sides ; the 2nd. sparsely, irregularly striated ; the
basal plate small, longer than broad, obliquely narrowed at the
base and apex, its keel stout, reaching to the apex ; suturiform
articulation wide, striated, the striie nxtending beyond the fur-
row. Ovipositor densely covered with long black hair. 9 •

Length 8 ; terebra 12 mm.
Hob, Kuching. May.

Scape of antennae somewhat more than twice lon«:er than
broad, the 2nd. joint of e(iual width, longer than broad ; tiie 3rd.
narrowed at the base, slightly longer than the 4th. Sides of

Jour. Strait! Branch

IPiUAVLAX A^iD CEAOLTA,

front, distinctly, roundly raised* Temples as lon^ as the an-
tenna 1 scape. Olypeu** not clearly separated, rug^ose. Sides
of 2nd. abdominal se^^ment broadly depre^^ed ; those of the 5rd,
mure deeply, espocii^lly towards the apes ; both depressions
are irregularly sitriated : there ii* a curved, iudintinctly striated
furrow on the base of the tth. se^meiit. The banal 2 joints of
the tarsi are folly* together, lonj^er th?iu the tibiaa.

Allied to /. iimfptiifiits with which it agrees in having only
the basal 2 s*egments of the abdomen striated ; but it tn%y be
readily separated by the much longer ovipositor, rugose face
and rufous aritennal scape.

iphianiax fHtnt/wuSf Mp» uov.

Black ; ftca|)e of antenni*^, head, pro- and uieisothoraK, red ;
wings uniformly dark fuacous, with black stigma and nervureu ;
the 3rd. abscissa of radius as long as the* basal 2 joints united ;
2nd« abdommal negment without a distinct basal area.

Length M-15 mm; terebra 11 mm.

Hab, Kuching. October.

Sc4f>t^ of antennt© short, not qeiite twice longer than broad ;
the ^rd, and 4th. jointn about equal in length. Temples distinct-
ly, oblit]uelv narrowed, straight, if anything longer than the basal
2jotnt.s of antenme* united; the occiput transverse; malar space
ii^ long as the scape of antenntts. Parapsidal furrows indistinct.
Fore tarsi nearly twice the length of labile, the b'v<al 2 joints
l>eing ftH long as them. The central lobe of 1st. iiljdominal seg-
menr irr^*^uliirly longitudinally striated and with a stout keel
down the centre ; the 2nd, aegment stotitly irregularly striated,
withfMit a distinctly defined area at the base or distinct central
kpp| ; the basal hi If of the sides depressed, but not deeply or
clearly : ba^al half of 3rd. segment closely, finely longitudinally
.^triared ; the ^utnriform articulation closely striated ; its pos*
terior lateral brvnch wide, shallow, not clearly deHned ; the
trwiHverse furrow on the 3rd, se^^ ment narrow, striated*

Thr- hiwer half of the face in the centre is bire. smooth :
till? rest spirs»-ly punctured and with longish black hair ; the
inner side of the clypeus has an oblique alo|x*, its top with a row
of tar^e puncture.'^; not separated by a furrow from thd face.

SPEIAVLAX AND CHAOLTA.

Iphiauleu' monticola^ sp. nov.

Black, scape of ant-enntc, th<jrax» except the sides of the
inetanotum broadly and the front \egs red ; the winga dark
fuscous, with black nervurea and stigtna ; the basal 3 abdominal
segments longitudinally striated ; the area on baae of 2nd seg-
ment closely longitudinally striated, longer than broad » not
much narrowed towards the apex ; it^ keel not quite reaching
to the apex, bordered by some irregular reticulations, which
ag^iin are bordered by broadly curved striae : suturiform articu-
lation crenulated ; the furrow on the base of 4th segment is less
strongly crenulated. 9

Length la mm.; terebra 13 mm.

Hob. Mount Siban. May.

Scape of antennte about 4 times longer than wide, as long
as the 2nd. and 3rd, joints nnited. Face, except in the centre,
sparsely punctured, \Va centre depressed, the top of the depres-
sion with a small tul>ercl€». The middle of clypeus slightly
curved downwards; the sides oblique. Temples slightly oblique,
rounded behind, somewhat longer than the antennal scape;
occiput not quite transverse. Mesonotum flat. Scutellar furrow
narrow^ smooth. The raised central part of the 1st. aljdominal
segment is rugosely punctured at the base ; the apical part ha«
a furrow dc)wn the middle with some irregular, stout strife on
either side ; the basal lateral depression of the 2nd. segment has
a stouL oblique keel in the centre, bordered at the base by
some curved stria?, those on the outer side being stronger than
on the inner ; on the base of the 3rd. segment is a smooth, trian-
gular space, bordered, except on the outer side, by crenulated
furrows ; the centre of the segment is depressed and there is a
furrow down the centre, iSecond abscissa of radius shorter than
the 3rd, Fore tibiie longer than the basal 2 joints of the tarsi
united.

Comes near to /, paugttHSy having, like it, only the basal 3
dbdominal segments striated ; that species may be known by the
templea being more oblique, strnight, not rounded ; the 2nd.
atbdominal segmerrt is not closely striated in the centre at the
base ; the middle is not reticulated and all the stride are longi-
tudiniiK those borderiiig the keel not bdng curved.

JorihSlraiia Branch

I PS I AU LAX AND CHAQLT

fphiaultic qftamtoriui, ap. no v.

Blacky the head, pro* and tnesotborax and scape uf antentiee
red ; the wings fuscous, almost bUck. the nervures and stigmit
black ; the basal 3 segments of the abdomen stronglj, lungitud-
hmWy striated, the area oa base of the 2iid. segment not clearly
defined opa<]ue, closelj? striated ; there iaan elongated, trianj^u-
lar afmooth plate OQ either side of it ; \ts inner aide with a i^triated
narrow tiand ; there is an obscure pale oblique ^streak (mi the
lower side of the 1st. cubiUl cellule aad a small clear hyalitre
»pot beluw the HU traoi^vertie cubital nervure, on fhe uuUfr side
uf the recurrent 5 .

Length 15 ; terebi*a 13 mm.
liab, Kuching. March.

Scape of autenniB fully 3 tinier longer than vvide, longer
than the 2nd. and f^rd. joint;? united ; the iird. shortly, liut dis-
finclly, longer than the 4tb. Face sparsely* strongly punctured
■ loHif the t4>p and hide;^ and sparsely covered with loni Mack
hair ; the cly|>HU!* clearly separated; its top trani^verse, the side
ubliijue* Malar npace twice the length of the 2nd, antennal joint,
furrowed in the centre. Temples if anything lunger than the
ant4*nnal ?<cape, nut obliijuely narrowed^ rounded behind ; the
ijLCiput transverse. Middle lobe of mesonotum not much raised;
the furrows indistinct ; the apex Mat. Median segment covered
with longish black hair ; the lower part of metapleurw obscure
fufuus. The li^t, segment of abdomen Umger than the 2nd.
bri»ad ; its tiai^e nut much narrower than the apex ; the raised
central part is longer than broai1| its base transverse and clearly
separated fronj the basal depression it is strtmgly aciculated,
irreguUrly striated in the centre ; the depressed outer border
!»minjth« tint and shining, The ^od. segment has a keel down
it4» centre ; the stritc on either t^ide are more curved and irreg«
olar : the laterdl sfnooth triangle Is t)ordered on the inner side
by a striated furrcjw ; the outer furrow is wide, deep and ex-
C^nds to the btneof the apical third ; the suturiform articulation
deep doaeiy stria u*d, as is alsu the pt3Stenor lateral branch ; the
eijchjsed !*pice is smooth and &hining ; the apical border of the
3rd. segment smooth and shining ; there is a distinct creniilated

44 IPHIAVLAX AND CHAOLTA,

furrow near the buse of the 4th. Legs densely pilose. Fore tarsi
about twice the lenc^th of the tibiae, the basal 2 joints together
as lonp: as them. Sheaths of ovipositor broad, densely pilose.
The.side? and ventral surface of 1st. abdominal segment white.

Jpfiiaulax trichiothecuSj sp. no v.

Black, the bead, thorax, front leg-s and more or less of the
middle legs at the base, red ; wings dark fuscous, the nervures
and stigma black ; the back of the abdomen suffused with brown ;
tips of ahe^ths of ovipositor broadly white ; they are broad and
densely pilose ; 'Jnd, Btd. and 4th. abdominal segments closely,
strongly, longitudinally striated ; the area on 2nd segment fully
twice Itm^er than it^ width at the base ; it becomes gradually
narrowed to a tine pcmt ; its base rounded, smooth, irregularly,
closely longitudinally striated ; there is a smooth plate, broad at
the base, narrowed towards the apex: on either side of it ; its keel
is narrow, irregular and reaches to the apex of the segment ; the
space on either side of it is irregularly reticulated ; the sides
depressed, closely obliquely striated ; suturiform articulation
deep, crenulated ; the furrow on the drd. segment is more irreg-
ular and is irregularly striated ; there is a smooth, curved fur-
row on the base of the 4th. segment. 9 .

Letigth 9 mm! ; terebra 16 mm.

Hab, Kuching. April and May.

The 1st. abdominal segment is longer than the 2nd. ; it is
smootli, except the apical third in the centre ; that is raised,
keeled on the sides, the keels extending to the middle of the seg-
ment ; there is a shorter keel in the centre ; and there are a few
irregular transverse strige. Scape of antennae about 4 times long-
er than wide, the 3rd. joint slightly longer than the 4th. Face
closely, distinctly punctured except in the middle ; clypeus punc-
tured, depressed broadly in the middle ; Malar space longer
than the antennal scape, depressed down the centre. Mandibles
rufous black at apex ; the palpi of a paler rufous colour. Parap-
sidal furrows deep, clearly defined. Legs densely pilose; the
fore tarsi more tlian double the length of the tibiae, their basal
2 joints being equal in length to them. Temples not quite the
length of antennal scape rounded and slightly narrowed.

Jour . straits Branch

IPHIAULAX AND CHAOLTA. 45

Iphiaulax abgarits, sp. nov.

Bkck ; head, pro- mesothorax, the greater part of middle
femorm and the front legs ; the metapleurae, and the scape of
anteufui? below^ red; wings dark fuscous- violaceous, the nervures
liiid stigma black ; apical half of 1st abdominal segment finely,
the 2nd. mare strongly longitudinally striated ; the plate on the
base of latt4t'r does not reach to the middle ; it is longer than its
width at the base, becomes gradually narrowed to a point, the
base smooth, the rest closely, finely sttiated. 9 .

Leiif^th 12: terebra 12-13 mm
Hak Kuchlng. May.

Scape of antennse and pedicle marked with red below ; the
scape alK)ut twice longer than wide. Face and clypeus smooth and
shining, sparsely haired, the clypeus not clearly separated froifn
the face. Temples longer than the antennal scape ; occiput
transverse. Parapsidal furrows deep, clearly defined ; the mid-
dle lobe of mesonotum not raised. Suturiform articulation wide,
strongly striated ; its posterior furrow is curved and striated;
the sides of the 3rd. segment are coarsely aciculated ; there is a
narrow, almost smooth furrow, which curves roundly backwards
on the 4th. segments ; on the ventral surface are three pairs of
large black spots. Legs thickly covered with long hair.

Comes close to /. syleus but that may be known from it by
the much longer antennal scape, it being three times longer than
wide.

Iphiaulax tristator, sp. nov.

Black ; the head and thorax red. the metanotum inf uscated ;
the fore legs red ; the apex of middle femora and base of tibi»
broadly of a darker red ; wings dark fuscous, the nervures and
stigma blacfc, scape of antennie dark rufous below ; the basal
five abdominal segments striated. 9 • *

Length 12-13 mm.

Hab, Kuching.

Scape of antentiee short and thick, not much more than twice
longer than wide. Face smooth in the centre, an elongated

R. A. »k>C., No. 42, 1S04.

IPSIAULAX AND CBAOLTA,

fovea in its centre above ; the .sides punctored. Clypeus short,
obliquely sloped, its top rounded. Temples? oblitjuely narrowed,
straight, as lonj^ a.s theantennal scape ; occiput sliijhtly, roundly
incised. Parapsidal furrows obsolete. Fir^t abdoinimil seg-
ment distioctly longer than the 2nd., its length nearly twice the
width at the apex ; the basal half of the centre with a stout cen-
tral kee! ; the sides and apical half stoutly, irregularly reticu-
lated : the lateral furrows stoutly, irregularly transversely
striated ; the 2ncl. segment st*)Utly irregrularly reticulated, rhe
stria* in the centre more irreg-ular, broken and widely sepirdted ;
there is no basal area, but a distinct kee! runs to the apex. The
suturiforrn articulation deep, narrow, crenii lated ; the lateral
apical branch, wide, striated like the rest of the segment ; there
is a distinct crennlated furrow on the base of the 4th, aii'l 5tb.
segments.

IphmuUii pampatensiB, sp. nov.

Black, the pro- and mesotborax dark red; the front, except
in tlie centre above, the face, ctypeus, lower two-thirds of outer
orbits, base of mandibles and palpi, yellowish-testaceous ; fore-
legs fuscoua-testaceous, the middle coxte, trochanters and fem-
ora darker y el lo wish-testaceous : their tibite and tarsi almost
black ; win ^s fuscous, hig^hly iridescent, the stigma testaceous,
daiker in front ; 3rd. abscissa of radius longer than the basal
two united, i .

Length 11*12 mm.

Hah, Pampat. May*

Scape testaceous below, pilose; about 3 times lunger than
thick. Front and vertex smooth and shining, the front not much
depressed, the ocelli surrounded by furrows which run into the
frontal one. Face closely punctured, covered with long fus-
cous hair ; clypeus surrounded by a rounded furrow. Eyes
large, projecting, broader below than above ; malar space small
not much more than the length of the 2nd. antenna I joint.
Temples as long aa the antennal scape, rounded, slightly obli-
quely narrowed ; occiput transverse. First abdominal segment
narrow^ longer than the second, aciculated ; the apex roundly
convex, very smooth and shining ; tlie second closely, irregularly

J our. Strfttti Brmnrh

TPfflAULAX AND CHAOLTA.

lotj^itudinally striated ; the base roundly narrowed ; there is no
area, but the centre at the extreme base is smooth and ishining,
the appx of the se^niPot being also amooth ; the third ses^nient is
similarly formed, the basal half in the centre l>eing mundly
raised, the raised part bein«^ more rounded and more clearly
separated than it is on the 2Qd. Suturiform articulation narrow
mdistinct, striated ; the furrow on the base of the 4th. segment
i» wider and more distinct, the striation bein|r nlso sitronirer ; it
is continued down the sides, (but this part is not striated) obli-
quely at the base, more curved at the apex* to ne^ir the apical
fourth of the segment The abdomen is lon;^ and narrow.
more than twice the length of the thorax, of equal width through-
out. Antenna* longer than the body*

Iphiauldx leptoffmter, sp. uov.

Black ; head, thorax, except the metanotum and the 4

front legs* red ; wings fuscous- violaceous, the nerv^ures and
stigma blnck ; the basal 2 segments of the abdomen twice longer
than broad of equal Icn^h and InnH^i r than any of the others ;
the Ist, irregularly rugose ; the aioa on the 2nd. an equilateral
triangle, its base the width of the segment, its apex ending in a
keel which rejiches t«> the middle cjf the segment ; it is stoutly
irregularly sttiated ; from either side of the base a keel runs
obliquely to near the apex ; inside it are some broken irregular
keels, mostly oblique ; outside it particularly on the base and
apex, are some irregular broken keeJs ; the 3rd, segment bears
short stout broken keels to near the apex ; the 4th. and 5th. to
shortly beyond the middle, the reticulated f)art beir»g narrowed
and rounded at the apex,

Metanotum and basal segment^ r>f abdomen sparsely covert
with h>ng blackish hair ; antennte longer than the Ujdy ; the
scape about 3 times longer than wide ; temples rounded, not ob-
liquely narrowed ; legs densely pilose ; aUiomen narrow, twice
the length of the head and thorax united. ParapHidul furrows
indistinct Length 13 mm. J,

Uharacteristic of this species is the long narrow abdomen
with the large triangular plate on the base of the 2nd. segment
and the irregularly reticulated segments.

E. a. 8oe,. ICo 4e. 1904

IPHIAVIAX AJiB CEAOITA.

Hitk Euching. March.
I, Aff in L but with the npa^ o/ihe antmn(w broaUg white.

Iphiauiar orttatkorHu, sp, nor,

Head and tboras red ; the antenna, e^^cept the scape which
is rufou^j and the apical 13 joints which are white; abdo-
men and the 4 hind legs, black; the front le^^s rufo-testaceous ;
the middle legs fascosi^ ; wings fnscous, the nervures and stig-
ma black ; I^t. abdominal segment with some stout, iiTeguiar
curved ^^trm ; the area on 2nd jjegment reaches beyond the mid-
dle where its keels unite; it^ base is irregularly striated ;' its
apical two-thirda are bordered by short, stout, curved keels ;
outside these closely, stoutly, longitudinally striated to ne.ir '
the apex ; the depressed middle of the lateral region smooth
for the great*-r part; suturiform aiticulation wide, deep and
crenulated ; 3rd i^egment closely, longitudiaally striated ; the
middle of the sides smooth ; the base stoutly striated; the furrow
on the apex is distinct and crenukted; the extreme apex of
the segment and the whole of the following smooth, except that
there is a crenulated furrow oa ihe 4th. 2 -

Length 11-16 mm.; terebra 24 mm.
Hab, Kuching. May.

Scape of antennae fully 3 times longer than wide narrowed
at the base, the apex produced below; 2nd. joint larger than
usual: the 3rd. distinctly longer than the 4th. its base dilated
Face and clypeus rugosely punctured ; malar space small, not
much longer than the 2nd antennal joint. Temples as long
as antennal scape, occiput transverse. Parapsidal furrows in-
distinct. Hind legs 'ong and slender ; their femora more or less
fuscous; the tarsi distinctly longer than the tarsi ; middle tarsi
longer compared with their tibisB.

A distiuct, well-marked species easily separated by the
white apex of antennse, long slender legs with all the tarsi clearly
longer than their tibiae and short malar space and by the basal
3 abdominal segments being striated. It appears to vary con-
siderably in size.

Jour, StraitR Branch

IPBIAULAX AND CHAOLTA.

Chaolta tritubet'culata^ sp. no v.

Luteous, antennHB and a curved mark acroHtt the ocelli,
black- wing'd fuscuus^ ypllowiah-hyaline to oe^r the transverse
basal and to the transverse median nervures ; 2nd abdominal
segment at the base tuberculate in the middle and at the sides ;
its area reaching to the middle of the segment ; closely striated
and becoming gradually narrowed to a sharp point* 9

Length 11-12 mm, ; terebra 9 mm.

Hah, Kuching. April.

Antennae shorter than the body ; its scape stout, about 3
times longer than broad, not hollowed below; its apex with a
hollow, broadly bordered, longer than broad smd rounded at the
apex. Face irregularly punctured ; below the aotenmu m a
plate, broader than long, with rai^ied edge^ ; a stout keel runs
into it from between the antenna* Temples broad, rounded
behind ; occiput transverse, Mesonotuni, acutellum ai,d meta-
notum on one level, flat; the parapsidal furrows obsolete;
scutellum depressed, becoming roundly narrowed towards the
apex. Central area of 1st abdominal segment strongly, closely
longitudinally striated; of almost equal width throughout; the
lateral depressions linely striated on the inner side ; 2nd to 5th
segments closely lon^ritudinally striated, the striae becoming
weaker gradually ; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments with strong
oblique depressions on the base at the sides ; the 2nd segment
outside the furrow is irregularly striated ; the striae more or
less curved The abdomen is distinctly wider than the thorax
and is nut much longer than it The 3rd abscissa of the radius
is as long as the l^asal 2 united. The base of the stigma is
ochr/iceous; there is a curved hyaline cloud* dilated above, on
the lower side of the 1st cubital cellule and one along the
outer side of the recurrent nervure. l^egs short and stout ;
tarsal joints spinose at the apex ; calcaria minute, fiypopygium
largely projecting ; fore tibiie as long as the basal 2 joints of
the tarsi.

The Ut abdominal segment rises sharply, obliquely from
the base to the apex, forming a distinct angle with the 2Qd; the

R, A, Sc«„ No, 42. 1U04.

60 IPEIAULAXAND CHAOLTA,

black mark on the vertex extends laterally to the eyes and
becomes gradually narrowed to the middle behind.

Gomes close to C, lutea ; that species may be known by the
immaculate front, longer ovipositor and yellow scape of antenned

Chaolta sulcata^ sp. nov. '

Length 9 ; terehra 5-6 mm.

Hab, Knching. July.

This species is very similar to (7. S-tuberculata and has,
like it, the base of 2nd abdominal segment trituberculated ; it
is smaller and more slenderly built; has the facial plate smaller,
and not raised along the apex ; the scutellum is not flat and
hollowed and on a level with the mesonotum, but is raised
above it and the metanotum, it being slightly, but distinctly,
convex; and the mesopleurad liave a distinct longitudinal
furrow below ; it being wider, deeper at the base, where it
borders the mesosternum ; the 2nd abdominal segment is
smaller compared with the 3rd and the ovipositor is shorter.
The furrow running from the metathoracic furrows is wide
and deep; the centre of the metanotum is finely closely
longitudinally striated; the top and inner side of the 1st
cubital cellule are broadly hyaline and there is a small hyaline
spot, longer than broad, in front of the upper side of the re-
current nervure ; the lateral furrows on the sides of the 2nd,
8rd and 4th segments are distinct ; the suturiform articulation
is narrower than it is in 3-tuberculata, The pleurae, sternum
and legs are covered with long white pubescence.

Chaolta maculifrons, sp. nov.

Length 9 ; terebra 8 mm. 9 •

Hab. Kuching. April.

Agrees closely with C, trituberculata, having, like it, the
base of the 2nd abdominal segment trituberculate, but not so
strongly ; the front is black except in the centre ; the black
mark extends to the eyes, is continued behind them all over
and, in the middle, is triangularly produced half-way on to the
vertex ; and the metanotum and back of abdomen are marked
with black.

Jour. Straits Branch

fPfflAULAX AND CffAOLTA.

AntenuaB black ; the scape not quite S times longer than
broadi the a^v^x: t^>orhed at the sides below. Face with a
clearly defined semicircular depre.ssion over the mouth ; cover-
ed with pale hair. Front and vertex smooth and shinint^ ; the
tampleg bro^id, not much narrowed, rounded behind; the
occiput transverse. Frontal plate smooth, longer than the
width at the l)ase ; the apex rounded ; but not broadly, a
furrow leads in U) it from between the base of the antenuffi^
in the centre of which is a keel, which reaches close to the
apex of the plate^ becoming thicker as it does so» Mesonotum,
scurellum and metanotum tlat, on one level ; scutellum roundly
narrowed to the apex, Metanotum and mesosternum blackish.
Middle lobe of Ist abdominal &egment of equal width ; stoutly
lougitudinally striated, ihe iooer side of the sides more finely
and closely striated ; the 2nd to 4th segments closely rugosely
punctured and striated ; the keel on the 2ud segment reaches
to the base of the apical fourth ; it becomes gradually narrow-
ed to a 6ne point, ie closely longitudinally striated and is
bordered laterally by. a crenulated furruw ; the oblique furrows
on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments are straight, oblique and
stoutly striated ; the i*uturifurin articulation is crenulated ;
the 2j»d furrow is deep narrow and smooth. Wings yellowish
hyaline to near the transverse basal and to the transverse
median nervures ; the 1st cubits) cellule has a hyaline cloud
which bifurcates near the middle, the lower branch being the
longer, reaching to trie apex of the cellule, below which is a
amaller cloud projecting backwards from it ; the 3rd absciasa
of the radius is as long as the basal two united. Fore tarsi
twice the length of tibia) which are hardly the length of the
basal two joints united.

o , .*•••:■

. -I X • ■! -• . *

» • ** * *

A new species of Chalcis from Borneo.

Bj P, Cameron.

■' • Chalets horneanUSj sp. nov.

Black ; the under side of tbe 3(>ape, the apices of the femora,
tl^e base and apex of the tibifB, the tarsi and the tegal» whitish-
jellow; the hinder femora red* their middle teeth longish and
clearly separated; the apex of the scutellum ending in 2 stout,
loDger than broad, teeth ; the wings hyaline, the nervures
black, q

Length 4-1 mm^
. Hab, Borneo.

Antennte stout, as loTig m the thorax ; the 3rd jointdistinctly
longer than the 4th and narrowed at the base. Head closely,
but not deeply, punctured, except in the centre of the front;
the centre of the face shining and less strongly and closely punc-
tured ; the top of the ci jpeua shining and baring 6 large foveae.
Mandibles rufous behiad the teeth. Pro- and mesothorax rather
strongly and closely punctured ; the pronotum at the base on
the sides with a distinct keel. Parapsidal furrows wide, curved.
Scutellem more widely punctured than the mesonotura, its apex
ending in 2 large, bluntly, rounded, longer than broad, finely
rugos^ teeth. Metanotum irregularly reticulated ; the central
bsisal area is larger and longer, is obliquely narrowed Bt the
base and becomes narrowed slightly towards the apex.
PropleursB rugose ; the meso- smooth and shining and with some
widly separated striae at the base. Metapleurae closely reticu-
lated, abdomen shorter than the thorax, blunty pointed and
covered with white pubescence at the apex.

Chinese Names of Streets and

Places in Singapore and the

Malay Peninsula.

By H. W. FlRMSTONE.

•In two previous Journals lists of the Chinese names of
streets in Singapore and in Penanflr have been published by Mr.
Haughton and Lo Man Yuk (XXIII and .)

Mr. Firmstone continues and adds to this work the follow-
ing Chinese names and translations.

64 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

L — Chinese names of

EngltBh.

Hokkjen,

Cantonese,

Albert Street

(i) Bo maaMu koi ...

"^ J

(ii) Mang-ku4u aeiig-
ong-koDg,

Mo ma-jan kai

Almeida Street ..

Gu*chhia-cbui hi-hng

Ngau-chhe-Blmi he!-
jiin hau kai.

' 1

^ ; -^ ^

u -

Amoy Street

(i) Ma-cho-kiong au ...

*#*

•

••*

(ii) Kim-yam miu hau
kai.

(til) Gi-oh kbau ... |

(

(iv) Hfl mun kai

Angua Street

Eam-kong Ma-lak-kali

neng-chhun hi-hng
tui-biii koi

Jour. HtraHs Braneh

CHIHBSB NAMES OF STREETS^ Ac.

Streets in Singapore*

CMnese CUn meters.

mmmmm

Remarks as t<i Men Ding,

(i) 'Grind oil of sesatnum street': t.Mhe street

where oil is ex pressed from Sesamtttn*

(ii) *Ben<*oolen jos&' : i.e. the fitreet of the
Bencoolen street district joss.

*• Behind the Ballock-car t-water theatre ^i.«.
the street behind the Chinese theatre in
Kreta Ayer. (of Smith street and fcago
street),

(i) 'Behind the temple of Ma-oho\

(ii) *The street behind the temple afKim*
Yam'* (The same temple is used foP
the worship both o! the godddess Ma-
cho, and of the goddess Kun-jam*)

(ill) * Free eohool month ' t.i?. in front of
the Free school, there being a Chinese
Bohool in Amoy street,

(iv) *Amoy streets (^Ha-mun* is the Can*
tonese pronunciation of the oharacterB
representing the name of the place
Amoy).

* Kampotig Malacca chop * Heng Cbhiin'
theatre opposite street* i,e. the street in
Kampong Malacca opposite the theatre
of chop ^Heng Cbhun',) (Angus street
is one of a dozen or more streets in the

B. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

CHINESE NAMSS OF. STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantoneie.

5. Ann Siang HUl

6. Annamallai Chitty
lane.

Chui-lan teng

(i) Tek-kha Khut^thau
hang.

(ii) Tek-kha tng-tiam
tui-bin te-8a"-tiaH.

7. Anson Road

(i) Lau toa-peh-kong
hit-tiau.

(ii) Ti ku pa-sat khi
Tan-jong Pa-kat hai-
ki" hit-tion.

Sui-lan theng

(i) Chnk-keuk kwat-
thau hong. '

(ii) Chuk-keuk tong-
pho tui-min tai-sam-
thiu.

Jour. Sjbraits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS. &c.

Chinese Characters

Remarks as to Meaning.

*M¥

mmmjm

^nmmjs'^jm

Kampong Malacca district and no Chin-
aman would think of giving the name
quoted, but would be content with the
indefinite expression ' Kam-kong Ma-
lak-kah .' The neighbourhood contains
but few Cantonese, and they would
use ' Kam-pong Ma-lak-kah.'

*The <chui-lan' pavilion'. (There used to be
a club on this hill, known by this
name).

(i) 'The cul-de-sac in «Tek Kha\' (Tek
Kha' means 'foot of the bamboos ' and
is the universal name for all the Selegie
Road neighbourhood).

(ii) * The third (street) opposite the « Tek-
kha' pawnshop.' (There is a pawnshop
in Selegie Road, and opposite it three
narrow lanes lead off, viz. Veerappa
Chetty lane, Nagapa lane, and this
one.)

(i)*01d idol street.' (There is an old
temple at Tanjong Pagar.)

(ii) * From the old market going to Tanjong
Pagar (along) the shore, that street'.
These names are such as may be used
by Hokkiens. I can find no Cantonese
name. Far a great part of the road

B. A. 800. No. 42, 1904

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS* &0.

EnglisU.

Hokkien*

Cftntonese

8. Arab Street

9. Armenjan Street ,..

10. Bain Court

(i) Jiau-a kol

SeDg Po toa chbu^u...

(i) Chui-Bien-mog be-
liau hang-a lai.

(ii) Yati-wa km

Seng Po tai ok bau-pin.

(ii) gihiii-Biii-mim ma*
foog kwat-tbau hong.

1 1 . Baio Street

(1) Hok4m-kuanaukol (i) Fuk-yam-kwaii hau-

kai.
(ii) 8ek-a-ni le-pal-tng
tui-bin hang.

Jour. Straitn Bra^irh

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &G.

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

there are no houses and that accounts
for the fact that there is no Chinese
name as yet crystallised for the road.)

* Javanese street.' (Many Javanese live here,

and the Chinese have distinguished
them as the chief inhabitants of the
street.)

* Behind Seng Po's big house'. (Sing Po,

i.e. Tan Seng Po, a wealthy Chinaman,
is now dead.)

(i) * Water-fairy-gate stables lane within.'

(ii) * Water-fairy-gate stables cul-de-sac.'
(Bain Court is a lane off North Bridge
Roafl. That part of North Bridge Road
is called *the Water-fairy-gate ' , why I
cannot say, unless it is connected in any
way with the fact that there was once
a public bath in the vicinity. Douglas'
Amoy Dictionary gives 'chui sien mng'
'gangway' but I know of no reason why
this part of Singapore should be socall-
ed.

(i) * Street behind the Gospel-house.'

® ^^^fllS^ff'fe I (ii) * Eurasian Church opposite lane.'
^ I ( (ii) applies also to Holloway Lane).

E.^ 8oc., No. 42. 1904.

60 CHINESE NAMES QF STBftETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese

12.

Baleatier Boad ...

(i) Kio.

•••

•

...

(ii; Wu-hap thong ...

(iii) Go-cho toa-peh-
keng.

...

13.

Bali Lane

(i) Sin Ba-ii.

...

- ■ •• '■ ,

(ii) Ma-li hong.

14.

Banda Street ...

...

Fan-tsai mei.

15.

Battery Road ...

(i) Tho-kho au

(ii) Dho-fu fa-yiin pin.

Jour. Straits Branch

OHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

(i) * Black Bridge.'

mm^

(ii) • Taro Pond.'

(ii) this name is also given to Delta Road
(ii) there are fields planted with this
vegetable in the Balestier Road
neighbourhood.

^^fi;^l«l

(iii) • Rochore Temple.'

M^^

(i) * New Bali.'

^MH

(ii) * Bali Lane.'

(i) New Bali, to distinguish the lane from
Shaikh Madaesah Lane or * Old Bali '
adjoining.)

mm^

End of the foreign brothels. (* Foreign ' here
means * frequented by non-Chinese.'
There is nothing but a roundabout way
of expressing this Street in Hokkien ;
cf. Spring Street.)

^m±

(i) * Behind the godowns.'

(ii) ' Beside the garden (near the) godowns.
(There is no definite name. A China-
man would undoubtedly have to go
into further detail to distinguish Bat-
tery Road from adjoining Streets).

B. A. 80CL, Ho. 42. 19M.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREBTS, &fl.

English.

16. Beach Lane*

17. Beach Eoa I

I i

UokkieQ.

Thih pa-safc k hut -than
hang.

(i) Sio-po hai-ki".

(iii) Thih pa-^at khan.

Cantoneae,

Thit pa-sal kwat-thau
hang.

(v) Bang heng bi-kan.

(ii) E&tn-pong hoi-pin.

(iii) Thit pa-sat hau ,,,

(i?) Sha4sui hiLag-mo
thit-chhoiig tul-mm.

{r) Man heng mai^
kan*

(vi) Hoi-nam w u i -
kwnn hoi-pm kat

Jour. Straits Brtn«b

CHINESE NAMES OF STREKTS, &o.

ChineBe Charaoters.

PHQH

mmmm^^vfii^

Remarks as to meaning.

* The iron market oul-de-sac'
(The iron market is the market built of
iron, i,e, Clyde Terrace Market).

(i) * Small-town sea shore.'

( * Sio-po ' is ' small town ' i. e. that part
of Singapore to the north of the
Stamford Road Canal, as opposed to
* toa-po ' or big town, the Singapore
river end of the town.)

(ii) * *Kampong' sea shore.'

( Eampong means Kampong Qiam, and is

practically the Cantonese equivalent

for *8io-po.')

(iii) < Iron market ' i. e. the street to which
the iron market opens or faces (see
Beach Lane).

(iv) < Tanjong Rhu European foundry
opposite.' (This would seem to be a
roundabout way of describing Beach
Road, and would probably only be
used as explanatory of (ii) (but I heard
it used).

(v) 'Chop *Ban Heng' rice-mill.'

(vi) *The street along the shore near the
Hailam kongsi-house.

a. A. SOO., No. 42, 1904.

64 ' CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(vii) Ji-chap keng

...

(vii) Yi^shap kan.

18. toelilioB Road. ...

Phau-be po hang

...

Phau-ma po hong

1 9. Bencoolen Street . . .

(i) Chhai-tng au.

(ii) Chai-thong hau.

(ii^ Mang-ku-lu toa

lo.

(ill) Mong-kwo-lo.

20. Ben Hoon Road . .

Chin-long lai.

Chau-long roi.

Jour, straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OP STREETS. &c.

Chinese Characters.

W+-

^Bm

Remarks as to meaniDg.

(vii) < Twenty buildings.'

(This name is more generally given to
Jalan Sultan, but the twenty houses
in question were in Beach Road !
This ib only characteristic.)

* Race Course Lane.'

(There is no other name for this and half

a dozen other streets leading from

I Serangoon Road towards the Race

! Course.)

(i) and (ii) Behind the Vegetarians' hall.'
(There is a meeting house of a Chinese
Vegetarian guild here.)

I (ii) * * Bencoolen ' big street.'

(iii) < Bencoolen.'

I (A number of streets in this neighbourhood
are spoken of as < Bencoolen ' by all

I classes of Chinese. It is usually ex-

ceedingly difficult to ascertain which
street is meant).

» Within the spirit dep6t (district).'
(There was formerly a factory of Chinese
spirit near where this road now lies.
It is disused now. Cf. Cheang Hong
Lim Tjane, where there is also a dis-
used spirit-factory.)

B.A. toe., No. 42, lOOi.

€6

CHlNESfK NAMES OF STREETS. Sic.

Engliih.

Hokkien.

Cftntoneee.

2L Bernam Street

Taa-jong pa-knt chin-

j*eng sba"" khau*

>•

Tan- jong pa-kat chsn-
fieng ahftn hau.

•^

f^-

♦.

23. Berimrd street ...

Go-cha lut l>o*btt«^ hnng.

83. Birch Road.

Pbau-be po liang

24. Blaaco Court

GQ-long ki

26. Bo»t Qttny.

(i) Tiam-pnng Io4hau

hosg.

Phau-ma po hong

Jpfir. 3lm|ft#iMi|^

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chmese Charactera.

p^m^MGMn

Remarks as to Meaning.

*Taiijong Pagar Chin Seng flill mouth'
i.e. the road on to which Chin Seng
Hill opens (or faces) at Tanjong Pagar.

(I do not suppose that this name would
help one much to locate the street
in speaking to a Chinaman, but there
are no names for this or manj other
of the numerous new streets off Tan-
jong Pagar Road. However I was
given this description as applicable to
Bernam Street among others. * Chin-
Seng Hill ' is what is usually called
' Bukit Kim Cheng.*)

^MMW^W^

ftil4^

msmm

' Rochore Road no end lane.'
(This is a small blind alley off Rochore
Road.)

* Race Course Lane.'

(See BelilioB Road).

' Within the godowns (quarter).'
(< Gu-lang ' is not Chinese, but is simply
* godown ' pronounced in Hokkien
fashion. I do not know why such a
name is specified for such an insignifi-
cant street as Blanco Court.)

(i) ' Sampan ghaut or landing-place.'

(This applies to the lower part of

Quay near Purvis Creek.)

Boat

^/.^OC. N0.42. IffM

CHINESR NAMRS OF STRKETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

I (ii) Chap-sa* kang . . . ! (ii) Shap-sam hong . . .

(iii)Khe-kf

(iv) Chappeh keng ... ■ (ir) Shap-pat kan

(v) Chui-chhu hue ...

26. Bonham Street. ... iTuan Kat tho-kho au- Tun kat tho-fu hau-mei.

bue

27. Bras Basah Road...

28. Buffalo Road

(i) Lau kha-khu-keng '•
khau. !

> (ii) Kau ka-ku hau ...

(iii) Ho-lan-se le-pai- ', (iii) Fat-lan-sai lai-pai-
tng pi" thong pin.

(iv) Hai-ki" ang-neo!
toa-oh pi° ... I

'(v)Tai ahii-kwun-fong
I pin.

I Eam-kong ka-la-bu Phau-ma po hang
, phau-be po hang ...

i i

Jour. Straits Brandi

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

tlH+

(ii) * Thirteen shops/ t. e, the part near
where Canton Street joins it.

Mf^

(iii) * River-side.*

IBIA+

(iv) * Eighteen houses,' i. c. the part near
Circular Road.

Mf^^

(v) * Bathing-house end.*
(This name is little used : it belongs to the
Canton Street part.)

* At the back of Mr. Eatz* godown * i. e.
behind Katz Brothers' Shop.

(i)<b (ii) <01d Gaol Mouth.' (The old
gaol was between Stamford Road and
Bras Basah Road. < Kha-khu ' means
* fetters ' in Hokkien. The Cantonese
it adapted.)

(iii) * Beside the French Church.'

^Sfi^^^tOil^j^ (iv) ' Beside the seaside English big school'
I (i. e. Raffles Institute).

fSkf^mm-x

(v) < Beside the big school.'

ii^^i^^fS^M^^ \ 'Kampong(for Kandang) Kerbau Race-
jtt^ ' course Lane.' /

R. ▲. SOC., No. 42, 1904.

CHII^KSE ItAllBS OF STBKtTd, «o.

EngUah.

Hokkien.

CantoneM.

'29. BuggiB Street

...

Feh sna-^u

...

30 BukitTimah]

Road.

(i) Tek-kha kang-a ki"

(ii) Tek-kha chhong
pin.

31. Canal Road

. . . j (i) Kam-kong Ma-lak-
I kah kaug-a ki".

(ii) Pik-ki-lin au

j(iii) Kong chiob-a ...

(iv) Pun-80 chhia

(ii) Pak-khi-lun hau-
(pin kai).

32. Cantonmei.t Road.. Pa-so hue

. . i Pa-80 mei

Joar. straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chino«« Chiiract«rH.

*^^e

'AymMYf

mi^m^^^^m.

Hem&rks w to Meaning.

* White-wiwb * (7)

(Sua-pu is mid to be the Malay 'sapu;'
but no informatian is foi-tbcoroing as
to the reaBOD for the name, lyhicb I
suppose be due to the bou&es tbere
being once given an extra coat of
whitewash),

(i) <fe (ii) « Tbe side uf tbe stream in th*
Tek-kba (or Selegie Boad) district.

(Thisonly refers to the lower end of the
Bukit Timah Road, The Wuyang
Satu and Bukit Timah village parts
are differently called ; see under the
country districts,)

(i) * Beside the Kauipong Malacca StrMiiD*
(Thin name is pracitically obsolete.)

(ii) * The street behind the * Piokenng
(office)* L <. the Chinese Protectorate,

(ill) ' Btone breaking.'

(This is tbe genernl name for Harelock
Buad, but the name is also applied to
Canal Road.)

(iw) • Hefuse sweeping carts/

(Municipal refuse carts are stationed here.

* find of (Bukit) Faaoh/

it A 8oc,. Xo. 42, 19LH

72 CHINSSR NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

Englith. Hokkien. i Cantonese.

33. Canton Street ... (i) Khai ki" hue"-koi-a. I

(ii) Shap-sam hong
i wang kai-tsai.

34. Carina Street ... *(i) Go-cho lut bo-bue-
' bang.

(ii) Lo-cho kwat^bau

i bong.

I I

35. Carpenter Street... (i) Hi-kuan koi

(ii)Gi-bok koi ... (ii) Yi-fuk kai

36. Casbin Street ... (i) Hok-iui-kuan au (i) Fuk-yam-kwun bau-

hue"-bang. pin wang-bong.

• (ii) Ka-sengkoi

37. Cavenagb Koad ... ; Toa-ong-sua" au koi ... Tai-wong-sban baukai.

38. Cecil Road ... (i) A-pliien kongsi ...

Jour, .siraiu Braiich

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS. &c.

Chinese Characters.

^WiWk

Remarks as to Meaning.

(i) <S: (ii) * Small cross street by Boat Quay.'

I (i) «S: (ii) * Chil-de-sac near Roohore

(Road).'
j (cf. Bernard Street.)

(i) * Theatre Street/

(The first Tiechiu theatre was in this
street.)

(ii) • * Gi-hok ' Street.' -
(The old < Gi-hok ' society had a Kongsi-
house here : cf. Clarke street.)

(i) * The crobs street behind the Gospel-
house.'

(ii) (This is phonetic for * Cashin.*)

*• The btreet behind the Governor's hill.'
(I do not think there is any fixed name for

Cavenagh Road, but this was given to

me to indicate it.)

(i) * Opium-Kongsi.'

(The headquarters of the Opium Farm have

R.A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

CHINlCeB NAHES 0* nPRUTS, «o.

BngliHia

. Hoklden.

CaatoneM.

39. Cheang Hong Lim
Lane.

(itt) Laa ^-8ttl nui-ta-
ohimatk

Kong ohioh-a ohiu-
long lai.

(H) 8i-8litl UiA

Chau-Iong noi

40. Cheang Hong Litn [ Peh k<%ng-a
Street. \

41. Cheang Lim Hien
Street.

Kongchioh-a chiu-long
lai.

42. Cheaiig Wan Seng | Chin-long pi"
Rodd.

43. Cheng Cheok
Street.

Gu-kak hang

Chau-loAg noi
Chaa-loil j pin
Ngau-kok hong

Jour, strait! Branch

OHINESlS NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

ffWA

been in this street for the past 2^
I years.)

I (ii) Phonetic (Si-shii for Cecil.)

j (iii) * Behind the Police Station near the old
I market.'

: * Stone-breaking spirit-depdt within' i.«.
< within spirit-dep6t (quarter) in the
Havelock Road neighbourhood.'
I (All lower Havelock Road and district is
I called ** Stone -breaking (place)."

There is a disused spirit factory in
Cheang Chong Lim Lane which leads
off Havelock Road. Cf : Beng Hoon
Road.)

< Eight small buildings.'

(This is a very short street, so the name
is not altogether inappropriate.)

^MMff^M (See under Cheang Hong Lim Lane.)

^^4=-

' Beside the spirit-depdt ' (cf. Beng Hoon
Road.)

Ox-horn lane ' : so called because the
street runs in a semicircle, more or
less, from Tanjong Pagar Road back

R. A. Soc. No. 42, 1004.

76 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

44. China Street ... i(i) Kiau-keng khau

(iii) Gi-hin koog-si

45. Chinchew Street... ,Tau-hu koi

46. Chin Hin Street... :(i) Toa-po aim koi-a

(ii) Po-tsz-chheung kai

Tau-fu kai

I (ii) Chhiu-chau san kai.

(iii) Sin pa-sat sin koi.. |

Jour. SlraiU Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS. &c.

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

n&^m

i^mmmiz

again to Tanjong Pagar Road, form-
I ing a cresent or pair of ox-horns.

i (i) * Gambling houses ' mouth, i.e. the
street on to which the gambling houses
open.

' (ii) < Gambling-hall street/

(iii) *Gi-Hia Kongsi house.'
(There was formerly a Kongsi-house of the
old Gi-Hin Society here.)

* Bean-curd street.'

(i) ' Big town new little street.'

(< Big town ' is distinguished from < small
town/ which is across the Stamford
Road canal ; see under Beach Road.
It is necessary to add the ' Big town '
here, because there is another ' New
Street ' — Fraser Street — in * small
town.*

^^^B^

I (ii) * Tiechiu new street.'
(The district is largely inhabited by
Tiechius, but the street itself is a Can-
tonese brothel street.)

(iii) * New market new street.'
(* New market' is the Ellenborough Market
close by.)

B. A. Soe. Na 42, 1904

NAMES OF STREETS, &f3.

En^Hsli.

Uokkien.

47. CSijja Swee Bo&d... i (i) Kong chioh-a ehiti- Chau-Iong aoi
' • •▼ ^ I long lai.

.♦- |(ii) Chin*sui km .,, Ohan-ini kai

.g» I (ill) 8!ok- ui 8u&^ teng.

48. CbhoA L&m Stresfc. 8iok-ui sua*' teng

49. Church Street ... Go-tei tbien kiong ... Ng-toi thin kong

IJautoneie,

50. Circular Road .., (i) Chap-sa" hang au ... 1(1) Shap-sam hong bau.

51. Clarke Streat

(ii) Ohap'peb keng au.

(i) Qi-^hok koog-ai au...

(ii) Bhap-pat kan hau.

(ii) San fi-h^ kong-ai
hau-pin

Jour. Straiti Enrich

["'WT

CHINRSB NAMSS OF STREETS, &c.

Chinete Characters.

m\umm

Remarks as to Meaning.

«WA-h

(i) (See uader Oheang Hong Lim Lane).

(ii) (This in an adaptation, meaning simply
Chin-swee Road — ^it is not commonly
nsed exopt by Babas.)

I (ii) < Siok Wee's plantation.'

I (The land about here belonged to Kiong

I Siok Wee.)

(See under Chin Swee Road above.)

' Heavenly palace of the five generations.
j (* Thien kiong' Heavenly palace is an

abbreviation for * thien hok kiong' i,e.
I palace of heavenly bliss ; there is a

I temple of this name in this street, in

which five josses of different se" or

clan -names are enshrined.)

I (i) < Behind the thirteen shops'.

t (ii) 'Behind the eighteen buildings'.
I (Cf. Boat Quay).

' (i) 'Behind the Gi-hok Kongsi (house).'

I (ii) 'Behind the New Gi-hok Kongsi (house)
Cf. Carpenter street. The new Gi-
hok Kongsi house was near here.)

& 4. Uoe,,\!fo, 4841004.

CHINBSB'.NAMRSpF STREETS. &c.

English.

Hoickien.

CaBtoneae.

52. Olive Street

53. Club Street

Kam-kong ka-poh ...
(i) Toa-mng lai

Kam-kong ka-po1( . . .
(i) Tai-mun noi

i(ii) Chui-Ian teng ... (ii) Sui-lan theng

54. Clyde Street

55. Clyde Terrace

Tbih pa-sat ma-ca-chhu | Thit pa-sat ma-ta-liu
tui-bin bang. bui-min hong.

Ua'^-tiam khau

iWun-tim hau.

56. Coleman Street ... (i) Chin-seng chhu-pi°.

(ii) Cban-seng tai-ok
fong pin.

(iii) Hiok-nisinchhu...
au.

57. Collyer Quay .. (i) Tho-kho au

|(ii) Tbo-fu hau hoi pin

Juor. Stnito Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS &c.

Chinete Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

mm^m±

*Kampong Eapor'.

(This street is in the K'ampong Eapor

district and has no definite name. Of.

Dunlop street.)

(i) <Within the big gate'. (This has dis-
appeared).

(ii) 'Chu-lan pavilion' (see under Ann
Siang Hill).

<The lane opposite the Police Station near
the iron market.'

'Crockery-shop mouth,' i,e. opposite the
mouth of the street where these shops
are.

(i) 'Beside Chin Setig's house.'

(ii) 'Beside Chin Seng's big house.'
('Chin Seng' was the chop of the late Tan

Kim Cheng, a well known citizen of

Singapore.)

(iii) 'At the back of Tan Hiok Ni's new
bouse.'

(i) 'Behind the godowns.'

(ii) 'Behind the godowns by the seaside.'

R. A. Aoe., Na 4S, 1904.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(iii) Ang-teng lo-thau

•••

58. Commercial Square.

(i) Tho-kho khau

...

(ii) Tho-fa fa-yiin pin.

(iii) Hue-bng kak

...

59. Cornwall "Street ...

Chiu-long lai

•••

Chau-long noi

60. Craig Hoid

(i) Gu-cbhia-chui

kia

...

(ii) Ka-lek lut

(iii) San yiong tai uk
pin

61. Crawford Bead ...

(i) Go-cho hue

(i) Lo-cho mei

(ii) Go-cho pa- sat

...

(ii) Lo-cho pa-sat

62. Cross Street

(i) Kit-ling-a koi

...

(ii) Hoi-san kai ha kai

Jour, strait! BraBck

'"RPV^

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

diinete Charaieten.

Remarks as to Meaning.

mmnm±

mwm

(iii) *Red lamp landing place' i.e. John-
ston's pier.

(i) *Mouth of the godowns.'

(ii) ' 'Beside the godowns' flower-garden.'

(iii) 'Flower-garden square.'

(See under Beng Hoon Road.)

(i) *Si'le of Kreta Ayer.'

(ii) Phonetic only.

(iii) 'Beside Sam Yiong's big house.'
(This street is largely inhabited by
Babas, hence the 'Ka-lek lut.' 'San
Yiong' was the chop of the late Tan
Kim Tian and it is still used by his
descendants ; the name is not gener-
ally known.)

(i) 'Enrl of Rochore.'

(ii) 'Rochore Market.'

(i) 'Kling Street.'

(There are a large number of Eling shops
in Cross Street).

(ii) ' 'Hoi-san' street lower street.'
('Hoi-san' street is Upper Cross street, q,v,)

B. A. 80c., Na 42, lOOi.

CHINESE KAMES OF STREET8,i&c.

English,

Rokkien.

Cantoneie,

65. CummiDg SIraet..

64, D' Almeida Street

65. Darner Boad

60. Delta Road

67, De Souza Street

68, Dickson Road

Eam-kong ma-kk kah
hi-bug koi

(i) Tho-kho le-long-

kwao

(li) Hiap Hoat koi ...

(i) Ong-ke sua*'-kab be-
liau pi**

(ii) Ong-ke sua°-kha
Kong-pan-ge phab
obioh

Okio

Lam -in- tang tho-kho
kak-tbau

Kam-kong ka-pob . . .

K am -pong ma*1ak'kah
hei-yun kai

(i) Tho-fu ham-lang
kwun

(ii) Hip fat kai

(i) Wong-ka aban-keiik
ma-fong pin

Wn kbiu

Lam-jin-thung tbo-fn

kok-thau

Eam-pong ka-pok ...

Jour. Stndta Braneb

I—

GflINE9¥4 NAM9S OF STREETS, &c.

Chinese ChAracters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

.i]WLii0£

litni^^^

'Kampong Malacca theatre street.'
(but see Angus Street).

(i) * Tbe auction-rooms by the i^odowns.'

(ii) *Yap Watt street.'

(The first name refers to Powell and
Crane's auction-rooms, and the second
to the chop of a firm which recently
occupied premises there).

(i) < Beside the stables at the foot of the
Government Hill ' (t.^. Fort^. Canning).

(ii) <At the foot of Fort Canning where the

Municipality breaks stones.'
(There is a Municipal store-yard close by).

< The black bridge.'

(This name is also given by Hokkiens to
part of Balestier Road q.v.)

< Blue funnel godown comer.'
(Mansfield & Co's godown is the comer of

this street.)

< Eampong Kapor.'

(cf. Clive Street, Dunlop Street &o.)

B. A. Soe., No. 42, 1004.

CHINESE NAMRS OF 8TSBRTS. fto.

EnglMh.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

69. Dunlop Street ...

Kam-kong ka-poh hue"
(or toa) koi

Kam-pong k a - p o k
wang (or tai) kai

70. Doxton Road ...

(i) Gu-chhia-ohui kia...

...

(ii) Tok-sun lut

(ii)Tak-8un lut

(iii) Kam-kong-a lai...

...

71. Ellenborough Street

Sin pa-sat pi"

San pa-sat pin

72. Enggor Street ...

Chin-seng sua" khau...

Chan-seng shan hau ...

73. Esplanade

(i) Toa-kok cheng
chhau-po

...

74. Farquhar Street ...

Go-cho lut bo-bue hang

Lo-cho lut mo-mei hong

75. Fish Court

Lo-nia pan- Jiang hang

Lo-ma pan-yang hong

Jour. Straits Braaeh

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chinese Characters

AtsimmmM&^

«f*»-^

Remarks as to Meaning.

* Kaonpong Eapor Cross (or big) street.'
(This is perhaps is the biggest street in

what is known as Kampong Kapor.
The Chinese have not yet given names
to the streets here.)

(i) At the side of Kreta Ayer (cf. Craig
Road).

(ii) Phonetic, but commonly used.

(iii) Within the little * Kampong.'

< Beside the New Market ' ( Ellenborough
Market).

* Chin-Seng Hill mouth ' (see under Ber-

nan Street).

(i) * Grass field in front of Supreme Court.'

* Rochore Road no end lane) or cul-de-sac.'

(see under Carnie street).

' Rumah Panjang lane.'

( * Rumah Panjong'=*long house/ and is
practically a house of ill fame : in
Singapore it is the name given to a
district in the neighbourhood of the
junction of Rochore Road with North
Bridge Road.)

B. A. Soc. No. 42. 1904

CfilNKSE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

ET}gliflh«

Hokkien.

76. Fiah Street

77. Fisher Street „

78. Flint Street

79. Fraier Street

gU. Garden Street *«

81. George Street

Cftntonese

Sin pa-sat pi^

Kam-kong ma-lak-kak
TaD-seng-oDg an

Tho-kbo bue
(i) Sio-po dn-kai

(ii) Thih pa-sat gek-k-
m& hang

(ii\ Thih pa-sat tui-bin
hang

(i) Po-le*a« auB-hong
koi

San pa-a&t pm

ff'

62. Gopeug Street ... Chu-eu-kong khau .,.

Kam-pong ma-lak-kah
chhan-ftheng-w o n g
hau

The-fu mei

(ii) Kam-pong san-kai

Thtt pa-sat tui-mto

hong

(ii) I*Q-Ii-S3G hau -pin kai
CbO'Sz-kimg

Jour. Straits Branrit

^HPl^^l CHINESE NAMES OF 8THEETS, &c. B9 ^^H

^H rbinese Cb&racterB.

K' i> to Meaniag. ^^^|

^B itnQ^

' Betide the New Market/ ^^M

(See EHenborougb Street. Fish Street ^M

and the latter are one on each ^^^H

side of the Ellenborotigb Market). ^^^|

* Behind the Tan-seng-ong (temple) in ^^
Kainpong Malncca.' ^^^|

^H mm±

<Eiid of the godowna/ ^^^|

^p ^i^^/h

(ii) » Small town in New Street/ ^^H

^B ^i^«i^

(ii) * Kampong (Glam) New Street/ ^^H
(Cf. Chin Uin Street). ^^M

r^^.^aiEei^

(i) * Lane of the » Oek-lu-ma ' idol near the ^^B

iron market/ ^^^M

f ^SiiEQli

(ii) * Lane oppoi^ite the iron market/ ^U

(The lane runs into Beach Road opposite ^^H

Clyde Terace Market. ^^M

H ^sni#^^

(i) « Behind the Central Police Station ^^M

street of chop " Sun Hong/ * ^^H

(Commonly spoken of simply as behind the ^^H

Police Station). ^^H

^ ^«#±JS?fe

(ii) • Behind the Police Station Street/ ^^M

^B ti-^mm.

*Moutb of the Cho-su-kong temple.' ^^^|
(This name has to do duty for a number of ^^H

^H a A hoc, Ko. 43, 1904.

f>.

CHINESE NAMES UF STREETS, &c.

Engli^Li.

Hokkien.

Cantonese

83* Guthrie Lane

S4 Haji Lane

85, Havelock Eoad .*,

ga. High Street

K&t4i-li hang-a lai .•.

(i) Hmin-fi kain*kOiig

lai
(il) Jiau-a, koi kam-

kong lai

(i) Kong chioh-a

(ii) Hong lim pa-iat *..

Kat-tei-lei hong-tsai ,.,

(ill) Chin long lai

(i) Toa-kok Kol

(iii) Yau-wa kai hong

tsai

4*4

Chau-Iong noi

(iv) Pak-khi-lin chik
kai.

(i) Tai kot kai

Jour. Straits Branch

'\?*T^ •!*.* '■ ■

CHINESE NAMES OF STKEKTS, &g.

Chinese Cliaracters.

ASM

Remarks as to Meaning.

streets in the Tanjong Pagar district,
where as a matter of fact the streets
have no fixed names).

< Quthrie Lane.'

(This is a new thoroughfare and it is so
far only know by its Municipal name).

(i) * Within the Malay Rampong.'

(ii) * Within the Arab Street Kampong.'

iii) * Arab Street little lane.'

(Haji Lane lies parallel to Arab Street).

(i) * Stone-breaking.'

(ii) * Hong Lim Market.'

(This is the name of that part near the
Police Station where the late Cheang
Hong Lim built a market years ago.
Stones for use on the roads used to be
broken near the Police Station).

(iii) * Within the spirit-depdt (district).'
(See under Beng Hoon Road).

(iv) * Pickering strait street,' i.e. the street
in the same line as the Chinese Pro-
tectorate.

(i) ' Supreme Court Street.'

B. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

;09 ^ CHIKESE NAMES OF STRKETS, &c.

Engl is b.

Hokkiea.

C&ntooeH0.

(ii) Sang-che" lo

■ Vf

*'«

87.

Hill Street

(i) Oag-keaua" kha !,.

(i) Wong-ka sbaa keuk

• - V- 1

(ii) Tiau-kio thftu

(il) f im-khiu thau ..,

88,

Hock Lam Street

Hok'lam km

Fuk-Bam kai

39.

't
Hokkien Street .«.

(i; Tao be-chhia koi ,,.

• «- *

(ii) Cbhiang-tbai koi e
chat

• «k

(iil) CbeoBg-tbai ha kai

90,

Hallowaj Lane ...

(i) Sio-po tbih-cbbio
aa koi

■••

Jour. StraiU Bnuich

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chineie ChAraetera.

«#ff

m\i\m£

Bemarkfl at to Meaning.

(ii) < Two weJls road'

(This name b not mach used now. Form-
erly there were two wells at the foot
of Fort Canning just where High
Street joins Hill Street).

(i) ' Foot of Goyemment Hill.'
(GoTemment Hill in the old days was Fort
Canning Hill).

(ii) ' End of the sas|>ension bridge.' i^.
the bridge connecting Hill Sfareet and
New Bridge Road.

' ' Hok-lam' street.'

(*Hok-lam' is the chop of Lan Kim Pong
who owns many houses in this street).

(i) * The street where (horse) carriages are
made.'

(ii) * Lower portions of
Street.'

'Chhiang Thai'

(iii) ' ' Chhiang Thai ' lower street.'
(The street is called the Mower part of
Chhiang Thai street/ becaase Uppec
Hokkien Street is K^hhiang Thai'
Street. < Chhiang Thai ' is the style of
a well known temple in the street).

(i) 'The street behind the iron foundry in
« small town ' (see Beach Road).

B.A.SM:, lf«a.]

CEIIKG^E NAMES CIF STERETS, &o.

_ ^I

^ %^ ="«"'''■

Hokkien,

C&ntmem.

•a*

(ii) Kam-pong ta-tbit-
ohbong hau-pin

. t

(iii) Bek-a-ni la-pai-tng
feui-bm hang

«•<

9L Hong Kong Street.

Ma*kau koi

Ma-kau kal " ''^^hm

•I

92, Hong Ljm Quay.,,

(i) Kam-kong Ma-lak-
kah hai-ki**

(i) Kam-pong ma-lak
kah hoi pin

(ii) Kam-kong Ma-!ak-
kah chha-chun than

&3. Hylam Street ...

1
(i) Hai'lam koi .., (i) Hoi-nam kai

(ii) Hai-l^m hno-knan

Jour. Straito Brancb

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Chinese Characters.

mmm(ikm&u

mi»mp¥i^^B&^

Remarks as to Meaning.

(ii) 'Behind the iron foundry in Kampong
Glam).

(ii) < The lane opposite the Portuguese
Church' (cf. Bain Street.)

* Macao Street.'

(I cannot explain this name satisfactorily.
I am told that the street is known to
the Chinese as Macao Street, because
many Chinese from Macao lived there.
But the Chinese know Macao by the
name '* 0-mun." I do not think there-
fore that that can be the correct ex-
planation. More probably it is adopt-
ed from Malay. Malays call Canton-
ese *'Orang Macao," and this street
was the home of many*. Cantonese
women at one time.

(i) * Kampong Malacca seashore.'

(ii) * Kampong Malacca timber-boat land-
ing-place.'

(i) « Hailam Street.'

(ii) * Behind the Hailam kongsi house.'

B. A. Soc, No. 42, 1004.

CBINEi^R NAMES OF STREETS, Ac.

Engliah.

Hokklea

CaDtonese^

%L Jolan BBsar

Kam-koug ka-poli thai- '
tu long

Kam-poEg k a - p k

thong-cbu fang

96. Jilan Elapa

Tio"-siaii-»ii pi"

Ohheung-sizi-is (fong)
pin

• • •. •

96. Jalan Kkdek ,.,

{i) Huan-a t h i o n g -
cheng tong tiau

VS4

41 '

1 '

(iij Ma-lai fan tui*mi]i
ehung-kan ko-thiii

97, Jalan Kubor

(i) Huan-a thiong-
oheng bf-liaii

...

{n) Ma-lai fan ttit-mia

ma-fong

98. Jalan Panaog

Eng-chhai ti

■*•

99* Jalan Pisang

(i) Huan-a Ihiong'
oheng thau-tiau

(ii) Ma-lal fan tui-min
tai-yat thiu

100. Jalafi Sultaa

Ji-chap-keng

Yi-shap kau

Jonr. Bimita Bna«li

CHINESE NAMES i)V STREETS, &o.

ChineBe Characters.

HAm^mwi^^ii^

m-i&mmmuj^

Remarks as to Meaning.

'The Slaughter-pig depot in Kampong
Kapor*: referring of coarse to the
Abattoir.

' Beside the ' Tio"" Sian-Su ' temple.'

(i) & (ii) "The Middle Street in front of
the Malay Cemetery."

(i) il^ (ii) < The stable in front of the Malay
cemetery.*

(i) & (ii) * The stable in front of the Malay
cemetery.'

* Qround where (a vegetable called) * eng-
chhai ' is planted.'

(It is a kind of water- vegetable).

(i) <& (ii) *The first street in front of the
Malay cemetery.*

* Twenty buildings.'

The 20 housed referred to were those first

put up in that part of Beach Road near

Jalan Sultan.)

ft A. Soc No. 42, 1004

CHINESE NAMES OF STBBETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

10,1. Japan Street ...

(i) Ma-cho kiong pi*"...

•••

(ii) Tng-lang leng-su-
hu iut-tiau

...

(iii)Tit-loh a^k Kit-
leng bio pi

(iv) Yat-pun kai

102. Java Road

(i) Peh-thah koi ...

(ii) Sio-po phah-chioh
koi

(i) Pakthapkai ...

(iii) Kam-pong ta sheh
kai

103. Jeddah Street ...

(i) Sio-po sam-pai-yang
teng bang

Jour. Straits Branch

CHIfJESE NAMES OF STREETS, &0.

Chinese Characters.

^'^lAm

Remarks as to Mea9ing.

(i) VBeside the ma-cho temple.'
(cf. Amoy Street).

(ii) * The street where the Chinese consul

lives.*
This name is accurate enough at present

but obviously will not be permanejit.)

(iii) * Beside the Kling temple in Telok
Ayer.'

(iv) * Japan Street.'

(i) * White Pagoda Street.'

(ii) & (iii) Stone-breaking street < small
town ' or Kampong (Glam).'

(i) The lane of the praying pavilion in

* small town.'

(< Sam-pai-yang ' is the Malay town *Sem-
baiang.' The street leads from Beach
Road to a mosque. The name illus-
trates the distinction drawn by
Chinese between a Mahomedan place
of worship* and a temple of their own.
(The essence of Mahomedanism is
prayer, while Chinese pay more at-
tention to vows and acts of adoration).

R. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

ioo

CHINISSB NAMES OF STRBBTSr &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(ii) Thih pa-sat tui-bin
hang

(ii) Thit pa-sal tni-min
hong

104. Johore Road ...

Au-be-chhia lo ohiong-

Bau-ma-chhe lo bhe-

kim-ia-kiong

ong-kwan-ye mia

105. Kallang Road ...

(i) Ka-langkio

(i)Ka4ang kiu

(u) Ka-langlut

•••

(iii) Heu-sia"

...

(iv) Mui-hai kuk

106. Kampong Java
Road

Ang-mo thiong

Hong-mo fan

107. Kompong Martin

Hu-liou ]ai

Yii-liu

108. Kamf ong Malayu

Ong-hu hang

Wong-fu hong

109. Kampong G 1 a m-
Beach

Toa-che" kha

Taichengkeak

1 10. Kengcbeow Street

(i) Kam-kong ma-lah-
kah. Sam-pa-yang
teng au

Jour. Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

101

Chinese Charaeten.

mmmM.G.m

^iM

Remarks as to Meaning.

(ii) ' Lane opposite the iron market.'
(cf. Garden Street).

*The temple of the idol * Chiong-kun ' near
Victoria Street.*

(i) <Kallang bridge.'
(ii) 'Kallang Road.'
(iii) * Fire stronghold.'
(iv) * Coal vapour office
' European Cemetery.'

e. Gas-works.

* Within the fishermen's village.'

' Sultan's house lane.'

(The late Sultan AH owned property in
this street).

*Foot of the big well.'
(There used to be an old well in the mid-
dle of the road at Sultan Gate).

(i) * Behind the praying pavilion in Ram-
pong Malacca.'

(A praying pavilion is a mosque, see Jed-
dah Street).

R.A. Soc, No. 42, 1904.

^^-^1

102

CHINKSK NAMI S (IF t^THKETS, &t.

EngUih,

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(ii) Kam-pong ma-lak-
kaJc lai-thong bau-pin

• »

fiii) Keng-chiau koi ...

L i'V •,,.

111.

Kerbaii Lane ...

Fbau-be po hang

Phaii-ma po bottg

iia.

Efrban Road ...

FhaU'bepo cbban-chhi

Fhau-ma po chbo-fibi

na.

Kerr Street

Kam-kong ma-lak-kah
pun-so chhia tui-bin
koi

Kam-pong ma-lak-kab
lap-aapchbe tui-min

114.

KilUn^y Road ...

Tang-leng pa -sat lui-
bin bang

Tang-ltng pA-^ai tui-
nini hong

115.

Kim Seng Head...

Hong bin lo

Fung heng lo

116.

Kinta Eoad

PbaH'be po hang

PL au -m a po hong

117

Kliog Street ...

(i) fBua°-ateng
\ Bua^-kia teng

(ii) Tbih thiau

(]) Shan4&ai teng

Jour. Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

103

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

»te^J^ii|l6

Tiff 111

(ii) Behiud the Eampong Malacca place of
worship.'

(iii) *Keiig cheow street' (so-called after the
late Tan Keng Cheow;.

* Race Course Lane.'

* Race Course grass-market.'

*In Kampong Malacca opposite the
scavenging carts.'

' Lane opposite Tanglin Market.'

* Hong Hin Road.'

(<Hong Hin' was the chop of Tan Kim
Seng).

* Race Course lane.'
(cf. Kerbau Lane).

(i) * Small hill top.'

(There was formerly more of a hill here

than now exists. This has been

levelled).

(ii) * Iron pillars.'

(Mr. Haughton says * Many iron pillars

were used in the construction of houses

in this street').

B. A. Soc, No. 42, 1004.

104 CHINRSE NAMBS OF STREETS, &o.

En^lMh.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

118. Krian Street ...

Chin-seng sua" khau...

119. Lavender Street

(i) Qocho toa kong-si
(ii) Chhai-hng lai

(iii) Kwong fuk min
kai

120. Lim Eng Bee
Tjane

(i) Kong-chioh hi-hng
au koi

(ii) Pak-khi-luntui-min
hei-yun haii kai ...

121. Little Cross Street

Jiau-a phah-thang koi

Yau-wa ta-thung kai...

122. LorongTeluk ...

(i) Bih-lang koi

(ii) Lo-chham kai

123 Macao Street ...

(i)Po-lepi°

...

Jour. Straits Branch

"^r^X- -V-^ipT^s-T^ V ' yy ^ a^ '^ T*^ ^TT-^- '■■ TV -

CHINESE NAMES 1*F STUEETS *c.

105

Chinese Character)^.

Ramarkf^ a» to meantDg.

' Mouth of Chm Seng^a Hill/
(cf. Bemani Street.)

(i) 'Big Kongsi-houae in Rocrhore.*
(Tbia refers to the Kongsi house of an old
society^ the Thien Ti Hti6/)

(ii) * Within the vegetable gardens.'

(iii) * ^Kwong Fuk* Temple Street/

(i) 'Street behind the thratre near Ha^e-

lock Road.'

(ii) 'Opposite the Chinese Proteotorate the

atreet behind the theatre/
(The theatre is the Wayang Street theatre,
and the word used lor Chinese Pro-
tectorate is the Chinese equivalent of
the iidme of Mr. Pickering, the first
Proteator of Chinese.)

' Javanese eoppef smith's street/

> (i) k (ii) *Bamboo*baftket street.'
(i) k (ii) 'Beside the Police Courts/

K. A. Soc , No. 42,1004.

106 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

EDglkh.

HokkieD.

Cantonese.

...

(ii) Po-li-8j fong pin...

(iii) Kua"-chha tiain ...

(iv) Ewun-chhoi pho
kai

124. Mackenzie Rood...

Tek-kha chui-ti

•

125. Magazine Road...

Tan-seng-ong koi

Chhan-sheng-wong kai

126. Malabar Street..

Hai-lam hue-kuan ...
hang

Hoi-nam wui-kwun
hong

127. Malacca Street ...

(i) Lau pa-sat khau

(i) Kau pa-sat

(ii) Ban-hin koi

Man-heng kai

128. Malay Street ...

(i) Jit-pun koi

(ii) Yat pun chai ka^...

129. Mflnila Street ...

Sek-a-ni koi

...

Jour. Straits Brucb

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

107

Chinese Characters.

is^m

nui^Yfrn

Remarks as to Meaning.

(This name was given when the old court
was in existence on the south side of
the road).

(iii) & (iv) *Cofl^-shop street.'

* The Selegie-Road-district reservoir.'
(see under Annamallai Chitty Lane)

'Tan-Seng-ong temple street.' ,
(There is a temple here to Tan Seng Ong
the ancestral deity of the Tans).

*Hailam Eongsi-house lane.'

(iy Old market (mouth).'

(The old market is not now in existence,
but the present market at Teluk Ayer
is often called the * old market ').

(ii) *Chop *Ban Hin' street'

(i) * Japanese street.'

(ii) 'Japanese brothel street.'

< Eurasian street. '

(Several streets in this neighbourhood are
called by this name).

B. A. Hoc, No. 42, 1904.

108

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

CaDtonese.

130. Market Street ...

(i)Tiongkoi

(ii) Lau pa-sat khau •••

(i) Chung kai

131. MoCuUnm Street

Tit lok a-ek bue-tiau
koi

• •.

132 Merbau Boad ...

Kam-kong sai-kong
ang-mo phah thih

Kam-pong sai-kong
hung-mo thit-chhong

133 Merchant Road...

(i) Sin koi-a khau ...

(ii) Sill koi-a khau hi-
hng koi

(i) San Kai hau

134 Middle Road ...

(i) Mang-ku-lu

(ii) Sio-po ang-mo phah
thih

(i) Mong-kwo-lo . ...

Jour. Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

109

Chinese Charaoten.

Remarks as to Meaning.

^^1

P^B^

(i) * Central Street.'

(This refers to the five divisions of the town
by the Hokkiens for the pur-
pose of the Chingay process-
ion: there were five Eo-thau).

(ii) *01d market mouth.'

(cf. Malacca Street).

* Last street in Teluk Ayer.'

(No definite name has yet been given to

this street, but some such expression

as this is used).

'European foundry at Eampoog Saigon' i.e.
Howarth Erskine <b Co.

(i) * New street mouth.'
(New street is Chin Hin street and it
opens in to Merchant Road).

(ii) 'The theatre street at the mouth of the
little new street.'

(i) *Bencoolen.'

(see under Bencoolen Street).

(ii) * Small-town European iron foundry'
(see £each Road for *sio-po' there is no
European foundry now).

B. A. Soc., No. 42. 1904

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

Engliih.

Hokkien.

Cantoneae.

(iii) Hai-lam hue-kuan

(iii) Hoi-nam wui-kwnn

pi-

pin .

(iv) Sek-a-ni
tngpi"

le-pai-

(iv) Sai-yeung lai-pai-
thong pin.

(v) Mang-ku-lu
chhio° pi"

thih-

(v) Mong-kworlo thit-
chhong pin

(vi) Mang-ku-lu
kuan

chhia

• • •' .

(vii) Mong-kwo-lo shau •
chhe kuk

135 Minto Road

Lau-chi hang

...

• .•

136 Mohamed Ali Lane

Toa-mang-lai
lai

hang -a

Tai-mun noi hong-tsai

137 Mosque Street ...

(i) Kit-ling bio

pi- ...

(i) Kat-Ieng miu pin ...

(ii) Hai-san choi ang-
mo oh-au

...

(iii) Hoi-shan kai hung-
mo shii-kwun hau-

138 Muar Road

(i) Mua° lut

(ii) Kit-ling-a
tng cheng

le-pai-

(ii) Kat-leng lai-p a i-
thong min chhin

Jour. Straits Branch

CeiKESE NAMES OF STREETS, Sec.

Ill

Chinese Charftcters,

i PI

Remark* as tt. Meaning,

nm^umihm

(iii) 'Beaide the Hailam Kongsi-houaeJ
(iv) * Beside the Portaguesa ciiurcb/
(v) *Be8ide tbe iron-foundry in BeAcoolen/
(^i) tfe (vii) * Jinrikishft depot in *Beocool©n."

'Batel-nut lane/
'Lane oif Club Street/

(i) *Beside the Klmg'a temple.

(ii) tk (iii) * Behind the Europen school in
uppen Cross Street/

(i) ' Mnar Road ' (phonetic).

^*^&,iM4 fl*^± (ii) * In ^ont of the Kling churah*.

ml Su-r^nm] r m. ^ I ^^he *KliDg church' is the church of *Ottr

B. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

112

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

139 Nagapa Lane ...

Tek-ktia tug-tiam
bin te-ji-tiau

tui-

Chok-keuk tongpho
tni-min tai-yi-thu

140 Nankin Street ...

Siong-Pek koi

...

Chhung-phak kat

141 Narcis Street ...

Kim -Ian bio

...

Eam-lanmiu

142 Neil Road

(i) Gu-chhia-chui

Eia

(ii) Ngaa-chhe-shoi pin
ma-ta-liu chek sheung

143 New Bridge Road.

(i) Sin pa-sat ma-ta-
chhu cheng

(i; San pa-sat ma-ta«-
liu chhin

(ii) Gu-chhia-chui

(ii) Ngau-chhe-shui ...
(iii) Yi-ma-lo

144 New Market Road

(i) Kain-kong ma-lak-
kah sin pa-sat koi

(i) Kam-pong ma-lak-
kak san pa-sat kai

(ii) Chhau-chhi

Jour Straits Branch

CUlNi£SE: iNAMBS OF STURBTS, &o.

113

Chinese Charaoten.

Remarks as to Meaninn^.

HQfrP^^Mfl^lg

wW-

Lady of Lourdes', largely attended by
Tamil Christians).

* Seeond (road) opposite the Selegie Road
pawnshop.'

< <Siong Pek' (kongsi) street.'

' Golden lily temple.'

(i)*Steep(part of) Kreta Aver.'

(ii) * Near Kreta Ayer, straight up past the
Police station.'

(i) *In front of the New Market police
station.'

(ii) ' Kreta Ayer/

(iii) * Second horse (carriage) road.'

(i) 'New market street in Kampong
Malacca.'

(ii) * Grass-market.'

B. A. Soc, Na i% 1004.

114

CHINK8K NAMIS oF STKKETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

145 Niren Rood

Ji-ong 8aa"-kha

Yi-wong shan kenk

146 Noordin Lane

Lo Lam kai

147. North Boat Quay (i) Kek-ang cheng ...

(ii) Ong-ke sua" khaau|(ii) Wong-kash m-keuk

hau-pin

148. North Bridge
Road

(iii) Chin-heng toa chhu

(iv) Tiau-kio thau bi- j
kau

(i) Chui-sien mng

(iiii) Chan-heng tai ok

Jour, straits Braoeh

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

116

Chine e Chwftoten.

«»llH~

Rem&rki as to Meaning.

(This only refers to that part of the road
which nma up to the People's Park.)

* Foot of second Qovemor's hill. '
(Formerly Ooyernment Hill was Fort Can-
ning and the Chinese still speak of Fort
Canning by that name. The present
Qovernmeut Hill is called * second
Qovemor hill ' to prevent confusion.
'Second Qovernor' is the idiom In
Colonial Secretary.)

* Lo Lam's Street.'

(I am told that one Lo Lam owns property
here, but the Hokkien pronunciation
(*Lo-Lim') sounds very like ' Noordin *
in disguise.)

(i) *In front of the ice-factory/

(ii) * Behind the (road along thf') foot of
Fort Canning.'

(iii) * Chin Heng ' big house.

(* Chin Heng' isthechopof Seah Liang Sean.

This refers to the part lower down the

river).

(iv) * Suspension-bridge rice-stores.'

(i) 'Water-fairy gate.'
(See under Bain Court).

B. A. Hoc, No. 42, 1904.

116

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

'•

(ii) Sio-po hue-ohhia lo

(iii) Lo-ma pano-jiang
toa'be-chhia lo

(iv) Kam-pong talk ma
lo

149. North Canal Road

(i)Kau-aki»

• ■

(ii) Tan-pin kai

150. Omar Road

161. Ophir Road

I Kam-kong mak-la-kah
I Sam-pai-gang teng
hang

Kit-ling 1 e -p a i - 1 n g
cheng c h i a n g-k u n
I iapi"

152. Orchard Road ... Tang leng psi-sat koi... Fang-lftng

Joar. straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STBBBTS; &C.

117

Cbinefle Characters.

9imikm^>

MifM

Remarks as to Meaning.

(ii) * SmaU town tramway.' (See Beaoh
• Road.)

(iii) ** Rumah Panjang ' big horse-carriage

road.'
(cf. FiBh Court.)

(iv) < Kampong (Glam) big hor8e-(carriage)
road.'

(i) < Beside the little drain.'
(The drain down the centre of the road-
way was filled up some years ago.)

(ii) * One-side street '
(There are houses on one bide only cf .
Upper Macao Street.)

* Kampong Malacca praying-temple lane.'
(* Sam pai yang ' is the Malay * Sdmbaiang '
and a praying-temple is a mosque.)

l^«ll1©lS#i|!l^l'^° ??°* "4 *1\«, Kling church beside
jm ^ Johore Koad.

jS^I* (See under Muar Road and Johore Road.)

^HQiem

* Tanglin market street.'

(As a matter of fact ' Tang long ' is the
most one gets from a Chinaman, un-
less he is pressed).

B. A. 8oc., No. 4i, 1904.

CHINESE NAMES OF 8TKBBTS, &o.

English. t

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

183 Ord Road

(i) Ong-ke 8ua"-*kha
tbihH)hhio"

(ii) Na-lei Ihih-chbong

154 Outram Road ...

(i)Si-pai po
(ii) Si-kha tenii;

(i) Si-pai po

155 Padang Alley ...

Ong-hu khut-than hang

Wong-fu kwat-than
hong

156 Pagoda Street ...

(i) Kit-ling-a le-pai au
(ii) Kit-ling bio au ...

(iii) Kat leng miu pin
kai

157 Pahang Street ..

158 Palembang Road.,

Ong-hu hang

Peh thah koi au koi ...

Wong-fu hong

Pak thap kai hau kai.

Jour. Stniti Braadi

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

119

ChineM Charaoten.

mmmm

Remarks as to Meaning.

(* Iron foundry at foot of Fort Canning.'

(ii) * Riley (Hargreaves') iron foundry.'
(* Na-lei ' has to do duty in Cantonese for
* Riley.')

(i) * Sepoy plain.'

(The Sepoy lines and Police Station and
parade ground are at one end of Out-
ram Road.)

(ii) * Four-footed pavilion.'
(There is a pavilion in the Cemetery ad-
joining this road, known by this name.)

*The cul-de-sac (near) the Sultan's house.'
(See under Kampong Malayu.)

(i) * Behind the Kling place of worship.'

(ii) ' Behind the Kling temple.'

(iii) ' Street beside the Kling temple.'
(The Kling temple is a Mohamedan Kling
mosque).

* Sultan's house lane.'

(See under Kampong Malayu).

* The street behind * White Pagoda' Street.'
(See Java Road.)

*&. A..SOC.. No. 42, 1004.

120

OHINESB NAMB8 (IF 8TRBBT8, &o.

Englteh.

Hokkien.

Cantonese*

169 Puk Boad

(i; Chhau^hhi

(i) Chho-shi

...

(iiXChan-ohiiahan kenk

110 Pa^waon Road ...

(i) Tang-leng ma-ta-
chhn an

(ii) Tang-leng ma-ta-
liu han pin kai

161 Pearl's Hill Road

Chin-chu ana*'

Chan chii ahan

162 Pekin Street ...

I-sio" koi

Yi-seung kai

163 Phillip Street ...

(i)Laa-ia-kengkhaa ...

(ii) Ma-miu kai

164. Prinsep Street ...

Mang-ku-lu sau-lo koi

Mong-kwo-lo 80-lokai

165. Pule Saigon ...

(i) Thai-tu-long khau

...

(ii) Thong-chii fong ...

Jev. St»i*t

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, ko.

121

ChineM Characters.

mm^^nmt^

mmmn^m

Remarks as to Meaning.

(i) * Qrass-market.'

(ii) 'Foot of Pearra Hill.'

(i) & (ii) < Bej^ind Tanglin Police Station.'

« Pearl Hill.'
* Clothing-box street.'
(There are a large number of box-makers
in this street.)

(i) * Mouth of the Idol's Temple.'

(ii) ' Double temple street.'
(Two temples are enclosed in one outer
wall.)

' Scavenging street in the fiencoolen dis-
trict.'

(There are Scavengers' carts kept at the
comer of Prinsep Street).

I ' Slaughter-pig-depot mouth,' i,e. near the
Abattoirs.

* Slaughter-pig compartment.'
(It would be necessary to add something
like Kampong Malacca or Kampong

B.A- loe., No. 41,1904.

122

CHINRS£ NAMB8 OF STRKBT8, &c.

Englisli.

166. Qneen Street

167. Baffles Pkce

168. Bamah Street ...

169. Rangoon Road ...

170. Raub Street

171 Read Street

Holdden.

(i) 8ek-a-ni koi
S^-kia"-ni koi

Tho-kha hue-hng

Toa-mng lai

Na"-taii hang

Cantonese.

Chin-seng sua" khau . . .

Ong-ke sua" kha thih-
cheio" pi"

(ii) Lam sam tai ok kai
Tho-fa fa-^iin (pin)...

Tai-mun noi chau-tim
kak-lei

Chan-seng shan hau.

Wong-ka shan keuk
thit-chhong pin

J«ur. Stiaiti Bhuicb

CU1NR8R NAMES OP STKBBTS, &o.

t23

Chineae Charaden.

^#fffe

Remarks as to Meaning.

Saigon to ayoid confuaioii with the
Jalan Beaar Abattoirs.)

(i) * Eurasian (serani) Street.'

(Part of Queen Street will be included in
* Mang ku lu ' see Bencoolen Street,
and part again shares in the names of
other streets.)

(ii) < Lim Sam's big house street.'

' The flower garden by the godowns.' ^
(See Commercial Square.)

* Inside the big gate next to the spirit-

shop.'
(cf. Club Street: the spirit-shop is the
present * Hotel Trieste.')

* Na"-tau lane.'

{* Na"-tau ' is the name of a plant with
prickly leases which grows here.
Douglas' Dictionary says it is the
' pandanus ' or < screwpine.')

' Mouth of Chin Seng's hill.'
(See Bernam Street )

* Beside the iron foundry at the foot of

Fort Canning hill.'
(The iron foundry is Riley Hargreives k

B.A.8eo.Vo,42,ieo«

124

CHINR8K NAMES OF 8TRVET$,.&g.

English.

Uokkien.

CautoBese.

172 River Valley Road

(i) Ong-ke sua" kha ...
(ii) Leng-thau ]che" . . .

(i) W n g-k a s b a n
keuk

173 Roberto liane ...

Phau-be po bang

Pbau-ma po hang

174 Robinson Road ...

Heng-liong koi

Heng-lungkai

Lo-man-san kai

175 Rochor© Canal ! (i) Mang-ku-lu kang-a
Road ki»

(ii) M o n g-k w o-l o
I chhung-pin

Jour. Strtklti BvaUch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

126

Chinase l^h&ractera.

Remarks as to Meaning.

Go's Workshop. For the •xpression
translated by * Fort Canning hill ' see
Hill Street.

(i) < Foot of Fort Canning hill.'
(cf. Hill Street.)

(ii) ' Dragon's head fountain.'

(There used to be a fountain at the end or

this street with a Dragon's head fof

a spout.)

* Race Course lane' (see Belilios Road).

* *Heng-long' Street.'

(Chop *Heng-long' belonging to Lok yu,
the well-known towkay, is in this
street. )

* Robinson Street.'

(* Lo-man-sen ' is 'Robinson,' and the name
which has been used to my knowledge,
is quite Chinese in sound at any rate. I
do not however guarantee the name as
being intelligible to the ordinary Can-
tonese-speaking Chinaman. To inter-
pret * Robinson' Ropd clear to him,
would require I feel quite sure, a very
long rigmarole.)

(i) & (ii) * Beside the canal in the Ben-
coolen District.'

B. A. Aoc., No. 42, 1004

126

CIIINRSR NAMES OF SPRBRTS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

176 R( chore lioad ...

177 Sago Lane

178 Sago Street

179 Samban Street

180 Scott's Road

181 Selegie Road

(i) Qo-cho lut

(i) Lo-cho kai

(ii) Lo-ma pan-jiang .

flo-ban-ni" au koi

Qu-chhia-chui hi-hng-
koi cheng koi

A-bit-no hang

Ho-man-nin hau-pin
kai

Ngan-chhe-shui hei-
yiin chhin kai

Tang-leng ma-ta-chhu
tui-bin

(i) Tek-kha

(ii) Tek-kha tit-koi ...

Tang-leng ma-ta-liu
tui-min

Jour. Htraiu Braneb

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

127

Chinese Ch&raoten.

mmmm

^#^«fl

^M9^

Remarks as to Meaning.

(i) This is phonetic, but commonly used.
(The character only suits the Hok-

kien name, for in Cantonese it is
sounded *ng', 'lut' is simply 'road'
from Chinese lips.)

* Rumah panjang.'

(The name is really applicable to a District
more than one street ; cf . * Fish Court
and North Bridge Road.)

'The street behind * Ho-man-nin.'
( * Ho-man -nin ' is the chop of a well known
Chinese singing-hall in Sago Street.)

' The street in front of the theatre (street)
in Kreta Ayer.'

* Habib Nor lane.'

(Habib Nor was an Arab, now deceased :
the street is so named because a
* Kramat ' exists there which is dedicat-
ed to him.)

' Opposite Orchard Road Police Station.'

(i) < Foot oC the bamboos.'

(ii) ' Foot of the bamboos, Straight
Street.'

B. A Soc., No. 42, 1904.

128

CHINKSR NAMES OF STUEfiTS, &e.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(iii) Tek-kha tng-tiam
hit-tiau

•••

182 Seok Wee Hoad

Siok-iu sua" teng

...

1 83 Serangoon Road . . .

Au-kang

Hau-kong

184 Shaikh Madarsah
Laae

Ku ba-li

Eau-ma-li

185 Short Street

Tek-kha so-si-tek hang

...

186 Smith Street

(i) Gu chhia chui hi-
hng poi

Ngau-chhe-shui h e i -
yiin kai

187 Solomon Street ...

Kam-kong ma-lak-kah
bue-tiau koi

...

188 Sophia Road ...

(i) Ji-ong sua" kha ti
tek-kha khi

Joar. Straita Braneh

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

129

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to meaning.

mm^mmYf

m u&^

(ii)' Street of the foot of the bamboos
pawnshop.'

(< Tek Kba ' is the name for a large dis-
trict. There are no bamboos visible
now.)

< Seok Wee's plantation.'
(See under Chin Swee Road.)

< Back creek.'

*01d Bali.'

(See under Bali Lane.)

< So-si-tek lane in Tek Kha.'

(So-si-tek' is 'short ' in Chinese guise:
and Tek Kha means the Selegie Road
district. There is no proper name
for this street in Chinese )

'Theatre street in Kreta Ayer.'

l^f^M W^m &^ ' ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ Kampong Malacca.'

^mn^m\u^^

(i) <k (ii) ' Foot of Second Governor's hill
going up from * Tek Kha.'

. Soc., No. 42, 1904

130

ClllNESK NAMES OF STREETS, &G.

English.

Hukkien.

Cantonese.

189 South Bridge Road

190 South Canal Road

191 Spring Street

192 Stamford Road

Qu-chhia chui toa be-
chhia lo

(ii) Chhat-bok koi ...

Po-le au kang-a ^^ki"

(ii) Yi-wong shan-keuk
yau chuk-tsai keuk
hui

(i) Ngau-chhe-shui tai
ma-lo

(ii) chhat-muk kai

Po-le hau

Fan-tsai mei ma-ta-
liu pin

(i) Lau-chui khe"

193 Stanley Street

i) Ma-cho kiong hi-tai
au

(ii) Pun-kei fauhaipho

our. Sinits Bnaeh

cmncsB SAXES op streets. &c .

131

Remarks «« to M«4JUi^.

HlfHirAIWiaE-

(•Tek Kha' is the name of the Selegte Road
neighbourhood.)

i^M^l

(i) ' The big horse (carriage) road ia Kt^lm
Ajer.'

(ii) 'Faint^wood street' i\** ^Bioiiter^i

street.*
(This refers to the part between the Polioe

Court and the rirer.

' Behind the Central Police Station beaide
the canal.'
i (cf. North Canal Road and Macao Street.)

I ' End of the foreign brothels beaide the

Police Station.'
(cf. Banda Street.)

* Flo wing- water ditch.*

(This appears to refer to the Stamford Road
I canal, which is notorious for being so

I often practically stagnant. )

1 (ii)* ' Pun Ki * foreign shoe shop*
(There is an old established Chinese shoe-
makers' shop chop * Pun ki ' near the
Bishop's House.)

(i) & (ii) * Behind the Ma-cho temple thea-
trical stage.'
(cf. Amoy Street.)

& A. Soe., No. 42, 1004.

132

CHINESE NAMES OP STREETS, &

English.

194 Sultan Gate

195 Saltan Road

196 Samba wa Road ...

197 Sungei Road

198 Syed Alwee Road

199 Synagogue Street

200 Tampinis Road ...

Hokkien.

(i) SiO'po phah thih
koi

(ii) Ong hu khau

Phah-tang koi
Hue-long koi

Tek-kha ma-ta-chhu
tui-bin gu-long pi"
koi

(i) Sai-ek a-lui koi thai-
tu-long pi"

Po-le-au te-ji tiau koi

(i) Kam-kong sai-kong
khoi-ki°

Cantonese.

(ii) Eun-yam miu hei-
thoi hau

(i) Siu-po ta-thit kai...

Ta-thang kai
Fo-long kai

Chuk-tsai m a-t a-1 i u
tui-minngau Ian pin kai

(ii) Thong-chii-fong pin
sai a-lui kai

Po-le-hau tai-yi thiu
kai

Kam-pong sai-kong
chhung-pin

Jour, straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

133

ChineM Characters.

mmtr

Remarks as to Meaning.

(i) < Blacksmith's streets in 'small town.' '
(For * Sio-po ' see Beach Road).

(ii) < Palace mouth.'
(cf Eampong Malayu

Coppersmith's street.

* Steam mill street.'

(So called after the steam rice mill in
Beach Road, which is not far off).

*The street beside the cattlepens opposite
the Tek kha Police Station.'

(Sungei Road starts almost opposite Kan-
dang Kerbau Police station : for < Tek
kha ' see Selegie Road).

(i) tk (ii) *Syed Alwee street beside the
abattoirs.'

* Second street behind the (Central) Police
(Station).

(i) * Beside the creek at Kampong Saigon'

B. A. Soc.. No. 42, 1904

134

CHINFSE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

(ii) Kam-kongsai
phah-thih au

-kong

...

2^1 Tanglin

Toa Tang-leng

«..

Tai Tang-leng

203 Tanjong Pagar
Road

Tan-jiong pa-kat

...

Tan-jong pa-kat

203 Tank Road

Ong-ke sua" au

...

Wong-ka shan bau . . .

204 Tan Quee Lan

Kui-lan hang

Kwai-lan kai

Street

205 Tan Tye Place ...

Ong-ke sua" kbathih-

Wong-ha shan k e u k

long pi" tbau

thih-chhong pin

206 Teluk Ayer Street

(i) Guan-bun koi

(ii) Tai pak kong miu
kai

207 Teluk Blanga ...

(i) Sit-lat mng

(ii) Sai-pak mun

Jour Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

135

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

^mnnm^m

(ii) < Behind the iron foundry at Kampong
Saigon.'

(The iron foundry is! Howarth Erskine't.)

^t«:^

' Big Tanglin.'

(There h however no • little Tanglin' that

I am aware of.)

M^^n

(Phonetic.)

«iLi^aE

* Behind Fort Canning hUl.'
(cf North Boat Quay (ii) )

^Mn

• Kui Ian Street.'

m^mmmihmjE

* Beside the iron foundry at the foot of
Fort Canning hill.'

mmn

(i) * *Guan Sun' street.'
(* Guan Sun ' is the name of one of tho five
divisions of Hokkiens who take part

in the chingay procession once every
three years.)

mm&i^it

(ii) * Toa-peh-kong temple street.'

P^nJJW

(i) * Singapore gate.'

P^:|W

(ii) * North-west gate.'

R.A Soc., No. 42, 1904.

136 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, Ac.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

208Teochew Street...

(i) Sin koi thau

•••

(ii) Chhiu-chau kai ...

209 Thomson Eoad ...

(i) Ang-kio thau
(ii) Mi'-kua keng

( i) Hung khiu than . . .

(iii) Hai-lam sua"

(i v) Pek shan theng . . .

210 Tong Watt Road

Kong chioh-achiu-long
thau

...

21 I TrasStreot

Cl)0-su kong khau ...

Cho-8z kong

J our. Straiu Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

137

ChineBe Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

mmm

(This is apparently what the name means,
but it has been suggested to me that
* Sai-pak mun ' is simply a Cantonese
curruption of sit-lat mng).

(i) • Head of New Street.'
(New Street is Chin Hin street.)

(u)»Tiechiu Street.'

(The street was at one time largely occupi-
ed by Teochew women.)

(i) « Head of the Red Bridge.'
(The ' Red bridge is that connecting Thom-
son Road and Kampong Java Road.)

(ii) * Vermicelli buildings.'

(iii) • Hailam hill ' i.e, • burying-place.'
(iv) * Pek Shan theng (cemetery)'.

< Head of the Spirit depot (quarter) in

Havelock Road district'.
( cf Beng Hoon Road.)

* Mouth of the Cho Su Kong temple.'
(cf )

R. A. Soc, No.42, 1904.

138

CHINESR NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese

212 Tringgann Street

21 5 Upper Chinchew
Street

214 Upper C ircu lar
Hoad

215 Upper Cross Street

216 Upper Hokkien
Street

217 Upper Macao
Street

(i) Gn-chhia-cbui hue"
koi

Tan-hn koi
Be-chhia koi

Hai-san koi

Chbiang thai koi

(i) Po-le-pi°

218 Upper Nankin
Street

Siong-pek koi

(ii) Ngau-chhe-shui hei
yiin wang kai

Tau-fu kai

Ma-chhe kai

Hoi-san kai

Chheung thai hai

(ii) Tan pin kai

Chhung-phak kai

Jour. Straits Branch

M'.

CHINESE NAMES t)F STREETS, &c.

139

Chioeae Char&ut^rB.

mm.%.
w^^

KeiD&rka ae to Meanmg.

(i) k (ii) ' The cross street or ctimb theiitre
street in Kreta ajer.'

( cf Smith Street, Sago Street.)

'Bean- curd street.'

(See Cbinchew street)

* Horse-Cjirrage road/

(So called because there are noftchimilders

there.)

' Hai-sau street,'

(So called after the Haitian KongsUhouse
which wan in the street)

'Chhianf^ Thai street/

(See under Hokkien Street,)

(i) * Behind the Police Courla.'

(* Po-le ' IB used either for the present
Police Police Courts or in some cases
for the site of th« old courts where the
Central Station stood till it was pulled
down a few months ago)*

(ii) * One -side street/
(cf North Canal Koad.)

* Siong-pek street/

(See under Nankin Ltreet)

B. .4Soc., No. 42,1004.

140

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

219yeerappa Chitty

Lane

•

Tek-kha tng-tiam tui-
bin thau-tiau hang

Chuk-tsai-keuk tong-
pho tui-min tai-yat
thiu hang

220 Victoria Street ...

(i) Au be-chhialo ...

(ii) Kam-pong yi ma-lo

221 Wallich Street ...

Tan-jiong pa-ka seng-
ong kang pi*"

...

222 Waterloo Street

(i) Mang-ku-lu chhai-
tng koi

(ii) Kun-yammiu chai-
thong

223 Wayang Street ...

(i) Pek-ki-lin tui-bin
hi-hng koi

(i) Pak-khei-lun tui-
min hei-yiin kai

(ii) Thung-chai yi-yiin
kai

224 Weld Road

Kam-kong ka poh

Kam-pong ka-pok

Jour. StraitA Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

141

CMne^ Characters.

Remarks a« to Meaning.

Slto^^

* First lao© opposite the Selegie Road pawn-

Rhop/
(c£ Nagapa Lane.)

(i) ' Back horse -carriage road.'
(As distinct ttom the main street %.€. North
Bridge Eoad.)

(ii) ' The second HorB€ road in Kampong
(Qlara.)

■ Beside the Seng Oog temple In Ta^jong
Pagar;

(i) 'The stp?'-jt in * Bencoden ' where the
Vegetariane' Uall is,

(ii^ * The Vegetarians' Hall near the tem-
ple of the goddess *Kun Yam' or
* Kwan Im.* |

(i) ' Theatre street apposite the Chiaese

Protectorate.*
(cf Canal Koad.)

(ii) < Thang Chai Hospital street.'

'There is a Chinese Hospital in the street.'

Kampong Kapor.*
(see Ihmlop Street.)

B. A. Hoc., No. 42, 1004.

142

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, fee.

English.

Hokkien

Cantonese.

225 Wilkie Road ...

(i) Ji-ong sua"
tek.khakhi

kha ti

"•

(ii) Yi-wong shan keuk
yau chuk<>t8ai keuk
hui

Bridges,

1. Ga/enagh

Hai-Ki» thih

tiau-kio

Hoi-pin thit tiu-khiu . . .

2. Coleman

...

Yi-ma-lo khiu

3. Elgin :..

Thih tiau-kio

...

Thit tiu-khiu

4. Kallang

Ka-lang kio

...

Ka-lang khiu

5. Read

Kam-kong ma
kio

-lah-kah

Kam-pong ima-lak-kak
khiu

6. Thompson Road ...

Ang Kio

Hung khm

Police Stations.

1. Central

2. Kandang Kerbau .

3. Kreta Ayer

4. Marine

It ho mata chhu

. I Yat ho ma-ta liu

Tek-kha ma-ta cbhu... !Chuk-t3ai keuk ma-ta-

liu

Gu-chhia-chui raa-ta-
chhu

Ngau-chhe-shui ma-ta-
liu

Hai-kuan ma-ta chhu Hoi-kwan ma-ta liu ...

Jour, straits Branck

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

143

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

fe^itjrSiWllim

(i) <k (ii) * Foot of 2nd Governor's hill going
up from Selegie Road.'

(See Sophia Road. This is descriptive more
than an actual name. There is no
name for the street.)

TOHi^ratw

* Iron suspension bridge by the sea shore.'

1WiPp»W5— *

m^m

* Iron suspension bridge '

mmm

< Kallang bridge.'

mmnkm^m.

* Kampong Malacca bridge.'

mfp:

* Red bridge.'

Utr.^^-

*No. 1 Police house.'

^tn^mff

* Selegie Road District Police house.'

Mn.%:i:m'^

* Water cart Police house.'

mtr^mm

* Sea office Police house.'

R. A. Soe., No. 42, 1904.

144

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, Ac.

English.

5. New Bridge Road...

6. Orchard Road

7. Boohore

8. Sepoy lines

Oovemment buildings

and oiher public

offices.

Ohineee Protectorate

Hokkien.

Sin pa-sat ma-ta chhu
Tang-leng ma-ta chhu
Go-cho ma-ta chhu ...
Si-pai po ma-ta chhu . . .

(i) Pek-ki-lin

Cantonese.

San pak sak ma-ta lin
Tang-leng ma-ta lin ...
Lo-cho ma-ta lin
Si-pai-lin ma-ta lin ...

(i) Pak-khei-luu

(i)Tai-jinge

(iii) Phai Kwun

Colonial Secretary's
Office

Ji-ong ge-mng

Yipeng-thau nga-mun

Court of Requests ...

(i) Tho-gun po-le

(ii) Lo-ngau nga-mun...

Jour. Straits Branch

»n -y yg^v' .»»•# ■ f .iW 7 ^" *Jg 'I ■ * ^ -

CHINKSE NAMES up STHEETS, &o.

146

Chinese Characters*

ISA^

Hem&rks aa to Meaning.

*New market Police hoQi«/

* Tanglin Police bouse/
' Roc h ore Police house/

* Hepoy plain (or ' liaes'} Police houae/

(i)* Pickering/

(After Mr. W. A. Pickering, a M, G,, the
first Protector of Chineie).

(u) *Tai jm^s office/

(Tai-jin, literally * great man,' is a term of
respect for officials, special ised in the
Strails for officials of the Chiiieie
Protectorate),

(iii) * Licence Office/

(This refers mainly to the fact that brothels
were licenced under the C. D. O. the
name however still survives.)

P^injBB^I^ * Second governor's office/

(i) '-ue for money Conrt.
(ii) 'Sue fo? money office/

K. A. Soc. No. 42. 1904

146

CHINESE NAMES ')F STREETS, &c.

EagUsh.

Hokkien.

Cahtonev.

Gaol

(i) Kha-khu keng ...

(ii) Kam-fong

General Hospital

(i) Ong-ke pe" chhu . . .
(ii) Lo-kun chuu

(iii) Tai yi-yiin

Government House ...

(i) Toa- ong chhu

(ii) Tai peng-than chii-
ka

Land Office

(i) Ga-lan Kuan

(ii) Tei-shui sz

Lunatic Asylum

(i) Siau-lang keng ...

(ii) Tin-fong

Magistracy

Po-le

Po-lei-sz

Marine Office

(i) Hai kuan

(ii) Shun cheng theng

Jour, straits Branch

eiUNKSE NAMES OF STUKETS, &c.

147

Chinese Charactera.

Remarks as to Meaning.

^^W

(i) VAnkle-fettera building.'

(ii) 'Prison-room.'

mm^i

(i) * Government sick house.'

Mt^

(ii) * Doctor's house.'

KSf^

(iii) * Great medical hall.'

m^.K

(i) * Governor's house.'

(ii) * Governor's private house.'
(i) « Grant Office.'

mn^

(ii) * Land tax Official.'

(i) * Mad person's buildings.'

(ii) * Mad room.'

* Police (Court).'

(It is said that this name was originally
given to the Central Station, which
formerly stood where the Court now
stands. )

(i)* Sea office.'

(ii) Ship management hall'.

R. A. 8oc., No. 42, 1904.

148

CHINKSB NAMES oK STUKKTS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantones.

Municipal Office

Kang-po-kek

Kung-pQ^kuk

Police Office

Toa-kau-tbau-e ge-mng

Tai kang-thau nga-mon

Post Office

(i)Phuekuan

(ii) Tai ahii-sun kwnn

Singapore Railway
Station

Hue-chhia thau

Fo-chhe thau

Supreme Court ... Toa kok

Tai kot

Tan Tok Seng's Hosp- (i) Nain-seng hue- hng
ital pi"

ii ) Tljiu"-klia ken«j

(iiij Lan-keuk kwun

•'"'•r Straits Brunch

PRBB

^ ^ - -^'q

CBISESE NAMKS oF sTRKKTS, &c.

149

LMa

C)umetAr%.

Beai*ncs Al»

^Battrd of vorkfi^ ol

ObM Mg 4ogB ofie« or ChM Inspector's

<P^(c«ciffi4%n Kfm mppmrtnt^j all * dog%\ fm
all thmm mhov^ the tmiik id Stit^mMktmrm
mUt^ ■ li% dogs ' tli« Caatooeit wm
•aollMr idioiii r * foreBiiui \ tti^ Siiiie
word M » ua^ in speaking ol mn
Q/rmmet or i^iaiiore. )

(i) * Letteroffice/

(ii) * Big Iett«r-omce/

' Fipe-carriage baad/

' Big Court/

('Kok' or ^Kot*i» aot Clime«e^ but «ui
laiitntion of * Coiirt',)

(i) * B#^*icJe Nmw Seng tbw^r gurcli^ii,'
(Nam Seng mm the t-bop of tiw Chiimmtm
known to Buropeans in Siugaptiri> tin
aH Wharapoti, i".*-. Mr. Ho nh Kee M.
G., formerowner of tht^ proprrt v known
as Benclem*?er on Ht-ningoon Hoad. )

(ii) ' Sore fet*t (or leg«) buildiitg/

(ill) * Broken leg oflim?'.

B. A. Soc.. No. 42. 19<H.

l60 CHINfSK NAMKS oF STREETS, &c.

II Chinese names of country districts

EDglish.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

1. Alexandra Road ...

(i) Chui-bo lai

(ii) Lau-chi kha

(iii) Sang khan tia*" ...

...

2. Balestier Road ...

(i)Go-cho toa-peh-kong

(ii)O-kio

(iii) Wu-hap thong ...

3. The Barracks (Tang-
lin)

Tang-leng peng-pang

Tung-leng peng-fong

4. Bedoh

But-lok

...

5. BlakaDg Mati

Gia-kang ma-ti

...

6. Botanical Gardens...

(i) Ang-mo hue-hng ...

...
(ii) Wong-ka fa-yiin...

7. Bukit Timah

Be-chhia lo-bue

••.

8. Chancery Lane ...

Sang-chiau

...

Jour. Straits Branofa

P ^ W

i:mmmsK ^amks of sxR^n^
in Singapore Islaod^ and the \lctnity«

te. ISl

Ckii.cf e t karartfii-

mfm

^i^i^wm

\^^L%

HomMkm m %m Ummmg,.

* Witbin tbe wmtet (rie«» mill'

«Footoftli«&irih' 1 ^. *wmr th» g^irib gm r d ii ww *

' Tvo botHikf pans '^ibe * tk* ' b ikti pMC
vsed for l»oilmg gumbkr— the ^IwNtt

tbere was some difference in 1l.« pr^
paration of the gambler.

' Rochore Temple.*

I » Black Bridgt.'

* Taro pood.'

' Tanglin Soldier's rooinh.'

(i) * European flower-garden.'
(ii) * Government tlower-gnrden.'
* End of the horHe-carringe roiui.'

j * Two birds,' referring to the niglen on the
j gateway of the drive leading to

B.A S<JC., No. 42, 1004.

152

CHINESE NAM£S oF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

9. Changi

ChiaDg-gi

10. ChuaChukang ...

(i) Chua-chu kang ...
(ii) Kang-kia°

...

11. Fort Canning Hill

Ong-ke sua"

Wong-ka shan

12. Government Hill

(i) Toa-ong sua"

(ii) Peng-thau shan ...

13. Holland Road ...

Hue-hng au

...

14. Jurong

Yu-long

...

15. Kampong Bharu...

(i) Sin kam-kong
(ii) Sin sua"

San kam-pong

16. Keppel Harbour...

Sit-lat mng

Shek-lat mun
Chha-tin ma-thau

17. Kranji

Ka-lan-ji

...

18. Mandi

Man-Ii

...

19. Moral

Meng-sun kang

...

Jour, btratts Branch

"^ ..u i' l^wm/J i pj I - :iiv. ! yw^j^wj i .:ya. ' v>. i'>p

CHINKSE NAMES oF STKEETS, &o.

153

Chineae Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

Mohamed AlsagoflTs house at the
ThomBon Road end of Chancery Lane.

t:*

mMm

* Chua-chu creek '

ff»

'Little creek.'

m^aE

' Goyernment Hill/ as it formerly was.

mi:ft:

(i) & (ii) * Governor's Hill.'

UlU:^

#BI^

* Behind the flower-garden.'

IBvA

^^fr

(i) * New Kampong.'

\hm

(ii) ' New hill or plantation.'

P^nJJS

* Singapore gate '

kM^-^^

* Jardine's wharf ' i.e, the Borneo wharf.'

:i:llAn

i^H

mmm

* Meng-sun creek.'

R. A. Soc, No. 42, 1904.

154

CHINESE NAMKS OF STRKETS &c.

EDgliah.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

20. Pandan Besar ...

Toapanlan

Tai pan -Ian

21. Pandan keohil ...

Sio pan Ian

Siu pan-Ian

22. Paair Panjsng ...

Hong-heng sua**

...

23. Ponggol

Phong-hut

24. Pulau Brani

...

Chha- tin ma-thau tui-
min

25. Pulaa Obin

Chioh-8ua°

26. Pulau Tekong ...

Ti-kong

27. Selitar

Chan-chu kang

28. Serangoon

Au-kang

29. Serimbun

Bu-kho kang

30. Siglap

Gi-lap

31. Tanjong Gol

Tanjong gu-thau

32. tanjong Katong...

Ka-tong

33. Tanjong Rhu

(i) Tan-jiong gu

i (ii) Sha-tsui

Jour. Straits Branch

T y^'M g- ^ f ip ^ -^^

CHINBSK NAMKS OF STUKKTS, &c.

155

Chinese (haraoten.

Remarks as to Meaning.

U^-^

mmA>

\u^m

* Hong Heng's plantation.'

mmi&MfBii

• Opposite the new tin smelting.'

mnm:^'Hm

'Opposite Jardine's jetty.'

LUS

* Stone hill'

^vft

mMt-

' Chan-chu creek.'

* Back creek.'

m^vit

* Bu-kho creek.'

m'^^n

^^^

^i:>

(ii) * Sand spit.'

R .A Soc , No. 42, IWW.

166

ciUNESK Names of stkkets, &e.

EnglUh.

Hokkian.

Cantooeae.

34. Teluk Blanga

Sit-lat mng

*»*

Sai pak mma

35. Thomson H o a d
Reaervoir

(i) Chui-tkam thau

...

*••>

...

(ii) T«i siitii tbong .,,

a6. Tiong Bharu

0-chhai hag

...

.*••

87, Ulii PandaD

Sasg-leag

'f**

t%«

m. Wayang 8atu ...

Toa pa4o

»•»

III Cliinese names of Streets and

L Bandar Hilif ... Ban^-bit

2. Bandar Kaba

3. Blacksmith Street

(i) Ban-la ka-ba

... Yi-bit

(ii) Khau-chheung kai

Kap-pan koi

Kap-paii kai

Jour. Mia)irt Brai th

} ^msr. J «f' » y |-t^n»i!iipuj ! <jyri#" W

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

157

Chinese Characters.

m^-k

Remarks as to Meaning.

cf. *Keppel Harbour': — Sai-pak mun means
' north-west gate.'

(i) * Water pond head.'

(ii) < Big water lake.'

' Taro vegetable garden.'

•Two hills.'

' Big swamp. ' Pa-io is the Malay word
* paya' swamp.

Districts in Malacca town.

^nm

ii) "Khau" means * bill ' aid "chhaung "
means * area ' or ' open space ' and the
name is given because the cricket-
ground adjoins the street.

It is not clear why the name " Kap-pan
street " should be given unless " Kap-
ppn-kai " is a corruption of or substi-
tute for " Kap-ma kai " which would
mean " box street." There are a
number of box-makers' shops in the
street.

R. A, Soc, No. 4 J, 19 4

158

(miNESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkten.

Canotnese.

4. Bukit China

5. Bunga Raya

6. Ist Cross Street

Sam-po chi°

6ong-ga la-ia
(i) Kit-ling-a koi

(iii ) Poh-bian

Sam-pau cheng

Mong-nga la-ye
(i) Kat-leng kai

(ii) Pat-chi-lan

Jour, Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES uF STREETS, &c.

159

Cbinefie Chftractera*

Ht#

Beniai-kA &h Io Meaning,

'C^

^-^nm

A^m

i^m

* Sampo^s wella/

(There are welb at the foot of Bukit China
and the nam© of ** Saiupo's well *' i^
ii given to tiiem, because there is a
legend, in which the Chinese belie ^*e,
that a Eunuch of the Ming Dynistj
^risited Halaccra and dug these wells.
Similarly the old Fort is called ** Sam-
po-kong Sia", *the fort of Sam-po/and
there are various other namea locally
coanected with the legend of 8am -po 'a
visit.)

(i) *Kling Street.'

(The chetties and Kling cloth-fthop-keepars
live at the northern end of the street.)

(ii) ' Eight manaiotti/

(Chi-lan is the name of a Aower and * chi-
Ian chi shat ' means according to Eitel
*^ mansion of brightness atid virtue/'
apparently a eomplimentary esLpression.
The re anon why this name was given
iH lost in obscurity,

(tii) This name b given to the part near
near the landing-place. It is tu^
Malay *pabeyan' or * pebiyan ' a
^ customs- house * or * ^harf * (see
Wilkinsun^s Malay Dictionary.)

a A. Soc.. No. 42. 1904

160 imiNKSK NAMES UF STKKETS, &o.

English.

7. 2nd Cross Street

8. 3r J Cross Street

9. 4th Cross Street

10. Goldsmith Street

11. Heeren Street

Hokkien.

(i)Ku pa-sat

(ii) Kiau-keng khan ...

Hai san kongsi koi ...

Chui-sien mng

(i) Kam-kong ke-tek .

(ii) Kuan-im-teng koi

Cantonese.

(i) Kan pa-»at

Hai san kong sz kai .

Shui-sin man

(ii) Kun-yam teng kai

(^i)Holankoi .. Ho-lan kai

(ii) Po biah kci

Jour. Straits Branch

■i j i t up ^ i n ai . t,t ■■

CHINESK NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

I61

Chinese Characters.

RemarkK as» to Meaning.

(i) * Old market.'

(ii) * Gambling-house mouth/

* The Haisan kongsi street.*

(The kongsi house of this society once stood
in this street )

* Water- fairy gate.'

(So called, it is said, because there was once
a public bathing place here: cf. north
Bridge Road, Singapore. One can
only grope at the reason why a public
bathing place should be called a
" water-fairy gate." It is a delightful
name anyhow.)

(i) * Kampong Ketek.'
(This is the Malay name.)

(ii) * Strjet of the goddess Kuan-im*s

temple.'
(This is the common Chinese name for the

street derived from the large temple

in the street.)

(i) * Dutch street.'

(There were Dutch residences here in the
old days.)

(ii) * Precious meta! street.'
(This name is net common and I cannot
explain the meaning.)

R. A. Soc, No. 42, 1»M

162 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

12. Java Lane

13. Jonker »Street

14. Kampong Pantai...

15. Klebang Besar

16. Klebang Kechil ...

17. Kubu Road

18. Mill Road

(i) Ma-kau koi

(ii) Sin koi

! (ii) San kai

Koi tio" koi

. . . Kai chuen kai

Karn-kong pan-tai ... Pan-tai

Kit-lai-bong but sat ... Sai kat-leng-wang
Kit-lai-bong kit-chik ! Tai kat-leng-wang

Ku-bu kak ... ' Ku-wu kai

I
(i) Si-pai po

Jour Straits Branch

r - jt,K)M |i L ? 3 w ;.w.' T ^- j» f, ' »yiww-^r yi

CHINEfiK NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

163

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

M^^

(i) * Ma-kau street.'

(So called because the Caotonese prostitutes

live in the street; cf. Hongkong street,

Singapore.) '

(ii) • New Street'

(It is a remarkable coincidence that Cam-
pbell street, Penang, Fraser street,
Singapore and Java lane, Malacca, — all
streets connected largely with houses
of ill fame — are all known to Chinese
as * new street.')

(i) * Cock-pit street.'

(So called because a cockpit * glangang '
used to exist here.)

♦ Kampong Pantei, ' /."., the village on the
shore. (The Chinese have simply
adopted the local name. The name is
also applied to the adjoining ends of
2nd and 4tli Cross streets.)

(The Hokkiens use transliterations of the
Malay name, but the Cantonese trans-
late into * Big' and 'Little ' Klebang.

' Kubu comer.* ^Kubu strett.'

(i^ * Sepoys' plai^.'

(The sepoyb' baijracks were formerly in this

street.)

B. A. Soc, No 42, 19r)4,

164 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokklen.

Cantonese.

(ii) Sin pa-sat

^ii)^San pa-sat

(iii) Sa-kak po

•••

19. Riverside

(i) Ho-Ian chhiu kha ...

...

(iii^ Pa -sat kliau

(ii) Tai-chung kai

(iv) Sin koi au

(iv) San kai hau pin ...

20. Trancrkerah

Tang koi lak

Tong kai la

Jour. Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

166

Chineae Characters.

%GM,

Remarks as to Meaning.

i(ii)*New market.' (The new Municipal
market is close by.)

(iii) Three-cornered plain.'
(There is a triangular bit of land heie
used as a vehicle-stand)

(i) * Foot of the Dutch trees.'

(The Dutch trees are the *8ena' trees

which were probably introduced by

Dutch.)

(ii) * Big bell street.'

(This refers to the clock tower.)

(iii) * Market-mouth.'

(Riverside is a long street and has various
names in various paits. This name is
given to that pait near the fibh-market.)

(iv) * Behind Java Lane.'

B. A- Soc, No. 42, liKM.

166 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

IV. List of towns and villages in Negri Sembilan.

English.

Chinese.

Dtairict of Seremban,
1 . Ampangau . . . i Tan-yung

2. Batang Benar

3. Batang Labu

4. Binjei

5. Broga

6. Bukit Putus...

7. Bukit Tangga

8. Bukit Jelotong

Pa-tang man-long
Ma-tang la-wu
Min-ye

Wu-leng-ngan...
Bu-kit Phu-tok
Bu-kit tang-nga

Characters.

mmm

Remarks.

Bu-kityii-lo-tong ^±^11*

y. Clierlana:

Cliin-taiig

10. Gadut

Kwa-tu

11. Gebok

Ngai-mok

12. e d a n g
Lalang

Su-niau piang ...

13. Klanil)U

Ka-lani-lm

14. Kuala »S;i\V!»li

Kwa la sa wa ...

15. Kuala Pant

Kwa 'a ma ii^it

^^^^

Juiir. Str.iits Branch

^^^^"■^ I . Jipiil! .. "j^

CHINESE NAMES OF .STREETS, &c.

167

Eofdiih. i Chinee.

Cbaracters.

Remarks.

1
16. Lenggeng ... Song-po

5|ctt

17. Liat

Fo-che than ...

:k^m

18. Limbok ...

Lian-mok

19. Linsam

Leng-8ain

20. Lobak

Lo-mak

21. Mantin ...

San sa-tu

miv%

2*2. Membah ..

Man- ma

23. Merabah ...

Mit-ya-ma

4*Hfc^

24. Nendol ...

Mit-tu

25. Pantai

Pan-tei

26. Paroi

Pa-mi

27. Pengkalan
Kempas

Leng-gi k o n g -
bau

SltjiP

28. Perbent i a n
Tinggi

Sbip-thiu sbak...

-^«is

29. Permat a n g
Pa«ir

Pa-!na-tan«r pa-
sia

Br|«G^

30. Rahang ...

Tbin-kbau rai ...

WMm

K. A. hjoc, No ,24.

1904.

168

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

31. Rantau

32. Rasak

33. Senaweng ...

34. Seremban ...

35. Setul

36. Sikauat ...

37. Siliau

38. Sungei Pajani

Chinese.

An-tau

Ah-sa

Lok thiu shak . . .

(i; Sai-lam-ban

(ii)Fu-yong ...

Lo-sa-tu

Sio kam-mit ...

Sai-liau

Kong sang san-
kai-chemg ...

Characters.

Remarks.

39. Sungei Raia Sin-kai la-ya ... ^Ij-^feF^-tb.

Ta:ii-pin leng-gi

40. Tampin Lin^

41. Tanjong Ipob i Tan-yong I-po.

42. Temiang ... | Cham-yong-thau J)?^B£

43. Terachi ... Ti-la-clii ... i ilJjf% ^I

44. Ulu Bernang Hu-lau ... i

Jour Strait.* Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, iVc.

J69

English.

Chinese.
iwala Pilah.

Characters.

He marks.

Bulrirt uf I

L Batani^Jelai...

Pa-tang ya-nai

Bl^m^

2. Batu Bersawa

3. Bdomboijg...

Pa-tu bet-sa-wa
Man-long-wong

4. Beting

Mit-ting

5. Bukit Limpit

Tai-pak-kojigsan

MU^Wx

6. Johol

Yu-ho

is^m

7. Juaseh

•

Yen-ah-sia

«3!^

8. Junapoli

Yu-raa-po

AHfl^

9. Kumoi

Ku-raoi

^n i

10. Kwala Gan-
tani

Kwa-Iangan-tam

mmm

11. Kwala Jem-
pol

Kwa-la cham-bu

m^^^

12. Kwala Pilah '

Pei-la

13. Langkah ...

Lang-kap

U. Pasoh

Pa-sia

"B^ '

15. Plarigui

Bu-lo-ngpi

^m^

K. A. Soiv, No VI, ltH>4

''T

17a

CHINESE NAMES OF STREEiS, &c.

English

16. Prigi Jerneh

17. Pengo

18. Rompin

19. Saki

20. Selaroo

21. Senalin

22. Serting

23. Tebiag Ting-

Chinese.

Pi-lei-ngi

Leng-ngo

Lam-pin

Sa-ki

Sa-la-Io

Chin-chi-len

Si-lo-teng

Thung-pin teng
ngi

24. Torentung... Ti-lan-taiig

25. UIu Jelai ... Wu-lu ya-nai

26. Ulu Muar ... Wu-lu cham-ma

1. Aver Kuiiing .Vh-ek ku-Jin

2. IJatang Mala
ka

.J. r»c)ngek

l*a-tang ma-la k
kah

.Mong-yit

Charaoten.

Mlim

Remarks.

Jour. Straits Branch

■ i .-ii^ ii ji i yu^i p pum|ii. ii ni, i ^ f . ^ ^,iin i p ii ...

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

171

English.

Chinese.

Characters.

i, Chenong

Chill-long

...

5. Chindras ...

Chin-ja-la

...

m^^

6. Gemencheh . . .

Nga-man-che

...

m^m

7. Jeram

Yit-lara

...

8. Karapong
Batu

Kain-pong Pa-tu

^^«!1«5

9. Kendong

Kan-tung

...

10. Keiu

Ka-lu

...

1 *n!^

11. Kuala Gemas

Kua-la kam-

M«t^«

12. Kundor

Kin-chung

...

M.m

13. Linggi

Lin-ngi

...

Mt:

14. Lobok China

Lo-mok chin

-na

mM^^ 1

lO. Makunyit ...

Ma-ku-yit

...

^^m

16. Mantai

Man-thai

17. Pedas

Muii-ta

18. rengkahm
Duii in

Peiit^-ku-lan
lin

lo-

^^^m^

Remark s.

K \ s.K-.. No. VI. l'>»4

172

CniNKSK NAMKS OF STREETS, &c.

English.

! Chinese.

19. Prigi TeieD-
tang

20. Rembau ..

Pi-la ti-]an-taDg

Lam-maa

21. Repah ... I Lam-pa

22. Salak Aamah | Sa-lat lo-pak ...

23. S o m p a n g I Seng-paog lin-
Linggi ngi

24. Tampin ... : Tam-pin

25. Tebong ... To-bong

26. T a n j o n g Tan-yong kht-
Kling leng

District of Port Dickson,

] . Arang Arang Ah-lang ah-lang

2 Bagan Pinang M a-n g a n m i-
neng

Characters.

Remarks.

Jour. Strait6 Branch

CmNKSE NAMES oF STURKTS, &c.

173

English.

Chinese.
Chho-nga

Character.

Remarks.

3. Chuah

4. Jimah

Ye-mok

5. Kwala Lukut

Chi-wo kong-hau

m^fiaiftp

6. Labaan Belik

La-pan mi-leh...

tsfti^pj)

7. Lukut ... Lu-kwat

8. Pasir Panjaug ' Pa-sia pan-yeng

fls^m^

9. Port Dickson i Po-tak-aun

mmi^

Pu-lo a-lan^ ...

i^m^m

10. Pulau Babi Pu-lo ma-mi ...

^m^^

11. Pulau Bajudi Bu-lo bu-chi-ti

mm^n^

12. Semdayan ... Chin-ta-yin

^tuH

13. Sempang ... Si-pong

ra^

U. Siginting ... Si-ngan-teng ...

rasT

15. Si Rusa ... Si lo-sa

WMi!>

1 6. TaDah Merah Chi-wo kong . . .

n^^

1
1 7. T a n j n g Tan-y o n g y e -
Oemok ' mok

nm^M

K. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904

174

(?HINKSK NAMES OF STRKETS, &c.

English.

Chinese.

Character.

Remarks.

18. Telok Ke-
moDg

To-lo kam-pong

^^m4tn

District of Jelehu.

1. G a n o n g
Hantu

K6u-tung an-tu

^Mi^W>

2. Jelebu

Ngi-lok-wu ...

tnkm

3. Jerang

Yi-lang

tJ^

4. Kenaboi ... | Kha-la-iuoi

m^m

5. Kongo! . . Kong-ngo

6. Kwala K 1 a-
wang

Hung-mo-lau . . .

^^^

^ 7. Peradon^ ... Pa-tung

8. Pertang ... Bu-lo-tang

9. Semada ... Seng kah lo-nga

10. Sungei Ke- Chira-ma-la
pong I

v^n

11. Titi

... Ti-chi kong

12. Titi Petal-Ti-chi ku-ta-lin ^"^"^^M^

.Tour. Straits Brin.-h

"■^"'""Hm -W-^ Lij ^ L P j « i i i i gy i in i H P J. T .jmi^ !■ -■ * \4 J ^jyM i ip i Hi '

176

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

V, Chinese names of

Eoglish.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

1. Atok

A-tok

A-tuk

2.BatuTalam

Ba-tu ta-lam

Ma-to ta-lam

3. BatuYon

Ha-tu yan

Wa-to }in

4. Bentong

Bun-tong

Man-tung

5. Budu

Kwu-lu

Wu-lu

6. Bukit Fniser

Peh-chhiu kang

Pak-8U kong

7. Bukit Itara - ...

Bu-kit i-tam

Shim-pan

8. Bukit Koman

Bu-kit ko-ban

Shim-pan

9. Bukit Telaga

Jih-si tiu

Ya-sz pei

Jour. Straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

places in Pahans:.

177

Chinese Chftracters.

Kemarke as to Meaning.

'^M

^ftsMtr

^^M

AlbO known as " Wun-tong."

^m^

* White beard's mining land* (so called
after Mr. Fraser the original proprietor
of the concession now worked by the
Sempam Mining Company. Mr.
Fraser had a long white beard).

The Hokkiens use the Malay name, but
the Cantonese call this place as well
as Bukit Roman * Shim-pan ' or * Shim-
pan kim wo' the Sempam underground
mine. The Sempam river makes a
loop in the direction of these places,
though it is about two miles o£f at the
nearest point.

^^mi

■tf-ffl^

(See under Bukit Itam above.)

* Twenty four stones 'i.e. 24 miles from
Kwala Kubu on the old bridle path.
It is 29 miles distant by the new trunk
road.

B. A. Soc, No. 42, 1904.

178 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

EngliBh.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

10. Bnrau

Mo-lai or Po-lai ...

Po-lai

Sam-meng

Sham-mang

12 Cheka

Chek-kau

Chek-ko

13 Durian Saba tang...

Liu-lian si-ba-tang ...

Lau-lin 82-ma-tang ...

14 Gali

Ga-li

Nga-lei

15 The Gap

Jih-ittiau

Fan ahui au

16 Goa

Ngo

17 Kechau

Kit-chhiu

Kat-chhau

18 Kelola

Kia-lo-la

Kei-lo-la

19 Kuala Lipis

Lip-pi

Lip-pei

20 Kuala Medang ...

Kua-la mian-teng

Kua-Ia min-teng

21 Kuala Tembeling...

Kua-la'tan-bi-ling ...

Kua-la tiin-pok-lin ...

22 Kuantan

Kuan-tan

K wan-tan

23 Panggong

Mang-kang

Phang-kong

Jour. IStraits Branch

i iiMiuL mmj'^ mtmmF

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

179

Chineie Characters.

MtL

Remarks as to Meaning.

* Twenty one mile stones' t.f., from Ewala

Kubu.
The Cantonese name means.

The character for the third syllable is 4ui'
not *la\

The characters do not represent the Hokkien
Hounds.

B. A. 8oc., No. 42, ig04.

180

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

24 Pedah

Mun-ta

Man-ta

26 Pekan

Peh-kan

Pak-kan

26 Perting

Po-li-teng

Po-lei-teng

27 Pulau Tawar

Phu-lo ta-koa

Fu-lo ta-wa

28 Raub

Lah-ut

Lah-wut

29 Sega

30 Seiensing

31 Semantan

32 Sempam

33 Sepan

! Su-ga

I Su-leng-8eng

' Su-mian-tan

I Sim-pan

Chioh-pan

Sz-nga
I Sz-ling-seng

Sz-man-tan

Shim-pan

Shak-pan

Jour, straits Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

181

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

The name refers to the district where the
Perting River jcins the Bentong River
and especially to the mine owned by
the Tong Shun Kongsi.

*IW

^3^

Semantan Ulu though a different place is
similarly named.

The Chinese name is used for all that part
of the district on the Sempam river
between the lower part of Mr. Eraser's
concession and the point where it flows
into the River Semantan Ulu.

B. A. Soc, No. 42, 1904.

182

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &0.

English.

34 Sungei Lembing

35 Tanjong Besar

36 Tanom

37 Tebing Tinggi

38 Telang

39 Tembeling

40 Tranum

41 Tras

42 Tui

43 Ulu Dong

44 Ulu Jelai

45 Ulu Tembeling

Hokkien.

Lim-beng

Tan-yong

Tan-lim

Ti-peng

Tok-leng

Tan-bi-ling

Bun-tong-khau

To-lai

Tui

Long

O-lo jit-lai
O-lo tan-bi-ling

Cantonese.

Lam-meng

Tan-yung mut-sat

Tan-lam

Tei-peng

Tuk-lung

Tiin-puk-lin

Man-tung hau

To-lai

Tui

Lung

Wu-lo yat -lai
Wu-lo tiin-puk-lin

Jour, straits Branch

- ^J4- > ^v ' ^n.^u^n| p^^l . l .i»-iMii"i4'i4iii^f,

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &G. 183

Chinese Characters.

Remarks as to Meaning.

M^m

n^^n

if¥ii

i^m

mhm

The characters do not repreRent the Hok-
kien sounds.

^^p

< Bentong mouth.'

The character in Cantonese is pronounced
*thui'.

See under Tembeling above.

R. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904

184 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

VI Chinese names of places in Perak.

English.

Bagan Serai

Batu Gajah

Bidor

Chemor

Chenderiaog

Enggor

Gopeng

Guntong

Ipoh

Chinese.

Aia-ngan sek-lioi

Wa-tu nga-ye

Mi-lo

Chii-mo

Chek-ngo-ye n g

Leng-lo

Mo-pin

Sz- wui-kai

Characters.

i^^^m

Pa-lo

Remarks.

The name is phonetic.
The TiechiuB call it
* Ma -tang sek-hai.'

ntm

i.e. the street or place
where people from the
Sz-\vui district of the
Kwangtui.g province
live. Similarly Ma-
cao is called 0-mun
kai ; and I have heard
Taipeng called Thai-
peng kai by new
arrivals.

I This is the name by
which the Kheh and
Cantonese Chinese
have always called
Ipoh. Mr. W. D.
Barnes informs me

Jour StraitH Branch

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

185

English

Kampar

Kampong Kepa-
yang

Kamunting ... San-kong-m u n

Chinese.

Kam-po

Kam-pong Pan-
yang

Characters.

Remarks.

that formerly there
were two Kampongs,
one called Ipoh and
the other Paioh. In
Wilkinson's Diction-
ary Paloh is given
as meaning ** a hollow
filled with stagnant
water" while *Ipoh'
means * upas-tree '.
The Europeans and
Hokkien C h i n e se
called the town which
was subseq u e n 1 1 y
built, Ipoh, while to
the Cantonese and
Khehs the place be-
came known as Pct-lo.

I.e. New district. This
name was given by
the Chinese to Kam-
unting because mines
were opened there
later than near Tai-
peng. Kamunting is
about 3 miles from
Taipeng.

B. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

186

CHINESE NAMES OFtfSTREETS, &C.

English.

Chine-e.

Characters.

Remarks.

Einta

Tai-phek-lik

Kota

Kota Bahru .

Erian

Kuala Kangsa.

Kuala Dipang...

Kurau

Lahat

Larut

Ku-ta

Ku-ta ma-lu
Ko-yin

Phu-lo kong-sau

Mi-phang

Ku-lau

Na-hat

Siu-phek-lik

Avm

■^tr

t.e. Big Perak, as dis-
tinct &om Larut which
isSiu-phek-likor little
Perak. The Tiechius
call it Toa-pe-lak.

This name is also appli-
ed to Nibong Tebal
in Province Welles-
ley.

m^u^

The Tiechius call it «Sio-
pe-lak\ and this is
more nearly the sound
of the characters.

Jour, straits Branch

r^Ti j i n y p m p i,. ■■ iiw^..yi j»j. I Hit JJWJL! 1 tw ' j aw

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

CMneea.

CharaatBTB.

Bemarki.

Matang

Ma-tang ..,|

Psdang Bengas

Sm-ean

^\ij

Burning bill, beeansB
lime stone used to be

'• •

burnt here for lime.

Papan

Kap-pan

Farif] Btintar ...

KD-yin

mm ^

Ko-t/in is simply Erian ;
another name is *tn-
ba-lai meaning the
new *balai' or Police
Btation, in distinction
to that at Nibong
Tebal over t be border.

Pola!

Fo-lai

Puglug

Fu^siDg

€M

Salak

Sha-lak

i:>?»

3elama

Bu4am-nia ,„

m^w

R. A. Soc., No. 42, 1004.

188

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

EngliBh.

Chinese.

Character.

Keuiarks

Sehbin

Siit-li-ping ...

«ffi^

Siputeh

Pu-tei

#Jft

Slim

Su-lam

Sungei Baia ...

Sung-kai la-ye

nmmm

Sungei Siput ...
(near Kuala
Kaugsar)

Wo Fung kai-
cheung

^^m^

* Wo Fung ' was a big
mining kongsi here:
Kai-cheung means
* town ' or more liter-
ally * street-area.*

Sungei Siput ...
(near Kampar)

Shek-san-k e u k

^\hm

*The foot of the (lime)
stone hill.' The mines
are at the foot of a
limestone cliff.

Sungkai

Siing-khai

Taipeng

|Thai-peng

Also Phek-lik-tsai.

Tambun

Tam-mun

Jour, ytraits Branch

n*MH !» l^^' J ' »<-. ^ f.J^W5«

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

189

EngliBh.

Chinese.

Characters.

Remarks.

Tanjong Malim

Phu-lo on-nam

^^^^

Phonetic, probably from
some Malay name.
(?Pulau Anam.)

Tanjong Ram-
butan

Hung-mo tan ...

^i^n

This is usual Chinese for
the Rambutan fruit.
Hung-mo or ang-mo
red-haired, so t h e
Chinaman has been
happy in his choice of
of a name for this fruit.

Tapah

Ta-pa

trea

Tekka M e n g-
lembu

Man-li-mong . . .

Mmm

Telnk Anson ...

Sz-ma-tang

m^^

This is the Chinese ver-
sion of Sa'batang. The
old port was Durian
Sa'batang 3 miles from
the present town, the
Chinese however still
use the old name. I
have heard An-stm
used on a few occa-

Temoh

Luk-chipei

anIS^

sions.
i.e. Six mile-stones, be-
cause Temoh is six
miles from Kampar on
the road to Tapah.

Tronoh

Tun-lok

ii»^

H. A. Soc., No. 42/1904.

190 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

VII« Chinese names of places in Selanffor,

EngliBh.

Ampang

Om-pang

Chinese.

Bang!

Batang Benar .
Batu

Batu Tiga

Man-yi

Pat-tang mei-na
Wa-tu

Sam thiu shek .

Beranang

Fu-lu-ngan

Characters.

9&n

A^m^

^m^

Remarks.

^m^

The village between the
3rd andith milestones
on the Kuala Lumpur
Ampang road is Pun-
kong, i.e., 'the half
way mines,' or, 'the
mines half-way bet-
ween Ampang and
Kuala Lumpur.'

The Hokkiens call it
Ban-gi.

i.e. three (mile)-stone8,
because Batu Tiga is
3 miles from Daman-
sara, where sam-pans
discharged cargo in
pre-railroad days.

This name is also ap-
plied indiscriminately
to some other places
in the same district,
e.g., Blau and Broga.
It is apparently pho-
netic.

Jour. StralU Branch

IJIif^.^l.^lff

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &C.

191

E&glith.

Chinefie.

Characters,

Remarks.

Bukit Eaj« ...

Ma-kit La-ye „.

^^mm

Cberaa

Chui-tai

j mm

♦

Gombsk

NgQ-mak

Jeram

Yi-lam

•sm

Jugra

Chbo-ka^b

mmm

iCajang

Ka-yeng

Kaoobiag

Kan-chLog

ISIfiH

Kapor

Ka-pa

Kelumpang

Lung'pong

' mn

Kepong

Kap-tung

Kerling

Kat^lm

Klang

Pa-sang

PE4

Because theMiilpyg giFB
tbename ^Paaang' to
part o! the town of

Klang.

Kuala Kubu .,.

(i) Kwu-cao ,.,

♦

(ii)8z-Nga-Ngok

m^m

T.i?. Sekngor in Cant-
onese guiae. Kuala
Kuba is the prinoipal
town in tJlu Selangor,
and tbe Chinese haFe

B. A. Soc, No. 42, 1804.

192

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &o.

English.

Chinese.

Character.

Remai'ks.

adopted the name of

the district, and drop-

ped the *Ulu.'

Kuala Langat...

Nga-ngat kong-

*7C^P

i,e, the mouth of the

hau

*Nga-ngatriver.'Nga-
ngat=Langat ob-

Kuala Lumpoi

viously.

Kat-lung-po ...

^1^^

I have also often heard
kai-(or ka-) lam-po.

Kuala Selangor

Sek-a-ngo kang-

\ / r

khau

These are H o k k i e n
sounds, representing

* mouth of the river

Selangor.'

Kuang

Kuchai

Ku-tsai

*ff

Kuyau

Ko-yu

Padang Jawa ...

Pat-tang chiau-a

A^/lViRi

Pantai

Pan-tai

ParitTengah ...

Pa-lit Teng-a ...

mnr^

Pasir Panam-

Pa-sa Pan-lam-

mf>wm

bang

pang

Pasir Panjang...

Pa-aa Pan-yeng

mi^^mm

Pfitaling

Ku-ta-lin

i^tr^

.Tour. Straits Braturh

■'^l^lPPpCPP^gTg ^JUI.I I j i lPJIi'i. ' tPf P^- ' ■ %,^, ' ■'-,"

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &C.

193

Engliih.

Chinese.

Character.

Remarks.

Port Swetten-
ham

Pa-sang kong-
hau

Pndoh

PalatiKetam

Rasa

Pun-shan pa

Po-laukit-tam.
...Lak-sii

'B^JiP

Willis

See Klang ' Kon ^-hau '
means ' river i outh.'

i.e. half (way to t h e
jungle.

Bawang

Salak (Sonth) .
Salangor

Man-lau

^i^

(in Hokkien) Rasa is in
Ulu Selangor, and
this part of Selangor
was proved by the
census to be t h e
* Hokkien ' part of the
State— so the Chinese
name of the place was
a Hokkien name.

This may be for * Ban-
dar ' : part of Rawang
is known as Bandar
Bharu.

Ku-ta-lin.Sa.'^lak

Sz-nga-ngok

Most commonly by resi-
dents outside the
State called 'Eit-lang'
(Klang)

»L A. Soc., Noi 42,' 1904,

1G4

CHINKSK NAMES OF STREETS, Ac.

English.

Sdmunyih

Sdpang

Serdang
S^rendah

Sdtapah

Chin«ae.

Sut-laDg-ngo .

Kit-lang
Sz-wai-yik

Chi-wo kong

Character.

iRemarki.

nifiim

Sa-tang ... ^^

Seunj^-man-t a nl |Hf ^^A*

Man-lung-k o n g

^nm

This is the reoogniaed
written name. It
means "luokjall
round.' The colloqui-
al is <Sz-man-yik.',

<Kong' is a river, and
*Chi wo' is the chop
of a gambler and
pepper Eongn, the
largest in that dis-
trict.

Sometimes called * Sz-
man-tan. The river
at this place is called
Sungei Sdmantan.

havj not been able to
ascertain the explan-
ation of this name.
It may have some
connection with the
name of a small river
there called *Sungei
Bilong.'

Joor. Straits Bran%*h

lU I I IH t lfl if pPiWWiwg l^JM ' iWJ^ JyJ^

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

196

Englbh

Chinese.

Character.

E#marks.

Simpah

San-pa

«rPB

Sungei Ayer It-
am

Sung-koi A-yi
yi-tam

Mm.

SuDgei Beoi ...

Baa-kai'cheutig

mmm

i.e. New town, Kai=

street, oheu[ig=^open

space — BO that Kai

cheuog appears tn

mean * street area*

and 80 'town. * It is

Got the usual form

of expression. Su-
ngei Besi got this

name, because the
locality ot the town
was changed some
years ago.

Smigei Bnloh ...

Sung'khoi Pbti-
lo

^mmm

Sungei Dayong

Sung-klioi N a -
yung

mm^m

Stmgei Futeh ..,

Sung-khoi Phu-
thai

^m^m

Simgei T « m *

Sung-khoi Tam-

^m^m

paifin

pa-yeag

Siiugei Way „.

Sung-khoi W a i

9^M>

Tanjong Karang

Tan-yeung k a -
laiig

nnm-i^

B, A, 8oc., No. 42, 1904.

196

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &C.

English.

Tanjong Malim

Chinese.

Fu-lo On-nam 6r
Phu-lo ODi-nam

Characters.

%m^m

Ulu Klang

Tham-kong

^tL

This Bounds like an
adaptation of a Malay
name meaning 'sex
Islands'. But there
is no authority for
that, and it is not un-
likely tnat it is a
Chinees attempt at
*Ulu Bemam.'

t.6. Dull-mine— -Dull in
the sense of not pros-
perous. The miners
here met with little
luck. But more pro-
bably another expla-
nation is correct, ma;,
that the water [of the
river at Ulu Klang
was much used for
drinking purposes,
*tham' here meaning
afresh.'

Shan' practically cor-
responds to *Ulu* —
up-country.

Ulu Selangor ...|U-lau Siit-lang-L^^^lgiSee under Kuala Kubu.

Remarks.

Ulu Langat ...|Nga-ngat8han...

ifTCOi

Ulu Yam

. Wa-tu- a-yam . . . l^jfKHS^ There is said to be a
l^W^ncmi ^^^^ ^batu) which

serves as a landmark.

Joar. Straits Branqh

i-a^ ■■ y ij , ' l ii ffm

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

197

VI n. Chinese names of places most of which have com-
mercial or other connections with the Straits Settlements,

Engtkb.

Hokkieu.

Caotonefte.

Chafacl^r,

Acheen , ...

A-^he

Cbe-fau

Amerioa*

Bi-kok

Mei-kwok

Hue-ki-kok ;..

Fa-khei-kwok...

•mm

Amoy

E-mog

Ha^mua

mr\

E-mni

MPI

Annam

An-nam

On-aam

^•m

Australia*

Sin-kim-Bua" ..»

San-kam-ahan...

ff^ili

Austria

0-kok

0-kwok

Bangkok^

Bong-kok

Macg-kok

Siam-kia"

Batavia*

Ka-la-pa

Ka- la-pa

tmi^B

Ba-tau-i

9*9

n^n

Batu Pahat ..

Ba^tu Pa hat .,.

Ma-tu-pa-bat „.

^mmm

Bombay

Bong-bai ...

Mang'tnei

Borneo

Bo*iiio"

Mu-neung

1. Hae-ki-koh means *fiowery flag country.'

2. Sin-kia-saa" means 'New gold fields' asdistinct from Calif oinia.

3. Siam-kia<* means * Capital of Siam.'

4. Ka-la-pa may be for the Malay word < Kelapa,' coconut.

B. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904

i98

CHINfiSK NAMI£S uF »TliKiCTS> &0.

EngliHh*

HokkkB.

Canloneae,

Uii&racter.

Calcutta

Beng-ka-la

Mang-ka-la

^On^

...

Ka4ei-kat-ta ...

ij^M^n

Canton*

Kng-tang

Kwong-tung ,..

urn

Se^-sia" (TiechiE)

Shang-sbeng ...

CheriboD

CheMi-bim ..,

Chang-lei-man..,

#MiX

Chifu(orChefoo)*

lan-tai

Yin-thoi

China

Tong-kok

Chung-kwok

^^1

Tng-ana"

Tbong«ehan .».

0iii

Christinas Idand^

Ka-BU ma-su ...

...

S±4tfc

...

Sbek-tsai-fau ...

Sff^

Cooob

Ku-kok

&«»

Colombo

Ko-long-bo

Ko-long-mo ...

Ji-iR^

5. Se^Bia^meiina 'provincml cftpitar^Thia is the ex^resdon mvari-
ably tju>ed by TiecniuB— while r&ntonese use the equivaleiit *ShaDg
Sheng/ In the namo way 'bt]-»ia"' will be used by the people of a
prefectare to denote their prefectural city.

6. 'Smoky fort.' Yin Thoi' ia really the name of the foreign con*
oesBion^ on the opposite side of the harbour to the Chinese town of

Chi-fati ^^>R ^^^ the name given to the nte of the foreign concetaioa
has ousted the real name of the ^itace.

7. * Sbek-taai-fau ' meauB ' Little stone port*^ alluding to the phos-
phate work.

Jour. RtraitM Bnaich

PU P H i m f| piipP I H,W i H iii iH,.il^ i PBJJi.iUJ i J

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

199

Eiiglbb.

Hokkien.

CantOQeie,

Ghtracter.

Corea

ECftii-li-kok

Ko4alkwok ,.,

l^MB

Eo^lekok

-*»

Cuba

Ko-p»

Ku-pa ..,

*PE

Deli , ..,

JiUi

Yat-lei

Jin-li

-•

DmdingB^

Pang'kok

Pong-kok

^9^

Edie

Yi^m

l^m

England

Eng-kok

Ying-kwQk ..:

Foochow

Hok-chiu

Fuk-chau

mj^

Formosa*

Tai-wan

Tlioi-wan

France

Ho-lan-se

Fat-tan*Bai

mmm

Husp kok

Fat'kwok

Germany

Tek-kok

Tak-kwok

Haiphong

Hai-pong

Hoi-f ong

Hoihow

Hai'khau

Hoi'hau

8. ' Pang-kok ' is Pangkor. the island and village at the month of
the Dindings river.

9. ' Tai-wan ' is the Chinese name, meaning * Terraced bay.'

R. A. 8oc., No. 42, 1904.

200

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

EngUsh.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

Character.

Holland

Ho-lan

Hong Kong ...

Hiang-kong

Heung-kong ...

India"

In-to

Eit-ling-a tso ke
(Colloquial
Tieohiu)

Yan-to

R3M

Italy

I-tai-li

Yi-tai-lei

^rCW

Japan

Jit-pun

Yat-pun

Jelebu

Jia-li-bu

Ya-lei-mu

^^^

Johor"

Yu-hut

Yau-fat

Sin-sua"

San-shan

ffilj

Ja-ga(Tiechiu)...

•••

Karimon

Ka-li-mun

Ka-lei-mun

m^ix

Kedah

Kit-ta

Kai-ta

^fr

Kelantan

Kit -Ian-tan

Kat-lan-tan ...

^mn

Kopah

Ko-pa

10. *Kit-ling-a teou-ke* means 'Klings' home' : it is of coarse only
colloquial. ..... • . •

11. *Sin.8ua' means *New hills' or 'New country,' distinguishing
oh or, I suppose, from Singapore.

Jour. Straito Branch

pi p;W" « i i ii w* ii^pi ■ ■ M. ^ iMma p*

OaiNESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

201

KngHsh.

Uokkien.

Cantonefie.

Cfaaractei,

Labu&D

La-buan

iLa-mun

Jil^

Lftngkat

Lang'kat

Lang-kat

Langkawi

Phu-lo kau-iii ,.,

—

mm^n

Liagga

Leng-ge

Lung-ngtt

MaUcea

MuaHak-kah .„

Ma-lak-kak „.

B^M

Macao*'

O-mng

O-mmi

mf\

0-muii-kai

mf^m

Maeasatir

Mang-ka-sifth ...

Mang-ka-sat .,.

mmm

Manila

Sio-lu-eong

Sia-lui-iung ..*

/J^StIc

M8daii«

3a- wan

Bba*iraii

i^»

Mergai**

Tan-lau

* *»

Tai-lau

Monlmeiii

Mo-taog-lieQ ...

...

^■jm

;

Mu-lu-mm

%^*i

12. 'O-rnnn' is the Chinese Dame for the place known to Europeans as
Macao.

13. Medan is known to Chinese as 'Sawan' meaning *Sand ba^.*

14. 'Tan-lau' means *Red Sirih.* I have not been able to ascertain the
reason for this name.

B. A. Soc., No. 42. 1904.

^202

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonew.

Character.

Muar

•

Mua'-po

Mo-fau

Muntok

Bun-to

Man-to

Negri Sembilan^*

...

Kau-chau-fu ...

mf\Am

01ehleh»«

A-che

Che-fau

Padang

Toa-pa-taag ...

Tai-pa-tang ...

izm^

Pahang

Pang-hang

Pakhoi

Pek-hai

Pak-hoi

itm

Pangkor

Pang-kok

Pong-kok

nv^

Palembang" ...

Eu-kang

Kau-kong

Pekin

Pak-kia"

Pak-keng

it^

Penang"

Pin-nng-8U

Pun-long-yii . . .

mmm

Pei-nang

San-fau

Perah

Peh-lak

Phek-lek

RftnP

15. 'Kau-chau-fu' is only a translation of Negri Sembilan. The name
*Fu Yung* i.e. (Sungei) Ujong is usually given to Negri Semhilan and
all that part of the Peninsula.

16. This is * Atjeh ', the Dutch name of Acheen, in Chinese form.

17. * Ku-kang' means 'great river.'

18. * San-fau' means *New town : — Penang was later known to Canton-
ese, than Singapore.

Jour. HtraitH Branch

! ■ I i ii> i I n * m wrnmsFr^wm^

CHINEBE NAMES OF BTREETS, 5^c.

203

EugUib.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

Chfljucter*

P«1i8*»

Ka-yang

Ka-jang

ftn^

Pontiatiak

Khun'tian

Khwan4tn

i^n

Pulo B^randan ■*

...

Fo-Bhui shan ..,

^:^\h

But* Ian-tan

...

^mw.

Rangoon

Liang-kong

Yeung-kwong ,..

Ang-kong

On-kimg

Henong

lin-long

Rhio

Liau-lai

Liu-noi

RuBiia

QO'lo-m

NgO-lo-3Z

mmm

Saigon

Sai-kong

Sai-kung

Samamng

Sam-pa-lang ...

SaiD-pa-lang ...

^mu

Sandakan

Sandwich Fds'^.,
San Francisco^ '

Sin-ngia-kao ...
San-ta-kan
Biang-bia k a n g

Toa° Hiong Sua"
Ku kira-Sua" ..*

I 8an-ta-kan ...

Than - H e u n g

ah an
K an- k a m-

fhan

19. 'Ka-yang' ip apparently the Malay *Ka-jang.'
planation of the name.

20. Keroeine-oil hills.

21. * Sandalwood hills'.

22. ' Old gold diggings ' as distinct from Australia.

R. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

1 know no ex-

204

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &C.

English.

HokkieD.

Cantonese.

Character.

Sarawak

Su-la-wak

Sa-la-wak

^mm

Selangor

Kit-lang

Eat-lang

§1:

Sit-lang-ngo ...

Su-lang-ngok ...

^iif^

Serapong

Sa-li-pong

Sa-la-pong

Shanghai

Siang-hai

Sheung-hoi

±m

Siam

Siam-lo
Siam-ti

I Chhim-lo...

Singkep

Sin-kip

San-kap

^Wi

Situl

Si-tiit

Si-to

Sourabaya

Su-li-ba

Sz-sbui

mit:

Si-li-buat

Siet-lei-!a

ma*

Spain"

Toa-lu-8ong

Tai-lui-sung ...

AS5|c

Swatow

Sua"-than

Sban-thau

Sungei Ujong ...

Hu-jiong

Fu-yong

Tavoy

Tho-a

Tho-nga

±%

Tebing Tinggi ...

Chiok-be t e n g-
n gi

Shek-ma teng-yi

^MTt

23. Toa-la-song 'means 'Big Luzon', as distinct from Manila which is
called 'Small Luzon.'

Jour. Straits Branch

.,J i H ^ M W Jl*J I I

=V^

■ULwmiMJtW

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

205

English.

Hokkien.

Cantonese.

Character.

Tokio"

Tang-kia

Tnng-keng

Tongkah

Kong-ka

Hung-ka

iitn

...

Kham-ka

if-^

Taiig*>

Tang li

- •••

Wu-chiu-tang ,..

mmm

TrenggaDU

Teng-ka-no

Teng-nga-nu ...

rmn

Wei-hai-wei»* ...

Ui-hai-ui

Wai-hoi-wai ...

mmm

Yokohama" ...

Hue°-pin

Wang-pan

24. 'Eastern capital.'

25. < Wu-chin tang' means 'Pepper Thang.'

26. 'Strong sea protection.'

27. 'Cross shore.'

Chinese Names of Streets in Singapore and Malacca,
together with a list of names of , the most im-
portant places in the F. M. S.

Some years airo the late Mr H. T.Haughton of the Straits
Settlements Civil Service compiled a list of the native names,
Chinese and Tamil, of some of the most important streets in
Singapore

Since this list was published, Singapore has grown and
streets have multiplied, so that Mr. Haughton's list, useful as far
as it goes, is somewhat out of date.

R. A. Soc., No. 42, 1904.

206

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS. &c.

I have in tbe previous pages eodeavoured to bring it up to
date, as far as the Chinese names are concerned. To do this
satisfactorily, is impossible. Exact names for many atreetsj do
not exist. In this respect Singapore differs from Penang, whpre
new streets are fewer and more easily identified. It is charac-
teristic of the Chinese that in a matter of this kind, accuracy is
the last thing that strikes them as essential. If yuu ask a China*
man — or better still a Chiopse woman — newly arrivedand resident
in Singapore, where he lives, the invariable answer will be
" Singap<irp." A second query will perhaps elicit information
as to the district of the town or island^ but it will take many
questions before the actual address can be ascertained, though
it might have been given directly, if the person questioned had
thought that it. was of any importance.

The Chinese have a happy-go-lucky way of using one ex-
pression to describe any one of perhaps a dozen streets. Any
Chinaman living at tbe town-end of Bukit Timah Road, in Albert
Street, Selegie Road, near Kandang Kerbau Police Station,
Short Street, or in any of tbe numerous lanes in that neighbour-
hood will, if asked where he lives, reply ** Tek Kah " (i. e. Foot
of the bamboos), and unless cross-examined would not volun-
teet any further information, though the answer might mean
any one of a dozen streets.

The more important thoroughfares have recognised names
known to Chinese of all classes. There ar*\ however, a number
of new and smaller streets, and it appears to me that it is im-
portant that these should be easily Jdeotifi^'d. Especially is it
important that official interpreters should have a through know-
ledge of the names, English and Chinese, for all the streets in
tbe town, a matter in which, in my experience, many Govern-
ment interpreters are lamentably ignorant

As already remarked, in many cases there are no Chinese
names for streets. Tanjong Paerar and Kampong Kapor dis-
tricts are full of new roads and streets, nameless ai present to
the Chinese, and defying identification. The houses are new
and often not occupied by Chiriese, but Singapore is a Chinese
town and any one who has watched its growdi will realise that
in all likelihood the^e new roads will be busy througbfares be-

Jom, Stmlti

I^ETNRSE NAMES OF STREETS, &c

207

fore mhnj years are past, and sooner or later no doubt the
Chinese will find names for tbetn. Now it seema a pity that
street-nanip** should be multiplied unayatematically in Chinese
as well as iti Eng^liab, and I should tike to see the Municipality
step in and take the mater in hand. Suggestions need not be
made here as to what plan should be pursued, but there are
several alternative methods, and I think something ought to be
done.

I should state that infallibility canuot be claimed for thia
list. Various informants have given contradictory information.
However such as it is, it may, I hope, prove useful to any
European with a knowledge of Chinese and to any Chinaman with
a knowlt?dy:e uf English*

I have added the names for some of the more important
bridges, police stations and public buildings, and where I have
been able to ascertain them, the names of the country ro^ds and
districts. Here I found it very difficult to obtain exact informa-
tion, most of what is given having been kindly furnished by Mr.
Langbam-Carter of the Land Office.

Following will be found a list some of the places with which
Singapore has connections, commercial or otherwise. This in*
eludes the names of European Statea and» at the other extreme,
local coast ports.

Mr. E. A. Gardiner of the Straits Police kindly sent me a
list of the names of streets in Malacca, with some interest-
ing notes by Mr, Go Lai Kui, the Government Interpreter
there.

And through the courtesy of viiriuu>3 officers of the Feder-
ated Malay States Civil Service, I have been furnished with the
Chinese et^uivalents for the names of the most important places
in the States.

Mr. \. M. Pountney contributed Selangor,

Mr. VV. Cowan sent the Perak names, with notes bj Mr«
W. D. Barnes.

For Pahang I am indebted to the Distanct Officers at Raab
and Kuala Lipis.

The Negri Sembilan names were supplied through Mr,
Ridges.

E. A. Soc., No. i% 19(H.

208 CHIXE8B NAMES OF STREETS, &c.

I Was unable to obtain Chinese names for up-country Kam-
pongs in Malacca — ^there are none apparently — and the Chinese
population is comparatively thin there.

Penang and Province Wellesley have already been dealt
with in the admirable notes of Mr. Lo Man Yuk.

Finally I must express my thanks to Messrs. Ho Siak Kuan
and Leung Ptii Kam of the Chinese Protectorate in Singapore
and Penang respectively, for their assistance in filling in the
Chinese characters for the names.

Penang^ March^ 1904.

Jour. Strait! Branch

Addendum to Mr, Hose's paper on
Methods of Reckoning Time.

StDce this paper waa written a good deal more informatioD
about the Kenyah Sundial has come to bnnd^ and it is evident
that the methods employed by the different tribes in measuring
the noou-day shadow and the omens attached to the respective
lengths of the shadow vary considerably. This is but natural
since tlie different tribes plant their crops at different time:! of
the year. A figure of a measuring-stick (asu do) of the Aki
Kenyahs, a down-river tribe who plant in July, is now given ;
the actual mpecitnen is in the Sarawak Museum^ and I am indebt-
ed to the curator, Mr. R. Shelf ord, for the drawing;.

Explanation of tto Pleare.

Stick (<uu do) tised by the Kenyahs to mensure tlit shadow cast by
the Sundial (tukar do).

The stick is 72 centimetres in length and 1.7 centimetres
broad ; one border is notched. The end marked by an asterisk
in the figure is held in the hand s-j that the slick lies along the
extended arm, the notches corresponding to certain regions of
the arm and hand. The relation of the leuiith uf the shadow
cast at noon -day by the tukar do to the spaces between the
notches determines the omen given by the dtufong as described
in the paper. The letters A to H refer to the spaces between
the notches.

A« Known as Kujai Katd^ the knuckles ; this is a good time for
planting, but there will be deaths in the bouse and the
people of the house will always be crying and rubbing
their eyes with their knuckles ; in pounding out thepadi,
some padi will always remain mixed with the rice.

B. Corresponds to the position of the string often worn round
the wri^ to tie in the soul of the wearer, a bead or aome

ft A. 900,, Na 43, IMH.

ADDENDUM Til MB, HOSE'S PAPER.
I

charm being often threaded on the string. This marks
^ good time for pl&ntiiig.

Sang^ eor responds to the positiou of the wristlet made
fom fibres of the sang pal in bj men oo the war paths to
Istiagtiissh them from the enemy. A good time for
piftntizg,

\tga mipit^ marks a l»d time for planting becanse the
sparrows (mipit) will destroy the crop.

fi ai, i,e,, tb^ small part of the forearm, a bad time for
planting.

n mar le,, the thick part of the forearm, a bad time for
nlant

i.e., the brass armiet worn round the bioeps ;
nkunui a good time for planting.

It Shgi^f i.e., the junction of the ooat-sleeve with the
woat ; a good time for planting.

Joar. Straito Br aacli

Dn Brandstetter's Malayo-polynesiari Researches:
An Appreciation.

There i? (or was) in the Eaat, a uewspaper claiming to have
the largest circulation in Asia, Britiah India excepted. The
exception is a big one. If in the same way I were to say that
Frofesaor Brandstetter of Lucerne is the soyndest and moat
accurate Malayan scholar in Ij^urope, outside uf IloUand, I
shoulil be merely stating in the fewest word^i a plain fact which
in my judgiuent, is not as widely known as it deserves to be;
and I hope that no one will so far misunderstand my meaning
as to imagine that I am attempting to make a scurv7 jest at the
expense of that learned writer. Under the general title of
* Malayo-Polyneaische Forachungen" he has issued a number of
very valuable studies on Malayan subjects, whose titles I subjoin
in a note for the benefit of all whom it may concern, • There

*FirH Striu.

L Der Nskturoiori in den ^11 tern L t eratnrwerken der Malay en.
II. Die BeEiebttDgen den Malagasy zurn Matayii^chen.
IIL Die (ieJichichte Am Hang Tuwah, ein iilterer MalayUoher

Sittenromnn, ina DetitHche iibersetzt.
IV. Die Ge^ohirhLe von Kooig IndjiJait etne buii^ische Erxtihlung,

IDS Deutacbe iiberitetzt.
V. Die Griiiidung voti Wadjo, eive bistoriache Sage aus Siid-

y/t^t celebetij iua Deutsche iiberetetit.
VI. Dafl Le bo wort in a Buglsoben.

Second Series.

L Die 6e«cbichte v^in Djalalankara, ein MakasB&rischer Hoxnan,

in deuttcher Spracbe nacherziihlt,
IL Tagalen und Mfwleca-ten, ein« spriicbvei-gleicbende Abhan-
dlung, ah Orieotierutig fiir Ktlinographen und 8pracbforscher.
III. (In preparation) BeitrJige Eur Fixterung der Stellung welobe
die midphilippiniacben Idiome iunerbalb ilea MalayO'poly*
nesiaoben SprachatanimeM ein neb men.

R. A, Boc, Ho. It li(M«

212

DB. BRANDSTETTER'S RESEARCHES.

ia nat room here to discuss them &11, nor are they all of equal
interest to readers in the Malaj Peninsula; I will therefore
conGne myself to those which appeal more particularly to stu-
dents of Malay.

His two studies on the *' relation of Malagasy to Malay"
(1893; pp. 43) and on »'Tagal and Malagasy *' (11)02; pp. 85),
taken together, give a very clear idea of the interconnection of
the^e languages and throw considerable tight on their past his-
tory and development.

Brandstett^r's strong point is bis strictly scientific method.
Ue will not accept conjectural identifications or vague unsup-
ported theories of relationship: he distinguishes most carefully
between what he considers to be proved and what is merely
probable. Consequently his results, when ihey are such as be
himself considers certain, may be accepted with a high degree
of confidence by his readers.

In choosing two languages so widely separated in geo-
graphical distribution as Tagal (or Tagalog) and Malagasy for
his points of comparison, he brings out very strikingly the essen-
tial unity of the Malayan family of languages, a unity which
is evidently due to common descent and not, as Orawfurd per-
versely maintained, to the influence of Malay or Javanese modify-
ing a number of originally alien tongues. English students
of this subject seem to find a difficulty in getting away from the
idea that Malay is the normal type of a Malayan language:
that, however, is very far from being the case. From the point
of view of phonology, Malay is often relatively very archaic,
much nearer to the original sounds, than some of the cognate
tongues (e. g* Malagasy and Javanese); but even in this regard
Malay is not always the truest representative of the primitive
type. Then again Malay lacks many old words which have been
preserved in distant and widely separated parts of the Malayo-
polynesian region; and this, as van der Tuuk pointed out long
ago, is proof enough that they do not owe their common element
to Malay. Further, MaUy is so much simplified in its grammar
that it occupies in the Malayan family much the same relative
position, that modern Persian or English occupy among the Indo-
European languages: its system of agglutination has been re-

Jotur. Strait! Bruicli

DR. BBANDbTETlER'S KKSI^ARCHtB.

213

duced to a mere remnant, whereas some of these lanj^uages have
preserved it m somethiog like its primitive luxuriance. In this
respect Tagal and Malagasy are more archaic than Malay. An
example will best explain what is meant The Malay gurat
'' writing/* is represented in Tag^al by sulat, in Mala^^asy by
sdratra (5Ialagasy o is pronounced w).

This verb can be conjugated thus in these two Ian*
guages:—

Active.

TagaL

Malagasy,

Present

nanuDulat

manoratra

Preterite

nauulat

nanoratra

Future

manunulat

httDoratra

Imperative

manulat
Passive.

nmnarata

Tagoh

Malagrutf

Present

sinusulatan

soratana

Preterit*i

stnulatan

nosoratana

Futurr

susulatan

hosorataua

ImperHitive

sulatan

soraty*

Here, besides pre^xes and suffixes, infixes and reduplication
play, in Tagal^ a great part.

It is not necessary to add here, by way of contrast, the
meagre list of variations which the Malay verb usually assumes :
they will be familiar to the reader. Apart from these, there
are in Malay (as l^v. Luering pointed out in No. 39 of this Jour-
nal) a few scattered survivals which show that the language for-
merly had a more fully elaborated system of agglutination than it
now possesses.

The comparison of some of the words common to Tagal
and Malagasy (of which Brandstetter gives a remarkably long
and in teres tin "T list) shows that in some cases a form more
archaic than that of Malay muj^t be inferred as the common
original. I bus, for instance, it is practically certain that " fire "

*/3=i, as in English at the ead of a word : Malagaiy spelling
waa invented by English missionaries.

&. A. Boc.« No. 12, 19(M.

214

DH. BUANDSTETTKR'S KESBABCHES,

waa once apui not api^ and ** dead" w««Tfai\ 'Miver*' hut'ti, and so
on. But even more interesting, perhaps, is the light which these
commoQ worda throw on the state of civiiiaation of the primi-
tive ancestors of these tribes before their dispersion. It is
clear from the comparative vocabulary that they were quite at
home on the tropical seaa : they have common words for the
sea and the shore, for the crocodile, the prawn, the ray or
skate (fish), and the dugong (though the Malaj^asy tro^ona now
means whale, apparently); they had sails for their boats
and they used hooks for fishing. Two, at least, of the points
of the compass are represented by common words, though their
relative directions have shifted and no longer correspond in the
different languages. So too for words relating to life on land :
they were acquainted with rice, yams, bamboo and, probably,
thecocoanut and screw-palm (pandanus) ; their material civili-
zation comprised acquaintance with iron and, appjirently, silver ;
they had knives and tiles, and hewed wood into stakes and
planks ; they had houses with walls and roofs ; they had pots,
dishes and spoons (or ladles) and mortars with pestles (prol>ably
the large ones even now used for pounding rice) ; and they
wore garments of some sort of cloth. They had some simple
standards of measurement, notably the fathom (the distance
across the outstretched arms). They had words for ** month "
and •* year,'* and a series of numerals to 1000» inclusive*
Words relating to the transactions of life in a social community
are also not altoghter absent ; buying and borrowing, debt and
payment, are ideas which appear to have been familiar to
them; and they are not without words which indicate dif-
ferences of social rank, e. g, the existence of chiefs to whom
personal respect was due. The widespread institution of the
'* taboo '* appears to have already existed among them in those
early days.

This is by no means an exhaustive account of the condition
of these people : I have merely picked out a few of the salient
facts embodied in Brand ste tier's list of words, and these it
must be remembered are drawn from Tagal and Malagasy
only. If the other Malayan languages (whose name is legion)
were taken into accoont, many additional details could be added
to thia outline sketch *. it is enough, however, to show that such

DfL BRANDSTETTfiR'8 RESEARCHES

216

resesTcbes aa these noay lead to Tery interestiog discoveries,
quite apart from the merely technical details of philology.

These last I shall not pretend to deal with here, only re-
ferring the reader to these two valuable monographs^ where be
will find them aet out and very skilfully handled*

I have left myself little space to notice the other numbers
of the series to which I would draw particular attention* Of
the Uikayat Hang Tuah I will merely say that it is an historical
romance of the life of the well-known Malacca hero, and that
while it is probably of no great value from the point of vi^w of
history strictly so called, it is a highly interesting picture of
Malay life and manners and by no mean^ deserves the unmixed
contempt which Grawfurd thought tit to pour upon it It dates
probably from the early part of the 1 7th century and is a recog*
nized specimbn of the best type of Malay classiciil prose litera-
ture.

The only other of Brandstetters* works which I propose to
mention here is his essay on thtr Malay appreciation of the
beauties of nature (and their aesthetic sense in general) as
evidenced in their literature. Here he lays a good deal of
Malay prose and poetry under contribution and by a number of
well selected ejtamples reveals a side of the Malay character
which is not, I think, in their every day life at least, very
obvious to the ordinary observer. He has confined himself to
literary works older than the 19th century, to the exclusion of
all modern productions, and perhaps therefore European influence
may be discounted : the question of the imitation of India mo4ela
is more difficult, but on the whole Brandstetter is disposed to
regard the meulal attitude which he illustrates as being really
original to the Malay mind, and be has not to take his examples
from works, like the SH Rama^ which are avowedly based on
Indian originals. Even in these, however, it may be remarked
that the local colouring is distinctly Malay ; and one need only
look, for instance, at the beautiful passage quoted and translated
by Maxwell on pp. 39 and 90 of No. 17 of this Journal, to be
convinced that the Malay rhapsodist from whom Maxwell
derived his version of the story has not servilely copied any
Indian model but has given the rein to his own fancy and freely
exercised bis own descriptive power.

E, 4. Soe., Ko. i% 1904.

DR. BRANDSTETTER^S RESEARCHEa

It is impossible to go into details here, but I hope that
the indicatioDS I have gWen will induce acme of the readers of
thia Journal to' refer both to Brandstetter's essay and to hia
Malay orig^inals. Victor Hugo did not disdain to translate
Malay pantuns; a poet himself » he could appreciate ihe poetry
which maoy of them so quaintly embody, and I venture to
think that an anthology could be made up out of Malay
literature which would be worthy to rank with many other
such collections in better known Ian gfu ages. Unfortunately
the Malay genius does not lend itself to susteined effort: it
riaes here and there to real heights of poetic fancy, but taken
as 71 whole it is undoubtedly pedestrian. All the more reason^
therefore^ is there for pickiog out the gems which lie hidden
antongst so much that is little better than dross.

This short notice can hardly do justice to the excellence of
Brandstetter*8 work : I can say no more, in summing up, than
that that he is a worthy pupil of the Dutch School, and that
in d! tempting to carry on the work of Malayan research beyond
the confines of Holland and Netherlands India, he is setting an
example which may well be followed elsewhere. It is unfortu-
nate that the work of Dutch scholars in this line of study
is so little known to English readers. The initial difficulties are
not nearly as great as they are supposed to be: one can easily
pick up enough understanding (»f the Dutch written language
to be able to read intelligently a Dutch essay on a Malayan
subject. However, as Englishmen, persistently and very much
to their own disadvantage, continue to ignore the Dutch author-
ities, perhaps it may be some help to such of them as have a
fair knowledge of Uerman to have Brandstetter*8 work to
refer to. His work, however, is purely original, though he has
been trained in the Dutch school and would be the ^rsi to
acknowledge his indebtedness to it, as indeed he repeatedly
does ; and when one says that he is making f«.ir himself a place
in the list of distinguished Malayan scholrirH which holds such
nauiea as van der Tuuk, Kern, Niemann and Brandes, one need,
I think, say no more.

C 0. Blagden.

Jour* 8tr»lt» Snuioli

fc ST R A I 'IS B R A N C H
RO\'AI. ASIATIC SOCIETY

fjOURNAL

^^H April.

^^^^^^B Aw^irnth the Socletv

[No. 43.J

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

at the

Royal Asiatic Society

APRIL 1905

SINGAPORE :

rKINTED AT THE AMKHICAN MlSSldX PkkSS

19()o

m i ihuiinm ^^m^s^mmmi^mmmi^

Table of Contents.

An Illustrated Catalogue of the Ethnographical Collection
of the Sarawak Museum — Fart II, Personal Orna-
ments, by R, Shelford ... ... ... page

PART II,

Personal Ornaments.

By R, Shelfobd, m, a , p* l. s., etc.
Curator of the Sarawak Museunu

Thia part of the illustrated catalogue treats only of the
objects worn for decorative purposes by the natives of Borneo
at the present day or in the itti mediate past^ the objects formiog^
no part of an essential body fio%'ering or attire. Consequently
fluch articles as caps, hats, jackets or kirties decorated with bead-
work» metal rattles, cowries etc, are not included in this part of
the catalogue, they must be catalogued subsequently under
some such heading as Dress or Festal Attire. Similarly I have
excluded the antique ornaments and fragments of omamente
that are found frequently by native gold-seekers in the head-
waters of the Sarawak river and elsewhere in Sarawak and
of which there u a small collection in the Sarawak Museum ;
they all seem to belong to a former civilization mexely transitory
in Borneo.* An exception has been made in favour of the
antique beads of uncertain origin so largely worn in necklets
and gird lea by the men and women of most Bornean tribes ;
these are shortly discussed in their proper place in this paper.

The que^stion of the relationship between ma^ic and personal
ornamentation has not been lost sight of and many en-
quiries on the subject have been set afoot, without, however*
eliciting much information of any importance. In face of the
fact^ recorded from other parts of the world, it seems in the
highest degree probable that certain ornaments of some Bornean
tribes were also endowed once with a magical signiOcance, and
it is possible that the restriction of the wearing of certain
oraametitd at the present day to individual of a given social

* For an acooant of and a sn^gefltion as to the ori^n of some gold
ornaments found at Llmbang in Northern Sarawak m 190U see Max
19U3 No. 2. ** Note on a collection of Gold <Jbjert8 found in Sarawak, In
the poflsetaion of His tlighneaa the Hajah of Sarawak " by C, H. Kead«

B. A 9oe., No. 43, I0O6.

SARAWAK ETHNUGBAPHICAL COLLECTION.

standing or at certaiQ periods only of their livea* is a relic of
mag-ical powers more appreciated in the past than nowadays.
As might naturally be expected it is among the more prlmitiTQ
Borneans that ornaments functioning also as charms are met
with. Thus, Kalabit youths when visitiog new districts wear
a necklet of decorative seeds as a charm against t^vil spirits ;
Land-Dyak men also wear a necklet of beads and the canines of
leopard and bear when away in a strange couo try, the beads are
frequently regarded as charms against specific diseases and the
whole ornament is regarded as valuable enough to buy off the
wearer^s life if that is threatened by spirit or human enemy.
The necklet worn by the Land-Dyak female witch-doctors de*
scribed below is a t^dge of office and magic resides in the charms
attached to the necklet but not in the necklet itself. Kyans and
Sea-Dyaks often wear round the wrist a string on which ia
threaded an 'antique bead, this is a sign that once the wearer
was ill and lost temporarily his vital spark (Santengat), but
that subsequently it was recovered, whereupon he or a witch*
doctor tied it in with the beaded string to prevent it from
escaping again ; but this bead can hardly be regarded as an
ornament, it is a charm pure and simple and in fact a carpal
bo!»e of the mouse deer or even a tatu mark is often substituted
for it. 'i'he^e are practically the only examples of *' magical
ornaments** that I have encouut^red, but a few more references
to the restrictions imposed on the wearing of other ornaments
will be found scattered throughout the catalogue^

I have been able to arrive at no better c1assi6cation of

than the following : —

Ornaments worn in the hair nnd in a head-dresa.

Ornaments worn in the ears.

Ornaments worn on the neck.
4« 0rnameat6 worn on the limbn.

5. Finger rings.

6. Ornaments worn round the body.

7. Buttons and buckles.

Ornaments
1.

*e. g, amongit th^ Kyans only thooe who have taken hea4a are
allowed ta wear ear pei;ri mnde from the canities of the clooded leopard^
aiid amoagal the Sea Dyaks only married wuiuen are supposed to
wear braM cortet •$.

Joor, IbiiraitM BtaotA

SAItAWAK RTUNuORAPHICAL COLLRCnOiff. 3

Omaments tt^om in the Hmt and in a he^d-drtss*

IL Combs &Dd Tiama.
IIL Fillets and Ilead-batids.
IV, Head-dr^s ornaments.

L Eaibpins.

L Miirut — ^^pleng.**

These are fiat pointed strips of deer*s horn worn by men ;
Murut men wear their hair long but tie it at the back of the
head in a simple knot Bod the '* pleng " is passed through the
knot to prevent it from becoming untied. Lins( Roth (Kc. voL
ii. p. 59) figures two Murut *' pleng" in Dr. Hose's collection^
one of which ia Tery like speciiuen e described below,

i, Uurut of Trusan district.

a, 19*5 cm. long, 4*8 cm. broad at the top. A border of
simple geonietiical design is fretted in the upper end ; one side
(the front) is tiutedwith seven shallow longitudinal grooves, on
the other side (the back) some rough geometrical and phyllo*
morphic designs are incised.

From the Trusan Riven \?^ \. xii. 02],

Catalogue No. 1198. (Plate L fig, l,a),

h, 19 cm. long, 4*7 cm, broad at the top, A very narrow
border of simple design is fretted in the upper end ; the main
part of the ornament is occupied hy a fretted phyllomorphic
^design ; above and below this ou both ^ides is incised a zone of
double-scroll pattern (arit 6/ar'i^=sinterlacing) ; on the back
gome confused incised lines are mixed up with the fret pattern*

From the Trusan River [Pd, 1. xii, 02],

Catelogue No. lliJ9 (Plate I. fig, I, b},

e, 16*3 cm. long, 42 cm. broad at the top. The top of
the ornament is frett4?d ; a simple phyllomorphic pattern with
hatched background is incised on the front, a geometrical design
(arit blavit) bounding it above and below.

From theTru!«an River. [Fd. 25. iii* 04].

Catalogue No. 1403,

B, A. Boe„ No. 4X, 1U0&.

SAHAWAK ETIINOGBAPHICAL COLLECTION,

ii. Peluan Murut of the Upper Fadas river, British North Borneo.

cf, 28*4 CTD. long, 6'6 cm. broad at the top. A square
projection at the top ; the u pper third is covered both back and
front with tin-foil, a raised line runs down the centre of the
front. On the back of the ornament at the top is stuck a lump
of dammar, which serves to hold in position a tuft of goat's hair
and a few bright blue feathers from the back of the mate fairy
bluebird Jrena crtniger ; in the resinous lump are imbedded a seed
of Ad^nanthera pavonina and a piece of shell.

Acijuired by exchange 9. iv. 04,

Catalogue No. 1409, (Plate L fig. l,c).

f* 18*6 cm. long, 1-7 cm. broad. An asymmetrical flat
pointed strip of deer's horn, not decorated in any way.

Acquired by exchange 9. iv. 04.

Catalogue No. 1410, (Plate L fig. 1, b).

A somewhat similar specimen is figured by Ling RolJi (t,o.
vol, II. p. 59),

iii. TagaK*

/ 22-6 cm. long, 5*8 cm. broad at the top. Nearly the
whole of the front of the pin is covered with tin-foil, the apex
and II short length in the middle alone beini^ uncovered ; the
tin-foil is in two pieces, a phyllomorphi«: design has been fretted
ill the lower. On the back of the orriament at the top is stuck
a lump of dammar which serves to hold a small tuft of goat's
hair, and in the resinous lump are embedded two seeds of Adenan^
thfva puvoiiina iind a portion of a pale blue bead ; just below this
a diJic of luaking 'glass is fastened with damnmr Uy the pin.

From the Upper J'adas, British N. Hurneo.

Sir P. F. Cunynghame, Bart. [P. 22. viij. 1^2].

Catalogue No. 747. (PlRte I. Gg. 1, t/).

//. 21 cm. long, G'l cm. broad at the tip. I'he upper third,
both ^Jttck and front is covered with tin-foil, in front at the top
two circular depressions have t>een ground in the horn and into

*TljeMe Ta;^al are ft Hub-tribe of the Murrit Aiid uf coarin^ have no
iifliiiity witii the I'hilippin*' TiVf^alo or Ta;^*! ; they dwell in the
Ijighland." forming th« watershed uf tbe I'ppcr Padaa and Upper Tru«ao
rivers.

Jonr. StrAlln BrAneli

SARAWAK ET INOGHAl*urCAL COLLICirtfUN. 5

these have been let two dishes uf lookiiiitr-glaHS ; ^i lump of dam* ,
mar at the back fc^ecures* a tuft of goat's hair ; two small diacs uf
tilj-foil are let into the ornament at the back near the apex» and
the back is further decorated with a roughly incised phjllomor*
phic design.

From the Upjxir Padas, Ikitish S, Borneo.

Sir F. F. Cun^UMhame, Bart [P. 22. viij, 02].

Catalogue No. 748, (Plate L tig. I, el

2. Murut — hairpins.

These are boards tusks, worn by men in the same wa? as
the " pleng. *'

fl. A boar's tusk scraped and ground bmooth and white:
into the pulp-cavity a tuft of human hair is thrust and secured by
dammar. An incised double-scroll design {arit blavit) runs
round the base of the tusk. 2i)'h cm. measured along the
outside curve.

From the Trusaii River. 0. F. Ricketts, Es^. [P. xi. 88J,

Catalogue No. 746. (Plate I. fig. 1, _/).

If, A boards tusk scraped atjd ground smooth and white ;
in the pulp-cavitj is tixed a plug of wood shaped like the basal
portion of a tusk and prolonging the curve of the tusk to which
it is fitted ; a piece of looking glass is fixed with dammar on to
the end of the wooden plug and a rattan plait round the basal
portion of the tusk proper prevents the pulp-cavity from
splitting open. One side of the tusk is decorated with two
incised phyllomorphic designs, the background of the designs,
as is usual in Murut fictile art, being filled in with punctures
and batching. 28*2 cm. measured along the outside curve.

From the Trusan River. [Pd. ix. 02].

Catalogue No. 1 lt>7. (Plate I, fig. l,^),

3, Murut (?) — brass hairpins.

a, A fiat curved strip of brass, shaped like a narrow knife-
blade, one end is pointed, the other is broken ; the concave
border, conespondlng to the back of the knife-blade» is per-
forated throughout about two-thirds of its length with a series
of small holee.

K. A, e<oo., No. 4S. im*>

SARAWAK ETHNOGBAPHICAL COLLKCTl' X

Leng^th (in a straight line) 19-6 cm. ; prreatest breadth PS
cm. Hon. C. C, de Crespigny [P. 4, vii. 78],
Catalogue No. 662 a, (Plate L fig. 2, a).

b. Very similar to the preceding but larger ; one end ia
pointed, the other is curled up into a flat spiral ; there are
fewer holes pit?rced in the concave border, some of them are
supplied with brass rings; there is one hole lower down uo the
convex border.

Length (in a straight !itie) 23*3 cm,; greatest breadth 1-7
cm. Hon. 0. tj, de Urespignv [P. 4. vii. 78].

Catalogue No. 662 b, (Plate I. fig. 2, b\

These pins are aaid to be worn bj either sex. Their
origin seems to be extremelj doubtful and this type of hairpin
is certainly not known now amongst the Muruts of the Trusan
River though, it is quite possible that a former generation
used theui,

4. Kalabit— ^^ plin,**

a. A slender pointed steel rod worn by men in the same
way as the Murut ''pleug. '^ The blunt end for a distance of
6 centiiD. is twisted into a close spiral.

Total length 26^2 cm. \?dL. 30. iii. 03].

Catalogue No. 1253. (Plate L fig, 2, c*).

5. Dusun — **timbok,*'

Small metal baiipina worn by women^

J, A flat strip of steely bent into a slight curve; one end
(the upper) is broader than the lower, the sides taper gradually.
A small hole is bored in the upper end.

Length (in a straight line) 12 5 cm, ; breadth (at top) 1*2
cm. From Kiou, British N. Borneo,

Drs. G. D. and H, A, Uaviland colL [P. v. 92],

Catalogue No. 759, (Plate I. fig, 2, d),

h. Very similar, but smaller and made of brass, the lower
end less pointed. To the hole in the broad end is attached a
long (69 centim.) string of common glass beads of European
manufacture, the majority are red» a few blue, green » black*
and white ones being iutermixed ; the string at its loose end U

lour. !$tr»ili fimncli

SARAWAK RrHN(mRAP[lICAL COLLECTION.

^ »de fast to a pearl ablrt-button from which depend four
%oit ^t^iDf^a of similar heads forminor a tassel. The hair is
tied in a knot on the top of the bead, the pin is stuck through
it and the bead string is wound round the base of the knot.

Length (in a straight line) l<)-9cm. ; breadth at top O'U
cm. From Kiou. British N. Borneo,

Drs. G. i\ and H. A. ilaviland coll, [P. v. 92].
Catalogue No. 760. {Plate I. (ig. 2, e).

Ling Roth (Ix, vol. II. p. 58) figures a siker hairpin from
the Bdram River (ex. coll. Peek) ; it is* a slender rod with a
star-shaped head and I believe it to *>e of Malay origin and
worn by women.

IL Combs and Tiaras,

U Ousun — wooden combs.

These are worn by women in the knot of hair at the back of
the head ; * they are usually Hat-sided with a io7ig shaped handle
(cf. Ling Hoth Lc. vol. U. p. 59 and Whitehead, Exploration
of Kina Balu, Plate oppo^^ite p. 108 fig. X). Whitehead (I.e.
fig. IX) figures also a double comb, the teeth springing from each
side of a horizontal wooden strip.

(I. Wooden comb, with nine ceetti and an elongated shaped
httudle; the two flat si dt^s ii re decorated with geometrical de-
signs painted on with black resin.

Total length 12 cm, greatest breadth Z'b cm

Prom S. of Kina Balu, Mr. Steffen [P. vi. 92].

Catalogue No. 783> (Plate VIII. fig. 1).

2, Malay — '* sisir penyu.**

a, A broad curved comb "f tortoise shell with numerous
teeth ; the ** back" is cut into a scallopped edge. The comb is
worn by women at the back of the head just above the knot of hair.
Length (measured along the curve) ll'tJ cm. ; breadth 4*2 cm,

fPd. xii. 02].

Catalogue No. 12L3. (Plate L (ig, 2,/).

• No, magical eignifirantte whatever appears to be attached tq thcF**
coiiihs or to tue patterns on them, as is the ca»6 witU Dlie very ^^tmilaf
combs worn by Semang womea of the Malay PfiiinnnU.

• fi. A. Soc., No. a, 1005

SARAWAK ETHNtfGUAPHICAL COLLECTlUN.

3- Malay — '* sisir,"

a, A s^ilver tiara worn by brides at the mHrriaj^re ceremony.
It consists of a triangular plate of silver, slightly curved ; the
upper sides of the triangle are seal lopped, and a phyllomorphiu
de.sign ia executed in repousse^ work on its face* To the middle of
the back of the tiara are attached by solderini^ seven long tmck*
wardly directed teeth of silver, and at regular intervals along
the upper borders are attached at the back nine slender silver
sockets intti which are fitted spiral wire springs, each bearing at
ita summit n silver artificial Rower with smafl diamond shaped
pendants. Fruui each of the lower angles bangi a chain of
pendants cutout of a thin sheet of silver. The tiara is worn on
the top uf the head and in front. Length (measured along the
curve) 18'4 cm, greatest breadth 6*5 cm.

[Pd. -IX I m].

«Jatttlogae No. 1220. (Plate I. fig. 3, b).

A somewhat similar ornament is worn high-days and holi-
days by the more civilized Sea-Dyak women ; it was designed by
the lat-e F. R. 0. Maxwell, Esq., formerly Resident of Sarawak, in
response to a recjuest made by some women to invent a new
head -gear ; for a phot-ogiaph of a woman wearing this or-
nament see Ling Roth, I.e. vol, L p. 4.

Malay brides in the Peninsula wear a rather different form
of head-dreas for the marriage ceremony. ** The bride's hair fa
done up in a roll (»ongf/nl) and this is surmounted with a head-
dress of artificial flowers (called grab (i^mpa)^ cut out of p'rada
kresek (** crackling tinseP') and raised on ^\'e wires; her fore-
head is bound with a band or tillet of tinsel — gold-leaf (pvuda
Siam) being used by the rich — which is called iekan kundei^ and
is carried round by the fringe of the h&irfgigi ramhut) down to
the top of each ear (pelipisy (Malay Magic, by W» W, Skeftt,
p. 378). One of these fillets was purchased by Mr. Skeat and
is now in the Cambridge Anthropological Museum; it is deco-
rated with a drftgon design.

IIL Fillets and Head-Bands.

These are worn by both sex^s of a good many tribes ; but
very few of them, if indeed any* can be rightly classed as orna»

Jotif* BitmiU Briujf b

8ABAWAK fiTHNOOKAPHlCAL COLLECTION.

^ ment5 ; they are rather Articles of dresa since their principal
purpose is to keep the hair in order and out of the eyen. Such
art* the '* selapok '' of the Sea-Dyaks and the ** lavong^ " of the
Kyans, plaited bauds of ruah or ^plit rattan worn by men and
Uie beaded head-bauds worn by Kyan, Kenyab aud lUcit wumeu
(cf. Ling lioth vol. IL p, 59), *l%- Muruts of the Trusan
district wear ** strings of beads on the head to as many as six
rows ; these tit the contour of the head and if continued to the
(op of the bead would form a cap ; the hair ih smoothed down
and the end is brought up and parsed through inside the strings
of beads, forming a long loop a little to one side of the head "
(0. F, Ricketts in "Sarawak Gastette'* Xo. 347 p. 241), The
beads composing these fillets are large yellow beads of glass
and are highly pn/.ed. Murut children of both sexes wear a
single string of differently coloured beads round the head, and
the Murut women of the La was Kiver, British S. Borneo weara
narrow 5 1 let (two or three strings only) of diSTereutly coloured
beads.

Brooke Low (cf. Ling-Hotb I.e. vol. I L p. 58) notes that un-
married girls amongst the Sea*Dyaks wear cbaplets of sweet*
smelling berries ; the chapleis are known as '^ baloug."

1. Kenyah — ^head-rings,

ff. Two. narrow circles of split rattan, with strips of very
finely split rattan, stained black, closely wound round in a
vertical direction ; on the outside, strips of a yellowish rush are
interlaced with the vertical rattan strips, forming a simple
pattern of obliipe lines in double sets. At one point on each
ring a piece of red cloth is wound round and stitched with
string.

Diam. 17*5 cm. and 16 cm.; breadth 1*6 cm.

Brooke Low collection. From the Uma Kelap* of the
Rejang Kiver.

Catalogue No. 899 a. (Plat© VIIL fig. U).

•Dr. C, Hose considerM tliat ihene people l>eloD)< to a diviaionia-
tenoediate between the Kalamaiitan and Kjau Keiiyab diviAiuni.

m. A. Soc No. It, 1906.

10 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

IV, Head-Deess Obkaments.

L Malaj— ^^tajok."

ri. A pair of ornaments worn on each side of the head-
dress by bridegrooms at the marriage ceremonj, Ench orna-
ment is a braoched wire ^talk covered with ^old thread, k» the
branches are attached by five wire springs several artificial
flowex3 cut out of gold pap>er, and a long chain of gold paper
pendants hangs from one of the branches,

[Pd. xii. 02j.

Catalogue No. 1215. (Plate L fig. 3, a).

Similar ornaments though differently named are worn
by bridegrooms in the Malay Peninsula. '* His head is adorned
with the sigar, a peculiar head-dress of red cloth arranged tur-
banwise, with a peak on the right-hand side, from which artificial

flowers (^tinjVi) depend, Besides this head-dress tl^ie brirte*

groom has a small bunch of artificial flowers (suittittf^'mtuting)
stuck behind each ear, whilst two similar bunches Bre btuck m
the head-dress (one on the right and the other on the left)**'
(Malay Magic, by W. W. Skeat p. 379. Plate 12. Fig. 1>.

2. Land Dyak—** sanggur mabok."

a. A tuft of aromatic leaves, ** daun mabok " C,dcorus */j.)
bound on to a short wooden stick with a strip of red cloth.
Sometimes worn in the head-dress by young men.

From Ptching, Upper t>adong (Menggrat sub tribe) [Pd,
viij. 03].

Catalogue No. 1302.

Sea-Dyak women are fond of wearing flowers in their hair
or head-dresses ; men*s caps are frequently decorat/cd with the
tail-feathers of hornbills or tht* rjuills of the argus pheasant.
Ling-Roth figures (1, c- vol, II. p. 60) a remarkable conuidal cap*
in the collection of the Britisb Museum, carrying in the ceutr*^ of
the crown a plume 21 ins. high of small downy white feathers
attacht^ to shp^ of bamboo ; u very similar cap, though unpro-
vided with a plume, worn by the Liind-Pyaks of Saml^s, Dutch
Borneo^ has recently been presented Ui the Sarawak Museum by
Mr. E. W. Byrde.

Jour. 8tTAfte Bmnch

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION

Ornaments worn in the ears,

L Earrings of metal.

II. Ear-drop8 of nietal or stone, or single beads,
III. Earrings of brass and britbs-win?.
IV« Kar*pendant9 of brass and braas^wire,

V. Ear-peiuiaiiti* of bead- work,
VI. Kar-p«ndant8of born aud bone.
VIL Ear-pegs.
VIII. Ear-studs and ear-plug9,

L Eat^rixos of Metal.

Under the tiist beading are included the heavy metal nng«i
or coils worn bj both sexes of the IJkit, Maluh, Tanjoog,
Kanowit, Kenyah, Kyan and allied tribes and by SeaDyak men;
tiie weight of metal worn by the wocneu of the 6rst mentioned
tribes is so great that the lol^e of the ear in course of time
becomes an immensely elongated loop, through which sometimes
the head can actually be passed. Picturej^ of women with these
elongated ear-lobes may be found in mtJHt books written on
Borneo. * The ear is bored when the subject is two or three
years old, in the case of a boy the lobe of the ear is extended
by heavy weights to about two or three inches in length, i e.
nearly to the shoulder, when a lighter earring is substituted
and the elongation is carried no further ; with girls the exten-
sion of the ear-lobe is carried still further and the heavy ear-
rings are worn throughout the lifetime; occasionally the
loop breaks under the strain and though it may be stitched
up again, the unequal length of the two loops is always
regarded as a great disfigurement. Amongst Kyans and
Kenyahs the ear-lobes must first be extended with tb weights

women fi gored on pp. '25, 27, 28 are Tanjongn not Kanowits) ; Beccari,
**Nelle Foreae in Bornuo" p. 425 ; Nieawenbuis, '* In Centraal Borneo**
i*l. XI IL PL LVI ; several plates in Furnes», "Home Life of Borneo
Tleail- Hunters.'* Nieawenhuis (l.cpK II) also Hgureis aBukit man with
t^u ear-studi* and very heavy earrings «ach as are njiaally worn by
women only but the ear-lobc8 in this subject are not macb elon|(ated.

12 HAHAWAK ETHNUGRAFHICAL COLLECTIUN.

a? it b supposed that brass weights applied to children's ears
will caiHe the ears to become diseased and to break under the
strain. Amongst such tribes as the Tanjong and Tring it is not
unusual for the ear, in addition to the Urf^e perforation^ to be
bored in three other places, viz. at tlie top of the ear-couch and
al the proximal end of each iimb of the loop formed by the ex-
tension of the large perforation in the ear lobe; a finely beaded
string; is sometimes wound through one or more of the three
smaller perforatiuns. Carl Bock ^ives (Head- Hunters of Borneo
p. 186) the following measurements of the ear of a Tring
woman : — ** Total length, 7-1 inches ; length of slit, 4*75 inches;
distance between level of chin and bottom of ear 2'85 inchps/*
Sea-Dyak men do not have the ear lobe very much elongatedi
perhaps to no more than one inch ; the fashion of these earrings
has been borrowed by this imitative tribe from the Kyans and
Kenyahs.

Carl Bock (I.e. p. 67) gives the following account of the
manufacture of these ornaments : — *" Taking a long, straight
piece of bamboo, the hollow of which was the same diameter as
it was intended that the earrings should be, he fixed on the top
of it the half of a cocoanut shell with a hole bored through in
which the upper end of the caoe was inserted^ the whole forming
a tube with a cup at the top. Wrapping the tube in a cloth, he
melted the tin in a small ladle and poured it into the cocoanut
cup, till the tube was filled. When the tin was cool he opened
the bamboo tube and took out a long straight round rod of tin^
which he then bent round a thick but smooth piece of wood,
forming a ring with the ends not quite meeting/' Other
methods which are noted below are employed for rather different
typea of earrings.

1. Tanjong, Kanowit, Maloh and Sea-Dyak earrings ("ariek"
aod ** langgu ").

A. Worn 6y mm,
]. TanjoDg.

a. *'*' ariek semera/' one pair of tin earrings ; each is a
cylindrical length of tin twisted into one turn of a spiral.
Diameter of earring, S cm. ; thickness of tin, t cm.

ioiit. 8tr&it« Srftac h

■k

AABAWAK ETHHOGK^PHICAL COLLECTION. 13

Brooks Low ooUeoiaaiL
Cbtelopie Na UK.

: flpenge,** mmkr to mbove bot made of cqpper
I two tomi of a ipiiftl.

of flUTin^ 1-9 cm ; thickneM of oc^pper 0*4 cm.
Brooke Low ooUectiaiL
GitakcriieKallS.

e. ^ariek semen,** one ptir of tan earringa; each is a
flattenwl ppnannnlar ring ; these have been made from a cylindri-
cal piece of tin cast in a bamboo moald, bent into an incomplete
circle and theo frroond flat. Thej are very light.

Diameter of earring 3*1 cm. ; thickneas of tin 0-4 cm.

Brooke Low colledioo.

Oatalogne No. 109.

iiL Mmloh.

dL A pair of tin earrings entirely similar to \a 113.
IHameter of earring 2-5 cm. ; thickness 0*7 cm.
Brooke Low collection.
Catologue No. 106.

iv. Sea-Dyak.

e. ^' langgu, *'one ^air of earrings similar to the preceding
bot made of lead.

Diameter of earring 3-2 cm. ; thickness 0*4 cm.
Brooke Low collection. From the Lamanak River.
Catalogue No. 606.

/. *MaDggu bangkang/* similar to Nos. 113, 10(V

Diameter of earring 2*8 cm. ; thickness of tin 0-6 cm.

Brooke Low collection. Prom the Sakarang River

Catologue No. 119.

g. *^ langgu temaga/' a pair of earrings made tvwm six
pieces of stout brass wire coiled into a 6-ply and welded together,
the whole twisted into one turn of a spiral.

Diameter of earring 2*6 cm. ; thickness of brass-wire coil
0*7 cm.

B. A.8oc.,No. 43,1905.

14 9ARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Brooke Low collection. From the Saribas River
Catalogue No. 896. (Plate VIII fig. 14).

h, 'Manggu bangkang/' a pair of penannular rings of
cylindrical tin.

Diameter of earring 2*9 cm. ; thickness of tin 0*5 cm.

Brooke Low collection. From the Sakarang River.

Catalogue No. 344.

Copper earrings of similar form to Nos. 113, 106 etc.
known as " langgu campang " are commonly worn by Sea-
Dyaks.

B^ Worn by women.
i. Kanowit.

a. '^ariek spenge," twelve copper earrings; six are worn
in each ear-lobe. Each earring is a cylindrical length of copper
twisted into one turn of a spiral.

Diameter of earrings about 5*2 cm. ; thickness of copper,
about 0*6 cm. ^

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 111.

5. '^'ariek spenge/' ten copper earrings, entirely similar
to the preceding.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 114. (Plate II. fig. 5, «, one example only).

c. " ariek pusono^ lasong," ten earrings similar to the
preceding but made of brass.

Diameter of earrings about 3-5 cm. ; thickness of brass
0-8 cm.

Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 123.

d, ** ariek geragum lasong," a pair of penannular rings of
brass, very large and heavy, oval in section with a marked
ridge on the outside. These have been cast in a clay mould.

Diameter of earring 5*8 cm. ; thickness 1*8 cm. x 2-2 cm.;
weight 10^ oz.

. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 110. (Plate II. fig. 5, b).

Jour. Straits Brantli

i l:i'i'ff"! ' i. ' ■ ■ ' ■"" -4, iJ ' -wy

SARAWAK ETHNOGKAPHICAL COLLECTION. 15

ii. Tanjong.

ei, ** ariek lasong," a pair of large and heavy brass ear-
rings, each is a cylindrical length of brass twisted up into one
coil of a spiral.

Diameter of one ring 6*3 cm. ; of another 6*1 cm. ; thick-
ness of brass 1*5 cm.; weight 8^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 118. (Plate II. fig. 5, a).

f. '^ ariek semera, " one pair of tin earrings similar to the
preceding but made of tin.

Diameter of earring 4*3 cm.; thickness of tin 1'5 cm.;
weight 5^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No, 108. (Plate II. fig. 5, d).

2. Kyan — earrings (worn by men).

a. A pair of large but comparatively light earrings ; each
is in the form of a penannular ring of tin, circular in section.
Diameter of earring 96 cm. ; thickness of tin 0*8 cm.

Brooke Low collection. From the Long Gilat of the
Mahakkam River.

Catalogue No. 115. (Plate II. fig. 5, c).

These large light earrings constitute a different type to
the heavier twisted earrings described under heading 1. A
very similar form is worn by the Milikin, a somewhat anomal-
ous tribe living on the Gedong River, a tributary of the Sadong.

Ling-Roth (I. c. vol. II. p. 67) figures two ears, one with
one earring like that described above suspended in the elonorated
ear-lobe, the other with two such earrings and an ear-peg ; the
legend under the figure is " Ears of Natives [? Dusuns] At
Gunong Tabor or Panti River (E.Borneo) (After Mr. F. S.
Marryat)." These are certainly not the ears of Dusuns, who
do not wear ear-pegs or extend the ear-lobes, but of some
Kyan or allied tribe. The Panti River it may be noted is not
in a Dusun district.

On pp. 31 and 32 of vol. L of his book on Borneo natives
Ling Roth also figures after Lieut. F. S. Marryat some Saghais
from S. E. Borneo with pendulous ear lobes in which hang

B. A. Soc., No. 4a, 1905.

!6 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHfCAL COLLECTION.

large penannular earrings of (?)tin* The sketches are rather
fanciful and I suspect that the Sagbai are onlj a K/an sub^
tribe, comparable to the Long Wbi, etc.

A. W, Nieuweiihuis in ** In Centraal Borneo" figures
(PL XC III) a Long Gilat girl wearing earrings like No. 115
but quite twice their diameter; in the same work are also
figured (PL LXII and PL LXXXVI) Kyan boys at Bloeoe with
penannular earrings of this t^^M?. Carl Bock (I c, PL 10)
figures a Long Wahou man with similar earrings.

5. Bakatan and Sea-Dyak — ear-ornameats of tin (worn by

men).
These ornaments are not rings, but they are nevertheless
included under the beading L as they are made from cylindrical
lengths of tin cast in a bamboo mould ; the tin is not bent into
a ring nor into one turn of a spiral, but into a long loop* the
ends of which are curled up to form small fiat spirals, whilst
other ornamentations may be added. A remarkable gold
ornament found in August 1902 by gold-seekers in river gravel
at Pankalan Anipat, Sarawak river, is figured on Plate IIL fig,

6, tl, for purposes of comparison. Whether this ornament is
indeed an ear -pendant is not very certain, but it is singularly
like the Bakatan ear-ornamentn ; it is possibly of llindoo origin,
and certainly not a product of indigenous haodicrafr.

i. Bakatao«

a. **urut" a pair of tin ear-ornament8, made from a
cylindrical length of tin beat into an ova) loop, the end of the
loops rolled up outwards to form small fiat spirals.

Length in a straight line 4-9 cm,

Brooke Low collection. Figured by Ling Koth (1. c. voL
IL p. 68),

Catalogue No. 124. (Plate III. fig. 6, c),

b, *'urut," somewhat similar ornaments, but the tin baa
been ground tlat, the loop is more elongated and the ends have
been turned up outwards to form S-shaped figures.

Length in a straight line 6 cm.

Brooke Low collection,

CaUlogue No. 345. (Plate IIL fig. 6, A).

Joar. Stmita BfMi«li

1. 11 ■ J fLrmm mmmmmmi^mmmm^!mm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 17

li. Seii-Djak.

c. '' Ung^u bsngkang, " a pair of somewhat similar oraa-
nients; the tin has been giound fiat and bent into a loop
narr J WET at the top than at the bottom, the ends of the loops
have beeu twisted inwards to form flat hooks and inwardly
|iroJHtrting smaller hooks have been cut out from the inside of
thf ioopa.

Length in a straight line 7*1 cn\.

Brooke Low collection. Figured by Ling Roth (1. c. vol.
IL p bo;.

Catalogue No. 120. (Plate III. fig 6, a).

This type of ornament has been borrowed by the Sea-
Dyaks from the Bakatans ; it is but rarely met with.

II. Ear-Drops of Metal ou Stone or Single Beads.

Generally speaking these are peg-top shaped pendants of
tin and brass with spiral suspensory hooks ; one specimen (No.
11 6) is made of serpentine with a suspensory hook of deer's
horn ; tho^e w^rn by women are of very considerable weight.
Tht' Lon^ Gilat dragon ear-pendants are of quite a different
type and are classified under a separate sub-heading.

1. Kanowit, Tanjong, Bnkatan, Kyan, and Sea-Dyak ear-drops,
i. Kanowit.

a. " buali bitok lasong," a pair of brass ear-drops worn by
women. Each is a large pointed ovoid (peg-top shaped) with a
slender neck and spiral suspensory hook ; the upper half of the
ornament is '• stepped. "

Length 8-1 cm. ; diameter 3*2 cm. ; weight 7^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 121. (Plate III. fig. 7, a).

b, " buah livoiig lasong," a pair of brass ear-drops worn
by women. Very similar to the preceding, but smaller, the
lower end less pointed, the neck very stout

Length 7 cm. ; diameter 2*3 cm. ; weight 3^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 104. (Plate III. fig 7, a).

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1906.

18 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

c. *' buah belimbien, " a pair of brass ear-drops worn by
women. Each is a large hexahedron, with a knob at the lower
end and a spiral suspensory hook ; the neck is marked by a
ridge which is incised with lines so as to simulate a circle of
twisted fibre. The shape of the ear-ornaments is suggestive
of the '^ belinibing" fruit {Connaropsia monophylla, Planch.), hence
their name.

Length 10 cm. ; diameter 3*2 cm. ; weight 8^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.*

Catalogue No. 125. (Plate IIL fig 7, b).

iL Tanjong.

d. <Msang lasong,** a pair of brass ear-drops worn by
women. Each is a small ovoid, with eight flat faces, the
lower end pointed, neck short, a spiral suspensory hook.

Length 6*3 cm. ; diameter 24 cm. ; weight 3 oz. 10 dr.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 107. (Plate IIL fig 7, c).

e. ** buah livong semera, " a pair of tin ear-drops worn by
men. Each is a small pointed ovoid, a small knob at lower end,
a slender neck and spiral suspensory hook.

Length 5'5 cm. ; diameter 2 cm. ; weight 1^ oz.
Brooke Low collection. Figured by liing Roth (I. c. vol.
II. p. 68).

Catalogue No. 117.

/. *' lungin, " * a pair of tin ear-drops worn by women.
They are almost spherical, an ornamental knob at the lower
end, neck ornamental with notches and a wedge pattern cut in
relief, spiral suspensory hook.

Length fi-8 cm. ; diameter 3 cm. ; weight 4^ oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 105.

iii. Bakatan.

g. **lungin," a pair of brass ear-drops worn by women.
Peg- top shaped, upper part ** stepped," neck very stout and
short, spiral suspensory hook.

•This is the Sea-Dyak name.

Jour. Straits Branch

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 19

LeDgth 7 cm. ; diameter 3-5 cm. ; weight 9 oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 103. (Plate III. fig 7, e).

iv. Eyan.

h. " buah livong batu jela/' a pair of large ear-drops of
serpentine, worn by women. They are pointed ovoids, a large
hole is bored into the top of each and into it is let a spiral
suspensory hook cut out of deer's horn, and secured with a
luting of dammar. The two hooks are not symmetrical, one
being more coiled than the other.

Length 9 cm. and 9*5 cm. ; diameter 3*6 cm. weight 3 oz.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 116. (Plate IlL fig 7,/).

y. Sea-Dyak.

** langgu lungin, " a pair of ear-drops worn by men. Each
is a pale blue bead 1*3 cm. in diameter. Through the bead is
passed a piece of lead that at one end is worked into an orna-
mental suspensory hook, at the other into a large stud.

[Pd. X. 04]. Catalogue No. 1458.

2. Kyan — ear pendants.

a, A pair of brass ear pendants worn by chiefs. They
have been cast in the form of a dragon curved on itself in an
S-shaped figure and are of unusual weight.

Weight 7J oz. From the Long Gilat, Mahakkara River.

Brooke Low collection. Figured by Ling Roth (1. c. vol.
II p. 68).

' Catalogue No. 122. (Plate III. fig 6, e).

A Sea- Dy ak chief from the Rejang River suggested to me
that these were not ear-ornaments but suspensory hooks for
gongs, some Ukits however quite recently confirmed their use
as ear-omaments and I have no reason to doubt the accuracy of
Brooke Low's original label.

III. Earrings of Brass Wire.

These are series of penannular graduated rings of flattened
brass wire worn round the margin of the ear conch by Sea-

B. A« Soo., No. 43,11905.

20 S\HAWAK ETHNt>GRAPHU'AL COLLKCTION.

Dyak men only amongst the Sarawak tribes. When the orna-
ments are discarded, aa during a time of moti ruing, the perfora-
fiona in the ear-cartilage are kept open with little phisrs i»f
wuad. The fashion is not nearly so widespread m it was same
years ago. The Dusuns of Moiini Dnlit [?— Dnlit] •
according to VVitti (quot-ed by Ling Roth I. c. vol. II. p. 71)
"bavf» earritjg^ which dangle one below another^ all three of
bras!4 wire coiled into a -^piraK The lowertnoi^t is fixed into
the ear-lobe and is 2^ inches* in diameter; the two Hmaller
ones are fixed into the margin of the ear." This is the only
reference that L can find to this type of ornament amoniffit the
Dusuns and 1 have seen no specimens. The M units accordiuif
to St, John '' wear many rinj^s of lead up the rim of the ear,"
and the Land-Dyaks of Sauh, Serambo and Singgi accordinj^
to Denison wear earrings jof ** wire twisted round in a coil and
banging from the ear by ^ningle l>end of the same." they are
known aa shihu,

1. Sea-Dyak— '' grunjong.**

There ar*^ three varieties* of the *'grunjong": — A, ** grun-
joiig tauipil '* or ** grunj<mg ikat; " if. *' grunjong buri ; '' (\
•* grunjong." The former are serieKof penannular rin^s, thirty
to forty or fifty in number, strung closely t*jgether on a double
thread ; only a few holes are bored in the ear to hold these
rings, in fact one hole at the top of the ear and one in the lobe
is quite enough, the intervening rings of the series merely
gripping the ear margin. The ** iTunjong buri *' are sep«rate
penannular brass wire rings on which are strung ground -down
cowry shells. From six to twenty can be worn on one ear ; hince
the rings are not connected with each other, a separate hole in the
ear-margin has to be bored fur each ring. The L'ln Ai and
Kngkari Dyaks are said to be the uiily people who wear the
'* grunjong buri." The ^* grunjong " pyre and simple are
merely separate penannular rings of brass wire or tin worn
like the ** grunjong buri." Figures of Sea-Uyaks wearitiy'
** grunjong '* are given by Ling Koth I.e. vol. 1. pp. 3» 5, 1 1

* This cannot be the Mt. Dalit in the Baram Di«trict.

Jour. Htnila BrAn4;b

■ T j i jp a i i ^. i| "f l if .JI I -It ■ . t 'l iL p ai p ii fl li ii

SARAWAK ET11NUGKAI»HICAL COLLECllOX. 21

A. *' grunjong tarapil " or " grunjoug ikat."

a. A pair of ear-ornaments ; each one composed of a
series of thirty-nine (ieuaimular rings of brass wire, tiled flat
on the inner side. Tbey are graduated in size, the uppermost
ring of each series being 2-1 cm. in diameter, the lowest 4*4 cm.
The ends of the rings are turned back and through the loops
so formed a double string is threaded ; the rings are all threaded
close together — being only sepM rated from each other by knots
in the string — so that each one overlaps the next below it

Brooke Low collection. Prom the Lamanak River.
Catalogue No. 131.

b. Very similar to the preceding, but with only thirty-five
rings, the smallest 1*8 cm. in diameter, the largest 5'1 cm.
The last and largest ring is flat on both sidt^s and to notches in
its lower border uie attached by small links of brass wire a
row of twenty fiat diamond -shaped brass pendants ; the central
pendant is bifurcated and to it is attached a double chain of
diamond -shaped pendants. To every third ring of the series is
attached by a sliding wire link a diamond-shaped pendant.
The rings are not only y >ined together by a doubled string passing
through the lo*)ps formed by the turned-back ends of the rings
with a knot between each ring, but al^o by the string passing
back outride the loops with a hitch round every ring.

Brooke Low coUectiofi. From the Sakarang liiver.
Catalogue No. 5Dh. (Plate IV. fig. 8, h).

('. Very similar to liie last, but with forty-three rings, the
smallest 1*7 cm. in diameter, the largest 4*2 cm. Eleven flat
diamond-shaped pendants of brass are attached l»y sliding links
to the ring at irregular intervals ; the last ring bears only one
pendant not a row of pendants.

Brooke Low collection. From the Lamanak River.

(Jatiilo>5ue Xo. 59 i).

Ling Roth (I.e. vol. IL p. ().'») figures a very similar pair
of " grunjong " in the Edinburgh Museum.

B, "grunjong buri." (Ulu Ai or Engkari).

d, A pair of ear-ornaments ; each ornament composed of a
series of fifteen separate rings of flattered brass wire, graduat-

R- A. Soc. No. 43, 190G.

22 SAUAWAK BTHNOGBAPHICAL COLLECTION.

ed iD size, the smallest being 2*3 cm. in diameter, the large&t
5*4 cm. On to each ring is threaded a row of ground-down
cowry shells and a small red bead at each end of the row is
fastened by fine wire to the ring to prevent the shells from slid-
ing about

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 598. (Plate IV. fig. 8, c).

e. Similar, but only eleven rings, diameter of smallest 3*1
cm., of largest 5 cm. Two brass pendants on the last ring of
the series.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 594.

/. Similar, fourteen rings, diameter of smallest 2*1 cm., ot
largest 4*4 cm. A flat diamond-shaped brass pendant attached
to each ring.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 595.

g. Similar, twelve rings, diameter of smallest 2-2 cm., of
largest 3*8 cm. No brass pendants.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 596.

h. Similar, five rings, diameter of smallest 2*1 cm., of
largest 4*3 cm. No brass pendants.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 597.

IV. Eak Pendants, of Brass and Brass Wire.

L Land-Dyak — ** anteng."

a. A pair of ear pendants worn by men in festal dances.
Each is a thin disc of brass ; a circular hole has been cut very
excentrically in this disc, so that at one point only a narrow
strip of brass is left ; this has been split, leaving two overlapping
strips which clip the ear-lobe. Several small holes are punched
in the border of the disc and a fine silver-wire plait attached to
these nearly encircles the disc, just stopping short of the

Jour. Straits ' Branch

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 23

Prom the Menggrats of Piching, Upper Sadoner River
[Pd. viii. 03],

Catalogue No. 1306. (Plate II. fig. 5,/).

Small silver coins of the Netherlands India currency are
frequently attached by silver wire chains to the plait encircling
these discs. I was informed that the ornaments are almost
obsolete now.

2. Sea-Dyak — " langgu tingga."

cf. A pair of ear-pendants worn by men. Each consists
of twelve graduated penannular rings of brass wire filed flat on
the inside and of two broad flat penannular bands cut from a
sheet of brass. The ends of all these are joined together by a
thick luting of dammar ; the smallest brass wire ring tops the
series, the flat bands are terminal ; all are further held together
by two transverse brass wire clips. The fr mt faces of the ter-
minal brass bands are adorned with a simple wed^e pattern,
incised, known as *^ puchok rebong " i.e, shoots of bamboo ;
their lower borders are notched and to the teeth of the lower
one are attached by brass wire links twenty-seven flat pointed
pendants of brass, and to the centra) pendant of the row is at-
tached a flat notched and bifurcated pendant from which hang
two short chains of pointed pendants.

Length 9-5 cm. ; diameter of lower flat band 7*4 cm.

Brooke Low collection. From the Sakarang River.

Catalogue No G'^O a.

This is worn clipped to the ear-lobe, but it is a full-dress
ornament and not much affected except by young dandies ; ac-
cording to Brooke Low they are sometimes worn in addition to
die ** grunjong. " There is a very good figure of a " langgu
tingga " in Ling Roth's book (I.e. vol. IL p. 66).

3. Sea-Dyak *' kenawieng."

a. A pair of ear-pendants worn by men. Each is a flat
brass penannular band from which hang chains of flat pendants,
b^ut tjie tjwc( ^re not quite jdentical. The ^pds of the brass pen-
annujar bands are bound witji cloth ; one band is 5 cm. in dia-
meter, twenty-one liol^ are punched in its rim and two circu-
lar lines are incised onits front face; to seiirenM of the hales are

(Rii-Ail 90C«v> Wai48, ■ 1905

, n4*n^ mum hjr WdiiMm (? Id f^tlMl
f, i;rr(|r Vi(4.h L n. vol IL p. 731

\ , ,11, I .. 1
O •• r " i'V'>'

i '%

VVv'J t» 'Jl !Mil x.

.' v.Jaiv U'Ui, viii^jiciy ourved and <:»i:ved

wmf'^mmmwmfmmmmm'm

SARAWAK ETHNOGKAFHICAL COLLECTION. 26

by one of the hooks or else by a beaded loop of string. 5-0 cm.
4%5 cm.

From the Leppu Tau of the Batang Kyan River, Dutch
Borneo.

K. S. Douglas, Esq. [P. 28. iu. 00].

Catalogue No. 1068 a (Plate II L fig, 6,/).

b. A similar but smaller specimen 4*5 cm. x 4*2 cm.
From the same locality as the above.
R. S. Douglas Esq. [P. 28. iii. 00].
Catalogue No. 1068 b.

VII. Ear-pegs.

Ear-pegs (udang) are worn by men of the Ukit, Puoan,
Kanowit, Tanjong, Skapan, Kenyah, Kyan and allied tribes; some
Sea-Dyaks also have quite recently adopted the same ornament
The udang are either the canines of the clouded leopard. Felts
nebulosa or imitations of these, carved from the casque of the
solid-billed hornbill. Rhinoplax vigiL Amongst the Kyans and
Kenyahs the leopard's teeth can only be worn by men who have
taken heads and the pegs made from the horubill casque only
by chiefs. The pegs are thrust through large holes, punched
with a sharpened section of bamlx)0, in the upper part of the ear-
conch and are usually worn with the points directed downwards
and slightly outwards ; as a rule only one is worn in each ear,
but lirooke Low (cf. Ling Roth I.e. vol. II. p. 69) states that the
Uraa Lesong wear two teeth in each ear, the upper one pointing
upwards, the lower one downwards. Figures of natives wearing
ear-pejj:s may be found in lAny; Roth*s book) vol. I. pp. 12, 14,
19, 28). When these ornaments are not in use* the lobes in
the ears are filled with a plug of wood or a pled^ret of cloth or
tobacco.

• A Kenyab chief of the Baraiu River, Tama Bnlan by name,
\vh»'ii on a visit to Kuching soiu*5 years a;^o, never wore his ear-pegs ;
\\ hoii a^kerl the rea^son, lie replie*! that the evil spirits would recog-
nise him by his e;ir-pe^'s and seeing him ?<o far from his home would
hasten there themselves and wreak their wicked will on all his people
and helonjxinj^s ; without his ear-pej^ he was pra'itically disgaised or
at least unrecognisable.

K. A Soc., No. 4S, 1905.

26 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

1. Skapan— "udang."

a. One pair of canines of the clouded leopard, Felts
nebuiosn. The root of each tooth is transversely bored and a
bead work tassel is usually attached in this position.

Length (in a straight line) 7*7 cm. and 7*6 cm.

Brooke Low collectifJiK

Catalogue No 128, (Flute IV. fig. 9, c).

Ling Eoth (Lc, voL IV. p. 68) figures a pair of similar
ornaments from Kapit, Rejang River; but each tooth is provided
with a bead- work tassel and they are joined together by a
beaded strintr^ whiclv, when the pegs are in position, passes round
the back of the wearer's head ; on the same page are also figured
a pair of teeth pegs with guiu. knobs in the collection of Dr. C.
Hose. The lusk decorated with hair and cloth figured at the
right-hand bottom corner of the same page with the legend
** Ear peg (?) (Brooke Low collection)" is a sword-belt-toggle
and not an ear orimment.

2. Punan — " udang tandok kleho."

a. One pair of ear-pegs made of buffalo horn and shaped
to imitate a leopard's canines ; the trenchant inner edge of the
tooth and the distinction between the part of the tooth above
the gum and the part below is imitated with remarkable fidel-
ity. The " root " of each peg is transversely bored.

Length (in a straight line) 7-1 cm. and 6*9 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No 130.

3. Kyan— " udang betelu'^ (or '' beto)."

a. One pair of ear- pegs worn by chiefs, carved from the
casque of the hornbill Rhinoplax vigil and shaped to imitate the
canines of the clouded leopard ; the part of the urnameut
corresponding to the root of the tooth is expanded, flattened and
fretted into a sort of spiral pattern.

Length (in a straight line) 9 1 cm.
1 h. Brooke Low collection. Figured by Lirtg Roth (I.e. vol. IV,

p;<-68)L '■ ■ • • '^ ■

"' 'CatalotueNal'f?9."" '""--'"^ '" " '"m'/./: .V.m.'V, •;

;| P t i „ - 1 ; ' ^M^ r^ mn . ■ i| . Igpi

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 27

L A very similar pair but the expanded head is rather
differently shaped.

Length (in a straight line) 8*5 cm.

Brooke Low collection. Formerly the property of Laki
Bate a distinguished chief in the Rejang River.

Catalogue No 605. (Plate IV. fig. 9, b).

4. Kenjah — " bula wai."

OnH pair of ear-pegs very similar to the two preceding
f^xamples. The ** root*' is carved into a pointed projection and a
flat spiral with horns; they are of a beautiful crimson, the natural
Colour of the hornbill's casque; the colour has faded from the
two Kyan pairs.

[jength (in a straight line) 9 cm. and 8*7 cm.

Acquired by exchange from a Sea-Dyak ii. 02.

Catalogue No 1152. (Plate IV. fig 9, a).

VIII. Ear-plugs and Studs.

Ear-plugs are worn by Long Wai and Tring men, by Murut
men and women, and by Brunei Malay, Sea-Dyak, Tanjong,
Punan, and Milano women ; they are worn in the distended ear-
lobe. Ling Roth ( 1. c. vol. II. p. 69) figures a pair of hand-
some silver ear-studs known as krebu worn by Bakong women,
the highly ornamental head of the stud can be screwed off the
shank which is provided with a real thread of metal ; there
are no specimens of this type of ornament in the Sarawak
Museum.

1. Murut—** oul buluh."

a. A pair of ear-plugs worn by men, in the lobe of the ear;
each is a transverse section of bamboo 2 cm. in diameter, 1 cm.
deep ; a circular piece of looking glass is fitted into one end of
the section.

From the Trusan River, near the coast

Dr. G. D. Haviland coll.

Catalogue No. 745. (Plate VIII. figvH, ..... ;..,.,.,, ..,m

' ^mewhat similar ear-plugs fire, s^ipl.tp lipi^.j^^'^njtu^iifhi^

pfpp,o£ some Land-l)y^|c3i^b- tribes. ,i; . ;.l „ .ii

28 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

2. Marat — ^'oul gading."

a A pair uf ear-plugs worn by richer men. Each is a thick
diac of ivory with a broadly grooved rim ; the front diameter
of tbp disc is greater than the back diameter. Through the
centre of the disc jpmjpcta i* wire; and on this is threaded a
cofucal ctvrrielian bead with flat sides, topped by a spherical red
bead ; tht- wire h secured at the l)ack by being passed through
four boles bored obli(|uely from the back of the ivory disc
throuf^h to the riui ; a thick brass wire loop is lashed with thin
wire across the back of the disc, the ends of the loop projecting
beyond the border of the di^c, and being slightly turned up
prevent the ornament from falling out of the ear-lobe.

Diam. 4'3 cm. depth 1*1 cm.

Prom the Bah country, Trusan River.

0. F. Ricketts, Esq. [P. 18891.

Catalogue No. 753. (Plate IV. fig. 9, e).

h. A similar pair but more carefully made; the spherical
bead is of cornelian.

Diam. 4-2 cm.; depth 1*1. cm.

Prom Dalit in the Bah country, Trusan River.
. Dr. G. D. Haviland coll.

Catalogue No. 744.

St John (Ling Roth 1. c p. 70 j states that both the men
and women of the Adan^r Murut sub-tnbe wear ear-plugs.

3. Tanjong — ** orang."

a. A pair of wooden ear-pluirs worn by women. Ivich is a
thick disc of sofi white wood. iiiiornHiiHMiied in any way. The
diameter of the front face of each di^c is J-5 cm., of the back
5 cm.; the depth is 2-5 cm.

[Pd. X. 04].

Catalogue No. 1460.

6. Similar to the preceding but smaller and uneijual in
size. The froiit face of each is decorated with a star pattern
painted in the wood with a black resin, on the back are painted
two crossed lines with a dot in each of the four anirles formed.
i. Diam. of front 4*5 cm. ; of back .S'7 cm. ; thickness 2*5 cm.
ii. „ ,, „ 4-3 cm. ; „ „ 3 5 cm. ; „ 2*5 cm.

Jour. >>trait8 Branch

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL C0LLK<:TI()N. 29

[Pd. X. 04].

Catalogue No. 1461.

Carl H«ick (1. c. PI. Ifi) ti^ures a Punan women of the
Kotei River weBring a pair of wooden ear-plugs very like the
TanjoDg 8[>ecimeus.

4. Brunei Malay and Kadyan — **8ubang."

i. Malay.

a. A pair of ear-plugs worn by women. Each is a cylin-
drical piece of soft wood expanded at one end to form an
eight-pointed star in the centre of which several bits of glass
are set ; the whole is covered with gold paper.

Height 4*5 cm. ; diam. 2 cm.

Mr. StefFen [P. 1892).

Catalogue No. 791. (Plate IV. fig. 9, d).

A somewhat similar pair of ornaments, but made of silver
washed with gold is figured by Ling Roth (1. c. vol. II. p. 69) ;
they are worn by Milanos. Upper-class Brunei women wear
silver or even gold svhnuri, but the lower-class women are some-
times content with a European cotton-reel with one end cut off
and not ornamented in any way.

ii. Kadyan.

b. A pair of ebony ear- plugs worn by women formerly ;
almost cylindrical with expanded top ; the top and bottom are
carved with a geometrical pattern iuto which pieces of tinsel were
let, but most of these have fallen out; the sides are decorated
with an incised wedge pattern.

Height 2*1 cm. ; diam. at top 2*2 cm. at bottom 1*6 cm.
A. B. Ward, Esq. [P. 30. iv. 041.
Catalogue Xo. 1415. (Plate VIII. fig. 3).

c. A pair of ebony ear-plugs very similar to the above, but
smaller in diameter, and the decorative patterns different; the
interstices of the patterns have been filled in with lime so that
the black pattern stands out in relief against a white background.

Height 2 cm. ; diam. at top 2 cm. at bottom 1*3 cm.
A. B. Ward, Esq. [P. 30. iv. 041.
Catalogue No. 1416. (Plate VIII. fig. 2).

R. A. Soc., No. 43, 1006.

30 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

These ornaments amongst the Kadyans are now entirely
superseded by cheap jewelry of European or Chinese manufacture.

5. Sea-Dyak — ** tensa pending."

a, teriMf pinding teniaga ; a pair of leaden studs worn
in the bbe of the ear by women ; the head of the stud is a disc
with it« border deeply and narrowly notched, into the centre is
let a small disc of brass ; there is a short leaden shank and a
small di scold a I base.

Height 5 cm. ; diam. of head of stud 4-1 cm.

Brooke Luw collection. Figured by Ling Roth (1. c. vol.

n. p. 68).

Catalogue No. 126. (Plate IV. fig. 9,/).

b. tensa pending engkraju ; a pair of leaden studs similar to
the preceding, except that a disc of copper is let into the centre
of the head of the stud.

Height 5 cm. ; diam of head of the stud 4*3 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 127.

Sea-Dyak women also wear studs like the krebu worn by
Bakong women.

The Long Wai ear-plugs of gutta figured by Ling Roth
(1. c. vol. II. p. 68) are probably worn by men in the top of the
ear conch in place of the ear-pegs. I can pronounce no opinion
on the ear lobe plug from Bejaju, JS. E. Borneo, figured on the
same page.

Ornaments worn on the neck*

I. Rattan, reed and seed necklets.

II. Teeth necklets.

III. Bead necklets.

IV. Brass-wire necklets.

L Rattan and Reed Necklets.

1. Dusun— "tagul."

a. Necklet of rattan worn by women ; it is composed of
two separate pieces of split rattan, round which are closely

Jour, straits Branob

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 31

woand strips of very finely split rattaa stained black ; on the
outside of one piece strips of finely split rattan, stained red, are
interwoven between the vertical black strips formin^: a pattern
of alternate wedges, on the outside of the other these inter-
woven strips are unstained. The necklet is fastened by a piece
of wood at (he end of a string buttoned into a string loop.

From Kiou, British N. Borneo.

Drs. G. D. and H. A. Ilaviland coll. [P. v. 92].

Catalogue No. 778.

Whitehead (I.e. Plate opposite p. 108. fig. XIII) figures a
somewhat similar specimen.

Ling Roth (I.e. p. vol. II. p. 73.) figures a Sea-Dyak neck-
lace of sections of reed strung on European thread, the ends
joined by two loops of lead wire ; the necklace is in the collec-
tion of Rev. F. W. Leggatt. Necklets of plaited vegetable fibre,
like the armlets and leglets of the same material (vide infra)
do not seem to be worn by any tribe.

Kalabit youths when visiting a strange country wear a
necklet of seeds as a charm against sickness and evil spirits.

II. Teeth Necklets.

These are worn only by Land-Dyak men, at festivals and
formerly when on the war-path or when visitinsr strange districts.
The most valued specimens are composed entirely of the
canines of Felts nehulosa strunv^ on rattan. They are worth about
or over $50 ; more commonly the canines of the honey-bear
(Jvsits malayanus are employed with some small pig's tusks
intermixed, but even these are very expensive. The Sarawak
Museum specimen a, described below, is the only one of its kind
known to me. The p.ecklets are known as bobot and are worn
with the points of the teeth directed upwards (cf. Beccari,
Nelle Foreste in Borneo, Figs. 24 and 27).

1 .Land-Dyak— "bobot."

a. Forty silver imitation teeth and six canine teeth of a
small carnivore {? Felia bengalensia) strung on a double rattan
thread ; the silver '^ teeth'' are hollow and filled w\th dammar,

B. A. Soc., No. 48, 1905.

32 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

tbey are shaped like the CEnineB of Feiis nebvlosa, tbe largest
oD8tj (f> cm. in leng^th) aire in the oiiddlte and decrea^ in mzB
towarda the ends i at tbe ends are sitnated the six iinaLl canine
teeth. Between each *■ tnoth** oecur.^ a dark blue g\&s$ beftd^
cylindrical in sbape and abuut 7 mm. in diameter, they are strung
on one of the threads traverjiiiig: Ibe '* teeth" and serve tu keep
tbem at equal distancea apart. In order to eonceal the thread-
ing of the "^ teeth'' and beada* a plaited band of split rattan is
laid over the hiMsen uf th*^ ** teeth*' in front of the neck let and
three strips uf split rattan serve the same purpose at the back ;
attached by wire t^i the plaited band is a row of small oval
pieces i'( *^ilve^. Th*^ whnle necklet in bent into an oval and is
fastened by ordinary string.

From Selakau near Lundu, Sarawak. [Pd. v. 02).

Catalogue No. 1156. (Plate II. fig. 4, a).

b. Necklet of sixty -nine teeth strung on a double rattan
thread ; sixteen of the teeth are human molars, premolars and
incisors, the remainder are the canines of the honey-bear, with
one or two very small pig's tusks intermixed. The teeth are
all strung close together and to keep all taut the double rattan
thread is lashed by a long coil of split rattan t<^ a strip of split
rattan laid over the bases of the teeth. To conceal the threading
of the teeth a strip of brass is laid over the bases of the teeth
on the opposite side to the split rattan strip and is secured
with lashings of wire and split rattan. The whole necklet is
bent into a circle of 20*7 cm. diameter.

From Krokong, Upper Sarawak.

Catalogue No. 1445. E. VV. Byrde Ksq. [P. viii. 04].

References to similar necklets will be found in Ling Roth's
work (I.e. vol. II. p. 73).

These necklets are (M)nsid'^rod of such value that the owners
are prepared to offer thr\u in '\Kchange for their lives if threat-
ened by either supernatural or human enemies. The beads
which are interspersed with the canines often have powerful
magical properties.

our. traits Branch

I WI PI I I

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECnON. 33

III. Bead Necklets.

Bead necklets are worn by both sexes of every tribe.

The beads from which the necklets and girdles in the
Sarawak Museum are made may be grouped under eleven
headings, and In order to avoid much circumlocution and repeti-
tion in the descriptions of the necklets and girdles given below,
the component beads will be referred to, as a rule, merely by
their respective group numbers : —

Native'inade beads.

Type 1. Quartz crystals, bored.*

Type 2. Cornelian and agate pebbles, ground and bored.*

Type 3. Columellas of shells and shell discs.

Type 4. Brass wire wound into the shape of a long bead.f

Imported heads.

Type 5. Small glass and glazed clay beads of different colours,
ranging in size from 2 mm. in diameter to 4 mm. ; of
quite modern European manufacture and importation.

Type 6. Large glass beads of different colours, generally
spherical but sometimes with flat faces, sometimes cylin-
drical. Some of these are antique.

Type 7. Modern glass beads of Venetian make, ovoid in shape,
of different colours with crude designs in other colours
roughly painted over them. About 5 mm. in diam.

Type 8. Small discoid glazed clay beads, yellow or pale blue
in colour, known as labang. Antique specimens are
valued at $1 apiece. About 4*8 mm. in diam. Supposed
to be of Venetian origin.

• Some of these beads are bored locally by the pump-drill.
t Made by the Malohs (cf. Ling Roth I.e. VoL II. p. 73); there
are no specimens in the Sarawak Museum.

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Tjpe 9, Spherical ghzed clay beads of different colours, r&ngr-
itxf^ in size from f* mm. in diam. to 13 mm. Some speci-
mens are antique and are very hij^rhly valued. They •
are supposed to be of V' enetian origin,

Tyfje 10. Cylindrical Venetian beads of gla/.ed clay or glass,
generally lilack or dark blue in colour, with four rosettes
painted in different colours thoug-h jjenerally in red and
yellow on them. (Plate VI I L ti^. 5). Some specimens
are striped longitudinally, others have sinuous lines on
them. The generic term for these beads is Iniift, but
almost every specimen has a distinctive name, such as
mata lion*/ (m^nah*9 eve), Itditt puni (pigeon bead), Inf^nf
fdintjon (honibill bead), htkut kdum bin (striped bead).
Anttque .specimens have hiifh values placed on them, $li>
is quite a usual price. The usual ii/.e is l.'i mm. in length
by .1 mm. in diam.

Type 11. Similar tu the abtjve. but much larger and generally
spherical Diam, about 2U mm. Antique s[.iecimens are
valued very highly ; one form known as Ittlcut sekala is
worth as unich as $100 amongst the Kyans.
(Plate VIII. figs. 6.7,8, 9).

The owners of antique beads of Types 0^ 10, 11 consider
them to be of vast antiquity, and, in many cases, of supernatural
origin ; they have been handed down from one generatiim to
another so that the date of their importation is now buried in
some obscurity. Tribes other than the Kyana do not attach so
much value or importance to these antique beads, and any in
the possession of Sea-Dyaks have probably been looted from
Kyans. Kyanshave definite names and definite valuer for evpry
form of antique bead, and they form part of their currency.

Antique examples of Type 10 are better finished and
have a larger bore than modern imitations and the Kyans are
wonderfully acute in dititingyishing between the two.

*\V(»fttherecl spepimoiiR exhibit a «j»iral Btnjctnre; apparently the
i'laj' \viii»n wet wa^ iwiNteiJ jn nhurt leiijrths roiin<l a ro<i, then nbujiod
roughly into the fflriii oi a beaii i&n<t baked ; the linrvl poliKhin^ and
shaping takit)«j; plaee after the clay ys&s tired.

Jour, Strikittf Brftucli

'w^fm^mmfmmmmf^^^'mffmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKCTION. 35

1. Murut— " bani."

(t Necklet worn by women ; it is composed of nine corne-
lian pebbles roughly ground into flat ovals and of twenty-nine
beads of Type 9. yellow, red, (dara brak, pig's blood), pale blue
(btiiian) and black with coloured spots. All are threaded on a
double thread, the cornelian pebbles are perforated longitudin-
ally by two holes through which the two strings pass. The
diameter of the beads ranges from 13 mm. to 9 mm.

From the Trusan district. [Pd. 2. xii. 02],

Catalogue No. 1195. (Plate II. fig. 4, b).

Ling Roth (I.e. Vol. I. p. 213) figures a portion of an Undup
(Sea-Dyak) cornelian and bead necklace.

2. ' Land-Dyak — " pangia."

These are necklets worn by the married women and female
witch-doctors (borich) of Upper Sarawak. Charms, that are
supposed to be effective in healing disease, in inducing good
harvests, etc., are always attached to the necklets. They are
worn by married women at festivals, for three months following
childbirth, except during the first week, and for three months
after the death of a husband ; by the horich they are worn almost
constantly, invariably at festivals and magic ceremonies. (For
an account of the Land-Dyak witch-doctors cf. Ling Roth Vol.
I. p. 259 et. seq). About 50% of the women in the village of
Krokong, Upper Sarawak, are borich,

a. Necklet consisting of eight rows of differently coloured
beads {likich) of Type 5, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, strung on
finely split rattan threads ; the rows are bound together side
by side by ten transverse loopings of brass wire so as to form
a fiat band of concentric rows ; the free ends of the rattan
strings are made fast to a row of five Chinese cash bound to-
gether by stiing (toli\ these lie flat on the back of the neck of
the wearer. The differently coloured beads are arranged in
thirteen definite transverse divisions ; starting from one end
the arrangement of colours is : — blue and black mixed (songot),
yellow (siah), red (Inliah), opaque white {moi-pu), blue and
black mixed, opaque white, transparent white (tagi% with a few

B. A. Soc., No 43, 1905.

8AKAWAK ETHNOaitAPHICAL ( OLLEfTruN

green and red beads at each end of the division, opaque white,
blue and black uiiied, opaque wbite, red, yellow, blue and
black mixed. The outermost row however ia made up of rather
different i>ead8 with flat faees» pink, white and pale grreen in
colours, and thej are not armuged in any definite order. The
brass wire loopings mark the junctions of all the divisions ex-
rept the junction between the blue, black and yellow divisions.
The atrang^ement and number of colours is said to vary with
every village, and the number of bead rows varies from five
to ten. From the band of Chineae cash depends a string loop
on which are strung" some charm? ; these are as follows : —

1. An incisor of a porcupine (hidiai},

2, A canine of a wild cat*

S« A claw of the scaly raanis (oomb),

4. A claw of tlie Brahminy kite {libau),

5. A ring of coconut shell {horu Imiim).

0. Five small brass rattles of European make {homan)^

7. Three cast brass rattles (prosi),

8. Two quarty, crystals enclosed in bran** wire lashinj^H

0. Several differently coloured beads of Types .> and 6

The only information that I have about these charms is.
that if tht3 quartz crystals are dip|>ed in water and the water
allowed to drip from them on to a poisoried wound such as is
caused by a venomous snake, scorpion or centipede, the wound
becomes cold and the poison eventually will depart from it.
Doubtless each one of the charms has specific properties; they
are always suspendt*d from the necklet Circumference of
necklet GO cm., width 2-8 cm.

From Krokong:, Upper Sarawak,

K. \V. Byrde, Esq. [P. 8. ii. 04],

Catalogue No. 1402.^ (Plate 11. fig. 4, c).

Mr. E. W. Byrde, to whom I am indebted for most of the
information giv^en above, has in his own collection a less elabor-

Jovr* BttaliB Brmocb

nippn^HPpmill

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 37

ated example of the ** pangia/' but these two are the only
c^pecimeug that I have ever seen. At the village of Lanchang,
Upper Sadon^, all the guests at a feast given in my honour by
one of the head-men of the village were sprinkled with water
from a basin, the sprinkler being a necklace of a different
nature to the '' pangia ; " owing to the supposed magical pro-
perties of thisj necklace I was unable to buy it and I was not
allowed to eiamine it very closely.

8. Sea-Dyak — *' kong-kong rekong."

Bead-necklets worn by adults and children of both sexes.

a. Necklet composed of a single string of beads of Type
5. about 3 mm. in diameter, red, yellow, black and white in
eolour. A few small cast brass rattles 'are attached to the
necklet at one point. The necklet forms a complete loop with-
out a fastening.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 414.

According to a note by Brooke Low necklets of this
character are given by young men to girls as a token of
betrothal, but a Sea-Dyak chief from the Rejang River who
recently visited the Sarawak ^[useum ridiculed this statement ;
however, amongst the Kyans a girl will give a bead necklet to a
man to whom she considers herself betrothed so that it is quittt
probable that Brooke Low's statement is correct.

b, necklet composed of a si igle string of beads of Type
9 about 6 mm. in diameter; the majority are pale blue in
colour, * but a few are white and white and black ; all are much
weathered. In addition to these beads there are three quartz
crystal beads with ground faces, seven cornelian beads
(Kyan name akit) of varying shapes and nizes and one bead of
Type 10 white in colour with some pale yellow zigzag lines,
known to Kyans as bahu tulang and valued at about $5.

* The pale blue beads are uiuch atfected by Kalabits and >f uruts
and are known to the former as bahu bata^ they are worth about 50
cents apiece.

K A. Soc. No. 43, 19U5.

38 SARAWAK ETHN'JGRAPfllCAL COLLKCTION.

Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 148.

c. Necklet worn by men composed of four strings of very
small beads of Type 5 about 2 mm. in diameter ; the majority
of beads are dark blue but there are a few red, yellow, black
and white ones at the ends of the strint^s ; the four strings of
small beads pass at each end into a short single string of yellow
beads of Type 8, 4 mm. in diameter and to these are attached
tassels of the canines and incisors of the gibbon {Hylohates) ;
the necklet is fastened by a pearl shirt-button and a beaded
string loop. Length 54 cm.

Catalogue No. 601 a. From the Rejang River.

d. Necklet composed of sixteen strings of beads of Type
5 about 2 mm. in diameter, the majority of beads are black but
a few beads at the ends of the strings are yellow, red, white
and blue. The sixteen strings of small beads pass at each end
into a short single string of yellow beads of Type 8, 7 mm. in
diameter. Four tassels of differently c floured beads of Type 5
complete the necklet ; it is fastened with a knot of string and a
string loop.

Length 47-5 cm. From the Rejang River.
Catalogue No. 601 b.

e. Necklet composed of nine cylindrical red beads of
Type 6, 12 mm. in length and ') mm. in diameter, alternating
with three short lengths of beads of Type 5, blue, yellow,
white and red, 3 mm. in diameter ; at the ends four yellow
beads of Type 8, 4 mm. in diameter, and two pearl shirt buttons
one of which is buttoned into a string loop.

Length 46 cm. From the Rejang River.
Catalogue No. 601 c.

f. Necklet composed of beads of Type 7, 5 mm. in diame-
ter, blue with rough designs (circles and lines) painted on in
yellow and red ; at the ends one or two yellow beads of Type
8, 4 mm. in diameter alternating with cylindrical red beads of
Type 6, and a tassel of variously coloured beads of Type 5

Jour, straits Branch

mm^mmmmmmf^mmmmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 39

about 2 mm. in diameter strung on wire ; a few bat's teeth are
attached to the tassels.

I^ength 57 cm. From the Kejang River.
Catalogue No. 601, d.

ff. Necklet composed of thirteen beads of Type 10 (two
sorts, see Piate VIII. fig. 5), these are in the centre, succeeding
them two cylindrical red beads of Type 6, a length of pale blue
beads of Type 8, 7 mm. in diameter and a length of yellow
bead?4 nf Type B, 6 mm. in diameter. At each end a tassel of
sidbII beads of Type 5 variously coloured, about 2 mm. in dia-
[iieter. The nc^ckiet is fastened with a string loop and a brass
button. The lukuts (beads of Type 10) are not antique.

Length 53 cm. From the Rejang River.
Catalogue No. 601, e.

4. Kyan and Sea-Dyak bead- work necklets.

i. Kyan.

a. The basis of the necklet is a roll of red cloth, this is
covered with bead-work, the beads being of Type 5, about 2
mm. in diameter, white, black, yellow, blue and red; they are
arranged in that order to form zigzag lines. Tassels of the same
kind of beads red, black and white in colour and strunj^r on fine
wire, are attached to the ends of the necklet by a short length
of six beads, of Type 8 pale blue and yellow in colour, with one
bead of Type 9 included in each length. Fastened with one
brass wire hook. Worn by men.

Length 59 cm. Hon. C. A. Bampfylde [P].
Catalogue No. 901. (Plate II. fig. 3, d).

A very similar specimen worn by Sea-I)yaks (Leggatt Coll.)
is figured by Ling Roth (1. c. Vol. II. p. 72).

ii. Sea-Pyak.

b» " kong-kong rekong," a strip of bead-work 37*5 cm.
long and 16 cm. broad, fastened with a pearl shirt-button and
beaded thread loop. The beads are of Type 5, about 2 mm. in

R. A. Soc., No. 43, 1005.

40 SARAWAK ETHNOGKAPUICAL COLLECTION.

diameter and variously coloured, they are arranged to form a
geometrical pattern in five divisions; each element of the pattern
is known as A'^atak (frog-).

From the Saribas River. Kalong [P. 10. xi. 92].

Catalogue No. 793. (Plate II. fig. 3, c).

IV. Brass Wire Necklets.

There are no specimens of such in the Sarawak Museum
Ling Roth (I. c. Vol. II. p. 76) quotes Spencer St. John " The
girls [MurutsJ twibt about a couple of fathoms of brass wire in
circles round their neck, rising from the shoulders to the chin,
forming what appears a stiff collar with a very broad base
", This refers to Muruts of the Limbaiig river head-
waters. The Dusuns of Toadilah and the Tinagas Dusuns
according to Uatton and VVitti also wear brass wire necklets.

Ornaments TDom on the arms and legs.

I. Armlets and leglets of plaited fibre, rattan, etc.
II. Armlets of wood.

III. Armlets of ivory, of horn, of shell, of porcelain.

IV. Armlets and leglets of rattan and brass annuli.
V. Armlets and leglets of brass wire.

VI. Bracelets and anklets of brass, of cop[)er and of silver.

I. AlCMLETS AND LE^iLKTS OF PlAITKD FIBKE, RaTTAN, ETC.
1. *' unus."

These are rings of iiuely plaited libre worn by men in con-
siderable numbers on the arms below the elbow and on the legs
below the knee; the fibre is collected from the base of the
sheathing leaves of the apeny palm {Arenrja sjt.) or of the iJoL'
palm ( Aremja ancc/Ktrifeta) and sometimes the scierenchymatons
fibres in the stem cf the common bracken (Pteris aqidlina) are
employed. As many as three hundred of these leglets may be
worn on one leg. The rings have a fixed value and at one time

Juur. straits Brancli

■ HPil ll -L I .J ■I ll HH W^iWPigpp

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 41

were employed as currency. All the tribes of Borneo setftn to
affect these simple ornaments (cf. Ling Roth I. c. Vol. 1. pp. 5,
11, 14, 15, 23), and they are found in many other parts of the
world also e. g. in the Shan States, in the Torres Straits etc. *

i. Sea*Dyak.

a. Forty-six rings of plaited palm fibre, about 7 cm. in
diameter.

From the Lamanak River.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 611.

ii. Sihan.

b Two hundred and four rings of plaited palm fibre, in
two bundles, about 1 1 cm. in diameter.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 141.

2. Sea-Dyak— *' teuklai lengan."

a. Bracelet of two loosely plaited lengths of a jungle
creeper known as akar ensnnat ; worn by boys.

Diameter 7 cm.

Brooke Low collection. Figured by Ling Roth (1. c. Vol.
II. p. 75).

Catalogue No. 138.

6. Bracelet, worn by boys?, made from a stout piece of split
rattan, one end is produced to form a long narrow strip which
is passed through a bole in the other end and wound tightly
round so as to bring the two ends together and overlapping.

Diam. 7*5 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 136 a.

c. Similar specimen, but the outside of the bracelet is
decorated with a rough pattern burnt on it with a red-hot wire.

* The Kyaufi say that they feel quite naked if they do not wear
unus.

B. A. iSoc., No. 43, 1905.

42 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Diam. 8*1 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 136 6. (Plate VIII. fig. 12).

d. Similar specimen, but the poker-work design is more
Cdref ally executed ; one end of the rattan is produced to form a
short strip with a knob at the end and this is buttoned through
a hole in the other end.

Diam. 7*7 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 136 c,

3. Kenyah bracelets of rattan work.

a. twelve bracelets worn by men (?). Eleven are cylindri-
cal pieces of rattan with strips of finely split rattan dyed
black closely wound round ; round the outside runs a strip of
yellow rush interlaced with the rattan stxips. One bracelet is
broader than the others, made from a flat strip of rattan closely
wound with finely split rattan strips and three strands of rush
interlaced on the outside.

Diam. about 6 cm.

From the Uma Kelap.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 399 0.

II. Akmlets of Wool).

These are made of wood cut from the buttress of a larsfe
jungle tree ; the wood is known as tapang (Abanria e.rce/sa); the
Sea-Dyak wooden armlets are decorated with inlaid pieces of
tin. The armlets are worn above the elbow and by men only.

1. Land-Dyak, Kyan and Kenyab wooden armlets.

i. Land-Dyak—** enkli."

(t. Wooden armlet, the outside bevelled and with a groove
running round it.

Juur, ^straits Branch

^^^^^mmmmmm^^mmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION 43

Diam. 8 cm. ; depth 1*3 cm. ; thickness 2*7 cm.
From the Menggrat of Piching, Upper Sadong River
[Pd. viii. 03].

Catalogue No. 1305.

ii. Ryan.

b. Wooden armlet, the outside bevelled.
Diam. 9*6 cm. ; depth 1*5 cm. ; thickness 11 cm.
Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 603.

iii. Kenyah — " selang."

c. Wooden armlet, the outside not bevelled, with a groove
running round it.

Diam. 8*8 cm ; depth 1*4 cm.; thickness, 0*7 cm.
From the Leppu Tau of the Batang Kyan, Dutch Borneo.
R. S. Douglas Esq. [P. 26. iii. 03].
Catalogue No. 1067.

2. Sea-Dyak — "simpai tapang."

Wooden armlets so shaped as to be almost triangular in
transverse section, the base of the triangle being inside and next
the arm the apex outside, or in other words the wood is carved
down to form a sharp pointed median ridge all round the armlet
on the outside. Pieces of sheet tin cut into small triangles,
ovals and crescents are let in to the wood and are so arranged
as to form simple patterns, such as two rows of triangles their
apices directed towards each other and towards the median
ridge, with ovals on the ridge itself alternating with them.
(Plate V. fig. 10, a).

a. A row of ovals only on the median ridge.
Diameter 11-1 cm. ; depth 2*5 cm. ; thickness 1-6 cm.

b. A double row of triangles their apices directed towards
the median ridge, with a double row of crescents alternating
with them and brass studs on the median ridge.

Diameter 9*4 cm. ; depth 2-8 cm.; thickness O'U cm.

B. A. Soc, No 43, 1005.

44 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

c. Very similar, but the triangles distorted into irregular
triangular figures, eight ovals let into the median ridge and so
deeply countersunk that the armlet is nearly octagonal in out*
line.

Diameter 10*1 cm. ; depth 1*7 cm. ; thickness 1*1 cm.

d. Very similar to the above but all the figures very
irregular in shape.

Diameter 10'3 cm. ; depth 1;8 cm. ; thickness 1*1 cm.

e. A double row of triangles and twelve ovals on the
median ridge.

Diameter 9*9 cm. ; depth 1*4 cm. ; thickness 1*2 cm.

/• Similar but with tin studs arranged in threes alternating
with the triangles. (Figured by I^ing Roth 1. c. Vol. II. p. 74).
Diameter 9*6 cm.; depth 1*4 cm.; thickness 1*1 cm.
g. Similar but the tin studs arranged in fives.
Diameter 9*4 cm. ; depth 1*3 cm. ; thickness 1*2 cm.

h. Similar to b but with no brass studs on the median ridge«
Diameter 8*9 cm. ; depth 2*3 cm. ; thickness 1*2 cm.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 135.

Ling Roth figures (1. c. Vol. II. p. 74) two other sivipai
tupang^ one has been cut to receive the pieces of tin but these
have either been lost or were never inlaid ; the other, worn by
boys is said to be inlaid with tin foil, the pattern formed is rather
different from any described above :— a douMe row of triangles
with their apices notched and a row of diamond-shaped figures
on the median ridge alternating with these.

II L Armlets of Ivory, of Horn, of Shell, of Porcelain

1. Kyan — ivory armlets (Sea-Dyak name " tumpa bala").

a. ivory armlet worn by a chief ; the outside is Huted with
broad oblique grooves which in one place become wary ; at two
points opposite to each other is a carving in relief representing

Jour. t'S traits Branch

^^'f'ff^mmmmBmmf^^mimmmmtmmmmmi^

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 45

possibly a drat^on {udoh asu)^ the common Kyan desiofn. (Plate
VIII. fig. 13. «, b).

Diam. 8*5 cm. ; depth 1-5 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 602. (Plate V. fig. 10, c).

b. Ivory armlet worn by a chief ; quite plain and unorna-
mented.

Diam. 9 cm. ; depth 1-5 cm.
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 140.

2. Kyan — ^^takieng," armlet made from the casque of the
hornbill, Rhinoplax riV/tV.

a. A long narrow strip has been cut from the hornbill's
casque, bent into a ring and the ends joined most skilfully, the
outside is bevelled. The armlet is of beautiful rose and amber
colours and is semi-translucent ; I have no information as to the
exact way in which the rather intractable material is worked
into its present shape.

Diam. 7*6 cm. ; depth 1-1 cm.

[Pd],

Catalogue No. 1018.

3. Sea-Dyak — "tuchong simpai," shell armlets.

a. Armlet formed by grinding down so as to form a broad
ring a large cone-shell (Conns guratensis) known as Hma; the
space between the outer wall of the shell and the first turn of
the spiral is filled up with dammar in which are embedded small
ground-down cowries; the outside is fluted with shallow
grooves. Worn above the elbow by men,

Diam. IM cm.; depth 6 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 142 a. (Plate V. fig. 1 1, a ).

b. Similar but smaller.
Diam. 10 cm. ; depth 5 cm.

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

46 SARAWAK ETHNOGBAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 142 b.

Both the above specimens are 6gured by Ling Roth (1. c.
Vol. II. p. 74).

The scarlet saga {Adenanthera pavonina) seeds frequently
replace the ground cowries of the specimens described above.

Somewhat similar shell armlets known as rangke are worn
by Sea-Dyak women, on hiurh-days and holidays but they are
smaller and less carefully finished, eight to twelve are worn on
each arm. Ling Roth (1. c. Vol. I. p. 20). Figures a Sea-Dyak
(wrongly labelled Kanowit) girl wearing these ornaments.

The Land-Dyak women of the Upper Sadong and Upper
Sarawak (left-hand branch) rivers wear shell armlets, {rapak)
alternating with coils of brass wire ; the fashionable number is
four to each arm, one round the biceps, one just above the
elbow, one round the middle of the fore-arm and one round the
wrist ; these armlets are purchased from Chinese traders for
about $5 apiece, they are always quite plain and about 4 cm.
in depth ; armlets of porcelain are sometimes substituted for the
shell armlets, a specimen in the Canterbury Museum is figured
by Ling Roth (I, c.Vol. II. p. 74)

Quite a recent importation are the series of slender rings of
celluloid worn on the fore-arm by Sea-Dyak men ; the armlets
are made in Europe and cost about $10 a set; the rinofs are
threaded together by string, ^iimilar armlets but made of ivory
are worn by Kenyah women.

IV. Armlets and Leglets of Rattan and Brass Annuli.

These ornaments, known as " en^krimu " are worn by Sea-
Dyak men only and accordintr to l^rooke Low chielly by the
Sakarang and Lamanak sub-tribes.

1. Sea-Dyak—'* engkrimu."

a. A set of leglets worn by men ; the set consists of four
series of graduated rings of split rattan strands on to which are
threaded numerous small brass annuli; one series consists of

Jour, straits Branch

1 1 t imm 'ii^'''^mm^m''mmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 4-7

eleven rings, one of thirteen rings and two of twelve rings ; the
rlii^a of each serieii are kept together by three brass wires which
tranBlix each ring ; the front of every ring is marked by three
annul I of rattan giLaint^d black, with three aunuli stained red on
each side, two brass aunuli intervening, when all the rings are
in position on the leg the effect is produced of a slender black
line rimnhig down the middle of the front of the series with a
red line on each side ; two series of rings are worn on each leg,
the upper series is worn with the largest ring at the bottom, the
lower series with the largest ring at the top, so that the two
together fit over the bulge of the calf.

Diam. of largest ring ll-o cm. ; of smallest 9*1 cm.

Brooke Low collectipn.

Catalogue No. 134. (Plate V. fig. 11, d ).

b. Seven rings of split rattan strands bound together by
a wrapping of a narrow strip of rattan cuticle stained red with
dragon's blood and a strip stained black with indigo ; several
brass annuli are threaded on each ring. Worn on the arms.

Diam. of largest ring 9*6 cm.; of smallest 7*1 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 139.

V. Armlets and Leglets of Buass VViue.

These are coils of brass wire and sets of brass wire rings.
The Sea-Dyak term for both varieties is sBlong^ though as a
rule it is applied only to leglets, whilst the terms for armlets
are tnmpa selong or tumpa helit and tumpa gurang^ the former
being applied to the wire coils, the latter to the sets of separate
rings. Sea-Dyaks assert that the separate wire rin^s are of a
comparatively modern date having been introduced amongst
them by the Malohs of Kapuas. Women wear both brass coils
and separate brass rings on the arms and legs, but men wear
neither on the legs and rarely >^ear brass coils on the arms.
The ornaments are not in every day use but are only assumed
on high-days, holidays or other special occasions. A figure of a
Sea-Dyak girl with her legs covered from the knees to the ankles

R. A. 8oc., No. 143, 1905.

48 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKCTION.

with a graduated brass wire coil is given by Ling Roth (I c.
Vol. I. p. 21); the men do not wear brass wire . leg-ornaments
to such an extent, but cover the arms with brass wire separate
rings. The Land-Dyak women of the Upper Sadong and Upper
Sarawak (left-hand branch) rivers always wear a coil of brass
wire {sarin ) on the legs from below the knee to just above the
ankle, the coils »re wound very tightly round the leg and in
course of time considerable distortion of the calf of the leg is
produced ; even small girls of 7 or 8 years of age are burdened
with quite a considerable weight of metal. Coils of brass wire
alternating with shell armlets (cf. p. ) are worn on the arms
from below the shoulder to the wrist Laud-Djak men of the
Sauh, Serambo and Singgi districts wear armlets of brass wire
coils at festivals. Diisun women wear 9 coil of brass wire round
the wrists and round the ankles, also separate rings. iv7

1. Dusun — armlet.

a. Ring of brass wire worn as a bracelet by women.

Diam. 6*7 cm.

R. Shelf ord [P. 28. ix. 03].

Catalogue No. 1336.

2. Sea-Dyak — " tumpa gurang. "

a. Four sets of brass wire rings, sixty to a set, worn as
armlets by men ; the rings have been arranged in graduated
sizes on rolls of bark cloth ; nearly all are penannular and a
few in each set have been incised on the outside with lines and
circles.* The smallest rings are worn just above the elbow,
the largest on the wrist and upper arm.

Average diam. of largest rings 7 cm. ; of smallest 5 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 133. (Plate V. fig. 11, c).

•Accordinffl to Brooke Low these incised rin;^» are known as
tenklai but gurang kinkteng is prohnhly their correct name (vide
infra).

Jour. Straits Branch

mmmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 49

b, Tbree penannular rings of brass wire worn as armlets
by men ; two have simple geometrical patterning incised on
their outer border, one is twisted.

Diam. 6-7 cm. ; 7*1 cm; 7 cm. (twisted specimen).
Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 604.

A Rejang Sea-Djak informed me that tumpa glos was the
natoe for these ornaments in his district ; in the Batang Lupar
River ffhi is equivalent to the Malay galangy or bracelet, and
the term is applied to the silver bracelets worn by Balau and

Sebuyau women.

8. Sea-Dyak— <' tumpa sSlong."

T o coils of brass wire worn as armlets by women ; the
wire of one coil at one end is notched on the outside (kinkieuf),

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 132.

In Brooke Low's catalogue these are entered as gurangor
twnpa Belong ; gurangor^ means un6nished bracelets, leglets or
armlets.

4. Sea-Dyak—" sfilong. "

a. Six penannular rings of brass wire worn round the
ankles by women ; two are quite plain, four are notched or
punched on the outside. According to Brooke Low these
anklets are ** given to those called on to feed the gods on feast-
days," but a Sea-Dyak chief from the Rejan^ River scouted
this statement ; the same informant gave as the name of these
ornaments ailong kmkieng,*

Diam. 11-4 cm. to 9*2 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 187.

*Kinkieng means notches, the term applies to the rings with the
outside notched and punched.

R. A.Soc.,No. 43,1905

50 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL CoLLKCTION.

b. Two long coils of brasa wire worn as leglets by
women.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 1421. (Plate V. fig. 11, b).

c. One coil of brass wire worn as a leglet by women.
This is one of a pair of coils.

Catalogue No. 948.

VI. Bracelets and Anklets op Brass,
Copper and Silver.

1. Sea-Djak — *^tumpa sidieng. '*

a. A pair of brass bracelets worn by women ; each is a
broad, penannular band incised on the outer surface with a
simple geometrical design known as pnchok rebong, i.e. bamboo
shoots. From the Engkari sub-tril>e.

Breadth 4*8 cm. ; diaiu. 5*8 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 395. (Plate V. fig. 10, d).

2. Sea-Dyak — *' gerang giring. "

a. Two pairs of brass anklets worn by women. Each
anklet is a tube of thick brass bent into a penannular ring; the
tube is somewhat elliptical in section ; the outer border of the
tube is split by a broad slit which runs almost from one end to
the other, the ends however are for a short distance closed in ;
in the tube run five or six spheres of brass which make a
jangling noise whenever the wearer moves about. The outside
of the anklets is covered with designs in bold relief, one design
is a series of wedges {puchok rebong), another is phyllomorphic
and a crocodile figures on one example.

Diam. 13*6 cm. to 13-1 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 393. (Plate V. fig. 10, b).

Similar anklets but made of silver are worn by unmarried
Malay girls, and there is little doubt but that the Sea-Dyaks
borrowed the ornament from them.

Jour. Strait! Branch

Ji l i U p p. PiPiW^p^i^wpppBiWipi

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 51

A figure of a Sea-Djak girl wearing a pair of these anklets
ID addition to coils of brass wire is given by Ling Roth (1. c.
vol. I. p. 21).

Sea-Dyak women, especially the Sibuyaus and Balaos, com-
monly wear silver armlets known as tumpa glo9 shaped like the
wooden armlets worn by men, but hollow and ornamented with
repouss^ patterns ; they are worn from the wrist to the elbow.

Ling Both figures (1. c. vol. IL p. 74) a Kadyan penaniiular
bracelet of copper with three silver wires running round it and
also a metal bracelet from the Baram river with a simple cla<tp,
both specimens are quoted as being in the collection of Mr.

0. E. Peek.

Fmger Rings.

I. Finger-rings of shell.
IL Finger-rings of brass, copper etc.

L Finger Rings op Shell.

1. Sea-Dyak,

a. Made fronii a ground-down Trochus (?) shall, the outer
border has a deep groove running round it.

Diam. 2*6 cm., depth.

Private Srubi of the Sarawak Rangers [P. 28. i. 87].

CaUlogue No. 671.

A somewhat similar finger-ring occurs in a collection of
witch-doctor's charms in the Sarawak Museum ; its outer border
has been filed so as to lea ^e a median series of diamond-shaped
facets.

IL Finger Rings of Brass, Copper Etc

L Dusun — " penulong. "

a. Brass finger ring^, the outside slightly bevelled.

Diam. Stem.; depth 0*6 cm.

From Kiou, Kina Balu.

Drs. G. D. and H. A. flaviland coll. [P. v. 92].

Catalogue No. 774.

B. A, Soe., No. 43, 1906.

52 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKCTION.

2. Sea-Dyak — '* tinchin, " finger rings.

These are worn by both sexes ; they are said to be made
by Malohs of the Knpuas. The seal ring is known as tinchin
bekubun, all the others as tinchin aam or suran.

a. Seal ring of brass, the bezel is oval with a conventional
flower (?) carved in deep relief on it, the outside of the ring
with two grooves.

Diam. 2 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 a. (Plate YII. fig. 1 the seal from the
front).

b. A broad penannular band of brass, the outside with
horizontal grooves and lines of punch- marks.

Diam. 2 cm. ; breadth 1-2 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 b.

c. Very similar, but with a broad median horizontal
groove and two lines of zigza^f pattern.

Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 1*2 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 c. •
//. Very similar to b but much narrower,
Diam. 1*9; breadth 0*8 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 d.
e. Almost identical with cL

Diam TO cm. ; breadth 0*7 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 e,
/. Almost identical with d.

Diam. 1-9 cm. ; breadth 0-C cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607/.

ff. Very similar to d but the brass much thinner,
Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 0*7 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 g.

h. Very similar to c but narrower ; the broad median
groove has a line of herring-bone pattern on each side of it.
Diam, 1*9 cm. ; breadth 07 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 h.

Jour. Straits Bran«k

Ill l,liJl1||P«ljPW|M|iPpii|Pii^pi

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 53

t. Very similar to d but narrower^

Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 0*5 cm. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 607 t.

j. Very similar to the above, but the grooves and incised
lines very finely marked.

Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 0*5 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 /.

it. Very similar to d, e, /, but with a broad band of incis-
ed ovoid figures running round the outside of the ring.

Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 0*7 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 k. (Plate VIL tig. 7).

L A narrow penannular ring of brass, the outside slightly
bevelled and decorated with a median row of circles, flanked
on either side with an incised zi^/zag line.

Diam. 1-9 cm. ; breadth 0*5 cm, Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 607 /.

»». A thick narrow ring of copper, the outside decorated
with vertical grooves.

Diam. 2*1 cm. ; breadth 0*2 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 607 m.

n. A thin narrow rinj^ of copper, the outside decorated
with a row of iucised circles, between each circle two crescents
back to back.

Diam. 1*9 cm. ; breadth 0' I cm. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 607 n.

0. A narrow penaDuular ring of brass, the outside bevel-
led and decorated with an incised zigzag between two delicate
frooves; the inside is marked with an incised herring-bone
esign passing suddenly into a row of circles.

Diam. 2*1 cm. ; breadth 0*3 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 143 a.

p. A narrow penannular ring of brass, the out>ide de-
corated with a deeply notched ridge.

B- A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

64 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Diam. 2*1 cm. ; breadth 0*5 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 143*6.

q. Very similar, but smaller and more carefully finished ;
the notches in the ridge on the outside of the ring have been so
cut that a series of star-shaped figures in high relief have been
left.

Diam. 1*8 cm. ; breadth O'o cm. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. U3 c. (Plate VII. fig. 8).

r. A penannular ring of brass to which {s affixed by a
brass rivet a disc of copper with the border deeply and re-
gularly notched ; the outside of the ring is decorated with in-
cised lilies forming a pattern shewn in the figure.

Diam. of ring 1*9 cm.; breadth 0*6 cm.; diam. of disc
2*5 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 148 d. (Plate VII. ?\g. 2. a, h).

8, A penannular ring of brass, with a curiously shaped
bezel occupying half the circumference of the ring ; the outside
of the ring is decorated with a row of dots in high relief
(produced by notching a ridge as in p, and q).

Diam. 1*9 era. ; breadth 0*7 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. )43 e. (Plate VII. tig. 3. a, b).

t, A penannular band of brass with a rudimentary bezel
formed by cutting vertically the pattern (grooves and lines of
punch- marks) which runs horizontally round the rest of the
ring, * from each corner of the bezel rises a hook cut out from
the ring.

Diam. 1'7 cm. ; breadth 1*2 era. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 143. (Plate VII. fig. 4).

n. A narrow penannular ring of brass ; one free end of
the ring has been split into two, the other into three, these
split ends have been rolled up into fiat coils, the odd one
occupying the centre of the quincunx.

* Except a narrow piece at the back opposite to the bezel.

Jour. Straits Branch

■ ■ mj mmmmmmmmmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 65

Diam. V7 cm. ; breadth 0-3 cm. Brooke Low collection.
Catalogue No. 148 g. (Plate VII. fig. 4).

V. A broad penannular band of brass, the borders deeply
notched, the outside decorated with grooves, lines of punch-
marks and series of incised lines.

Diam. 2 cm. ; breadth 3*2 cm. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 143 h. (Plate VII. fig. 6).

Ornaments worn round the body^

I. Rattan girdles.

II. Bead girdles.
III. Chain girdles.
IV. Brass girdles.

V. Corsets.

I. Rattan Girdles.

1. Dusun — " liudanau."

a. Coils of split rattan dyed red and black worn by
women round the waist and round the chest, the latter to keep
in position the tabut, a strip of cloth worn by unmarried girls to
cover the breasts.

From Kiou, Mt Kina Balu.

Drs G. D. and H. A. Haviland [P. v. 92].

Catalogue No. 772.

2. Land-Dyak— " sembed ."

a. A coil of split rattan stained red, worn round the waist
by women; the coil is prevented from unwindiug by being
passed several times through one or two brass rings.

From Tabekang, Upper Sadong River.

[Pd. viii. 03].

Catalogue No. 1309.

Similar rattan coils (tina) are worn by Sea-Dyak and
Murut women.

fi. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

56 SAKAWAK ETHNOGKAFHICAL L'ULLECTIUN.

II. Bead Gibdles.

1, Sea-Dyak— " entelo."

/f* A girdle composed of live rows of large beads struu^
GO strips of spilt rattan worn by women suspended from the
lower border of the corset. The beads are of three kinds: —
(1) long^ whit-e shell beads made by boring longitudiDally the
columella of a large ga8trop<jd shell (Type 3, Kyan name ino
seh)f (2) large spherical glass beads (Type G) the dark-blue ones
are known as toffi and are antique^ the paler blue are known as
iitiwitri'rt// and are more modern ; (li) large spherical glazed clay
beads, red in colour (Type IK Kyan nnme dam bouin i.e. pig'si
blood). These alternate with KWm another, «ome shell discs
\mxi^ iniersipersed. At one end uf tlie girdle is attiiched a
short loop of beads of Type U, some are^blue with a red xig/ag
(known as Uam bttUviff nmttr i.e. bead worth part of a hous€
and often worn hanging from tht? ear lobe by Kalamantao
tribes of (he Baram district)* (Fiat^ VI I. tig. 6) ; some are of
gieen glass with red and yellow circles painted on (known m
it /<i«i 6u(iu// itofri^ i,e. bear's claws beads) ^ Plate VIIL lig, 8),
and one is a fluted bead, of blue >i lass (known as Ham dian^ i.e.
dnrian bead,) ( Plate VIIK tig, II) and a few common yellow
beads are intermixed.

Length 1^-4 cm. ilrooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. Ufi (Plate VI. tig, 12, o).

It seems likely that this girdle was looted from Kyans by
Sea-Dyaks. as some of the beads are autigue and antique
beads in the possession of Sea-hyaks have almost invariably
been formerly the property of the more aboriginal natives of
Borneo.

A portioTi of this girdle has been figured by Ling Roth
(Lc, Vol. IL p. 46),

2. M llano — bead girdle.

tu A girdle couipused uf five rows of be^ds strung on
strips of split rattan, in the middle is a cross piece of rattan
through which the rattan strips pass and at each end are
similar cross-pieces ; the loui^e ends of the rattan si rips are joined

Juur. SlmiU Bnuicli

mmmmimKm'^^

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 67

with elaborate koots. The beads are nearly all of Type 6.
various shades of blue in colour (tobi and kamiving)^ there are
four be^ds of the variety known to Kyans as kiam dian; one bead
13 of opaque white ^lass. The value of the beads 804 in number
has been ^mesmd tit $150.

Length 62 oiu, H. H. the Ranee of Sarawak [P. 24.
vi, 95],

Catalogue No. 967.

The girdle was found at Lundu.

Somf-what i$imilar bead-girdles are worn by Kyan and
Kenyah women ; the beads are generally antique and of Vene-
tiati timke (Types 1> and II) and are very highly prized (cf. Ling
Koth Lc. Vol. IL p. 55).

Dusun women wear round the hip4 '' rows of red beads
closely threaded to a depth or six inches or so '* (Whitehead, Ex-
ploration of Mt Kina Balu, p. 106 and Plate).

Murut women wear a somewhat similar bead girdle.

3. Tanjong— " takup."

a, A string of beads of Venetian manufacture blue in
colour with white-edited red sp<jt8 ; to the string is attached
a piece of ktma shell ( conv.^ yvratensis).

Worn by little girls.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 199. (Plate VI. fig. 12, d).

Figured by Ling Roth (I. c. Vol. II. p. 42). Ling Roth on
the same page also figures a giidle and shell vine leaf from VV.
Borneo, the girdle appears to consist of seven strips of rattan on
which are threaded numerous small brass rings.

III. Chain Girdles.

1. Dusun — chain girdle.

a. Consists of twenty-seven small chains of brass wire
penannular links ; the chains are held together by a string lacing.

U. A. Soc., No. .ia, 1U05.

58 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

The g^irdle is continous without a fastening so must be slipped
over the head and shoulders ; it is worn by women over the hip*
band of beads noted above.

From the north of Mt. Kina Balu.

Mr. Steffen [P. vi. 92].

Catalogue No. 784. (Plate VIII. fig. 16),

Similar chains are worn by Land-Dyak women of some
districts in Upper Sarawak they are known as sabiL

2. J^ea-Dyak — '* tali mulong.''

a. A chain band worn by women over the corset. The links
are of brass and penannular and they are threaded on string in
the same way as beads are threaded in bead- work (Plate VIII.
fig. 15). The buckle consists of two strips of brass ; the last
row of links at each end of the girdle pass through perfora-
tions in the strips, the unattached edges of the strips are turned
over in opposite directions so that they interlock.

Length 77*5 cm. ; breadth 2*8 cm. Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. U7. (Plate VI. fig. 12, b).

A portion of this girdle is figured by Ling Roth (I.e. Vol.
II. p. 46).

IV. Brass Girdles.

1. Sea-Dyak — "senawir."

a, A flat strip of brass bent into a hoop with the ends
turned over in opposite directions and interlocking. Forty-two
small silver coins of Holland (dates 1718-1789) are suspend-
ed by brass links from the lower edge of the girdle and from
the coins hang small notched and flat brass pendants. The
outside of the brass hoop at one end is incised with simple geo-
metrical designs and a phyllomorphic design. Worn by women
over the corset.

Diam. 29*5 cm.; breadth 1*8 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 145. (Plate VI. fig. 12, c).

Jour. iStraiU Branch

mmmw^mmmfmm^.

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKCTION. 59

A smaH portion of this ornament is figured by Ling Roth
(l.c. Vol. II. p. 46).

Both the senawir and the tali mtilong have been largely
displaced by belts made of dollars strung together with silver
links, the buckle of the belt is generally of Chinese pattern and
make. ^The Land-Dyak women of the Upper Sadong and Upper
Sarawak (left-hand branch) rivers wear similar dollar girdles.

V. Corsets.

These are worn by Sea-Dyak and Land-Dyak women only ;
the Land-Dyak corset is of quite a different type to the Sea-
Dyak article ; there are two varieties of Sea-Dyak corsets : —
1. the rawai, 2. the rawai tinchin.

1. Sea-Dyak— " rawai,"

a. Twenty-five circles of strips of pandan leaf, graduated
in size, the topmost * is 80*4 cm. in diamecer, the lowest is 21*4
cm. On these circles are closely strung numerous small penan-
nular annuli of brrss ; down the centre of the front of the corset
runs a black line formed by 3 rings of rattan-cuticle stained
black on each pandan leaf circle, on each side of the black line
is a brass ring line flanked by a red strip formed by three
rings of rattan cuticle stained red on each rattan circle (cf. orna-
mentation of engknmu p. 46). The pandan leaf circles are
bound together by five vertical rods of brass wire which trans-
fix all the circles and pin them closely together. There is no
means of opening out this corset which has therefore to be
slipped over the head and shoulders of the wearer.

Height 21 cm.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 144 a, (Plate VI. fig. 13, a).

b, A similar specimen, but with twenty-eight circles, the
topmost is 29 cm. in diam. the lowest 20*5.

Height 23*5 cm.

* The speciinea shown iu the figure is upside down.

tt. A. Soc., No. 4a, 1905.

60 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 144 b.

Figures of Sea-Dyak women wearing these ornaments are
given by Ling Roth (I.e. Vol. I. pp. 2 and 4 Vol. XL frontispiece
and page 43). Below the rawai round the hips are frequently
worn numerous separate pandan leaf circles strung with brass
annuli but these may really be considered as components of the
corset It is now the fashion to decorate the rawai with rows
of dollars attached by brass or silver links to the circles. The
rawai should only be worn by married women, but the custom
ill now more honoured in the breach than in the observance.

2. Sea-Dyak. — ** rawai tinchiu."

a. Corsi t composed of ten rows of large broad penannular
rings of brass strung on strips of split rattan ; the rows are
bound together one above the other on an internal framework
of split rattan. The rows of rings do not form complete circles,
but their ends are attached each to a vertical band of plaited
brass wire ; to each plaited band is fastened by brass wire links
two vertical strips of brass, the free borders of which are turn-
ed back in opposite directions so that they can interlock ; this
primitive form of buckle is known as thepi/t/u (/t7, door). The
brass penannular rings vary in breadth from 3 5 cm. to 2*7 cm.,
their diameter is about 1*8 cm.; simple geometrical and scroll
designs are incised on them. Narrow penannular brass rings
(4 mm. broad) outwardly notched alternate with the broad
rings of the bottom five rows of the corset. The front of the
buckle is ornamented with incised geometrical designs and a
phyllomorphic design {.tankei inaruu, bunches of rattan). The
corset is of ecjual diameter throughout.

lieight \d't) cm.; diam. 243 cm. Said to have been made
by Malohs of the Kapuas River.

Brooke Low collection.

Catalogue No. 572. (Plate VI. iig. 13, b).

This form of corset was formerly confined to the Ulu Ai
and Engkari Sea-l>yaks but its distribution seems to be wider
nowadays. The front of a somewhat similar specimen in the
Leiden Museum is figured by Ling Roth (I.e. V^ol. II. p. 46).

Juur. Straits Braoch

^mimmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 61

8. Land-Dyak— *' sladan."

fu Corset worn by unmarried girls and widows : it is a cy-
linder of bark, slightly elliptical, covered on the outside with
close- set vertical strips of triangular brass wire (ikan rashnn),
their ends bent over to clip the upper and lower edged uf the
bark cj Under, The brass strips that cover the part of the corset
which is worn in front are narrower than those at the back.

Height 22 cm.; diam. 23-4 X cm. 21-6 cm.
From Krokong, Upper Sarawak. E. W. Byrde Esq. [P. 8. ii.
04J.

Catalogue No. 1401. (Plate VI. fig. 13, c).

These corsets are worn by the Land-Dyaks of the right-hand
branch of the Upper Sarawak river,* not by those of the left-
hand branch or of the Upper Sadong. As can well be imagined
the corsets are most uncomfortable to wear and veiy difficult
to put on and to remove ; the removal of the corset is indeed
a most painful process, the subject hangs by her hands from a
beam whilst a friend graduallj^ works the corset off inch by
inch ; a liberal application of oil is generally needed but even
with this ai<i it may be some hours before the martyr to fashion
is relieved of her brass bound casing.

Buttons and Buckles.

I. Buttons.

1. Malay {Brunei) — *' ka'bumban."

a. Nineteen silver-gilt buttons; the buttons which are
hollow are made in two halves, the lower half is provided with
a loop, the upper half is decorated with a conventional pattern
in repousse.

[Pd. 21. V. 04].

Catalogue No. 1417. (Plate VIII. fig. 10).

♦Krokong, Singgi, Sauh, Seranibu, Bombok, Peninjauetc, it is
also worn by the Jagoi on the Dutch border.

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1906.

62 SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION.

Very similar buttons are figured by Ling Roth (L c. Vol.
IL p. 42) ; they are worn by Milano, Kanowit and Tanjong
women along the tightly-fitting sleeves of their jackets, also by
Brunei Malay and Kadyan women down the front of their
jackets. Strings of them are sometimes worn by Sea-Dyak
women as necklets and one or two will often serve as the
button of a bead necklet.

XL Buckles.

Buckles other than the primitive clasps of brass corsets and
belts described above are not oftien met with amongst the
Bornean tribes ; the specimen described below was probably
made in the Malay Peninsula where this kind of work is not
uncommonly met with.

1. Malay — buckle.

a, A sharply pointed oval sheet of iron, convex from front
to back, the border stepped. A conventional phyllomorphic
design has been beaten in basso relievo into the front face of the
ornament, over this a plate of silver has been laid and the two
sheets of metal have been welded together, subsequently the
front face of the buckle has been fil^ until all the silver has
been removed except that filling in the sunk phyllomorphic
design ; the result is a design in silver on aback ground of iron.
At the back of the ornament is a large iron loop.

14 cm. X 7-1 cm.

Said to come from Sirhassen, Natuna Islands. [Pd].

Catalogue No. 1037.

The belts made of dollars strung together by silver wire
links much worn by Sea-Dyak and Land-Dyak women are
jrenerally fastened with a silver S-shaped hook of Chinese manu-
facture and desjo^n.

Jour. Straits Branch

'"'^^■i

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION 63

Explanation of Plates L— VIIL

Plate I.

Fig. 1. X ilineu:.

a. Marat pleng, hairpin.

c. Pelaan „ ,,

d. Tmgal „

/ Mamt hairpin.

A. Peluan „ „

Pig. 2. X i linear.

a. Murut brass hairpin worn by either sex.

*'• »» »♦ >» »» »» »» »»

c. Kalabit plin, hairpia worn by men.

d. Dusun tiviboky hairpin worn by women

/. Malay aiair ptnyu, tortoiseshell comb.

Pig. 3. X i linear.

a. Malay tajok, head ornaments worn by bridegrooms.

b. „ sisir, tiara worn by brides.

c. Sea-Dyak kong-kong rekong, bead- work necklet.

d. Kyan bead- work necklet.

Plate II.
Fig. 4. X ^ linear.

a, Land-Dyak bobot, necklet worn by men.

b, Murut banij bead necklet worn by women.

c, Land-Dyak pangia, necklet worn by female witch-
doctors.

B. A. Soc, No 43, 1905.

64 SARAWAK RTHNOGRAPHICAL COLLKOTH»N.

Fig. 5. X f linear.

a. Tanjong ariek laaong, a pair of brass earrings worn
by women.

b. Kanowit ariek geragum lasong, a pair of brass ear-
rings worn by women.

c. Long Gilat tin earrings worn by men.

d. Tanjong ariek sernera^ tin earring worn by women.

e. Kanowit ariek spenge, one copper earring from a set
of ten worn by women.

/. Land-Dyak anteng, earrings worn by men in festal
dances.

Plate III.

Fig. 6. X i linear.

a. Sea-Dyak langgu hangkang^ pair of tin ear-pendants
worn by men.

b. Bakatan urtU „ „ „

c. „ ,, tin ear-pendant.

d. Gold ornament found in river gravel at Pankalan
Ampat.

e. Kyjin a pair of ear ornaments worn by chiefs.

J\ Leppu Tau isang^ ear- pendant of horn worn by men.

Fig. 7. X i^ linear.

a, Kanowit buah hitok lasong^ a pair of brass ear-
drops worn by women.

b, ,, buah belimbien ,, ,, ,,
c\ Tanjong isang lasong „ „ „

d. Kanowit 6waA livong i:isong ,, ,, ,,

e. Bakatan lungin^ a pair of brass ear-drops worn by
women.

f\ Kyan buah livong bntu jela, a pair of ear-drops of
serpentine and horn worn by women.

Jour, straits Branch

mmmm^f^'iii^^'immmmmmmmm

SARAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 65

Plate IV.
Fig. 8. X i linear.

a, Sea-t)yak kenawieng, eiar-pendants of brass worn
by men.

b, Sea-Dyak grunjong ikat, earrings worn by men.

c, „ „ grunjong buri, „ „ „ „
Fig. 9. X ^ linear.

a. Kenyah bula wai^ ear-pegs carved from casque of
Rhinoplax vigil.

b. Kyan udang betelu „ „ „ „

c. Skapan udang^ a pair of canines of Felis nebulosa,
worn as ear-pegs.

d. MaUy subang, a pair of ear-plugs worn by women.

e. M.UTut oul gading, a pair of ear-plugs worn by men.
J, Sea-Dyak tensa pending, a pair of ear-plugs worn by

women.

Plate V.

Fig. 10. X i linear.

a, Sea-Dyak simpai tapang, three wooden armlets

worn by men.
b. Sea-Dyak gerang giving^ brass anklets worn by
women.

f. Kyan ivory armlet worn by chiefs.

d, Sea-Dyak tumpa sidieng^ brass bracelets worn by
women.

Fig. 11. X i linear.

a. Sea-Dyak tuchong simpai, shell armlet worn by men.

b. Sea-Dyak selong brass wire le^lets worn by women.

c. Sea-Dyak tumpa gelong, brass wire armlets worn by
men.

(/. Sea-Dyak engkrimu^ leg lets of rattan and brass
annuli worn by men.

R. A. Soc, No. 48. 1905.

6Q SAIUWAJE; VTHNOGKAPHIUAX, COUifiCSlOK.

Fig. 12. X I linear.

q, Se^k'D^f^ ^ntcio, Y^fisA gM^^ vorn. l;^ women.
b, Sea-Dvak tali mfi/oit^, brass chtm bifii worn by
WOipeoL

c. Sea-Djak senamr, hmmi girdle witji) aUver coins
worn by women.

d. Tanjong takup, shell vine leaf and liead string
worn by little girls.

Fig. 13. X ^ linear.

a, i:>ea-Dyak rau^^t, corset.

b, „ ,, rawai tincMny. C0fDS9ti

c, Lftnd-Dyi^ktf/acIai^ cosset

Plate VU.

Nat. size

Fig. 1. Seal of Sea-Dyak tinchin. bel'ubvn^ brass finger ring.

Fig. 2. Sea-Dyak tinchin suran brass finger ring A. front view
B. side view.

Fig. 3. „ ,,

Fig. 4. „ ,,

Fig. 5. „ ,,

Fig. 6. „ „

Fig. 7. ,. ,,

Fig. S. ., ,

Plate Vill.

Fig. 1. Dusun wooden corab worn by women. Nat. size

Fig. 2. Kadyan subang, wooden ear-plug worn, by

women. Nat. size

Fig. 3. „ „ „ „ „ ., Nat. size

wm'^m^mmmmm^r^mmmmm

SAKAWAK ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTION. 67

Fig. 4. Murut oul bnluh, bamboo ear-plug worn by

men. Nat. size

Figv 5. Modern Venetian bead of glazed clay. X 2

Pig. 6. Antique bead, known as klam hatang umar,

blue glazed clay with red pattern. Nat. size

Pig. 7. Antique bead known as klam uit, black with

yellow stripes. Nat. size

Fig 8. Antique bead known as klam buang kount of

green glass with red and yellow circles. Nat. size

Fig. 9. Antique bead known as Ulam dian, of blue

glass, fluted. Nat. size

Fig. 10. Brunei Malay ka*bumhan^ silver-gilt button. Nat size
Fig. 11. Uma Kelap head ring of rattan work. x i

Fig. 12. Sea-Dyak tenklai lengan, rattan bracelet. x |
Fig. 13. (A. B.) carvings on Kyan ivory bracelet. Nat. size

Fig. 14. Sea-Dyak langgu temaga. brass earring worn

by men. Nat. size

Fig. 1 5. Diagrammatic representation of the links in
Sea-Dyak tafi mulong, chain girdle.

Fig 16. Ditto of Dusun chain girdle.

B. A. Soc.. No 4S, 19U6.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

Journal 45. Plate I

f 'fi. /.

J^/f. 2.

t-tg. Z.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL

Fig. 7.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASfATIC SOCIETY.

Journal 43. Plate IV.

"RAITS

^rSnch, Rovlnr i

Fig. n.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

Journal 43. Platb VI.

^^^^^C3^3K '^Bl .

^f^ ^^ ■

l^^v ^^H

^^^^mS^^*^^^^^^I

<.*

Fig. }$.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

FIG. r

FIG.5

Journal 45. Plats VII.

^#^^1

\i</,

r-j;

FIG.3

FIG 4

FIG. 8

FIO.^

STRAITS BRANCH
RUVAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

[No. 44]

JOURNAL

July. tQ05

Ag^nis of tfte Society

[No. 44.]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

JULY 1905

SINGAPORE :

Printed at the American* Mission Press

1905

^.T X.w.-* ' J utjMi i L ju.w^ V ' T '^y r-**-' IJ * *^ •* J^ - ^

Table of Contents.

Page.
Council for 1905 ... ... ... ... ... iv

List of Members ... ... .•• ... ,., v

Proceedings of Annual General Meeting ... ... x

Annual Report of the Council ... ... ... xii

Treasurer's Cash Account for 1904 ... ... ... xiv

The Gesneracea? of the Malay Peninsula, by //. A. Ridley, 1

A Third Contribution to the Knowledge of the Hyinen-

optera of Sarawak, by P. Cameron^ ... ... 93

The Aroids of Borneo, by //. S\ Ridley, ... ... 169

New and Little Known Malayan Plants, Series II, by

H. N, Ridley, ... ... ... ... 181

On a Second Collection of Coins from Malacca, hy

R, Hanitsch, Ph. D,, ... ... ... ... 213

Lightning Conductors : Notes on Material and Method of
Erecting in the Straits Settlements, by G, E,
Venning Thomas, ... ... ... ... 217

Short Notes ... ... ... ... ... 223

THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

COUyCIL FOR 1905,

The Right Kev. BlSUuJ* lIoSE, Premlent,

Hon. W. R. C<»T.LYK1J. Vive-Presideut, Sihgapore.

lion. »I. K. BlUCH, Vict-JWesiilent, Ptmtmj.
11. N. RlDLKY, Hon, ScL'ittui'ii,
Dr. llANlTSi'li, Treasurer,

Mr. \V. G. St. Ci.aik.

Mr. G. Madwell.
xMr. 0. B. Kloss.
Mr. V. Flowek.
Mr. A. Knight.

)- Councillors,

List of Hembers for 1905.

• Life Members.

t Honorary Members.

Patron: H. E. Sir John Andbrson, k.c.m.g.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.
Anthonisz, Hon. J. O.
Acton, R. D.

Bampfyldb, Hon. C. A.

* Banks, J. E.
Barker, Dr. A. J. G.
Barnard, B. H. F.
Barnes, VV. D.
Bartlett, R. J.
Beatty, D.

Bpntara Luar, Hon. Dafco,

BiCKNELL, W. A.
BiDWELL, R. A. J.

Birch, Hon. J. K.
Birch, E. W., c.m.g.
Bishop, J. E.

* Blagdbn, C. 0., M.A.,
Bland, Hon. R. N.
Bland, Mrs. R. N.

* BouRKE, H. Walter
Brockman, Hon. E. L.
Brown, Dr. W. C.
Bryant, A. T.
Buckley, C. B.
buroess, p. j.
Burn-Murdock, a. M.

Singapore.
^Singapore.
Ipoh, Perak.

Sarawak.
Iowa, U. S. A.
Sarawak.
Selangor.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore,
s. P.M.J. Batu Paiiat.
Penang.
Singapore.
Penang.
Taiping, Perak.
Kuala Lipib, Pahang.
England.
Malacca.
Malacca.
Puket, Siam.
Singapore.
Penang.
Penang.
Johore.
Singapore.
Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.

•^

MEMBEKS FOR 1905.

butlbr, a. l.
Byrne, U. E.

Camus, M. de

Cebruti, Giovanni Battista

Clifford, Hon. U., c.m.o.

COLLTER, Hon. W. R., 1.8.0.

* CONLAY, W. L.

Cook, Rev. J. A. B.
Craddock, W. H.
Curtis, C, f.l.s.

Dallas, Hon. F. H.
Dane, Dr. R.

Dent, Sir Alfred, k.c.m.g.
Dew, a. T.

* Deshon, Hon. H. F.
Dickson, E. A.
Douglas, F. W.
Dunkbrley, Veil. Arch. W.

Khrtoum, Egypt.
Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.

Singapore.

Ulu Slim, Perak.

Trinidad.

Singapore.

Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.

Singapore.

Rangoon, Burmah.

England.

Sarawak.
Singapore.
England.

Batang Padang, Perak.
Sarawak.

Kuala Pilah, N. Sembilan.
Batang Padang, Perak.
H. C, M.A. England.

EociAR, Dr. p. Galistan. Ipoh, Perak.

Eoerton, His Excellency \V., c.m.g. Lagos, W. Africa.

Elcum, J. B. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.

Everett, H. H. Santubong, Sarawak.

Fleming, T. C.

* Flower, Capt. S. S., f.l.s.
Flower, V. A.

Fort, Hon. Hugh
Freer, Dr. G. D.

(Fallow AY, Dr. D J.

* Gerini, Lt. Col. G. K
Gibson, AV. G.

* Gimlkttk, Dr. J. D.
Gomes, K«v Edwin
Gkandjean, W. D.

Pekan, Pahang.
Ghizeh, Egypt.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.

Singapore.

Bangkok, Siam.

Chribtraas Island.

Kuala Leheh, Kelantan.

England.

Singapore.

^^•y. ^*^*Jy^■ > ^Jg ^ ^Wi ■ 1J. T -^w>s^p| f^■' ^ ■ "^ ■ ^ i' ^tf

MEMBERS FOK 1905.

Haines, Rev. F. W.
Hale, A.
Hanitsch, Dr. R.
Harrison, Dr. H. M.
Hatnes, Alwgn Sidney
Hellier, Maurice
t Hbrvey, D. F. a., c.m.g
Hill, Hon. E. C.
Hinks, Lt. T. C.
t Hose, Rt. Rev. Bishop G.
Hose, Dr. Charles
Hose, E. S.

HOYNCH VAN PaPENDRECHT, ]

Hudson, R. D.
hullett, r. w., m.a.

Izard, Rev. H. C.

Johnston, L. A. M.

Kehding, Dr. F.
Ker, J. Campbell
Kloss, C. Boden
Knight, Arthur
Knocker, Fred. W.

Laidlaw, G. M.
t Lawes, Rev. W. G.
Laws, G., m.b., a.t.m.m.
Lemon, A. H.
Lermit, a. W.
Lewis, J. E. A., b.a.
LiM Boon Kbnu, Dr.
Luering, Rev. Dr. H. L. E.
Lyons, Rev. Ernest

McCausland, C. F.
AIachado, a. D.

Penang.

Taiping, Perak. .
Singapore.
Raub, Pahang.
Ipoh, Perak.
Malacca.
England.
Singapore.

Kuala Lumpor, Selangor:
F., M.A. Singapore.

Sibu Sarawak.

Kuala Lumpor.
^. C. Germany.

Seremban, N. Sembilan.

Singapore.

Hongkong.

Medan, Deli
Johore.
J oh ore.
Singapore.
Taiping, Perak.

Telok Anson, Perak.

New Guinea.

Singapore.

Penang.

Singapore.

Kuching, Sarawak.

Singapore.

Ipoh, Perak.

Dagupan, Philippine I.

Taiping, Perak.
Sungei Siput, Perak.

".- T«

MBMBKRSv-FOR 1905.

Maclakbn, J. W. B. Singapore.
Mahomed Bin Mahoob, Hon. Dato. Johore.

Makepeace, W. Singapore.

Marriott, H. Singapore.

Marshall, F. C. llaub, Pahang.

Mason, J. S. liauV>, Pahang.

Maxwell, Ekic Ipob, Perak,

Maxwell, W. Geo. Singapore.

Mooriiouse, Sydney Seremban, N. Sembiian;

NaNSON, \V., B.A., F.S.A.

Napier, Hon. W. J., d.c.l.
Norman, Henry

►"Singapore.
Singapore.
Pekan, Pahang.

Pears, Francis Muar.

Perak (Government Museum Taiping, Perak.
t t Perham, Ven. An^hdeacon, A. England.
PusTAU, 11. von, Cassel, Germany.

Rankin, H. F.
Ridley, H. N., m.a.,
Richards, W. S. O.
Roberts, I>. G.
Roberts, J. A., m.a.

KOBINSON, H. C.

Amoy.

Singapore.

Pahang

Kuahi Lumpor, Sehjngor.

Kuahi F^uinpor, Sehingor.

IloixiER, His K\.. Sir .J. P., k.c.m.c;. Gohl Coast.

RosTADOS, E. Tras, Pahang.

Rowland, W. U. Port Dickson, N. Serabihin.

t Sarawak, H. H. Rajah of,
Sarawak, H. H. Ranee of
t Satow, Sir E. .M., ci.c.M.(i.
Saunders, C. J.

SCHWABE, E. M.

Seah LiAN(i Sea II
Seah Sono Seah
Shelford, R., m.a.
Shelford, Hon. W. H.

.c..M.<i. Sarawak.

r^nghmd.
Peking, China.

Singapore.

Tanjong Ramhutan, Perak.

Singapore.

Hytlie, Kent.

Singapore.

MEMBEKS OF 1905.

ShIellabeab, Rev. W. G.

Sim M 0N8, J. W.

Skkat, W. W.

Skertchly, E. J.

t Smith, Sir Cecil C, g.c.m.g.

SoHST, Theo.

Staples, F. W. M.

St. Clair, W. G.

Stringer, C.

SUQARS, J. C.

Tatlock, J. H.
Thomas, G. E. V.

Malacca.

Tampin, N. Sembilan.

England.

Penang.

England.
Singapore.
Johore.
Singapore.
England.
Batang Padang, Perak.

Ipoh, Perak.
Singapore.

Van Bbnninoen von Helsdingen, Dr. R.

Walker, Lt. Col. R. S
Waterstradt, J.
Watkins, a. J. W.
West, Rev. Dr. B. F.
Wickett, F., m.i.c.e.
Williams, H. F.
Wood, C. G.
Wolff, E. C. H.

WiNSTEDT, R. O.

♦ Young, H. S., f.c.s.

Tanjong Pandan, Billiton.
. F., c.m.g. faiping Perak.
Bat j an, Sourabaya.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Laliat, Perak.
Johore.

Batu Gajah, Perak.
Seremban, N. Sembilan.
Tapah, Perak.
Bau, Sarawak.

PROCEEDINGS

of the

Annual General Meeting,

The Annual General Meeting was held January 23rd, 1905.

Present. Right Reverend Bishop Hose (President) Hon.
\V. R OoLLYEU I.S.O., Dr. IIanitsch, Mr. G. Maxwell, Mr.
Baktlett, Mr. P. J. Burgess, Mr. C. B. Kloss, Mr. Brock-
man, Mr. \V . G. St. Clath, Mr. C. J. Saundehs, Mr. Make-
piiACE, Mr. Watkins, Mr. V. Flower, Mr. II. N. Ridley.

The minutes of the last General Meeting were read and
confirmed.

The reports of the Council and Treasurer were laid on the
table and their adoption moved by Mr. 0. J. SAUNPEliS second-
ed by Mr. G. Maxwell and they were unanimously adopted.

The members elected by the Council for the previous
year were formally confirmed in their election by the meeting.

The Oflicers and Council for the new year were then
elected viz. :

President: Right Reverend Bishop lloSE.

Vice President fay Singapore I Lion. W. R. CoLLYEK.

Vice President for Pcmintf : Hon. J. K. BlR(Jl[.

lion. Secret art/ : LI. N. RlDLEY.

Hon, Treasurer: Dr. llANlTSCH.

^-rvi|miP^^ne^w«v^piip«r9f«

PROCEEDINGS. xi

Covncillorsi Mr. W. G. St. CLAIlJ, xMr. G. M.VXWELL.
Mr. C. B. Kloss, Mr. V. Flower, Mr. A. Knig!IT.

The President proposed that H. E. the Governor should
be asked to become Patron of the Society which was uoani*
mouslj agrreed to.

Mr. St Clair proposed a vote of thanks to the Bishop, as
President for the previous year which was carried unanimously.

The President proposed a vote of thanks to the Hon.
Secretary and Treasurer which was carried unanimously.

The Meeting then adjourned.

Annual Report for 1904.

The Council are pleased to report again that the affairs
of the Society are in the matter of its finances in an extremely
satisfactory condition.

Two numbers of the Journal were published during the
year, and two more are iu the printers' hands. Of the two
published, one by Mr. Shelf ord contains a well illustrated hc-
count of the musical instruments of Borneo in the Sarawak
Museum. Another catalogue of the personal ornaments of the
Dyaks by the same author has been received, with a series
of photogravures and other illustrations. The supply of in-
teresting papers by various members of the society dealing
with Ethnol()ji:ical, Natural History and Geographical subjects
relating to the Malay Peninsula and its neighbourhood is
greater now than in former years, and there is little difficulty
in producing Journals worthy of the Society.

The Map of the Malay Peninsula is now nearly out of
print, and it will Ix* necessary shortly to produce a new edition.
Some materials for this have already been collected, and the
Council will be glad to receive any further materials additions
or corrections.

The Council have to express the greatest regret for the
death of two members who have always taken a prominent
part in the affairs of the society and were for a considerable
time members of the council, Mr. C. W. Kynnersley and
Mr. II. Eschke. The lirst-nnmed gentleman was Vice-Presi-
dent for Singapore till he left f<^r England in April, and had
wntt(»n si»v(*ral pa{x^rs for the Journal, one of which dealing
with his travels in Southern Siam has just l)een printed.
Mr. Eschke was also a member of the council for some years,

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?llf^pi;PiV^«'WP9«VVI^9i^«in^Piii

The Gesneraceae of the Malay
Peninsula.

By H. N. Ridley.

There is perhaps no order of plants in the Malay Peninsula
which contains so large a percentage of ornamental flowering
species, as that of the Gesneraceae or Cyrtandrece. Few indeed
are those which either in foliage or more often in flower do not
strike the eye of a botanist in our hill woods. Unfortunately a
considerable number are by no means easy of cultivation and
among these the most difficult are the small half -shrubby kinds,
Didymocarpi and Didissaudras which possess the most beautiful
flowers of every colour from white to red, blue and yellow. A
bank covered with a mass of Didymocarpm quinquevulneva as it
may be seen along the Tras route or in the Pahang woods is
worth going a long way to see.

The number of species recorded in this paper as occur-
ring in the Malay Peninisula is 121 and it is probable that at
least as many more remain uncollected, as several of the genera
are remarkably local, so that each mountRin ridj^e may
be expected to produce one or more species. In the Flora of
British India the number of species recorded from the Malay
Peninisula was 22^ but at the time that that part of the work
was published (1884) almost all that were known were from
Penanvr, Singapore and Malacca. Since then I have myself col-
lected a large number, in Perak, Pahang. Selangor and elsewhere.
Mr. Curtis obtained a very large series of new species from the
limestone Islands of Lankawi, a very rich district, and I have
also seen the collections of Scortechini, Kunstler and VVray from
the Perak Hills, loaned to me by Dr. Prain of the Calcutta
Gardens. In 1895 1 published in the Linnean Society's Journal a
paper on Cyrtandracete Malayenses (vol. XXXII p. 497) con-
taining a list of 72 species, all that were known at the time.

Jour straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

2 THE GESNERACRJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Genera.

^schynanthus, an epiphytic genus with plumed seeds easily drift-
ed by the wind, is the most widely diffused genus in the
surrounding islands. One Borneo-Siamese species occurs
as far south as Lankawi, several occur in Sumatra and
Borneo as well as the Peninisula, and the number of
endemic species is small compared with other genera.

Agalmyla is a small genus of climbers, of which one species id
abundant in the Perak hills, and Sumatra and Java. It
has also plumed seeds.

Didtaaandra as laid down by Mr. Clarke comprised all Dtdymo-
carpi as defined by him which had four complete stamens
instead of two. I have preferred to separate from
Didyniocarpus the plants with short-tubed flower, and
very short stamens with a distinctly longer style. Thb
principle excludes also from Didissandra several of Mr.
Clarke's sections. Such plants as D. ornata of Borneo are
more nearly allied to Boea and Paraboea than to Didy-
mocarpus, Didissandra thus as far as regards the Malay
Peninj^ula includes two sections, which might almost be
made distinct genera: the sectioii Cyrtandroides (Clarke)
tall shrubby plants with distant leaves and flowers in the
lower axils, two species ; and the very distinct section
Speciosoe, with 71 species of small shrublets with crowd-
ed leaves and large and showy blue, white or yellow
flowers, a very distinct group, of which I have not seen
any species even from Sumatra or Borneo. In some
respects they approach the section Heterohoea of Didy-
mocarpus, and one very charming white flowered plant
Didymocarpus vennstus possesses all the characteristics
' of this group of Didissandra except that it has but two
stamens.

Didipnocarpm even excluding the genera Lorocarpus and Paraboea
contains a considerable variety of forms but it is very
difficult at present to split the genus further. It includes
hU the long tubed plants with two filiform stamens and
a simple stigma. Among the aberrant forms we find D,

Jour. Straits Bra loh

TFIK GESNKRACK.f: OF THE MALAY FENlNSaLA,

corchortfolia a stout much branched woody shrub» with
flowers of the form of a snapdragjon (Antirrhinum) the
upper and lower lips of the corolla beinj^ prieased together,
and some »peciea such as Z>. pumila quite dwarf and stem-
less with short flowers, but with the pistil nnd stamens of
other species. IX ULicina from Pahang is also »}uite ab»
normal bavins: very small flowers borne on a short pf^d-
uncle adnate to the leaf petiole. This would perhaps
be better ma fe into a distinct genus ; many of the other
species however fall into natural {groups, such as the sec-
tion HeUrobom, shrublets with crowded roui^^h leaves,
and large trumpet-shaped flowers slender axillary pedun-
cle. The plants of this section are almost confined to
the Peninsula disappearing north of E^enang^, and less
abundant in Borneo and Sumatra.

Didymocarpi seern more scanty in Borneo than in the iVIalay
Peninsula, and the sections most abundant there are
those that are rare here. A ^roup of alm<\st stem less little
plants, lanceolate or oblanceolate sometimes peltate
leaves and small violet or whit« flowers (§ Kompjiobom
of Clarke excluding D. Kompsolmta a plant closely allied
to />. plattipus) m represented by D> hfterophijUn, D, ptr-
difa etc.* in the Peninsula where they are characteristic
of the low country or bases of the hilU, and several species
occur in the Natunas and Lingga Island. The low-
land Salkina; with narrow crowded leaves som*^times
deeply cut occur in Borneo as far as Lnt)uk Bay and in
Lingga. These two groups are absent from the hill
forests of the interior above 1,000 feet elevation.

The species of this g^enus are as local in their distri-
bution as those of Didissamira ; of forty -four species only
four have l^>een met with outside the Pennisula and most
of the endemic spec i as are only at present known from
single localities of smalt area.

Chirita is a genus also of somewhat heterogeneous nature,
distinguished by its bifld style. The flowers are in
many species of an azure blue, an unusual color in the
order, and frequently have the mouth of the cort>lla

4 THE GESNERACEiE OF THK MALAY PENINSULA.

tube, bearded with yellow hairs. The headquarters of
the genus is India and Southern China, but a number of
species occur in Java and Sumatra, mostly in the lime-
stone districts. Six species occur in the Peninsula, five
of which are endemic and one gets to Siam.

Loxocarpua, a small genus referred to Didymocarpus as a section
by Mr. Clarke, seems sufficiently distinct in its short
tubed and short stamened flowers and horn-like capsule.
All the species are closely allied. There are about 7,
of which three endemic ones occur in the Malay Pen-
insula, the remainder in Borneo.

The next three genera comprise the plants with short tubed
flowers, 2 very short stamens with longer style, and
narrow cylindric fruit. Parahoea is merely distinguished
from Boea by its capsule not twisting when splitting.
The genus was an^algamated with Didyniocaf-pus by
Clarke, but should certainly be kept separate. In
P. cordata and two allied species, the corolla is campanu-
late. The other species have hardly any tube to the
corolla at all. This latter section is confined to lime-
stone rocks, while P, cordata and its allies are found on
granite or sandstone. The flowers are all small and
white or at must tinted with pink. There are about 20
species known, some from Borneo and Siam. All the 12
Malay Peninsula species are endemic.

Boea resembles Parahoea except that the capsule is spirally
twisted in dehiscing. It includes about 22 species, rang-
ing India, Khasiya hills, through l^urma, China, Formosa
and Cochin China, the Malay islands to New Guinea, and
the Philippines to Australia and New Ireland. All the
species known to me inhabit limestone rocks, except
A e/6^.7«//^, which grows on the granite precipices of Kedah
Peak. They are usually half -shrubby plants with silvery
white leaves covered with felted silky hairs. There are
two sections, one has usually tall leafy stems rising
from a large rosette of leaves, with a wood}' stem
below which grows in clefts of rocks. The flowers

Jour, straits Branch

1 1 I I \ n ^i/fii/^mmmmmmmmmmmmifi

THK GKNEKACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5

are often very large quite flat, azure blue or rose color,
and very beautiful. The other section has a slender
peduncle rising from the tuft of leaves, as in Parahoea,
and the leaves are often covered with red or ochre wool
beneath, the flowers are smaller often quite small, white
rose or lilac. All the species recorded from the Penin-
sula, 9 in number, are endemic.

Phyllohoea differs only from Boea in the calyx being trifid
instead of five lobed. Two species are known, one from
Burma and the endemic species of the Lankawi islands.
The latter has rather weak leafy stems, with silvery
leaves like those of Boea, and purple blue flowers.

Boeica is a soaall genus of five species differing from Parahoea
only in having four complete stamens. Four of the
species which are half shrubby plants with much branch-
ed cymes on a long slender peduncle, are found in India
and Burma. The only one from our region is a very
small plant with a short peduncle bearing 2 or 3 pink
flowers which occurs in the Lankawi islands.

In the remaining genera of the order the fruit is not a long
slender b^ked capsule but oblong, or almost globose, or
a pyxis.

Orchadocarpa is a monotypic genus, containing a single species,
a dwarf plant with a lax cyme of lilac flowers, the sepals
free to the base, longer than the small oblong hairy
capsule. It seems most nearly allied to Loxonia a native
of Java and Sumatra.

Ehyncogkssum is a weak erect almost glabrous herb with a
raceme of blue flowers. Two species are known, one
from the Philippines, the other occurring in India and
Burma and through all the Malay islands to the Philip-
pines. It seems to be very common throughout this
region but is rare in the Peninsula.

Epithevia is a small genus of soft limestone rock herbs with a
tuft of very small blue or white flowers in a head, and a

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

6 THE GKSNERACEiB OF THK MALAY PENINSULA.

pyxis- like capsule, opening by n cap. The species aire
very closely allied aud perhaps mi^ht all be classed as
one somewhat variable one» except a single AfricaD
species. The others extend over ail the islands and into
India, and our single species occurs wherever there are
limestone rocks.

MoHophfftlaca is also a limestone rock genus remarlcnble for
pmssessing' a siiisjle often very larg"e leaf, and a scorpioid
cyme or panicle of very sm»ll white flowers. There
are D species known ranging from Southern Siam to
Sumatra, Borneo and Java. T wo species occur in the
Peiiiosula, one also \n Java and Sumatra, and the other
endemic.

Stauranthera is a small genus of 3 species of soft herbs with blue
or violet liowers. Two sfjecies occur in the Peninsula and
also in Burma and Assam, the third species in the genufi
is Javanese,

Hhf/nchotechum is a genus of 9 species of which 6 are Indian mod
Burmese, two occur in Java one of which is not rare in
the hilh of the Peninsula. It is a small shrub with
panicles of small creaiu white tiowers.

Ctfriandvonue^ are shrubby plants of rather coarse habit
occurring on banks in woods. They have wliite flowers
protruding from a red calyx, rather showy. Nine species
are recorded from Tenasserim and the Nicobar islands
to Sumatra and Java. Three species occur in the Penin-
sula one of which is found also in Sumatra.

Ojrtaiidm is a large genus of 170 species occurring from the
Sandwich islands through the Malay islartds into the
Peninsula as far north as Penang. Abundant in the
Polynesian and Malay islands, they are scanty in the
Peninsula where we have only 7 kinds of which four are
endemic. The other three occur in Sumatra also. They
are shrubby plant .^ with heads of yellow white or red
flowers from the axils uf the lower leaves. The fruits
are sausage shaped corky berries, with minute seeds.

Jour Striktba Rimaoli

mmmmmtimmm

THE GltSNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 7

They inhabit denete forests often forming large patches
on the ground. A few are however epiphytic.

Summary of Distribution.

There are at present known 121 species of the order in
the Peninsula, belonging to 18 general. Of these 95 are
endemic, 7 occur albo in Burma and Siam, 17 occur also
in Sumatra and 9 in Borneo, 5 only in Java, only a single
species occurs in India beyond Burma, and only 4 in the
islands further east than Java.

Habitats. The greater number of species are hill plants grow-
ing on rocks or banks at an altitude of from 1 to 6000
feet elevation. The species occurring in the low-lying
country are few, one or two species of Didymocarpiu
chiefly of the Heteroboea section and some Cyrtandras and
Stauranthera, Besides which are several of the epiphytic
Aeschynanthi, All these lowland plants disappear as one
ascends the hills and are replaced by a different series.
The limestone rocks are very prolific in species and
several genera are quite peculiar to them. Such are Boea,
Monophylloea^ Epithema, Phyllohoea,

&. A. Soc. No. iS 1905

THE GESNERACE.*: OF THE MALA\ PENINSULA-

Genus.

Diatribution.

No of
Species.

Aeschy nan thus

Indo-Malaya, Siam, Hongkong ...

Agalmyla

Malaya

Didissandra ...

;) •«• ... .«.

Didymocarpus

Indo-Malaya ...

100

(^hirita

Indo-Malaya, China

Loxocarpus ..

Malay Peninsula and Borneo

Paraboea

Siam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo ...

Boea

India, Siam, Malaya, China

Phylloboea ...

Siam

Boeica

Burma, Malay Peninsula

Orchadocarpa

Endemic

Rhynchoglossum

Tenasserim to Malay Islands

Epithema ... ... 1

Trop. Africa, India, Malaya

Monophyliaea

Siam, Malay Islands

Stauranthera ...

Assam to Java

Kliynchotecum

India to Philippines

Cyrtandroma'a,

Tenasserim, Nicobars, and Islands

Cyrtaiidra

Malay Peninsula and Islands to
Polynesia ... ... |

170

Jour. Straits Branch

l aiH IiiP

mmm

THE GENERACE.E oF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

No. of

End emic.

Burmah

M»LPen.

and

Sumatra.

Borneo

Java-

Other

Species.

Siam

Islands.

...

1 Lingga,

...

••. ■

.-..

...

.. •

...

•••

...

• •4

...

• • .

...

• ••

• a.

...

••

...

.•

...

••

...

■ • •

• ••

Amboina
Timor
PhUip-
pines.

...

1 3

B. A. Soc„ No. 4S. 1905.

lO THE GESNERACEJS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

GESNEBACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, usually pubescent, leaves opposite or
apparently alternate, one of each pair bein^ much reduced,
simple entire or lobed. Inflorescence axillary, cymose or
racemose or panicled, bracts small or large, sepals 5 often
connate, corolla tubular or campanula te, more or less distinctly
bilabiate, 5 lobed, lobes oblong or rounded. Stamens 4 or 2
rudimentary or absent, didynamous when four, filaments linear
or filiform, or short and thick anthers linear or oblong, or scuti-
form connivent in pairs, 2 celled, cells splitting on the inner
face. Disc cylindric or annular or absent, ovary cylindric or
oblong. Style slender simple, stigma capitate, cordate or bilobed.
Fruit a capsule linear cylindric fusiform, or oblong, splitting dor-
sally, seeds very numerous minute, plumed in epiphytic species,
elliptic and not plumed in terrestrial species ; or a fleshy berry
(Cyrtandra.)

Species about 600, all tropical species with a few in sub-
tropical climates.

I. Fruit capsular cylindric.

A. Seeds plumed.

Stamens 4 perfect 1 ^schyiianihus.

Stamens 2 perfect 2 Agalmyla.

B. Seeds not plumed.

Corolla infundibuiiform, filaments long filiform.

Stamens 4 3 Didissandra

Stamens 2.

Stigma entire capitate obovate 4 Didymocarpus,

Stigma bifid 5 Chirita,

Corolla tube short campanulate.
Stamens 2.

Capsule conic 6 Loxocarpus.

Capsule cylindric not twisted 7 Parahoea.

Capsule cylindric twisted

Jour. Straits ranch

THE GESJJERACEiB OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. H

Calyx 5 lobed 8 Boea.

Ualyx 3 lobed 9 Phyl/oboea.

Stamens 4 10 Boeica.

IL Oapsule ovoid or ellipsoid.
Stamens 2.

Sepals free to base 1 1 Orchadocarpa.

Calyx campanulate, half lobed 12 Rhyncoglossum,

Stamens 4.
Capsule circumsciss 13 Epithema.

Capsule irregularly splitting

Herbs with one leaf, Flowers minute 14 MonophylkBa.
Herb with several alternate leaves,

Flowers large 15 Stauranthera.

Shrubs leafy.

Calyx split to base. Flowers small 16 Rhtfiichotechum,
Calyx tubular shortly lobed, Flowers

large 17 CyrtandromcBa.

III. Fruit a sausage shaped berry.

Stamens 2 18 Cgrtandra.

jEachynanihuSy Jack.

Epiphytes or rock plants, with slender creeping or erect
half woody stems, leaves opposite, or whorled fleshy or
coriaceous entire, ovate or lanceolate. Flowers large usually
showy red yellow or green in axillary or terminal heads, pedi-
celled. Bracts ovate or lanceolate small. Calyx tubular or
campanulate sub-entire or more or less lobed, or sepals free to
the base. Corolla tubular curved, dilated above shortly 2
lippedi upper lip of 2 lobes erect lower of 3 lobes deflexed.
Stamens 4 perfect didynamous usually exsert, anthers con-
nivent in pairs, loculi oblong parallel, ovary superior, with a
short cup-shaped disc at the base. Style as long as stamens or
shorter. Stigma dilate, or peltate. Capsule long cylindric
base usually empty and narrower, (gynophore) 2 valved

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

12 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

loculicidall J. Seeds innumerable minute oblong rugose with one
or more hyaline scabrid hairs from near the hilum, and one
from the apex.

Species 64 India, Malaya and BLongkoug. Chiefly Malayan.

Po/^trtcAtum,. seeds with a plume of hairs atone end, a single
hair at the other.

Calyx tube very short 1 M, Motleyi

Sepals free to base 2 M, mamiorata

Haplotnchium, seeds with a single hair at each end

Calyx deeply cut into lobes.
Leaves in whorls 3 iE. speciosa

Leaves in pairs.
Corolla tube long 2-3 inches
Sepals hairy
Sepals glabrous
Corolla tube short thick under
an inch
Erect woody epiphytes
Calyx tubular, lobes short,
Calyx tubular lobes long acute
Creeping epiphytes, Howers

axillary or terminal
Leaves glabrous
Leaves pubescent
Calyx cup-shaped small green
Calyx widely campanulate red

L .'E. Motlcfji, Clarke, Dec. Prodr. Ser. IL 5. p. 20. Epiphytic
erect or brandies pendulous about 12-18 inches long
woody. Leaves opposite lanceolate or ovate lanceolate
acute edges undulate or not, fleshy, light green above,
pink beneath ; 3-4 inches long, ^-1^ inch wide, petiole ^
inch long. Flowers solitary or few, axillary pendulous,
pedicel ^ inch long or less. Calyx tube short ^ inch

Jour. Straits BrancTi

M, longiflora

M» Perakensia

M. HVdehrandtii

.E. Rhododendron

M. longicalt/.v

J¥l, Lobbiana

yE. radicans

M. Wallichii

M. ohconica

'''^^mmmmmtfmmmmmmmm

THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 13

lobes linear |-1 inch long glabrous blackish red.
Corolla |-lj inch long dilated upwards, lobes rounded
sparingly hairy, base of tube dilate, light green, tips
of petals dark purple brown. Stamens brown, filaments
glabrous. Ovary oblong with 5 glandular patches at
the base. Style very short cylindric, stigma capitate.
Capsule cylindric narrowed at the tip 9-13 inches long,
seed ^Q inch long oblong blunt pustular, plume ^ inch
long.

Singapore Chanchu Kang (Ridley 6244), Kranji. Johor,
Batu Pahat. Pahan*^, Pulau Manis, Pahang River,
(Ridley 2151). Perak, Larut Hills, Kurau (Wray 245);
Batang Padang (Wray 1475), Kinta at Goping (King's
Coll. 4463).

Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra, Ceram.

2. jE. marinorata, T. Moore, Pax and PI. Gard. iii. (1852-1853)
p. 56.

Epiphyte with erect woody stems about 12 inches tall.
Leaves fleshy lanceolate acute narrowed at the base 2-3
inches long ^ inch wide, above light green with lighter
variegations, benpath dull green with transverse purple
bars, petiole ^ inch long. Flowers solitary or few to-
gether axillary, pedicels slender, ^ inch long, calyx tube
very short (hardly any) lobes linear pubescent, | inch
long corolla tube little more than an inch long dilated
upwards, curved lobes rounded pubescent green with
brown bars in the mouth. Stamens 1^ inch long, fila-
ments hairy. Style hairy, stigma bilobed. Capsule 6
inches long, rather thick. Seed oblong pustular, plume
i inch long.

N. E. Brown, Gard. Chron. 18, 1882, p. 787, Clarke Ic 38.

^. Zebrtua, Van Houtte, Cat. 1851.

Penang Government Hill (Curtis 2142, 1700) ; Lankawi

Islands, Gunong Raya (Curtis 2142),

Distrib. Mergui, Siam.

H. A. Soc, No. 43, 1905.

14 THE GESNERACE,€ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

3, jE. speciosa, Hook til. Bot. Mag. t. 4320.

Shrubby with erect rather stout stems 12 iocbea
tall. Leaves fleshy lauceolate acute whorled 4 or 5 to a
whorl, edges s month or undulate 3-G inches lon^ j-l|
inch wide petiole J-^ inch long. Flowers subterminal
clustered 10 or more together large and showy. Bracts
lanceolate linear hairy J inch long. Pedicels slei^der ^
inch long. Calyx lobes linear free to base pubescent ^
inch Inag. Corolla tube 3 inches long narrow cylindric at
base filled and curved at upper part, lobes rounded^ all
pubescent Stamens ^ inch longer, filaments slender
slightly pubescent Style stout pubescent

Paxt Mag. 14, 199. PI. dea Serres Ser. 1 t 267. Miq,
Fl. Ind- Bat 2718. Clarke Ic p, 33,

Perak, Bruseh near Bidor (W. G» Napier); Selangor
Bnkit llitam (Kelsall); Tomoh. (Machado).
Distrib. Java, Borneo,

4. jE. longijlora, De C. Prodr. IX. p. 26^.

Stem erect woody over a foot tall. Leaves in distant
pairs opposite ovate acuminate shortly narrowed to base,
fleshy 5 inches long by 2 inches wide, petiole i inch long.
Flowers several terminal in a cluster, pedicels | inch
limg hairy. Calyx lobes narrowly linear hair ^ inch long,
free nearly to the base. Corolla tube 3 inches long base
cylindric above dilated scarlet hairy lobes short rounded.
Stamens, filaments slender pubescent } inch longer than
corolla. Style rather stout Capsule cylindric narrow
over 6 inches long.

Ilassk. Cat Uort Bojror, Ed. 2.154; Hook. Bot Ma^*
t 4328. Vriese PL Ind. Bat Reinwdt p. 9. FL dea
SerreaSer, L t 288. Paxt Mag. 15, p. 25. Miq, FL Ind
Bat 2 p. 717. Clarke Ic p. 32.

Lt/Honotu3 longiflora^ Bl. Bijdr. p. 7f>6.
Pahang, and trees along the Tahan River rare,
(Ridley 2167).
Distiib, Java.

THE r;ESNERACE.E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 15

S, M. Perakenm, RidL Journ. Lion, Soc. XXXI L 499.

Shrubby epiphyte, stetnij about 2 feet long. Leaves
coriaceuus lanceolate acuminate* 3-7 inches long, 1-2
Inchea wlde» nerves inconspicuous. Flower;? in a termi-
nal fa«icicle, on pedicels nearly half at* inch long. Bracta
subtjhitt^ J inch long". Sepals linear \ inch lon^ glabrous,
free to the base. Corolla 2-2J inche.s lon^f, tube narrow
at the base dilate upwards curved nearly glabrous deep
red lobes rounded. Stamens J inch louder filaments
glai»rous or sparingly pubescent. Fruit over a foot
long. Seed narrowly oblong pustular with a single hair
at each end.

Per^k, Larut Hills 5500 feet (Ridley, Curtis 11447);
Thaiping (Kinr's OolL 8^1-4), (Kunstler 2337).

Endemic,

"ff. M. mUUbvnnikii Uemsley , Hot, Mag. t. 73G 5. Shr u bby epiphy t-e.
with the branches about G inches long often rooting.
Leaves in distant pairs ovate acute with a rounded base.
^ inch long and as wide ; Heshy sessile glabrous.
Flowers few terminal on the ends of the branches,
pedicels \ inch long. Calyjc lobes free Xa\ base linear acu-
minate pubescent ^ inch long. Corolla tube thick curv-
ed, little dilated ^ inch long glabrous orange, lobes
rounded short red pubescent, stamens shortly exsert
hairy. Capsule 6 inches long* base narrowed sterile.

Pahan^, K'luftUj^ Terbang, <funong Benom, (liarnes).
Perak, Larut Mills alt 4500 (Ridley).

Distrib. Burma*

7. M Rhododendron^ Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. XXXIL p.
5U0. An erect epiphytic shrub 1-2 feet tail stems woody
stout. Leaves oppc:)site in distant pairs Heshy-coriaceoua
ovate acuminate 2 inches long 1 J inch wide, nerves in-
conspicuous, keel prominent. Flowers axillary and termi-
nal several together, pedicels about J an inch long, calyx
tubular an inch long deep (»urple with short acuie lobes
glabrous. Corolla 3 inches long, tube thick dilated
above glabrous lobes rounded oblong | inch long pubes-

A. Soc-, No 4H, l»l>6.

16 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

cent, deep red with three black streaks on the lower
lobes. Stamens very shortly exsert, little longer than the
corolla, pubescent. Capsule cylindric rather stout 4 inches
long, base narrowed into a gynophore. Seeds with a
single hair at each end ; brown scabred.

Perak Larut Hills from 2500-6000 feet elevation
(Ridley, Curtis 1311) Scortechini 58. 388. Plus River

( Wray) Scortechini 468 b ; 58 (King's Coll. 2332).
Endemic.

8, M. longicalyxy n.sp. Stems woody over a foot long.
Leaves ovate acuminate thick fleshy 2-3 nches long 1-1^
inch wide fiflabrous, keel prominent, nerves obscure.
Flowers terminal large, pedicels ^ inch long. Calyx
elongate tubular glabrous 1^ inch long red, with five
long thin lanceate acute points i inch long. Corolla 3
inches long red with dark blotcnes in the mouth, glab-
rous outside, mouth pubescent, lobes rounded. Stamens
nearly as long as the corolla, pubescent ; style stout
pubescent, stigma capitate.

Selangor Semangko Pass, (A. M. Burnmurdoch); Perak
(Scortechini 36 a) Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1636).

Endemic and rare.
8. jE, Lobbiaiia Hook. Bot. Mag. 1 4260.

Climbing epiphyte with slender stems rooting along
tree trunks, leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate 1^ 2
inches lonj^:, ^-J inch wide, glabrous shortly petioled, in
pairs coreacious. Flowers in axillary and terminal fasci-
cles, 3 to 5 together, pedicels slender J inch long or less.
Calyx tubular 1 inch long with very short lobes dark
purple, thickly pubescent. Corolla tube 2 inches long thick
curved lobes broad rounded, thickly pubescent deep red.
Stamens barely exserted. Capsule 13 inches long
cylindric on a gynophore. Seed very small oblon^r pustu-
lar with a hyaline mass at the hilum and a single long
white hair at each end.

Jour. Straits Branch

^^^mm'vmmmmmmmmmmmm

THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 17

Fl. des Serres ser. 1, t.246, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2,271
Clarke I.e. 44.

Singapore, Sungei Tengeh (Ridley 2710) Kranji (2706) ;
Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley), Gunong Pulai (King), Jambu
Larang (Fielding); Malacca (Maingay), Mt. Ophir, Ayer
Panas (Ridley 1572); Selangor, Pahang Track; Pahang,
Pekan (Ridley), Kuantan (Durnford); Perak, Larut
Hills to 5000 feet alt. (Curtis); (Scortechini 36 a 380 6,)
Ounong Batu Putih; Sungei Ryah (Scortechini 39);
Caulfields Hill (Scortechini 352) (Wray873); Penang,
Grovernment Hill (Curtis) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai, (Ridley
5513); Lanka wi, Gunong Raya (Curtis 2503).

Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

Common in mangrove swamps and forests. The leaves
vary a good deal, those of mountain forms being fleshier
smaller and more ovate than those of lower levels.

10. jE, radicans, Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14, p. 43 : Calc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 4, p. 62.

Epiphytic or rupestrial, stems creeping and rooting at
the nodes, hairy, several feet long. Leaves ovate obtuse,
base broad, shortly petioled hairy ^-1^ inch long, ^-|
inch wide. Flowers axillary 1-2 together, pedicel J inch
long. Calyx tubular hairy deep red, lobes obtuse or
subacute | inch long. Corolla thick curved and hairy red,
lobes subacute glabrescent within. Stamens hardly ex-
sert, filaments glabrous. Capsule pubescent cylindric
acuminate slender 10 inches long.

Spreng. Syst. 2,838; R. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. p.
115; Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, vol. 13, p. 160; De Vriese PI. Ind.
Bat. Review p. 10 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2,720 ; Clarke I.e.
p. 41.

Trichosporum radicans, Nees, Flora 1825, p. 144, Bl.
Bijdr. p. 764.

Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 2704), Kranji; Pahang,
Tahan river (Ridley); Malacca, (Griffith, Cuming 2387);
Sungei Rambai(Derry t205), Sungei Buluh; Sungei Ujong

R. A Soc, No. 43, 1905.

1 8 THE GESNERACE.^ OF THE MALA\ PENINSULA-

(Cantley); Perak, Bujon^ Malacca (Ridley), Suogei
* Bayah (Scortechini 87), TringgaDu, Bundi ( Rostado).

Var. lanuginosa^ calyx "green," densely white woolly
as is the outside of the corolla tube ; Perak (Scortechini
330ft).

Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra.

On rocks and trees. Native name " Akar Burunas.'*
The leaves used for poulticing for headaches.

11. M. Wallichii, R. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar., p. 116, Ann. Sc.

Nat 2, XIII, p. 160.

Stems rather slender woody glabrous. Leaves lanceo-
late or elliptic, acuminate narrowed at the base into the
petiole 3 inches long. 1-1^ inch wide, glabrous, petiole
\ inch. Flowers few together subterminal pedicel ^ inch
long slender. Calyx small cup shaped green ^ inch long,
hairy almost entire. Corolla | inch lon^, tube stout
lobes rather large rounded red, hairy. Stamens includ-
ed, filaments glabrous. Capsule 8 inches long narrow
terete. Clarke I.e. 48.

Singapore (Wallich 798 A) Biikit Mandai, Chan Chu
Kang, Kranji( Ridley); Johor, Tanjong Kopang (Ridley),
Ulu Batu Pahat (Keisall); Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Lobb) ;
Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis).

Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.

12, yE, obconica^ Clarke i.e. 50.

Stems about a foot or more long woody glabrous.
Leaves in pairs coriaceous glabrous elliptic, oblong or
ovate acuminate narrowed at the base into the petiole
l|-3 inches J-1^ inch wide, petiole ^ inch long. Flowers
subterminal a few in a cluster, pedicels ^ inch long, hairy.
Calyx obconic wide ^ inch long hairy, mouth entire deep
red. Corolla | inch long tube thick and short, lobes
rounded, hairy deep red, with yellowish white central
bars. Stamens very shortly exsert, filaments nearly glab-
rous. Capsule 8 inches long cylindric. Ilook. fil. Bot,
Mag. t. 7330.

Jour. Straits Branch

'^mmmmmammmmmmmmmmfmm

THE GENERACE.^ oF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 19

Selangor, Klang (Beccari), Kwala Lumpur. Perak,
Batu Kuran (Curtis 2990), Larut Hills (Ridley 2905),
Blanja (Wray 149), Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3335)
(Scortechini 1861); Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis 1338),
Relan Tujor (Wray 1772), Gunong Chabang (Scortechini
28), Ulu Bubong (King's Coll. 10179).

Endemic. On trees in dense forest.

2. Agalmyla, Bl.

Climbing shrubs with loose bark. Leaves alternate long
petioied, herbaceous lanceolate or ovate lanceolate. Flowers
showy scarlet in compact axillary cymes. Calyx .deeply 5
cleft, lobes narrow acute. Corolla tubular scarlet, ventricose
above, two-lipped, lobes ovate obtuse 5, stamens perfect 2,
longexsert; filaments slender, anthers connivent, imperfect,
stamens 2-3. Disc annular thick. Ovary linear, superior, glab-
rous. Style as long as stamens or longer. Stigma 2 lipped,
capsule linear long 2 valved, Joculicidally. Seeds sessile small
oblong with a single hair at each end.

Species 3, Malayan.

A. ataminea, Bl., Bijdr. p. 767. Stems very long twining
hairy at length glabrous. Leaves elliptic oblong, 8 inches long
3-4 wide, acuminate at both ends, light-green, backs strigose,
nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole 6-8 inches long hairy. Cymes
sub-sessile, pedicels strigose, bracts lanceolate, calyx long,
lobes lanceolate acute pubescent, free nearly to base. Corolla
1 inch long curved dilate, scarlet pubescent, lobes short round-
ed. Stamens exsert for 1 inch glabrous, anthers oblong.
Style stout glabrous, or very short. Capsule 14 inches long
slender.

R. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar., p. 116 ; Ann. Sc. Nat 2, Vol.
XIII, p. 161 ; Hook Ic. PI. t. 733; De Vriese, PI. Ind. Bat.
Reinw. 10 ; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 5747, Clarke I.e. 56.

Justicta parasitica, Lam. 111. i, p. 42, Cyrtandra staminea
Vahl 1, p. 105.

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1906.

20 THE QESNERACEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Perak, Larut Hills (Curtis 2042) (Ridley 2916), Scorte-
cbini (King's Coll. 6170); Bujong Malacca (Ridley).

Distrib. Java, Sumatra (Forbes 1864). Climbing on trees.

3. Didissandra,

Shrublets or herbs with short or tall stems hairy, leaves op-
posite in remote pairs or crowded at the tip. Flowers solitary
oil subterminal peduncles or several on short axillary peduncles.
Bracts small usually narrow, sepals free to the base or
nearly so, 5 lanceolate or ovate, corolla blue white pink
or yellow, narrowly tubular dilated upwards, occasionally
broadly tubular infundibuliform, limb bilobed usually unequally,
lobes rounded. Stamens 4 perfect, in two pairs, filaments
long slender, anthers ovate or elliptic adhering by their
faces, loculi parallel, connective sometimes prolonged into a
horn. Disc annular, small. Ovary cylindric sessile, style as
long or longer, stigma broad ovate. Capsule cylindric linear
elongate, rarely short and thick, sessile splitting along the
upper edge not twisted.

Species about 20, Malay peninsula and Sumatra.

Note, — Clarke, in making this genus, included in it several
very different sections. I would exclude of these all the
species with a short canipanulate corolla and short filaments
such as his section Stifpnothrt.r^ and reserving his section ci/r-
tandroidts and § speciosae. Of this latter, apparently confined
to the peninsula, no species of the originally described sections
belong ; they fonn however a very characteristic group closely
allied to some of the Didi/mocarpi.

§ 1. Cyrtandvoides, Tall shrubs with distant nodes, flowers

several together in axillary clusters.
Leaves minutely crenulate 1. ' />. fvutescens

Leaves entire 2, D, Johorica

§ 2. Speciosiv, Steins woody short, leaves crowded at the top,

flowers solitary rarely 2 on subterminal peduncles,

bractcate plants with the habit of Dklf/mocaipi of the

section Ileterobaa.

Jour. ::>traits Branch

'Ti^mmmmmmmmmmmmm'^

THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 21

Leaves entire or obscurely crenulate glabrous above.
Flowers orange 3. D. flammea

Flowers violet purple

Corolla tube slender infundibulifom ^.
Corolla very broad cylindric 6,

Leaves serrate or dentate
Glabrous above
Sepals linear lanceolate hairy 6,

Sepals broadly lanceolate glabrous 7,
Leaves hairy above

Capsule slender cylindric

Sepals lanceolate acuminate \ inch 8.

Sepals oblong ovate ^ inch 10.

Capsule short and thick 11,

Leaves runcinate 12.

Leaves deeply lobed 13.

D. frtitescens, Clarke, Mon. Phan. p. 67, PI. 7.

Shrub with woody stems 3-4 feet tall, stems appressed-
hairy. Leaves opposite in alternate pairs distant elliptic
lanceolate to oblanceolate minutely crenulate apex
subacute, narrowed cuneate at the base 7-9 inches long
3-4 inches wide above sprinkled with fine hairs, beneath
covered with appressed hairs especially on the nerves
and reticulations, nerves about 13 pairs, petiole 1^-3
inches long hairy, cymes axillary sessile with short
hairy branches 1 inch long, flowers 1-3 on a branch.
Sepals lanceolate narrow red hairy, corolla tube white
inf undibuliform pubescent lobes rounded. Anthers ovoid
filaments curved in the middle. Ovary glabrous, style
pilose. Stigma subbilobed. Capsule slender cylindric 3
inches long glabrous longitudinally ribbed.

DidymocM^us Jrutescens^ Jack, Mai. Misc. 1, part
2, p. 5 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. 14, p. 39 ; Calc. Journ. Nat

A. 8oc., No. 43, 1905.

D. violacea
D. atropurpurea

D. glabrescens
D. Wrayi

D. hirta
D. serratifoHa
D. atrocyanea
D. iatisepala
D. guercifolia
D. filicina

22 THE GE:^^EBACSuX i>r THE XALAT FCSXSStlJLA.

U&m:. 4(L^^44).p^5^: B^ Bbbl PL J^y. Kv^ p. 119:
Amu Sc. XaJL ±, yoL l^pL 1^; »^FL Ib^ Bbt. 2,Pl72&

r±i:i>: Penk^Lacut iQIs(irixF ITHS^mkOej »ii;
Ta^ ( Wr&T ^:^K KtnfiA Mver (Ks^s CSoB. dST);
I>tiiicfiiig^ LamaC cB^>£j? ^71>; Itahi i ■ l&iMb

Du^ccib. Saiiiatz& (JcKk^ni Bbb^l H^faaft. fife €Wte

On b)Uik:^iii6i2CQs<3s^&m3WfiMt%» JSMialL loGdbit

:Shrubbv 1-^ ^^^ ^2E pn^rilv ksftpw- hmmy afavtiL
lutuf l;^ wti£» :<{ 'A #MI iDone bM9 dbore

>ev*5i^^ sua. I K!^Hi* Uiir>*'(iace icoQ? bairv^ coroila pink.
'.\it.'>iiie sHiui^^r ;»'• I'larc li^Hiid. Li inch lumc.
■' »h I- nil ui^ J-iavi Aiiiley 417-1^

"it> h v-i-^ i niv Tvre aururtunaflBiv lost in drvixtr
^> . iai 4 j.»*.>ie X itj^Kinb*! t; ruily. Smiemic rare.

.:... xui .. um. Laiu. Sn:.. XXXTL 503.
-Si Ml iovvu ^ ULae> uug: hiMrrfly wuo<iy' pube^-ecL

x.:,^>v ».u; tvr>->^ .>r'?:-^ai TAiry 4iuc$Ks> ^n^^li wide,

V ».^, u. 'u .»...v-.-.:u -''vMr^jc^ fi?w penduious^ Sepals
u». - * " -,.:v-- %a i^utuiisskOj ityen wich purple pair?
^- ' - v^ u ^^•»l^ J*!» i»cruw ahrapt dilate

u.i .A. ^^ A.l^ ii>;ut'. ubes^iiurt rounded. lower
v.-» .. ^- -^. :Kaaief» itt i pifcir^ dlamenCs

THE GBSNBltACEiB UF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 23

sleoder terete hispid above white anthers globo^se.
Pistil white puljcacent iJtraigbt Stii^raa clubbed. Disc
ring shaped, capssule short cylindric purple 1^ inch long.

Legeh (Machado).
Endemic rare.

/>. viofacea, n.»p.

Stem woodj about 6 inches tail. Leaves tufled at the
tup, thin oblanceolate subfalcate, narrowed at ine base
into the petiole, tip acuminate, margins sinuat*^ entire,
glabrous above, petiole and midrib covered with red
multicellular hairs. Peduncles numerous erect 2-3 iuches
long sparingly red hairy. Bracts linear lanceolate narrow
I inch long closely appressed to the calyx. Sepals
linear lanceolate glabrous ^ inch long corolla 1^ inch
long violet tube rather narrow gradually dilated for-
wards, sparingly pubescent lobes unequal, lower lip much
longer. Stamens 4, the lunger 4>air hardlj' ^ longer than
the shorter ones ; Pistil glabrous rather short. Stigma
broad, capsule 1^ inch long moderately thick splitting
along the upper edge*

Perak, summit of Gunong Batu Putih alt. 6700 ( Wray
383) (Scortechini 3896).

Endemic.

Near Z>. H'mi/i, but ttowera smaller.

J, D^alropuffmirft^ Ktdl.. I.e. 504, Stem '2 inches long woody*
leaves lanceolate or obovate narrowed at the baH<^
obscurely crenate base^ unequal 4 inches long 1^ inch
broad glabrous above, beneath hairy on the raised nerv^es,
petiole 1-1^ inches long. Peduncles erect glabrous pur-
ple 2 flowered 2 inches long. Flowers nearly sessile.
Bracts 2 ovate ^ inch long | inch wide purple, sepal b
nearly free to the ba^e lanceolate acute ^ inch long
glabrous, corolla 2 inches long ^ inch through nirrowed
at the base widely dilate above deep purple lobes short
rounded, low^r ones longer. Stamens in 2 pairs filaments
straight anthers oblong appressed, style subequat thick

A. >*)oc , No. 13, lOOdv

24 THE GESNERACE.^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

glabrous, stigma clubbed. Capsule 2 inches long, thick
narrowed at the tip.

Perak, Hermitage Hill on rocks (Ridley), Gunong Inas
(Scortechini 1322).

Endemic. Scortechini's poor specimen is this I think, he
says however flowers pale red.

6, D. glahrescens, n.sp. Stem woody, leaves elliptic lanceolate

or oblanceolate coarsely serrate 4 inches long 1 inch
wide, above glabrous, beneath dotted glabrous, except
the midribs and nerves red hairy, petiole 1 inch long hairy.
Peduncle slender 4-5 inches long hairy, with 1 or 2
lanceolate oblong bracts at the top |- inch long. Flowers
solitary. Sepals linear lanceolate obtuse-hairy ^ inch
long. Corolla " mauve," " dark blue" 1^ inch long tube
gradually dilated upwards lobes rounded pubescent,
anthers subglobose. Style capitate broad. Capsule If inch
long cylindric slender.

Perak, Summit of Gunong Batu Putih 6700 feet alt
(Wray 384) (King's Coll. 8055), Kinta (King's Coll.
7191).

Near Z). atrocyanea but the leaves are nearly glabrous,
and narrower with a longer petiole and the peduncle
bracteate.

Endemic.

7. D. Wraf/i. Stem woody bare below, leaves alternate lanceo-

late oblique acuminate dentate narrowed at the base into
the petiole 4-6 inches lonof, l.\-2 inches wide nerves 16
pairs elevated on both surfaces, e^labrous above whitish
beneath midrib and nerves below covered with coarse
reddish trichomes, petiole J inch long covered with
rough multicellular trichomes. Peduncles from the upper
axils slender one flowered 3-4 inches long covered at the
base with red multicellular hairs. Bracts 2 ovate broad
appressed to the calyx ^ inch long glabrous, sepals
broadly lanceolate obtuse glabrous l inch long white,
corolla 1^ inch long white pencilled with violet, tube

Jour, straits Branch

THK *;esnekace.^i: of the MALAY PENINSUUL 25

thick over ^ inch ihrough, pubescent lobes broad roundedf
stamens 4 didynamous. anthers rounded, 3tyle stout

Perak, Sumraitof Unnong Batu Putih ( Wray 334, 383)
(King's Coll. 803G).

Endemic,

8. Z>. hirta. Stem woody 3 inches long, leaves obi an ceo I ate
oblique acuminate serrate, narrowed to the base 4-9
inche^i \o\\^^ 2 incheij wide sprinkled above with pale
multicellular hairs especially long on the marginal teeth,
beneath glabrous except on the midrib and nerves,
covered with lather lung multicellular hairs. Scape 3-4
inches long, hairy with eaten ulate multicellular hairs,
sepals i mch long lanceolate acuminate very hairy.
Corolla violet with a darker centre, tube 1 inch long
broad cylindric sprinkled with multicellular hairs, lobes
large rounded ^ inch long glabrous^ stamens 2 pairs
uii4i([ua1, stigma capitate.

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley),

Endemic.

D. serratifoUa. Stem woody 4-5 inches tall covered with red
hairs abore. Leaves opposite oblanceolate acuminate,
base long cuneate, doubly serrate 6-8 inches long by
2 inches wide sprinkled with pale multicellular hairs above
beneath glabrous except for the red multicellular hairs
on the nerves and midrib, nerves about 17 pairs^ petiole
1 inch loni^ or less hairy, peduncle slender 4 inches long
hairy 1 flowered, sepals lanceolate acuminate ^ inch
long recurved at length covered densely with long red
multicellular hairs. Corolla 1^ inch long narrowed at the
base dilate upwards, tube broad, sparingly hairy, lobes
rounded, lower ones longer than the upper one. Sta-
mens in 2 .subequal pairs half the length of the tube,
filaments attached close to the base sinuate, style stout,
stigma capitate, capsule IJ inch long subcylindric thick
^ through glabrous.

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9779)*

Endemic.

26 THE GKSNERACE-ffi OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

10, D, atro-cyanea.

Stem woody about 6 inches, leaves crowded at the
top oblong or lanceolate oblong inaequilateral at the
base strongly serrate (drying black), 4^ inches long
nparly 2 inches wide, above sprinkled with conical pro-
cesses formed by the pushing in of the leaf from the
under surface, each bearing a short pale hair, beneath
punctate aud sprinkled with the mouths of the intrusions,
glabrous except for the nerves and reticulations which
are covered with rufous hairs, petiole winged to base
covered with multicellular hairs. Scape 3 inches long
covered with red hairs one flowered. Sepals oblong
ovate glabrescent or with red hairs ^ inch long. Corolla
nearly 2 inches long, base shortly narrowed tube broad
cylindric pubescent, lobes short rounded subequal, deep
purple mouth almost black, stamens 4, filaments slender.
Capsule glabrous cylindric curved 1^ inch long.

Perak (Scortechini 368//), Bujong Malacca (Ridley,
Curtis 3298).

Endemic.

11. D, latisepala, Ridl. I.e. 503.

Stem short woody, leaves crowded above oblong-
oblanceolate, base unequal 7 inches lonir 2 wide or less
crenate-dentate sparingly hispid red and nerves beneath
covered with red hairs petiole an inch long. Peduncle
6 inches long hispid. Flowers few sepals ovate | inch
long glabrous, corolla 1 inch long cylindric dilated
upwards glabrous, lobes short rounded. Stamens 4, fila-
ments linear, anthers subglobose, pistil glabrous, stigma
clubbed. Capsule short thick fusiform J inch long.

Legeh (Machado.)
PJndemic.

1£, D. (juerci/olia, Ridl. I.e. 504.

Stem woody hairy, 6 inches long or less, leaves
crowded above lanceolate runcinate, base narrowed deep
green glabrous above, beneath glaucous with keel and

Jour. StraitN Branch

mmmmmmm

THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 27

nerves covered with brown hairs 6-8 inches long 2 inches
wide, petiole 1 inch or less long hairy. Peduncles 6
inches long sparsely hairy, flowers 1-2 large, bracts
lanceate broad hispid. Sepals broadly lanceolate obtuse
green glabrous. Corolla 2 inches long dilated cyliiidric
from a narrow base lemon yellow glabrous, lobes short
rounded. Pistil cylindric, stigma clubbed capsule 3
inches long glabrous cylindric.

Perak, Larut Hills, (Scortechini 292-300 (Curtis 2041)
Ridley 2910); Bukit Rengas (Fox H. B. S. 10683.)

Endemic.

13. D. Jilicina.

Stem woody pale rather slender 6 inches long. Leaves
tufted at the top lanceolate deeply lobed with oblong
rounded lobes about 13 on each side 3-5 inches long
I inch wide glabrous above, paler beneath with red
appre^sed hairs on the midrib, petiole ^ inch long with
red appressed hairs. Peduncle slender red hairy 1^ inch
lon^ 1 flowered. Bracts small ovate ^^ inch long. Pedicel
\ inch long. Sepals elliptic rounded dark red sparingly
hairy ^ inch long. Corolla 1} inch long base narrow
dilated upwards trumpet shaped sparingly pubescent
at the base purple paler beneath outside throat, inside
dark purple with 6 white lines down the base inside in
the tube, lower lip longer than the upper one lobes
rounded. Stamens 4 in two pairs, the connective pro-
longed into a triangular horizontal horn. Disc annular
capsule sub-follicular 1^ inch long glabrous.

Perak, Gunong Chabang (Scortechini 14) on rocks
overhanging a creek.

Endemic.

4, Didyvwcai'pus.
Herbs or usually small shrubs, stems simple or branched,
erect or prostrate. Leaves opposite or the alternate ones re-
duced, seldom wanting, ovate or lanceolate herbaceous, usually
pubescent or hairy, petioled. Peduncles axillary, bearing one

B. A. Soc. No. 43, 1905.

28 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

or more flowers in a cyme. Sepals free to the base or nearly
so, 5 short. Corolla infundibuliform bilabiate, lobes equal or
the lower ones longer than the upper. Stamens 2 complete,
filaments filiform, rising from about half way down the tube,
anthers reniform connivent by the ed^res. Staminodes 2 short
hooked, ovary cylindric passing into the style. Stigma capitate
or ovate entire. Disc annular or absent. Capsule cylindric
narrow usually splitting along the upper edge. Seeds numerous
minute ellipsoid not plumed.

Species about 100. Distribution, India and Malaya.

1. Ehtae.

Stem tall branched, shrubby. Leaves in distant pairs
opposite unequal.

Bract one cup-shaped uppressed toge-
ther, corolla lips, 1 D, corchorijolia
Stem long and weak. Bracts 2 ovate 2 D, sulphurea

Stem weak. Bracts ovate amplexicaul

Flowers yellow. 3 D.citrina

Bracts oblong glabrous. Flowers

claret color 4 /). purpurea

2. Didt/manthus.

Stem erect herbaceous, leaves in dist-
ant pairs. Flowers very small ^Jinch
lonij axillary. Flowers medium size 5 D, parvijiova

Flowers yellow.

Leaves lanceolate acute G D. /lava

Leaves ovate acuminate 7 D. ramosa

Leaves unequal narrowly lanceolate 8 D. flavescens

Flowers white.

Leaves opposite equal hairy or pubescent

ovate edges pubescent 9 D. hispidnla

Edges conspicuously red hairy 10 Z). hirta

Leaves lanceolate thinly pubescent 1 1 Z>. viscida
Leaves subglabrous equal longpetioled 12 D, alhina

Jour. Straits Branch

'^mmmm^mmmmmmmmm

THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 29

Leaves glabrous unequal

Flowers solitary on short peduncleslS D. alternans

Flowers In pairs on long peduncles

from upper axils 14 Z). glabrata

Stem erect herbaceous little branched.

Flowers yellow, corolla cylindric trumpet shaped.
Leaves petioled silky in distant pairs.
Corolla 2 inches long lb D. malayana

Corolla 1 inch long 16 Z). alhomar-

ginata
Leaves crowded above hairy.

Flowers small congested 17 2). fiavohninnea

Stem woody short. Leaves glabrous

congested at the top not petioled 18 Z). longipes
Stem woody. Leaves alternate lanceolate insBquilateral

Flowers blue 19 D. inaqualia

Stem woody. Leaves crowded or distant

elliptic petioled. Flowers small white 20 £>, alba

3. Reptantes.

Prostrate or creeping herbs. Leaves in distant pairs

equal or unequal hairy or pubescent.
Flowers blue or white. Leaves hairy rarely glabrous.

Flower in uppermost axil peduncle short

21 J), reptans
Leaves velvety elliptic. Flowers solitary

terminal 22 D. ophirerms

Flowers numerous on slender pedicels 23 D.pulchella
Flowers orange or yellow. Sepals hairy 24 Z). crocea
Sepals narrower subglabrous 25 D. aacendena

4. Heterohoea,

Stems woody usually short with the leaves crowded
towards the top, more or less hairy above, and little or
not branched. Leaves hairy silky or rarely glabrous
lanceolate serrate narrowed at the base into a winged

R. A. Soc„ No. 48, 1905.

30 THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

petiole, alternate. Peduncles slender axillary in the
upper axils, one rarely 2 flowered. Bracts usually
small solitary linear. Corolla large showy white,
crimson or blue rarely yellow, filaments long slender.
Capsule narrow cylindric.

Flowers solitary, bracts very small.

Leaves glabrous wrinkled 26 Z>. rugoaa.

Leaves tessellate not wrinkled glabrous
or with scattered hairs with swollen bases
obovate. Capsule over 2 inches long 27 D, platypus

Capsule shorter 1 inch long 28 D, kompsoboea

Leaves not tessellate hairy or pubescent
Leaves broad covered with close short hairs.
Flowers white tipped crimson 29 D. quinqnevul-

n*ira

Flowers deep crimson 30 D. atrosan-

guinea.
Leaves narrow lanceolate hairy distant
Stem branched flowers yellow 31 D.hirsuta

Leaves silky pubescent on both surfaces 32D, homhycina
Leaves crowded thickly appressed hairy.
Flowers white or blue 33 D, crinita

Leaves crowded covered with short scattered

hairs above, deep green with central white bar.
Flowers white 34 D, fasciatn

Flowers in pairs on a long peduncle.
Bract's very broad 35 IJ. venusia

5. Salicince,

Small shrubby plants with narrow

leaves crowded at the top. Flowers small.
Leaves entire 36 D, densifolia

Leaves serrate. Flowers ^ inch long 37 D, salicina
„ ,, Flowers j inch long 38 D. serrata

Leaves deeply cut pinnate 39 />. pectinata

Jour, straits Branck

mmmm

THE GENEKACE^'OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 31

6. Acaules,

Stemless or Dearly so. Leaves crowded.

Flowers panicled, lips very unequal 40 D. violacea

Flowers 1-2 racemose. Flowers

large blue 41 Z>. lacunoaa

Flowers small. Leaves elliptic peltate 42 D. perdita
Leaves obovate creDulate, capsule very
short and broad 43 J), puncticu-

lata
Capsule linear narrow 44 D.heterophylla

l^eaves small entire silky 45 D. punila

Affinity doubtful.

Stem tall. Leaves alternate distant

Panicles small adnate to petioles 46 D, lilacina

§/. Elatae.

1, Dt corchonfolia^ R. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. p. 119, Ann; Sc,
Nat. 2, Vol. 13, p. 164.

A shrub from 4 to 6 feet tall much branched with a
stout woody stem. Leaves opposite but unequal ovate
subacute insequilateral, base rounded serrate 3-5 inches
long 1^-2 inches wide covered with soft short felted hair
on both sides, but most on the back, petiole 1-3 inches.
Panicles lax axillary 2-3 inches long, peduncles short
pubescent. Flowers numerous. Bracts cup-shaped.
Calyx entire cup-shaped \ inch long 5-toothed. Corolla
I inch long white apple-green in the throat, or often
purplish white, tube straight thick, lobes rounded, upper
lip recurved, base appressed to the broad decurved lower
lip which is much longer. Capsule cylindric, one inch
long pubescent splitting to near the tip. Clarke Mon.
Phan. 85., Ridl. Journ. 3ot. 1890, p. 68.

Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8553); Perak, Bujong
Malacca, Ridley 9775, (Curtis 3130), < King's Coll. 10, 979
&. 10, 998), Kinta (Kings' Coll. 7220) ; Penang (Wallich
792) Government Hill (Curtis 1239), Maingay 1227.

K. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

32 THE GKSNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Endemic on rocks. This is the biggest species of
Dklt/ftwvat'pus and the most woody one known to me.
It is also peculiar in having the two lips of the corolla
mouth pressed together, quite like those of a snapdragon
{Afitirrhinum),

2. D.sulphutea^ n* sp,

A shrubby creeper 6 to 10 feet long. Stem pubes-
cent briin«-'hed with long internodes. Leaves opposite
but very unequal, one 3 inches long by ^-1 inch wide,
the opposite one |-| inch long ^-J inch wide ovate or
lanceolate acute base unequal cunejite mar ^ids crentilat8
dentate, deep green above purple beneath, nerves 6-7
pairs elevated on both surfaces, sprinkled all over on
both surfaces with abort bairs, more hairy on the back.
Peduncles axillary filiform 4-6 inches lung pubescent,
branches at the top two or 3 each bearing as many
flowers. Bracts 2 to each pair of flowers ovate glabroua
^ inch long. Sepals elliptic ovate obtuse glabroua.
Corolla infuiidibuliform | inch long glabrous, upper lip
short recurved lower one longer. Stamens exsert short-
ly, filamentis thick pubescent* Style stout. Stigma
excavate at the top. Cap:*ule 1^-3 inches long rather
thick cylindric acuminate, glabrous.

Perak, Larut Hills, Gunong Hi jau (Scortechini 6a) also
on (/habang and G. liubu, Gunuog Batu Putih (King's
Coll. 8059) Wray 2H^, Bujuiig Malacca (Ridley 9774).

Var. brevijiora^ bracts and sepals narrower acute pube-
scent.

Corolla smaller | inch long. Capsule pubescent f inch
long.
Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 75S2). Endemic.

5. D,citrina, RidL, Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXII, 508.

A soft weak herb about a foot tall pubescent Leaves
soft ovate or ovate lanceolate crenulate velvety, opposite
but unequal largest 2-3 inches long 1^ inch wide, peti-
oles J-S inches long. Panicles axillary 3 inches long base

Jour. Strait! Br&acli

mmmmfmmmmmmmmmm

THE GKNERACEiE OF TIIK MALAY PENINSULA. 33

pubescent above glabrous hairy. Pedicels ^- 1 inch long
terete glabrous. Bracts cordate ovate acute nearly
amplexicaul polished green with red edges. Sepals trian-
gular spreading stiff green, edges red. Corolla lemon
yellow pendulous, tube an inch long funnel shaped, base
narrowed, mouth dilate ^ inch across, upper lobes broad
rounded recurved, lower ones larger. Stamens 2, filament
short sinuate, pubescent, anthers subtriangular. Ovary
and style ^ inch long pubescent. Stigma peltate. Disc
cylindric. Capsule an inch long angl^ glabrous.

Kedah, Gunong Jerai at 2,000 feet alt (Ridley 5518).

Endemic.

4' T). purpurea^ Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXII, 508.

Stem herbaceous 12-18 inches tall. Leaves ovate
crenulate acute inequilateral velvety 4 inches long 2
inches wide petiole ^ to ^ inch long. Peduncle erect
subterminal glabrous 3 inches tall. Panicle erect 4 inches
long with slender branches. Bracts small ovate. Calyx
lobes spreading oblonor glabrous short Corolla tubular
with a tube narrowed at the base, dilated upwards, purple,
lobes rounded, lower ones longer. Stamens 2 filaments
filiform included. Staminodes filiform. Ovary cylindric.
Stigma broad discoid. Capsule i inch long glabrous
cylindric stipitate.

Lanka wi, Gunong Chinchan, 1000-1500 feet alt (Curtis
2567).

Endemic.

§ 2. Didymanthus,

5, D. piii*viJlorn, n.sp.

A small erect herb about 1 foot tall or less much
branched. Stem slender covered with appressed hairs,
[jeaves opposite equal lanceolate acute 1 inch long ^
inch wide, above glabrous puncticulate, beneath yellow
pustular with short translucent hairs onger and mul-
ticellular along the edge keel and nerves, nerves 5 pairs,

E. A. Soc„ No. 4S,;i905.

34 THE GESNERACE.« OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

petiole i inch hairj. Flowers solitary axillary on slender
hairy p^uncles i inch long. Sepals linear obtuse pubes-
cent. Corolla i inch long yellow pubescent tube broad
straight, lobes short broad rounded. Stamens nearly as
long as corolla lobes, anthers large white reniform,
filaments glabrous. Pistil as long as stamens pubescent.
Stigma capitate entire. Capsule slender pubescent.

Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley) fl. Feb.

Endemic.

6. D, flam, Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII, 507.

Stem a foot tall scabrid branched. Leaves lanceolate
acute base narrowed denticulate scabrid beneath covered
on the nerves with short hairs 3 inches long 1^ inch
wide, petiole ^ inch long. Cymes axillary and subter-
minal on hairy peduncles 1-2 inches long, pedicels ^ inch
long. Flowers 4 or 5. Calyx short lobes hispid lanceo-
late ''-^rolla glabrescent yellow | inch long tube
stiA ( ! ilate upwards lobes short obtuse. Style
slendrr pubescent. Capsule cylindiic l^inch long hispid.

Perak, Larut Hills (Ridley 2914)(Curtis 2690) (King's
Coll. 2151) a small leaved form.

Endemic.

Var. purpurasctns.

Stems stouter over a foot tali liairy. Leaves opposite
equal, obli(iiiely ovate acute, often purple as is the stem.
Perak, Biikit Kapayung, Sungei Siput (Ridley).

7, D, ramosa, n.sp.

Stem slender branched, pubescent with appressed
hairs over a foot tall. Leaves distant opposite, but one
of each pair much smaller, ovate acuminate, thin rounded
or slightly narrowed at the base glabrous above, spar-
ingly hairy on the nerves beneath, nerves about 7 pairs
2-3 inches long 1-^ wide or smaller, petiole ^ inch long.
Peduncles slender from the lower axils I-l^ inch long,
2 flowered viscid hairy. Sepals lanceolate acuminate

Jour. Straits Branch

^^mmm^mmmmmmmm

THE GESNKRACE^ OF THK MALAY PENINSULA. 35

viscid hairy ^ inch long. Corolla tube straight hardly
dilated ^ inch long greenish yellow, bilabiate, lower
lobe longer than upper lobes rounded. Stamens 2 fila-
ments long filiform, anthers oblong. Ovary long cylindric
style long slender. Stigma capitate small.

Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (VVray 868).

Endemic.

8. D, JlavescenSj n.sp.

Stems slender over a foot long covered with short ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves distant opposite but unequal,
lanceolate acu minute at both ends entire sprinkled over
on both sides with short scattered hairs 1^-2 inches long
^ inch wide, petiole ^ inch long, silky hairy. Peduncles
slender subterminal 1 inch long pubescent, one flowered.
Sepals linear hairy. Corolla yellowish white ^ inch long
pubescent tube straight cylindric hardly dilated above,
bilabiate lobes short rounded. Stamens 2 filaments
filiform. Ovary short cylindric. Style short pubescent
stigma capitate.

Selangor, Kwala Kubu (Ridley 7585).

Endemic rare.

9. D. hispidula^ Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXII, 507.

Stem 6-12 inches tall hispid. Leaves opposite equal
ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate at both ends, 3-5
inches long 1-2 inches wide above scabrid beneath, hairy
especially on the nerves, petiole I inch long. Peduncles
1-3 erect from the upper axils 3 inches long hairy with
three or 4 terminal branches, bearing a few flowers.
Pedicels hispid half an inch long. Bracts linear \ inch
long. Calyx \ inch long lobes lanceolate hairy. Corolla
glabrous an inch long whide with violet streaks iu the
lower lip, tube straight funnel shaped upper lobes ovate
subacute, lower ones longer. Stamens 2, filaments slender
nearly straight filiform. Staminodes short clubbed 2,
ovary fusiform pubescent. Style terete. Stigma capi-
tate. Capsule I^ inch long straight cylindric.

B. A. Soc., No. 43, 1905.

36 THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Perak, Larut Hills 4-6000 feet elevation, (Curtis 2037,
1312) Ridley, King's Coll. Abundant on banks.

YdLtf Selangorensis.

Leaves shorter glabrous above. Sepals longer. Fruit
3 inches long softly velvety.

Selangor, Gunong Semangko (Curtis 3752).

This may be specifically distinct but the specimena
are out of flower.

10. D, hirta, n.sp.

Stem herbaceous branched about a foot tall, thickly
covered with rather long reddish multicellular hairs.
Leaves opposite ovate or ovate lanceolate subacute ser-
rulate narrowed at the base 3 inches long l-l^ inches
wide, above rather densely hairy, with multicel-
lular hairs, edge hairy, beneath keel and veins covered
with close long pale hairs, petiole ^ inch long hairy.
Peduncles subterminal 2^ inch long very hairy, red.
Bract very small linear, Flowers solitary on the
peduncles. Sepals linear narrow hairy J inch long.
Corolla absent. . Capsule 2 inches long cylindric closely
Imt very shortly hairy. Pistil cylindric. Style long
pubescent. Stigma discoiH.

Selangor, above the Gap, Semangko Pass (Curtis).

Near Z>. hispidula but much more hairy. I have seen
no corollas.

Endemic.

11, D, viscida^ n.sp.

Stems slender 6 inches or more tall shortly roughly
hairy. Leaves opposite lanceolate or ovate lanceolate
thin acuminate, base iniequilateral, 3-4 inches long 1-1^
inch wide above sparingly scabrid hairy, beneath hairy
on the nerves about 6 pairs, petiole half an inch long
roughly hairy. Peduncle subterminal 2 inches long vis-
cid hairy, cyme branches 1 inch long. Calyx lobes very
short lanceolate viscid hairy. Corolla little over ^ inch

Jour, straits Branch

^^mmmKimmmmmmmmm

THE GESNERAOEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 37

lon^, tube swollen at base then infundibaiiform white
sparingly pubescent. Stamens 2, included, filaments
filiform. Style shorter. Capsule slender cylindric acu-
lAinate viscid hairy 1 inch lon^.

Perak, Ounong Keledang (Ridley 9781).

Endemic.

1^. D, albina, n. sp.

Stem 2-3 feet tall herbaceous appressed hairy. Leaves
opposite equal lanceolate or ovate lanceolate acuminate
at base and apex, margins shortly serrate 5 inches long
by If inch wide glabrous except the midrib on the back
covered with appressed hairs petiole appressed hairy 1^
inch long. Peduncle axillary 3 inches long, with a lax
few branched terminal panicle 1 inch long. Bracts and
bracteoles linear. Sepals lanceolate acuminate ^j^ inch
long. Corolla ^ inch long waxy, white slightly pubes-
cent, tube cylindric limb distinctly bilobed. Filaments
glabrous, anthers ovate lanceolate. Style and pistil
pubescent.

Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King's Coll. 8070).

This is allied to D. hispida^ Kidl., but with nearly
glabrous leaves more lanceolate and smaller flowers.

Endemic.

IS, D. alternans, n. sp. •

Stem about a foot tall erect not branched scabrid
hairy above rather slender. Leaves sub-alternate or
opposite lanceolate acuminate base cuneate thin entire or
sliifhtly serrate base inasqualateral 3 inches long by 1^
wide nearly glabrous except the midrib on the back and
petiole ^ inch long which are scabrid hairy, opposite leaf
reduced to a small ovate blade ^ inch long or wanting.
Flowers solitary axillary on short pedicels slender ^-^
inch long with 2 linear small bracts, all pubescent. Calyx
lobes lanceolate acute hairy ^ inch long. Corolla ^ inch
long white centre yellow tube narrowed at the base dilate
upwards pubescent lobes subequal rounded, lips not very

B. A. Soc, No. is, 1006.

38 THE GESNERACEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

distinct. Stamens 2 filaments filiform included anthers
elliptic connate. Staminodes filiform short dubbed.
Style fairly long hairy. Stigma capitate. Capsule slen-
der cylindric glabrous 1 inch long.

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9777) (Curtis 3133),
Larut Hills (Curtis 3133) (King's Coll. 23U).

Endemic, on banks at 2-4000 feet elevation.

In some specimens both the leaves of the pair are fully
developed, in others one is reduced to a very small ovate
abortive leaf.

14. D, glnJbratay n. sp.

Slender herb branched over a foot tall, almost gla-
brous except for a little pubescence on the upper part of
the stem and petioles. Leaves opposite subequal or one
leaf larger than the other, elliptic or ovate 1^-2 inches
long 1 inch wide, or less margins entire apex subacute,
base cuneate or rounded oblique nerves 7 pairs, with
midrib pubescent petiole slender pubescent ^ inch longer
or less. Peduncles axillary 2 inches long from the upper
axils pubescent 2 flowered. Bracts very small linear.
Pedicels \ inch long pubescent Sepals narrowly lanceo-
late ^ inch long. Corolla white (not seen). Capsule
linear acumiuate 1^ inch long pubescent.

Johor, Gunong Panti (King's Coll. 209).

lilndemic, allied to D, alter naus^ very glabrous for a
Didymocarpus.

15, 1), ma/ayana, Hook til., Card. Chron. 1896, vol. II, p. 123,

fig. 24. Bot. Mag. t. 752G.

Stem very short to 3 inches long. Leaves ovate
obtuse shortly petioled to lanceolate acut^ long petioled 7
inches long 2^ inch wide nerves conspicuous, 15 pairs
silky hairy. Peduncles stout silky hairy 3-4 inches long
scapose with 2 llowers at the top or with 2 erect branches
3 inches long bearing 8 or 9 llowers each. Flowers nod-
ding. Calyx lobes linear obtuse pubescent long. Corolla
2 inches long bright yellow, tube narrowed at the base

Jour. ^Straits Branch.

THK UKSNERACKjB oF TIIK MAL.AV PKNINSU^A. 39

gibbous inflated above, hairy* lobes rounded subequal.
Stamenis ^, filaraerr^ included filanietits curved^ glabrous,
anthers shield-Eifaaped with 2 projecting' horns on each.
Staminodes minute tooth like. Ovary hairy conic, disc
cyiindric. Style long glandular pubescent. Stigma
capitate* Capsule cyiindric l-l^ inch long*

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3300) (Ridley 9778),
Tanjoiig Malini (Haidwiu, Cbab<jn^ (Scortechini 189);
Selangor, Guiiong Seuiaiigko (Curtis 3300); Bukit Kutu
(Kidley7580).

Endemic, at an altitude of from 1500 tti 3000 feet,
ahundAiit A very beam if u I plant.

16. X>. albotmvijitutit, IJemsley, Journ. But. XXV (188y) p. 204.

Stem C\'l2 inches tall pubescent red. Teaves elliptic or
ovate obtuse^ with a broad or curre^te base dark green
edgeaand nerves white sparsely hairy above silky beneath
nerves about 10 pairs 3-4 inclif's long 1-i^ inch wide.
Peduncle'^ axillary and sub t^^rminnl hairy pink 3 inches
long racemose or sparine/ ly branched. Calyx lobes lanceo-
late hairy* Corolla yellow, tube narrow pinkish white
dilate upwards, lob^^ aubequni rounded, stamens 2»
tilanients thickened at the bast* curi'ed, anthers reijiforra
with short processes, 6taij*inades '2 filiform hooked
ovary cyiindric conic pubescent. Style lung. Stigma
wider discoid. Capsule cyiindric a<:uminate rather thick,
lip upcurved hairy J inch long,

Perak. Urut Hills, 3-5000 feet (Wray) (Cnrds 2039,
2991) (tiidley 2908) King's Coll. 1817).

Endemic, closely allied to />. mulmjnnn and difficult to
tell in dried specimens except from the much smaller
rtoweis,

17, A fiavobrnnnea. Kid ley, Trans, Linn. Soc, p, 329.

Stem slender seldom braucbed densely pubescent 3-4
inches t^ll. Leaves alternate ovate Unceolate acute base
unequal nan owed, serrate 7 inches lung 3 inches wide,
nerves and midrib *»eneath covered with shining brown

It, A. Hue. Jfo, 44, IWlft,

40 THE GKSNKUAGH;^ of THK MALAY PENINSULA,

hftira, above sparingly putrescent Peduncles 8 inches
long stiff hispid branched shortly dichoti>mouj5lj abov*^*
Branches short crowded. Plowers numerous, smalL
Bracts lanceolate acuminate ^ inch long" hispid. Pedicels
short, ^ep>4l8 linear narrow pubt'scent. Uorolla 1 inch ion|^
tube cylindric gradually dilated ttiwards the lips lobes UD-
equal rounded short, tube brownish outside limb yellow
with an orange spot in the mouth and some red s^treaks.
Stamens 2, with filiform filaments, ovary elliptic. Capsule
1 inch long, narrowed gradually from the base aplitting
above nearly to tlie apex, glabrous.

Pahang, Tahan River woods (Ridley 2163).

Kndemic, the fruit crowded at the t(^p of the peduncle
radiating in all directions gives this the appearance of
one of the Parabocas.

18* D, hmjipu, Clarke. Mou. Phau. p. 87.

Stem woody *2 inches long hairy at the top, LiMivea
oblanceolale narrowed to the base obscurely serrate
glabrous deep green above, hairy on the nndrib purpld
beneath 8 inches long 2\ wide. Peduncles 9-18 inches
tall rather stout purple puljescent. Flowers few racemose
(occasionally punicled) pendent very shortly pedicelled.
Calyx lobes linear acuminafe pubescent purple ^ inch.
Corolla 1^ inch long pule yellow pubescent tub*^ straight
little dilated upwards, lobes upper two short rounded,
lower lol>es loftger oblong. Stamens ^, filaments adnate
to tube near the mouth short thick, anthers reniform
connate, just included, with '2 short appressed horn like
processes of the counective. Ovary elongate conic pas-
sing into the terete wtyle. Stigma discoid. Disc cylin-
dric. Capsule If inch long rather thick splitting along
the upper sege.

Mahicca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith 3854) (Cuming 2385)
(Maingay 2723) (Ridley 3179).

On rocks in woody places, Endemic

This is a very distinct plant from the uMlatfamt set in ita
short subterranean atem^ and lar^e ruaette of glabrous

^m^^mv^m^mmmimmfmmm

THK GKSNKRACKiE OF THE MALAY PKNINSULA. 41

leaves. The flowers however are those of the malayana
group and the anthers have the short connective horn on
one side which seems almost peculiar to these.

19 D, tnasqualis, Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXII, p. 506.

Stem woody 5 inches or more tall ^ inch thick brown-
pubescent. Leaves alternate distant lanceolate inaequila-
teral acute serrate narrowed to the base, velvety
above, pubescent beneath 5 inches long 14 inch Wide qr
smaller, petiole distinct pubescent ^ mch long. Pedun-
cles from the upper axils 1^ inch long pubescent. Flowers
crowded pedicellate. Bract linear nearly \ inch long.
Calyx campanulate lobes not free to the base linear, ^
inch long pubescent. Corolla blue I inch long tube
slender enlarged upwards, lolies short rounded. Fila-
ments long slender. Ovary elon^rate cylindric. Stigma
obconic. Capsule cylindric glabrous l^inch long.

Lanka wi, Gunong Chinchang (Curtis 2568).

Endemic. A peculiar plant not very closely allied to
any other.

20. D, alba, n.sp.

Stem woody creeping ascending, hairy pubescent.
Leaves crowded towards the top lanceolate scute base 2
inches long ^-^ inch wide softly densely hairy on both
sides, petiole den^sely hairy ^ inch long. Peduncles short
^ inch or less long one-flowered densely hair^. Calyx
lobes free to base linear acuminate long hairy ^ inch long.
Corolhi quite white ^ inch lon^ base cylindric gradually
dilated upwards hairy lobes short rounded, lobes short
subequal. »*^tamens 2 fllaments rather short filiform.
Stamiuodes 3 filiform clubbed shorter. Pistil pubescent.
Capsule ^ inch long curved acuminate splitting along
the upper surface glal>rous.

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3299).

Var. rtuijor,

JL A. Soc., No. 44, 1905.

4*2 THK GKSNUUACK^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Stems taller over a foot. Leaves more remote and less
hairy, peduncles longer, 1 inch in flower, I^ long in fmit.
Corolla 1 inch long.

Perak, Ounong Bubu (VVraj S90h).

Endemic.

§ 3. Reptantes.

21. D. r^ta/i«. Jack. IVIalay Misc. 1, p. 2, p. 3 (1820); Trans.
Linn. Soc 14, p. 35.

Stems 6 inches or more long creeping villous. Leaves
opposite ovate or elliptic obscurely crenulate blunt nar-
rowed at the base or rounded sprinkled with villous hairs
above, more hairy beneath, |-3 inches long ^-| inch wide,
Peduncles slender subterminal one-flowered haiiy 1 inch
long. Bract very small. Pedicel \ inch. Calyx lobes
linear villous | inch long. Corolla ^ inch long, white
with purple and yellow streaks in the mouth tube, pubes-
cent trumpet-shaped, lobes rather large rounded.
Stamens 2, filaments far included filiform. Staminodes very
short Ovary cylindric. Style slender. Stigma discoid.
Capsule 1 inch long slender splitting nearly to the apex,

abrid.

Spreng. Syst 2, p. 8:^7; Don. Gen. Syst 4, p. 659; R. Br;
PI. Jav. liar. p. Ill); Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, vol. 18, p. 164.
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2726 ; Clark«, Monogr. Phan 17-9.5.

Penang ( Wallich 787) (Maingay 1223) (Lobb 335),
Pulau Betong (Curtis 1706).

Var. monticolo Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc, I.e. 511.

More slender and creeping for 1^ feet or more.
Shoots covered with rufous hairs. Leaves narrower
lanceolate 2-3 inches long | inch wide, acute narrowed
into the petiole. D. prodttcta, Clarke, Monog. Phan.
V, p. 96.

Selaiijror, Pahan^r, Track (Ridley 8561), Ginting Bidai
(Ridley 75HG); Negri Serabilan, Bukit Tumiang, and
Bukit Sulu ((Jantley's Coll.); Perak, Gunong Batu Putih

Jour. Straits Branch

TiiE gksnrrace;f; of the malay peninsula. 43

(Wray '♦ 27 & 480); Dindings, Simpit near Lumut
(Ridley 3073) Urut Uills to the top (Curtis 20-tO &
2992) (Ridley 2913) (bcortecbirii 20 & 257 a) a remark-
able rufous baired form* Qopiiig (Kitig*a Coll. 1099).

Distrib. Sumatra.

The form from the top of the La rut Hills has inui;h nar-
rower more glabrous leavea but the plant is remarkably
variable in foliage. It forms often great masses in woods
and is quite cortiinon in the hitly districts. The type
form of the npecies is a rock plant contjued to Penang,
but the commonejst form is the s^ariety monticola. Clarke's
J), producia was based on one of llor:»lield's .Sumntran
plants in the British Museum. Thi« type seemn to me
identical with some of the hill form^ in the peninsula.

Var. violascm^.

Stems ascending for a foot or «a. Leaves lather
remote nearly glabrous abo\re except the edges and midrib
densely hairy, more hairy beneath, nerves elevated densely
appressed hairy. Flowers purplish white.

Selangor, Itawang (Ridley 7583), Dusuu Tua (7534).
D, OphireHsia^ n, sp.

StetD long creeping over a foot long. l^eavbH opposite

somewhat unetjuul elliptic dark green with whltf* on the
nerves 1-3 inches long J-l inch wide base rounde<L above
sprinkled with short hairs, edges entire thickly hairy i
beneath paler more hairy, norves 5-6 pairs densely hairy,
petiole \ inch long hairy, Pedunclt^s subttrminul I inch
long hairy. Sej^als linear i inch long densely hairy-
Corolla j inch long gradui*lly dibti* forwards, rather
broad at the top, hairy purple and white, upper lip much
shorter than lower one. SUitnens (iliform little shorter
than the corolla. Style slender. Stigma capitate* Cap-
sule cylindric hairy I inch long,

Malacca, lower part of Mount Ophir (Ridley 3185).
I took thi"? at first to be D. mtuijimtUi^ Clarke, which was
based on a plant collected in Malacca or Luzon by Lobb,

44 TIIK GKSNKRArKjE OF THE MALAY PKNINSULA.

but which from description mhy be a form of the very
variable Ih veptnm^ and the locality of which is doubtful.

%S. D. pulchella, n. sp.

Stems slender 3-6 inches long" purple covered with
appressed hairs. Leaves opposite elliptic obtuse 1-2
inches lon^ dark green above with a centra) white stripe,
dotted with short hairs beneath purple, aprinkled with
hairs, the nerves and ed«<es hairy, petiole |*^ inch lon^
hairy, Peduncles axillary 1 inch hing slender hairy.
Hract linear very small. Pedicel ^ inch long blender
hairy, Ualyxlobesnarrowedline^rjJ inch hairy, Oorolla
white, with yellow in the mouth, nearly 1 im^h long, tube
cylindric hardly dilate sparingly hairy lobes oblong
rounded. Stamens 2 fertile, filaments filiform straiglit,
anthers obhmcf. Ovary blender cylindric pubescent, with
style I inch long. Oapsulp narrow cyli»>dric npcurved
1 j inch long pubescent.

Pahang, Kwala Lipis (Macbado, il,B.S. 11629).

Endemic,

S4* A crocea, n. ap.

Stems creeping a foot or more long succulent pubes-
cent. Leaves opposite but unequal ovate obtuse l-S
inches long |-l nich wide softly hairy green with white
veins, nerves beneath elevated. Petiole | inch long or
much shnrter. Peduncles sub- terminal 1 inch long 1
tlinvered softly hairy. Hracts 2 short linear, Sepab
linear pubescent ^ inuh long, ('orolla 2 ini'hes fong^ bi-
labiate pubescent orange-yellow, tube narrowed at the
bise dilate gibbous above, lobes rounded darker orang^e,
lower lip longer than upper, Stamens 2 tilaments sinmite*
anthnrs with 2 processes each on the buck. Stain i node?*
dliform hooked. Style slender. Stigma capitate. Cap-
sule rather thick curved upwards 1^ inch long pubescent.

Perak, Gunoug Keledang on banks (Ridley 9776)*
(Curtis 3.^01), Sungkei (King's Coll. 3014),

Endemic, local on banks.

Jour. Stmlia Braacb

mfmm

THE GENERACE.«()F THE MALAY PENINSULA. 45

^5, D. ascendensj RidL, Journ. Linn. Soc, I.e. 512.

Stem creeping ascending branched above, rather slen-
der 4-8 inches tall, branches 2 inches long or more.
Leaves crowded above opposite subequal ovate entire
subacute narrowed or broad at the base, silky hairy, dark
green edges white silky, 14 inch long ^-1 inch wide,
petiole 1 inch long or less. Peduncles very short ^ inch
long hairy. Flowers solitary. Sepals linear acuminate
silky. Corolla orange yellow l^ inch long narrow cy-
lindric dilated forwards pubescent, lobes short rounded
subequal. Stamens 2 filaments long thick, anthers tri-
angular obtuse. Ovary cylindric pubescent. Style long.
Stigma ovate triangular.

i^erak, Tapa (Haviland) (Curtis 3 106), Goping (King's
Coll. 458;.

Endemic.

§ 4. Heteroboaea.
26, D, rugosa, n.sp.

Stem short stout woody 2-3 inches long. Leaves
crowded at the top oblong oManceolate winged to the
base dentate rather thick glabrous and strongly bullate
wrinkled above, beneath pubescent with midrib and nerves
hairy, nerves very numerous and close (about 40 pairs)
nervules transverse strongly raised 3 to 5 inches long
1^-2 wide. Peduncles slender 3 inches long hairy
ebracteate. Flowers solitary. Sepals short ovate acute.
Corolla tube trumpet shaped I inch long lower lip longer
than the upper, lobes broad, white with yellow central
bar. Stamens 2, anthers narrow connective two horned.
Staminodes short very slender hooked. Pistil and style
very hairy. Stigma broad reniform.

Perak, IIulu Selama (Scortechini 1273); Kelantan,
Kwala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette).

Endemic. Remarkable for the strv)ngly wrinkled thick
leaves. The transverse nervules are depressed on the
upper surface, the tissue between being pushed up in a
bullate manner.

B. A. floe.. No. 4S, 1906.

46 THE GLSNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

i97. Z>. platypus, Clarke, Mon. Phan. 94.

, Stem woody below pubescent, leafy above 4-22 iDches
loD^. Leaves sej<8ilc, oblanceolate alternate 8-13 inches
long 3 inches wide margins serrate, above sprinkled with
multicellular hairs from a swollen base, beneath glabrous
except for the elevated nerves and reticulations, densely
appressed hairy. Peduncles numerous axillary 1 inch
long slender hairy. Bracts 2 short lanceolate hairy.
Pedicel one flowered ^ inch long hairy. Sepals ovate

' obtuse hairy ^ inch long. Corolla from a narrow base
dilated forwards l^inch long, sparingly hairy, white with
a yellow mouth, lobes broad rounded. Stamens 2 fila-
ments filiform long, anthers reniform, with a process of
the connective projecting beyond them. Style longr
slender. Stigma wide discoid. Capsule cylindric l^iurh
long pubescent.

Singapore, Bukit Timah, Selitar (Ridley); Johor, Ulu
Batu Pahat (Kelsall), Gunong Pulai (Ridley 3729);
Malacca (Griffith 3825) (Cuming 2359), Ayer Panas
(Derry III); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Ting-gi (Ridley
10097), Bukit Temiang (Cantley); Selangor, Klang ( Bec-
cari), Kuala Lumpur (Ridley); Perak, Gunong Batu Putih
(Wray 934), Goping (King's Coll. 832).

Distrib. Sumatra.

The commonest species in the Peninsula in damp spots
in woods in the low country.

Malay Names : — " Poke Julong Rimbah," *' Poko
Sambuyen."

fS8. D. Kompsobaea, Clarke, Mon. Phan. 92 t. X.

Stem woody 4-5 inches tall, fjeaves crowded at the
top oblanceolate acute nair^wed towards the base 9
inches long 2 inches wide, niarij^ins coarsely crenate-den-
tate, above glabrous when a<lult with a few multicellular
hairs when young, beneath minutely pubescent nerves
and reticulations elevated, midrib and m-tin nerves with
long brownish appressed hairs. Peduncles 1 flowered 4

Jour. Straits Branch

^n^nOT^HHIiPHHHP

THE GESNERACE.E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 47

inches long hairy. Sepals ovate ^ inch long hairy.
Corolla white, with yellow in the throat, tube 1 inch long
base narrowed above somewhat abruptly swollen, broad
nearly glabrous, lower lip longer than upper one. Stamens
2, filament^s filiform, anthers oblong. Capsule ^g^ inch
long, moderately thick pubescent.

Pahang, Tahan River woods (Ridley 2152); Selangor.
BukitHitam(Kelsall).

Distrib. Borneo.

This is closely allied to D, platypus but is distinct in its
erlabrous upper surface of the leaves shorter and broader
flower, broader sepals, and shorter thicker fruit. I
believe it is identical with the plant described by Mr.
Clarke.

29, Z). quinquevuhera, Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc, I.e. 328.

Stem woody 6 to 9 inches tall or less, covered with
brown wool. Leaves lanceolate acuminate acute serrate
narrowed to the base silky p I'jescent dark green 6 inches
long 2-2^ inches wide. Peduncles slender rosy white-
ciliate. Flowers numerous. Sepals lanceolate acute.
Corolla tube slender dilated forwards 3 inches long white,
two lipped lobes rounded crimson or violet purple edged
with white with yellow streaks in the throat. Stamens
rather thick sinuate, white, anthers reniform ovary
cylindric pubescent. Stigma cordate. Capsule cylindric
acuminate 3^ inches long.

Pahang, Kota Glanggi, Tahan Woods, abundant (Rid-
ley 2154 and 2144); Selangor, Pjihang Track 15th mile
(Ridley 8559).

Endemic. A most beau i if u I and floriferous plant, but
very impatient of cultivation, often growing in great
abundance on banks at low to about 1,500 feet elevation.

SO. D, atrosanguinea, Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. I.e. 328.

Stem woody 6 inches tall, ^ inch thick. Leaves lanceo-
late acute crenulate denticulate or dentate, hasp

A. Soc, No. 43, 1905.

48 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALA\ PENINSULA-

broad 9 inches long, 4 inches wide, deep green velvety
pubescent above, glaucescent, pubescent beneath with
elevated nerves and nervules. Peduncles 3 inches long
pubescent. Bract ovate. Sepals linear acute ^ inch long
pubescent red. Corolla pubescent deep red, yellow in the
mouth, tube 2 inches long dilate upwards, lobes subequal
ovate obtuse. Stamens 2 filaments .sinuous rather thick,
anthers semiovate. Style longer than the stamens pubes-
cent. Stigma rounded.

Pahang, Tahan woods (Ridley) and Trin^anu.

Endemic in woods.

31, D, hirauta^ n.sp.

Stem woody over a foot long, branched, densely hairy
above with long multicellular hairs. Leaves alternate
lanceolate acuminate narrowed to the l>ase petioled or
hardly so crenate densely hairy on both surfaces, 6 inches
long 1^ inch wide, petiole ^ inch long or less. Flowers
solitary on the peduncles in the lower and upper axils.
Peduncles very slender hairy 1 inch long. Sepals short
ovate lanceolate obtuse. Corolla narrow an inch and a
half long yellow pubescent. Capsule very narrow
cyclindric pubescent 3 inches long.

Perak, Goping (King's Coll. 715), Larut Hills (King's
Coll. 2529).

The Larut Hills plant is much less hairy than the one
from Goping but it appears to be the same. The distant
leaves are unique in this section.

S^. D, homhycina^ n.sp.

Stem branched woody 8 to 4 feet tall above closely
silky pubescent. Leaves lanceolate acuminate 4-6 inches
long 1 inch across narrowed to the base minutely crenu-
late densely silky pubescent, on both sides, nerves very
numerous and close. Pedicels short 1 inch long slender,
silky. Sepals ovate acute small silky. Corolla tube 1
inch long sparingly pubescent, white tinged with pink or
blue trumpet shaped.

Jour. Straits Branch

fi ■ i mffiffmm^mmmmmmmmmm

THE GESNERACE/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 49

Perak, Ulu Bubong 4-600 feet elt (King's Coll. 10587).

Eodemic. Near D, crinita^ but very different in ap-
pearance, much taller with narrower leaves and soft silky
grey pubescence. The flowers are also smaller.

33. D. crmita^ Jack, Mai. Misc. 1, 11, p. 1 ; Linn. Trans. V,

14, p. 83, t 3, f.2 ; Calc. Journ. Nat Hist 4, p. 53, t

15, fig. 2.

Stem woody pubescent 6 inches tall. Leaves narrow
lanceolate acute, narrowed to the base shortly and close-
ly serrate 6 inches long 1 inch wide dark green above
sometimes with a white longitudinal bar covered closely
with short velvety hair, beneath purple with longer hair
especially on the nerves. Peduncles about 1 inch long
villous, pedicels ^ inch. Bracts linear all villous. Sepals
narrow lamreolate acute villous ^ inch long. Corolla
white or usually pale hlue 1^-inch long pubescent tube
narrowed at the base dilated forwards lobes large round-
ed subequal. Stamens filaments filiform curved anthers
oblong with short lateral processes. Style and ovary
cylinrlric pubescf*nt. Stigma discoid. Capsule slender
cylindric 2-3 inches pubescent.

Spreng. Syst 2, p. 837, R. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. p.
118; Ann.Sc. Nat. 2. Vol. 13, p. 164 ; Uook, Bot Mag. t
4554; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat :\ 724 ; Clarke, Mono^r. l.c.93.

Pahang, Raub Track (Machado, H.B.S. 11575), Tahan
Woods (Ridley 2169), Sunsrei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cant-
ley); Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7577); Perak,
Larut Hills (Scortechini 294 and Ridley 2907) Kintr's
Collection 2157), Tapa (Curtis 3781); Penang, West
Hill (Curtis 410, Deschamps); Kedah, Gunong Terai
( Ridley), Tomoh (Machado) ; Kelantan, K wala Lebir ( [)r.
Gimlette).

Var. f 'urtisii.

Leaves oblanceolate acute serrate deep green with a
silvery central bar, covered with lonjr multicellular hairs
from a swollen base on both sides very dense and longer

R. A. Soc, No. 43, 1905.

52 THE CESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENIN'^ULA.

tall, with a few one flowered short brancbea. Bracts
linear oblong. Bpfwils linear oblong-, pubesceot Corolla
not seen. Ovarr cyHndric pubescent Style pubescent
Stigma small capitate. Capsule cvlindric pubescent I
inch long splitting nearly ti> the tip.

J oh or. Gunong Jaiieng (Kelsall).

Endemic.

ST. M mliciim Rid I, 'Vr^m. Linn, Soc, Ke. 329,

A small shrubby plant 3 Ui 6 inches tall simple or
branched glabrous below pubescent above. Leaves
numerous crowded above opposite narrowly lanceolate
acuminate glabrous serrate, 5-4 iiicbea long, \ inch wide,
pale green above reddish beneath petiole sleuder | inch
long ur legs. Fed unclea numerous crowded in the upper
axib very slender sUbrous red 2 inches long, branches
few divaricate pubescent. Flowers very small | mch
loutf pink, iSepals very narrow linear piibe5*«-ent Ho*
n*lla campfinulate, lobes ovate ncute, SUmen^ i^ fila*
mtfntsi short slender, anthers renifurm. Style longer than
the corolla, glabnms. Stigma stmiil capitate. Uaj>sule
cylindric acuminate | inch long.

Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2166). Endemic, stream
Imnks in woods.

SS, D, serrata, n.sp.

Stem woody 6 inches or less long. Leaves numerous
lanceolate acute, strongly toothed, teeth ^ inch long
acute, velvety green above, pale beneath, nerves 40
pairs, 8 inches long 1 inch wide, narrowed at base not
petioled glabrous above, midrib with pale hairs beneath.
Scape slender hairy 3 inches long. Flowers 4 or 5 nearly
sessile. Sepals ovate short hairy. Corolla trumpet-shap-
ed I inch long narrowed at base dilated upwards lower
lip longer than upper one, ^ inch wide 3 lobed, side lobes
rounded median loui^er cjblong, white stained with purple
outside, yellow in the mouth. Capsule very slender over
1 inch long pubescent pedicelled.

.lour, straits Hn\nch

THE GESNERACE.€ OF THE MALAY PKNIKSULA. 53

Perak, Larut Hills ou rocks in den^e forest, below the
Tea Garden», tit abtjut 1,000 feet altitude (Ridltry).

^ D. p€ct%9taut, Clarke, Hook* Ic. PK, t. 2246.

Sijiall shrubby plant, inches ur more tall branched
or simple. Li*avefi densely crowded nt the tojj glahrous
deeply pinniite 0-7 inches loii^, lobes g inch lon^ ^ inch
wide at the ba?^, blunt. Peduncles from the upper
axiin 5»*«vpral, pube^ejit finches long. Calyx ** dark
blue." Carol la white tomerito^e ^ inch loi>g txibe
eylindrie slightly intlated, upper lube tibovate rounded,
.^tatneim 2, tilautent^ cur**ed, anthers obltmg. Stauii-
node.^ abHftit. hinc tubular. Capsule ^-| inch long* pale
glabrous rather thick curved.

Selaij^or, liawang i liidley 7571)), Bukit Hltani (KeN
aall, IJ. B- S. 1981); Perak, limestone rocks 4-800 feet
alt. (Kiny*8Coll. 10711),

Ctideniic, hical banks of dtreatns and rucks.

ii, mtfTwu^falia^ D.sp,

Stem woody 4 to inches luntr. Leaves crowded at
the opt'OHitt* (jr allenmlt^ narruv^lv obionjr or ublong lan-
cecjiale, acuU% fmse narmwed, bluntly serrate 3-6 inches
long ^-J iuuh wide, above sj^jarititrly sprinkled with hairs,
midrib more hairy* tieuealh rndrlmh, uiidriband nerves and
reticulntions hairy, norves 21 i a ir^. petiole g inch lonif
red hairy. Scapes silender «i mches long hairy 1-4
Huwered. S^pal^ linear hairy ^ inch long. Corolla tub«s
eylindrie nnrrow half an inch lon|^. Capsule narrow
s*traii£ht eylindrie pubt^srent 1 inch long.

Britinh North Burneo, Bongaya, Labuk Bay (Uidley).

Allied to U, saliinna but with very different foliage.

S 6. AcQUttB*

40, U violacea, Eidl., Journ. Unti, Soc , SXXII, 5U9.

Rootstock short, erect 8t^m an inch lung densely
woolly, heaves niitueroui very uutM^ual ovate to lanceo*

tHK GES

IIF THK MALW rKMNSLILA

late acutp oblique t<>nthed, sesaile or petioled densely snit-
]y hftiry 2-ft inches Um^ 1 1 to 2^ inch wide narrowed at the
bise, peti*»le as much as 2 inches 1 *ng. Panicles 2-5 tncb*^a
long lax. brnnches slender pubescent. Calyx lobea oblong
lanceolate j} inch Um^ glabrous. Corolla tulK? trumpet*
shaped curved ^ inch lun^c violet, upper lobes short
recurved lower ones i inch lonofer. Stamens 2, filaments
lilifMrnL Ovary lontc terete. Style short. Sti^tna clubb«?d.
Capsule trlabroua cylinc^ric J inch long.

Perak. Hermitag;e Hill at 5000 feet elevation, on rocks
in the stream (Ridley ddOi^),

Endemic, A very curious plant the affinities of which
are t|4]ice doubtful

4L D. laciinom, Hook, fiL, Bot. Mag., 72S6.

Stem less. Leaves crowded oblong or ovnte corelate
tomentose petioled crenulAte 2-4 rnche** lon^ I J-8 inches
across nbote pubescent, beneath rusty tomentose e-'peni-
ally on the elevated nerves, petiole 2-4 Ini-hes long rtisty
tomentose. Scapes 4-B inches long 2 Uy ma^y tlowered
simple or 3 or 4 i»ranched at the top branches ^ inch lonsi.
Flowers noddiop:. Corolla an inch lung- deep violet blue,
tube narrow at the base gibbous inUated upwards, lobes
short rounded subetjual Stamens included curved swol-
len nej«r the base narrowed upwards, anther^! elliptic not
horned. Staminodes filiform ^ as loriiT, Pimtil linear
pubescent gradually narrowed into the style, Sttgtoa
very shortly bifid. Ciipnule 2 inches long linear,

Lankawi, Terutau un damp rocks (Curtis UJOri),

Endemic,

4^, iJ, Ptrdiia, n. sp.

Stem creeping wt>ody about 4 inches hmg, [.leai^ea
elliptic obtuse rounded peltate margins crenu late 3 inchet
long \\ inch wide above scabrid an<l sprinkled over with
hairs, beneath glabrous ex4 ept fot the tnidrib and nerves

Jour stmtu 0r«*irli

THE GESNERACE.« OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 55

which are hairy with appr&ssed hairs, mur^in with hairs
OQ the crenulatiarL'*, petiole 1-2 inches h>nt5 hairy.
Pedoricles slender 4 inche^j \on^, auhterminal hairy.
Calyx lobes lanceolate pubescent, <*urolla not seen.
Capsul*^ ha(f an inch lonj^ mtrrowed suddenly into the
style and ooly splitting" as far »h the base <»f rhe styl**.
Stigma subbilobed large.

SinKap<.)re, Selitar very rare (Ridley).

I found two plants of this together in a am ill ravine
uear Selitar in 1BS9, one in fruit Since then the locality
has be+*n destroyed by cultivation and the plant has
disappeared and is probably extinct as these plants are
very local in their distribution and I hive never seen
anything like it elsewhere.

4$, D, puti^Hiculata^ Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc,.^ XXXfl, olU.

Almost stemless. Leaves crowded elliptic or obcuneate
or nearly ohlanceulate, iuae^iuilateral bise trurjcate, cre-
iiate puncticulaU? hispid, 3 inches lon^ I ^ inch wide or
smaller, nerves betteath elevated hairy. [Vduncles sub-
teriiiinai 3 inches lon^r slender thickening in fruit, hairy.
Sepals lanceolate acute ,*j inch long hairy. Corolla ^
inch long hairy violet, tube short broad campanuUte,
lower lip longer than the upp*^r one, lol>es oblong obtuse.
Stamens very short H laments thick, anthers large conic
shield shaped. Style longer pubescent. Capsule | inch
\ong thick hispid.

Johor, Ounong Panti (Ridley).

Endemic.

4i. A heterophiftht, Riil., Trans. Linn. Soc. I.e. 329.

Stem short with a long woody root, woolly above.
Leaves crowded very variable in siste obovate oblique
or lanceolate, creauUte obtuie, 4 inches long 1^ inch
wide or les-*, above dark green purplish in the centre,
glabri»ua» iwneath reddish nerves raised covered with
rnd wool on the back. P*^dnnclas slender hairy S
♦iiehes h»»»g, branches short an I few. Flowers few

4. Hcie , Nit tjr, tww

56 THE UESNERACB/C: OF TQB UALAV PENINSULA.

t^mail. Sepals linear pabeftcent ^ mcli looi^. Corolla
ciimpanulate ^ inch lung violet p*ibesoent. Style longer,
pubescent* Capsule cyUndric c«rve«l BcumiDiite 1 inch
loitg' glabrou!<i, splitting for nearly the whole length,

Pahaitg, Tahan River (Ridley 2170) ; Johor, Ounong
.faneog (Kelsalh.

Sridernic. This and the t*o preceding npecie* belong
to a set f HI ire chiiriictenstic of Borneo and the interme*
diate isUnii8 \\^u uf the peninsula.

D, pumifft, R.itp«

Stem niender woody 1-3 inches long. Leaves crowd-
ed at th^ top elliptic obovate obtuse narrowed at the
base and inaequiUteral 4-1 J inch long ^-1 wide above
silky pubescent beneath dotted with swollen hair-baHes,
nerves about 6 pairs elevnted hairy with Hpprei-ised hairs.
Peduncles slender erect purple with silky appreffi*ed
white hairs 2-S inches till «)*ibterniinal. Flowers 1-2
terminal very shortly pedicnlleil. Uraot lin«*ar purple.
Calyi lul^es linear purple puliHi«cent« CorolU ^ inch
long with a short broad tube pubescent purplish white
hardly bilabiate lobes rounded pinkish white. ^tAinens
2, filaments slender short filifortii. Ovary slender cylir»-
drio. Style longer than stamens. Stigma di^c^^iid. Cap-
sule | inch long teieta upcurved splitting along the
upper ed^e minutely pubescent

Selangor, The (tap — Semangko I'^as^ alt, 304)0 feet
(Curtis 3782) (liurn Murdoch k
EDdemic. On mostly banks.
i>, lilnt'infM, Ridl., Trans. Linn, Soc, l.c.p, SSO.

Stem 12-15 inches long, entirely leafy brown pubes-
cent. Leaves alternate Hpreading lanceolate crenate
dentate pubpscent dark green putiescent, 4 ineh*^ long I
inch wide, petiole I inch long. Pedicels numenms rising
from r4ie petiole near the le«if blade slender J inch long
pubescent Sep i Is vei y short lanceolate hispid. Co-
rolla campanulat^^ rosy violet sparingly pubescent, lobes

inur MtradH HnLoch

THE GESNBUACR^ Of THE MALAY PEBrt^fdULA. 57

oWong rounded. Stamens 2, filaments thick with slen-
der l»8P9, anthers reniform. Style shurt»?r than the co-
roll h puhe^rent. Stigma capitate, Cap8ute | inch rather
thick cylindric with a sfiort lieak.

Pahan^, Tahan River (Ridley 2165).

Etidemic. Quite unlike any tither specHea of Didifmo-
carpus knowQ to me, and it mi^ht perhaps l)e >renerically
distinguished.

J. C/jiViiA, Buch-Uain.

llerha or slender shrubs. Leaves opposite often un-
eijimU nr whirried or alternate elliptic or oyate. Pedun-
cles axillary one or more tiowerftd. Hractii free or
connate, small or lar^e, calyx 5 lobed with acute lobes,
usual ty large. Corolla infundi bull form or tubular ven-
tricoBe blue or white, two lipped, lobes niuuded. Stamens
2, tilatiieutH filiform {geniculate, anthens rounded coiiiiivent
often hairy. Disc anrmlar. Ovary cyliridric linear. Style
usually \ong, Stiirina ovate or narriiw, hidd, Oapsule
lon|^ cyltndrtc.

Speete)<t ^B. India, (Jhina and Malay lalaods.

Bracts free.
Stem tall branched cymes axillary 1. C\ Miata

Stem l*i inchfis or \b9»^ cymes subterminal.
[^eaves ovate. Corolla 1^ iuch lon|^ 2. C. oalujinosa

Corolla } inch ion<
Leaves lanceolate alternate

Bracts connate

Tube 4 ^uch long, limb dhort

Tube very i^hort, limb ovate

I Ch. elatn, Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc, XXX 11, 5 1 8.

\ tall rouj^h hi^rb 2 feet biiJ^h, ste u angled branched.
Leaves 3 ti) 6 inches long l|-3 inches wide ovale in-
aequilateral acute toothed, hairy, with elevated nerves

R A, 8oc, No. 4S. I9O0

C. tfiola

C. uricta

C* rupfstris

€, Gkugovii

58 THE GESNEltACE.E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,

hispid, petioles slender 1 inch long, cymea lateral axillary
3 inches long hispid. Sepals lanceolate acumhiate hairy
^ inch long. Corolla funnel sh^iped hairy 1 inch lou*^
claret color, lobei short niuuded subeiiual ^ inch acrosn.
Stamen^i 2, filaments slender, anthers oblong. Statninodes
ijhort with abortive anthers. O^^ary short pubescent,
Stif^ma peltate sub-bilobed. Capsule straight cylindric .

Perak, Larut Hills (Wray 2985) (Curtis 2038) Ridlev
21HI),

Rndemic. In banks in wood, a species very unlike the
rest of the genus^ but it is difficult to place it anywhere
else.
CL caliginosa, Clarke, Mon. Phan., 122.

A soft herb a foot or more till often branched, Leav^es
opposite ovate acumin ite, base broad or cun»5>ite very
inaequi lateral, murifius entire or slightly toothed 2^-4
inches long 1-2 inches w\ih^ closely pubescent, t^etiole jp
inch long. Flowers several axillary, pedicels |-l inch
long pubescBuL Sepals I an ceo 1 rite acuminate hairy \ inch
long. Corolla IJ inch long azure blue* tube narrow at
the base broadly infuDdibuliform at the apex pubes^rent,
lobes large rounded } inch across the lips* Stamens 2^
anthers globose covered with long hairs at base. Style
slender pubescent. Stigma bilobed lobes linear. Capsule
long 3 inches slender cylindric curved.

Selangur, Kuala Liiinpur Ctivei (H^cciri) (Ridley)
(Curtis 235^); Perak, Kuala Diptrig (Curtis 3lO'JK H^t^'
Kuran (Scortechini 1582).

On limestone rocks local but abundant A beautiful
plant.

Endemic. Beccan*s looality is given (Lc.^as KUng like
several other limestone rock plants from his collection
doubtless obtained at the Kuala [jumpur Caves.

CL viola^ Kidl., Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXIl, p. 51G.

A herb 2 to U) inches tall pubescent. Leaves ovata
acute crenftte or serrate or entire very une(|ual 2-6 incbea

Jour. HtmltM Br»#»ch

I II ii i f iJi ^w^tippmuppwipi—

THE GESNERACE.f: OF THE JVIALAY PENINSULA. 59

long 1^-3 inches wide, petiole ^ inch long. Cymes short
few-flowered. Flowers small pedicels 4 inch long. Sepals
lanceolate acute hispid nearly ^ inch long. Corolla j
inch lonvT violet, tube narrow at the base thin dilate
trumpet-shaped, upper lobes short rounded, lower ones
ovate obtuse longer, median one longest elliptic* all violet
with darker streaks a patch of yellow glandular hairs in
the mouth. Stamens 2 exsert, anthers yellow ovoid with
a thickened connective, ciliate at the base, with a black
spot on each anther, filaments attached to the mouth of
the tube. Ovary pubescent Stigma obliquely bifid,
lobes linear obtuse. Capsule terete acute 1^ inch long
minutely pubescent

Liankawi Islands (Curtis 2570).

Distrib. S. Siain, on limestone rocks.

4. Ch, sertceoy n. sp.

Herb 3-6 inches tall simple or branched woolly. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate acute or acuminate base unequal
cuneate 2-3 inches long ^ inch wide, margins entire, both
sides densely covered with short silky hairs. Petiole ^
inch to I inch long. Flowers 1-2 axillary pedicels ^ inch
or less silky hairy, ebracteolate. Sepals narrow linear
acuminate densely silky hairy. Corolla blue rarely white,
tube half as lontr aorain as sepals, lobes broader unequal
oblong all hairy Style slender wrlabrous. Stigma bilobed
lobes elliptic. Capsule cyliudric 1^ inch long, silky
hairy.

Perak, Ipoh, limestone rocks (Curtis 3131).

Var. Scorttchinii,

Capsule shorter ^ inch lonjr, and thicker ^inch through
splittinic longitudinally into 2 valves. Corolla tube
straight, lobes of lower lip broad.

Pnrak. (Scortechini 1126 and 102/.).

Endemic.

5. Ch. rnpestris^ n. sp.

A herb about 4-10 inches tall, stem simple or branched
glabrCvScent Leaves opposite or alternate thin ovate

11 A. Soc, No. 43, 1905.

60 THE Ub&.NEKACE/l^: OF THE MALAY PENINSUU4.

obtuse 1-3 inches lonir i^-2^ inches wide above sprinkled
with multicelltilar hairs. Flowers axillary on a ppduru^le
^ inch \ou^ hairy 1-2 sessile enclosed in a green cupuiar
bilobed bract \ inch long edges recurved and covered
with (iiiilticellular hairs. Sepals narrowly lanceolate
linear hairy nt*arly i inch lon^, Oorolla tube as loutf a»
the bract, hairy lilue, little long^er than the sefial lobes,
rotirided. Style and ovary slender hairy. Capsule
cyiiudric slender curred 2^ inches long.

T.ankawi on damp rocks (Curtis 2 1*20 ).

Endemic,

i?. 67*. GUsgovii, n.sp.

A weak herb one foot tall branched. Loavea ovate

obtuse thin, 1-3 inches long }-2 inches wide, base round-
ed, retuse nerves o pair» alternnte, above sprinkled with
multicellular hairs, beiieatlj paler with a few hairs (»n the
nerves otherwise nearly glabrous, petiole slender 12
inches long glabrous. Bract convolul^ biluljed, loljes
ovate hairy I inch long. Sepals lanceohdM ncuminat«
narrow hairy \ inch long. Corolla tube 1 inch long
minutely hairy ditrk viulet. Capsule cvtinilric curved 3
inches long glabrous.

Perak, Waterloo near Kualu Kant^^sa \k^., itu-oert^dun-
Glasgow).

Endemic,
C'/r, For htm ^ n,ftp.

Stem over a foot tall zigzag, internodes 1^ inch long
gUbruus. Leaves altertmte ovate acumimite 6 ittoheg
long 3 inches acruss base unequal, sprinkled tin botl»
sides with sport pale conic niultioel hilar hairs, petiole
^- j inch long angled and ribbed* Peduncles axillary on
both :^ide'^ of the stern, slender short ^-^ iiith h»ng hairy
lieariiig 2 or 3 tiowers on short pedicels. Hracts ovate
hairy not connate ^ inch long raducous. Calyx, tubular
cylindric ^ inch long shortly lob«*d with 5 ovate lubes.
Cuiolla white | inch long pubescent. Stigma Inlld wirh

,lc»uf Htr»iia finuirli

mn^m^m^mmmmmmm

THE GESNERACE/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 61

ovate lobes. Disc cjlindric short. Capsule cjlindric 3
inches long. Style short.

Sumatra, side of Lin tang* river edge of forest (Forbes
2579 and 40). Straggling shrub. Flowers white, alt.
900 feet.

Endemic.

6. LoxocarptiSj Br.

Herbs scapigerous. Leaves ovate or oblong petiolate
pubescent. Flowers 1 or more in a peduncled cyme,
blue. Sepals 5 free to base or nearly so. Corolla
campanulate small hardly bilabiate, lobes rounded.
Stamens 2, filaments short thick sinuate, anthers reniform
large. Ovary oblong. Style longer than stamens.
Stigma capitate. Capsule follicular
along the upper edge.

Species 7. Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
Flowers 1 or 2

Cyraes dichatomous many tlowered
Capsule short and broad
Capsule horn shaped

I, L, seinitorta^ Ridl.

Stemless. Leaves numerous ovate or oblong obtuse
rather thick base broad ^-1 inch long ^-| inch wide
above green silky, beneath with thick red woolly raised
nerves, petiole 1-2^ inches long thick red woolly. Scapes
slender 'J-'J^ inches long silky. Flowers 1 or 2. Calyx
lobes lanceolate hairy ^ inch long. Corolla ^ inch long^
tube broad oblique pale blue with violate streaks in the
throat, lobes very short and indistinctly marked.
Stamens filaments short curved anthers reniform purple.
Style and ovary hairy shorter than corolla, larger than
stamens. Capsule ^ inch long horn shaped acuminate
with the persistent style, base swollen.

Dtdi/mu('(irpus senntortUy Clarke, Mon. Phan. p. UO,

R. A. Soc. No. 43, 1905.

conic

dehiscing

semitorta

, incana

. caernlea

62 TIIK GKSNKKACE^E t^F TUB MALAY l*KNI>rsULA.

Miiiacca, Mt Opbin (Griffith 383G) (Maingaj 1220)

(Ridley 3184) and all collectors-
Endemic, Oq rocks in the stream, "' The ^ount Ophir

Violet."

^. L. incann, RBr, Benn. PL Jav, Rar; 115, 120 Ann, Nat Sci,

2, Vol 13, p, 167,

Stemless, Leaver ovate cordate s^^rruUte anbacut
silky tiimento^e a hove and beneath 1-3 inches long j-li
inch wide petiole |-1 inch long", fed uncles 2-4 inches
long above dichotonaously branched viscid hairy,
Fluwera few or numerous. Calyx lobes lanceolate
pubescent hmry white tinted green. Uorolla tube
straight thick upper lubes oblojtg rectirved, lower lobes
oblong, blue, filaments straight, pistil conic, style su>iit.
Stigma capimt*\ Capsule ovoid tip upcurved* hairy.

Mif4uel, Fl. Ind. H^L 2, 737. U atala, A. 1><- C., Prodr.

Ditit^moijai'pu^ tmjttua, Kenth. and Hnok, Geii. PL 2,
K)22; Clarke, M-mojr, p. m.

Penang, Govt. Hill, Waterfall (Curtis 297) (Maingay
• 1228) (Wallich 809, Loxouia? ahta); Selingor, Buki't
Kut«i (Ridley); Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley); Bujoiig
Malacca (Ridley 9782). A very small form with remark-
able slender peduncles.

Bndemic. On rocks.

d. L, caeruleuy Didqmocm'pus caerulea, Ridl., Journ. Linn. Sue,
XXXII, 513.

Stemless or n^^arly so. Leaves several ovate base
cordate serrate inaequilateral long petioled 2-6 inches
long 1^-4 inches wide, siNy hairy above tomentose
beneath, petiole 2-8 inches long pubescent. Peduncles
6-12 inches tall viscid hairy. Cymes compact or branched
with 2 or 3 branches, 2 inches long. Flowers numerous.
Bracts lanceolate narrow. Sepals lanceolate narrow
shorter than the tube. Corolla pubescent 2 lipped § inch

Jour. .Straits Branch

m,m m

w^mmmm

THK GESNKKACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

long as wide, tube short broad campaDulate, upper lobes
oblong obtuse, lower ones truncate, median one longer,
blue with a violet mouth. Stamens exsert, filaments
suddenly thickened in the middle sigmoid, anthers con-
nate deep violet. Style slender. Capsule |-^ inch long
lanceolate acute hornshaped upcurved viscid.

Perak, Larut Hills at 5000 feet alt (Ridley) (Kings
Coll. 6990) (Scortechini 1427), Gunong Bubu (Wray
3809) ; Selaugor, Bukit Uitam (Kelsall).

Endemic. On rocks.

7, Paraboea,

Herbaceous plants or with a shrubby stem. Leaves
usually in a rosette tomentose or hairy. Flowers small
white or pink in simple or panicled cymes, peduncle
usually long calyx small. Corolla white explanate cam-
panulate with a very short tube, distinctly two lipped or
nearly regular, lobes equal oblong or unequal blunt.
Stamens 2 fertile, filaments thick short, anthers large 2-
celled connivent by the tips. Disc none. Ovary sessile.
Style longer thjin the stamens stout. Stigma small
capitate. Capsule straight narrow slender not twisted
splitting longitudinally.

Species about 20. Sinm-MaLiya.

Campitnulfitae. Corolla campanulate.
Panicle large many flowered.
Leaves hairy L P. cordata

Flowers few 2 or 3 only
Leaves almost or quite glabrous
Leaves elliptic nearly entire 2.

Leaves ovate crenate 3.

Leaves lanceolate linear 4.

Flowers very small crowded in a
head few. Leaves pubescent 5.

P, campanulata
J^, Scortechinii
P, caeruha

P, pyroli flora

K. A. Soc, No. 43, 1905

64 THE tJESNERACE.^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

£. Et-eviftor€%. Corolla tube verj short

Cyme compact

Corolla not 2 iippad, lobea equal

Leav^es ochreous beneath

Flowers m a simple he&d 6.

Inflorescence branched 7.

Leaves purple beneath B.

Branches of cyme slender

(Jorolla \\\\^% subequal

Back uf l^ave.^ ouhretius tomentoae 9»

Back of leaves red woolly lU.

Lower lip of cnrolla longer than upper

Leaves sfrnthulete coarsely dentute IL

Leaves obluntj eUiptic creuate VI,

Leaver yellow beneafcb 13,

P. capitata
P, ferrtiginca

/^ potiia
P, vuipinti

t^CHt'tijtii
P. obovaia

1. A mrdatii, HidL

A ' tal I her b 2 feet high stem pu besee r 1 1. Lea v es o p r>o -
wite ovate acuurintitje inae((t*i lateral at Ixise dentate
sparingly hispid iibuveand Ijeneatli, nerves lU pair^^hfiiry
beneath 6-7 inch^bt long, 4 iriche^i wide petiole I inches
long. Peduncles stout 6-8 inches long pubescent be ir-
ing a spreading panicle 4-6 inches loni^r. Bracts in pnirs
at the base of each bifurcation ovate glabrous ^ inch
long. Pedicels slender ^ inch long glabrous. Sepals
lanceolate free to base glabrous ^ inch long, ('orolia
campanulate ^ inch long white tinted violet lobes short
equal rounded, with 2 rows of glands on each. Stamens
2, filaments short anthers subglobose large, fctaminodes
minute pistil slender glabrous no disc. Capsule sausage
shaped 4 angled 1^ inch long glabrous rather thick split-
ting on two sides. Seeds minute deep red oblong.

DidipHocarpus cordata^ Jack, K. Br. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar.
p. 119^ Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, Vol. 13, p. 164; Dec. Prodr. 9,
p. 265 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2, p. 726 ; Clarke, Mon. Phau.
I.e. 84, t. IX.

Juur. straits Braucli

THE GESNEHACEjEUF THE M ALA V PENINSULA. 65

Penang (WaUicb 781 ) (W. Fox) (Curtis 452) (Maingay
1224); Perak« Larut Hills) (Scortechlni 296 aod 400a)
(Ridley 2913 and 10682) (Kiog^s Coll. 2227, 2331 and

6378).

Common oe rocks, alt. 2-6000 feet

Native name ^'Bunga Chimba," Endemic.

Var* d^bili^, RidL, Trans* Linn. See, I.e. 514. Rbizome
fleshy^ stem 6 inches tall pubescent Leaves thin ovate
oblique, base obtuse, apex acute or subacute, margin ere-
iiate dentate, sparingly hispid 1^-4 inches long 1-2 inches
long. Panicle 4-6 inches long glabrous weak, few
branched branch esshoit and thin. Bracts ovate. Flowers
emaller.

Kedafa, Gunong Jerai (Eidley).

Van ctphiremiif Hidl., Lex.

Tall and weak. Leaves thin lanceolate subacute or
acute narrowed at the base 6 inches long 2 inches wide.
Panicle weak glabrous. Bracts lanceolate. Flowers
smaller, white. Fruit smaller curved | inch long.

Malacca, Mount Ophir. On a big cliff in the foreat
beluw Padang Batu (Ridley 3183).

£• P, campanulata, n.sp.

Stem slender herbaceous a foot tall shortly hairy.
Leaves opposite in distant pairs elliptic acute entire or
obscurely crenulate, above glabrous except the edge
fringed with multicellular hairs beneath, glabrous except
the midrib and elevated nerves about 12 pairs scurfily
hairy 2^-3| inches long 1^ inch wide, petiole scurfy hairy
l^-g long. Peduncles subtermiual 1 J inch long 1 flowered
refous hairy. Bracts 2 alternate linear minute, Pedicel
^ inch. Sepals linear hairy ^ inch long* Corolla com-
panulate half an inch long apparently white, lobes broad
rounded. Stamens 2 very short anthers subglobose.
Style slender pubescent Capsule (unripe) eylindric
velvety } inch long including the style.

m. A, soc.. No. 4s. im^

66 THE GESNKUACKiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Setangor. Above the Gap on the road to the Sem-
patig- mine 3-4000 feet (Curtis), a single^specinaen*

A very distinct plant of a weedj habit with solitary
How ers of the type of P. cordifolia.

S, P. Scortechi>tit\ nsp.

Stem herbaceous glabrous. Leaves opposite ovate
acuminate, base rounded ina equilateral, margins crenate,
quite glabrous, nerves 8 pairs, 3-3^ inches long 1-2^
inches wide» petiole ^ inch long. Peduncle slender erect
subtermirial 3 inches long glabious, branches dichotomoua
few I inch long. Flowers solitary on the ends of the
branches. Sepals free almost to the base oblong obtuse
I inch long glabrous, fleshy. Corolla campanulate -^ inch
long glabrous lobes rounded. Anthers broad elliptic,
filaments very short.

Perak, (Scortechini no number or locality). A single
incomplete specimen. The plant is allied to P, cordi/olin
of which it has quite the fluwer^» bur. the whole thin^
is quite glabrous.

4. P* rmrukii, n.sp.

*Stem woody 3-4 inches long ^ inch through. Leaves
crowded at the top iianuwly lanceolate 11 near acuminate
narrowed gradually t<> the bane 4-5 inches long \ inch
wide above dark green nearly glabrous, midrib proitii-
netit, beneath pale dark green nearly glabrous, midrib
prominent, beneath pale cinnamon color, nerves about 30
pairs joined at the tips. Peduncles slender axillary 4 inch-
es lung pubescent 1-2 Howered. Sepals linear J inch
long obtuse. Corolla campauulate \ inch long and
nearly as wide at the base pubescent, base pale, lobf^
deep blue, lobes rtjunded. Stamens 2, ti laments very
short sigmoid, anthers broad rounded oblong. Style
fairly stout. Stigma heart shaped. Capsule very nar*
row cylindric 1 inch long.

Tringanu, Bundi ( E. Rostado). The upper part of
the stem among the leaves ia covered with silvery hairs.

Jnnr. Stratu Bnmeli

THE t;E8NERACE/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 67

The habit of this plant is quite that of Stilpnothiix
ornata {Didusandrn ornnta, Clarke) a native of Borneo,
but it has only 2 not 4 stamens. It differs very much
in habit from all others of the genus.

P. pyroUjlora, RidL

Stem woody 3 inches tall or more, pubescent Leaves
alternate, ovate or ovatelanceolate acuminate at both
ends 3-4 inches long 1^ inch wide entire bright green,
silky pubescent above, beneath paler, petiole over an
inch long pubescent. Peduncles several from the upper
axils erect 3-4 inches long shortly hairy. Sepals lanceo-
late short pubescent. Corolla campanulate funnell
shaped white Jj inch long lobes short rounded. Sta-
mens 2, illamehts short Hnd thick, anthers large elliptic.
Style thick curved upwards longer than the corolla.
Stigma very small capitate. Capsule spreading an inch
long terete, terminated by rather a long style, glabrous.

Didymocarpm ptjrolifiora, Ridl., Trans, Linn, Soc,
p. 330.

Pahang, Tahan river woods (Ridley 2164).
Kndemic,

P. capitaia, n.sp.

Stemless, or with a stout rootstock. Leaves in a
rosette orbicular base rounded subpeltate 6 inches lung
5 inches wide bright green glabrous above ocre yellow
beneath toiiientose, nerves raised reticulate, petiole stout
2 inches long. Peduncle slender 8 inches tall. Flowers
numerous in an umbel! at the t*>p, with two broad blunt
oblong bracts J inch long, below. Pedicels ^ inch long.
Calyx campanulate lobes linear oblong obtuse ^ inch long
green hairy Corolla } inch across lobes subequal round-
ed, white. Filaments very short straight, anthers
reniform. Style curved up longer white. Capsules
spreading linear straight beaked 1| Inch long.

Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3215), Ramuning
(Machado) on limestone rocks.

68 THE GESNERACE.« OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Var* ohlongifoUcu Leavea oblong narrowed %% the
base.

Fer&k, Kual» Dipang and SuDgei Siput (Curtis 3107),
Tambun (Ridley 9832), Batu Kurau (Scortechiui 1581
and 4325), Goping {King'b Collection 456).

Endemic. The leaves are very variable. In one plant
from Sungei Siput the leaves are narrowly lanceolate
tapering acutely into the petiole, 9 inches loog by 2
inches wide. In some plants the bracta at tbe base of
the cyme are developed into very small leaves of the
ehape and coloring of the basal leaves.

7. P. ferruginea, n.ap.

Stemless or nearly so. Leaves in a rosette ovate cor-
date obtuse creuulate above covered with scattered hairSi
below toroentose with longer hairs paler nerves elevated,
d inches long 2} inches wide, petiole 1^-2 inches long.
Peduncles 3 inches long ferruginous-tomentose. Cyme
compact ttcorpioid ferruginous-hispid. Calyx lobes as
long as the corolla green ferruginous-hii^pid lanceolate.
Corolla tube very short limb explanate notVilabiate lobes
broad obovate obtuse subequal and similar, white or
tinted with rose. Stamens 2 short, lilaments bro^
spathulatB thick, apex three toothed, anthers conic coo*
nate by tbe lips, btyle no longer. Uvary conic. Stif^ma
rounded entire discoid.

Laukawi on damp rocks (Curtis 2566).

Endemic,

8. i*. regulaviit RidK

Stem woody 1 ^ inch long. Leaves crowded at the top
very unequal oblong lanceolate obtuse base cuneatd
iuaequi lateral creuulate dark ^reen glabrous above pur-
ple minutely tomeutoae beneath with elevated nerves 3
inches long 1^ inches wide* petiole 1^ inch long toojen*
tose. Peduncles slender pubescent an inch long, branches
very shurt and slender ^ inch long umljelled brown
tomentose. Bracts lanceolate obtuse. Flowers few verj

Jour. HtimlU BrMie^

THE GKSNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 69

small very shortly pedicelled. Calyx lobes lanceolate
brown tomentose as long as the corolla tube. Corolla
hardly ^ inch acrosa white lobes oblong obtuse equal not
bilabiate. Stamens 2 filaments ai jy:moid thick, anthers
rounded ovaid. Style longer. Stigma capitate. Capsule
^ inch long cylindric scabrid rather thick, straight*

Dititimocarpus regularis, Ridl, Journ. Linn. Soc,
XXXU. 515.

Lankawi Islands (Curtia).
Endemicj

'p. polita, n.sp.

Stemlesa. Leaves in a rosette ovate crenate obtuse,
base rounded above deep shining green, beneaih ocreous
tomentose with nerves and nervutes reticulate /*8 iiicbea
long 4-4^ inches wide, petiole i inches long. Peduncle
over a foot long slender with brown ocreous fur, branches
few 3 inches long, umbellate. Bracts linear oblong
obtuse bf'^wn woolly. Pedicels ^ inch long, Calyx
lobes linear green | inch long. Corolla subbilobed ^ inch
across white back tinted pink, lobes rounded. Stamens,
2, filameut<4 thickened at the base, anther orange reni-
form. Style stout pink at base white above. Stigma
capitate.

Perak, Bujoug Malacca (Curtis 3214 part).

Perhaps a hybrid between i\ capitata and F. vulpina.

Endemic.

10, P, vuipinay Q.8p.

Stem 2 inches long thick covered with red wooL
Leaves elliptic rounded at each end crenulate above
sprinkled with pale multicellular hairs, beneath covered
densely with branched rufous hairs arranged stel lately,
nerves beneath strongly elevated, 6 pairs, reticulations
elevated If -3 inches lotig 1-2 inches wide, petiole 1-8
inches densely red woolly. Peduncles slender 6-8 inches
long red, with a few branched hairs branches slender 1*3

ft, a«S«C.,No. 11, 1006.

,70 THE OKSSERACE^ QF THK MALAY PENINSULA.

inches long, trichotomous. Bracta very small tloear
obtu&e glabrous. Sepals narrow linear glabrous, Curulla
white J inch across lobes roundeii subequal* Stamens 2
anthers very large reniforra. Style short thick. Capsule
cylindric narrow glabrous.

Perak, Bujong Malaooa (Curtis 3211), Hot Springi^
Ipoh (Curtis 3132).

Kndemic. On limestOQe rocks.

11, P. laa^^ ii.sp.

Stem very abort woody and thickly brown tomentose.
Leaves obovate coarsely creoate serrate, narrowed at
the base into the winged petiole 3-7 inches long 2-3
inches wide dull green densely hairy tomentose on both
surfaces. Peduncle alender 5-6 inches long terminated
by a much branched umbel of slender branches 3 inches
long. Pedicels slender ^ inch long. Flowers numerous,
bracts very small. Calyx shortly 5 cleft, lobes lanceo-
late short green. Corolla | inch across white or tinted
rosy, upper lobes broad oblong recurved lower lips
shortly tritid central lobe broadest. Filaments short
swollen ill the middle, anthers yellow reoiform. Style
I longer. Capsule linear cylindric straight 4 i^^^^ ^^^^

tipped with the elongate style.

Lanka wi at Kwah (Curtis 2571).

Endemic.

'■ P. Cuftim^ n.8p.

Stemless. Leaves oblong elliptic crenate obtuse 6
inches long 2^ inches wide, above sprinkled with hairs,
petiole rufous hairy 1^ inch long. Scapes 10 inches long
rufous tomentose bearing an umbel of 4 or 5 branchee
at the top about 2 inches long. Bracts at base of umbel
oblong obtuse ^ inch long. Pedicels short rufous tomen-
tose. Calyx lobes linear oblong obtuse hairy ^ inch long.
Corolla ^ inch across white buds tinted pink, tube very
short limb bilobed upper lobe^ short rounded, lower
lobes larger. Stamens filaments very short thick curved,

Jour. Stmito Eimacli

THE GKSNERACEyE OF TMK MALAV l*KNINSUL\. 71

fintfaers reniform trianguliir. Style ruuch longer than
stamens bent, ovary cyliudric. Sug'iua wider discoid.
Capsule (unripe) cylindric acuminate straight,

Perak, Bujon^ Malacca (Curtis 32 li).
Endemic.

IS* P, ohovaia^ n.sp.

Stem abort. Leaves crowded at the top thin obovate
blunt base cutieate 3 inches long 1 J inch wide thinly ara*
chnoid on both surfaces, beneath yeilowiab, petiole ^
inch longp Peduncle slender 3-6 inches long g-labroua,
branches few twrininal. Bracts narrowly oblong obtnse.
Sepals oblong obtuse glabrous. Corolla { inch across
lower lip longer than upper one lobes oblong tounded.
Stamens 2, anthers reniform, filaments short and thick.
Style short and thick, Sti 4^ma capitate.

Lanka wi, Gunong Chinchang (Unrtis).

One specimen only seen.

8, Boea^ Comers.

Herbs or shrubleta with a woody stem. Leaves opposite or
whorled, generally on the back. Peduncles axillary usually
elongate, laxly or compactly cyroose or panicled. Bracts small.
Flowers large or small blue or white. Calyx of 5 narrow
sepals. Corolla widely campanulate with a short tube usually
distinctly billobed, lobes ovate obtuse.

Stamens 2 perfect with short curved thick tilamentd,
anthers ovoid coherent, cells ovoid. Disc absent ovary sessile.
Style as long glabrous abovp^ Stigma s ma I capitate. Ciipsule
slender cylindric or fusiform cylindric, when ripe spirally
twisted. Seeds minute.

Species about 22. India, Siarn, Chma and Malaya, >^r>^rfiM
tall leafy, leaves woolly.

Flowers 1^ inch across 1. /i. pumturaiu

Flowers under an inch across^

Leaves vvbite beneath 2. //. verticiH*Hn

A. So«., No. 4n, tftlG.

72 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Leaves yellow brown beneath 3. B. caerulcsctns

Stem short white woolly about 6
inches, Peduncle aa long 4, B» eie^aiu

Stems short woolly

Peduncles shorter than leaves 5. B. lanata

Stems abort woody, leaves crowded

at the not top woolly

Peduncles no longer than leaves 6. B, acutijalia

Peduncle tall slender widely 7. B. divaricata

branched, Stems woody branched

Peduncles shorter than the leaves 8» B. suffnUicoia

Peduncles tall slender, branches

umbellate 9, B, pai^fiora

B, j^aniculata^ Ridl., Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXII, 519*

Stem base woody 4 inches or more long J inch tbick^
above a rosette of leaves, upper part of stem l-?feet long
fltout deeply grooved, white arachnoid, branches numerous
whorled etect G inches long covered with brown wool.
Leaves crowded in a rosette at the top of the woody
portion of the stem lanceolate acuminate narrowed for a
long distance at the base 6 inches long I inch wide above
grey arachnoid, beneath greyish white with cinnamon
colored raised nerves. Bracts 4 or 5 at each whorl of
branches leafy. Flowers numerous pedicels ^ inch long.
Sepals short lanceolate pubescent ^ inch long. Corolla
tube very short limb I^ inch wide blue, lobes large round-
ed unequal. Filaments short and thick ^ inch long.
Style curved as long. Capsule | inch long thick.

Selangor, limestone rocks, Kuala Lumpur (Kelsall and
Ridley 1970. 1976 and 8226) ; Perak, Sungei Siput
(Curtis ai05), Kuala Dtpang (King's ColL 8271X Batu
Kurau (Scortechini 1611)*

Endemic. A superb plant growing in the cracks of
limestone rocks.

Jour, stntti Bnynli

THE UESNEKACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 73

i?. B. vArikillata, Ridl., Jourti. Linn. Soc, XXXIl, 519.

Stem base woody 3 inches or more long* nearly ^ inch
ID diameter, above herbaceous 1^ feet tall 4 angled white
araohooid with branches whorled each whorl 3 inches or
less apart. Leaves whorted lanceolate acuminate narrow*
ed at the base into a petiole, 4 inches long J inch wide or
naore, above grey arachnoid beneath white arachnoid with
raised nerves. Bracts leafy 4- J inch long. Flowers
numerous blue. Sepals lanceolate subulate arachnoid ^
inch long. Corolla half ao inch wide lobes rounded.
Stamens very shorti anthers pe&r<shaped. Style much
longer straight. Capsule fusiform acuminate ^ inch long,

Selangor, limestone rocks at Kuala Lumpur (Kelsall,
Ridley 1975,8551).

Endemic.
S, B, caerute3ceii9^ n.sp.

Whole plant over 2 feet tall, upper part of stem stout
grooved woolly. Leaves oblanceolate subobtuse narrow-
ed to the base above dark green densely pubescent,
beneath ochreous covered with felted wool, 6-8 inches
long 1^-2 inches wide, petiole winged to the base or not
Panicle 2 feet or more long large, branches whorled
yellow-wooHy. Bracts below leaflike above linear nar-
row yellow. Calyx lobes lanceolate woolly. Corolla
tube very short, limb | inch across pale blue upper lobe
shorter lobes rounded, lower lip unequally lobed Ioniser,
central lobe longest Stamens 2 anthers renlform conic,
large filaments short curved. Style bent on the cylindric
ovary pubescent. Stigma large discoid. Capsule thick
glabrous | inch long.

Perak, Sungei Siput (Curtis 3137), Ktnta (King's Coll.
7175, 7062, 8276).

Endemic.

Bk Havilandi, n.sp.

Stem 18 inches tall 4 angled woolly. Leaves in whoria
of three about 4 inches apart oblong lanceolate obtuse

74 THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALA\ PENINSULA-

sessile 8 inches long by 2 Inches wide covered with a

tomeratuin* uervey inconspicuous. Panicles axillary and
teraiinal in threes, about 3 inches long, peduncles woolly.
Sepals lanceolate woolly a. Corolla ^ inch acro8» blue,
lobes rounded. Stamens filaments short anthers large
semiovoid thick style. Capsule pendulous cylindnc 1
inch lonjc i inch through.

Harneo, Sarawak, Braang (Dr. ilavitand Bil), Bau
(Ridley 11724) on limestone rocks.

Endennc.

4. 2?. clef/atit, Hidl., Jouru, Linu. Soc, XXXII, p. 522.

Stem about 6 inches long woody decumbent J inch
thick arachnoid. Leaves whorleu in threes ^-3 incheo
afart, lanceolate acute narrowed to the base 1-2| inches
long ^'^ inch wide above grey arachnoid beneath cinna-
mon arachnoid. Peduncles from the upper axils slender
glabrous 6 inches long. Cyme terminal 3 inches long
with few slender branches. Calyx very short lobea
lanceolate glabrous. Corolla half an inch across, with
broad rounded lobes white pink in the mouth, anthers
oblong. Style rather short. Stigma clubbed. Capsule
i inch long glabrous linear acuminate.

Kedab, Gunong Jerai on granite precipices (Ridley).

Endemic. The only species I have met with not
growing on limestone rocks.

5. B, lanata, BidL, I.e. 520.

Stem short stout woody 2 inches long, curved with
whit© wool. Leaves crowded lanceolate acuminate
narrowed into a petiole arachnoid above densely woolly
beneath 3 inches long | inch wide, petiole woolly S
inches long winged to base. Panicles few branched
axillary den^e an inch to 5 inches long. Calyx as long
tm the corolla tube, lobes lanceolate woolly outside.
Corolla thin |*| inch across glabrous ros€*pink, tobe««
rounded anthers subglobose. Style thick. Capsnle |
inch long thick glabrous.

Jour. iKvmite ftmnib

TtIK GESNERACEjE (IF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 75

Lankawi, Dayong Bunting on limestone rocks (Curtis
2569).

6» B. acutifoiin, Ridl., Journ. Linn Soc.^ XXXII, p. 519.

Stem woody 3 incheis or more lon^ j^ inch through
~ internodes | inch loo^. Leaves crowded at the top

oblanceoUte acute, narrowed to the ba^e 6 inches lun^
1^ inclj wide above glabrous dotted beneath citmamon
arachnoid. Panicles axillary 6 inches long, peduncles
arachnoid, branches short slender* Sepals *d lanceolate
acute ^ inch long arachnoid* Capsule cyliodric acute
glabrous | inch long.

Lankawi, Goa Ohinta (Curtis 27UI).

Endemic.

7. B, divaricala^ n.ap.

Stem about 4 inches tall thick and woody. Leaves in
a rosette on the top oblanceolate crenulate obtuse nar-
rowed into a winged petiole, nerves and nervules beneath
elevated 1 5 pairs, above glabrous beneath covered with a
thin brownish tomentum 7 inches long 2^ inches wide.
Peduncle."* rather stout terete smooUi 7-lG inches tall,
branches umbel led decompound, a foot f»r more long.
Pedicels of flowers f*^; inch long covered with brown fur
Calyx lobes lanceolate acute green glabrous shorter than
the corolla tube. Corolla j inch across pale lilac tube
short dilated, limb bilabiate, lobes rounded. Stamens
'anthers connate rounded with acute bases filaments
thick sigmoid. Style slender. Stigma horseshoe-
shaped. Capsule cylindric strongly twisted I inch long.

Lankawi, Ayer Hangat (Curtis 3683).

Endemic.

B. auffruiicosn^ Ridl.» Journ* Linn. Soc, p. 518.

A branching shrub 1-2 feat tall, with rather slender
branches | inch through angled slightly arachnoid.
Leaves scattered Unceolate subacute narrowed at the base
8 inches long ^ inch wide above nearly glabrous punc-

A. aoc, No, a, ifios

76 THE GBSNKRACEiB OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

tiite, beneath covered with brownish tomeDtum, nerves
conspicuous, petiole J-^ inch long. Panicles axillary
dense an inch long with short branches brownish woolly.
Buds brown woolly* Calyx longer than the corolla tube.
Sepals linear lanceolate thick tomentose outside.
Corolla |-^ inch across white lobes abort oblong round-
ed, anthers oblong obtuse. Capsule fusiform very thick
^ inch long tipped with the long style.

Lanka wi^ on a small island north of Kwah (Curtis
3682 and 25G5).

Endemic.

9* B. parviJioTa^ n.sp.

Stem slender shrubby branching covered with ferrugin-
ous tomentum. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, base
cuneate unequal 4 inches long l-l^ inch wide above
glabrous, beneath covered with rusty wool, nerves ele-
vated 1 1 pairs. Peduncle 6 inches long.slender glabrous,
panicle umbellate of 6 slender branches in a terminal
whorl, brancblets glabrous numerous slender. Bracts
very narrow linear. Flowers very small numerous
white, pedicels slender | inch. St*pa!s lenceolate glab-
rous 5, Corolla very small white, tube very short, lobei
upper subacute lower ones oblong, anthers large reni-
form. Style shorter. Capsule very slender cylindric
\ inch long terminated by the slender style.

Perak, Hot Springs at Ipoh and Sungei Siput, uol
common (Curtis 3134), Kinta (King's Collf 7,108).
Endemic. On limestone rocks.

P. Ph^Uohoea, Benth.

Herbs or half shrubby. Leaves opposite petioted. Cymes
pedunculate many lowered. Bracts lar^e conspicuous. Flow-
ers large pink or blue. Calyx large 2 lipped, one lip 2 lobed,
the other 3 lobed or of 3 large connate sepals. Corolla broad-
ly cam panu late 2 lipped 3-5 lobed* Stamens 2 short, anthers
large rounded. Capsule lanceolate at length twisted.

lour. Str&iti JStuc^

THE QEBNEHACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 77

Species 2, one Burmese, ooe Matayan.
/*. $p€€io§a, RidL, Journ, Linn, See, XXXII, p, 522.

A shrub 1 or 2 feet tall, stems wblte tomentoae.
Leaves in distant pairs lanceolate acuminate 6 inches
lone 1^ inch wide, above glabrous, beneath white arach-
noid, petiole 1 inch long. Peduncle stout lateral erect
nearly a foot tall blowers sessile scattered. Bracts
ovate Uinceolate ^ inch long white arachnoid. Calyx of
three sepals connate ovate oblong woolly | inch long.
Corolla an inch long blue, tube broad, lobes 3 two oblong
truncate, the third much broader. Stamens short not
longer than the ovary. Style long woolly. Capsule 1
inch long lanceolate cylindric acuminaie woolly*

Lanka wi. Common on limestone rocks on the small
islands. (Curtis 2504).

Eodemic.

to, Boeicn^ Clarke.

Herbs or half shrubby plants with the habit of Boen,
Leaves oblong elliptic or lanceolate more or less tomentose or
hairy. Inflorescence racemose oi panicled^ axillary. Flowers
small lilac or white. Calyx 5 lid. Corolla tube very short,
lobes subequal, rounded. Stamens 4, filaments very short
anthers rounded connivent Style curved larger than the sta
mens. Capsule linear cylindric.

Species 4 or 5, Assam, Burma and Malay Peninsula.

Most of the few deacril^ed species are based on tlf>werlea8
cimens, and are all very similar, and closely resemble Boea
iiv(inciit4Ji in habit but the capsule is straight and not twisted.
The type species however (B. jiU/armis Clarke) haa 4 stamens
instead of two.

The Malayan one described below, differs from the^e in
habit, and I have seen no fruit, but there is no other genus to
which it can be referred on account of ita four very short sta-
mens arranged in a circle round th« pistil. The only other
genus allied to it is Platt^stemma, a Uimalayan plant with dis-
tinctly two-lipped flowers.

R A Soc.p.No. 43»19aG.

78 THE GESNERACE.^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

B, brachtfttfidraj n.sp.

Stemless, Leaves obcjvate serrate hairy dark green,
obtuse 3 inches long by 1| inch wide, nerres 6 or 7 paira
covered beneath with long red hairs, back of leaf punc-
tate. Scape short few tlowered about 3 inches ton^
hairy uobranched. Calyx lo^ei free nearly to base liti«ir
hairy ^rreen nearly as long as corolla lobes. Corolla
tube very short, lobes broad rounded oblong exptanate
subequal pale lilac, about ^ inch across* Stamens 4, 61a*
ment^ very short, anthers broad waxy sub-globose conni-
vent round the pistil. Style longer slender curved
white. Capsule cylindric narrow 1 inch long scabrid,
Btraigbt. on pedicels elongated to ^ inch.

Lankawi, Gunong Chinchang at Kwala Malacca
(Curtis).

Found quite dried up in February 1899, and brought
alive aud Howered In the Botanic Gardens, Penang,

II, Orchadocat^^ n. gen.

Herb or abrublet with opposite unequal leaves. Flowers
small blue racemose or cymose, pedicel led. Sepals free to
base narrow lanceolate. Corolla tube short, limb 2 lipped iin*
equally. Stamens 2, filaments short exseri sintuate, glabroua^
anthers bilobed reniform connivent by their edgee. Ovary
hairy oblong style short. Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong
hairy enclosed in the sepals.

Sp.0. HlaciMa, n.sp.

Stem short to 4 inche'? long stout woody. Leaves
crowded at the top long petioled thin ovate or ovate
lanceolate acute, strongly serrate covered with closely
felled tthurt hairs, lia^e broad inaequilateral 8 to 7 inches
long l^-S inches wide, petiole slender S-6 inches long.
Peduncle 3*4 inches lon^- pubescent villous bearing a
terminal pubescent umbelUform panicle, or simply race-
mose. Sepals linear pubescent ^ inch long. Corolla
pale lilac*blue« tube very short, limb distinctly bilabiate,
upper lip smaller^ lobes aoort rounded, lower lip longer

THE GESNERACEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 70

thfid, median lobe longer than the others obtong obtuse,
pubescent across. Stamens* '2, ti laments from the mouth
of the corolla tube thick, twisted at the top, anthers
large renifonn. Ovary oblonj? pubescent. Style dis-
tinct not larger than the calyx. Stigma very small
capitate. Capsule short oblong hairy enclosed beaked
in the calyx,

Perak (Scortechini 406a), Gunoug Batu Putih (Wray
80:?) 298.

Herbs succulent and nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite
thin* Raceme terminal lax Mowers pendent. Calyx campanu-
late toothed or lobed. Corolla tube cylmdric narrowed above,
limb bilobed, upper lobe very short bilid, lower much longer
8 lobed. Stamens 2 perfect affixed to the middle of the
corolla tube, anthers connivent, celU ellipsoid parallel Stami-
nodes 2, or absent. Disc cylindric. Ovary ovoid glabrouti.
Style longer. Stigma dilate. Capsule included in the calyx
ellipsoid membranous 2-valved. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid
smooth.

H.ohliquum, Bl. Bijdr. 741.

Succulent berb-2U inches tall. Leaves 1-8 Inches long
|-l inch wide glabrous or nearly so ovate acuminate, petiole
\ inch long or lesj?. Racemes lax about inches long, flowers
numerous pale to deep violet. Bracteoles Gliform ^^^-^ inch
long. Calyx tubular ^ inch long enlarged in fruit, lobes tri-
angular or lanceolate. Corolla | inch long, lower lip several
times longer than the upper one, subtrilybed. Capsule ellip-
soid \ inch.

Clarke, Mon. Phan. p. 161, Fl. Brt Ind. IV, p. 867 H.
Blumei, I'ec. Prodr. 9, p. 274; Loxotis ititt^imtdia, Benth.
Scroph. Ind. p. 57, Don Gen. Syst. 4, p. 6G4 L. obUqu*^
R, Br, Benn. PL Jav, Rar. p. 102, t, 24 ; Uiq, PI. Ind. Bat.
2, p. 731, t 85, fig. 8,

Perak, Larut Hills (Fox). Batang Padang(Wray 1447),
at 2000 feet elevation.

Distxib. Tetiftsserira and IVlalay islands.

It A Soc« No, 49, 1IK»S'

80 THE QESNERAGE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

IS, Epithema, BK

Small rock-herbs, succulent pubescent. Stem simple or
branched. Leaves few, alternate or opposite above petioled
or sessile, o^ate usually cardate. Peduncles long, from the
upper axils erect. Bract single ovate or cucullate. Flowers
small blue or white in a scorpioid cjme on short peclicelB.
Calyx campanulate lobes 5 acute. Corolla tuhe shorty timb
distinctly 2 lipped, lobes acute or obtuse subequah Stamens
perfect 2 posterior, anterior ones sterile shorter, anthers
cohoerenL Disc unilateral or almost surrounding the ovary*
Ovary ovoid. Style longer. Stigma subcapitate. Capsule
globose enclosed in the enlarged calyx on a thickened and a
longer pedicel splitting transversely (a pyxis). Seeds ellipsoid
or oblong, spirally reticulate.

Species about 6 Asiatic, all very closelj allied, and ono
African.

£« $maiile, HL Bijdr., p. 738.

Succulent herb 8*12 inches tall. Stem viscid pubes-
cent, leaves very variable, opposite, ovate cordate denti-
culate or creoulate. Stigraose or hairy 1^-6 iochea long,
I'h iiicheii across, petiole \'\\ ir>ch long, Peduocle X-2
inches long viscid, cyme ^ inch across subtended by a
broad sessile truncate denticulate bract Flowers numer-
ous ^subsessile. Calyx viscid pubescent tubular, split
about half way down into 5 narrow lobes, ^ inch \oii$f.
Corolla tube as long^ straight white, three upper lobes
oblong obtuse tipped with violet, lower two connate
broader subovate denticulate thinner pellucid tipped
mauve with darker central spots , mouth of tube inside
hairy. Stamens 4 in 2 pairs, filaments incurved, adnate
to the mouth of the tube white, anthers 2 oblong connate
yellowish. Ovary ovoid enclosed in a fleshy truncate
yellow disCr Style stout glabrous. Stigma capitate.
Capsule globose pubescent surrounded by the much en-
larged ovate acute sepals and borne on the thickened
elongate to | inch pedicel, circumsciss. Seeds very
numerous brown elliptic fusiform spirally ribbed.

Jour. Str&lU Braneb

THE GkS^fERACBiE OF THK MALAY PENINSULA. 8t

Dec Prodr. 9, p, 278; Miqael FL Ind, Bat 2, p,
736; 3ZolL Verz, Ind, Arch, 1854, p, 55 ; Clarke, Mod.
Phan. 178.

Pahan^, Rota Glaoggi (Hidley) ; Selan^or, Kuala
Lumpur Caves (Ridley, 8217) ; Perak, Telor Pinanpr,
Ipoh (Ridlej), Batu Kuraa (Scortechni 1580) (King's
ColK 10.941), SuDgei Kyah (Kunstler 985), Gaping
(King's Coll 5872) ; Lanka wi Islands (Curtis 2107;.

Distrib. Java, Borneo, Sumatra (Karang Xatu Peak
Forbes 3122) on limestone rocks.

!4, MonophifUasn, R. Br.

Succulent herbs with an unbranehed stem and one large
leaf herba(«nua cordate ovate sessile. Peduncles numerous
from the leaf base^ with racemose or cjraose inflorescence.
Flowers small white. Calyx deeply 5 cleft, loben elliptic
obtuse. Corolla small white, tube short cyliudric, limb distinct-
ly 2 lipped, lobes 5. Stamens 4 perfect, filaments short, anlhers
cohering in pairs or altogether, di-sr uni lateral or a complete
ring:. Ovary 1 I ocular. Style short, tSH^ ma capitate, t'lipstile
membranous inclosed in the enlarged calyx irregularly splitting,
Se*^da nblong minute reticulate.

Species 7, Malay Peninsula and Islands and Siam,

Leaf glabrous, sepals not spreading in fruit 1. M, Hortfitldi

Leaf strigosely hairy, sepals spreading in fruit

5?. .If. paUm

M. Horsfieldi, K, Br. Benn. PL Jav. Har.» p. 121; .^nn. Sc.

Nat. 2, VoL XIII, p. 160,

Stem 6 inches to a foot talL Leaf ovate cordate 6-12
inches long 1-12 inches wide glabrous glaucous beneath.
Racemes 2-7 often stout 9 inches long, flowers numerous
subsecund, pedicels ^ inch long glabrous. Sepals gla-
brous rounded ovate rib^>ed. ('orolla lube short cylindric,
upper lip l>ilobed, lower 3 lobed, lobes rounded, white.
Stamens 4 didynamous glabrouSi anthers connate. Style
shortt glabrous, pistil suoglobose. Capsule globose enclos-

B* a. See,, Noi a, iM&.

82 THE GESNERACEiE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Seeds oblong brown reticulate
(B«»ccarl);

ed in the enlarged sepals,
verjr numerous,

Selangor, Kuala Lumpur Caves (Curtis)
Perak, Gopeng (King's Coll. 515 and 443).

Diatrib. Sumatra, Batu Pantih (Forbea 2660a) Java
(Lobb) on limestone rocks.

M. patens^ D.sp.

Stem 1-4 inches long viscid hairy. Leaf ovate cordate
to ovate lanceolate strigose bairj G inches long 4-6 incbei)
across* Racemes alender 4*20, pubescent 4«5 inches
long. Flowers in pairs, pedicels slender pubescent
^ inch long in fruit Sepals lanceolate hairy spreading
in a stellate manner in fruit, ribbed. Corolla tube short
lobes white. Stamens 4 glabrous didynamous. Pistil
ovoid. Style short thick glabrous. Capsule globose*
glabrous. Seeds numerous black tessellated.

Selangor, Kuafa Lumpur *Javes (Ridley 8222) (King's
Coll. 7052); Perak, Kinta, (Curtis 8136), Sunget Siput
(3ld5X Batu Kurau (Scortechini 1574 and 1579) Qopeog
(Kunstler 44^).

Endemic. On limestone rocks.

>/. glabra^ n.sp.

Steui :3ucculent 6 inches to a foot talL Leaf orale
cordate obtuse glabrous glaucous beneath 2i-ij inobea
long 2 tA) 6 inches wide. Racemes slender f^Iabrous 4 to
10, 2-8 inches long lax. Flowers numerous in pairs^
pedicelb slender ^ inch long spreading detlexed. ^Sepals
^inch long in fruit lanceolate acute glabrous not spread-
ing. Corolla brown ond white. Capsule, enclosed ii» the
sepals eylindric oblong.

Siam, Kasum (Curtis 321 i*^

Endemic.

16. iitauranthera^ Benth.

Herbs succulent pubescent, with alternate leaves, theoppu-
site ones reduced, falcate elliptic acuminate inaequtlatemL

Jour Hti«ll» t%neh

THE GESNEHACE^^CiF THK MALA7 PENINSULA. 83

Ojmea ped uncled Ux. Bracts smalK Flowers medium sized
showy. Catyx campanulate lobes five. Corolla catnpanulate
rounded tube short, t^hortly spurred or iribUius, limb two lipped,
]obe8 rounded uearly et^uaL Stameni§4 perfect, anthers connate
biloculafi basea diverging. Ovary subj^lobose or ovoid, no disc.
Style short. Capsule depressed globose irregularly split.
Seeds minute obovoid reticulate.

Species 3. Assam and Malay islands.

Flower-a large, base of corolla spurred 1. *sr. grandifiora

Flowers small base of corolla not spurred 2, S. umbroia

S, Qvandifolia, Benth., Scroph* Ind. p. 57*

Succulent herb with a fleshy stem about B inches talU
Leave 6 inches lun^ by -l wide or less obloni^ obtuse
* renulate deep g^raen above buUate glabrous inaequilater-
al pubescent on both sides petiole 1 inch lung* Cyme
short pubescent 3 inches Ioni< wirh a few, 9 large
flowers. Bracts ehortovHte, flowers J ^ inch across. Calyx
lobes lanceolate uvate pubescent. Corulla tube short
and broad with a short spur at the base, Icjbes short
broad rounded, violet with a central yellow bar reaching
to the spur. Stamens subequal 4, filaments slender,
anthers connate. Ovary ovoid, styti* shnrt^^r than the
stamens. Stigma capitate. Capsule.

Clarke De C. Pnxlr. I.e. IIHJ; [>ietr. Syn. pi 3, 582,
K. Br. lienn. PL Jav. Kar. p, liM; lluok, Bot. Ma^.,
I. 5409; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 'I. p. 7:^:i : Ctarke. Comm. and
Cyrt. Beng. t. 89, bis.

Penang(\\^allich6395) rocks near Balik tulau (Curtis);
Perak, Larut (King's ColL 2248).

Distrib. Burmah. Rare on rocks*

5. umhrom^ Clarke. Comm. and Cyrt.
181>.

Beng. 189; Dec PrcMjr.

Stem 8 to 6 inches tall. Leaves ovate oblong falcate
iaaequilateral stngosely hairy especially beneath 6*8
inches long 2-4 wide. Cymes spreading few to 10

A, Soc*. Ho. 49, 19ns*

84 THE GESNERACEiE OF THK MALAY PENINSULA,

dowered peduncles &nd pedicels hairj. Cftljx shortly
fiirc'lobed, cup-shaped, lobes triangular, ^ inch long in
flower, larger and spreading in fruit. Corolla 4 iocb
long* white with a violet spot in the centre. Ovary
unilocular. Capsule circumciss near the base*

Cyananthus umbfoia, Griff. Notuh 4, pK I5i:jlc, PI*
Aaiat 437.

Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley 41€6); Pahan^, Tah&n
Woods (Ridley 2188); Selangor Woods at the Kuala
Lumpur Caves (Ridlej^ 8224); Perak, Telok Pinang near

Ipoh (Ridley 9773), KinU (King's Coll. 7144).

Distrib. Assam, In damp rooky woods on the ground.

16, Hhtfiichotecinn^ Bl.

Shrubs little branched, young parts red- woolly. Leaves
opposite or alternate. Cymes atilfary decompound. Flowers
small numerous. Calyx 5 cleft neikriy to the bnse, lobes nar-
row. Corolla small campanutate. limb two-lipped, lobes 5 ovute
or oblong subexjual. Stamens 4 perfect affixed to near the
corolla base, filaments short currt*d, anther cells 2 subparalliii
Ovary sessile ovoid, disc very small annular or absent. Style
much longer tlian ovary. Stigma sul>capitate. Berry small
globose with pf*r*4istf^rit styip, pericarp pulpy. Seeds very small
smooth.

Species 9 Indo* Malayan.

H, parviflorum^ Bl. Bijdr. p. 775.

A little-branched shrub about 3 feet tall, leafy above
upper part^ ferruginous hairy. Leaves opposite lanceo-
late acute cuneate at the base ^rrate, 8 inches long, S^
inches wide, dark green glabrous above except the midrib,
covered with red wool beneath thickest on the nerves,
nerves 13 pairs petiole 1 inch long, ('yraes numerous
short from the lower part of the stem laxly branched^
red-wooliy. Flowers very small yellowish white. Sepals
nearly free to the base linear lanceolate acute woolly, ^
inch lon^. Corolla little longer campanulate lobes oblong

Jour. StnOli I

THK GESNEHACE/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 85

obtuse white. Stamens 4 verjr short, Slameuta short and
thick. Style longer than the ovary. Capsule ovoid*
globose hairy shorter than the sepaU.

Clarke, Prodr. p. 195; Mi^i. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2, 75u.
hanthera parviflova, RidU^ Trans. Linn. Soc, III, 33 L

Pahang, Kuala Tahan ( Hidlt-y 217 J ) ; Penatig ( WalUch
Pulavi Betou^ and Penara Bukit) (Curtis 3035); Perak,
Urut BXWs (Ridley) (King's Coll, 2237) ^'^cortechini
1222).

In woods, terrestrial.

Distrib. Java. Sumatra.

i7* Cf/riaruiromuea, Zuii.

Shrubti with square stems, leafy above. Leaves opposite
subei|ual hertjaceous ovate elliptic or lanceolate serrate petioted.
Flowers 1 to many in axillary or basal cymes. Bracts 2 in
the middle of the pedicel. Calyx tabular shortly 5 toothed
or lobed, enlarged in fruit, usually red. Corolla large white
tubular thin glabrous, tube dilaled at apex lobes rounded
aubequal. ^stamens 4 perfect in 2 pairs subiimilar, li laments
linear anthers ovoid small. Pistil longer than stamens. Stigma
cupsbaped* Capsule gloU^se or oblong enclosed in the en>
larged calyx, opening irregularly. Walls membranous. Seed
numerous sinuate oblong obtuiie ribbed reticulate*;

Species ten Malayan.

Flowers solitary axillary

Flowers cymose axillary. Leaves
ovate 2

Flowers cymose at the base of a woody

stem. Leaves acuminate at base 3. C\ $randi^

C. acuminata, Benth and Uook. til.. Gen. PL 2, p, 1020.

A Blirubby plant 3 or 4 feet long, stem rather weak,
hollow, young parts pubescent Leaves lanceoUtt^ or
ovate narrowed into the petiole acute, serrate, strigose

H. A.boc., No. «.i»a5.

I. C. acnminata

C me^aphiflta

86 THE OESNKRACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,

above pubescent especmily on the nerves beneath, 4-6
inches long 2-3 inches wide petiole 1 inch long. Flowers
solitary axillary on short | inch long or lanceolate
slender hispid peduncles with 2 very saall linear tracts
in the middle. Calyx tubular ^ inch long glabrous with
short teeth dull red* Curolla nearly straight I inch long
tube thick lobes rounded 'white. Capsule oblong 4 angled
J inch long, seeds minMte deeply reticulate.

Clarke, Mon. Phau.. p l^^'i - Busea rnhgetnlii^ Miq, Fl.
Ind. Bat. 2, p. 735.

Selangor, Ginting BidAi (Ridley); Negri Setnbitao*
BukitSulu (Cantfey); l*erak, Larut Hills (Ridley 2917>
(^cortechini »3 and 329^/) (King s Cull. 5342 and 2139);
Penang { Porter in Wallich^a ColL 808) (Mainga> 1232/2)
rKiog) Tunoh (Macbado). Trii;ganu, Bundi (Hostado),

Distrib. Sumatra.

Native Name; — Supujit Jautan, Supujit Bukit and
Sum pub Munahon. The leaves are used for in batba to
jungle fever.

In forests on banks at about 1000 feet and upwards.

f. C. nugaphtftla, liemsK, Ic. PL 1555.

Herb about three feet tall. Stem bluntly 4 angled
pittey in centre pubescent. Leaves opposite subeqoal,
herbaceous ovate acutely acuminate coarsely serrate.^
base rounded or subcordate S-10 inclies long 3 inches
wide pubescent, petiole 3-5 inche-s long* Cymes from a
little above the axils lax many flowered. Calyx tubular
pubescent shortly 5 toothed half an inch hmg, inflated
in fruit. Corolla about 2 inches long white obliquely
infiindibulifiirm, lobes rounded subequal, ovary perfectly
bilocular.

Perak, Larut Uills at 2100 feet alL (Wray) (Soor-
techiniXGunong liatu Putih (King's Cull. 8155); Selao^-
or, Ginting Peras ( Ridley 7602).

£ndemic in forests.

THKGI'SNKHAt'l'iB oF THE MALAY PKNlNSULA, 87

S. C. grandis^ n,sp.

A large shrub several feet tall base of stem woody
half an inch tliroughi glabrous* I weaves opposite equal
herbaceous lanceolate acunainate glabrous narrowed
acuminate at the base, margins dentate, 12 inches long
i inches wide, nerves elevated 10 pairs, petiole l-l^ inch
long. Cymes large lax borne on the base of the stem,
and on the upper part below the leaver, many flowered
2 J to n inches long pubescent. Pedicels ^ inch long.
Calyx tubular pubescent with linear lobes, red half an
inch long^ Corolla white I inch long tube straight
thick lobes rounded. Fruit globose ^ inch lung enclosed
in the enlarged calyx and seed minute black oblong
ribbed and reticulate.

Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis) (Ridley 10498);
15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8552), Bukit HiUm
(7576); Perak, Ulu Buboui^ (King's ColL 10l5U).Gun'
ong Batu Putih (King's ColL 8155).

Endemic. Common on banks b forests but local. A
very fine species.

JS, Ctfttandrtu

Half shrubby plantj«, terrestrial or rarely epiphytic, stems
often branched usually tall. Leaves opposite subequal or one
smaller. Bracts large or small free or connate, Bracteoles
ovate or narrowed or absent. Cyme^ axillary on long or short
peduncles, many Howered. Calyx tubular 2 to (J lobed usually
5 lobed, lobes lanceolate. Corolla tube short, usually pubescent
infundibular straight, lobes 5 subequal or more or less distinctly
2 lipped, usually white spotted or marked with yellow brown,
or red* Stamens 2 perfect shortly exsert or included affixed
to the corolla, anthers bilocular connivent free or coherent.
Staminodes small 2-3. Disc annular itr unilateral. Ovary
ovoid or oblong. Style lung filiform. Stigma sub^bitobed.
Berry sausage-shaped or ovoid, firmly lltjshy, usually beaked
with the persistent style. Seeds numerous minute eltipfloid
smooth or obscurely reticulate.

R. A Soc., ^'0. IS, 1M».

'88 THE GKSNKRACK^ OF THE MALAT l*KSIN8ULA.

170. Malay PeDinsula and ialaods to

C* diiptir

Species about
Poljnesia*

Bracts free. Leaves atterDate I

Leaves opposite one much reduced

Margins entire

Nervea conspicuous 2» Csufftuticata

Nerves obsolete 3. C, faleaia

Leaves opposite subequa I

Ovovate serrulate 4. C, piiMn

Oblanceolate crenulate 5, (?, lanceclnta

Ovate or lanceolate G. C. ptnduia

Bracts connate into a large white cup 7. C. cupulata

i. C, dispar, De C, Prodr. 1*, p. 2S2.

Sbrub with a stout pale reticulate stem fistulous,
obscurely 4 angled. Leaves alternate obovate oblan-
ceolate, petioleu strongly toothed especially at the ape?c
inaequi lateral glabrous above, red pubescent beneath 12
inches long 4 inches wide petiole an inch long* Plower«$
small very numerous in axillary cymes, pedicels ^ inch
hispid. Calyx persistent cup- shaped with 5 lanceolate
acuminate hairy lobes. Corolla white \ inch long tube
dilated upwards hairy outside lobes short obtuae round*
ed. Stiimeng shorter than the tube, abortive ones very
much reduced. Pistil hairy. Fruit \ inch long oblong
ellipsoid hairy*

Miq. FK Ind. Bat. 2, p 742 ; Clarke, Dec, Prodr, pt
203, Tab. XXIIL

Penang, Government Hill (Curtis J 204) (VVallich
807) (partim)(Maingay 1232); Perak, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9703), Larut Uills (Ridley and Fox, Scortechini
867 and 1231, NVrar 2196) (King's ColK 2052, 5731
and 8891).

Distrib. jisumatra.

Jottt. stiaiti

THE GESNEIiACR^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 89

f, C, gufftuttcoia, RidL, Trans. Lmn. Soc, p. 331.

A lar^e shrub 4 feet tall with hollow 4 angled pale sterna
I inch thick. Leaves opposite, the alternate one often very
much smaller lanceolate abruptly acuminate subfalcate
inaeijuilateralj edges entiie, nerves conspicuous about 12
pairs, glabrous when adult, young leaves and petioles
red pubescent, 7 to 9 inches long 2^*3 inches wide,
petiole ^-J inch long. Peduncles short and thick axillary.
Bracts free ovate acute pubescent, 1 inch long ^ inch
across. Flowers about 6 in a bead nearly sessile.
Calyx deciduous sepals linear Corolla glabrous over
an inch long, base cytindric dilated upwards, lobes round-
ed obtuse white with brown streaks in the throat, anthers
large elliptic St^'le pubescent. Fruit | inch long
sausage- shaped.

Johor, Tengarah (Fielding,) Pulau Tiutnan (Ridley)
on rocks; Perak (Scortechini H2 6). Gopeng (King*.^
Coll. 4720), Kota Babru (King^s Coll. 569 », Tupai, Larut
(VVray 2845.)

Endemic. Generally growing on rocks put (King's
Coll. 4720) from the top of a high tree. VV'ray describes
the flowers as '* white marked in the throat wttl) dark
claret. Bracts green without, claret within, fruit light
green finely spotted paler."

S, C\ Jahata^ ii.sp.

Epiphytic about 2 feet tall, stem quadrangular fistulose,
pale. Leaves lanceolate acuminate falcate alternate, often
with small opposite ones, glabrous when adult, narrowecl
at the base ialo the petiole, nerves about 10 pairs, 7 or 8
inches long 1^ inch wide, petiole 1 inch long pubescent.
Cymes axillary shortly ^Incb peduncled. Bracts broadly
t»vate arute pubescent ^ inoh long. Flowers few shortly
pedicel led- Fruit fusiform ^ inch long,

Selangor, woods round the Kuala Lumpur Caves
(Ridley 8219); Perak (Wray 2845, Scortechini 142^).
Endemic rare.

90 THK GKSNEIIACE-S uF TUK MALAY PKNINSUL \.

Allied to C. ohlongifoUa^ Hook, fil., ar^d C. ^uffrHticosa^
RidL, but the leaves are much unrrower than those of the
lattt^r, and thinner with conspicuous nerveti, than those
of the former.

C. pilosa, Bi. Bijdr. p, 770.

Shrub with stout 4-angled hollow stems as much as ^
inch through, U feet tall upper pjirts pubeacent Leaves
opposite obovate narrowed into a winded petiole, margins
serrate above more ur less covered with pale hairs from
a swollen base, in old leaves oftfu glabrescent, beneath
covered with red hairs on the nerveSi nerves prominent
10-12 pairs 8-18 inches long 3-4 inches wide. Bracts
ovate or lanceolate acuminate hairj 1 inch long. Cymes
small nearly sessile axillary. Calyx tubular hairy i inch
long bifid. Corolla white with one inch long silky hairy,
tube infundibuliform stout, upper lobes oblong obtuse.
lower two connate shortly biM obtuse punctate above.
Stamens little longer than the tube filament glabrous
al>ortive, stamens short. Fruit ovoid conic acute brown
reticulate- tessel late ^-} inch long.

Don. Gen. Syst. 4, p. 661, De C. Frodr. 9, p. 283?, Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat 2, p. 742, Clarke, Mon. Phan. 231, C demr-
rens^ De Vriese, PK Ind. Bat Heinwdt p. 14, Miq, I.e. p.
746, Clarke I.e. 233.

JoboT, Gunong Panti (Ridley), Bukit Tanah Abang
<Kelaall); Negri Sembilau, Bukit Tanga (Nnpier), Bukit
Sulu (Cantley); Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7574),
Bukit Hitam, Pahang Track 8560 and 8554); Perak,
Larut Oilla (Ridley 2916) (Curtis 2897) (Scortecbini 354
and 270(i), Kings Coll. 5588); Penang (Wallicb 807),
Penara Bukit On banks in forests.

Diatrib. Tenasserim to New Guinea,

Native name ** Poko Gugunjah Bukit" In rocky woods
up to about 2000 feet altitude I am unable to separate
specifically the forms, described respectively under the
names of C pilosa, BL, and C. decurreru^ De Vr., at least
as far as applies to the variety Wallichn of the latter.

Jour, Stnkili BnAth

THE GESNERACEvfi OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 61

The main distinction seems to be in the amount of hairi-
ness of the leaves, in which poirit the plant seemi^ verj
variable. The plant distributed as frora "* Singapore
Tiobb ** was doubtless from Penan^, as it has never since
been seen in Singapore and is hardl^f likely to have occur-
red here^ as it is a hill plant

C hnceolafa, RidU, Journ. fann. Soc, XXXIL f>27.

Stem about a foot tall, the base bare^ quadrangular^
upper part pubescent Leaves oblanceolate acute, nar-
rowed at the base crenulate almost entirely glabrous 12
inches long 4 inches wide, petiole. Cj^mes at the base of
the stem below the leaves very shortly peduncled lax
many-llowered, pedicels J inch long hispid. I^racts
lanceolate small hispid. Calyx 1^ inch long tubular
hispid, lobes S linear acuminate. Corolla 1^ inch long
dilate above pubescent, white throat yellow^ anthers long
narrowed above, St\le I inch long pubescent Stigma
bilobed lobes oblong linear,

Johor, Gunong Panti ( Ridley j. Endemic, rare.

(7. ptndula, Bl, Bijdr. p. 768,

Stem one or two feet talL Leaves alternate ovate cor-
date or lanceolate entire orcrenate dark green and gla-
brous ab(>ve, often barred with white and covered with
reddish tomentum beneath, 8 inches lonj^ 4-6 inches wide,
petiole ^-^ inches long, apposite leaf in each internode
reduced to a subulate process. Capita lum of 20 flowers on
peduncles 4 incht^s long deem ved appressed hairy. Bracts
lanceolate acuminate hairy. Flowers shtjrtly pedicelled.
Calyx tul>e half an inch long, thin shortly bifid. Corolla
tube l^ inch long, bai^e narrow curved ventricoae upwards,
cream-colored or pale yellow, hairy upper lip of two
rounded lubes, lower of three broader oblong rounded
ones, »ill <Teamy white or pale yellow with purple spots
in the mt)uth and tube. Stamens 2 glabrous, filaments
purplish sinuate, anthers oblong connivent Style stout
white, stigma transversely oblong. Fruit sausage shaped
\ inch long.

92 THE GESNERACE^ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

G, DoQ- Syst Prodr. p. 660, De a Prodr. 9, jx 2ai,
Miq. FL lad. Bat 2, p, 739, Uook. Ic. PL t 736, Clarke,
Dec. Prodr. 242.

Sin^api^re, Biikit Tiraah (Kidley 2703), King; Johor,
Gunoiig Panti, Piilau Tioman; Fahang, Kuala Tembeling
(Ridley); Mala era (Miiing'ay); Seiangor, Kuala Lumpnr,
Bukit Uitara (Ridley); Perak, Urut Hills (Curtis 2036)
Scortechioi 142/j and 254*)( Wray 2845), Ulu Bera ( King's
ColL 10810) ; Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantley j.

Distrib. Java and Sumatra.

In rocky woods abundant. Native name ^' Poko AsAm
Hatu." The leaves are eaten in curriea.

7. C cupulata^ Ridl, Jouro. Lion. Soc, XXXII, p* 527.

A shrubby plant 2 or 3 feet talK ^tem terete or more
or less four-angled above covered with red hair. Leaves
opposite equal, very variable, oblanceolate with an acumi*
nate base serrately toothed scantily hairy above, more
hairy beneath, petiole sometimes winged to the base vil-
lous an inch long, blade 12 inches long 4 inches wide.
Peduncles half an inch Long axillary in pairs villous*
Bracts connate into a white hairy cup an inch long*
Bracteoles short lanceolate acute white. Flowers numer-
ous opening singly little longer than the bract. Corolla
1 inch long curved Lnfnndibuliform, 2 lipped pubescent
white yellow and brown in the mouth, lobes 5 suber|ual
ovate obtuse* Stamens included 2, pistil short, ovary
oblong with a terminal tuft of haii. Style short curved*
Stigma clavate bilobed. Fruit ^ inch long fusiform*

Malacca, lower slopes of Mt Opbir (Ridley 7575)
Sungei Buluh ( 10550) j Pahang, Tahan Woods (Ridley
2150); Peiak, Tapa (Wray 1389 and 131), Ulu Bubong
(King's Coll 10250), Larut Hills (Scortechini 366),
Chanderiang (King's Call. 5733).

Endemic in wet woods.

Joor. mndUm Bn»Qh

A Third Contribution to the Knowledge
of the Hymenoptera of Sarawak.

Bt. P, Cameron,

This paper is in cuutiDuatiod of one on the Hymenoptera
of Sarawak based on material collected by Mr. Kobert Shelford,
M. A,, published in the journal of the Straits Branch Royal
Asiatic Society in 1903 and another in 1903.

Stirocorsia cariniceps^ sp. nov.

Blacky the hind trochanters and femora red, the hind
tibiflB thickly covered with white pubescence which gives it a
white appearance; the fore wing fuscous-violaceous; a hyaline
cloud extends from the base of the cubitus to near the base of
the radius and extending to the oppisite side of the wings, the
lanceolate cell being also hyaline ; the basal half of the hind
wings hyaline, the apical lightly fuscous-violaceous ; the stig-
ma and nervurea black. Temples, pleune, sternum, apex of
abdomen and lege covered with white pubescence. $ .

Length 1 3* 1 4 mm.

Kuching, November.

On the sides of the vertex are 5 projections, rounded in front
and arranged one above the other like the steps of a stair ; the
upper part of the front closely, strongly rugosely punctured,
the lower is more trrei^ularly and coar-ely reticulated, with a
smooth space, longer than broad, in the centre above ; in the
centre below is a somewht^t triangular depression — ^the broad
part above — and having, at the top, a large deep round fovea.
Front coarsely, irregularly punctured-reticulated, more closely
above than below, where the reticulations are more widely
separated and irregular ; in the centre near the apex is a large ,

UYMENUPTERA OF SARAWAK,

longer than bro&d, smooth space> Frontal keels distiact, the
apical curvred and projecting, more clearly separated thaii
the others, the upper transverse and less developed than the lateraL
Inner orbits obliquely sloped, coarsely rugoaely punctured.
The eyes behind are bordered by a keel which extends from
the top to half w^y down the malar space, and is clearly sepa-
rated from the eyes. Pronotum closely punctured : the medo>
more strongly and irregularly, but not so closely and having a
wide aoguoth Iiti6 in the cenrre of the basal half ; the scutelluca
is less closely and (ess strongly punctured, and with a smooth,
shining, slightly violaceous space in the centre. It is ^parated
from the tnetanotum by a deep, curved, crenulated furrow.
!*o8t-scutellar region closely rugose ; the median segment mora
closely and less strongly punctured and having a smooth raised
curved line at its base. The basal 4 segments of the abdomen
are c osely punctured, the punctuation becoming gradually
weaker ; at the base is a deep crenulated furrow ; the last is
more closely and strongly punctured and with its apex depress-
ed and smooth, except in the centre, which projects. The apioea
of all the segments are smooth ; the ventral closely and strongly
punctured.

The pro- and mesopleurse are closely punctured, the latter
less strongly at the apex, the meta- coarsely aciculated, shining*
The hinder tibioa hive 4 teeth above; below and clearly sepa rat*
ed from them, are 4 larger ubiique ones, followed by a smaller
tooth. The Ist disevidal cellule is of equal width throughout.
The frontal area, above, is not half the length of the bottom.
Ulypeus and the apex of mandibles thickly covered with golden
hair. Second abdominal segment not quite so Inng as the follow-
ing 2 united. The median segment laterally is buunded by a
keel ; above this is another luugitudinat keel.

Stirocoriia belongs to tlie Oryssinini.

CYNlPlD-fi.

Mtmcynips vmgnU^ Cam.

Mr. Shelf ord has sent the undescribed fS of this apeciea
from Matang. It has the aotennte filiform, longer than l^e

liyMENupTERA Of SARAWAK.

bod J, 15-jointecl, the scape luteoiis» the ilagellum black, bare.
The last abdominal segment 13 as long as the preceding ; it is
closely and diiJtinctly, the penultimate eparaeij, punctured.
The basal joint of the hinder tarsi is longer than the 4 follow-
ing- joints united. The apical 2 abdominal segments are marked
with black.

(JHALCIDID^.
Antrocephalus mficuUpeHuts, sp. nov,

lilack ; the wings hjaline a ctoud at the stigma extending
to the middle, Iteyond which is a fainter, smaller cloud ; between
this and the apex of the wing U a wider, more irregular cloudy
narrowed above; the apex of clypeu8 with a broad, rounded
incision; the lateral lobes broad and rounded; head, thorax.
Ieg3 and apex of abdomen coveted with silvery pubescence. 9 •

Length 6 mm*

Hab, Kuching, December.

Head closely and strongly punctured ; the inner orbits
margined, the space between the keel and the eyes irregularly,
transversely striated, the lower half of the front irregularly
longitudinally striated, the striire ititermixed with the punctures.
Prothurax rugosely punctured ; the sides keeled to near the
centre above, xMesonotura closely rugosely punctured at the
base, the rest and the scuteiluui closely covered with round
punctures, Metanotum coarsely reticulated ; at the base are 2
irregular oval foveje, followed, at their apex, by a larger longer
one, sharply obliquely narrowed at the base^ narrowed and
rounded at the apex : there are no lateral prctjections. Pro-
pleune above coarsely punctured, Hie middle irregularly longitu*
dinally striated, below smooth. The central depression of the
mesopleurre has the upper two-thirds closely, stoutly, longitu-
dinally striated, below smooth, the rest rugose* ; metapleun©
rugosely reticulated and punctured. Abdomen slightly shorter
than the thorax.

Antrocephahit ntjipes, sp. no v.

Black, the legs red* their coxno and trochanters black and
thickly covered with white pubescence ; the wings with a small

E. A. So«.. Ko. 44, igu4

HYMENUPTEKA OF SAliAWAK,

cloud at the stigma, the nervares black ; the ba^l 2 mnU of
flagenum red. ? .

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Trusan. November,

Cheeks, malar space and outer orbits thickly covered with
silvery hair ; the inner orbits clearly margined ; frontal depres-
sion closely, minutely transversely striated, with a smooth,
shining, transverse band below the ocelti. Occiput closely reti-
culated. Pronotum closely punctured ; the basal slope keeled
rouud the edges, except in the centre above. Meaonotum and
scutellum similarly punctured; the furrows distinct; the ^
scutellar teeth, wider than long and rounded at the apeot; the
p»art beneath with a closely striated band. Mediau segmeot
with 2| slightly converging at the base, keels down the centre
and au oblique one on the sides. Pleural rugi>aely, closely
punctured ; the centre of the mesopteune closely striated, the
striated part bounded at the base by a stout, smooth keel which
is roundly curved above and dilated in the middle ; the apex of
the mesopleurua is rugose above^ smooth^ shining, and depressed
below. Metapleurj© coarsely rugose ; below both are thickly
covered with silvery pubescence. The upper two-thirds of the
hind femora is roundly curved more dilated above than below ;
the lower part is clearly separated from the upper and rounded.
TeguliB rufous. Middle abdominal segments thickly covered
with silvery hair.

MtgacoluM fulvipenniif sp. Oov,

filack, tlte 1st abdominal segment and the sides ferruginout,
the tarsi red ; the femora with 5 large teeth of which the apical
t are more widely separated than the others ; apex of clypeu^
transverse; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures blackish, <J.

Length 8 mm.

Uab. Ruching. September,

Head rugosely reticulated; the frontal depression trmiia*
versely striated and with a keel down the middle. Thorax closely,
rugosely punctured. Scutellar projection largp, with 3 or 4 stout
irregular keels. Metanotum stoutly, irregularly reticulated ; the

Joar. StTftiM B«»rie|i

HYMENOPTERA UF SARAWAK.

sides with a large tooth at the base and a smaller, more rounded,
one at the apex, Mesopleural depression punctured throughout*
Legs thickly covered with white pubescence, as are also the
breast and metapleuree,

M^gacolm rufitarsii^ sp. nov.

Black, the abdomen and tarsi rufous, the hind femora with
7 short teeth; a longish stout tooth or spire between the
aotenniB ; the apex of scutelluni projecting in the middle, its
apex almost transverse* 5

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Kuching. July,

Head rugosely punctured, the punctures running into reti-
culations; the frontal depression above stoutly tranaversely stri-
ated, with a stouter longitudiiml keel down the centre; the lower
part with curved furrows; the occiput irregularly longitudinally
striated. Metanotum with lar^e, irregular reticulations. Pro-
pleureo smooth; near the middle is a wide, oblique furrow, bor-
dered below by a rounded keel : mesopleurae covered with targe,
round deep punctures; the central depression wide, slightly
narrowed below, smooth, obscurely striated above. The 3 basal
teeth of the htnd femora are narrower and closer together than
the others.

In colouration this species is identical with M, atrwlntus^
from which it may readily be known by the greater number of
teeth on the femora, by the transverse apex of scutetlum and by
the frontal spine.

Megacolm unolatm^ sp. nov.

Black ; the 1st abdominal segment and the tarsi testaceous,
the wings hyaline, narrowly streaked with fulvous, the nervures
and costa black ; hind femora with 5 teeth, the basal 3 short and
rounded ; the apical 2 sharper and longer. 9 ,

Length 8-9 ; terebra 3-4 mm.

Hab. Kuching July,

B, a. Soe,, No. M. I0D4.

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Front and vertex coarsely ragosely punctured, almost
reticulated ; frontat depression transversely striated ; face aad
clypeus covered with large, round, clearly separated punctures;^
above the centre of the clypeus is a deep depression or pit.
Occiput obliquely depressed, its centre smooth; the sides puuc*
tured above, below irreg^ularly striated. Pronotum closelj
irregularly punctured ; the meso- more closely [*unctured, ii»i
centre at the base irregularly, transversely striated; scutel*
lum coarsely, irregularly reticulated; its apex projecting,
rounded, with a slight, wide incision in the centre : it is de-
pressed, with some slight keels at the b^ae. Metanotumj
coarsely, irregularly reticulated; the basal reticulationa
irregular and broken; the basal tooth, large ruunde
and narrowed at the apex, its length as long as the widtM
at the base. Propleurse irregularly punctured with a smooth
space in the centre above; the meso- and metapleura^ with large,
deep punctures; the oblique central depression on the former
smooth at top and bottom » striated in the centre. The 4 front
knees are testaceous, the basal 3 short teeth on the hind femora
are widely separated; the 4th tooth is long and becomes gradu-
ally, obliquely depressed to the 5th which is shorter and sharp*
er and has a short tubercle at its apex*

EVANIID^.
PristaulacuB cryihrocephaluB, ap, nov.

Black, the scape of the antennas, bead, pro- and mesothorai
red; the fore legs uf a paler red colour. Wings fuscous -violaco^
ous, paler at the apex, the stigma dark testaceous^ black at]
the base. ^ .

Length 20 mm, terebra 20 mm.

Ilab. Kucbing.

Bead smooth and shining, covered with a pale golden down,
which is longest on the clypeus. Apex of clypeus depressed in
the middle and with a stout keel on the lower edge; the sides
broadly rounded. Mandibles large, lunger than the clypeus
from top to the bottom of the apex ; there are 3 large teeth ;

Jour. Stniit Bruielk

ri^ m t4 p j i^iWHp^fppppqjp|p|

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK. 99

the apical larger than the basal, two. Mesonotum coarsely,
rugosely punctured and irregularly reticulated. Scutellum
with 4 irregular, curved transverse keels; the depression at its
apex and at the base of the metanotum stoutly, closely striated.
Aledian segment irregularly, strongly reticulated. Pleura,
except at the base of the pro-, closely irregularly reticulated.
Antenna; 14-jointed; the scape not quite twice the length of
the 2nd ; the 2 together are slightly longer than the 3rd, which
is distinctly shorter than the 4th. Temple? wide. Hinder ocelli
separated from each other by the same distance they are from
eyes. Base of middle lol)e of mesonotum slightly roundly
incised in the middle. First recurrent nervure interstitial with
the cubital, dilated at its junction with it ; the 2nd received
shortly beyond the middle of the cellule ; the 3rd abscissa of
the radins is as long as the other two united. Claws with 4
teeth, the 2 central being longer and shnrpei than the others.
The 5 is similarly coloured, has the vertex obliquely raised
from the front and has the sides bounded by a longitudinal keel.

Oasteniption rnfomacu I aUnn^ sp. nov.

Black, the mesopleuraa and mesosternum rufoiis ; as are also
the front legs and the underside of the middle coxse, there is a
broad white band near the base of the hind tibiae; wings hya-
line, the stigma fuscous, the nervures darker. 9 .

Length 13 ; terebra 6 mm.

Ilab. Kuching.

Front and vertex shining, smooth, almost bare; the face
and clypeus and outer orbits thickly covered with silvery
pubescence ; the hinder occelli are separated from each other by
a slightly greater distance than they are from the eyes. The
clypeus above, in the middle, is separated from the face by a
distinct curved furrow. Mandibles and trophi dark rufous.
Middle lobe of mesonotum closely aud strongly transversely
striated ; the sides of the lateral lobes are more finely striated ;
the Tniddle at the apex much more widely and more strongly
longitudinally striated, bcutellum obscurely transversely stri-
ate. Median segment rather strongly transversely striated,

H. A. Siic., No. 44, 19U5.

100 HYMKNOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

the sides less strongly and more irregularly than the metano-
tum. Centre of propleiinv broadly and strongly striated; the
meso- obscurely striated, more distinctly below than above,
almost reticulated.

Malar space small, as long as the 2nd antennal joint ; the
temple large, fully longer than the eyes above ; collar short ;
the 3rd and 4th joints of the antennae are equal in length and
clearly longer than the scape. Parapsidal furrows deep, crenu-
lated ; and there is a longitudinal furrow on the apical half of
the lateral lobes. Middle tarsi fuscous ; the tibi« darker, paler
at the base. Ventral sei^ments of abdomen dark rufous ; the
apical third of the sheaths of the ovipositor pale. Hind coxhb
brownish, transversely straited above.

Belongs to Gastevuptioa S. Str. the 2nd discoidal cellule
behig divided.

Era Ilia rubra, sp. no v.

Rufous, the abdomen black, the apex of petiole white, the
rest of it fuscous -black, darker above than on the sides ; lej<s
coloured like the body, but i)aler in tint, the apicjil third of the
hinder fermora. -uid the hinder tibi-.e black; the l>asal third of
the tibia*^ white ; th<^ hinder tarsi fuscous ; wings hy.iliiie,
the nervures bhickish. 5 •

Length Ji iinn.

Third joint of aiitenie si ii; liter lonjrer than the basal two
unitt?d and slightly longer ihiu the f.)uiih. Head smooth shin-
ing and covered with a pale down. Temples well developed,
as long as the malar spact* ; tlh' occiput slightly roundly incised,
Mandibular teetli black. Tro- and mesotliorax smooth; the lower
part of tlu' mesoph^urie with round, shallow, clearly separated
punctures ; median sMj^tiHMit reticulated : the base of the meta-
notuni with a curved, smooth, clearly Neparated area; the
pleur-.e at the l>ase in the middle smooth. Metatarsus as
long as the 2nd and ;>rd j«)ints united ; the long spur of
the calcaria lliree-fourtln of its length. The cubitus origin-
ate> far bi^hind tlu? sti«^ma, the [1st cubital cell being thus

.lour, straits Branch

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

101

much longer on the lower than on the upper aide j the trans-
verse median nervure is received diatinctly beyond the trans-
verse basal ; the cubitus is very faint, almost obliterated be-
yond the transverse cubital

This species has the cubitus originating far back behind
the stigma as in ZetLccvaaiaj but in that g^roup the 1st cubital
and the discoidal cells are not separated as they are in my
species and in Evama.

Bbaconid^.

Chaolta t^Jicepi, sp* nov*

Black, the head, antenna! scape, thorax and i front legs
rufous ; win^s dark fuscous-violaceous, with black stigma and
uervures ; sheath of ovipositor stout, black, covered with long,
stiff hair. ^ .

Length 17; terebra 19 mm«

Hab. Buatal. April.

Scape of antenuHo smooth, not excavated, or with the sides
keeled ; its apex below with a stout keel ending in a short
broad tooth. Plate below the antenme large, rounded and
narrowed towards the apex ; \ts keel its stout, reaches close to
the middle and origiriates at the base of the autetmie, its apical
half being higher than the basal and dilated in the middle; the
face below it and the sides above are irregularly punctured and
striated. Oral depression with stout, oblique sides above.
Temples longer than the eyes. Median segment infuscated in
the middle ; its sides closely punctured. The sides of petiole
closely, distinctly longitudinally striated ; the centre more ir-
regularly striated, the striae runiang into reticulations ; the
^nd and 3rd abdominal segments are cloflely, strongly longi*
tudinally striated, the striiK stronger in the middle and at the
base, the area being similarly striated ; the 4th segment is close-
ly, rugose, almost reticulated; the others smooth ; the furrows
wide and shallow, striated. Wings long; 2nd abscissa of radius
about one, fourth longer than the 3rd.

The abdomen is not dilated in the middle and is twice the
length of the thorax.

E. A. 90C.. No. 44, l»Q6t

102

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Chaoita lutea^ sp* QOV.

Luteous, the Ha^ellum of antenDGB black ; the wings fus-
cous, behiod the traDSverse median iiervure, yellowish hyaline ;
the stigma black. $ .

LeDgth 10 ; terebra 8-9 mm.

Hab. Kuching. April.

Head smooth, shining ; in the centre of the face is a de-
pression about twice wider than long and with the sides
rounded; oral depression small; temples wide, longer than
the eyes. Apex of mandibles black. Apex of scape of an-
tennte below excavated slightly, the depression stoutly keeled,
the keel produced at the apex into a broad tooth ; the antennal
tubercles stout. Facial plate wider than long, becoming
gradually narrowed towards the apex and without a pl»te at
the base. Thorax smooth and shining ; flat above ; the meta-
notum with a thin keel down the centre. The depressed sides
of the petiole are distinctly longitudinally striated, the raised
central part rugosely punctured and striated; the 2nd and 3rd
segments are closely, longitudinally striated ; the area on the
2nd segment is about twice longer than broad, its sides marg-in-
ed, its apex rounded and half the width of the base ; it is more
finely longitudinally striated ; the ^nd to 4th segment8 are
closely rugose; and have distinct oblique lateral depressions ;
the suturiforra articulation crenulated.

Front depressed, deeply furrowed in the centre ; the 3rd
joint of theantenns^ is slightly, but distinctly longer than the
4th abdomen oval, broader tban the thorax and shorter than
the head and thorax united. Legs stout, denstey covered with
pale hair ; stigma large, broad ; the recurrent nervure is re-
ceived shortly before the lat transverse cubital ; 2Dd abscissa
of radius as long as the 3rd of the cubitus and about one-fourth
shorter than the 3rd.

This species differs from Ckaolta proper in the facial plate
not having a keel in its centre, in ihe abdomen being
shorter and broader and in the 2nd abscissa of the radius being
shorter than the 3rd< In both species the mesouotum is quite
fiat; in C. lutm the scutellum is not raised above the level of

J4mr« Stmtii BnmcJi

HTMENOPTERA OE SARAWAK.

103

the mesonotum ; in C mficepi it ia slightlj raised ; the parapei-
dal furrowa are absent, C« luUa may belong to Plait/hracon^
Sz^p.

Lmobracon^ gen, nov.

Head cubital ; temples broad ; occiput and cheeks not
margined. Apex of clypeus obliqtielj depressed, rounded.
Antennae stout Three cubital cellules. Radial cellule long,
extending to the apex of the wing. Transverse median nervure
received beyond the transverse basal. Second diacoidal cel-
lule closed. Anal nervure not interstitial. Hinder wings as
in Bracon^ but with the pobrachial and the transverse pobra-
chial nervures obsolete. Legs of moderate length. Abdomen
smooth and ahining, without transverse furrows on any of the
segments.

There is a clear malar space ; scape of antennae short,
thick, not much longer than broad, not much longer than the
Srd. Mandibles with a long upper and a shorter and blunter
subapical tooth. Mesonotum Indistinctly lobed ; the furrows
shallow, not clearly defind. Calcaria short* iVntenni^ stout,
not narrowed towards the apex.

This genus has not a semicircular opening between the
luouth and the mandibles, it being transverse, not rounded.
In other respects il agrees fairly well with the Britconnem
except that the transverse median nervure is not interstitial ;
but it does not fit very well in to any of the tribes. The
anteonte are much stouter than usual.

Li$iobracon fortieornisy spv nov.

Black, smooth and shining, the head, thorax, except the
metanotum and the front legs rufous; antennae stout, black, the
acape sparsely haired, the flagellum bare* $ ,

Length 19 ; terebra 50 mm.
Ilab. Matang.

Head sparsely haired ; the metanotum covered with longish
black hair ; the femora sparsely, the tibiie and tarsi thickly cover*

fi A. Soc. No* 44, 1«06.

104

IIYMEKOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

ed with black hair, as is also the sheath of the ovipositor. The
apical atmcissa of the radius is as long as the basal two UDited*
Recurrent nervure almost interstitial ; below it is a hyaline spot.
Abdomen longer than the head and thorax united i its apex
bluntly pointed, the hypopygium larger, projecting.

Tnchiohracon^ gen» uo^^

Hind cox@e with a large, curved and a shorter, minuter,
straighter ypiiie in the middle above, Pobrachial transverse ner-
vure in hind wings joined to the ti'ansverse prtebrachial, roundly
curved towards the apex of the wing but not reaching it; pobm*
chial nervure short, not reaching to the middle of the wing :
from near its apex a stouter oblique nervure runs to the pnebra*
chiaK forming a large, closed cellule at the base of the pobra-
chial. Stigma large, the radius issuing from behind its middle.
Transverse median nervure recived distinctly beyond the trans-
verse basal ; the recurrent nervure received in from of the
1st transverse cubital. Occiput and cheeks margined. Malar
space large. Mesopleuni^ with a di^^tinct, crenulated fur-
row, Parapsidal furrows deep. Median segment large, closely
reticulated ; its sides at the middle uf tba apical slope with a
small, but distinct, rounded tubercle. Basal segments of the
abdomen closely longitudinally striated. Cerci long, slender.
Legs short and stout : the metatarsus not much longer than the
^nd joint ; cerci minute* Temples broad. Ovipositor projecting.

The abdomen is broad, not much longer than the head and
thorax ; basal segment broad ; the other segments are broader
than long ; hypopygium short, vertex not much depressedi.

This genus is allied to ^Spinftria. It may be identical with
Amnthobmeoiiy SztSp ; but the description of that author is too
short to enable me to decide this. So far as the description
goes iSzepligeti^B genus differs from mine in the 3rd abscissa of
the radius not reaching to the apex of the wing and no mention
is made of the pobrachial nervure in hind wings being roundly
curved, directed downwards from the pra^brachial towards the
apex of the wing, not obliquely sloped, straight from bottom to
top as usual. This nervure, in fact, has the appearance of being
a 2nd cubital nervure and may not be the equivalent of the

UTMENOPTEBA OF SARAWAK.

105

transverse pobrachial nervure. There is indeed, befow the

ordinary cubitus a loug'itudinal nervure which may be the
pobracbial and the transverse nervure (which springs from shortly
beyond its middle) may be the ordinary pobrachial traDsversa
Dervure. To put the matter tn another way, above the aoal
cellule there are 2 large median cellules, the basal closed, the
apical open — followed by the ordinary posterior cellule, als«»
open below. I am not acquainted with any genus of Braconidi/
having this peculiar neuration in the hind wings. If my genu6
be really identical with Acanthobrocon it seems remarkable that
its describer has not noticed the odd neuration.

Trichiobracon pilasu^^ sp. nov.

Luteous, the antennsQ black ; the wings to the tranHverse
basal nervure yellowish -hyaline, beyond that smoky-fuscous, the
stigma and rpiaal nervures black. Legs uolotired like the body,
densely covered with long pale hair, 9 *

Length 10-11 mm: terebra 4 mm.

llab. Kuching.

Ant^iiu*^ as long as the body, black. Face and clypeus
distinctly and closely punctured; the clypeus clearly separated
from thta face, which is raised and separated in the centre ; both
ct»vered with long pale hair. Front and vertex smooth and
shining, more sparsely hfiired than the face. Teeth of mandibles
f»h»ck. Pro- and niesothorax smooth and shining; the baise of
pn>pleune irregularly reticulated, median segment reticulated
except on the sides at the apex ; the pleura? more strongly
reticulated than the rest. First ubdomiual segment slightly
longer than its width at the apex, closely longitudinally stria-
led ; the :f I id and the 3rd segments to near the apex tinely.
closely longitudinally striated, as is also the 4th to the furrow;
all the furrows striated.

C€nd(ib€tit^ gen. nov.

Three cubital cellules, Recurrent nervure received in the
2nd cubital cellule, close to the 1 sit transverse cubital nervure;

106

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

transverse median shortly beyond the transverse basal ; anal ner»
vure interstitial ; pobrachial nervure" in hind wing interstitial ;
subcostal nervure distinct, curving down at the prtebracbial
nervure curving upwards again towards the coata. Occiput
not margined. Temple wide. Mandibles short, broad, bluntly
rounded at the apex^ which is unidentate. Clypeus separated
from the face. Middle lobe of mesonotum clearly separated; its
base raised, its apex bounded by a transverse keel, mesopleurse
with a longitudinal furrow. Abdominal petiole of almost equal
width throughout, about four times longer than wide, stout:
:Jnd segment with 2 furrows which convergeat towards the
apex. Suturiform articulation obsolete. Legs of moderate size;
the hinder coxjc twice longer than wide ; spurs minute. Maxil-
lary palpi lon^, at least 5- jointed. Antenna long, slender.
Stigma large, the radius originating behind its middle. Me-
dian segment large, rugose*

Belongs to the Exoihtcinu

Cendeheus filicoi*niSi »p. no v.

Black, the scape of the antennse pallid yellow ; legs testace-
ous: the tibiEB broadly in the middle, the apices of the 4 hind-
er femora and the greater part of the fore tarsi, black ; the
wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black ; the ventral sur-
face of the abdomen, the apices of the segments, narrowly, and
the sides of the apical segments broadly testaceous ; the base of
mandibles dark testaceous, 9 *

Length U ; terebra 11 mm.

Uab. Ruching,

Front and vertex ' amooth and shining ; the lower part of

front irregularly transversely striated. Face closely rugosely
punctured and thickly covered with white, longisb pubescence;
its middle shining above. Palpi whit<*. Mesonotum closely,
minutely punctured; the sutures irregularly reticulated; the
depressed central apical part obscurely reticulated. Median
segments closely rugosely punctured ; tiie pro- and mesopleura?
shining aciculated, Mesopleural furrow smooth. First abdo^
minal segment closely rugosely punctured, more coarsely at the

HYMENOFTERA OF SARAWAK.

107

base where the punctures run into reticulatioua; the 2nd 6nely
and closely punctured, the central part bounded by the keels
more strongly than the sides, Propleura? in the niiddle thickly
covered with fulvous, lungish pubescence.

Uahnoba^ gen, dov«

Winga with 3 cubital cellules: the recurrent nervure re-
ceived in the 1st cellule, almost interstitial. Stigma distinct,
the radius issuing from shortly behind its middle. Trans verj*t-
basal and anal uervures interstitial Occiput and cheeks mar
gined. Eyes oval. Malar space large. Anterior tarsi morr
than double the lenght of the tibiie ; the apical half of fore
femora dilated. Mesonotum trilobate, Mesopleurse with a
distinct lonigtudinal furrow. Scutellum and metanotum depres-
sed at the base. Abdominal petiole long and slender ; striated,
cyrmdrical ; the other segmente smooth, without furrows or
depressions* Radial cellule in hind wings divided i»y an oblique
nervure ; the pobrachial nervure interstitial; the anal rt;ltute
is divided into two by a distinct oblique nervure shortly be-
hind the middle.

Ue&d cubital, its temples wide; malar space moderately
lar^e; ocelli in a triangle; the hinder coxie fully four times
longer than broad; calcaria short; claws small, simple. 1'be
2nd abdominal segment is longer than the following 3 segments
united; there ia an indistinct suturiform articulation; the basal
joint of the hinder tarsi is as long as the other joints united.
Lt»gs long and slender; the 1st abscissa of the cubitus is roundly
curved and is not much shorter than the 2nd^ but longer than
the Srd.

Belongs to the iSpatkiina. Allied to Lepto»pathim Sz^p.;
which h:ia a devided radial cellule in the hinder wings but not
a divided anal cellule. Characteristic is the strong mesopleural
furrow as in the Cri/ptinof,

Uahnoba petioiaia^ sp* nov.

Black : the head and the greater part of the prothorax
rufous ; the anterior coxed dark rufous below; the basal joint of

R. A. 8oc» Ko. 14, IDOfk

108

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK,

the 4 posterior tarsi to near the apex white* Wiogs hjaline,
slightly infuscated, the nervures and stigma black. 9'

Length 13-14 mm ; terebra 13 mm.

Hab. KucbiDg.

Antenna longer than the hody^ slender, tiliform, black ; tbe
»cape rufous, the basal joints of the flagellum dark rufons ; the
8rd joint shorter than the 4th» Pace obscurely rugose, the
centre slightly raised and separated from the sides which are
smoother aud more shining, clypeus clearly separated, raised,
broadly rounded behind. Face and clypeus thickly covered
with fuscous hair ; the hair on the clypeus longer than that on
the face. Mandibles rufous, blark at the upex; the long palpi
fuscous, the apical joints paler. Middle lobe of the mesonotum
irregularly reticulated; the furrows irregularly striated.
Scutellum shining, minutely and closely punctured ; the baital re*
gion depressed and with a tine keel in the middle* Post-scuteU
lum depressed* keeled laterally. Metanotum smooth and de-
pressed at the base, irregularly transversely striated and witli
some irregular longitudinal keels. I he centre and the apex of
the proplura? strongly irregularly striated ; the obli<iue furrow
on the base and the lower longitudinal one stoutly striated ; the
base of the metapleurte shagreened ; the rest stoutly reticulata
ed. Pleurae and sternum thickly covered with silvery pulx*s-
cence. Petiole closely, distinctly transversely striated. On
the base of the 2nd segment is a rabed area, longer than broad,
slightly narrowed towards and rounded at, the apex ; the re^Jt
of the segment tinely, longitudinal !y striated. Legs covered
with a pale pubescence ; the tarsi spinose ; the hinder coxte and
trochanters minutely punctured; the front legs have the femora
and tibiie piceous in front. Sheaths of ovipositor black, covered
with a soft microscopic pubescence.

Ediyu, gen. nov.

Recurrent nervure received shortly beyond the middle of
the 1st cubital cell, transverse basal nervure shortly beyond tli©
transverse median ; anal nervure not interstitial, Radial cellule
in bind wing bordered by a distinct nervure in front \ prie-

Jour. Str&IU Bmntli

HYMENOITKIIA OF SARAWAK

lUQ

trarit«v*^r;*e nervure reci*»ved cou»iderubJy in front of it; the
pobrachial ct^utiuued to the end of the wia^ ; the pifn-achinl cfill
uiirrow ttt the base, much widened at the apex. Hind fetuora
not much thickened, serrate beneath. Ijubrurn prtijecting, Man-
dibles curved^ with a short sulmptcal tooth, Pirst alxioniinAl
segment wide at the baiie, becu^niiig wider tc)wards the apex* as
long as the 2nd and 3rd segment'? 11 nil ed. Thorax in 5 lt»nj(er
than the abdomen ; the pro- targely developed.

The head is cubit^^l ; the cly penis clearly separated from the
face; the front depre^ised, its sides keeled ; metaru»tnm wreolat-
ed. Meiiopleurvts furrowed below. Metatarsus shorter thun the
other joints i»nit<'d. Calcaria bud claws small.

(Jomes liear Hi Eusedntus (also from Sarawak) but that
genus ma) be known from it by the hind femora being- thicken*^d
by the recurrent nervure being received in the 2nd, not in th<
tst cubital cell, and by the •shorter thorax.

Edffia awtJicornis^ 8p, no v.

Black, i^hiuing. the middle of the antenna? broadly* lobrum.
4llmost the biisal half of the hinder tibiie and the hinder Uhm
white; the 4 front kgs white, their femora with a slight ful
V0U8 tingH, their cox« black, with a browuiidj tinge: witit'
hyaline, the stigma funeotia, the net viirti:) darker* &

Length *J mm.

Uab. Kuching.

Face r/iaraely rugosely punctured, it^ side** Irregnlarlv
looi^itudinally stiiated; elypeus more Huely hmgitudiualiv
punctured: front and vertex stuiMjith, the frontal di -
boi^dered by a stout, obit^ue keel Pronotum stoutly, ir
striated. Middle lobe of mej*onotiiai strongly puncuuid ai
thickly covered with white hair, itsajiex irregularly reticulated
it iK raised and ct early separHtetl ; the lateral lobea are 8parft»=ly
punctured. Scutellntn punctured on the basal half ; its basal
depressiiMi with a central k^eK with au obli(|uc on*

on either side. Pom um with a stimt keel d(»wn the centr-

aod a stout traxisver!:^ one acrcs^ the middle, dividing it into 1

H A. .SOG, N0> 4^ '*■

no HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

parts. Metanotum areolated irregularly reticulated, the arese
longer than broad. Mesopleurae smooth, punctured above and
below. Metapleuree closely rugose. Basal segment of abdomen
irregularly longitudinally striated. The hinder femora are serrate
beneath in the middle, the teeth not being well developed.

Enagathia erijthrocephaUt^ sp. nov.

Black, the scape of antennie, head, pro- and mesothorax red,
the fore legs of a less clear red, the middle coxae from near the
base, trochanters and femora, fuscous-black, the rest of the legs
of a dark red ; wings fuscous- violaceous, paler on the costal
cell, the nervures and stigma black. 9 •

Length 8-9 mm ; terebra 1 mm.
Hab. Kuching. January.

»Scjipe of antenna* covered with white, the Hagellum ihickly
with stiff, pubescence. Front and vertex smooih: a curved
oblicjue furrow above each antenna. Face distinctly punctured,
roundly dilated in the middle; the clypeus less strongly punc-
tured, deeply foveate at the sides. Mandibles rufous, palpi
rufo-testaceous. Protliorax impunctate: the mesothorax punc-
tured, but not closely or strong-ly, the scute Hum more strongly
punctured ; scutellar depression deep, with 2 stout keels in the
centre; scutelluni roundly convex, with a bordering keel on its
apex heluw : post-scutellum bordered hy a stout keels and with
a stout one in the centre. In the centre of the metanotum, at
the base, is an area, fully twice longer than wide, transverse at
the apex, gradually narrowed towards the base, with the keels
curved ; outside this is another area of nearly equal width ; on
the sides are some irrei;iil}«r striie, especially at the a^ex. The
apical sl(»pe is bord<»rt»(l above by a keel and has a few stout
longitudinal keels. The long spur of the middle leg is nearly
as long as the basal joint of the tarsi. Abdomen smooth and
shining.

Apart from the ditTerence in colouration, etc., this species
may be known from /.'. creophoro by the long spur cf the mid-
dle tibiie. In the latter species it is short as usual.

Jour. Stnitii branch

HYMBNOPTERA OP SARAWAK.

Ill

Enagathis cr^eopharat sp. nov.

Black, the heftd, the fore leg?, pro* and mesothorax red ;
the wings dark fuscous, the stigma and nervurea hlack ; the
metapleuri« thicklj covered with white pubescence. 9 -

Length 10, terebra 1 mm.
Hab. Kuching*

Scape of antenna obscure reddi3h below. Head smooth
and shining, the face and clypeus thicklj covered with fuscous
pubescence. Middle lobe uf mesonotum distinctly raised, but
not separated by furrows from the lateraL Scutelluin with a
distinct, raised murgin, which is hij^hest at the npex; the keels
me burdered, on the inner side by a furrow, which, at the apex,
has a few indistinct keels. Post-scute Hum opaque* strongly
acicu fated, tlat. transverse at the base, roundly narrowed to-
wards the apex On the base of the metanotum is a curved
obliquely depressed rounded area, with its middle triangularly
bent inwardly ; next to this are 7 areie, all long-er than wide^
the central (»f ec|ual width and twice longer than wide; the
outer still longer, the apical slope is oblique, surrounded by a
stout keel ; in its centre is an area which becomes slightly
narrowed towacds the apex ; at the sides is an area of e<|ual
wid til throughout; on either side of the central areatsa keel
whicli only extends to the middle. Pro- and mesopleuru?
smooth; on the centre of the meso i»n the lower half is an
oblique row of long, stout keels ; the apical furrow is crenulat-
ed ; on the base of the melapleura?* are 3 stout keels. Tarsi
thickly covered witii short stiff hair The 1st transverse
cubital nervure is straight and sharply oblique ; the 2nd is
much shorter, not oblique, roundly curved; the recurrent
tiervure is bu Haled near the top,

This may be E* pilosus Szdp. ; but the 25 words of that
author's description, dealing mainly with the colour, are not
sufficient for identiBcatioa. In my species the 4 front claws
are bifid; the hinder subbifid, the hinal claw being short*
There is no branch on the 2nd transverse cubital nervure» but
it is thickened in the middle,

E. A. Hoe., No. U, IQOft.

112

HYMENOPTEBA OF SARAWAK.

AgcLthis ttialayana^ sp. nov*

Luteous, the antennte and the hinder tibia? and tarsi black ;
the 3rd and following^ segments of the abdomen blackish ; the
apex of the wing^ from the transverse basal nervure fu8COU8«
the base above to the transverse basal and below to near the
commencement of the anal nervure, hjatine , the apex of the
hind wings broadly fuscous. 9 .

Length 7-8 mm.

Hab. Singapore.

A small curved depreasion at the outerside of the hind
ocelli. Head, pro- and mesonotum smooth and shining ; the
middle lobe of mesonotum with 2 wide, shallow furrows near
the middle a shallow , wider one on the lateral lobe. Scutellum
distinctly, but not very strongly, punctured ; its sides and apex
margined, the apex more strongly keeled. Post-scu tell urn
depressed, stoutly margined. Base of metanotum with a wide
area in the middle at the base ; its bounding keel roundly
curved and curved tcjwards the apex in the middle ; behind this
are 6 area*, in 2 rows of which the outer apical are the larger ;
these are bordered by a keel which is angled outwardly in the
middle ; and the sides, outside the spiracles, are bordered by a
stout keel. Pro- and mesopleurte almost impunctate, there is a
narrow straight oblique keel above the middle of the tatter; iti
curved apical Keel is wide, bears some stout keels and com-
mences shortly below the middle ; the apical depression beara
stout keels, as does also that on the base of the metapleur».
Areolet triangular, the uervures uniting at the top, they are
straight and oblique, except the 2nd which is narrowed and
nut so oblique below ; there is no branch on the 2nd cubital
nenrure ; the recurrent nervure is distinctly interrupted above.

Dkophfifs ornatipennhf dp. noY,

Black, the head, except the front, the vertex and occiput
broadly in the middle, pronotum, upper half of propleurse, the
centre of the mesonotum between the sutures and scutellum ;
the scutellum and adjoining region, metanotum, except a broad

Jour, Sti&iU Bnucb

HYMENOPTERA t»F SARAWAK*

113

curved band on the top of the apical slope, the upper part of the
mesopleurfe and the metApleurae, except in the middle, reddish-
yellow. Four front legs luteous, the hinder black, the coxas,
trochanters, femora and tibia? luteous^ below. Ventral surface
of abdomen fnr the most part testaceous ; the base above tes-
tacooug, stoutly tuberculate laterally. Fore wings to the base
of the cubitus, the 1st cubital cellule broadly above yellowish-
hyaline the rest blackijih^fuscous ; with a curved hyaline cloud
in front of the recurrent nervure ; the basal half of the bind
wings yellowish -hyaline, the rest fuscous, the apical cloud pro-
longed obliquely backwards below ; the stigiua black, yellow at
the baae. Antennae black, brownish towards the apex. 5 *

Length 12-13 mm,

Uab. Matang. August.

Face minutely punctured, the centre from near the top
, bordered by furrows, which end in fove® above the clypeus
which 19 minutely punctured. Labruni large, broadly rounded.
Front depreiised in the middle, the depression bordered by
furrows, which are roundly curved above, converging below ;
the lateral keels reach to the ocelli. Parapsldal furrovvs wide,
bearing stout keels, forming deep fovete ; ut the ape.\ they
converge, but do not unite. Apex of seutellum with a trans-
verse stout keel. Metaiiotum depressed at the base, the sides
more deeply than the centre ; at the apex of the depression is
an area^ longer than wide, which becomes gradually wider to the
apex, which is transverse atid bears a stout transverse keej ;
following this is a depressiou about 3 times wider than long,
rounded, but not much njirrowed, at the apex and bordered by
larger, longer depressions, wide at the base, becoming narrowed
gradually to a pciint at the apex and touching the curved keel
surrounding the npex ; outside it are 2 larger wider depression,
the outer being the larger. Pleural and sternal depressions
wide and l>earing stout keels all over.

DisophfifS niffer^ sp. nov.

Black ; the palpi and anterior tarsi pale testaceous, the
wingi black to the areolet, the rest milk-white, the apex of
stigma and apical nervures pale yellow. I .

& A. Hoc, No. 44. 19Q6,

114

HTfMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Length 8 mm.

£lab. Kacbmg. March.

Smooth and shining, the median segment irregularly areo-
lated. The furrow in the centre of the edge of the mesonotum
crennlated ; acutellar depression large and deep, with 3 stout
keels, the central slightly higher than the lateral. ScateDum
Hat, narrowed obliquely towards the apex, which is keeled ;
po8t-8cutellum hoilowed, the sides stoutly keeled, slightly
obliquely narrowed towards the apex, the centre being trans-
verse. The central basal area of the raetanotum is l-«rge, about
twice longer than wide, and rounded at the apex. On the base
of the mesopleurffi in the middle are 5 stout, irregular keel^, the
space between them being depressed ; below them, and placed
iibHquely, are 3 large foveae, the apical being the larger.
Metapleur^ with 3 stout curved keels, which have some oblique
keels at the base, and on the upper and lower parts, these form-
ing irregular areae ; the apex is l>ounded by a stoat keeL
Abdomen smooth and shining ; the basal 2 segments distinctly
margined laterally, the 2nd with a transverse curved furrow In
the middle.

The lateral keels on the front are large and raised below,
becoming narrowed above and do not reach to the ocelli j in the
centre of the front are 2 stout keels which converge above, and
are dilated at the base of the antennae. Areolet longer than
broad ; its basal nervure with a distinctly oblique slope. Sca|>e
of antennae about 3 times longer than wide. There is no ap-
pearance of a ^tnmp on the 2nd transverse cubital nervure.

Disophvys Jumipennis^ sp, nov,

Luteous, smooth and shining, the Bagellum of antenneB and
the hind tibire and tarsi, black ; wings fuscous, highly iridescent,
the base from the transverse median nervure and an oblique
cloud, extending from the base of the stigma to the anal
nervure, hyaline ; the stigma and nervures black. 9 .

Length 7-8; terebra 1 mm.

Hab. Kuching, October.

J«itr, atimlii BrMeb

BYMENOPTKRA OP SARAWAK.

115

Face and clypeua sparsely punctured and covered with
white pubescence^ the front and vertex smooth and shining; the
centre of the face abore is roundly incised, the incision longer
than wide and with its sides projecting above. The raised cen-
tral lobe of the mesonotum is widely furrowed on the basal half.
Scuteilar depression large, deep and with a stout keel in the
middle. Scutellum with the sides and apex keeled, the latter more
strongly than the former. Post-scutellum as wide as the acuteU
lum, depressed at the base^ roundly raised, its sides keeled. Base
of metanotum with a large, somewhat semicircular area; behind
this are 5 are^e; the central with stouter keels and slightly nar-
rowed towards the apex, the outer obliquely narrowed towards
ptbe apex, almost triangular; the apex has an obliijuo slope and
'is bounded by keels on the top and sides ^ there being none in the
centre. Pleurae almost impunctate; the oblique furrow on the
lower apical part of the mesopleuree is shallow ; and has a few
I obscure keels ; on the lower side of the metapleurse in the middle
lia a large projecting plate, dilated at the base, rounded at the
[apex and hollowed in the centre above, Areolet rounded and
^ narrowed above ; the 2nd transverse cubital nervure has a short,
stout branch above the middle; the recurrent nervure is inter-
rupted at the top and above the middle leaving a small isolated
piece*

Microilus naUmgensUt a p. no v.

Rufoua-luteous, the flagellum of antennaB blackish ; wings
yellowish-hyaline, the nervures and stigma luteous, the latter
black at the base, where there is a small e<]uare fuscous cloud,
I extending shortly beyond the cubitus ; the busal three abduminal
I segments closely longitudinally striated, the 2nd with a trana-
[verse, slightly curved, furrow shortly beyond the middle. 5 •
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Matang

Head, pro- and mesothorax smooth and shining ; parapsidal
furrows smooth. Base of metanotum depressed; in the centre are
two keels, which are close together on the basal third, then
expand oblii|uely outwardly, then running straight Uj the apex.
Abdominal petiole smooth and obliquely depressed at the apexi
the middle is depressed.

& a* 8oc« No; u, 190$

116

HYftfENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

ICHNEUMONID^.

Tbyphonibes.
Bentjfva, gen. nov.

Median segment deeply depressed at the base ; there la one
transverse keel, bebind which the segment is closely transverse-
ly striated; the spiracles small, oval. Areolet absent; the
transverse basal nervure interstitial ; disco-cubital nerviire brok-
en by a stump. Parapsidal furrows deep ; a wide, deep depres-
sion at the base of the scutellum. A deep, oblique furrow on
the basal half of the mesosternum. Eyes iar^e, temples and
malar space small. Olypeus roundly convex, not separated frouii
the face; its apex minutely bitubercuUte. Mandibles stoutly
bident^te, the teeth of equal size. Petiole stout» becoming j
gradually wider towards the apex; the spiracles are placed I
shortly beyond the middle. The middle segments are depressed |
at the base ; the last is longer than the preceding ; the ovipositor
projects.

Radial cell wide in the middle^ compared with its length ;
the basiil and apical abscissa straight, sharply oblique; occiput
margined, a deep furrow between the keel and the ocelli ; the
head is large and is distinctly wider than the thorax ; there
are 2 ^purs on the 4 hind legs; on the front tibits the spurs
there is one, cleft from near the base, the one t,outh being
broad, stout, the other more slender ; claws small, simple ; the
long spur of the hind tibiit* does not quite reach the middle t>f
the metAtarjjUs,; in the hind wings the trans%'erse median nervure
is broken distinctly below the middle. Middle lobe of mesonotum
widely septirated from the scutellum furrowed down the middle.
Aniennte long and filiform, the basal joints of flagellum grentty
lengthened.

Belongs to the Tryphoniday a group which appears to be
rare in the tropics.

JBentyra striata^ sp. nov.

Black, abdomen rufous^ the face, except for a brown line iu
the centre, the inner eye orbits somewhat broadly, the line ex-

iour. StralU Br*DCli

HYMENOPTERA OP SARAWAK,

117

tending on to the hinder edge of the eyes* a broad line on the
j>ronotum, one on the basal half of the middle lobe of the meso-
Pnotuoi, 2 shorter ones on ita apex on the lateral lubes, sciitellums,
the apex of the mediao segments, the mark roundly dilated back-
wards in the middle, the lower edj^e of the propleura% an irreg-
ulftr mark under the hind wings and a large mark an the lower
apical half of the metapleurte, bright yellow. Legs rufous, the
anterior paler ; the 4 front coxa? and trochanters yelluw ; the
hinder cox^ black, with a large yellow mark on the apex above ;
the apex of the hinder tibite black ; the hinder tariii infuscated,
Winga hyaline, a small fuscous cloud near the centre of the
radius and cubitus, the stigma and nervures black. 9 .

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Kuching.

Antennas slender, longer than the body, f uacous ; the scape
obacure yellow beneath- Face and clypeus closely, transversely
punctured ; the front and vertex closely obliquely striated ; the
front with 2 stouter longitudinal keels down the centre. Meso-
and metanotum closely, tinely transversely striated. Upper jmrt
of propleurae closely obliquctly striated, the lower smooth, the
upper part of meso- closely longitudinally striated, the lower
closely rugo»e ; upper half of meta- coarsely obliquely striated,
the lower distinctly punctured.

PIMPLIKA,

Epirhyssa tpiiopUrn,, sp. nov.

Black, the face, clypeus, inner orbits to the top, the outer
i more broadly (but narrowly above) from near the top, malar
space, the upper side, apex, lower side, except in the middle of
the prothorax, scutellum, except at the apex, poat-scutellum,
the median segment except at the base, apex and lower
side of pleurse, the meso-, except at the base, below the tuber-
cles and a large curved mark, with a narrow ohiique pedicle
below the latter, mesosternum, a longish mark, becoming
gradually wider towards the apex, which is transverse on the
Ist, a somewhat similar mark on the 2nd, but with its apex trans-
verse, not rounded and with the sides at the apex projecting ; a

118

HYMENOPTERA OF SAKAWAK.

band near the apex of the 2tid and following segoieots,
the lines dilated and turned backwards below alonsr the ?ides.
yellow. ItBgs yellowish, the fore femora above, the middle at
the base below and more brondly above, the hinder, except at
the apex, the base of the hind tibiw, and the 4 hind tarsi, black.
Wings hyaline, the apex from the transverse cubital to shortly
beyond the apex of the cubitus fuscous-violaceous ; the stigma
testaceous* the ner\nires black. 9 »

Length 18 ram.; terebra 33 mm,

Kuching. October.

Apex of clypeus roundly incised. Scute! lum transversely
punctured; its black apex longitudinally, coarsely striated.
Median segment closely punctured ; the metanotum with a
smooth furrow down it^ centre, Proplearse almost smooth, the
meso- closely punctured. Abdomen smooth ; the black on the
middle segments has a brownish tinge,

Kpirfty^sa maenliceps, sp, nov.

Black, the face, except for an irregular bell-shaped murk
in the centre, a mark on the front, longer than wide, clypeus,
labrutii, inner orbits to the hind ocelli, the outer from near the
top, malar space, pronotum, 2 curved marks, narrowed at tlie
apex, on the middle lobe of the mesonotum at the base, a broad
line on the inner side of the lateral lobes, one along their outer
edge, scutellum, except at the apex, its keels, the depressions
at the sides of the post-scutellum, the lower edge of the
propleurte, mesopleune, except in the middle at the apex, median
segment, except for a large conical mark on the apical two-
thirds of the metanotum and the apices of the abdominal seg-
ments, broadly yellow. Legs yellow, the tibiBB and femora
suffused with fulvous; the inner and lower side of the hind
coxte black ; the hind tibite in frunt, except in the middle, their
ap^x all round and the hinder tarsi blackish. Wings hyalines
clouded at the apex from the transverse cubital oervure : stigma
fuscous, the nervures blackish, 9 .

Length 12; terebra 13 mm.

Hab. Kucfaing. March,

HYMENOPTKRA OP SARAWAK*

119

Aotennsa fuscous-black. Pace and clypeus closely punc-
tured, the centre of the face obscurely striated ; the front and
vertex smooth, Scutellum rugfosely punctured, its apex trans-
versely striated. Median segment sparsely covered and the
abdomen thickly covered with white hair; the middle segments
closely punctured. Tarsi spinose.

Xanihopimpta Kuchintjeniii^ sp, nov*

Luteous, the vertex and the lower part of the front
broadly in the centre, the occiput between the eyes, a large
mark on the mesonotum in front of the tegulae, squarely dila-
ted in the centre at the base, with the sides rounded, a mark on
the scutellar depression, the 2 basal lateral arete, the areola nar-
rowly at the base^ a large mark, slightly^ but distinctly broader
than long, on the 1st abdominal segment, a large, transverse
mark, slightly incised in the middle of the apex, on the 2nd
and 3rd, 2 large marks, obliquely narrowed, on the iniierside^ 2
widely separated marks on the 4th and 5th (that on the 5th lesH
distinct), black. Antennte black, the scape obscure yellow,
the flagetlum brownish below. Areola large, ita basal part ob*
liquely narrowed, the slightly shorter apical slightly narrowed,
the apex tranaveriie ; the 2 basal areie are slightly wider ;
the 2nd a little widened towards the outerside. Areolet 4-
augted, shortly appendiculated ; the recurrent nerviireia
received between the middle and apex- 9 ♦

Hab. Kuching. August.

Xanihopimpla clnvipennii^ sp, nov.

Luteous, the ocelJar region, a broad band, roundly curved
in front, more transverse behind, near the base of mpsonotiim,
a broad band across the base of the metanotum, a large murk«
roundly dilated at the apex, roundly contracted at the base, on
the centre of the 1st segment an irregular spot, wider than
long and nai rowed on the outerside on the 2nd, a large, oblique
mark, rounded laterally, widely contracted in the centre at the
base and more narrowly at the apex, on the 3rd, a small mark
(but wider and more regular than the small mark on the 2nd)
on the sides of the 4tb, a large, regular transverse fully twice

K A. Soc. No. 44, 1906.

120

HTMENOPTRRA OF SARAWAK.

wider thim long: one on the 5th, a small mark (the smallest of
the series) on the sides of the 6th, 2 largi:^ marks, narrower, but
thicker and narrowed roundly on the inuerside, on the 7th ♦ and
2 marks, transverse on the outerside, narrowed roundly on the
inner, on the 8th, black. Legs of a paler yellow rhan the liody,
a large black line on tlie under i>ide of the 4 hinder femora* the
base behind of the 4 hinder tibiae and the 4 hinder tarsi^
black. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures and stisrma black ;
the areolet oblitjue, triangular, shortly appendiculated. The
areola is large, longer than wide by about one-fourth ; its apex
transverse, j^ligbtly, but distinctly, narrowed from shortly be»
yond the middle to the base; the basal lateral area is large,
dilated at the base, the 2nd is wider than long, with straight
Hides, and of ecjual width throughout. Antenni^ black. The
recurrent nervMire is almost united to the 2nd transverse cubital^

Length 8-tl ; terebra 2 mm.

Hab. K aching, April

Evhthromvrpha robttHa^ sp. no v.

Black, head, except thi* occiput broadly, the centre of the
vertex and front, scutellums., 2 short marks on the base of the
mesonotum, a large, curved mark on the sides of the metano-
tum, reaching to near the base, extending on to the pleurae, in
front of and tehind thp spiracles, tubercles, a large, irregularly
semicircular mnrk on the basal half of the me30pleurK\ a sniall
oblique one on the apex below, the »pi«'es of the abdominal
segments— tiie basal band broader than the others, which are
narrowed in the middle, — leuion-yellow. Legs similarly cijluur*
ed, the hind coxie broadly Ijelow, an oblique broad line, expand-
ed at the apex, above, a long broad line on the innerside of thi?
hind femora and n narrovver one on the outer, the base of the
tibiie and the hind tarsi, black. Wings hyaline; the nervures
and stigma black : the apical cloud dark violaceoua. 9 .

f^ength 17 mm.; terebra 5 mm.

Hub, Ma tang.

Mesonotum distinctly, but not strongly or closely, punctur-
ed; the 2nd and following segments uf abdomen closelj and

Jour, 8tnkiU Unutcli

HYMENOPTEUA OF SARAWAK,

121

distinctly punctured, the basal smooth and shining ; pedicle of
ureolet more than half the leng^th of the 2Dd transverse cubital
nervure.

This is a more robust species than £, uHWulipes; its thorai
is much leas strongly marked with yellow, the 2 yellows lines
on the mesonotum only being present at the base, the ba^al
mark on the mesopleune is smaller and not reaching lu the
lower edge, the sternum is black, and the pedicle of the areolet
is longer.

Echthromorpha macuUpes^ sp< nov.

Black, the face, clypeus, orbits, the yellow below the ocelli
expanding inwardly, this contracting the black mark in the
centre of the front; the lower outer orbits entirely, malar space, 2
line^ on the niesonotum, eipanded outwardly at the ba»e, scuteU
lun)s, the keels running from them, the metanotum except for a
large black mark in the centre, its ba^al half broader than apical
and becoming gradually, rounded narrowed to the apex; the
apical half becoming slightly gradually wider to the apex; on
Ihe sides a broad line runs to the spiracles; propleune bbck,
yellow at the base; mesopleursef yellow, its ba^e, a band under
the tubercles, the top, a large band on the apex, irregularly,
tilightly incised at the base and apex, where it joins the black
on the mesosternum, thus having a large niark^ narrowed and
rounded at the apex, on either side and reaching shortly beyond
the nnddle. Metapleurw yellow, it^* liase black to near the
bottom. All the abdominal segments lined with yellow; the 1st
broader and the last narrower than the others : the others slightly
nairowed in the middle* Wings hyaline, with a slight fulvous
tint: the nervures and stigma black; the usual apical cloud has
a violaceous tinw;e» Legs yellow ; the hind coxa^ broadly,
irtegulaily black below and laterally; above, and joined to
the lower black mark, b a black mark^ which becomes gra*
dually wider towards the apex and extending from thereto the
base ; there is a large broad black band on the upper innerside,
a liarruwer ore on the outer, the two almost uniting at the
apex, a large baud in the centre below and the base of the
hirtder tibin% black ; the hind tarsi black, fuscous at the base,
Scape yellow below.

B. I

v.i it 190.'.

122

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Mesonotum diiitiDCtly punctured, the punctures cleftrtj
defined and (Separated : the 2nd and fotlowui^ abdominal seg-
ments closely and distinctly punctured.

Length nearly 15 ; terebra nearly 5 mm,
Hab, Kucbing. June,

Ophionika.
Pleuroneuraphian nialayanm^ ap. nov.

Dark luteou»^ the apical half of the abdomen darker colour-
ed, the face, clypeus and orbits pallid yellow ; the mesosternum
blacki&fa ; wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma biackiab. 9 *

Length 20 mm.

Hab. Borneo.

Head smooth, shining and Hlmost bare, Mesonotum darker
coloured than the scutellum, closely, minutely punctured. Sides
of acutellum keeled, the keels betoming indistinct towards the
apex which is broadly rounded ; the base obscurely punctured,
the rest not very strongly or regularly longitudinally striated.
Post-scutelium broader than long, projecting, rounded from the
base to the apex. Base of metanotum smooth, the basal deprea-
sion stourly, but not closely striated ; the rest closely, stoutly,
irregularly transversely striated and reticulated, the sides with
a bordering keel. Pro- and mesopleura? closely, minutely punc-
tured and covered with a fine down ; the upper part of the
meta- stoutly, obliquely irregularly sriated. The basal abscissa
Qf the cubito-diaco-nervure is slightly curved upwards at the
base, slightly, but more distinctly/downwards at the apex before
the angle which is distinct but does not bare a stump of a ner*
vure. Cubitus in hind wings roundly curved. The part of the
cubito-disco nervure before the angle is distinctly shorter than
that between it and the recurrent nervure.

This species differs from P, grandis in the didCO*cubital
nervure not being angled before the middle, but otherwise it
agrees with the main features of the genus, e, j. in the trans-
verse median nervure being received behind the transverse baetaK
ID the radius bebg thickened at the base and in the trans-

Jour Slr»lW tfcanda

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

123

verse median nervure in hind wings being broken below the
middle* In both s|>ecies the recurrent nervure is received
directly opposite to the base of the basal abscissa of the radius.

/'ieitronettrophion f/i*andiij sp. nov*

Luteous, the head paler, apex of abdomen darker, pro- and
mesothorax closely punctured ; scutellura, except at the base,
irregularly transversely striated, its keels curved inwardly at
the apex, which is transverse, the basal depression with a a tout
keel in the centre ; the post-scutellum is separated from it
by a deep furrow, its side being oblique ; the post-scut^Uiim has
an oblique slope towards the apex and is bordered by straight
keels. Basal depression of metanotum large, deep ; there is
a central keel and the apex is stoutly irregularly, striated ;
the part behind the keel is closely, minutely punctured ; the rest
irregularly, strongly transversly reticulated ; metapleural keel
stout, roundly curved at the apex. Disco- cubiial nervure
roundly^ broadly, not acutely ani^led before the middle ; there
is no trace of a stump of a nervure. The basal "2 segments of
the abdomen are as long as the head and the thorax united.
The cubitus in the hind wtug is straight, not curved at the base
and apex ; the apical abscissa is the longer and is not sloped like
the basal. The part of the disco-cubital nervure behind the
angle is slightly longer than that between it and the recurrent
nervure.

This is one of the largest species. Himalayas.

Eni^oMjpiLuA nigroptctus, sp. nov.

buteoufl, the middle of the abdomen paler, the mesonotum
mesopleuraj, raefosternum and the apical 3 segements of the
abdomen black ; wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black ;
there is only one horny point ; it is longer than broad, conical,
transverse at the apex, rounded and narrowed behind* ? .

Length 17 mm.
llab. Kuchiog.

Head suiooth and shining, the ocellar region black. Behind
and above the curved keel on the mesoplurs are stout keels,

!24

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

which become gradually long^er b^low, the lower oDes reaching
bey u nil the middle of the mesopleurip. Scutelium stoutly
keeled laterally its apex wirh 3 or 4 irregular, curved keels.
Post-Bcutellum keeled, Metaiiotum behind the tranverae keel
smooth, stoutly irrei^ularly, mostly lontritudinally striated^ the
Btrite in places forming almost reticuln lions, esf>e€rally at the
gidea ; metapleurie above irregularly reticulated. Transverse
median nervure interstitial; disco-cubital nervure roundly curv-
ed ; first discoidal cellule distinctly shorter than the second,
the recurrent nervure bein^ received about 4 times its length
behind the transverse cuhibil its base not half the length of
the apex»

Trichonoim^ gen. nov.

Hind wings with the cubital nervure unbroken ; disco-cnbi-
tal nervure not interstitial with the discoidal ; 5rd discoidal
cellule not narrowed at the base ; 2nd nearly twice as wide at
apex as at base. Labrum hidden. Chypeus projecting', oar-
rowed and rounded at the apex. Thorax ihiokly covered with
long pubscence, themesonotum reticulated, scutellum dif^tinctly
keeled laterally. Median segment produced at apex, depres-
sed at base ; petiole dilated above at apex. Claws minute, sim-
pl e . Hind ti bisp 1 o n tjer than tarsi , R e c u r r e n t n er v u re recei ved
beyond transverse cubital, the transverse median shortly beyond
transverse basal. Ba^sal joint of hinder tarsi not thickened,
slightly looger than the other joints united.

Comes close to A irometm Foer, The characteristic feah m
are the unbroken transverse median nervure in hind wingh,
large^ llat, keeled scutellum, the petiole dilated above and the
longisb hinder tibiie compared with the tarsi.

Trichoiwttis reticulatus, sp. nov,

Blackf the head and thorax densely covered with grey
pubescence ; the face, inner orbits, the lower outer, scape of
antenme and tegula?, lemon-yellow ; t-he sides and lower part
of petiole yellow ; the upper part behind the dilated apex dark
rufous, the top of the 3rd pale yellow, the apices of the othei^

HYAIENOPTEBA OF SARAWAK,

125

testaceous. Four front legs, hinder coira, epical joint of
trochanters and the basal three- fourths of hinder tibise, yellow ;
th»? rest of bind legs black, with the femora rufous beneath.
Wings hyaline, stigma dark testaceous. 9 ,

Oeutre of face irregularly, longitudinally striated, base of
clypeus irregularly punctured. Mesonotum strongly reticu-
lated. Sculpture of scutellum hid by the densse hair. Meta-
noturn irregularly reticulated, the pubescence dense, long and
pale golden. Pro* and meaopleurse stoutly, longitudinally striat-
ed ; the meta- reticulated.

XORIDBS,
C^Bumtomu^ gen. nov.

Wings without an areolet, the recurrent nerrure received

shortly before the cubital ; the transverse median behind the
transverse basal. (Jabital nervure in hind wings broken below
the middle. Clypeus depressed, tta ap^x broadly rounded,
fjabrum large, as long as the clypcm^, broadly rounded at the
apex and slightly narrowed above. Miuidibles edentate, becom-
ing narrowed towards the apex, which is bluntly rounded.
Apex of face obliquely raised, with a fovea on either side of the
middle. Thorax about 4 times longer than wide ; the middle
lobe of mesonotum clearly separated ; scutellum flat, deeply
bifoveate at the b<i^p; post scutellum bifoveate. Median seg-
ment longer tbaci broad, reticulated^ its apex transverse and
with a larg^ tubercle on either side of the apex. First segment
of abdomen fully 4 times longer than wide, as long as the 2nd
and 3rd segments united ; narrowed at the base, the spiracles
placed shurtiy behind its middle; a curved depression before its
middle ; triangular depression — sharply printed at the base — on
the 2ud and a shorter, rounded one on the 3rd segment There
are 8 abdominal segments. Four front legs slender, of moder-
ate length ; the middle coxsb longer than usual and longer
than the anterior; the hinder legs much stouter and longer;
the cox*e about 4 or 5 times longer than wide ; the trochanters
half their length ; femora stout, the tibiKf as long as the trochan-
ters and femora united ; the metatarsus as long as the other

&, A Soc., No. 14, 1906.

126

HYMENOPTERA OP SARAWAK

jomts united; claws small. Antennce (11 if or m, bare, (onger
than the body, the 3rd and 4th joints equal in leng'tb ; the
scape globular, not much looger than broad. Disco-cubitun
not broken by a nervure.

I only know the $ of this genus of Xoride^. The front
tibi«e are not inflated as in man^ of the genera of the group. Its
affinities are clearly with Spilo.corides ; but that genus has the
median segment areolated, not reticulated, much shorter and
not tuberculate laterally at the apex, its hinder coxa^ much
shorter and the basal joint of the hinder tarsi is shorter than
the other joints united* being not much longer than the 2nd and
3rd united.

C^nostomti filirornia^ sp. nov.

Black, labrum, clypeus, orbits broadly, the edge of theprono-
tum, if^cutellum, the 4 front legs, the basal two- thirds of the
hinder tibiie and tbe hinder tarsi, yollow ; the hinder cox«e and
femora rufo- testaceous ; the extreme base of the hinder coxae,
their apical third, trochanters, base of tibia; narrowly and their
apical fourth, black ; the apices of all the abdominal segments
banded with yellow ; wings hyaline, the nervures and sttgma
black, the base of latter white. 5 .

Length 13-14 mm*

Oab. Kuching.

Pace closely punctured, obscurely, closely transversely
8triat**d above ; front and vertex sramith and shining. Middle
lobe of mesonotum raised, transversely striated; the apex at
the scutellum with 3 longitudinal striae. Scutellum smooth ; its
basal fove« large wider than long; post-scutellum with 2
longer than wide fovea?. The reticulations irregutar, much
longer than wide. Propleurie smooth, the meso- shagreeoed
and thickly haired, the meta- 'closely reticulated. Base of
petiole smooth ; in the centre are 2 narrow keels with a keel
on either side, the rest closely, irregulary reticulated ; the 3?nd
segment is punctured at the b»se, with the furrows and depres-
sions etosely striated ; there is a curved furrow* On the apex

Jour mttAtm Bnoeti

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK

12?

of the 1st segtneot, behind extending to the sides and having
the yellow apical band prolonged along its sides ; the apex of
the segment is roundly dilated in the middle; the 2nd and 3rd
are raised in the centre, depressed behind the raised part

Sptlojcorides mythrocefhaltis, sp* nov.

Black ; the head dark red, the vertex marked with black ;
the last abdominal segment white above ; the 4 front legs red ;
the middle pair darker ; the basal joints of antenn» dark red ^
wings hyaline, a broad band along the transverse basal and
transverse median nervures and a shorter one along the trans*
verse cubital, extending into the radial cellule and along the
innerside of the recurrent nervur© ; the nervures and stigma
black. 5.

Length 10 mm,

Hab. Kuching. October.

Antennae longer than the body, densely covered with
longish, stiff, outstanding hair. Face covered with stout, cur-
ved, transverse striie, the apex with a transverse furrow, clypeus
and labrum almost smooth. Mandibles rufous, black at the apex.
Vertex smooth, the front closely, transversely striated, the
striiB on the sides oblique. Middle lobe of mesonotum raised,
clearly separated, its base with a stout transverse keel, which
projects at the sides ; its apex stoutly, irregularly reticulated ;
the furrows — parapsidal and lateral — crenulated. Basal depres-
sion of scute) I urn deeply bifoveate. Scutellum smooth, its sides
keeled at the apex. Post- scutellum keeled laterally. The base
and apex of the metanotum distinctly, transversely striated ;
the stride distinciiy separated ; it is areolated ; there is a central
area, which, at the base, is narrow and of e<4uat width, then
becomes wider, with the sides bulging roundly outwardly ; the
posterior part is closely transversely striated. Pro- and meso-
pleurae sm^xith ; the meta- coarsely, irregularly reticulated.
First segment of abdomen rugosely punctured ; the 2nd is more
finely rugose, the others smooth ; the basal segments are fringed
with white hair and their depressions are striated ; the other
depressions smooth.

HA. Aoe., Na 44. 1906.

128

HTMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

C^ancoxorides mfamacnlatm^ sp. nov-

Blackisih-blue, the thorax, except the mesoootum, ^cutel-
lums and the central area of the metanotum* rufoua ; the head
deep black, the face, the edge of the inner eye orbits to the
ocelli, the line roundly narrowed above and below and the lower
half of the outer orbits broadly pale yellow ; the bufieof the Ist
abdonjiiial segment^ a longish mark, its basal third becoming
gradually wider, then IjcKioming narrowed again to the apex,
which is, like the b«3e, rounded ; there \s a similarly shnp^
white mark, but much shorter and broader, on the apex of the
2nd segment, the apices of the other segments are narrowly
banded with a clearer white colour* The 4 front legs and the
hinder cox» are coloured like the thorax ; the middle tibifie are
paler in front and fuscous; behind ; the boaa) and *ipical joints of
the middle tarsi black, the middle whitt* ; the bind trochantera,
femora, tibiii^ and apical joint of tarsi, black, with a blue tint ; a
line near the base of the tibiit* and the tarsi » white. Win^s
clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma black ; the latter with a
white band at its base. 9 .

Length 18 mm, ; terebra Hi mm*

Kuching, June,

Face closely punctured, its apex curved roundly and ob-
liquely depressed, reddish, as is also its centre and the clypeus*
Front and vertex srauoth, shining ; and %vith purple ilots.
Mandibles black, rufous at the base. Mesonotum closely,
minutely punctured ; its central part ui the middle closely reti-
culated ; tlie middle at the apex with some stout, curved long!-
tudinal keels. Apical slope of scutellum irregularly striated.
Post-scutellum stoutly keeled laterally and there is also a
central keel. Metanotuin strongly, irregularly stri»t-fKi ; the
black central area is stoutly, irregularly reticulated. Pro- meao-
and tlie lower half of metapleurje smooth ; the upper baL of
metapleuriE irregularly punctured at the bise, the apical h alf
irregularly obliquely striated ; this part is bordered below by a
distinct and alx)ve by a less distinct, longitudinal keel ; ou the
apical slope are 6 are» in 2 rows, tlie t>asal area? being tbe
larger. Basal 3 segments of abdomen closely^ minutely punc*

Jour. StraiU BnuMb

I ¥mm^mi'mmmmmimmmmmm

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK. 129

tured ; the depressions and furrows closely, striated ; the first
segment, between the keels, more strongly and irregularly
transversely striated.

This species may form the type of a new genus, when more
species of this group are available for study. The areola is not
contracted, but is of equal width throughout, the labrum is not
obliquely depressed, the body wants the distinct metallic blue
texture, and the wings are not spotted.

Cyanoxorides caruleus, sp. no v.

Blue, the 5th abdominal segment white above ; the legs
bronzy black, the femora brighter in tint ; the front legs testa-
ceous especially anteriorly ; the hinder coxbb rufous; antennas
black, covered with short, stiff black pubescence ; the middle
with a broad white baud ; wings hyaline ; a fuscous band along
the transverse median and the lower half of the transverse basal
and a broad band, extending from near the base of the radial
cellule to shortly beyond the transverse cubital and recurrent
ncrvures; the stigma and nervures, black, the former with' a
white spot at the base. 9 •

Lenth 13-14; terebra 8 mm.

Hab. Kuching.

Face smooth, its sides depressed, transversely striated in
the middle above ; the clypeus clearly separated from it and
obliquely depressed towards the base where is a furrow, which
becomes oblique at the sides. Front and vertex smooth and
shining ; the frontal keel is stout Base of mandibles testaceous.
Middle lobe of mesonotum covered with black pubescence ; its
apex striated ; on the middle, near the scutellum, are some longi-
tudinal keels. Scutellum roundly convex, sparsely punctured;
in the centre of the basal depression are 2 stout keels ; the post-
scutellum rounded ; its sides depressed. Median segment smooth
and shining and covered with pale pubescence ; the pro- and
mesopleurse less shining, more opaque and covered with dark
pubescence. Abdomen covered with white pubescence ; the
basal three segments closely, finely longitudinally striated and
minutely punctured ; the apical segments smootJi ; the last is

R. ▲. Soc., NO. 44, 1905.

130

IIYMENOPTERA OP SARAWAK.

depressed in the middle at the base. Ventral surface more or
less brownish. Sheaths of ovipositor covered densely with
black pubescence.

AcmmTim.

Siphimedia tridicalor^ sp. nov.

Black, with distinct blue and violet iridescence ; the front
femora and tibif« brownish beneath ; a broad pale line on the
lower half of the Inuer eje orbits ; wing:s hyaline, highly it ides-
cent, the nervures and costa black. 9 .

Length 11 mm. ; terebra 1 1 mm,

Hab. Kucbing;

Pace closely, strongly punctured, its centre with a sm(X>th
keel ; the clypeus less strongly and closely punctured ; ita apex
raised, smooth, the aides sparsely punctured. Front and vertex
smooth, the former keeled down the middle. Middle lobes of
meaonotum punctured in the middle ; the scutellum iimre spnrse-
ly punctured ; the deprest^ion with 3 stout keels. On the centre
of the median segment at the base are 2 straijy^ht irrei^olar
l)ands of reticulations, forming an elongated area, from the apex
of which an Irregular keel runs to the spiracles and another,
longer curved one down the apical slope, the parts between and
outside being irregularly striated ; the part before and behind
the spiracles is irregularly, strongly striated ; the metapleurro
below the keel bear round, not very deep, puncture;^. Upper
part of mesopleura? smooth, the lower and the sternum closely
punctured. Body and legs covered with pale hair ; the hair
un the tibiae and tarsi is denser ; the calcaria black.

The transverse median nervure is received shortly behind
the transverse basal and the recurrent nervure shortly beyond
the transverse cubital, not interstitial as in the type 5. nigjicam.

PhalgeQy gen. nov.

Areolet absent; 'ind recurrent nervure received beyond the
transverse cubitus* : disco-cubitus with the stump of a nervure ;
transverse meilian nervure placed behind transverse baaal ;

HYMENOPTEBA OF SARAWAK.

131

transverse median Der^^ure in hind wing tirokf^u above the mid-
dle ; cubital oervure in fore witig dilated at base, Four front
claws cleft before the middle. Bind legs stout and t^reatly
l*^ugthened. Apex of clypeus roundly incised in the middle, the
sidp.H tooth- like. First abdominal seicmeat distinctly narrowed,
clearly separated and h>nger than the 2nd and 3rcl united; ovi-
l^oaitnr not much longer than the abdomen. Apical slope of
melanotum snicK>th and bounded by a keel. Uuj^al joint of
hind tarsi as long as the following two united.

The wing^s are very lar<^e, lon^ct^r than the body ; the
antennie, as usual, short ; mesonotum deeply trilobate ; hinder
tibia* not twice the Icnigf h of the femora ; post-scutellumat base
bifoveate, on the outersidt*, b lunded by stout keeU.

Cofoes nearest to Arotfs.

Phalgeo iutea^ sp. no v.

Luteous, the flagellum of antennae fuscous, darker towards
the apex ; wings yelluwtsh-hyiiline, the nervure^ ani stigma
luteous ; hinder tarai and u^jex of tibiae bUcki^^h ; the lower af»ex
of the fore« and the apex of the binder wings imoky, wicb a
violaceous tint, C .

Length 13; terebra 5-6 mm.

liab. Ma tang.

Face and clypeus closely and istrongly punctured ; thn
vertex sparsely behind the ocelli and at th»^ eypis ; the front
deeply excavated : a shinin^^ furrow in the middle, the sides
striated. Mesunotum and scutellom closely punctured ; the apex
of the middle lobe irr*^gularly transversely striated. Metitnjtnm
smooth, punctured behind the keel. Pleurw? closely punctured,
the base of the pro- and the upper part of the mvao- smooth :
the apical half of the meta- furrowed in the middle.

CRVrTINA.

StUiUi apifitmtculata, sp» no v.

Black, shining ; the f«ce. except at the top and iKSttotn, the
clypeus, except above and in the centre At the apex, labru'n, inner

R, A. Hoc. X(». it, i«Q6.

132

FITMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

orbits, pronota) ttiberctes, scutellar keels, centre of scuteUum
broadly, f)ost-scutellum, two large marks on the apical slope of
the metanotum, extending. on to the pleune, tegulie, tubercles,
a square mark on the lower edge of the mesopleursB in the
centre, the narrowed base of the 1st abdominal segment, itit
apex more narrowly, the apices of the others and the veotral
segments from the 1st, yellow. Legs yellow, the femora
with a fulvous line, the hinder coxaa below and broadly at the
sides, trochanters, apical third of hind femora, base of tibim
narrowly, their apex more broadly and the apical joint of the
tarsi, black ; the rest of the tarsi white. Flagellum of antennee
broadly white. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures
black, 9 .

Length 14 ; terebra 5 mm.
Hab. Matang. Augn^,

Front and vertex smooth and shining ; the former furrow-
ed ; face obscurely abagreened. Mandibles yellow, black at
the apex. Palpi yellow. The tubercICvH on the pronotum are
large, longish, their apex with a longer, less rounded slope
than the base. Pro- and tnesothora;^ smooth and shining ; the
middle lobe of mesonotum broadly rounded at the apex* the
furrow with a keel in the centre ; it is widely separated from
the apical depression which is large and deep. Base i>f
metanotum smooth, the rest closely, transversely striated ; the
sides on the top of the apical slope are slightly tuberculated ; the
apical slope is straight and obliquely sloped. Propleura?,
except below with stout, curved keels ; the mesopleurM'
below the tubercles and the lower half at the base, and
the lower part at the apex obscurely striated ; the uietaplenra*
closely, coarsely obliquely striated. Mesopleurl furrow
stoutly striated. Sternum thickly ixivered wiih white hair.
Abdomen smooth and shining i the 2nd and iird segments
opaque, closely punctured, except on the base of the ^nd
which is smooth, and the sides at the base which are aciculated.

Sifsiiii (described Manchr. Memoirs, IdOS, No. 14, p. 1 )
has the appearance of a Friona which it aUo resembles in the
striated metanotum, but it belongs io the Atesosttunni, white
I*yiona lielongs to the Ct-yptini. it is easily known by the

BYMENOPTERA OF SAKAWAK,

133

xmall, longish, narrow areolet, tuberculated pronotiim and long
narrow petiole,

Fnmm rnjicoxis^ sp. nov,

Black, a broad band on tbe centre of the antennse, a line
on the post-scutellum, a liirge mark, rounded behind, tranaverse
at the apex at the hind wing:a, a line down the centre of the
iipical slope of the tnetanotuui and a broader one across its
apex, and the apical two segments of the abdomen^ white.
Four front legs pale fulvous, the coxffi more rufous in tint» the
anterior black above ; the hind coxse bright rufous* the trochan
ters black, the femora rufous ; black above, the tibi«^ black, the
tar^ji white, narrowly black at the base* Wings hyaline, the
stigma and nervures black. cJ.

Length 9 mm.

Hab, Kuching* Jnne»

There are some stout keels below and at the sides of the
ocelli; face rugose, clypeus shining, aciculated. Mandibles
rufous before the apex. Palpi white. Mesonotura shininjj,
smooth, the apical central depression coarsely transversely
striated. Base of metanotum to the keel smooth, the rest trans-
versely striated. The top of the pro* and mesopleurro smooth,
the rest longitudinally striated ; the metapleurae irregularly
obliquely striated.

Briona pleuralis, spw nov

Black ; the face, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, except at the
apex, palpi, the inner eye orbits narrowly, the lower half of the
outer, the malar space, the pleurae, except for an irregular
mark on the top of the propleurte, the median segment except
the base and a broad band on the sides of the metanotum, ex-
tending near to the top of the apical slope and narrow bands
on the apices of the abdominal sej^menta, yellow. Four front
legs and hind coxae yellow ; the hind femora, trochanters and
tibiffi black, their tarsi white. Wings clear hyaline, the ner-
vures and stigma black. Under side of the 1st and joints 5 to
14 of antenna white. 9.

134

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK*

Lengtb 13-14; terebra i mm.

Hab, Kuching,

Face rugosely punctured, alumst striated, the clypeu8
smooth, with only a few scattered punctures; the striae nn the
froat irregular. Apex of ceDtrat lobe of mesonotum irregu-
larly rugose ; the sciitellar keels and the sides and apex uf acu-
telluin narrowly yellow, Striation on pleune and rneUnotmn
close and strong ; on the apical slope of the metatjotum it is
oblique above, transverse below and with the centre smooth.

This species differs from the others by the pleurie and
sternum being yellow, not black.

Friona varipei^ Cam.

Mr. Shelf ord sends from Singapore a Q uf this species
which wants the white mark on the mesopleurte ; th« hrie on the
raetanotnm commences in the middle, not ut the trans verj^e
keel and the apical 2 joints of the hind tarsi nre binck. '^I'h^
species is probably variable in colouration. The 2 white marks
under the anteunsB may be very small, and the colouration of
the legs varies.

Lnctolus plagiatus, sp. nov.

Black, a band on the antenn»e, the apical 3 seg^ment-s of the
abdomen above and the hind tarsi, except at the Imse, while;
the 4 front le^s pale rufous, their t*trsi fuscous, the front coxaa
for the greater part black, the middh^ black at the Ixis.?, ih«*
hinder rufous; the pro- and mesopleuue striated in the middle,
the meta- more closely and regularly on the lower half ; the
metanotum and the metapleurse for the greater part brownish.
Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. S •

Length 11-12 mm.

HaK Kuching, May.

FiaiJt with broken, stout, irregular keels. Face in the
centre coursely rtigusely punctured, !lie sides irregularly trans-
versely striated and borjered by a Inngitudinal keel. Pro* and
raesonotuut s uooth ; the meta* from ''hortly behind ihe keel, not

Jour limits Dnyycli

IIYMENOPTEUA (IF SARAWAK,

136

very atrongly trari.sveraely striated, the stritB on the metap1eur«e
are stronger and commence shortly behind the middle, ireolet
square, hardly narrowed behind ; the recurrent nervure received
in the oaiddle.

This species may be known by the weak strlation on the
pleurae and metanotum, by the middle lobe of the metanotum
beinj^ smooth, not reticulated, and by the brownish splashes on
the thorax,

Lactoltis rfticulattts, gp. nov.

Black, labruiu, palpi, a broad band on the middle of the an*
'tennie, post-scutellum, the apical 3 segments of the abdomen
ab<:)ve, base of first, a curved mark on the apical slope of the
metanotum, and the hind tarsi, except narrowly at the base,
white ; 4 front iei^s and hind coxie, rufous, the 4 front tarsi fus-
cous ; wings hyaline, the stigma and oervures bluck. 9 .

Length 10 ; terebra 4 mm.
Hab. Kuching. May.

The centre and the lower part of the front with some irregu-
^lar keels ; the face irregularly rugose ; the clypeus smooth. Fro-
nd mesonotum smooth and shining, the centre of the latter at the
^apes. with a band of twisted strife ; the base of metanotum entire-
ly smooth and shining ; the rest closely transversely striated.
Apex of pronotum, punctured closely above, the rest, except
below, striated. Me^onotum closely, irregularly longitudinally
striated, except in the middle ; the metapleurate closely rugosely
striated, Areolet longer than broad, the nervures not con-
verging below.

This species, in colouration, agrees closely with L* iHtsifUn-
cuia, but that is a larger and stouter species, its areolet is square,
not broader than long and it is narrowed behind, its scutellum
and hind femora and tibiee are brownish and there is a large
white mark behind the hind wingg.

Lactolus basimacula^ sp, nor<

Black, labrum, palpi, a broad band on the antennae, poat
scutellum, a broad band, dilated above, on the apical slope of

136 HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

the metanotum, the apical half of the 6th abdominal segment
above and the 7th and 8th entirely, white ; 4 front legs bright
red, their tarsi blackish ; hind cox£e bright red, the trochanters,
femora, tibisB and base of tarsi narrowly, black ; the rest of
tarsi white. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black ; areo-
let longer than broad, narrowed below. 9 .

Length 17 ; terebra 5 mm.
Hab. Kuching.

Face coarsely, closely, irregularly reticulated; clypeus
shining, minutely sparsely, punctured ; the ocellar region and
centre of front with some stout irregular stiiee, the outer curv-
ed. Centre of mandibles finely striated, the teeth brownish.
Pro- and mesonotum smooth and shining, thescutellum brownish ;
the base of metanotum smooth, the sides, at the apex, obscurely
striated ; the rest closely, strongly transversely striated. The
apex and central hollow of propleuraB strongly striated ; the
upper half of mesopleurae strongly longitudinally striated, the
striae distinctly separated, the lower more closely striated
and with the strise running into reticulations ; the meta- closely,
strongly, irregularly striated.

The depressions and sutures of the thorax are striated ; the
apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum is transversely
striated ; the scutejlum is brownish and there is a broad white
mark behind the hind wings.

LactoliLs niaculiscntis^ sp. nov.

Length 16 ram. ^J.
Hab. Kuching.

Agrees closely in size and colouration with L, basimacula ;
may be known by the face, clypeus and base of mandibles being
white; by the scutellura being lined laterally with white, by
the aieolet being longer and narrower ; and by the post-petiole
being tuberculated at the base.

Black, face, clypeus, labrum^ mandibles, except at the
apex, palpi, tubercles, sides of j^cutelhim narrowly, a mark at
the sides of the postscutellum, the apex of metanotum — the
mark prolonged in the middle behind — and the apical segment

Jour. Straits Branch

HYMENOPTERA <IF SAKAVVAK.

137

of the abdotneiu white. Four front lej^a red, the middle femom
infitscated, their tarsi bUck ; the hind legs black, the coxib
bright red, tarsi white: except at the base. VVing^a hyatiiie,
the nervures and stigma black* S *

Face coarsely rugose, ob>*curely striated ir» the middle,
the clypeus sparsely punctured. Front in centre stiuutly
striated. BamI depression of metaiiotum with 3 stout, iongitu-
dinnl koel<« : behind this irregularly obliquely striated and
rugose : the rest of metanotum rugose, the base with obii<|ue.
convertrini^ strife, the centre at the apex irregularly tran'sverse-
\y striated. Apex and central depression of propleunw stoutly
striated ; the meso- except at the apex, closely, rugosely*
longitudinally, the meta- clos«ely, ruifo^ely, !*triated.

The middle of the mesonotiiui at the end of the central
lobe, is irregularly reticulated ; the acutellar depression is deep,
narrow f*nd striated in the middle. Median segment covered
with white pubescence. Petiole brownish and dilated at the
base ; hind tibite and tarsi densely covered with dark, short
pubescence.

This species differs from the others iti having the alar
areolet longer and narrower, the scut^^Uum Matter and the
abdominal petiole tuberculat« at th«3 bise and shortly beyond
the middle. It differs also from the known males in having
the face and clypeua white.

Phavziteiy gen. nov.

This genus is closely related to Lactobts from which it may
\ separated by the under noted characters : —

Cttbital nervure in hinri wlnp? broken above tht? middle ; apex of
clypeuK oblifjuely, :«eiuicir«nilariy ilepresaed, labniin lar^^e,
lung, narrowed towards the apex. Pharsitic^,

Cubital nervure in hind wing« broken distinctly b«low the
middle ; clypetM not depressed in front, labmm indiBtinct.

Loftotn^, Cam^

The fualar space is slightly larger; the tarsi are spinose ;
the median segment is not so distinctly or regularly striated ;
the anteunte are slender, broadly ringed with white and closely
pilose, especially towards the apex; the transverse median
nexvure is received distinctly behind the transverse basal ; the

a A. Hoc. No. u, im».

138

.HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

colouration is identical wilti Lactolns except that the hinder
tarsi ure not ringed with white. The ideutical colouration of
tijese 2 genera «nd Bnodias is notewortlij. The latter is
separated from both by the spined median segment

Pharzites nigritarsis^ sp. nov.

Black ; a I'mg on the tlugellum of the ant^ennas the apices of
the basal three aeg^ments of the abdomen and the apical half uf
the penultimate and the last above, white. Legs black ; the fore
trochanters, femora and tibiae testaceous ; the middle trochaii-
ters pale : the hinder coxa^ and trochanters bright red. Wings
hyaline, the nervures and stigma black, (f .

Length 11 mm.

Hab« Kuching^.

Face irregularly closely striated ; the npper part of the
clypeus more irregularly longitudinally t<tnated, the apical
depression smooth. Mandibles dark red in the middle ; the long
palpi white. Meaonotum opaque ; the scute! I um more shining
and distinctly punctured. Base of metauotum sparsely punc-
tured, the rest finely rugose* almost transversely striated, in the
middle, Mesopleurfls finely punctured, a curved striated f arru w
in the middle behind. Metapleurt:*? more closely punctured*

Bucdias maculipmnii^ sp. nov.

Black ; the 4 front legs rufoUH ; the hinder coxm, troch-
anters and femora of a paler rufous colour, their tibite black,
the tarsi white, except the apical joint ; the palpi and the middit*
of fiagellum of antenna? beneath white ; wings hyaline* the
nervures and stigma black ; there Is a fuscous cloud extending
from the radius to thediscoidal nervure and from the base of
the radius to the recurrent nervure. First and second segments
of the abdomen narrowly brownish at the apex, the apicul two
white above. J ,

Length 11*12 mm.

11 ab. Singapore.

Face opaque, aciculated, longitudinally striated above ; the
clypeus smooth and shining* Front strongly longitudinally

Joxa. Stmltt Brmaeb

MYMKNOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

139

and obliriuely striated ; vertex .strongly acieuliited* Pro- and
tnesonoturn smooth and shining; thra ap«x r>f scutellum obscuie
browuish ; the pleura* nprtqiip, stroncrly aciculated. Median seg-
ment closely, strongly striated ; the Ija^al part of the mt»ta-
iiotuni luncritudinally, the apical slope transversely atriated^ the
part lie hind the keel more finely thtin the rest and with the area
smooth ; the apical slope more cnarady, closely transversely ;
the pleunii closely, longitudinally striated. All the sutur-
es und depressions are striated. Abdomen smooth, the 2nd
and 3rd segments aciculated, Metanotal spines long, fully
twice in length the thickness at the base ; the ba*ial area clearly
defined, in length longer than the width at the base ; it bocomed
gradually narrowed towards the apex,

Btiodini vuftpes^ gp. no v.

Ulack, abandon the middle t»f the antenna% palpi and the
apical 2 segment^ of the abdomen, white ; the legs rufnus ; wings
clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. 9 .

Length 8-9 mm., terebra 3 mm.
Hab. Kuching.

Pace and clypeus opaque, aUitaceous, as are also the front
and vertex, but not so coarsely ; the ocellar region and the
centre of the front striated ; the latter keeled down the centre.
Mesonorum shining, closely, minutely aciculated; the up^jer
part of the propleune cljsely, wrrongly, and the greater part of
the meaopleura? clos-flvi strongly, irregularly striated. Median
wegment closely, irregularly striated, the pleurae more closely
and regularly than the re^t ; the part of the metanotum behind
the keel smooth at the base, the rest closely, finely striated.
Metauotal spines short and thick. Abdomen smooth and shin-
ing ; the 5tb segment is white at the apex above. A reoLet square,
its apical nervure faint.

Me$oatenu9 multimaculatui^ sp. nov.

Black, the face, clypeus, except the apex broadly in the
centre, la brum, mandibles, except at the apex^ the orbits except
the outer near the top; apex of pronotnm broadly, a mark oq

140

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK

the apex of the middle lobe of oiesonotum, longer tban broad,
transverse at the base, rounded at apex » scuteMum, except at
the apex ; a longish mark, transverse at base and narrowed to-
wards the apex on the base of the metanotura and reaching to
the keel ; a broad lint* on the baijal half of the apical slope, ita
apex more broadly » the ba^^e of the pronotum, a small mark on
the lower part of the propleurue^ tubercles, a conical mark on
the base of the rae^opteura* in the centre, a mark, rounded at the
base, on the upper and a similar mark on the lower part of ihe
meaopleurw, the greater part of the outer edge of the meso«ter-
num» 2 larger marks on ita centre, an oval mark below the hind
wings above the Bpiraclas and a large mark, roundly narrowed
below near the apex of the metapleurse in the middle and the
apices of all the abdominal segments, yellow. Legs pallid
fulvousi the coxie«and trochanters paler, the 4 front femora and
tibiie lined above with black: their coxee marked with black be-
fore and behind ; the hind coxa? black, largely yellow at the
base above and at the a pex below ; the trochanters black abovei
the apical fourth tjf femora, base of tibim narrowly, th*»ir apical
fourth and the last joint of tarai, black, the rest of tarsi white.
Hab, Kuching.

4\fe80Stetws maculiicvti»t sp. no v.

Blacky the face (except for a black mark in the centre)
clypeus, labrum, the inner orbits (the line continued shortly
beyond the eyes) the outer from near the top, the line becoming
gradually wider below, the malar space^ a mark on the centre
of the pronotum, a mark on the mesonotum, transverse at the
base, rounded and narrowed towards the epex, teguls^, scutei-
lar keels^ a mark on the base, apex and sides of scutellum, post*
scutellum, a broad straight line down the centre of the meta*
notum, united to a transverse one at its apex of about the
same width, a curved mark on the lower part of the propleura^,
tubercles, abroad line, dilated upwards at the base and apex
and united before the apex to a large mark on the mesoster*
num and a large mark on the middle of the metapleura?, yeUow.
The 6 basal aepmeitts of the abdomen banded with yellow at the
apex; the 3 apica! bands not united to the yellow oo the ven^vl
eurface, the apical two-thirds of the last segments broadly od

Jour. Slr)vii«'JBraact

RYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK

141

the sides and narrowly on tbe apex, the basal veotra) segments
at the apex and the apical entirely, yellow. Four front lej^a
yellow, the fen.ora and tibite in the middle above, their tarsi, the
hind cox* broadly at the base below, at the apex abjve, the apical
joint of the hinder trochanters, apex of femora, of tarsi more
broadly and their base narrowly, black ; the re^t yellow, the
yellow on the femora and tibiaa with a rufous tinge. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and nerrures black. 9 -

Length 18 mm. ; terebra 9 mm,

Hab. KuchiDg.

Front irregularly reticulated in the centre, the sides
longitudinally striated. Face closely, the clypeus more sparse-
ly punctured. Mesonotum and base of metanotum closely and
distinctly : the scutellum more strongly, but not so closely, punc-
tured ; the metanotum, from the basal keel, closely striated,
the stria? curved* Upper part of propleurR? smooth, the rest
closely striated ; mesopleuras closely punctured, the base, stout-
ly, obliquely striated ; meta- closely obliquely striated. Back of
abdomen closely punctured; the punctures on the 1st segment
more widely separated.

Cmtocryptui^ gen, nov.

Median segment short, reticulated, its sides dentate, its base
with a central area, the spiracles small, oval. Head as wide as
the thorax, temples very short, obliquely narrowed ; eyes large,
parallel, malar space small. Apex of clypeus rounded, the
large labrum dilated broadly in the middle. Mandibles with
2 equal teeth. Areolet small, sc^uare, the apical nervure faint ;
transverse median nervura received shortly behind the trans-
verse basal ; disco- cubital nervure roundly curved not broken
\iy a stump ; transverse median nervure in bind wings broken
distinctly below the middle. Post-petiole broad, the petiole
becoming gradually wider. Antennae ringed with white, slen-
der ; the 1st joint of flaofellum longer than the 2nd.

There is only 1 keel on the metanotum; there is none on
the metapleuraj. Parapsidal furrows distinct on the basal half.
Thorax about 3 times longer than wide ; its apex almost

142

HYMENOPTBRA OF SARAWAK*

tran verse and with a ^teep slope. Legs stoat, basal joint of
front tarsi shorter than the ttbi* ; the c!awa of moderate size ;
kst joint of hind Ursi as long as the Srd Spiracles wider from
each other than to the apex of th^ petiole, owing U^ its great
width.

Comes nenreat to the American genera C/irhtolta and Mesos^
tenoideus, but it cannot well be referred to either. Of the Orien-
tal genera it comes nearest to Skeatin. The two may be dis-
tinguished thus.

Areulet sijuare; apex of mediaa segment uiilj *lighUy oblique;

la brum large, distinctly projeetitig j t>etioIe not becoming

graduiilly wider towards the apex. Crataeryptuji,

Arcolet narrow, diatinctly longer than wide ; apex of mediui

segineut with a dietinut, oblique vhme; labraiu hidden;

petiole becoming gradualiy witlei towards the apex* iSkeaiift*

Crtttocruptus maculicfps^ sp. no v.

Black ; the clypeug, except at the apex, the inner orbits —

the line roundly narrowed opfxisiie the antennie, — an oblic|ue,
somewhat triangular, mark below the eyes, a litje on the pro-
nutum, not reaching to the base, tegulas, scntellum, its keel»
narrowly, the sides of the median ae^ment broadly — half oti
the metauotum, half on the pleurae and dilated on the iouer
side above — the base of the propleune, a mark l>elow the bind
wings, rounded in front, transverse behind, a i>road band on
the 1st and 2nd segments of the abdomen, a narrt>w band un
the 5th and the apical two entirely, yellow. Four frunt lega
fulvous, the hinder coxhb^ trochanters and femora of a darker
red colour, their tibiw and tarsi much fialer, with the apex of
the hinder tibia! and the apical joint of the tarjsi, black. VViiig^ ,
hyaline, the tiervures and stigma bUck, the areolet square, it^
apical nervu re faint, 9-

Length nearly 8 ; terebra nearly 2 mm.

Hab, Kuching. June.

Hasal joints of antennae brownish beneath, joints ti- 1 4
white. Centre of face raised, rugusely punctured, the aidpu
sparsely puncturt^d. Lower part of vertex at the ocelli and
upper part of front clostdy obliquely, the lower part more

Jour mimli4 llrait«li

■Bi

mfmmtmmmm

IIYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK. 143

closely and finely transversely striated. Mesonotura closely,
distinctly and finely punctured, the sides and apex obscurely
striated. Scutellar depression with 4 stout keols ; the scutei-
lum almost impunctate. Basa of metanotuiu closely finely
rugose and with a few keels at the sides of the are i ; the rest
is closely reticulated, the apical slope in the middle finely
rugose. Propleuraa behind the keel strongly, obliquely striated ;
mesopleuree closely, rugosely reticulated, less closely at the top
where there are a few oblique and curved striie ; petiole smooth
and shining; the 2nd and 3rd segments closely punctun»d;
gastrocoeli obscurely striated.

Skeatia balteata, sp. nov.

Black ; the face, clypeus, mandibles, eye orbits, a line on the
centre of the pronotum, a square mark on the apex of the middle
lobe of the pronotum, scutellums, the sides, including the teeth
broadly, and the top of the apical slope of the metanotum,
tubercles, a mark, longer than broad, above the apex of the
mesopleurHB, a line below on its apical half and a similar line
on the sides of the basal half of the mesosternum, an oblique
mark under the hind wings and a large mark, becominic gradu»illy
wider below, on the centre of the mesosternum and the apices
of all the abdominal segments, yellow. Legs fulvous, the middle
tarsi blackish, the hinder white; the outer side of the hind coxae,
hind trochanters, base and apex of femora, the tibiae at the base
narrowly and at the apex more widely, blank. Wings hyaline,
the stigma and nervures black. Flagellum of antennie broadly
white. 9 •

Length 11-12 mm.

llab. Singapore.

Face sparsely and strongly punctured, its centre projecting.
Front and vertex smooth. Mesonotum opique, closely and
distinctly punctured ; the middle of the central lobe shining ;
scutellums smooth. Metanotal area distinctly defined, moder-
ately large, its ape)^ about half the length of the base ; the rest
of the base finely rugose, depressed near the area ; the remainder
of the metanotum closely reticulated ; the apical slope more

B. ▲. Soc, No. 44, 1905.

144

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

stronglj than the raiddle; the teetli are lar^e, about 8 timea
longer than thick at the basie» Propleuroe stoutly striated ; the
nieso- closely rugjsely punrtured, except at the apex where it
is shining. Second and third segments of abdomen opaque, the
others sniooth and shining,

la not unlike 5. vartpea, but that is larger, has a large
irregular mark on the lower part of the mesopleurse, the meaos-
ternuni yellow, and the 4 front femora are lined with bluck
al>ove.

Vagenatha armaUt, 8p, nov*

Black, the face, clypeus» the inner orbits, the outer from
shortly below the middle, the nmlar space, mandibles, palpi, the
projectiQg outer atigles of the pronutum, tegulie, scutellum, a
mark on post- scute llum, the sides, including the spines, of the
apical sloj^e of the median segment, the lower edge of the pro-
pleurje, tubercles, an oval mark on the lower part of the lueso-
pleurfe, near the base, a mark under the hind wings and the
apices of all the abdominal segments broadly, yellow. Pour
front legs yellow ; the hinder coxae and basnl joint of trochan-
ters, the apical third of femora, and the apical fourth of tibia?,
black ; there is a large mark, oblii^uely narrowed at the apex»
on the top of the coxa^ ; the yellow on the femora has an orange
tint Wings hyaline* the stigma jind nervnres black. 9.

F^ength lU ram.

IlaK Kuchriig. January.

Flagellum of anienna? broadly yellow. Front broadly in
the centre stroitgly, oblicjuely siriated, the strine distinctly sepa*
rated. Face and cl>'t>eus stron^rly punctuied, the hitter not so
closely RA the face, ^fesoflot^m closely lugosely punctured ;
scutellnm strongly punctured, the pun<'tnres clearly separated.
The area on the base of tfie metanotum triangulHr; the jiart
behind the keel is stoutly, ii regularly striated, at the bast*
irregularly, strongly punctured; the rest stoutly reticulated, t)io
apical slope much more closely and regularly than the upper
part. Fropleura? stoutly, obliquely and closely striated ; their
basea bordered by a stout, straight keel ; mes(^pleurie stoutly

Jaur strftii4 armncJi

HTMENDPTERA 'iF SAU VWAK.

145

striated, the stri© more irregulsrly and widely separated on llu*
n|)eK below ; the lower part at the baH<» cIospIj puncturt^l ;
iiietApIeurttj strongly, closely rugosely pinictured, its lower edj»t?
with a distinct border. Petiole shining, the past-j)eti<>ie punc-
tured, but not closely or strong^ly, the I'nd and 3rd segments
opaque closely, distinctly punctured. This species may be
sepaiuted from K. fjnnosa as follows :^

Lower outer orbitfi yellow^ not densely pilose ; the metanotnl
*4piDeD not united by a yellow line, the face yellow. Armntu,

Lower onter orbit»^ and face black ; the cheeks liem^ely pilo«e :
the Qiotanotal sfiine^ tinited by n curved yellow line, the
iiwe black. SpinnMn,

Coemia^ g^n, nov.

Transverse median nervure in hind wiihgs broken below the
middle ; median nervure at the base roundly cur\'^ towards
the costa. Areolet minute, open at the apex. Oubit*>-disco
nervure-aogled in the middle, and with a minute atump of a
nervure. Transverse mediar* nervure int-er>»titial* Median seg-
ment with 2 transverse keels; a bouitndiual furrow between
them ; its ijjpiracles ^mall, oval^ not much longer than bnmd.
Antenna? longer than the liody, thi«*kened and broadly riir^ed
with white in the middle ; the bnsal joints »d Ha^ellum i^reatly
elongfated ; the basal twu eqiiul in length, Clypeus roundly
ctmvex ; ita sides and ajjex depressed , »naliir sp*ice almost ob-
soiet^e ; temples very short. First aWominiil segment as long
as the 2nd, broad at the t^ase. becoming urndually wider to-
wards the apex; not much curved, not bent or elbowed \ the seg-
ment lianded with while at the apex ; ovipositor short.

The median segnient i-S abort and has a tiomewhat etteep
roundtni slope on the apex ; it*;! sides finely striated ; the areola
is only defined at the apex ; on th«* base is m closely striated
ieftression : its apex is irregularly rugosely striated ; the ba^sal

Ikeel extends to the mesonotnui* 1 borax fully :i times longer
^lan wide; its sutures moderat**!/ deep. Claws slender, long-
sh ; the last joint of hind tarsi dtstincly shorter than the
)rd. Uead wider than the thuras.. :SpirHcles of 1st abdiimitial

rsegment closer t<» each other thdu t<j the aj>e\ »»f the
segment.

It \, Sot.. Xo H, ISW/i,

lig^mk

146 HYMRNOPTKRA OF SAUAWAK.

Tbis genus Is referred tit tbe Mmostvtmii from its sin&U al-
most piuictiform arealet and from its morp thickened antenofe.

Comes nearest tci iUtifost'^nu^^^Stetmrisus^ Thnms.; ii is
much more slenderly built; the disco*ruhital nervure is
angled and broken by a i^tuiup; the median neri'ure in
hind wings not straig^ht, but roundly curved, the temples
much shorter^ and the ciypetis much more convex and roundly
separated.

Ccesula fulvipes, sp. nov.

Black, the base of the mandibles, an oblique mark on the
hinder part of the vertex close to the eyes, a mark on the middle
lobe of the mesonotum at the apex, longer than broad, rounded
at the apex, trarisverse behind, scutellum, except at tlie base, a
longish spot on either side of the central furrow on the meta-
notum, its apex and a large irregular mark, longer than broad,
on the sides, the apices of the 4 basal segments of the abdomen
and the 6th and 7th broadly, white. Legs bright fulvous; the
middle tarsi blackish, the posterior white, black at the extreme
base. Antennae longer than the body, the scape rufous below ;
the 7th to l5th clear white below. Wings hyaline ; the
stigma and nervures black. 9 •

Length 10 mm.; terebra nearly '2 mm.

Ilab. Kuching. April.

Face iinely, closely transversely rugose ; the rest smooth
and shining, the front with a broad, shallow furrow. Thorax
shining; the pleural finely, closely longitudinally striated ; the
pro- smooth above, iirej^nlarly striated below ; the apex of the
nietanotum with some longitudinal stria? below the keel and
some transverse ones at the apex. Hinder knees black ; the
calcaria blackish.

Dinocryptus, gen. nov.

Entirely black, the wings uniformly violaceous. Trans-
verse basal nervure almost interstitial. Disco-cubital nervure
roundly curved, not broken by a stump of a nervure. Trans-

.lonr. straits Branch

IIYMKNOPTKKA i)F SAHAWAK. 147

verse median nervure in hind wings broken almost in ihe
middle. Median segment large, without transverse keels ; its
apex with 2 tubercles and with an oblique, straight slope ; the
spiracles elongate. Petiole longer than the 2ud segment, its
base distinctly narrowed, the rest of equal width, roundly
curved in the middle. Legs stout, longish ; the basal joint of
all the tarsi longer than the other joints united ; fore tibiae
shorter than the tarsi, stouter than the others and distinctly
narrowed at the base. Temples moderately wide, rounded ; the
occiput margined, slightly, roundly incised. Parapsidal furrows
distinct to shortly beyond the middle. Apex of clypus project-
inif in the middle, the centre of the projection roundly incised,
with the sides rounded ; the apex below this is depressed, clearly
separated and transverse. Metapleura^ keel broad and dilated
at ihe base, narrowed at the apex.

Comes near to Cryptoidens^ Ashmead. The toothed clypeus,
the absence of transverse keels on the metanotum, the dark
violaceous wings and the long metatarsus are 4 points which
make the genus easily recognised.

Dtiiocnjptus nigeVy sp. nov.

I^lack ; the inner eye orbits white in ihe middle ; the wings
uniformly dark fuscous-violaceous, with violet and purple tints
:ind highly iridescent, the stigma and nervi.res black. 9 .

[iength 20 ; terebra 12 umi.

Hab. Kuching. April.

Head closely and distinctly punctured; the face roundly,
broadly dilated in the middle ; inner orbits distinctly margined.
1 liorax closely and distinctly punctured, except on the pro-
pieurje which has the base smooth, the apex finely punctured.
The apical segment of the abdomen is smooth and shining ;
(Impressed in the middle at the base ; the others are closely
piaictured, the punctuation becoming finer towards Ihe apical seg-
ments. The 2nd segment is raised at the base, this part being
bouihled by shallow, oblique furrow:? ; there are shallow trans-
verse furrows on the middle segments ; the penultimate is as
long as the preceding 3 united. Taisi closely and shortly spined.

K A. 8oc., No. 44, 1906.

148 HYMKNOPTKRA OF SARAWAK.

Melcha ht/alinis, sp. nov.

Black, shining ; th^ median seg:ment, etcf^pt on the base of
the metaitotum, the ^pex of the uiesopleurHB, the mesosterDam,
post-scutelluiii and the base of the petiole, red ; the face, clypeas,
base of mandibles, apes of piHiole and the apex of the 2n(i
abdominal segiuentfrom sliortlj behind the middle, pale yellow;
the 4 front legs pale rufous^ the hind coxee rufous, blackish above,
the trochanters aisd femora blackish-fuscoua, the femora dull
rufous below, the tibUe blackish, iheir basal fourth clear white ;
the basal and apical joinU of the tar?»i black, the others clear
white. Antennfe fuscous, darker tij wards the apex, the scape
velinwish, tin^^ed with riifons, Wing^s! hyaline, the stigma and
nervures black. 5 .

Length 6 mm.

Hab. K aching.

Smooth and shining. Area on metanotum aciculated ; the
part between the 2 keels obscurel y striated in the middle ; the
apical slope with some curved strije above. Hind tarsi and
tibiae minutely spinose.

Melcha reticulata, sp. nov.

Black ; the labrum, palpi, tegula?, the 4 front cox8B and
trochanters, the basal fourth of the hind tibiie, the apex of the
1st joint of the hind tarsi and their 2nd 3rd and 4th joints,
white ; the apex of the metanotum, the g^reater part of the
metapleuriB and the petiole pale rufous ; the base of the post-
petiole black, its apex and the apices of the 2nd and 3rd setrments
broadly, white. Antennpp blnck ; the scape and the base of the
llaorellum dark testaceous. Wing^s hyaline, the stigma and ner-
vures black.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Kuching. March.

Smooth and shining ; the face above obscurely punctured ;
the metanotum behind the keel reticulated, the sides striated :
the reticulations are widest at the base ; the basal central area

Ji)ur. Straits Branch

HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK,

149

b ^eatly widened attlje Ka^e, with the sideti oblique ; at the
I appx the ^ide9 are .straight. Pro- and mesopleuraa smootb and
I ±»hitiing ; the meta- aciculatt^d,

Melvha albomaculata, sp. liov.

Black; the median seg'metit, «icute1kim, post-9cute11um and
the parts at their sides, the ineyopleurte, except for a triangular
mark on the upper basal corner, and the rueso- and metA-aternuniT
rufous ; the apex of the post-petiole rufoua, ting"ed with yellow ;
more than the apical third of the 2nd abdominal segment, the
penultimate aKive and the apical entirely, white. Four front
legt^ and the hinder cost«B rufous ; the rent of the hind legs black ;
a band on the base of the tibivB» the apex of the 1st and the whole
%A the 2nd and 3rd joints, white. Cth to 11th joints of antennie
white, except above. Wings hyaline, the nervurea and ntigma
black. 9.

Length 9 mm ; terebra 2 mm,
liab* Kuching.

/Vntenute stout, the Hagellum slightly hrowni-^h. Face
rugosely punctured, the sides with irrei^ular, longitudinal 8tri»
Clypeus smooth and shining. Frotit and vertex opaque; the
front with a stuut keel naming down from the ocelJi ; the part
on either mde of the keel irrei^ularly tiannvt^ri^ely striated.
There are 5 stout keeli* in the basal ^cutellar depression, Po»t-
Ht:uljellum depre»Hed, the depre^ifiou rounded behind and in
the front, Uie basial bounding keel produced roundly I lack wards
in the centre. Base of median segment smooth, tlie keels of the
area thin ; the |iarfc beyond the keel closely regosely punctured,
almctst reticulated ; the apical slope coarsely transversely reti*
culated, more coarsely on the Nides than on the centre;
the teeth longish. The n^jex and centre of the propleurae
longitudinally striated ; the .^triai becoming gradually narrowed
from the apex to the i»ase ; the b-vsal half of the meso- more
irregularly and widely striated t«> near the bottom; the meta-
closely and strongly obliquely striated* Mesopleural furrow
creoulated.

IL A Site, So. tJ. igtK'V

160 HYMEN OPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Hatlrocryptua stHatus, sp. nov.

Blacky the apt^x oJf the cljpeus, labrum, palpi, t!ie Jth to
14th joiuts of the antenna*, apex of scutelluni, posWcutollum,
a mark on the top of the apical slope of the metanotum, rounded
and narrowed above* transverse below, the apices of the basal 4
BbdomiriEil segnienti?. the basal third of the 1st, the sides of the
5th, the ppnultiniate ivlmost entirely and the greater part of the
ventral segments, white. Leg^ white^ all the coxa* and trochan-
ters* the hind femora, ba.sal of hind femora slightlj, the apex
more broadly and the apex of the 'ith joint of the hind tarsi
and the apical 2 joint 5^ «jf the 4 anterior, black ; the 4 front
femora dark fuscous. \V higs clear hyaline^ the stigma fti^ous
the nervures darker. 9 •

Length 12 mm ; terebra 3 nun.

Hab. Kuching.

Face irregularly, longitudinally striated; the tubercle
smooth, rounded, longer than broad, dull white. Clypeus
sparsely punctured, shining; the lateral depression ir-
regularly striated and bounded on the outerside by the usual
keel. Front closely, longitudinal striated above, furrowed
down the centre. Mesonotuin, except at the apex, closely.
transversely, irregularly striated. Scutellums smooth, meiH-
notum at the base oblicjuely striated and punctured ; the rest
strongly distinctly transversely striated; the apex has an oblique
slope and has a round tubercle or short tooth on the sides above.
Propieuriii punctured above, the rest strongly striated ; the lueso-
closely reticulated, the apex below and the base above striated;
the meta- more closely reticulated. Abdomen smooth and
shining. Tarsi spinoso.

'J'he areolet is large, almost square ; the transverse median
nervure is almost interstitial ; tiie transverse cubital nervure
in the hind wings broken shortly below the middle. Coxa»
thickly covered with white pubescence, the hinder closely
punctured.

Coltjania variconiis, sp. nov.

Luteous ; the hind femora, apical third of tibi;e and hind
tarsi, black ; the base of antennic luteous, the middle whitish-

.lour. straits nniiirli

^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

IIYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK. 151

yellow, the apex black; wing^s hyaline, the base with a sliji^ht
fulvous tinge, the costa and stigma testaceous, nervures darker
coloured. 9 •

Length 12 ; terebra 2 mm.

Uab. Kuching.

Head pale yellow ; the vertex obscurely, closely punctured,
the front impunctate ; the face strongly, but not closely, punc-
tured ; the clypeus smooth, obscurely punctured above ; its
Bj^ex depressed in the middle. Mesonotum of a dark reddish-
yellow colour, closely punctured. Scutellum with the punctures
more clearly separated. Central area of metauotum closely,
strongly transversely striated, much more strongly above than
below ; the lateral basal area3 are closely, strongly transversely
striated ; the upper posterior strongly obliquely striated above,
Lelow irregularly reticulated. Upper part of prople'jr^ with
stout curved striaj, the lower longitudinally striated ; upper part
of meso- closely punctured, the middle striated ; the apex stout-
ly crenulated ; the meta- closely striated, the strise more or less
curved ; below these is a stout keel. Abdomen smooth and
shining.

The basal and apical abscissa; of the basal keels on the meta-
notum are straight, not rounded and are obliquely sloped ; the
disco-cubital nervure is broadly, roundly curved, not angled.
The species comes near to annulicornis from which it may be
known by the smaller size, by the apex only of the hinder tibiie
being black and by the base of the tlagellum not being black,

Colyanta annulicornis, sp. no v.

Luteous, the ocellar region black, the mark gradually, ob-
li({uely narrowed towards the apex, theantennal fiagellum black,
the 6th to 13th joints white above; the apical third of hind
femora, and the hind tibiae and tarsi, black ; winsrs hyaline, the
base with a yellowish tinge, the stigma dark testaceous, the
nervures black. 9 .

Length 17 mm.; terebra 5 mm.

Hab. Kuching.

K. A. Soc, No. 44, 1U0.3.

tlS2

HrMKNUFTKHA OF HAKAWAK.

Sidett of face strongly its aideij more finely and the top iif
clypeus les.s strongly punctured; tlie clypeus in the centre at
the ttpex depreiised^ the depression rounded libovf^, trans verjiw
below ; centre of front closely punctured, uiore >^!rnnt?ly ulx>va
than below. Meaonotum darker cuhmred than thp rest of tht*
thorax and closely, uniformly and strongly punctured, except
at the apex; the ^cut^llura i** more strongly punctured, Meta-
noturn behind the keel irrey:ularly reticulated ; the keels art*
ritont, irreg^ularly waved on the ianer^ide, and raisfd there &t
the base; the pobterior mediau area is depressed and transverse-
ly striated, the striie stronger tin the ?*icleii ; the lat-eral are'roare
irregularly reticulated, the ki»eU being" much strong^er than iti
the centre; there are 4 apical f»re;e; the spiracular region is
b* funded by stout keela and in .strouirly ytriuted. Profdeura? be-
hiud irregularly striated ; the rneso- uiinutely, indistinctly j>unc»
tured ; the meta- ru^osely, coarsely punctured* Hind cu%m
closely punctured ; the tarsi spinose: l^eluw they have a rufoUi»
tint

JOPPINI,

Affurme^n gen. nov.

5 . llead wider than the thorax ; the t-emples wide, the
occiput roundly incited* Scut*?lluuj llat> lar]^^^, its siden
keeled. Bas<- of uietauoluni nbrupiely, deeply deprpss(*d; areulit
large, slightly longer than broad, n»utjded behind, transversit
in front, widely separated from the base of the .sei^ment and
without, a petiolar area. -Vreolet narrowed in front, the iier*
vures almost touching there ; disco-cubital nervure broken
by a stump of a nervure; transverse basal nervure interstitial.
Petiole smooth, post-petiole obli*|uely narrowi*d at the base ; the
2nd and '3rd segments closely punctured ; there are 8 segments :
the last miiiut-e, blunt and with stout, longish cerci : the ventral
keel extends to the apex uf th** ;Jrd segraput. Antenna* shorter
than the body, narrowed aud serrate at the apex* There is ati
obli<[ue keel on the prupleuia*, and 2 on tJie lower part of the
uieta- between the cox»e .

'The median sejfment is regularly areolatedi more no than
ill the typical Joppini ; the ventral keel is larg'e and is uw the ^ud

Jttur. ^tmtt« Itmneli

f^'^mm^mmmmmmmmmmmm^mm

UYMENOPTEUA OF SARAWAK. 153

and 3rd segments only ; the 2nd and 3rd segments of the abdo
men are minutely punctured, the 2nd striated at the base ; tarsi
minutely spined.

I unfortunately only know the 5 o^ t;his genus. Like
some other Oriental genera it is somewhat intermediate between
the Amhlfipygi and the Joppini.

Agarenes cariniacutisy sp. no v.

Ulack, shining ; the face, clypaus, inner orbits narrowly,
the lower two-thirds of the outer, a short narrow line on the
apex of the proiiotum, tegulaB, sides and apex of scutellum nar-
rowly, post-scutellum, the sides of the apical slope of the meta-
notum, the narrowed Itasal part of the petiole, 2 marks on its
apex, 2 on the apex of the 2nd and 3rd segments, the apical
half of the 6th and the whole of the 7th and 8th, pallid yellow.
Four front legs pallid fulvous ; the hind coxae, trochanters and
femora rufous, their tibiae and tarsi black, the former paler at
the base behind ; calcuria rufous. Wings hyaline, the nervures
and stigma black. 5 .

Length 11 mm.
llab. Kuching.

Face distinctly punctured. Ocelli in front bounded by a
curved furrow. Mesonotum minutely punctured, the basal half
with 2 longitudinal furrows; scutelluai more strongly, but not
so closely, punctured. Base of metanotum smooth ; the areola
irrejfularly lonjjitudinnlly striated; the other areae closely, trans-
versely, strongly striated. Fro- and mesopleurw indistinctly,
the nieta- closely and strongly punctured. The 2nd and 3rd
abdominal segments closely punctured, striated at the base.
(ia<tracoeli shallow, irregularly striated.

Druscia, gen. no v.

Scutellum obliquely raised from the base, its apex with an
oblique slope, its top ending in 2 stout teeth. Median seerment
completely areolated ; the areola longer than broad, obliquely
narrowed at the base, separated from the base of the segment
by an area of almost its own length, this area becoming gradu-

.KA.:^oc., No 44, ll»6.

164 HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

filly wider from tht* apt^x to the Ims^e, iJcdput deeply incised;
tt'iiiplea wide^ ubliquely narrowed. Apex of cljpeus broadly
nm tided- Labrurn hiddeo. Abdomen with 8 segments ; the
l^t loDg and slender ; the last small ; sfeetith of ovipositor long,
projecting. A reolet 'i-anij led. narrowed in front; transverse
liasftlnervure interstitial ; the disco-eubitftl broken by the stump
of a nervure. Le^s lon^, the apex of hinder femora reaching
h> the 5th segment; ventral fold brriad, reaching to the base of
the ovipoaitc^r.

The tarm are lon^ and spinnpe ; I here is a keel between the
t Wfi hind c:oxa* and ariuther altive it ; the ttnte*ina; are dilated and
cinii pressed before the apes and rinj^ed with white ; the abdo-
nijnal s^e fluents closely pnnetnrHd iii«d not hmgitudinally stria-
ted at the base ; face and ulypeus Jiat: the wings fuscous.

This «-eiins is intermediate between the Joppini and the
. 1 itiblffptifji. In the f urui of tl i e meta thorax it does not differ from
the latter and can hardly be looked i»pon as a typical genus of
Joppini.

Druscia i-dtniaia, sp. uov.

Black, the sides of the face and clypeus, the line on the
latter dilated inwardly at the apex, the lower two-thirds of the
inner orbits, the scutellar spines, a line on the loweredge of the
scutelluni, post-scutellum, an irregular mark on the lower side
of the mesopleura? near the apex, a line on the pronotum at tlie
l)a8e, and a spot on its apex in the centre, pale yellow, almost
white ; the basal 8 segments of the abdomen red ; the base of the
1st and the apices of the others white. Legs black, the 4 an-
terior with their coxas and trochanters for the greater part and
the tibiie and tarsi in front white ; the hinder coxae red, black
at the apex below. Wings fuscous- violaceous, the hinder
paler at the base, antennae black, the 8th to 11th joints white
beneath. 9 .

Length 13 mm.

Ilab. Kuching. March.

Front, below the ocelli and the face and clypeus obscurely
punctured, shining ; the face and cheeks thickly covered with
bilvery pubescence. Pro- and mesothorax obscurely puuctured.

Jour. StraitN Branch

mmmffmmmmmmmiimm

llYMKNOFrEUA OF SARAWAK. 165

scutelluni shagreened ; the apex of the mesopleuraa obliquely
striated below. Basal arece of metanotuin obscurely punctured ;
the posterior median area closely transversely, the lateral more
strongly and less closely striated; the sides and apex of the
segment thickly covered with longish white pubescence.

CcBHOJoppa, gen. no v.

Mandibles very broad, largely projecting below the mouth
at the base, their apex with 2 large, widely separated teeth;
below broadly roundly curved from the base to the apex.
Occiput roundly incised. Temples broad. Face Hat. not sepa-
rated from the clypeus, which slightly projects in the middle
at the apex. Scutelluni raised; its sides and apex on the top
with a distinct keel, its apex with an oblique slope. Median
segment completely areolated, its base in the middle broadly,
obliquely depressed ; areola clearly separated from the base of
the segment, broad behind, roundly narrowed at the apex ; the
sides of the segment with short, sharply pointed teeth. Meso-
sternum with a curved furrow on the sides at the base. Areolet
c)bli<iup, large, o-angled ; the disco-cubital nervure broken by
the stump of a nervure. Legs long, slender ; the basal 2 joints
of the hinder tarsi as long as the tibia;. Antennie longer than
the body, st<^ut. Post-petiole broad, obliquely sloped at base
and apex ; 2nd and 3rd segments minutely closely punctured,
nut striated ; there are 7 segments ; the last is longer than the
Glh. Head cubital, as long as wide.

I am only acquainted with the^J of this genus. Character-
istic is the form of the mandibles, which are larger and stouter
than usual, the longer hinder tarsi and (for the Joppini) the
rei^ularly areolated metanotum.

Canojoppa longitarsis^ sp. nov.

Black, shining ; the face, clypeus, the outer orbits broadly,
the inner more narrowly to near the top, a line on the apical
half of the pronotum, broader line on the lower edge of the
propleunv, a broader one on the lower part of the mesoplenrie,
the tubercles, a broad mark, longer than wide, on the apical half
of the metapleurae, touching and below the keel ; a mark, longer

U. A. .Sw., No. 44, 1905.

156

IIYMENflPTERA t»F SARAWAK,

than wide, on tlie tneaoiiotuni, ihe s^cuiplluins^ 2 marks, u»rri>wt*cl
below on tbe middle of ihe meianutum, tb«» uarrowed b;iy«»l i»rt
of the petiole and the apices of all the abdrimirml sneginent-s, pale
yellow. Four front legs «^ith « ftilvous ting-e, the hind cox»'
black, yellower above, apical joifit of tronbanters black below,
the femora rufous, the tibiie and tarni yellow, the former black
at the base and apex. VVin^s clear hyaline, the nervurei? and
stigma black. First seg^ment of abdomen smooth and shiuinfr ;
the '2nd and 3rd closely punctured ; t^astracoeli hirge, wide, their
middle with a few irregulai stride; ihe npace between shioin^,
aciculated, finely, irregufjirly striated. Hinder tarsi witb the
basal 2 joints together longer than the tibiie.

FacijiUB f'hutlnia^ ap, nuv.

Kufo-Iuteous ; a larj-e mark on the face, bcKjomiu^ gra-
dually wider below, the clypeus excer't narrowly at the apex»
the base of the 2nd abdominal segment in th^ centre and in
front of tbe tjastrocoeli, the base of the :Jrd and 4th and the 5tb
and following' segment.s entirely, black; the letjs similarly
colohred, the apex of the hind femora, altnrjst the apical half
of the tibiie arjd the tnrr^i entirely, black. W'ing^ yellowi»b-
hy aline, the apex from the etid of the areolet fu?jcou8- violaceous,
the stigma htteons, the nervnre.s durkpr colimred. AntenmB
black, the thickened apical part fuscous. 9 •

Length 1 mm^

ilab. Pen risen. 4500 feet. May,

Face and clypeua closely punctured, the side?* of the former
broadly, of the latter narrowly, pale yellow ; tiip front and
vertex smooth ; the ocellar region and the occiput broadly,
black. Thorax closely and clearly punctured ; the niesonotum
darker coloured and thickly covered with fuscous pubescence? ;
the scurelliim closely covered with longer, darker hair. Apical
sliipe of inetanotum (rre;^ularly, coarsely tiansversely striated;
thet-tjpor the posM?ni»r mediafi area longitudinally striated;
ltd borderinif keel smooth aitd shining. Upper put of pro-
plennu clriHely punctured: the me«o- le»a c!(*»ely, the middle Ins-
bind MJmost smooth j the lueta* closely and di.stinctiy punctured.

Jour. HimiU Brum'b

HYMKNOPTKRA OF SARAWAK.

157

The po«t- petiole longitudinally striated ; the 2nd to 6th seg-
ments are closely, refJTiikrly longitudinally striated; the «i(»ioal
aes^tnetits smooth.

Cmtojopiia vHfnfentm'tita^ sp, nov.

Black; face^ c ly pen?*, orbits— .m the outeraide narrowly
above— a line on the pronotum, scutellum, tubercles^ a large
n.ark on the lower half l4 the medupteurte, 2 large mdrks, ob-
liijuely narrawed on the uwwv ^Ide, on the apices of the Ui.nal 8
sei^ments of the atHJuiuen iiud the apices of the others, yellow.
Four front legs fulvous, their coxteand trochanters [jale yellow,
the ti bin* darker behind; tfie hind coxw black, pale yellaw
abov^e. the trochanters, tibite and tarsi pale yellow, the femorft
rufous, their apical fourth and about the Rpic'tl half of the
tibia?, black. VVin^s hyaline, the stijo^nia and nervore^ black.
Antenrm* blwck, the scape beneath and the middle of the llageU
him broadly white.

Length 18 mn\.

llab. Tansao.

Face punctured, its face with a la rgt* black, spot, which
at the apex, is dilated round the top uf the clyi>eus. Front and
vertex smooth, impunctate, liasiil half of mandibles pale yellow.
Mesothorax closely and distinctly punctured and covered
tliickly with white pubescence. Areola irregularly, striingly
punctured on the apical half : the latt'ral area* strongly [)unc«
tured on the outerside ; the posteriur median i<trongly trans-
versely striated; the lateral nreie strongly punctured, the punc-
tures clearly separated; the spirHcular rugose at the bas^e
the rest closely, strongly oblinu^^ly striated. Uppi*r patt tt
propleurw minutely punctured, the lower at the iMse smoi}tli
and shining, the apei strongly longitudinally striated, the strisi
shorter above than below, where they become gradual! \
longer; the me^opleurje closely punctuied, except in tii*^
middle behind; the meta- clonely utid n»ore strongly punctured
Breast and median segment thickly covered with hmgish whitr
pubescence. Middle of post petiole closely striated, the side
distinctly, but not very clt»sely, punctured: the :^nd to A\\
segments closely punctured; the 2nd ami :ird striated at tli»
base ; gadtrocoeli deep, curved, transverse, i^mo^^th.

L ^ .V, ."Mmw Wo 44. ina

158 flYMKNOPTKRA <»F SARAWAK.

Tills species has the areola shorter, wider and projecting anlv
slightly beyond the apex of the lateral area? and ia more diatinctly
separated *.t the apex than in i.L robneta or C- ma€u4k'eps ; thi*
temples aie shorter, the occt ipunot m deeply incised, the
fore tegs shorter and stouter, with the tarsi shorter and stouter
compared with the tibiae* It cannot be looked upon as a typical
Cratojoppa.

Afiisobos cincticarnis, Cam. *

This species is to be referred to nij genua AtfatiUto/oppn^ /V/r
i*ln iotiiotogiM , 1 9 02 , p, 1 1> , iM y desc ri pti on may be usef u Uy s 1 1 p-
plement*'d» as the Hpecies in tfe gmius appear lo be rjumeroy^,
and (nflicalt U) separate from their uniform cohjtiratiori.

Sculellum Hat on the top' its apex with a lonji;- perpendicuhir
slop* and raised above the ptist-i^euteiluni ; its sides and »i>*x
with distint^tly rai.ned mar^in>i. .\fedian segment completel y ariN j-
kited ; tho area hi wider thmj lon^, and separated by more than
itH own lenjjih from the base of the segrment, which is depressed
in the centre, the depress! {>n being btiunded bj keeJs laterally.
Face and clypeu?! tlat, nut separated ; the clypeus foveate at the
sides above. Labrum projecting. Eyes larger, not converging
nbove i>r below ; the malar space largf^ Occiput widely and
deeply roundly incised. There are 3 distinct arese on the base
of the median segment behind the areola and 3 on the apical
slope; the middle areas being also clearly defined ; the sides are
bluntly t(»othed. There is a stout keel above the middle of
the propleura3; the pronotum is broadly margined above later-
ally; its centre is roundly depressed. Metathoracic spiracles
linear. There are 2 short, deep furrows on the base of the mesono-
tum. These is a shallow furrow on the sides of the mesostei -
num at the base. Areolet 5-angled, narrowed above ; the disco-
cubital and the recurrent nervures with the stump of a nervure.
IVtiole long and slender, the post-petiole not abruptly separated.
Gastrocoeli shallow ; the ventral keel broad, extending to the
apex of the 4th segment ; there are 7 segments, the last is as
long as the preceding and bluntly pointed. Legs long ; the
hinder tarsi sparsely spined. Anteuba^ slender, serrate, broadly

* J. Sir. Br. Hoy. As. 8oc. UM>2, r.l.

Jour. Straits Branch

"^^^mmmmmm^mmmmmmmmm

IlYMKNOPTMiA OF SAUAWAK. 159

ringed with white; the pedicle is minute, narrowed ; the .*^rd
joint is distinctly lonj^er than the 4th.

ACULEATA.
Tachytes varipilosa, sp. no v.

Black, the pubescence on the head pale golden, on the
thorax pale fulvous, on the abdomen silvery ; wings yellowish-
hyaline, the nervures and stigma testaceous. 9 .

r.eugth 13 mm.

Ilab. Kuching.

Front, face and clypeus densely covered with golde i pubes-
cence ; vertex iinely rugose, obscurely furrowed down the
centre ; eyes at the top separated by fully* twice the length of
the 2nd antennal joint. Thorax aiutaceous; the median seg-
ment thickly covered with long pale pubescence ; the fovea on
the apex of the basal slope pyriform ; the apical slope with
curved, fine stride ; the base is not furrowed ; tarsal and tibial
spines rufous ; costa and stigma dark, the other nervures pale
testaceous ; tegulte testaceous, 1st transverse cubital nervure
with 3 curves.

Comes near to 7\ aurifex, Sm. ; that species is larger, has
the scape of antennae rufous, the apex of clypeus rounded in
the centre, and otherwise, may easily be separated by the eyes
converging more above, they being there separated by dis-
tinctly less than the length of the 5th antennal joint.

Tachiftes aureocincta^ sp. nov.

lilack ; the hair on the head and thorax fulvous ; the abdo-
minal segments banded with golden pubescence ; the pygidium
with silvery pile and, more sparsely, with long fulvous hair ;
wings hyaline, suffused with yellow at the base ; the tibiae and
tarsi and apex of hinder femora rufo-testaceous. v •

Length 14-15 mm.

Hab. Matang.

Clypeus smooth and shining ; the centre depressed, trans-
verse ; front with, narrow, but distinct, furrow in the centre,

R. A. Soc., No. 44, 1905.

160

HYMKNCiPrRRA HF J^MiAWAK,

tbe eyes at the top separated hy tHi^ len<^th of tbe &th ant«inrtal
joint, Mimdible^ black, the base covered with pale fulvou?* pube.^-
cenee. Metanotutii with a ^himlinl/ V'-^haped fovea on the ap»*\
of the basal ^mrt. The hjntr npur of the hinder tibiie is t
longer tlmu the meUttarsus, which isjis long^ as the follow! iv_
joints united.

Of the Boruean species thia is not linlike 7\ bomeana^ Ciini.;
that specien haa the eyes mtne widfly separated above, hiin^
there separated by the length of the 5th antennal juint; iia
wings want the di.stinct yellowish lAu^e iyf varipilo^n ; and
otherwise is easily known by the sliort^T and thicker hinder
tarsi nf which the nietatJirsus is n<*t much longer than the 'Ii\d
joint and shorter than the long joint of the tibial spines,

Pompitm fin vij tons, sp, no v.

This species resemblej^ closely /'* ntrhmmtu^ <>anK from
which it may be known as fuilows: —

|'oAt*Rt^iiteltujtJ higher tlma the >*eulelhinn frtmt hroacUy hlin'k in
tlM^ retitr**, iipex i»t clyiit^iis imii«%erHet tiinuiliMca tor the
•freuter |mrl yellow, st^ip** of iintenuii' httick al»ove, iip«x of
bin ler tibiir hromily black. runni^futU, Cam,

I ont-iiontelluiii iiitt IiikIi^v tlmn the MMitrlhim. a.pt'X of ulypeia^i
hifmdiy curved, inandiMoM foi- tin? ^'reater jiiirl b1ju;k, nrajie
of aritefiiiji* yi'llow, njiex of liitider LibiJi* not hliu.4.

flavi/rons, (*iuii.

Black, the vertex fniui near the oceiii^face, clypens^ labrnm,
outer orbits narrowly from near the top, a broad interrupted
band on the ape^i of the prMnotuiu, scuteHum, post-scute 1 1 urn, and
scape i)f Hiitenme bright yellnw ; the apex uf feninra. Libiie and
tarsi rufo- testaceous ; wiujtrs hy n line ; the apex f rum near tho
base of the mdiul cell .sniiiky, wrtli a slight violaceous tinge.

Clypens broad, rhe a[>e\ ruundly, but not deeply in'
with the sides straight, ubli<]ne. [.abrnin obliquely deprr
Mandibles black. Palpi yelluw. Third abscissa of radius distinctly
shorter thim second. Metnrtotiim irregularly transversely
striated. Penultimnte ventral .segment covered with long black
hair: the uthers more sparsely and shortly haired, (linder
lDetatar?4ti^ as long us the follnwintf 3 ji>intfl united and "^lightly
more than «•! i*- third of its leufciTh. li' mm.

.lour. HrmJl* BrTiiicli

HTMRNOPTBRA OF SARAWAK. 161

Salius matangennsy sp. nov.

Black ; the abdomen and legs, except the coxsb, ferruginous
red ; wings large, brilliant f useous-violaceous, the nervures and
stigma black ; the labrum and apex of mandibles red ; the palpi
rufo-testaceous. 5 .

Length 13 mm.

Hab. Matang. June.

Ilead and thorax covered with pale pubescence ; the pleurce
more sparsely with long pale hair; the base of metanotum
smooth, with a V-shaped depression in the middle, the rest fine-
ly, obscurely striated ; the sides of the apical slope at the top
project bluntly, the apex much more largely and ()romineutIy.
First abscissa of radius clearly shorter than the second ; the
fourth straight and obliquely turned upwards ; the drd is round-
ly curved upwards ; the 2nd recurrent nervure is received at
the apex of the basal third of the cell. Tarsi spinose ; claws
dentate near the base. Frontal furrow distinct on the upper half
only.

Is not unlike 5. veda^ Cam., but is much larger and has the
head entirely black ; ani the meii in segment bituberculate
laterally.

Odyneinis Kuchingemis^ sp. nov.

Black, the clypeus, eye incision, a mark above the antennie,
transverse above, its apex obliquely narrowed, a line behind the
eyes, not reaching to their end and gradually narrowed, a mark,
longer than broad, with straight sides, on the upper basal half
of the propleuree, the two united along ihe apex of the prono-
tum by a narrow line; tegiilse, a large mark on the scutellum,
slightly narrowed in the middle at the base and apex, a mark,
also contracted in the middle, at the base and apex, on the post-
scutellum, a large mark, on the mesopleurse below the tegul»,
rounded above and below, longer than broad and slightly, gradu-
ally narrowed from top to bottom, and two large marks, rounded
above, on the sides of the apical slope of the metanotum
and the apices of the abdominal segments (the line on the
3rd narrower than the others), a large mark, longer than

B. A. Soc., No. 44. 1905.

162

HT^ENOPTBRA OF SARAWAK.

broad and a^lmost transverse at the base and apex, on the sides
of the 2nd segment near the base and two smaller marks on the
base below, yellow. Legs yellow, the 4. front coxsb behind,
the hinder except for a mark on the sides, a line on the centre
of the middle femora above, the hind femora and the inner side
of the hind tibi®, black. Wings hyaline; the radial cell from
shortly behind the middle and the fore part of the 4th cubital
cell, smoky ; the nervures and stigma black. 9 .

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Kuching. June.

Front and vertex closely and distinctly ; the clypeus sparse-
ly punctured ; it is longer than broad ; its apex depressed in
the middle, only very slightly incised, almost transverse. Pro-
and mesothorax closely and clearly puncture 1 ; the pronotum
transverse, keeled on the base ; the scutellum sparsely punctur-
ed, its apex coarsely longitudinally striated ; the yellow part
furrowed slightly down the centre. Median segment with an
obli(iue slope, its sides broadly rounded, the centre depressed.
Propleurae punctured like the pronotum; the meso- and meta-
pleurse more sparsely punctured above, smoth below. Abdo-
men closely punctured; the 1st segment becomes gr^duilly
wider from the base to the apex.

Allied to 0. hi/ades^ ('am., but is much smaller, wants the
yellow lines on the mesonotum and the 2nd recurrrent nervure
is not interstitial. 0. li/bas, Cam., is much less strongly marked
with yellow and its 1st aMominal segment is raised in the cen-
tre and oblicjuely sloped at base and apex.

Odi/nerus rnattnigensis, sp. nov.

Black, a lino on the scape of the antenmv below, the cly-
peus, the mandibles except above and at the apex, the anterior
tibiaj in front and a narrow band on the apex of the 1st and 2nd
abdominal segments all round, yellow. Wings hyaline, the
apical two-thirds of the radial and the greaU^r part of the 4th
cubital coll smoky ; the nervuros and stigma black. J .

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Matang.

Jour. Straits Branch

HYMENDPTEUA OF SARAWAK.

163

Front ftTid vertex close! j, strongly and uniformly punc-
tured, the clypeiis niore sparsely punctured and covered w^ith
white puljescenco ; it is 9li«:ht!y longer than iM greatest width ;
the apex has n shallow, wide roundtHl incision, Apicjil two
joints uf ant«*nniL^ brownish beneath, tlie claw is not quikj so
lon*^ as thr jnint, Thortix closely ruofu^ely i>un«'.tured ; the ii]X»x
of the median segment is less M-ron^ly ptinctured ; iU sides are
strtiij^'ht and obli<niply narrowed towards the centre, which is
furrowed : the alope is ^iinust vertical Abdomen puncturod
like the thorax; ihe basul segment wirh a atout keel near the
base*

Belongs to the group of O. aicftelt* It is not unlike O. ro-
bertianns, bat that specie-M h\^ the ciypeus longer compared
with its width, broadly niarked with black in the middle, deprensed
at the apex, which is not so broadly nmii'led and dupre.ssed
down the middle, the scutellums have a more diatiiict obliijue
slope from the t«ise to the apex, the 8cut>?llum in uuitatuji^naU
being much more convex and without a distinct f^lope.

Ditiii truicaniftmM, i^p, nov»

niack, the sidt*8 of the dyp<.^u8 broadly — the yellow line
becoming slightly broader towards the apex* — the upper part
of the mandibles, a line on the prono turn, broadest in the middle,
bands on the apices of the basal i alidominal segments, com*
mencing from shortly Miind the middle and the outer Hide of ihe
tibiit*, yellow. Wings clear hyaline, iridescent, the nervures
and ?!tigma bluck. Llead, thurax, base of abdomen and its ven-
tral surface thickly covered with long wbit^ hair • the hasnl 4
segments* fringed vvith similar; ri i:k,

BtiiTer hair. Ocellar depres*jiun wi ley,

Mesonotumand »ide>* «.if -scutelluni^ but not closely

or strongly ; the metanotum at the i ^ ; liaired iind ounc-

tared the rest thickly covered wiUi longisb white ha

Length 13-U mm,

ilab, Trusean.

The black Ixi^sal bands on the 2nd to 4th abdmnlnal mg*
ments are slightly dilated in Hi.- middle ; the wings are slightly

E. A. »o«.» No. 41, 1006.

164 HYMENOPTKRA OF SARAWAK.

inf uscated at the apex ; the 1st recurrent nervure is straight,
not oblique in front, the 2nd roundly curved at the top and
bottom ; the 2nd transver:5e cubital is straight and oblique by
sloped at top and bottom, the lower (and larger) abscissa having a
more oblique slope than the upper ; the 2nd abscii^sa of the cubi-
tus is distinctly less in length than the 3rd and 4th united
the apical abscissa of the radius roundly, obliquely curved.
Pronotum rounded.

Comes close to D,Jimhiata^ Bur., which may be known
from it by the middle of the pronotum being transverse, not
rounded, by the 2nd abscissa of the cubitus being longer than
the apical two united, by the recurrent nervures not being so
widely separated and by the transverse median nervnre l^ing
more rounded, not obliquely sloped above,

Mcgachile Wallacei, sp. nov.

Black, the hair on the metanotum, base of 1st abdominal
segment, a band on the 2nd and the whole of the apical two
segments abi>ve covered with whitish hair : the ventral slope
bright red ; the win^s hyaline, the apex slightly clouded, the
nervures and stiii^ina black ; the hair on the legs black ; the
basal \ joints of the hind tarsi covered with bright red hair. 9 .

Length l«s mm.

Ilab. Trusean. August.

Vertex distinctly punctured, more strongly and closely in
the centre than on the sides ; the face similarly punctured,
more closely abov(» than lielow ; tiie clypeus more strongly
punctured; the lower part with the punctures more widely
separated and the apex impunctate. Mandibles strongly, but
not closi'ly punctured; tlH»y liavo :5 t(»Mt]i ; the apical is the
longer : llu» 2n(l shorter and l«luntly rouruit^d ; the 3rd not so
clearly separated, longer, broader and blunter. Mesonotuni
closely and clearly pu!ictured, the punctures round and in
places running into relicrulations : the base in the centre is less
stn)ngly punctured and furrowed narrowly. Scutellum more
strongly and similarly punctured. Metanotum smooth. Meso-
pleurio clost'ly and distinctly punctured : the meta much more

.lour Straits Branch

riYMENOPTEIlA OF SARAWAK.

165

mifiutely aod sparsely punctured. Mef^ostertiutn and meso-
pleurw thickly covered with blsick hair ; the meta- with longer
and white hitir. Fore tlbiie with Uie edges apined ; the onter
spine longer ii nd sharper than the inner ; the middle adn hind
calcaria red, the others black.

Mesonotum thickly covered with short black hair ; clypeus
longer than the face, its apex trandsrerse in the middle, the
sides curved, it is sparsely haired ; metatarsus not ttrnch
narrower than the tibiiu which, at the apex on the otiter side,
projects into a stout spine.

This species belantr.^ to a group whicli appear?^ to be well
represented in Malaya. It differs from J/, hicanalicftiata and
Fvedenci in the mandibles having' 3, instead of 2 teeth ; <>/.
alhocaudata Friese has 4 mandibular teeth ; the number of teeth
in M, miniaUi Bingham, (J, Bomh. N. U. Soc. 18*J0-.^)), from
Sumatra, id not stated.

M^gackiU Saratvakensii, sp. nov.

Black, the hair black, on the vertex, mouth and sternum
white, on the median :iegment soot-t?t)loured j the win^ yellow-
ish-hyalinPt the ner\Mires and stigma luteous. 5*

Length 12 mm.

Ilab» Sembulong.

Front, vertex and face closely punctured ; the clypeus
more closely and tluely punctured, the real more widely and not
90 stronirly lis the front; its apex fringed with long pale fulvous
hair, V ; short and broad; the apical tooth lony^ and

sharp-[> i it*^ 2nd broad, bluntly-rounded, the 3rd indistinct.

Thorax closely, minutely punctured, as is also the scuU.illuni ;
post-scutollum alulaceous. Metanotal area alutaceous, depressed
in the centre. Back of alwlomen coarsely ahitaceous, obscurely
punctured, the segments depressed in the middle ; the last seg-
ment with a shallow incision in the centre; and with 2 distinct,
blunt, and an outer indistinct, tooth on either side of the incision ;
its apex is broadly depressed and the middle is bluntly keeled.
Metatarsus narrower than the tibioe,

H. A. Soc., Xo, it. 1*)5,

166 HYMENOPTERA OF SARAWAK.

Megachile varideiis, sp. nov.

Black ; the front, vertex and thorax above with rufo-fulvous
hair, the hair on the face, clypeus and pleuras long and whito ;
the abdominal segments with rufous hair bands ; wings hyaline,
highly iridescent, the apical half clouded with fuscous-violaceous,
the stigma and nervures black. 5 .

Length 9 mm.

llab. Kuching. January.

Front and vertex closely and distinctly punctured, the for-
mer less strongly than the latter. Face closely rugose ; the
clypeus closely punctured, the punctures round, moderately deep
and close together; in the centre is a smooth, moderately broad
smooth line. Mandibles with 4 teeth; the 1st and 4th much
larger than the central and sharp-pointed; the 2nd bluntly
rounded, the 3rd longer than it and sharp- pointed. Thorn x
closely rugosely punctured. Metanotal area clearly defined, alu-
tacoous and with a shallow furrow in the middle; and less closely
haired than the rest of the segment, which is pitted. The basal
hiefj:ments of the abdomen closely, but not very strongly; the
others more strongly rugosely, punctured; the 1st has the basal
slope margined round the top, the 2nd and 3rd and, to a less
extent, the 4th transversely furrowed ; the last incised ; the in-
cision wider than long, with the sides oblique, straight and
meeting in the centre; below the last segment is widely depres-
sed in the centre and with the sides keeled at the apex. Legs
stoutly ; the hinder tibiie bluntly, roundly projecting at the apex
on the outerside.

Is very like M. bonieanft but may be known from it by
having 4 distinct teeth on the mandibles. The same character
separates it from M. ccecina which it closely resembles otherwise.

Nomia bidiensis, sp. nov.

Black, the ilagellum of antennoe below and at the apex
above, rufous, the liair on the head and thorax pale fulvous; all
the alxlominal segments with broad pale pubescent bands ; the
hair on the ventral surface pale, with a slight fulvous tint; wings

Juur. Strait:! Branch

HYMENOPTKHA OF SAIiAWAIC*

167

hyaline^ the stigma pale testaceauei, the costA and nervures
darker. 9 .

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Bidi. December,

Fronts vertt^x and face closely minutely, irr^i^utarly reticu-
lated, rnoro closely in the centre rhnn an the .sides ; the ucciput
sharply margrined. Mesonotum closely punctured, almost reti-
culated ; the centre with an impressed line. Metarrntal area
stoutly irregularly longitudinally striated and without an apical
bounding keel ; the apical silopo with 2 or 3 irregular longi-
tudinal iceeis. Pleurni alut-aceous; the meso* with an oblitjue
keel down the middle, behind which it is closely striutfd; near the
apex of the meta-are 2 curved keels, the space between tliera
being striated. The hair on the tirsi is more rufous! than on
the rest of the leo^a ; the apical 4 joints of the fore tarsi rufous,
Fir^t and second transverse cubital nervures straij^ht and
parallel, the cell b**in>: of equal width throughout and distinctly
shorter^ abi>ve, than tlie following: ; the recurrent nervure id re-
ceived shortly ijcyond the middle ; this beini^ also the case with
the 2iid the 1st is straight and oblique* the 2nd roundly curved.

Is not unlike A^ bi<ytntcHl(Ua, Cam,, that species is rendily
separated by the different foroi of the median segment which U
much larger and witli the apical slope stoutly keeled round the
top.

Nomia itythropoda^ sp» nov.

Black ; the l&t abdominal segment with a piceous baud on
the apex, the others banded with blue, variegated with orange;
the antenna I scft^>e, apex of clyjieus, labrura and legs ferrugin-
ous-red ; the hair on the head, thorax* base of abdomen and legs
pale fulvous ; wings hyaline, the radial and cubital cells smoky,
tlie stigma and uervurea blact 6 .

Length 9-10 mm.

Uab. King hang. January.

Lower part of front and face keeled in the centre, the
former more strongly thaa the latter ; the clypeus distuiotly

It A. So«., No. 41, t'fXirt.

168

HTMENOPTBRA OF SARAWAK.

puDCtured, except at the apex ; the orbits thickly covered with
fulvous pubescence and more sparsely with fulvous hair. Ueso-
notum opaque, minutely punctured; post-scutellum tbicMy
covered with pale fulvous pubescence. Metanotal area irrefi:u»
larly striated, the central strisa converging inwardly. Hind
femora not much thickened ; on the lower side of the hind tibi»
is, at the middle, a raised curved keel, curving obliquely from
the inner side to the outer and reaching to the apex, it becom-
ing gradually reduced in size ; tarsi not thickened.

A species easily recognized by the rufous legs and by the
oblique keel on the inner side of the hind til»».

Jour. StraJU.Branoli

The Aroids of Borneo.
By h. n. hidt.ev*

The !«Und of Hortteo is very rich in aroids, and the pr»-
put list n>pre:5ontii doubtles?« but a small portion of those which
nil eventimlly be found by collecUirs. I havo tittempted however
"to nmke it as complete as I could, and to record all specit*
previoiisly described together with a numljer collected by tny
self in a short trip to B. Sarawak, iti 1903 and others obtained
by Dr. Llaviland some years previoui?ly. Dr. Eiigler in Male.si?i
d€*8cribed a fiunil>er cullected by Dr. Beccari chielly in Stirawak,
but though I was working over Dr. Beccan*s old collecting
ground, I obtained a considerable tiuraber which appear Ui hav©
escaped hiui.

The chief difficulty in the study of aroids lies in the ver\
bad habit of some botanists and gardeners of describing specie
from leaves only. Aroids vary very much in the form am
venation of their leaves, and leaf descriptions are quit-e wortli
less, and hav^e led te* great confusion. This is especially th*
eaae in Borneo aruids for many speciea pasaess very ornatnentiil
leaver and have been introduced as cultivated plants. atiJ in-
adecjuately described and named.

Cryptocobyke.

This genus of aquatic aroids seems to obtain its maximui;
ievelopment in Borneo though several species occur in Indiii
Qd tho Mnlaj peninsula and in islands of the arehip^iUgn.
"All ti ^ in Borneo inhabit the jungle streams and river

exce^' la I river species C cifiata^

_C. ci/iflfrt, Fischer. Tidal Mud, Sarawak, ( Beccari) Bishop Uose.

Common in most of the tidal rivers in mud in the
Malay peninsula and islands.

170

TUB AROIDS OF BORNEO.

C ordata, Griff. Sarawak, (Beccari). Borneo (Motley).
Distribution, Malay peninsula and Java.

C. atviolata, Engler.
land 2875).

Sarawak, (Beccari). Rejang, Sibu (Havi-

The tube of the spathe which is very slender appears
to have been white, the narrow lanceolate limb purple.
Fruit on a pedicel \ inch long sub-globose f inch long/
seeds \ inch long curved acute narrow reticulate.

Endemic.

C. grandiB^ n.sp. Petioles 6 to 14 inches long, leaf blade ovate
cordate, obtuse 3-4 inches long, 2-3 inches wide closely
and finely dotted and sometimes striolate. Peduncle 1
inch long. Spathe tube 15 inches long \ inch wide, dilated
portion ^ inch long, limb lanceolate caudate 2^ inches
long § inch wide at base, apparently yellow in the mouth
and purple above smooth.

Sarawak. Jungle stream path to Matang (Uaviland
2319) Sept. 23. 1892.

Endemic, the biggest species I have ever seen except
C. citiata.

C. pallidinervia, Engler.
Endemic.

C. longicauda, Engler.
Endemic.

Sarawak (Beccari).

Sarawak ( Beccari).

C\ bullosa^ Engler, Sarawak (Beccari).

I saw a quantity of what appeared to be this plant in
the river at Bidi, near the Loban Angin, but could see no
flowers. Saribas (Uaviland 2079).

Endemic. Engler's figure Malesia, pi. 27, i, is of a
young spathe. VVhen adult the blade is longer than the
tube and very narrow. Fruit white ^ inch wide peduncle
3 inches.

Jour. Sjtraits Branch

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

171

C. /^injjrwff, Eugler. Sarawak (Heccari). RojangSibu(naviland

Endemic.

C> atinatfata, Engler. Sarawak (Becoari).
Endemic.

C, spathnlttia^ Englor. Sarawak ( Beccari),
Endemic.

TypuoNiUH.

Small aroids UMually weeds of culdvation.

1\ tfdohatam, Schott. Sarawak (Bt^ccari) Bau, ( Ridley )«

T, motktfanum^ Schott. Borneo (Motley),

AMORPtJOPtlALLirS,

Englcr records only one species of this genua from Borneo,
but there are doubtless more. Tliey are seldom met with in
flower, I found twu in leaf.

A. f/iganteui^ Bl.

Distrib.

Sarawak (Beccari),
Java.

AmscEMA,

umOiifia, (i.>ip. iiiuiL r^tock ,short With numefous woolly roots,
Leaves 4 or 5 : young ones ovate acuminate entire 3
inches long, 1^ wide; older ones trifid lobes oblong or
lanceolate acuminate, 5 inches long If inch wide,
base narrowed into a petiolule ^ inch long, tip acut^i
with a slender awl -shaped point | inch lon^^, side
lobo^ macqui lateral nearly aetisile, nerves D or 4 pairs
joining an intramurginal one, petiole 5 inches long, all
tifi^ht green* Peduncle 7 inches long, spathe tube green
1^ inch long, limb ovate I- 1^ inch long, tipped with a
slender point | inch long, deep brown spotted with
li^ht green. Spadix appendage liliform 2 inches long

172

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO

green. Male flowers in (rrqups of 4 or 5, stamens
shortly stalked, numerous.

Borneo, Sarawak. Matangf, alt 1500 feet.
A very distinct plant with its dark brown hood spot-
ted with yellowish green.

A. Jllifonne, BL, var. chlorospatha, Hallier,

Centra] Borneo at Liang Gagang, (Uallier).

HOMALOMENA.

H. (§ Eu.'homalomefia). pahidoaa QrifF. Sarawak, Kuching
(Barttelt).
Common in the Malay peninsula.

//. sagiilifoliay Jungh. Sarawak on Matang (Ridley).

South Borneo Mt. Gintang (Korthals) Labuan (Motley).
YSiT pontederiafolia. Sarawak Kuching (Haviland 3134).

//. propinqua, Schot, to which Engler refers the plants col-
lected by Korthals and Motley quoted above is probably
this species which is common in the Malay peninsula.

//, Beccariana, Engler. Sarawak (Beccari).

Engler describes tliis as allied to //. rostrata Griif , and
//. Mifjnelinva Schott and suggests that the three might
be combined into one species, //. Miqueliana Schott is
based on a plant collected by Korthals in Southern
Borneo.

//. insignia. 111. Ilort 1885. t 560.

Introduced from Borneo. From the description in
Nicholsons Diet. Gardening Supplement, tliis seems near
A/, paludoaa,

II. Sarawokejisift, n.sp. Stem woody creeping ascending with
long roots. Petioles 3-4 inches long rather slender
sheath 2 inches long red, blade oblong lanceolate cuneate
at the base narrowed into the petiole tip acute 5-7 inches

Jour Strait! Branch

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

173

long, 3 inches wide, primary nerves G or 7 pair^, not very
district Peduncle 4 inches long" more aleuder than the
petiole, Spathe 2 iwhm kmg Gou»tncti*d above the female
Inliorescence, swollen basal part loitj^ror than the nar-
rower upper p«rt,

Sarawak Bidi (Kidley 11714).

Endemic.

//; BorneennM, n, sp. Stem stout petiule 7-7^ inchea long sheath-
ing about half its ler»g^th, blad«' ovate b ise bnmd round^-d,
apex cusjndate, nerves 8 ptiirs conspiruous on the under
surface* alternate 8 inches hmg', fi incht?.^, widi.. Pedun-
cle G inches loni^:, Spathe 4 indie,s long, constricted abov©
the middle thick nearly an inch through l>elow, blade
shortly cuspidate. Spadix rather !!ilender, male (x>rtion I|
inch long white, upper part of female nude or with scat-
tered female Howera, 1 inch long.

Sarawak Kuching (Ridley).

Endemic, near IL mf^ittifolm ixingXu but the leaves are

not at all cordate.

/f. aromatiea, mr. conbUii Schott,

Sarawak. ^Beccari). Kwala Kapuaa, (Orabjwskl)
(Engler Malesia t:fS2),

*rhese plants are probably //, caeruUicejiM Jun^h, a
common Malay peninsula and Javanese plants but it tji
possible that this species* is only a form of Roxburgh's
n* ijromatiaa which i« only recorde*! from Teucasserim
and Ohittageng.

ff Ihirllnndi^ n, sp.

Petiole slender 6 to 8 inches lon^ very shortly sheath-
ing, blade ovate with a broad indented base, hardly
cordat** apex cuspidate 8-10 inches lou^ 5-BA inchest wide,
Ijt I y unnumerous fine iirrij inconspicuous. PeduQ-

cl i 5-t» inchett loutf , spathe narrow *2 fnch*^? long |

inch wuie slightly constricted above the ^ ^rtion.

Male portion slender I j^ inch long. Femah i j inch.

It. K, Stoft^ M^ 44, \m:u

nrr^r

174 TUB AROIDS OF BORNEO.

Sarawak Bongo range near Penkalan Atnpat(Haviland
102). Endemic.

The form of the leaves is that of H, bomeensis but the
venation is very close and fine, there being practically no primary
nerves. The spadices are also much smaller and narrower but iu
the specimens are cfiiite young.

H, fasciata, n. sp.

Leaves solitary narrow lanceolate long acuminate 6-7
inches long 1^ inch wide narrowed to the base above
deep green with a central white feather, beneath pale
green, with 8 pairs of elevated nerves, petiole 7-8 inches
long slender terete. Spadices rising from a basal narrow
sheath 8 inches long, peduncle 1^2 inches long slender
spathe 1^ inch long curved base swollen | inch through,
above narrowed acuminate ail pale green. Spidix little
shorter, terminal portion cylindric acuminate | inch long
white of sterile hexagonal iiowers, below ^ inch narrower
of oblong male flowers, 4 celled anthers, below a whorl
of white irregular sterile flowers, then a short bart- portion,
and whorls of green subglobose sessile, pistils with a
shore thick style and punctiform stigma.

Sarawak. Biili Woods, fl. Oct. 1903 (Ridley).
Endemic. A pretty plant, which I brought alive to
Singapore and flowered in the Botanic Gardens.

//, 8a.rorum, Miq.

Borneo (Korthals).

//. truncata, Hook, fil ?

Chamax'ladon tnincatuin, Schott., var. ddtoidexim^ Eugl.
S. Borneo. Kapuas on the river, Riam Uoras (Gra-
bouski).

There is same doubt as to whether this plant is the
same as Hooker's //. truncatum, a native of Mergui.
//. ovalifoliumy Ridl. Channecludon ovalifolium, Schott.
Borneo (Korthals).

Jour, straits Branch

TUK AUOIDS OF BORXKO.

176

//. (§ Chammctadon\ paucifiervia^ n, sp»

Stem about 4 iriebes tall with lung routs. Leaves
numerous ItinceolAir gradujilly tJipTincy from the middle
tti ih»* bfisiip apex subacute, jwile ijeupath l\^ int^hes lung
L inch widf% primary iK*rvR;3 4 pnir:i iilt»:»rnati?*, petiol*^
slorider 1-2 inches lotii^, sheath short broad red | inch
long* Spathes siuall ^ inch lof^^f ou a vury t^leuder
peduncle of e({ual length, sj^athe oblong with a short
beak* Spadix a little sh(>rter, male portion fourttmeis
as long' as the female cvlindriu. Female flowers
very few in two or three wTorls, Pistil ovoid, stigma
discoid,

Sarawak, Matang (Hidley).

One of the narrow leaved wet rock 4jp©ciea after the
style of //. amtusfifoUum and as near the Channrnlad m
pffijmntaum of Engler's Araceje No, i>G as anythiriijr \)^i
differing not only In foliage but in the very few femalu
iJower^.

?. intertuudiam, n* sp.

Stem t inch long with numerous thick grey vootn.
Leu veil numerous ubli(|up|y eUiptic acute iniuut^Oy mucro-
nate at the tip, tiarruwed slightly toward the base 5
int'hes long 2 inches wide or smaller. Nerves line ubout
14 pairs, second ft ry nerves few and indistinct, petiole
slender 2-2^ inche?? long» sheii thing for about ^ it;*
length* Peduncle of spadix 3 inches long slender,
Spathe l-l| inch long nearly i inch through narrowed
al>i:>ve th^ female portion about half way up,and ctispidate
at the t}{X

Sarawak, Malang (Ridley) Endemic,

ThispKntis about the size and habit of iL Giiffithh
bot very different in its* their textured fine nerved leaves
and the long slender peduncles^ and spathe narrowed In
the middle* It seems to be intermediate betweea the
section !iluhnoumlomcna and Chtumtclaion*

176

THR AROIOS OF BORNEO

H, croBsinerviay n. sp.

Peiioles stout 6 inches long, sheathing for more than
half their length, blade lanceolate acuminate base un-
equal narrow^ U inches long 3 inches wide, keel thick
primary nerves about 20 pairs, secondary nerves very
numerous with short transverse bars. Peduncle 3 inches
long, spathe 3 inclies long, constricted a little above the
middle lower part broad and thick limb of spathe with a
cusp I inch long spadix 2^ inches long. Male 1 inch
portion rather slender cylindric. Stamens moderately
large, a short narrowed portion of abortive flowers kiet-
ween that and the female portion. Pistils in about 20
whorls.

Sarawak. Matang ( Ridley). Bndemic.
// lancea^ n. sp.

Stem short. Leaves few petiole slender 6-8 inches
long, sheathing from 2-3 inches blade lanceolate acumi-
nate with a long point narrowed at the base into the
petiole 7 inches long, H inches wide rather their nerves
ascondiiig rather distant T) pairs distinct on the lower
surface, alternate, no visible transverse reticulations.
Peduncle 4 inches long rather slender. Spathe thick 2
inclies loii^^ constricted above the female part of spadix,
rather moni than ^ its length, tip shortly cuspidate male
lx)rtion of spadix rather slender, anthers small.

Sarawak^ Matang (Ridley). Endemic.

//. ovaUt, Kngler. Sarawak (Beccari).

//. suhcordtUa, Eii^lor. Sarawak (Beccari).

J/, puncttilatn, Kngler. Sarawak (Beccari).

//. (§ cltatmecladon) pumila^ var. piirpurascetis. Chanicecladon
pf/t/mactnuy Engl. ?

Borneo (Korthais); Sarawak, Matang (Ridley); S.
BonuH), Kapuas (Grabowski).

Jour. Straits Branch

TUE ARUIBS OF BORNEO.

177

var, lutiftdium^ (Eugler).
Sarawiik i Beocuri).

This tittle plant is commou in the Malay Peniasula*
The plant distributed by EQo:1er under his number and
figure (Araceje 96) does not seem to be thi» apeoies.

H. (hiffitkii. Hook, liL Borneo (Motley).

var. ohlif^U'tiu'ti^ //, om^uatwu Ilook. fil«, Chammcladon
tfhlitjualnttt Schutt^

Sarawak (Beccaii).

var. ticfiininat'U Leaves ovate with a ton^ p^jint, or
elliptic acuminate, uervea less3 uouspeciaus tlmn in typical
//. GrijfuMi,

Sarawak. Bau ( Ittdley 11713)*

Thi« plant in the form <»f leaf approaches //. (rapezi/alia,
Ilook, tiL^ but hajs the small spatKea of //, Grtffttkii,
which is a most variable plant, several fonus uf which
have been separated into «pecip-«i on account of the form
of the leaf, 1 hiive seen notlang exactly like this variety
from the Peniuiula, but hnrilj ttke to sepu-ate it as a
speckles.

//. humiliU^ tlook, fil.

I8 recorded from Borneo in the flora of British India
but without apeei fie loonlity or collector'ij name. It is
common in the hills of the Malay Peninsula.

AOLAONEMA,

A* patmtre, Teysm. Sarawak (Beccari).

Common in the tidal mud of the Kucbing river,
(Kidiey)*

f>i8trib, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

_A. gchottinnum, Miq. Sarawak (Beccari), Mataug (Ridley);
Southerif Boriteo (Korthals Ji4€ Eogler).

A. soc,, Xo- a, I9gi5.

178

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

A, pictum, Kunth. Sarawak (Beccari).
Malay Peninsula.

A. oblongi/olium, Schott. Sarawak (Beccari); Kuching (Havi-
land 972), Road to Bau, Ridley.

Common, Malay Peninsula.

CULUOASIA.

C. antiquoi'um, Schott. Sarawak (Beccari).

A common cultivated plant, probably not native in this
part of the world.

C, gigantea^ Hook. I saw plants of ivhat I believe to be
this at the Byte Estate near Sandakan, British >Jorth
Borneo.

AI.oCASIA.

.4 t/«/fc'a, Schott. Sarawak (Beccari).

A common cultivated plant. Var. melnllica. Bornevi
(Mi(iuel).

A. jniicrorr/iizft, Schott. Sarawak (Borneo).
This is a commonly cultivated plant.

A. [jitwii^ Hook. til. Common, on limestone rocks, l^all. Sara-
wak (Ridley).

^4. Ldwii is comoinn on limestone rocks in Borneo and
in the Malay l*eninsula, and l^eocari could hardly have
failed to find it.

.4. dcufidatd, Knj^lor. Matang-.

I found very liiu* pl-mts of this common Malayan
plant on Matan^r, which though not in llower at the
time of my visit were certainly this species. The varietv
Thihautitvut, Hart, with white r(»ticulatin)r views oc^.curs
in Borneo.

Jour. Strjilta K ranch

TOE AROfDS OF BORXKCK

179

A* loHf^hba, Miq. Snrawfik (Beccari), ia almoat certainly this
plant Miq u el's diBoriptioo however i8 not cumplete
enough to dt'tennine what h& meant.

A, S^ei^riu Knj^ler. Sarawak (Beccari). M/itangf at the top

(Ridley).

Distrib, Malay Peninsula,

.'i. KorthaUi^ Soholt. Sakumbang (Kortljal«).

A very little known species^ described only from leaf
specimens.

^A. ^icabfuiscala, N. E. Urown, Oard, Chtotu 187D* II. !?9G.
Lntroduced into cultivation from Borneo.

A* ouprea, Koch. Locality unknown*

Introduced int<i cultivatioo fr<»m Borneo.

VUhueuvni, Lind. and Rod. Ill, Hort, 1^87, p. 59, PL XXI.
, S^ftrawnk, fiau(Uitlley 11715).

This has dark g:reen leifcve.^, with the fie tiuies spotted
witii dark brownish red* 'Hi • rtower.'i nre not known,
but th»* 8pathe in fruit is alt.iut I inch long: and j inch
wi Im, ^vlilii* or roMe pink, on a pedunrlH Ti iiu'Iimm h^tiif-

ScmSMATOOLOTTia,

ScL harhifUu Engler. Sarawak. Knchin^ (Beecari)*

Sch. criip'tta^ Hook, &U Sarawak, Uau. etc* (Ridley),

SvL mperma, Rngler. Sarawak (Beccari)

var, i^hamaculaUi. Sara wak, ( Beccari ).

S*ih, iStcvitnana, Eogb*r.

var* ohloftgn. Sarawak (Beccari),

var. cujfpiilakt, Sarawak (Beccari).

var, a/Mifieaia, Sarawak (Beccnri).

var. miffusttfQHa, S. Borneo. Kapuas Grabourki.

180 THE AROIDS OF BORNEO,

Apparently a common and variable plant but I have
failed to recognise what was intended by this species.

Sch. modesta^ Schott. Borneo (Eorthals).

Common near Sungei Assun, Kapuas (Hallier).

Sch» calyptratay 2^11 and Mor.

Form concolor. Mid Borneo, at Amai- Ambit and
Liang Oagang (Hallier).

Form tnvittata. Central Borneo (Hallier).

A common species in the Malay Peninsula and over
the Archipelago.

Sch. variegatar. Of Gardens, is said, Nicholson's Dictionary of

Gardening, to be 5. neo-guineensis which is a variety of
S, calyptrata. It was introduced from Borneo.

Sch, pusilla, Engler. Sarawak (Beccari).

West Borneo (Jagorl, fide Ilallier).

Sch, acumijintimma, Schott. var. concinna. South Borneo
(Korthals).

Probably a form of 5. cubfptrata says Engler, but the
description which is very incomplete hardly fits any form
of that species.

Sch. ilecota, Bull, Gard. Chron. 1884, t. 711 Borneo.

Sch, ovata, Schott. Borneo (Korthals).

Sch. coiwulea, Engler. Sarawak ( Beccari).

Sch, Motletjatia, Engler. Apntemone Motletinna^ Schott. Labuan
(Motley).

Sch. lomjispathti. Bull. Cat. 1881. III. Ilort. XXIX t. 4G6.

I obtained this pretty sj^cios in the Bidi Woods,
Sarawak, and it flowered in the Botanic Gardens in
SiniTiipore. in March and April, 1904. The leaves are

Jour. Straits Branch

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

181

broad, dark green with a centra 1 white bar. The ^padix
U 3 inches long, the aj>ath«? g^reeninh wbite^ L>f which the
tubular pfjrtion is 1^ inch long* The appendaj^e of the
spadix cylindric subacute white J inch long of irregular
abt-^rtive tiuwers. Male portion short i inch long, anthers
one- rarely 2 -eel led. Female flowers more numerous
thick oblong green, stigma pulvinate, sessile* abortive
fluwer few irregularly flattened club shaped or spathulate
tipped pink% little shorter than the pistils.

St:ft, mtiltiflora^ n. sp.

Rhizome short thick with numerous leaver. Leaves
dark green lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at the ba8e«
8-9 inches long, 2-3 inches wide H-18 nerved, petiole 6
inches long purple, numerous red brown sheaths a! fVi^^
base spadix. On a peduncle 2 inches long. Spathe at if
□arrow acuminate '1-5 inches lojig white, tubular pciiiiuri
1 inch long pale green limb recurved, when npeji broadly
lanceolate acunnnate, Male spadix cylindric 3 inches
long, flowers very numerous, all fertile, nnappen(hige of
barren tlowers, Flowers oblong, anther cells distJint
Female pDrtion 1 inch long no nude portion between,
pistils ovoid narrowed slightly upwards towards the
discoid stigma.

Sarawak, Matang, in rocks in a stream abundant,
(Ridley 11582) Endemic. Remarkable for its long spadix
and very numerous Howers,

ScL pnlchra, N. E, Br,

Rhizome short, leaves ovate acuminate base narrowly
cordate 3 J inches long 2 inches wide, petiole 2 inches
Umg back rounded edges alxive straight sheath short «nd
broad sides patent, ti|is rounded, blade light ^reen mot-
tled frey. Peduncle very short ^*pa.the l| inches long
base dark green | inch long carried down the peduncle
and adnate to it, lamina 1 inch long pale green eusptdat^\
Spadix oenrly as long as the sfmthe, appendage cylindric
I inch long obtuse white of irregular ovoid lx>dies, male

R. A. Hoc, h'o. 14, 1005.

182 THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

portion narrower ^ inch long anthers lohed of 2 distaDt
cells, rather scattered, then a few abortive females.
Female portion ns long as the male. Pistils oblonj^
shortly stalked, stigma discoid, about 7 irregular rows
of females rather distant. Back of female portion adnate
to stipes. Saraw^ak at Bidi ( Ridley). This plant original-
ly described from cultivated plants, was sent to the
Botanic Gardens Singapore by Mr. Chatterjee of Calcutta
as Sch. crispatti from which however it is very distinct.

Sch, caufescens, n. sp.

Stem 2-4 inches long, base rooting, upper part ascend-
ing, with alternate leaves a quarter of an inch apart.
Leaves elliptic lanceolate to ovate subacute at the tip.
base rounded 2-1 inches long 1-1 J inch wide, miiiut<>ly
pustular on both surfaces, nerves primary 10 pairs.
midrib scurfy, the basal nerves run parallel to the edge
formincr a distinct iuarj:(iri at the tip, petiole 1^ inch long
or much shorter in the upf>er leaves t^heathing for from
nearly one half of its lentrth in the lower leaves, to | of
its longtli in tht^ upper shorter petioles, tips of sheath
free. Spatho fn^n the upper axil, on a peduncle about
i inch lontr slender, base of .si>athe | inch long narrowed
U) the base. Spadix slender 1 iuch long male portion
slender cyliiidric llowers af)piirently fertile to the tip.

Sarawak, Hidi. (Ridley.

Apparently allied to :<<jh, conoidca Engl, but the long
petioles distinguish it from this. The elongate stem is
unusual but does occur in the genus.

As often happens in Miiismatofjlottis I was unable to
find fully developed spadices in several species. One
plant collected at I5au in Sarawak seemed closely allied
to »S'. bnripis Hook. \\\ and S. tntlliMi of the Malay j>en-
insula bnr had remarkably hmg petioles over 6 inches
loiit^ with an t>vato often cordate leaf 3 inches long
beneath, and blotched with dark green above. Another
of the same section had leaves as large as those of jS'cA.

Jour, .stniitij Branch

THE AKOIBS OF BORNEO.

183

IValtichti but very short petioles sbeathiiij^ for half the
leii^^th ur more. The spithe coftiplete hut tot> rniich
crushed in drying resernbl^ij that of Soh c^tltfptrata Zall,
I met with it on Matao^, A plant closely allied to iho
last named specieii was rnet with at Bau and may possib-
ly be a form of S* caltfptnda. The leaves are broadly
ovule elliptic, and cordate at the ba^e, the lobes rounded
nnd very close together.

PlPTOSr'ATlU^ N* E. Bk,

P, insignUy Br. Sarawak, Luodu (Michulits)*

P. tmrginata^ Engler. Sarawak (Beccari),

P.€lQinjaUi, Eiigler. Sarawak (Beccari). S. Bortinu, i\apuas
(Grabowski),
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.

K Gmbowskii, En^ler, Sarawak. Kejarig Ik'Ki^H ^Uaviland).
S* Borneo, Mindai-FramaBsan, on the river Telauakati
(Orabowsky).

MlCBOCASUt Uegu,
M,pttgmm^ Beccari, Sarawak (Boccari).
M. tUiptka.Ewgler. Ha^em ^ -^ I TXXV f, 2-8. Sarawak

(Beticari).

Akaoki^drum, Soijott.

A* montanum^ Schott Sarawak (Beccari).

Com moil in the Malay Peninsula from Tenasseritn
sMJUthwardi^,

A. ajfintt Schott Sarawak (Beccari)*
ScmPAF8tI.«.

Se* piclus, liassk. Cat. Bogur IS44'5$, Sarawak in Woods
(Ridley)* Near legora (Uaviland :i^56S).

IL A. ($00. 1 No. ii, ism.

184 THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

Common in the Malay Peninsula. liaviland's plant
is a very small form.

Sc. hederacea^ Schoit. South Borneo (Korthals).

Sc, crassipes, Engler, and the var. Beccarii^ {Sc, Beccarii
Engler). ;!'arawak (Beccari), Limestone rocks, Bau
(Ridley), common. On rocks Malay Peninsula.

Sc. geniculattis, Engler. Sarawak (Beccari).

Sc. coriacensy Engler. Sarawak (Beccari).

Sc. longipes, Engler. Sarawak (Beccari).

Sc. rvpestris, n. sp.

Stems ^ inch through creeping on the ground. Leaves
erect 3-4 in a tuft long petioled, blade coriacious lanceo-
late acuminate acute base broad or slightly narrowed 5-7
inches long 1-1| inch wide, primary nerves hardly more
conspicuous than the secondary ones, no transverse
nervules, secondary nerves numerous and close, petiole
6-8 inches long rather slender ribbed, sheathed for J its
length, sheath nurrowed papery, knee small ^ inch.
Spathe boat shaped white 1 inch long f inch through sub-
obtuse on a peduncle 2 inches long. ^Spadix | inch long
cylindric blunt sessile. Pistils rounded small. Stigma
sunk elliptic.

Sarawak Bau (Ridley 11853). Creeping on limestone
rocks at Bau.

Sc. Havilandi, n. sp.

Stem ^ inch through. Leaves long petioled blade
their lanceolate long acuminate base cuneate 9 inches — Iz
long 2^-2^ wide, primai y nerves 10 pairs fine but distinct,
secondary nerves numerous fine, transverse nervules fine
distinct but few, petiole 4-8 inches long slender sheathing
narrowly about ^ of its length. Spadix peduncle 1 inch
long. Spathe oblong boat-shaped 2 inches long J inch
wide beaked. Spadix 1^ inch long thick cylindric nearly

.Tour Straits Branch

THE AROIDS OF BOllNEO.

185

sessile. Pistils rounded rhomboid. Style short but di^
tiQct and columiiar. Stigma discoid.

Sarawak Saribaa (Qaviland 2089).

July 181)2. Eademic

KxiniiuuviioiiA.
Species with entire leaves,

VLMii^ Schott Bonplandia V. p. 45, R^jinon «K»jrthalsV
i Jommon in the Malay Peoin^iula.

U, stfiveslria^ Engler Prodr 239. Sarawak (Beccari), aud v«r

obtnstttfj, same collector.

Dl:3trib. Java, New Guinea.

H. Pcepia^ Schott Booplandia V. 1857 p, 45. Kapiias lliver
at Tuinbangtliaag (Orabowski).

Distrib, India^ Ceylon and Molnccas.

It tmnot\ Hook. fil. Sarawak, Kuching •scrambling over bushes
near the river. Commou in the Malay Peninsula.

/?. miijrcscmt*^ n. sp.

Stem woody stout flexuous | inch through angled,
internode:^ 1^ inch long. Leaf coriaceous drying black,
blade oblong Ian ceo late acuminate some what obliijue, base
rounded 7 inches long by 2 wide, nerves very tirie and
close^ primary ones not distinct, petiole 3 iuchea long
grooved rather silender hardly winged at all. Knee
abort and thick, Peduncle stout 2^-3 inches woody.
Spathe not *^een, spadix 3 inches long very thick cylindric
blunt Pistils rounded G angled at the tip. Style none.
Stigma round sunk, pulvinate.

Sarawak, Matang (Kidley, Bartlett).

Bartlett's specimens have narrower more lanceolate
leaves, but it Is evidently the same plant and from the
same locality.

186 THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

E, elliptica, n. sp.

Leaf elliptic coriaceous apex mucronulate base rounded
G-7 inches long 3-2^ wide nerves very numerous and fine,
primary nerves no stronger than secondary ones, petiole
5-6 inches long, narrowly sheathed to the base of the
blade. Peduncle about 1 inch long, spathe 3-4 inches long
^ inch thick boat-shaped cuspidate, cu^ ^ inch long,
bpadix stout sessile. Pistils rounded at the top obscurely
hexagonal, stigma round sunk.

Sarawak Bau (Ridley), Allied to R. Maingayiy and
R, pteropoda Teysm. Endemic.

R, Jluminea, n. sp.

Stem creeping ^ inch through. Leaves elongate
lanceolate gradually acuminate narrow base acuminate
12-15 inches long 1-1^ wide midrib prominent, primary
nerves very numerous about 20 pairs, transverse nervules
conspicuous on the back, petiole slender 3-4 inches lon^r
sheathing only at tVe base, knee ^ inch, long. The blade
bent at an angle with the knee. Peduncle 2^ inches long
slender, spathe H it^ch long boat-shaped cuspidate cusp
g inch long. Spadix as long as the body of the spathe,
cylindric ^ inch thick pistils very small ^^g inch across
rounded angled. JStigma slightly elevated pulvinate.

British North Borneo. At Bongaya, creeping on rocks
over hanging the Labuk river (Ridley). Endemic.

Species ivith Pinnatifid Leaves.

R, Ilucfjelii, Schott. Sarawak, (Beccari). Distrib. Mnlay
Peninsula.

li, maxima, Engler. Bull. Soc. Tosc. di Rt. 1879,269. Sarawak
(Beccari). Histrib. New Guinea.

R, Beccaru\ Englcr. Sarawak (Beccari). Distrib. Malay Penin-
sula.

Jour. Straits Branch

IHK AHOIDS «»F FintNKn

IR7

the lop(Kidley).

Labia, ,

L. spiHom^ Tbw. Sarawak (Beccari).

A Gointuon tidal-mud plant ncciirrin^ U\ India, China
tht3 Malay Peninsula and lilaod^,

CrRTOSPERMA.

C. tasimdes, Griff. C\ merktmu Schott, Sarawak, |(Heccari).

Common in damp ipftn ^untry atl over the Main
Peninaula.

C. /<frojp, Linden and N, K. Br,

Introduced from liorntn, md tij^ur^d in lh*i I llastr<iM(M
llorticuie, I met wiOi a j>tar*t mncli ros^mblin^ tliii* »n
dense forests in Sunget Siput, Pcrak« in a jungle s^tream.

PoDOT.;\J^rA.

P. itipitata, N. K, Br.

PiiNt introdiicf>d from Batiei* by Mr, CLirti:% an**
cribed in the ifLirdener'H Cbronielt? in I81*'i. It inL
dry woods usually at an el»'vatiun of about 2(100 feet and
occurs in many parts of thv M^Liy Peniuisala.

POTHOS.

P. Barbefianua Schott, Aroid L p. ^4, L ^3.

Labuan ( Barber, Motley), S^rawiik (beccan). Disirib.
Malay Peninsula.

J\ ttptoiiachyus^ Schott<, Prodr. 571. Borneo (Motley.) Distrib.
Java.

i*. Htcctrktnnity Busier. Prodr, 92, Sam^nrakp (Beccarl).

P. MatieyanHs^ SchtytU^ Aroid, 1* 25* t. 55, Borneo (Motley and
Barber).

188

THE AROIDS OF BORNEO.

P. inaignis^ Engl. Sarawak (Beccari).

P. brevistylus, Engl,
land 971).

Sarawak (Beccari) near Kucbing (Havi-

P. longua^ n. sp.

Sbrub, sterna 1/16 inch through. Leaves elliptic long
acuminate basfd narrowed or not 6-7 inches long 1^ inch
wide, keel strongly elevated, marginal nerve not far
from the edge, nerves five numerous, reticulations fine
distinct, petiole (knee) ^ inch long, sheath 2 inches long
narrow prolonged above the knee. Peduncle graceful
decurved 2^ inches long. Spathe linear subacuminate
mucronulate 9 inches long, f inch wide. Spadix terete
6 inches long, on a slender stalk ^ inch long. Petals and
sepals with very narrow elongate tops much longer than
wide. Stamens very small reniform 2 celled. Stigma
small pulvinate not supported on a style.

Sarawak four miles from Kucbing; (Haviland d. 9.
p.f. 934).

This is remarkable not only for its very long spathe
and spadix, but for the curious narrow long tips of the
perianth lobes which are almost linear (grey edged paler
when dry) and hardly one-fourth as wide as they are
long.

Joar. Straits Branch

New and little known Malayan Plants.

Series U*

By H. N. KiDLET.

.Xbt6is another contribution to the kno wl^dyceof plantaof the
lillijr Peninsula and adjacent countries, so?ne species of which
have been collected by myself, others by l)r, Gimletfce in
Kelantan, Mr Rostado in Trin^^anu. Mr. Machado in Perak and
Mr, Burnmurdoch in the rich forest of Semans^kok Pas3 in
Selangor. The moat remarkable discovery is that of an indi><-
enous species of Palmyra Palm, Bormsus^ hy >Ir. Machado iu
the forests at Knmnnlng.

New Plants.

Obironia gracUUma^ n, sp.

Stem an inch lon^ or lei^s, often almost stemless.
Leaver* four or five ensiform acute l^ inch lon^ ^ inch
Mride. Spike vpry slender 3 Xai i inches long glabroua
base nude for \ of its length. Bracts lanceolate acute
entire lontjer than the ovary. Flowers minute, vvhorled
5 or 6 in a whorl. Sepals oblong obtuse recurved entire.
Petals broader ovate tootlied* all whitish. Up uranj^e
oblong- bitid at the tip with a wide sinu^i between the
acute tips, edge<i minutely toothedtauriclea short rounded*

Tringanu at Bundi (K, Rostado).

This little orchid is allied co O, praininna but has a
very different Up.

Sitccolnhtum (§ i^lthoHomn) stiftisum^ n. sp.

Stem stout ft inches lonj^ ^ inch throug'h. Leaves
ileshy i\ inches long* I inch aiToss, Hg^ht green, lorate
obtuse, unequftlly rounded bilobed* Panicle lax few

4 4. i»<>c.,No.'44»l9U6

1 90 NEW MALAYANPLANTS.

branched 18 inches long, branches 3 or 4. Flowers
numerous ^ inch long to the tip of the spur, pedicel ^
inch long sepals lanceolate acute yellow suffused with
brown. Petals narrower linear. Lip fleshy porrect,
spur cylindric horizontal obtuse, side lol>es short oblong
obtuse, iiiidlobe hastate tongue shaped fleshy obtuse
with an erect tooth towards the tip. Callus in the spur-
mouth iliick and large decurved fleshy with two crura
from the back attaching it to the back wall of the spur.
No septuma. Column short, broad. Anther broad oblon>r.
Pollinia globose, pedicel linear oblong, disc ovate acumi-
nate.
Perak at Kamuning, Sungei Siput (A. D. Machado).

Saccolafnum hicrure^ n. sp.

Stem stout 3 inches long, roots long, leaves coriaceous
lorate blunt distinctly retuse 4 inches long | inch wide.
Panicle 8 inches long branches few, peduncle rather
stout. Flowers rather distant \ inch across. Hracts
fleshy ovate persistent short. Sepals oblong t»bovate
obtuse tieshy. Petals narrower linear oblong all olive
yellow. Li[) violet, side lobes (juadrate with an ol long
limb, uiidiolie tiesliy ovate cordate, tip rounded fleshy,
orooN ed above with b fleshy central ridge running l)ack
to the l>Ji(k wall of the spur and ending in a thickened
pubescent callus and a septum of the spur. I>orsal
callus a bro'id curved fleshy ridge pubescent at the top.
Column broad sliorr, with two vertical oblong quadrate
rostelhir wiiit^s, porrect. Anther large and broad with
a A shaped ridge on the tip front broad truncate retnse.
Pollen elliptic with a short broad pedicel and a disc of 2
very large truncate oblong porrect wings.

Borneo, Sarawak (Mating) on colTee trees. LI. N.
Kidley.

!<acrol(ihinm mmosnm^ n. sp.

Leaves lorate 7 inches long J inch wide blunt obscurely
unecjually bilobed. i^anicles over inches long of 8

Jour. Strait! Branch

NKW MALAYAN PLANTS.

191

slender long branches. Fluwert* numerous J inch long
to lip of spur, yellow willi brown stripes, sepals lanceo-
late, Intcral ones obli-jue keeled ihe keel running" nut mt<»
ti wucro petals much smaller and thinner. Lip shorter
than jsepals, side lobes fulcrtte ncute, mid lobe lanceolatu
with a callus on the tip, dorsal callus reniform latenilly
flattened. Spur lonjgf strni^ht narrow cyrmdnc obtuse.
(/Olunin oblong quadrate wiib ^ihort truncate arm^i
Anther small thin ovatp. K<jHtf.*llum arma «borter thjin
column unna oblong rjujidrat^ trunciir.e,

Sarawak, Bidi, cultivated in a garden, but collected in
the neighbourhood (Kidlej).

This species aaern^ most closely allied to S. javftnicnm
Smith.

yendrocolla aM«r, n. sp.

Stems U to 4 inches lon^, with lotig slender and numer*
0U3 roots. Leaves lorate fliishy dark green I to 2 inches
lon^ I iueh wide, obtuse. Scipe^^ I inchess limg sleu 1 r
green raceme ^ inch loti^ ihickeuMd. Itr-icts o\ i
ttcuminute t^UAqua verbid llowers I to 2 open at a time,
I inc'h across, ex|)aii ling widely white, p*»diceh J inch
long. Sepals lan(*ei)l'4te acute. Petit Is tiarrower and
shorter, narrowed at the biiie. Lip^ inch loni^ saccate,
lateral lobes curved t^hort blunt distinct ed^ed with
clubl>ed hair^, inidlol.w? little lonj^rer r'»uiided >>hint exca-
vate, base of lip «^ccate grooved, callus in centre of th»^
lip at the base of the midlnbe oblong truncate; white with
light brown blotches in the am.'cate |)ortion and lii^ht
brown n\»ts on the side hibe^ and midlfibe outside, ami
on the tip of the callus. Column oblong white with a
narrowrr free foot blotchf^d [lale brown. Anther »kun
8ha|>ed. Pollinia ovoid, [vedicel tery nhurt and brv»ad.

Perak Karauning,Suii;4:ei »Siput(Mach4d'»)onold c
trees, Thi** pretty little plant with m imuierous wr -
bearing one or two whift? star like H<>werH at u time h
Allied In //, ifiehntjoiti- T't'lii ^^^ .o.^Mv^t. <M^.r,tysri^ pUnt,

192 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

and much resembles it when out of flower. The flowers
are larger and quite white, not of the yellowish color of
the common species, and the lip is different.

D. ciliatay n. sp.

Stem an inch or more long. Leaves crowded dark
green fleshy 6 elliptic obtuse narrowed a little to the
base 2^ inches long | inch wide. Scape slender 2 inches
long racemose part not thickened. Bracts minute ovate
acute rather distant flowers opening siiuly,. pedicel \
inch long green. Sepals oblong obtuse hyaline yellow
tinted orange ^ inch long. Petals narrower and shorter
lip as long, side lobes erect rather long oblong white
edged with long hairs, mid lobe short conic fleshy all
whitish. Column short, no -foot or arras, anther heloaet
shaped beaked deep orange red. Pollinia 2 orange color
ovoid shortly stalked, pedicel oblong flat indented at the
sides disc about ^ its length triangular pale orange yellow,
Clinandrium Hat with 2 orange triangular thin flaps.

Perak Kamuning (Machado). Occurs with thw last.

Trichoglottis valida, n. sp.

Stem 2 J- feet long, stout. Leaves elliptic fleshy blunt
3 inches long 1^ inch wide, sheaths ribbed ^ inch long.
Flowers solitary from the base of the internodes with a
few small ovate to bracts at the base, pedicel slender |
inch long. Sepals falcate obtuse spathulate | inch long.
Petals obovate spathulate obtuse broader at the tip, all
yellow with red blotches. Lip half as long as the sepals,
lateral lobes oblong obtuse taller than the column,
between tlieni and parallel with the column an ovate
oblong pubescent callus flat and thin, midlobe oblong
with a round tuft of yellow hairs tip deflexed acute,
spur very short blunt. Column short straight thick with
a short erect tooth on either side, (apparently crimson)
Pollinia globase.

Borneo, Sambas River. (Micholitz).

Jour Straits Branch

NEW MALAVA^' PLANTS*

103

Aeriopns torneenmt t). sp.

Plant forming a dense mat with innumerable slender
roots* Ptf6udobulb8 ^ inch long oblong elliptic some-
what tiattened dull green leaves 2 rarely 3 elliptic
obtuae dull dark green rather Heshy I inch long \ inch
wide. Scape lateral 6 inchea long with about 25 llowera
rather crowded. Pedicels ^ inch long. Dorsal yepul
narrow hooded oblong subspathulate { ir»cb long.
Ijftterals connate into a similar j?haijed organ, Petab
ubovate spathulate blunt broader, all yellow wiih dark
red spots on the back faintly showing through. Lip a
little longer than the lower t*epals<, free portion of base
narrow linear greenitsb yellow^ limb pandurate, side lobes
triangular subacute spreading, midlobe obovate rounded
callus on Uise of the midlolje oblong truncate with very
jshort teeth retuse and grooved almoift double, al) while
pubi»8ceMt with a little violet on the callus and cenire
of the lip> Column as tall as thedorsnl sepal, clinandrium
with a long oblong truncate bilobed ho<j<l dull red ajiex
yellow. Koatellum conic acuminate almoi^t subulate dull
red tipp<^d yellow as long as hood and well btlow it,
stigma tic arms longer thick tips tlatteued dull red tipijed
ytiliow, l*olUnium single pearshaped yellow fuitiiing an
angle with the very narrow long iilifonu pedicel^disc very
small yellow, base of column pale greeu.

Borneo Sarawak; on Matang^ collected June, lUUiSf
llowered U. B. Singapore, March, ISIOI.

Allied to A,ptirparea liidl, and A.'itimfhra (Lindh) but
very diislinct in the form of I he lip* The coloring resem-
bles that of A . Uidlfii*

6\AlAUiSLJL.

Qhbba utii/oliaf ti. sp.

Rhizome creeping and throwing up stems 2 iaches
i] art, stems i to C Inches, tall» covered with pubescent
fihs i to I inch long. Leaf solitary erect ovate acute
glabrous 6 to 8 inches long 3 inches wide narrowed to a

194

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

petiole ^ to 1 inch long. Panicle from the axil of the
leaf decurved, dense, 2 inches long, pubescent. Hracts
oblong ovate pubescent, ^ inch long calyx funnel shaped
^ inch long with very obscure teeth, unequally bilobed
pubescent. Corolla tube twice as long, lobes oMong
hooded. Staminodes similar, [jip very short subspatliu-
lale bilobed apices rounded. Filament long slender nearly
j inch long, anther spurs 4 linear acuminate acute, the
upper ones larger than the lower ones.

Tringanu, Bundi (E. llostado).

This belongs to quite a distinct group of Globbas.
remarkable for the solitary erect leaf, from below which
hangs the dense short jwiiiicle. An allied species was
obtained by Dr. Keith at Bangtaphan in Siani.

Campt'imha anf/itsti/olidi n. sp.

SiJKill tuftc^d plciiit, 13 or 4 inches (all. Leaves lanceolate
aciiiniiiat<» dark ;rreen '2l-:\ inches long 1 inch widt^ iiar-
rowt'd at the base. Petiole ^ inch long Bracts t»VHte
acnt(* convolutt* \^ inchhjntr, green, one or two on a stem.
IniKT bract. (Biacteolc) ^ inch long enclosinir a single
liowci. (Jalyx tubular white shortly 3 lobed, lobes ovate
ciliatc at tip \ inch l()n}.^ corolla J ini h long, white tul^e
dilate upwards, lobes oblong whit^ at tip, under ^ inch
acr(»ss. Lip ol»ov:ite rounded, bilobed, lobes rouiuied 2,
ihickeiKMl yellow ridges in limb. Staujinodes oblong
spithulate. Anther long curved white, as in ihtrciiUt,
Sii;;nia lar^e white.

C. /hirrnl.i viiY. (tnjustt'folifi^\l\dU'\\f}o\\rn, Koy. As. Soc. o'J,

p. !!>.'>. Pioiiieo, Sarawak, Matang, (llaviland Cm. Mi)
Kidlt\v. On rocks.

This plant of which I had only seen dried specimens
from Dr. llavilaiid's c(»llection, I found also myself in
r<)ck> (Ml the ni'Mi .r;iiii Matang and llowered them in the
liot.oiir (ianleiis Singapore. It is «[uiie distinct from
f. fhnmhi the llowers heiii;^'^ only half as large. In sonn'
s[)cciniens there is more than one outer cup shaixul l:ract.

Jour. Mrait« HmiKh

NEW MAU^YAN I'LAKTS.

195

^ '^ch bract conUiniiig ^veral flowers* and eacli flower
"Ijeing partially eneloset! i- an.iflur ,.r.*pn bfact<^^*nlp nf
somewhat similar shape.

Gastrochiius parvus, u, sp,

A small tufted plant with bij^lit ^leeu lanceolate leaves
4 Inches lon;:^ 5*"*1 ^ i»icli wide mih rather darker iiervesi.
Flower apike centrai with liumeroa^ browii lanc«5ubtt?
bracts. Calyx lobes rather lung lanceolate jiubesceiit
white, Coroila tube J inch long slender white dilated
upward*^ and tinted pink lobes oblong white ^ inch lon^,
Staminodea linear oblong rQunded white. Lip longer
obuvate obiaa^ tip rounded white entire with a central
yellow bar fink on each mde. Anther thick obhm^ white
back pubescent, with a fieahy white aliuont obovate
ttest,

Sarawak liidi, Howored in the Botinio Oard<*nH, June,

Thl** little species is allied to 6\ IfaUieri E{idL Kamp^
firia anotnatn Uallier Bull. Herb. Wi^h VI pi D, "6, but it
difTers from that »peciea in its entire Hp, pnbesceut
stamen and the distinct ileshy crest.

0* viticosn, n« sp«

Stem creeping »bort, throwinj^ up branches, each bear-
ing a »ingle leaf and iin iutloresceuc**. r*eaf petiole
slmider 3 inches long, grooved above, blade ovate sub-
coriaceous base cordate apex acute with about 10 pairs of
rained veins and close conspicunna reticulations, 3 inches
long 2 inches across, bright green, beneath paler pubes-
ct»nt spike shorter than the petiole l^ inch long outer
sheathe enclomng the base of the leaf, innerbracts
lanceolate acute. Flowern small oi>enlug singly. Petals
linear lanceolate i^Ij inch long yellow. Lip rounded
iilate base narrow limb^ inch wide rounded bilobed»
vhiff* wifh n yollow l)ar running to the limb wliich
\- - htilf as lun^ as the petals

1' ', ^'el low minutely pubescent,

a A. Soc, Na44, 1906.

196 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Stamen white pubescent filament short. Anther oblong
retuse, not crested.

Sarawak, Bidi (U. N. Ridley), Fl. U. B. S., Nov. 22,
1904.

Near G, Ilallieri, Ridl. This little plant is very distinct
in its rigid pretty reticulated foliage.

G. plicata^ n. sp.

A large plant for the genus. Stems tufted. Leaves dis-
tichous sheaths split 3 inches long with a broad thin mar-
gin. Petiole 4 to 5 inches long stout. Blade ovate acute
1 2 inches long 6 inches wide light green above beneath
paler, plicate. Spike shorter than the petiole, covered
with subdistichous sheaths bearing a small green ovate
blade at the top. Flowers opening sini^ly. Corolla tube
1 inch long white lobes narrow linear acute i inch lon^.
rStaniinodes subspathulate obtuse rounded 1 inch long i
inch wide light yellow. Lip 1 inch long oblong obtu<e
with up curved sides tip rounded entire, yellow with a
cherry red baud at the base and a similarly colored
blotch lit the tip or a broad band the whole leni;th of thf
lip. Stamen shorter, white. Anther oblong with n«> dis-
tinct crest, tip rounded, entire. Stigma clubbed.

Kelantiin, Kvvala Lebir. (l>r. (iimlette). The plant
sent by I>r. (iimlette flowered in November li>04. It is
evidently near a plant I found at the foot of Gunong
Pantiii in Johore formerly and may possibly be identical,
but I never saw llowers of that species nor was able to
grow it. The plant is allied to (7. pandurata,

Alpinia Murduchii^ n, sp.

Stems live feet tall. Leaves elliptic lanceolate acumi-
nate^ base broad 7 inches long '2 inches wide very closely
riblx^d pubescent above, paler and closely pnljescent
l)oneat]i, keel prominent, petiole very short hairy, ligule
oblong truncate hairy, sheath pubescent, hairy along the
(»dge. Raceme terminal four inches long, rachis iinti
pedicels golden liairy, pedicels i inch long. Uracteole

Jour, straits Branch

NEW MALAYAN PLANT8.

197

broad ovate half an inch lon^, glabrous within JiairjF out-
Bide. Calyx whlti^ half an inch lon^ tubular, lobes ghort
ova.tts pubescent, hairy at the base,. Corolla short twice
as lonjf as the calyx tube very short, much shorter than
the calyx white, upper sepal oblong hooded with a thick
blunt boss on the top, the other two narrower oblouju:
obtuse, all white finely dotted red. Lip shorter obovate
three lobed, side lobes broad truncate, margins undulate,
ujidlobe narrow, blunt biiid white base of lobes thickly
dotted with red, and five elevated violet purple towards
the tip. Filament broadly linear short Anther a3 lon^
thick, emarginate at tip and ci^estless yellow spotted red
on the back. Style filiform. Stigma cup shaped,
•^taminodes very short and obscure.

SeUngor, Semankok Pass, Feb. 11IU4. (A. M, IJurn-
murdoch), Sempang Mines (KidJey),

This species is remarkable for the shortness of its lip
which is littlt* lonj'er than the stamen.

HUUMANNIACK^,
ii'/i at'tichniUs^ i\, Sp.

Succulent saprophyte* Stem 1-3 inches long creeping.
Flowers ^*T5 bracts lanceolate acute ^ inch long. Pedun-
cle in Ikiwer nearly half an inch long. Bracteoles shorter
than bracts but similar. Perianth tube urn shaped, nar-
rowed at the base | inch long, | inch wide, semi-trans-
parent with numerous vertical ribs and numerous alter-
nste transverse bars, canspicuous during life, all whitish
with S red vertical streak:! In the upper part, ring dwtinct
and from rounJ the mouth yellow. Calyx lobes short,
rounded earlike, p<*tjils developed into long slender
white tails 1^ inch long. >tamens defiexed rising close
to the mouth, oblong ^ inch long, with an oval perfora-
tion close to the base^ and iiiimerous short teeth at the
tip. Anthers very small style, abort, thick, 3 lob<?d.
Capsule cupt^haped ^ inch lung and a«4 wide, edges
thickened* Fed tint t^ thl«'krii«^il. iImsIiv.

198

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Perak in dense forest just above the tea gardens
Larut Hills, February, 1904.

AROIDEJE.

Raphiedophora falcata, n. sp.

Stem woody ^inch through. Leaves coriaceous lanceo-
late falcate acute base cuneate or hardly narrowed
inaequilateral 8-9 inches lon^ 1 inch wide, midrib pro-
minent, nerves fine very numerous but not very promi-
nent indistinguishable into primary and secondary nerves,
transverse nervules not visible. Spathe green, not seen.
Spadix sessile over 1 inch long thick nearly ^ inch. Pistils
obloniT, top rounded not hexaj^onal. Stigma circular in
an elevated ring, "yellow/' " Ovary 1 celled with 2
impj^rfect partitions, ovules nuniorous."

Siam Baiii^taphan (Hr. Keitli), climbing up trunks of
trees.

I have also leaves of what api>ears to be this from the
Malay peninsula (Cant ley's) O(^llection, labelled '' Jarnom
Antan '' and said to be used as an antljelniintic in children,
the root heiii^ riiblied up in water and applied to the
head, l)ut 1 have never met with it in the Malay J^eninsula
myself.

Cnrriiliijn rarPinufia, n. Sj).

Lt»av(»s laticeolate acuminate with a long point plicate,
l)ri»rht ^r«'eii, tjflabrous, above 18 inches long" 3
inches wide, with small scattered hairs at the back,
[K'tiolti 1 in(:h<\s lont,^ hairy. Haceiue erect 4-5
inehes I "ii^", base 1 .V inch wide, hairy with brown
wool. Fli»wers distant spn»adiiijr, rellexed after tlow-
erin«r about ir». I'.ract l»ase oblong above long acumi-
nate *,- inch hnii^ pale «rr<MMi edged with brown, hairs.
redic<.*l ami ovary a littU* shorter brown hairy. Petals
ami sppals similar, oblong, linear, blunt, ^ inch long,
sejKils slightly broader, bright yellow above, brown,
hair, on the keel and tip beneath. Stamens shorter,

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW MALAYAN I'LAXTS,

199

tilaineuts linear, ttbruptly bent in the middle sigmoidly
tlien ascending. Anthers cirange lineiir, vMh divari-
cate fit base. Styl*^ %'ery short half as lonjf as the Uia»
menu, StiLcmn very ssninll capiUt*^.

Borneo, Sarawak on ML Matang. (U, N. Ridley),

Joinviliea mala^ftnn^ n, sp.

A Ull reed-like plant with numerous ?»teiiiti in a tuft
ftbvHit (» to 8 feer tall, { inch through hollow and leafy-
Leaves very stiff plicate linear acutntnntH^ narrowed at
the base, britjht u:reen, ^labri>n!* IK tu i^l incheij long 2
lucheis wide, ^nheaths smooth. Panicle terminal .spreadinj^
8 ini-he.i lon^ with sinuuui* hiiry branches. Flowers i
inch lon^, se.n.slle or nearly iso, Sepfil?* .3 ovate keeled
snbncut*^ wiih a small point ciliate at the tip. Petals ^
aa Umsr oblong tr»in(t;it<* filiate. Stamens i>» (one abor-
tive), Anther.s linear oblong, basev-* e(i»argi»mte, filaments
about half as long, ovury c<*nic with a stout style, 3
shorter plumose stigmas. Fruit a very suiall globose red
berry succulent, \\ seeded, stteds round.

Perak, Thaiping IJ LI Is, at the Cottage, Abundaijt in
dry soiU

Selangnr, 8entanglcok Pass, 1'hia also oCiurrs dn 3klt.
Matang iti Sarawak where it was collected by Mr. liartlolt.

rhiji remarkable plant belongs to the small order
y*7ayeWfo iVtf , and i^j closely allied to Fithjdlma aconvmon
Aea ahore climbing plant km^wn t\^ Hot^n tiinnt here«
Three other s[XM!ieM of thif genus are descri^****!. two from
the SHudwich islands and one trom New Ct .i that

the disct)vi*ry nf a fourth from the Malay i ^ i,H of

no little interest. Tho f»lant itself might easily ia* taken
furagiaiSi* with ils reed-like hollow aitems and plicate
leavc?», like tho-sn of l*n*iirHfn pfirativft but much stiffer
and the panicle of .small Howerd is not at all unlike that
of a gTus9 Ull their structure ih examined. Curiously the
Malayan spedes h ' -^ * Mearly allied to one of the

200 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Uawaian species than to the New Caledonia one. I cannot
recall any parallel case of such a distribution of any
genus in our flora, unless one compares it with the large
genus Cyrtandra in Geaneraceca which attains its maxi-
mum of developement in the Sandwich islands and spreads
through the Malay islands as far as to.the peninsula where
it dies out towards the North.

I am indebted to Mr. A. B. Rendle of the British
Museum for aid in identifying this very curious plant.

PALMiE.

C, fjudeni, llort.

Uliis rattan from the Philippines is only known from
its foliage as a pot plant, in cultivation. A full j^rown
female plant has liowered several times in the Botanic
(hardens Singapore, so I herewith describe it. The plant
itself so exactly resembles C, lobbianus iiecc. of Singa-
pore that it is impossible to distinguish it when out of
(lower. The stem is about 12 feet long densely covered
with the sheaths which are densely bristly brown. The
rattan has joints 3 inches long 1 inch through ; the flagella
about 10 feet long covered with half circles of black
tipped hooks except on the very slender narrow
sheaths about 3 or 4 on each flagellum. The leaf
is about 3 feet long, petiole G inches and j}
inch wide Hat above and covered with brown scurf armed
with short sharp thorns along the edge, and longer
needle like ones ut the base. Leaflets very numerous
and close alternate equidistant 8 inches long '} inch wide
linear setaceously acuminate green above white beneath
with scattered black bristles above and beneath on the
nerves and tip. Spadices 2 or 3 erect 3^-4 feet tall,
l^eduncle J inch wide whitish scurfy arn)ed with a circular
thorns -J inch long or less along the edges. Spathes
silvery scurfy 5 or 6 unarmed lower ones 1) inches long
with a long irregularly torn limb 2 inches long. Bran-
ches recurved about 6 paniculate G inches long. Spathels
scurfy tubular not dilated upwards with no limb. Spikes

Jour Straits Branch

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

201

1 inch or more long on branchlet^ 3 inches long, Howers
(female) not distichous but irregularly arranged » crowded.
Spathela very short trrenn. Calyx swollen abort very
nhortly 3 lobed corolla hi*lf an lonj^ again, lobes oblong
obtuse. Staminode* repr<^?jenU?d by a thin membranous
corona wiih short filaments. Style short and thick, arms
stout.

The whole inHorescf^nce mur*? nijiemblea that of a
f jicuala auch as C* spiuoBa than that of a rattan*

Pinanga limosa^ tu sp.

A small dwarf single-stemmed palm one to two feet
tall with strong roots. Stem \ inch throu^^b woody
distinctly ringetd itjterinjdis^ 1 inch lon«3f. Leavas a foot
long W inches wide p?ile ♦^rt*erj, !*heath.s broad, petiole 5
inches lou^, hlii<le entire obf^itjeate deeply billd at tlie
top or more often split into :ifiout '» lobes, lower ones
acuminate or truncate with numerous short feeth, nerves
lujrneroui conspicuous, Spat he not seen, sp*dix defUxed
simple or with U branch *h ^^lender 2 inches l^jng. Flowor^a
distichous alttM^nat/*al>Mit 2*^. Calyx lobea (fem.^ile) i^hort
Ijroad orbicular. Fruit small { inch lojig, drying snbacutis,
wliite oblong.
Singapore, SelitAf; Johore on Sungei Tebrau*
This little pahn inhabits wet sloppy forest swamps along
river banks. It is allied to /*. diaticha BL but the stems
are solitary and it does not bnin»*h, the leaves light green
and often cleft, the spadix ofi-^'n :; hr.... Vi.^^T mu] tl.M frnit
iimaller and blunter,

P, vipiiria^ n. sp.

Stems several <lis!,ant VI to lo feet tall i to 1^ inch
through, inU^rCiodes :)'4 inches long. Leaf about Z feet
loitg, rachis angled scurfy, bUde pinuate with 3 lateral
lobes and one terminal bilolied one, lobes linear or linear
lanceolate acuminate with 3 to () nerves 3 t^o 9 inches
long, I] to 2 incbdA across tip entire long acuminate^
terminal lobes broad coarsely toothed many uervei

202 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Spadix decurved, peduncle stout | inch long, branches 3
to 4 stout 6 or 7 inches long, flowers close distichous.
Females globose ^ inch long. Sepals orbicular ribbed,
petiole barely longer. Fruit | inch long oblong obtuse,
top ringed. Stigmas very short capitate.

Johor, swampy forest on the banks of the Sungei
• Tebrau near Castlewood.

This palm is allied to l\ coronate^ Bl. but has a very
much smaller spadix. It grows in very wet mud close
to the river banks.

P, acanlis, n. sp.

Stem very short hardly 4 inches long covered with
the (ibrous sheaths of the leaf bases, solitary, (jeaves
few, |>eti()le obscurely angled 22 inches long, blade entire
cuiK^att? lip bilid toothed lo iiich(*s long inches wide,
nerves l.S i)airs, base une(|ually narrowed, terminal lobes
4 inclies lonjr with 4 to acuminate tec tli ; or pinnate
willi three pairs of lin(Mr ohlo'ig acuminate hibos not
tootlicMl, \ nerved s inclifs lon^^ railu^r distant. opp^-)site,
l()we>t pair \S upper finches wide terminal jwir cennate.
All liiilit iivvon i;- la uc« 'scent at tin* l-ack. Spathes sessile
ol)lt)ii^ 2 ohlono^ acute boat-^lia^x'd strongly keeled brown
erect 1^ inch h»ny: ^ inch wide. Spadix 2 inches long
diMisely c()vt*red with male tlowers, at first quite conceal-
injj: the feuiales. Males white .} in(;h long calyx very
short .') lol)(»d lobes acute ; petals subsymmetric ovate
Iriani^iilar acute. Stamens 8 or 12 shorter than the
pet;ils, lilaments short conical rachis crimson. Female
llowf'rs sinjill oppcjsite, petals and sepals orbicular rose
pink. Stigma irregularly oblong capitate white. Kachis
in front l«*n^th-iiinsi: to tJ inches. Fruit cylindric narrow
'I inch Ionic-

{•••rak. Kannniing Woods, Sung(*i Siput (Machado).

This nioNt curious dwarf pilm was discovered in abun-
danc«* by Mr. Maihado in tiie woods at Kamuning where
h<» has already discovered so many other remarkable
plants. It is uniipie in Finangas in its exceedingly short

Jour. Straite Branch

NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

203

stem covered by the old leaf sheatha from which unties a
short thick double .spiithe which jusfc proirudea above the
shf^ath^f. When it opens, the sh irt st^uit ^lUdiK is deii-
aely covered with ivory white male tlower^, which full
off next day, nnd tlie brig^ht critriisou rtiohts i>**arin^' small
pink female Uosvers i^ seen. The rachia iheti elongates
remaining pink and bearing its small cylindric fruit. A
nutnljor of live p'ants hare ^jeen sent by the discoverer
to the Butiiiii" (Jardnin SIiu'-hli a>', wh^tv it st^niris likflv
to do welL

Lfctmia lannginam^ iv. t^p.

Leaf wirh a atout bluntly 3 an^jlei petiole ov^r a
foot lonij \ inch throutrh. thorny for abinl half itiit
leng^ih, thorn-^ conic short brown, blade <> lubed, lobes
linear j<tifF with f^hort broad teeth IH irjchos lori^ one
inch wide, with 3 or more riba on each, Inflorescence
a foot lung thick covered with silvery wool, branches 2
or three with a abort thick peduncle, t^piken atout t
inchf*s lonj^ thick wo^ilty sptthen silvery lacerate.
Pi(jwer8 numeiou-i se^s-Hile ^ inch loni; t^h>boHe. ('aiyx
broadly cyHndric shortly ii lobed covered with densje
?ihinnin^ hair, Petals llttlf? longer ovate lanceolate
silky. Btawinal cop 0- lobed.

Johor, on (f unong Pulai, and Gunowg Panti ( Uidley).

Thift species is allied to L, kiitujatin Becc, but the
powers are larger,

Bmasiiis Machndonis, n, sp.

Stem as tall and nearly as thick as a cocoa nut palm, ring-
ed with the remainsof the fiilk*n lt»A vcs. Leaf stalk 12 to
15 feet lon^ \\ inch thick unarmed deeply channelled
o^reen, blade Hub«*rhicultir \ feet a<Tos8 about ♦> feet \oixg
split ne:irly t* tfie lia^e into sharp eiiged linear acuminate
< ^"'H M.il«* I ji florescence of three cylindrical catkins 1 4
; loiiij \\ inch thick. Bfactaf oblong- with an ovat»*
iMHiise limb, <'iilyx 5 lobed, \ inch long^, as ling' as the
Icact, lolie^ oblong uneiiual, on«* with n broad rounded
top, the others acute, i^pHt about half way down. UoroUa

204 NKW MALAYAN PLANTS.

with three linear narrow lobes edges rounded fringed, f
inch long. Staraens filaments short, anthers long linear
narrow acute. Female spadix 12 in. long with abroad
flattened orange peduncle 3 inches long. Flowers about
20, crowded, terminal portion of spadix barren, about 2 in-
ches long. Bracts 2 broadly semicircular 1 inch long and
as wide, (in young fruit) edges lacerate, orange brown out-
side, yellowish white within stigmas. Young fruit ob-
ovoid dark green with 3-4 white lines corresponding to
cells sepals obovate orange 2 inches long paler at Ixise.
Petals longer rounded truncate. Seeds 3 oblong woody,
outer face convex inner face obscurely 3 angled, 3 inches
long 1 inch through covered with rough brown hair.

Perak in dense forest at Kamuning near Suugei Siput,
( Machado), Native name " Chanir-hai."

The g:enus Borassus has hitherto been considered in
consist of a single species Borassus jhibdlif or inis L This
species including B^ (rthiopum Mart, is a native of Africa
and probably India. A sacred tree of the Hindus it has
beon carri(»d all over the east, and more or less esta-
blished its(»lf chiefly in sandy places near the sea,
or in t^Miiple grounds. It does not thrive in damp
spots nor does forest country suit it at all. It is evi-
dently a desert plant by nature. This plant is known
as Lontar by the Malays. Lon being an old name
for iVohon '* tree," and Tah being the Hindu Tal,
the name of the Borassus. I was tiherefore much sur-
prised when Mr. Machado sent me a leaf and seeds of a
Borassus he had found in the forests of Kamuning in
some quantity. He has since sent me complete material
of this remarkable palm, which proves to be quite dis-
tinct from the well-known Lontar or Palmyra palm. It
differs from that species in the entirely thornless petiole,
and the blade of the leaf split to the base in the three
lolx?d calyx, and narrow petals of the male flower, and
in the long narrow anthers. I can find no description of
Borassus to agree with this. All the Indian descriptions
are undoubtedly those of B, Jiabelliformis^ Kumphius

Jour. Straits Branch

SEW MALAYAN I»LAXTS,

205

♦* Lontarus domesticus *' which is certainly the same phuit,
and Loureiro's B^jlahcHifortmii ia the same. The latter au-
thor dertciibe^ also a B, tunkata from the lie can nnd Iru-
/oral, which has UTiarmed petiole^i and i'srefoi r^d hy Wetid-
laud to PhoUiUcnrpns, Hut the dvacrlptvuii dn»*:i not ht
the uew Boras^sus aud uo l^hiffidocurptLi is kdowri from
thfit region and what Loiireiia tntended \^ i\n\iv ubscure.

Cvi'KliA' I..L.

^J/ajittHift lotifjhpiva^ II. ap*

A large tufted plant* Leives Huear gradual iy acumi-
nate 5 feet h}ng 1 inch wide, margins with vAohm pale
thorits. Scape stout over a foot tall with a head of A U\
d cylindric .npikes. Bracts ovate acute ribbed % incli
long. Spikes 1^ inch long I' inch through cylindrir.
Uracteole* ovat*^ obtuse ribSed down the back, tS(|uamp|-
he I inch long frinsfed, Style tritid slender, nut Irigono-
globoHe, endocarp hard black, ectocarp separable green.
, Perakf Larut IHIIs, ab«3ve the Tea (lardeng (Kidlej
II424) on banks in the ftirest.

This plant is allied to JA. kurzii Clarke which occ:ur>
in tiie same district. It differs in its large cylindric
spikea and stouter scape,

\L vfttida^ 0. 5p.

IJhizonie stunt woouy ^ men Lnnk. l*t.Nives nuui
linear acuminate 2i fe»*t long f inch wide edges roi
thorny point very long and slender, ba.'^es of leaves ;3bni'
mg dark brown. Scapes stout 4i inches long with
numerous iiheaths at the Imse. Ilead-'j of «3 or I spiken
oblong conic over | inch long bracts ovate ribbed j inch
long. Hracteule» ovate dark brown ribbed. S<[uamella*
linear margin!* ciliale. Style trilid. Nut pear*shaj)ed
witli a ridge on uiv^ ftide pale browu very .nmalL

Singapore Hukit Tirnah and Changi ( Ridley 1 7 N, 51H»8).
In forests.

A. Hoe., No.* U, lOtifi

206 NEW MALA\AN PLANTS.

This is allied to M, Wallichii Clarke a commoD plant in
our woods but has lono^er more slender peduncles and
usually 3 or 4 spikes in a head but one of the Bukit Timab
specimens has only a single spike in the head. In the
flora of British India Vol. VI. p. 682. Mr. Clarke refers
this to the Javanese ^f, muittspicata Clarke based on
Pandaiiopluilhtm hnmiU Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. ii. 61 but in
a letter received lately he states that it is a distinct
species. I am indebted to him for pointing out the dis-
tinction of both of these species from any described, and
for notes on them.

Mnpania monlana^ n. sp.

Stem sliort»nl thick emitting stolons 4 inches long
covered with acuminate sheaths. Leaves linear base
narrowed into a distinct petiole, apex abruf)tly acuminate,
petiole 4 inches long, blade 22 inches long 2 inches wide
;] nerved, point 2 inches long armed with short thorus.
Scape 15 inches long rather slender. Bracts 3, lowest
oblong ovate 1 ^ inch long, with an abrupt point 3 in-
ches. Capitalum 1^ inch through of about 40 heads den-
sely crowded \ long. Bracteoles oblong rounded at the
tip long ribbed margins lacerate. Siiuamellaj narrow,
edge< ciliate. Style .shortly trilid.

Borneo. Mt. Kinabalu, Penokok, Uaviland 1801, at 3000
feet alt.

Apparently only a single specimen of this very distinct
plant wa^ obtained and it is not mentioned in Stapfs
account of Hr. llaviland's plants. It has the foliage of
M. hmnilis Naves, but the inllorescence resembles that of
M . pnJustris,

Gkaminkj:.

ha<:htic Sf/frcsfi{s, n. sp.

Slein ascending geniculate rather stout 9 inches tall.
Leave.> laiiceolat*' acuniinute with a broad base, 3 inches
long i inch wide, margins thickened glabrous above,
pubescent bent^ath, sheaths hairy. Panicle G inches long

Juur. Straits Branch

NEW MALAYAN i'LANTS,

207

much bniriched, *6 inches acn^si*, brau^hea slender sub-
IV hurled spikelets solitary ^\y incli \oug sabglobose,
<Jlume I ovate dliat^ ribbed <jL II ovatft ubtu.ie cnsplddte
with short bri^tlo^^ Til. Ill eUiptic ubtusc s<horter corince-
QQs paleate male Ijl. IV similar but pubescent, lemale.
Griiin free brown,

Uindinga in Woads ulTelok Sera (Ridley 7265),

A tall grass resenibluij^ /. mntpium in hjAbir, nade.i
glubri)us, L**nres linear lanceolate JictirnirtLitc from ^
brtj^id base '^ incho^j long' { inch wide edgr s rabrid at the
tipglrtl»roust ti^ule 'shurt bilobed, mouth of .-lieath citiate.
Spikes 2 appre.-i^^ed \ inch:»3 lon>r spikelets in pair^ one
»eiHilH rnm ^shortly pedicel led \ inch )uti«^ j<niits Atid
an^leLsi of pediceU shortly white ciliafe. Glume L nar-
rowly «*llipllc ubk«i^ submucroimte smooth edge cilinte,
II. lanceolaie shorter eJj^e ciliate 111. these lanceolate
ciliate paleare [V, shorter lanceolate with a short siraight
pale awn.

Sirii^apore atGalang^ (Ridley Q113),

I do not think this can be a form meniy <a i innunum
liendle, _ fh^* first, glume is narrower uiid not wrinkhui
at alL

Mntsit/iea pnhescetii, n« sp.

Stenw alender three feet tall rinu»'> riuait- it-.ii>-
Leaves linear acniainat^e 0-12 inches h>ug |^ bj ^ inch
wide softly ' ' ^ slender on \<m^ slender

pubescent p< ; mg solitary 1 i inch long

yellow break Uii4 beluw ibL« node mo that each joint ms
shortly stalked, interoodes ithort J inch long dilated up-
wards bearded at the ba:*e. Spikelet3 2 ae-sile vvith a
narrow lim^r p<>iiice| between lunger tlian the in tern ode
(ilume I ovuft* laricecjUte acute, tip curved base chan-
nelled Willi 4 ur 5 groove** abtive, with num<-ruui» linear
peifomtion* fruui each of which rise-t a ciliaiu. OU U

H A. i^oe., ^*o. U, liM6

208 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

lanceolate acute as long. Ill lanceolate hyaline smaller.
IV smaller hyaline.

Johor, Batu Pahat at Minyak Buku (Ridley 11017).

There are two other species only known of this curious
genus Mn, Uteris Kunth. of India and China and Mn.
geininata Kidl. {Rottbtdlia geininata Hack,) a native of
Pahang. This species from the rocky cliffs on the
Western coast cf Johore differs from the other two in
the pubescence of its leaves and spikes, and in the curious
perforations each containing a hair on the outer glume.

PoUinia ruiyestris^ n. sp.

A perennial grass several feet tall, stout, nodes beard-
ed. Leaves acuminate 7 to 8 inches long, ^ inch wide
narrowed to the base glabrous above covered with
scattered hairs beneath, mouth of sheath hairy, ligule
short truncate. Spikes several erect appressed 4 inches
long fragile stout. Spikelets callus not ciliate. Glume I
ovate lanceolate boat shaped mucronate keel ciliate,
martj:ins hyaline. II similar in shape with strong brisitle:>
on the back cartilaginous ribbed reddish. Ill hyaline
shorter oblonjr, palea narrower pubescent IV bhort
hyaline with a lung twisted awn from between two linear
acuminate paints.

Johor, on rocks at Batu Futili near Batu Pahat Ridley
(1018).

Bainbusa inayica^ n. sp.

Stems about 20 feet tall and half an inch or less
through, branches slender tufted at the nodes, internodes
I inch long leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous 3 inches
long ^ inch wide, margins scabrid, the thickened base
narrowed into a very short petiole sheath auricled with
white cilia en the auricles. Spikelets in short panicles
lanceolate pale | inch long ^ inch across, empty glume 1
ovate lanceolate. Flowering glumes 7 lanceolate mucro-
uulatt; keeled, margins ciliate, palea shorter lanceolate
bilid tips ciliate, lodicules o lanceolate ciliate.

Jour Straits Branch

NEW MAUWAN PLANTS.

209

PerakQunong: Berumbun{VVra7l560)"Bulu Perindu/*

This plant is reff*rred U) the Chinese Hedge Bamboo
{B. mtna H(>xb)byUAmble Ann. Gurd Calc. VI L 4h But
it is very improbable that \Vraj*s pUnt cauld have been
introduced nn Berumbun and the adjaceot hills and it
differs from B. nnna in its taller stem, quite glabrous
leaves and less i^trongly ribbed glumes ciliate at the
edge«. Wray writes of it ( Journ. Koy. As Soc. S. br,
vol. 21. p. i:il>' '*The small Uimboo cal'ed by the
Malays ** Buhl Perindii" is extremely plentiful tjn Berum-
bun and comparatively scarce on the other liiir I was
fortunate in being able to collect flowering specimens of
this ele^^ant ittle bamboo which is credited with mystic
properties by the natives and is, much in request by love-
lorn swains whose mistresses are cold and irresponsive/*

B, ehgnm^ D« 8p.

A tufted bamboo with stems la to 2U feet tall, and |
inch through greeu and red like, nodes elevated^ inter-
nodes over a foot lontf* Culmsheaths narrow acuminate a
foot long 1^ inch across, ligule ciliate with the citia in
tufts, limb extremely n-utow lirrear acutninate slightly
scabris 1^ inch long j'^ inch across. Leaf and (lowering
branches whorled with numerous sheaths at the base.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate 2-0 iDch«-s long \ inch wide
finely ribbed and minutely pub»escent on the back Ijase
rounded with a very short petiole, ligule short ciliate.
Spikes numerous subremote not whorled or crowdep.
Bracts oblong dry and pale, outer one | inch long, inner
ones smaller more c»vate mucronulate, spikelets | inch
long, Baaal one of three empty glumeA* Second liower
\ inch long. Glumes t and II lanceolate green tipped
with purple edgeui ciliate p»ilea nut keeled edges ciliate
encUising a conical cylindric pistil with 2 short stigmas.
Lodicules uone< II L FU^wer mate^ glumes and palea
as in IL Stamens fi, anthers with two points at the tip.
Flowers IV and V abortive. Rachilla Ha ttened dilated
upwards) ciiiate. Fruit not seeu.

H. \* Ktic.No 44, laos.

210 NEW MALAYAN PLANTS.

Selangor. On the Ulu SemaDgko hill, (Bora-Murdach.
Ridley).

This elegant tufted bamboo is abundant at the top of
the big hill above the Semangko pass. As nearly all the
flowers both in Mr. Burn- Murdoch's original specimens
and the ones got afterwards by n\e have nearly all the
flowers destroyed by i? sects 1 have had some difficulty
in making out the structure and am not very certain as
to which genus this bamboo should be referred to, but I
think it should be referred to Baiubusa, The stems are
tall and slender, half scaiident among the low trees of the
hill top.

Dihochloa montana^ n. sp.

Culms long and siTainbling slender smooth with
whorled branches. Leaves lanceolate acuminate 8 inches
long, one inch wide glabrous, tips scabrid bases unequal
slightly alternate into a short petiole ^ inch long, sheaths
smooth flattened stiiate with a low callus minutely
pubescent, not ciliate. i^anicle long, rachus very pubes-
cent with distant heads of spikelets ^-2^ inches apart
spikelets i to ^ inch long, straw colored one flowered.
Knipty glumes 4 ovate obtuse strongly keeled and
nuHTonate r^icbilla stout llexuous. Flowering glume
lanceolate, ribbed minutely mucronate. Palea oblong
with two nerves not keeled nor ciliate. Lodicules r>
spathulate oblong strongly nerved edges ciliate. (irain
ol»lonjj: beaked narrowed at the base channelled alontj
onesid(S beak minutely hairy.

JVnang Hill forming dense masses at an altitude of
:J(M)() feet, in forest (Ridley 7004, 7265, 10171).

This sleikdcT climbing bamboo differs fromi). Tjankortth
in its lar*;er spikelets with 4 empty glumes, and lanceolate
flow(*ring tilume. and the presence of 6 lodicules.

Demlrocalnijius peitilnha, n. sp.

(.'ulnis about 00 feet tall arched, 3 inches through, with
long sl(»nder pendulous branches dark green below

Jour. Str&itii Branch

NfSW MALAYAN PLANTS.

211

glaucescent above, walls mtber thick, internodes 9 inches
long no<ie8 rou^h with short projecting rootlets at the
ba»e. Culnjwheaths 6 to 9 inches lonj^ hard, covered at
first with whilff woolly appressed hair:^ in fasciclesi, limb
narrow lanceolate acute 4 inchea or more long caducous*
Auricles large dark red with long white cilia. Leaves
lanceolate oblong acuminate thin glal»rous 5-*^ inches
long I to inch wide, base broad truncate, edges iscabrid
at the tip, p«»nolc short thick /^ inch lone sheathrt
ininutel^> pube^cet*!, top truncate ligule verj short, with
few or no cilia at the mouth. I'anicle uf simple spikes
of beads on the ends of the lenfy I ^ranches with occas-
monally one or mure branch lets, lleada of npikes crowd-
ed | inch long. With broad sheathe yellow with a nhort
limb at the base. SpikeletH j^ inch long glabrous hhining
oblong cylindrlc numerous i flowered. Empty glumes
ovate glabrous 2. FIc»wering glumes longer lanceolattv
Pa lea as long 2 nerved not keeled convolute, lanceolate.
Lodicules non<*. Stamens r», anthers oblong minutely
apicuUte ti laments narrow linear free. Ovary conic
short liairy, style simple hairy,

Selangor Pahang Track t Uidley 8482) alt, 20l)0 feet.
This BUp€Tl» bamboo with its long arching culms and
long pendulous branch lets has long been cultivated in
Sbingupore Botiii»ic Gardens, but has not flowered there.
The flowers are deBcril»ed from a plant ir high lureHt in
Selangc^r, quite resembling that oultivuted in the Sinija-
pore (rarden8. The young culm shealhi^ are ci*vered with
fine white hair, as if coated with mildew. 1 hia dis*
appears in the full grown sheaths altogether.

ftloe., x«i, 44, tuud.

On a Second Collection of Coins

from Malacca.

By R, Hanitscb, Ph. D,

With one Plate,

In a former number of this Journal* I described a col-
lection of Qoins which in the year 1900 had tieeti obtained during
excavations near the mouth of the Malacca river, and which
had been collected together by the lion*ble VV^, Egerton, Resi-
dent Councillor of Malacca, and presented by him to the UalBes
Museum. The most intt^resting of these, previously not describ-
ed, were certain Portuguese tin coins from the time of King
Kmmanuel (1495-1521) and John III (1,521-1557), the earliest of
which must have been struck by Albuciuerque soon after his
occupation of Malacca (1511). Towards the end of last year
(1904) the lion*ble R, N, Bland, Resident Councillor of Malacca*
succeeded in obtaining more coins from the same locality which
he i^reoerously presented to the Ratlles Museum. He tells me that
the dredger brought them up imbedded in a kind of blue clay,
possibly a little to the sea- ward of the place where Mr. Egerton^s
were found.

The most remarkable of these are six hu^e tin coins,
struck in two varieties, giving neither the date nor the name of a
ruler, but having a pattern similar fo that of the ooins issued by
King Emmanuel and rlohn 111,, namely with the cross on the ob*
verse and the sphere on the reverse. The one variety (si?e figs. L
and la), of which there are five specimens, measures from 35 to
36 mm. in diameter. ^ mm, in thickness and weighs from 37 to
41*5 grammes. On the obverse, around fhe cross, is the inscrip-
tion NOSTKE SPES VNICA CRVX XFL The raisUke in
NOSTRE is very extraordinary^ but such errors are not uncom-

^'^On-a Cyl]t!€tion of (^oitis from Malacca.'* Joitnial, Btraiti
lirauch, U. Aci&tic Society, No. 39, Jane 19U.% pp. 183 to :^1, 2
plateii.

iam. a B. B. A. Soe*. No. 14, 1006.

214 COINS FROM MALACCA.

mon on old Portuguese coins. The last three letters XPI, if
taken as Latin characters, would be difficult of interpretation.
Taken as Greek they would stand for Christ, although they are
then intire usually written in the form of a monogram'^ For
this interpretation I am indebted to Mr. Robert Sewell, 3/. R.
A. aS.. who in January last passed through Singapore and kindly
examined the coin.

The inscription on the reverse is more difficult to read, the
last few letters especially beinj^j much worn on all five coins.
The letters seem to be SMPRDEPV SORDIEM. The first
four characters I take for an abbreviation for ' semper .* The
next seven letters may stand for * Depulsor,' the letter ' 1 ' being
omitted or being covered by part of the device, viz. the pro-
jecting axis of the globe. The word * Depulsor * occurs in a
few I^atin inscriptions, as an epithet of Jupiter, the averter of
evil. The last four or Cive letters are very indistinct. *Diem '
would hardly give any sense, and I am inclined to think that
th« inscription should read something like * i^emper Depul-
sor Deus*.

The other variety (see iigs. 2 and 2a) of which there
is only one specimpn, Is of an unusual shape, the diameter of
the obverse bein^r 37 mm., but that of the reverse 35 mm. only,
giving to the coin the shape of a truncated cone, and this ap-
pearar.ce is heightened by the sharp edges of the coin. Its
thickness is G') mm. ani its weight 45 grammes. The coin fur-
ther differs from the first variety by the shape of the cross,
the outlines of its arms being not parallel to each other, but
converging towards the centre, and by the sphere on the reverse
being somewhat smaller. The inscription, however, is the same
(»n the two varieties.

Very similar to these is a much smaller coin (see figs. 3, 3//,
4 and 4(0* '^^^^^^ t>f tin, 24 mm. in diameter, 1*5 mm. in thickness
and 4*1 grammes in weight. It again shows the usual devices
of the cross and the sphere. The reverse bears no inscription,
whilst the obverse has the words NOSTRAK SPPJS VNKJA,
resembling thus the above described large coins by another,
almost incredible, mistake. The word * crux* is omitted, but
may be understood from the figure of the cross in the middle
of the inscription. There were three specimens of this coin.

Jour. Straitii Branch

COINS FROM MALACCA.

215

Tlie other Portaguese coins collected bj Mr. Bland are
identical with those descriljed in my former paper. I therefore
merely give the number ^^f »1t^ specimens found with their
references :

Kight coins from the reign oi King Emminuel (1495-1521),
loc* cit p. 1i>4 pL t, figs, 2 and 2a.

Eight coins from the reign of King John 111(1521-1557), loc,
cit pi. lU lige. 8 and 8 a.

Five coins from the same reign, loc. cit pi II, figs, 9 and a.

Seven coins from the same reign, loc. cit pL 11^ figs. 10 and 10 a«

Throe coins without inoription, loc. cit pi. 1, fi^s, 3 and 3 a.

One coin, with the letters B. A. and three crossed arrows
between them,' loc. cit pUII, ^g^ 12 an d 12 a.

In addition to these there are about twenty- five Malay
coins, most of them, however, too much worn to be deciphered.

One of them bears the inscription \jV«i\ »^iU a^id is almost in-

dentical with the one described in my former paper (p. 185, pi.

I, fig, 5). The Rev, Dr. Liiering has kindly point-ed out to me
that the reading I gave at the time of this inscription, viz.
*Mnaliku M-*iidil *' and the translation 'The just king/ were
based on a wrong vocalisation of the first word which is not to be
read * malik, ' i. e. * king', but * milk " or 'mulk/ that is ^poases-
sion,* * property, * and is often used with regard to cuinage in
the sense of the French * fonds. * He further says that the word
* Adii ' which originally menn^ * just," * righteous,' has in this
connection the secondary meaning of "equal weight/ 'full weight*
so that the inscription might be translated * full weij^bt currency/
or * legal tender/

1 wish to point out that the figures of the accompanying
plate are f.iithful reproductions of the originals, in natural size,
and that their indlstinctne^ is not due to the phok>graph*^r and
printer, but to the condition in which the coins were found.
Only by examining the coins in different lights was it possible
to decipher tlieir inscriptioos*

U* A, @k>c,, No 44, I90d.

216

COINS FEOM MALACCA.

Explanation of the Flak:

Obverse

See page 213

I A.

Reverse of the same

M M 214

Obverse

tl IT 19

2 A.

Reveriie of the game

11 1* 14

3arid-l

Obverses

1* *% %f

3 A and 1 A Reverses of the aama

!1 *• 11

ijcAiid isKAJNi.;^^ KUYAL A:>iATii:; sudirrr*

JOURNAL 44, PLATE L

Lightning Conductors.

G, E. V. TnuMAH, A. M. imr, E, E.

Notes on Material and Method of Erecting
in the Straits Settlements,

I. l*he Dumber of many -branched termiaab and massive
rtKitj and ca<^»le8 of pure copper which adorn most of the build-
mg^, indicate that the importance of attempting* to safe^cuard
ag^aiust the effect of iightning disehartres is generally appreciat-
ed. A stuJy of the attempts too frequently reveals a consider-
able lack uf knowledj^e of modern methods.

2* Numerous cases which have come under the writer's ob-
servation are applications of a theory « which obtained general
credence twenty or thirty years a«^o, that a conductor ** pro-
tected" a defined area bearing some direct relation to its
height. A *' law " to this effect was actually laid down and
found many adherents possibly because of its simplicity.

3. in other ca.«es a quite di^^proportionat'e amount of atten-
tion is paid to the earth couuectiou, sometimes at the expense
of the material and work above ground. Testa which show a
resistance of more than an ohm or two, though made, frequent-
ly, during dry weather, are often considered sujficient to cod-
demn a conductor siitisfactory in other respects.

4. The writer has been called upjn to irtspect a largo num-
ber uf conductors upon Government and Municipal buildings
during the past few years, and is forced to the conclusion that^
in a lur>ce majority of instances, much greater protection could
be provided for a smaller initial outlay.

5. To illustrate this the case of a certain powder magazine
in the Colony uiay be cited. As is u%ual for l>uildings of this
sort, very considerable care had been exercised by the Authori-
ties in the provisiiiH of elaborate conductors-and a very con-
sif] Mri t'^ipenditd upon material and work. Broad strip of
piK is the ma t«' rial used and this i^ run along the maiu

Jour. 8, B. U. A, 9oe.. No. 14, ItfOS.

213 LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. ^

ridge of roof and connected to eight points from which similar
strip is taken down to eight earth connections. As the brief
suggestions which follow may serve to indicate, seven of these
" earths " are (juite unnecessary and, further, had an equivalent
weight of copper been used in the form of a light stranded
wire, very much better protection would be afforded.

6. The determination of the size and section of the conduc-
tor, whether of copper or iron, depends more upon mechanical
strength and durability than conductive properties. There is
little danger of the wires becoming melted and, if the system is
inter-connected, the fusion of certain lengths would not affect
the utility of the conductor as a whole to any serious extent.
The network advocated by the writer would deal with succeed-
ing discharges whereas a break in a single conductor has fre-
(^uently been the cause of damage. Fusion of part of the net-
work would not escape notice and, in a sense, would be satis-
fatory in affording proof that the conductor had seen active
service.

7. The material used by the writer is galvanised iron in the
form of a liglit cable composed of seven strands of number
sixteen ^au^re wire. (7/18) This affords ample mechanical
streiijrth, is pliable and unobtrusive in appearance. Zinc saddles
are used to secure it to ridges of roof and down walls to earth.
It is fro(iuently possible to make use of the down pipes from
roof gutters by running the conductor through them.

8. In order to make the system as far as possible jointless as
re;^ards the work on the roof, which usually escapes supervision,
the writer has recc ntly designed a tubular point through which
the conductor itself is draw^n, doubled, and allowed to project an
inch or so from the top. A set-screw at the base provides suf-
ficient contact without the necessity of soldering — often so
awkw^ard an operation on a roof that it is left undone al-
totrother. The point is practically formed of the conductor it-
self and joints l3ecome unnecessary above ground.

9. The num})pr of points and the amount of wire used fc»r
any building must depend upon the degree of safety desired
and the funds availal)le for providing it. The fact that many
points and much wire mean better protection should be tho-
roughly recognised. In practice something must be sacrificed to

Jour Straits Branch

LIGHTNING CONDI CTOKS

219

■^ G a handed hou Wifi.

Gaivamsea it on Tubi

Wrou^hi if on.

(•»//•«•

SECTION.

.aw;,KQ.M.im

220

LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS.

appearance in the case of ordinary buitdtng9 and the mulUpliea*
tion of points, even of the short pattern now advocated, caiiaol
be carried to excess. Prominent ridges should be provided with
one fur every fifteen or twenty feet of length ; every comer
should atso have its point and all should be connected togettier
and to the '* earth/'

10. Thi3 connecting up of points results in a net- work oirer
the whole roof which forms the nearest feasible apprtmch to
the continuous metal lie screen held by modern views to coij-
stitut^e an nbsolute sufeguard, *

1 J. As suggested in paragraph 7 the down pipes from min
guttering may frequently be used for bringing down the wires
from roof net- work to earth. The connection to roof net- work
should ije made by inserting the wire into a corner pointy
where it will meet two net* work wires. Soldered joints will
still he unneces^ry as the wires will be in close contact through-
out the kngtii uf the point

12, The question of earth connection has nejct to be coti*
sidered. This is usually held ti) be of primary im|)ortance and
various rules are laid down which state the exRct maximum
resistance permissible, It is. no doubt, desirable that the rt*sis-
tanc*> should be reasonably low so that disturbance may be avoid-
ed, but whether it be of two ohms or lifty matters very littli?.
The effect of a poor earth connection was recently demontitrAt-
ed at the Civil Prisons in Singapore, where a discharge t^kt^n
by the conductor blew out the soil over the earth conuectloii,
leaving a hole about three feet in diameter and two deep. This
e^arth was formed of the coiled end of the conductor — a heavy
galvanised iron cable^and was buried to a depth of a conplii
of feet only» on a slope. Moist soil would have been reachi*d
by tnking it a little further away to lower ground and burying
it a little deeper, but, on enquiry, the writer found thnt tho
workman responsible had misc^ilculated the lengtb re<|uired,
cut the cable and hurriedly buried the end« The iust^iice
serves to show that no great harm results from imperfect earth
connections if they are placed sufiiciently far from foundationa,

18, It is rarely a matter of great difficulty or expenso^-^s*
pecially where galvanised iron is the material usrd — to coo*
tinue tlie cooductor to permaDently damp earth. If it is laid

•four. Stmtu Binut«%

mmmm

LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 221

in a strench twelve or fifteen inches deep, and taken to a point not
less than one hundred feet from the building where damp soil
may be reached without an excessive amount of excavation,
the earth connection may be said to be perfect. By taking the
conductor this distance from the building not only is the risk
of damage due to disturbance near foundations averted, but an
increased area of earth connection is obtained.

14. Except in the case of very small buildings it is advis-
able to have at least two connections between the roof net- work
and the earth. In extensive buildings the writer lias made a
practice of bringing down six or more. In t^ese cases it is
occasionally necessary, from motives of economy, to join the
down wires together and continue one only away to the "earth "
There is no difficulty in making thoroughly good, soldered
joints in galvanised cable on terra firma, but, if funds allow, it
is a much better plan to have a continuous trench round the
building intg which all the down wires are taken and then con-
tinued, laid up together, away to the deep " earth."

1 5. As regards the comparative cost, it is interesting to note
that, for the same outlay not less than twenty-five times as
much surface can be covered by the stranded galvanised wire
suggested as would be by a sin<{le copper rod of one inch in
diameter, sucti as is frequently used. In fact it is perfectly safe
to state that, taking into consideration the increased amount
of labour, and additional details and accessories, required for
net-work system, q^ite twenty times better protection may be
obtained for the same outlay.

16. Many interesting illustrations of the inefficacy of single
conductors for complete protection may be quoted from local
records. In one instance, which came under the direct obser-
vation of the writer, some damage was done to the part of the
roof of an extensive range of buildings on which three indepen-
dent conductors were fitted. Such casf*s afford sufficient proof
that single c Miductors do not effect their purpose in taking dis-
charges quietly away ; on the other hand there can ftnly be ne-
gative evidence that buildings protected on the net- work sys-
tem, with many points, are not liable to be damaged.

17. The writer trusts that these notes will be of service and
would conclude by making the following suggestions : —

R. A. 8oc., No. 41, 1906

222 LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS.

a. Use as many points as possible (paragraph 9) —
three short points placed ten feet apart on a roof ridg'e
are much better than one elaborate and expensive three-
pointed terminal.

b. Use galvanised wire of small section and intercon-
nect all points on the roof. The lighter the gau^e of
wire used the greater the area of roof covered for the
same outlay, (paragraph 7).

6*. Avoid sharp bends and turns in the wire. Side
flashes are apt to jump off from an abrupt bend or kink,
which may cause damage to the adjacent masonry.

d. Connect in the roof gutters. Actual jointing is
unnecessary and it will usually be found convenient to
have the wire from corner points laid along the gutter-
ing and thence through down pipes to earth.

e. Take the earth connection away to a deep *' earth"
even if it is necessary to go a considerable distance from
the building, The additional area of ''surface" earth is
useful, and the cost of wire and extra trenching is small.

/! Avoid joints as much as possible. Joints between
the ordinary points and the wire forming the conductor
are frequently made disgracefully, and, in numerous
instances, the writer has found an actual break in con-
tinuity. The dilHculty of supervising explains this — in
fact the work is often left entirely to native workmen
— and the remedy which suggests itself is that of
adopting some practically jointiess system.

IVnang, S^'ptrmbcv 10th, 1004.

Short Notes.

Note on the occurrence in Selangor of three
Vertebrates new to the Malay Peninsula,

Among zoologiaUftt home one constantlj hears the remark
thftt our knowledge of the vertebrate fauna of the Malay Pen-
insula must now be very nearly complete and that but few moir
species caQ reomin to be added to our lists.

ilow wide* this la of the true 8tiite of affairs ii* shewn b^
the fact that within the la?<t month, ihe Dyak Ctillectur attached
U> the Selangor Museum, hrus discovered two strikintj forms
which although previously krujvvn fn»m Horneu have not hithert*
been recorded from the mainland of Asia,

The species are : —
/♦ Ih'aco tft(LcifHtis^ Blgr.

ThuH flue species of tlyln^ lizard, the lurj^eint of ih
genu8, was origiitally desccibed by Mr. Houlenger (P. /
f5, 1893, p. 522, pi. xlii, fig. 1 ) from a single inale specimiMi
collected by Mr. Ilose on Mt. Dulit, Sarawak at a height
of 5?00i» feet, Specimena from the same locality ond alvci
from Mt^. Mataug and Petiris^en are in the Sarawak Mn
seum and there is a single female in ihiii Museum, collect
ed at Balingean, s^ome distance up the Sarawak Hiver.

Two individuals, male and female, were captured in
deep jungle about nine miles from Kuala Lum(K>r and
^gree well witli the original diagnosis and with the
abovo-mentioued specimen from Balingean. In the
freshly killed lizards the general colour above was moss-
green, [)ale yellowish beneath ; gular appendage of the
male dull terracotta, the lateral folds black, streaked with
white ; in the female the appendage was very pale lemon
yellow, which rapidly faded into white Total length of
both specimens about 370 mm.

Jim, S, B. K. A. Soc.. No. U, L00&.

224 SHORT NOTES.

2. Chrgsophiegnia nujstacale^ Salvad.

Among some miscellaneous bird-skins in the Museum I
recently discovered a woodpecker collected by Dr. Dun-
cker on the Semangko Pass, wbereT the trunk road to
Pahang crosses the main range at a height of 2700 feet.
The specimen was shot on the 29th May 1901 and is sexed
female, though this is probably an erri)r of the native
skinner. It appears to belong to a species described
by Count Salvadori as Chi^sophlegma mystacale^ from
collections made in the Padang mountains, West Sumatra,
by the famous Italian Botanist Beccari. Subsequently it
was obtained by Carl Bock, a Swt-dish Collector in the
employ of Lord Walden in much the same locality, and
latei on by Dr. H. 0. Forbes at Hoodjoong, inihe moun-
tains of the Palembang Residency, further to the south.
Outside this very limited district I can find no records of
its occurrence, and it is somewhat unexpected to find it
reappearing in the mountains of the Peninsula, which
possess a distinct species [Chrtjsoph/egma ivratfi) of their
own.

(reneral colour above bright olive green, darker on the
head and crown, the latter tinged with rufous : nuchal
crest, {j^olden yellow. Beneath, greyish olive, darker on
the chest and becoming almost black on thf threat ;
chin with a slijrht rufos tin^re. Sides of the head dark
o^reenish grey, malar stripe very pale yellow. Primaries
black, broadly barred with rufous, the innermost crimson
on their outer webs exteriorly. Tail feathers black, the
outermost with an oily lustre beneath Total length : — 11
inches ; \vin«> 5. 4.

S. Ptilocercus lowii. Gray.

Pen-tailki) Tree Shrew.

The occurrence of this small mammal is of even greater
interest than that of the preceding as it adds to the
J^eniiisular list a genus that has hitherto been supposed to
be specially characteristic of the Bornean group of islands.
But even in Sarawak where the species was originally

Jour. Straits Branch

SHORT NOTES,

225

discovered some fifty years Bigo it seems to be rare and
but little appears to have been recorded of iU habits.

Onr specimen, an adult female, was captured in its nest
in a hollow bough in the same jungle as* Draco inaximus.
The nest was merely a tunnel about three inches in
diameter and eighteen iu length, roughly lined with
librous mat**rl and with green leaves. The general
calour of the uniuml \h a pah* greyish t»rown above, some-
what yellowish beneath with an ill-defined dark strips*
running from the muzzle to a little beyond the eye. The
tail is naked for two- thirds of its length and covered
with acutes like that of a rat ; the terminal third is
clothed with whitish hair over half an inch in length,
whence the trivial name of the species is derived.

Dimensions : — Head and body, 133 ; tail, U)7 ; ear VJ ;
hind -foot, 34 mm. B^xamination of a series will not
improbably prove that the PeuinHulnr f<irm is separable
from the Boraean race, but dis<tiuctions based on an
unique spocimeD are apt to be fallacious.

Selangor State Museum,

Kuala Lumpor.

Occasional Notes.
Praiincola maura (PntL)

A specimen of the Indian Bush-chat was shot by Cap-
tain 11, R. Baker at Stagmount, 8inga|x>ro on F^ec. 22.
1904, Hitherto it haa been collected as far down a- ^^
sore and the Andaraans but Singapore must now be r'
ed as its most southerly ext<»n8iun, Aa the sjjeciea is iiuw
included is the avifauna of the Malay PeniustJa I give
below a description of the plumage iu which it Wds ob
tained locally.

j}faU. Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, back, scapi]
lara, most of the wuuir.co verts, and upper ruinp black.

E. A. *Soc,, No. U, 1IW&.

226 SHORT NOTES.

broadly margined with fulvous, the black predominating
on the forehead and crown and the fulvous on the nape ;
the innermost wing-coverts pure white ; primary wings
coverts anl winglet black edged with whitish; quills
rusty black, the primaries narrowly, the other quill-
broadly edged with pale rufous on the outer edge and
tip; lower rump and tail-coverts white broadly tipped
with orange-rufous; tail black, edged and tipped with
pale rufous, broadest on the outer feathers; lores, sides
of the head, chin and throal black, the feathers of the
chin and throat strongly tipped with fulvous- white and
a curved line of the same colour runnin>r from the nos-
trils over the eye ; a patch of white feathers tipped with
orange-rufous on each side of the neck ; breast orange-
rufous ; remainder of the lower plumage pale rufous,
palest on the centre of the abdomen and lower tail
coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries black with
narrow white tips ; inner edge of the wing quills whitish.
It is dark brown; bill and feet black (Capt. II, I^,
Baler). Length 130 millimetres; tail 53; wing 68:
tarens 20 ; bill from gape 16.

C. Boden Kloss,

Nesting of the Little Qrey Woodpecker.

The little grey woodpecker Jungipiciis canicapillus is a very
common bird in Sinji^aporeand may often be seen running about
dead boughs in search of insects. The nest and eggs of it have
however never been described. Captain II. R. Baker however
(\spied one evidently nesting, in the dead bough of a tree
(Vernoiiiaarbori'a) in the Botanic Gardens at a height of about
15 feet from the ground. He Orst noticed it making the hole
in the first week of March, and on the 24th he and I went to
the tree and cut it across to get the eggs which were by them
unfortunately almost ready to hatch. The eggs 2 in number
were deposited at the bottom of the hole. Without any lining
or attempt at a nest. They were rounded, but pointed at the
small end and measured '67 by '54 and -65 by -54 respectively

Jour. .Straits Braach

SHORT NOTES. 227

The bird must nest very frequently an it is m comiuon mid I
have often seen it cnnkiii^ hole8 in trf?e» as if to tiest and on one
occiission, kivew of one which seemed ti> roost reifuiiirly in a hole
it had made in a dead bough, in the CJord»'n.'^, where it could be
seen every evening sitting m the muulh of the hole, but though
it was the breeding season. I found neithef eggs nor young
birds in the nest.

//. N. Hidieif.

Nesting of Draco Ftmbrlsius.

While walking along a jutigle track i»i th^ forests at UanlJUi
Panjang in .'^elangor, in August, I catiie across a neet of thia
large flying iizard. Mr. Btirn-Murdoch who whs wwlkit^g in front
culled my altonlion to the eggs, and I found t had stepped, on
the female li/^ard which was sitting by the nest and w«s su much,
the color of the dead leaves that I did not see it* The
eggs four in number were laid in a depression apparet»tly
scooped out by the lizard in the sandy soil They were oblong
with rounded ends 15 mm. long and 8 or 9 mm* thick^ quite
white.

IL JVr. Hidletf,

A Wasp attacRinff a Leaf-mining Caterpillar.

In December last 1 observed n small species of wasp, of the
class that the MaUvs unil Feningat, running alxnit on a yotmg
mangosteen leaf which was altiicked l»y ti leiif-uiiniiig cat*»rpillat.
The uppt»r epidermis of the leaf had b'en raised bv the caterpil-
lar on botii side-* of the midrib. The wasp about ^ ii ch lunj<. was
tearing the loosened ♦■pidermi?* and eventually crept i*nderueatli
in pursuit of the grub, which wis at the further end of its bur-
row. It was unable appaienlly to get «cross ilie midrib, and
niter searching abuut fnr sometime came i»ut and as it seemed
ftCcidenUlly in running abuut i»n t},m up|jf^r surface of the leaf
came acro?^ the Urva. It in> cure away the loose epi-

demts above it and seizing its ^^i ^.j .c »v oflF w ith it. The wasp is

R. A. m^, K<K 44, IMS

228 SHORT NOTES.

a common species which mikes small nests on the under-side of
leaves. It has dark red thoraces and a black abdomen with a
single yellow rin^. That many of the smaPer wasps prey on
caterpillars is well known. The peculiarity in this case was th^it
it attacked a leaf- miner and absolutely followed np its burrow
under the epidermis.

H. N. Ridley.

On the Fertilization of Qrammatophyllum.

On account of the fertilization of Gramniatbpfiyllum speciosum
was published by myself in the Journal of the Linnean Society
vol. XX p. 336, where it was shown that the black and red
hornet Vespa ciacta was the usual a^ent in the transference of
pollen from one flower to another The orchid flowers In Aug-
ust and September and I note that this year in the Botanic
Gardens Singapore none of these insects are about, but the
wild bee Apia dorsalts is at work and is an equally good fer-
tilizer. But the insects which are most abundant on and about
the flowers are small hymenoptera too small to be able to toach
the pollenmasses, and ants, and also the large carpenter bees.
Xylocopa aestuans and A", latipes. These visit the flowers more
abundantly than the A.pis, going round to each newly opened
flower and plunging into it to suck the honey froni the base of
the lip. These insects ho'.vever do not remove the pollen,
although there seems at first sight no reason for their not doing
so. The reason for this is that the lip of the flower is moveable
on its base, and though these carpenter bees, much thicker than
the Vespi, and Apis would fill up the space between the lip and
column were the lip i ninobil<^ and Sf) touch with their thoraces
the pollen masses, their weijrht on the lip bends it down so that
they do not quite touch it, and thus they back out of the flower
witliout removing the pollen. In this case the mobility of the
lip is really injurious to the flower, as it alU)ws the carpenter
bees to remove the honey without fertilizing the flower, and by so
doing preventing an Apis or Vespa who might come later from
visiting the honey-less flower. In the wild haunts of Orammato-
plti/liuj/t Xylocopas are as plentiful as Apis or Vespa and

Jour. Straittf Branch

SHORT NOTES.

229

woulfl be as ^ood fertilizers, and it would appear that were the
lip immobile the Ummmatopbyllum would secure the use of all
three insects and avoid tl»e loss of rtowers through the r«?moval
of the honey without fertilization. The carpenter bees are
thuH harmful to this orchid, as it b ti> other fio^ve^a. By
persistently tearing open the base of the corolla tube of Ipomen
ftnlmata to get the honey instead of pushintr into the corolla
mouth it effectually prevents this plant from being fertilized.
A considerable number of flowers, especially of introduced
plants, never set seed, for various often obscure reasons. In
some caries however the failure is certainly due to the actions of
insects who though taking pollen or honey fail to put the pollen
on the stijrma. An example is thfit t^f Gitrodemiron macrosiphon a
native of Zanzibar. It is a shriib with long tubular white fiowerg
with long projecting stamens. The Howers are evidently in-
tended for fertiliantitjn by hawkmtjths, but as it opens it*s llowera
too early for them they tire spoilt by the small Trigoua bees
who assiduously go round to each stamen and collect alt the
poUeo, without touchi'ig the stigm-^^ so that the plant has
never so far a** I have never seen here produced a single fruits

Errata in " Descriptions of New Species of Iphiaaljur

atnd ChaolU {"Brdconidae) from Sarawak Borneo,

(Volume 42).

p, 26, 6th line from bottom for '* and costa " read '* and stigma *'
p, 27, 8th line from bottom after ** length" add 6
p. 32. at cotnmencement of 6th line from foot ad4 ** of radius *"
p. 33, Uth line from bottom. After ** apex *' add 5 .
p, 36, 7th line from fi:>ot for " later " read ** lateral "
p, 37, Uth line from top for •* V^eneH3** read *'' oenens**
p. 3t*, I6th line from foot after '* crenulated '* add " ? '*
p. 40, Hth line from foot add fpKiaulax nUidiugculus Bp, n.

ft. A. 8oc., No, U. 19D5.

230 8H0 NOTES.

p 41, 7th line from top before " tarsi " add '• fore '*
p. 41, 14th line from bottom for " ta/ae*' read " tibisB**
p. 45, 15th line from bottom for ^* segments" read *' segment "
p. 50, 6th line from top after " MM/* add Q .

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