It is a little-known fact that when
the creator of Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, first pitched the show to
NBC executives in 1963, he had used a scientific equation to show the
studio bosses how alien life was within scientific probablity. That
equation was developed in 1961 by a radio astronomer named Frank
Drake. This equation, which is now called the Drake equation,
states that the number of communicating civilizations in our galaxy
likely depends on a number of factors which must combine to yield a
habitable planet where life has the chance develop to a certain level
of technological know-how.

Unfortunately, many of the factors are poorly known, so estimates of N
range from one (we are alone in the Galaxy) to thousands or even
millions. As you may imagine, there is a lot of debate about reasonable
values for most of these factors. As we learn more about the the star
systems in our galaxy and the likelihood of planets around those stars,
we would be able to better estimate these parameters. Drake's own
current solution to the Drake Equation estimates 10,000 communicative
civilizations in the Milky Way.
There is actually a second version of Drake's equation. In that pitch
by Gene Roddenberry mentioned earlier, Roddenberry didn't have the
equation with him, and he was forced to "invent" it for his original
proposal. The invented equation created by Roddenberry is:

Drake later pointed out, however, that a number raised to the first
power is merely the number itself. A poster with both versions of the
equation was seen in the Star Trek:
Voyager episode "Future's End".
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R = The rate of formation of
suitable stars
(stars such as our Sun)
fp = The fraction of
those stars with planets
(current evidence
indicates that planetary systems may be common for stars like the Sun.)
ne = The number of
Earth-like worlds per planetary system
fl = The fraction of
those Earth-like planets where life actually develops
fi = The fraction of
life sites where intelligence develops
fc = The fraction of
communicative planets (those on which electromagnetic communications
technology develops)
L = The "lifetime" of
communicating civilizations
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